INDEX nI' TIrE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ¡,'(ji,; Tl-'l.F 8Eoo~n SE;SSIO~ UF...
}

INDEX


nI' TIrE


HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES


¡,'(ji,; Tl-'l.F


8Eoo~n SE;SSIO~ UF T'BE .li'lHtTY·1i'U{ST CONGR1<JSS.


VOllllEi1 1, frOlll No. 1 to Ko. 3o!.
VOlllllh~ 52, frolll No. :l:l to Ko. 72.
V\,hlll'e g, from No. n to Ko. 1'2::!.


\V ASUl~GTO.N.
GO VIi; H ,,~rF N T P R 1 N TI" G OFF 1 CF.


1 f\70.






lND~X
TU


HEPORT~ THE GO~J~fITTEES
... o¡: Tllf:


"llhj.·(·t.


.:\el'oHlit::-. of otlíc\'l':-\ 111 the btt, W~lT _ .. _ ..........•.
,A\lam." Th.·odoj'(· .........•......... " ......... : ................... ,
.AnlerH.'an 1onnag('" ('an:-;¡'~ ot t1((' l'cdlH'tloH u1. ______ .. - .• _ ~ .. _. ___ _
.\ppoint.llll·llt,; to tI", )lilitary amI ='Ia",,1 A(':\l1('ll1i.·, ............ .
\1',,1,,·1'. :-'a\',,1 At\,,,il'<-


("llited :--;t:tt(·~ ~hiV \YyOlllillg ....... __
CI",rl .. , \\". \\"hitllP'" ...... "" ...... " ....... " ..... ".
_\nlt~lI~ Edw',u illn aH.l Ilahol'·~


(;"IlI'I",,1 (l. 11. Ifow:ud.".
\'f"· ... )lilit:lI'.I" .\tl""il"-


l'\apol"oll n. (~i(ldill.L!,·~ .. _ .... _ .. _ ...... _ ..... __ . _ .. _
(:U1Ullt-l ~.J ;~lll(l~ Iklp:f'I'. _ . _ .. _ ..
:"-itat(' nt h .. all"'~I~" __ .•...


\. U-l'. ('tailll"';---
Il:tlli(·~ \1. 1·:I,~·(·


1:'


¡;alt, ('al'laill Ed\\ ,\Id
Halll"iug' 111111 ('UI'lI'IH',\. l'OJlLlllitt\'(" Pll-


1;,"ti,·ld-
IIl\·(·~ríg;I¡¡(\I\ 01 11H' ,:.!:old ¡t:Llli\


{bid· ...... , l'Ol('i~1I ~\jrail's--
( \1I1):!
~~¡n'lW;-" ( ..... ~\ll:ll1b. __ "
Uartol\. Edw;ln1. d 11/.
HI'h.!,Vl', ('ololH'1 ,fallll· ...
Bil;~J¡alll .. J"di,·i,"\-


. 1);111·1(,1.; \\'41tld"
Bll:-\ .... :tlld. ~\b .. ,jl'I'IIl:IJI ._
Honl'lJl'n b·, (;I'Ol'.~'¡' JI _ "'" ., '
l~ook('l', Fl'¡,,·dlll( 11'..; ,\¡'j':l il .... ---


J:lI'oh li. 1);1 \ i:-..
g"lldillot, ¡':Ii", (' ....... "".
];razillllail <ÍO':lllI-ltil' li",·
HI'io'os Alfn''¡ \1 """""" .. " ........ . Hl'<~7)'k:. (:t'or~'I: ~\I., E],','I il!lt~-·


Tllt·l,,!·\' /','ó. H'HI],.'j_
I íl'lI,"'PIlIIl'. l'n·¡l¡°l'i('I'I. _. , , . _ .. _ ... __ . o o ..... o o, v
nllildill!.!,'~ l't'lltt,tll,,\' Il\{' ~'t)\ ¡'nlHII'nl in lit,·
HlIl'lÍt'lt. EI('('lioll",-
~1',n.lt:¡!11 /' ...... l~\';tll


!:¡p'/ EI.·(otit)lI~- .


y"l, ]\"0. Part~.


1
., 1 Hl .,
.~~


'! ~2


W
.! tm
., 1'2}


1";
., ]UtI .,
'! li~


., ~ ,~.


.! H


:a


., ~()


., 7~ ..
:! li
.. 111!1


.. 1"~ •
,) ti;)
.. 11111


.. 1111
:! .-):¿
.. ~~
.) 1:1


'! JI


" 7p


,¡ lil


.!;¿ .,




IV INDEX.


Suhjl'cts.


Bnt],·r. D. F., .1I11lieiary-
Cu~t()mH reYt'lllle la\Y8 ........................ _ ..
IlIdcbteducss oí' 8outlH'l'u raill'o~ds ...... _.


Butler. n. H., EIf·"tiollR-
Vau YV,\'ck 1'8. GrE'f'ne .................. .
Zei¡!;ler /·s. Rice .................... '. ... . ....... .


Bntl<·l, H.IL C('lJ-llr,,/l ..•


r.


Calkin.-, Palclll~
Aln)..(uHll'l' c. fWÍnll1g. ___________ . _ . _ . _ ... __ .. _ ..


('apirrol ¡'llilfliH~" in Territories .•••.......... ' ................. .
Carllart, L'ydill E ............................................. ..
e arpl>1l Íl;¡', ,l. N .......................... __ .................. ..
(:;tHH'..., (lf H,pclnctiOLl 01' J.\llleriean TOllnag(~J ~'~'H'leet COU1n1ittr·(' 011-


LylH'h-
, H(,üuet.iol1 of A Illf::"rle,an tonu[q.~t-" .. _. _ .. _


Ct'lIH1:--. (itHll111ittt'e 011- -
(;artid,l-


Hl'IlOrt OH tlw lliuth ._
("h-JI'1. El<-,·tions-


.fllhll H. H,eading .. _ ... _. _ .' _ .. , .... __ . ___ .2. ____ . ~
\\'alJace /·Ii. Silllpson ............................ ..
H .. id /\<. Juliall .................................. .


CIH'l·(·k,·,· lH'utrallall(ls of E.ausas .............................. .
ehllr.!,;I1. EkctiollH-


('0,""<1,, r.'. Fo"t·~r ..................... _ .
(~porgia elaÍlnallt::-: 1'01' Hl'ats in COllgrt~tl-.'L __ .
"'hittlt,~py 1'8. IUcKeu~ie ....... , ............... '"
S\"it~kr 1'8. Dypl'. ............. _ ........ _ ........ _
i'lhielrl~ '·s. Van J[Prtl ................ _ ..... _. __


eL-., '. (·olllluitt,·,. 011-
Ayer-


, Daniel)1. Pagl'
('ohh, AIll:lR:l-


Atate oI' l\.allt-';l~ ... _. ______ . _______________ ~ _____ _
DI'. J,,11Il )lt-qIlO\\l! ...... " __ ". _ " .... ___
CO]Olll'l TI¡",l1aS 1' . .Me::.l:lIl11H ............ _. _ ...... .
~tate 01' '\lm~~aclltl:·wtt~, l'lIa~t (l('rl'J1~c ________ . ___ _


Ela-
Alfr!',l ~1. nl'ig·.u:s ....... _ .. _ ................ __ ._
t'tatl' of )la~,,](:hIlRcttH ..................... _ .... .
l~al'}jHl'a ~('h()IT ___________ . ______ . __ . ___________ _


::-;IItll,"lÍ,,1 FaLT ....... _ ........ _ ......... _
\ \ ollllaIJ-


.Johll \\'i1"'1l _ ."'" .. __ .. ,
r {Htl'hki~K-'


COllllIIOdol't\ ChtlJ'lp~ St'l':lillll:l1¡
~rn~'l'¡', .Jl'!-'~e H,-


:\ln; . . h"O' :\. Gl'e"ll ..... _
f~"()l'lfC .1. 1,;¡ll\l'\-()l'th\~ _\1'l1f~1I ~tllitll ~ _____ .',_
;-':Iill':--~


1:','11,\101 ~l. H()(l:~'()ll .. '._
.)aIJII·., \\ o;.·ks .. Jl'.
'-':tokl'~-


J,"ll'S. 1-'0\\\ 1,,1'. Kil'tlllll<l _\: r" ............ .
~trollg~


'\Villimu ,J. Clal'k, ,ullllini"ll'a¡¡,¡" <'\:(' _ .......•. __
Lne)' A. 8mitlL . _ .... _ _ ......... _


Washhul'll, Williall1 B.·--
(':l.},tain Jo;,l\\,ll['(t 13,"1. ,
{~4·(lr.L:.I· 1r. Bll1ll~lJrakl' .. _
E~ i \\ :1 H 1 I ~;¡ rtoll ('t ((, ____ _


Vol. I'ío. P;¡rt,


:.z ti6
:\ 7'"


1 ~!2
:1 lO;
1 :¡,!


., 112
"27 1 ~! 'j-'
.'é>


:.z 1" .. ,


".?...¡


"
.)


2 ;;0
2 71
:\ lU;
'~ ;,;1


Ir)
16


., 7:-,
:¡ lOH
:¡ 1 :¿l


:\ lID


:1 77
:: (lil
.) !Jl
.) !In


'2 1;1
.) ,i;
.> ~u
'.J ~I"


., 1 ,,~)


:¡ ,~'-:.


:¡ ~)~
:\ ~);)
.) 11;;


., ~):~ .)


., !hj .)


'.J "G
:¡ !),"';
.. !t7


'.J -ll
" H'(I ..
'.> 41 1




INlmx.


Suhjeet~.


Claims, Committt'e ou-
Wasl!IJIl1'Il, William B.-


Frt>deriek 1l1'0SCIllle . . . . . . . . . . .. . ................. '
.J. N. Carpenter .................................. :
'VashillgtOll ami Alexaudria Turupikll Compauy .. .
Hiram A. Cuttillg ............ , ................. ..
Willialll E!l!ly'~ hpirs ........................... ..
Calvill H. Fredt1l'iek ............................. .
Albert Greellleaf el al. .......................... ..
Gt,orge Hulltsman .............................. .
Mr8. Catharille .Tacksoll .......................... .
J. G. Lallc ..................................... ..
Hellry Lelllwrt. ................................ ..
Brazi I lIIail .................................... .
Dwight J. McCallll ............................. ..
John Milolle ...................... ~ ............ ..
JOllas \V. Kyf' ................................... .
Wallia Pattl'lI .................................. .
WiIliam Belden ................................. .
James F. Bhattnck .............................. .
Fredel'ick Smith ............................... ..
Green ami Traillor .................. __ .......... .
í;imoll Van Ettt'lL .............................. ..
Gcqrge R. Wright, admillistTator, &0 .......... , .. ..
Jalllt'H H. YOullg ................................. .


Clark, 'ViIliam J., adllliui~trator, &0 ................... _ ....... .
Clarke, ludian Atl'airs-


Ch"rokee ucntral !al\(ls of Kausas ................ .
Cobb, Amasa, Clrtirn~-


St,ate of Kall811s ................................. .
State, of Massaellllsett"", coast !lefense ............•
Dr .. Iolm H. MdJuowII ......... _ ................ .
Colonel Tholllas 1'. McMaulIs .................... .


Commerce, Conllllittec ou-
Sawvel'-


City of ~lilwallk"e .. : ......................... ..
CongressioIlal Glohc, eoutraet wit.h propridors ot". .............. .
Conuelly, Willialll ............................................ ..
Cook, J udiciary-


Private land grant" undel' treaty 01' Guadalupc
Hidalgo ...................................... .


Cooper, Chal'leR, d al .................. _ ..................... ..
Con8in, 13artholollle\L ......................................... .
Covode t'8. Foster. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ... _ ,
Cuba ......................................................... .
Cullom, Tcrritoril'H-
l~xel'IJl,i(J1l of the laws in Utal! .............. .


Customs, reYelllll' laws ......................................... '
Cutting, Hiram A.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .................... .


n.


Darrall V8, Bailey .................... .
Davis, Jacob R ...................... _ .. .
District of Columhia, COllllllitt:ee Oll-


Willia.ms-
Met,ropulita11 Polil"t'


lJomillguez, .To8P ...................... .


Eddy, WilIi:tlll, heirH ot". ....................................... .
Ed.ncatioll alld Labor, UOlllluittc(' 011-


Arlll'll-
Gen(\ral O. O. Howanl ................... .


Egglestoll 1'8. Strader. .. .... . .. .. . ............................ .


11
2' ~ 11 1
1.
1 I
:3 i
1
;}
1
~
3
1
:~
1
1
:{

3


2


3
1
1


J
1
:;
1
.,
.,


J
'2
.)


:!
:~


:!


.,


.)



:1


,


i


I


7
4:{
54


1O:J
til
411
45
55
11
8


10
84
5


101
(i


85
87


9
8:J
12
13
86
83
98


53


77
103 '
90 i
91


120
2ti
25


H
30


] ]7
1;,
80


21
66


lO;)


li~l
110


;-J~ ~
111


",1


121
73'


v


1.~! :;


1.2




VI INDEX.
-------~--~~--- -----


~ub.iectH.


Ela, Cla¡m~-
~lf!~~~C~~~8~;;~~S_-_._-_-_-_- .. _-_-_-_-_-.-_::::::::::::::::::: :
Barbara Schorr _ . _ . _____ .. __ . ___ .. _ .. _ . _ .... __ . __ _
Nathal1ipl Fan· __________ . ______ ._._ ..... _ ... __ .. _
~;¡ecti(}lI~, Conunittee of-


. B1'Ooks, Gcorgc M.-
l'ncker 1"S. Bookel' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . ___ .. ______ . _ ..


Rurtlett-
Ncwsham 1',. Ryan _ . _________ ... ________________ _


Burr-
Van \Vyck t's. Greem'_ . ______ . _____ ..... , .... _ .. __


Hut.ler, R. H.-


i!~l~~~~~ ~f~~~~~~~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Ct'ssna-


Johl1 R. Rcading ..... _ ..... ____ ................ ..
\Vallace -I'S. Silllpson __ .......... _ •..... ____ .... __ .
Rietl t·s. J nliaJl _ , __ ... __ ..... _ .... ____ .. ________ . _


Churchill-
Covode ¡'s. Foster _ . _ .............. ____ ... _ ... _ ... .
Georgia claiIl1:wts for seats in Congrt'88 _ .. __ .... _ ..
Whittlesey -¡-s. McKenzie .. __ ......... _ ....... _. __ _
Switzler t'8. IJyer .... '.0 ................... __ ... ..
Shields 1.'8. Van Hom .. __ ...... ____ .. __ ........ __ ..


Halc- I
Eggleslon -1'8. Stra<l,'r ______ .. ____ .. ____ . _. _ ... _ .... ;


Kerr- I
I1unt 1:8, Sheldon _ . _____________ . _ .. ____ . ___ - _____ '


MüCrary-
Barnes 1'1<. Atl:UtlH _________ ••• ____ •• ___ •• _________ _


Pa.ine-
Wallaccrs. Simpsoll __ .. __ .. ____ .. __ ....... - __ ...
J oseph Segar _ .. _ . ______ ... ___ . _ . - -. __ - - .. -- - ___ _


l{andall-
Covode '['8. }<'oster _________ . ____________ - - - - - ____ .


8tevenson-
Darrall t·s, Bailey. __ .. ___ . ________________ - - _____ .
Hunt t·8. Sheldon_ ...... _ ... ____ .......... - -- - -- --
Morey 1'8. McCrallC . ___ . ___ - - _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ . ____ - _____ !
J. n. Sypher ___ . _ .. _ .. _____ . __ ... _____ .. -. - - .. _., :
JosC]Jh Segar _____ .. _ .. ____ ..... _ ... - - - - .. - - __ - - __ 1


F,


~·al'1l8WI>I·th. l'"st Ollice, an<l po¡,t Ron.d8-
. Post oftice lmildings ........ - .. ____ ... - - -- - - -- I


Fcrry, Naval Attairs- '
Cal'tain llmninkk Lyll<'h ____________ . _____ _


Fitüh, l'nblie Lands-
Stnrgeoll Hay ship-cnnal ____ - _____ - - - .. - - - - - - - - --
~'re(]erick, Cal v in H _____ . _____ . ____ - _ - - - - -_ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
FOJ'f"i:,rn Affail's, Cünnnitt('\' ~nl-'


Hanks-
ClIba. _____ _


.JULld-
El11i1 Hug;el . ____ .... __ _ ... _______ _ .... - - - - - - . - _ - _.


Orlh-
Georg., F. l\Iasrl:l'lnnu :1lHl Port.']' ('. Dlis,; __ . - - _ ... '


Wanl-
TelegT<lphic c0Itn)n1likatin)j~yitll fOl'cign i'onlltl'it'~_


\Vilkinsoll-
Claiu18 01' Arncl'lcan c.itiz~:>ll':;¡' a,g:lill~t '"'"l'lw.znt-'ln


j<'reedmen's Affairs, C'ollllllitte". 011 - •
Rookel'-


Jaeoh H, Ih'ií~


VoL No. I Parts.
--- --~-,I'-~-


2


2


1
:1 i


2
2
~


1
1
:~
~
:\


:1


2


:\


2


1 ,


2
2
2
2
2


'!


2


'2
2


:\


'2


'2


:1


.,


"


49
76
92
413


41


(jI


22


22
107


50
71


116


15
16
75


106
122


n


88


74


17
51


1"


63
:313
62
(jO
;,1


JI"


r~ ,/
':>7
-!ti


;-'0


20
();,


:1::;


;(}


llÜ




INDEX.


¡;;ubjccts. •


G-.
Garfield, CenSUR-


Rcpol't on the ninth censu~ ...................... .
Garfield, Banking 3,1](1 Cnrrency-


Gold panic ...................................... .
Georgia, claimants for Beata as representativcs in Congres8 fmm


the State of .............................. , ..... .
Gid<1inga, :rapoleon B .......................................... .
Gilfillan, Rcvolutionary Pensions ................ '" ............ .
Gold panic, investigation of causes of the ...................... .
f:reen and Trainor ... * ...... ................ _ .... _ ................................................. .


g~::~: ~~s~~l~~!I A::: ~::: ~:::::.': :::::::::::::::: :::: ::::::::::.
Greenleaf, Albert, et al ...... .................................... '
Gnadalupe Hidalgo, private land grallts nnder treaty of ......... .


11.


Hale, Naval Aífairs--
Richard M. Green ............................... .


Hale, Elections-
Egglestoll t'8. Strader ...................... , ..... .


Ho<1gson, Richard M .......................................... ..
Holman, Claims-


John vVHson .................................... .
Hoíchkiss, Clairns- . I


Comrnodorc Charles SLetldman ...... : ...... ' ...... ,
Howarrl, General O. O .......................................... .'


~::~i:~;.e~~er~~~:~l. ::::::::::::: ::: ::: ::~ :::: ::::::::::::::~:::
HukhillgS, .1. 1\1., alld J. C. Lamon. pre·emption clftim 01' ......... ,


lndian Ajrail'~, COllllllittee nu-
Clarke-


l.


Cherokee Ilclltrallands 01 Kan~as ................ .
Van Horu-


lllack Bob ludian htntls .......................... .
Internal Revl'llue, pxamination of statements of Speeial Comrnis-


Aioner "f ...................................... .


.r.


Jacksoll, Mrs. Catharinf' .................. _ ..................... !
Janes, Fowler, Kirtland & Co .. :: ............................... :
Jenckes, PatclIts- i


Lydia E. Carhart _ .............................. .
Charles A. Pite/Jer. .............................. .


Judd, Forcign Atfairs-
ElIlil l{lIgl'r ..................................... .


Jndiciary, COl11mittl,c Oll-
Binghultl-


Patrick \Yooü" ......... . .............. .
Blltln, H. F.- .


CustonlR tevenue la\"\"8. _ ... _ ~ __ .. _ . __ ... ___ . ___ _ ". _ I
Ill<lehtedll"~8 of H()nth~l'll railro,,,l, ............... .


Jlldiciary, Cornrnitt!'l' 011-
Cook-


Privato laml gr:llltS linde .. treat,~ ,){ Gnadalul'e
Hidalgo ....................................... .


Kerr-
Elias C. BOlHtinoT ............................... .
Charles Coo[>l'r et al ..... _ ....................... .
MOllllt Yerno" n,lil'"................ . ....... .


VIl


Yo1. I :ro. I Part.A.
I
-------1-


:~ I


:11 "


1 ](j ,
1 18
1 2[)
1 ;~1
1 12
1 24
;1 94
2 45
1 14


24


:3 93
:3 93


:J 89


:3 RS
:3 121
2 68
2 , 38 1,2
1 , 2


:¿ ¡ 5:3


3 118


2 72


11
'2 66


2 ;3:3
:J2


20


:3 105


-! 66
:3 7~


14
.~ I !)2
1 :30
2 3(i




VIII INDEX.


--------------- ---


Suujects.


ludiciary,' Committee 011-
Peters-


Pay of members while absent .................... .
Julian, Pnblic Lallds-


Pre-emptiol1 claim of J. M. IIutchings and .J. C.
Lalllon ..........•..•..•..••...••.••...........


José Dominguez ................................. .


K.


Kansas-
Cherokee nelltrallands of ....................... .
Claims of the St-ate of ............. , ............. .
Claims of tho Stato of ........................... .


Kerr, Jmlidary-
Elias C. ROlHlillot .............................. ..
Charles Cooper et al ...•...... _ ..............•....
MOlll1t Vernon relics ......... '" .......... " ..... .


](err, Eloctiol1s-
HUl1t '1'8. Sheldon ................................ .


L.
Laflill, Printing-


Contract with propriet,ors of C ongressioual Globe .. ,
Lane, J. G .................................................... .
Langworthy, George J .......................................... :
Lenhart, Henry .. , ............................................. !
Logan, ~lilitary Affairs- I


Settlemellts of accounts of officers in tbe late war·1
Appointments to tho Military and Naval Academies.,
R. F. Whittemore ............................... .


Lyncll, Captain Dominick .................................... ..
Lynch, Select COlllmittee- .


Cnubes of the recluctioll of American tOllunge.


}l.


~Iallnt'1ctllrers, Committee 011-
Morrell- ,


Statement of the Special Cornmissioner of InLerual I
Hevenlle ....................................... i
i\1as~achu~etts- '


Claim of the Stat,c of .......................... ..
Coast defense of tlle State of. ..............•......


Masterman, Geol'ge F., an(1 Porter C. Bliss ...................... .
)fcCann, Dwil--\'ht J ............................................ ..
l\feCo!'llJiek, Pllhlic Lallds-


llartholomew, COl1Sill ............................. i
)fcCrary, Elections- '


Harnes V8. Adams ................................ .
)lcCmry, Naval Affairs-


JoseJlh IIumphI'ey~ .... _ ........................... :
::\IeMauu~, Colon el Thomas P .................... _ ............... 1
::\fCQUOWIl, Dr . .John H ........................................ ..
Memllllrs of Congre~8, deductiolJs from pay of, 011 aCCoullt ()f ah-


sellee ......... , ............................................. .
l\fetropolit-all Polie" ............................................ .
)lilital'y Aftitirs, COIllmittee 011-


ARP'W-
Napoleoll B. Giddings ............................ .
Stat,e of KanRas ... -............................. ..
Colonel James BeIge!' ............................ .


Logan-
Settlemellt of accounts of officers of the late ,yar ...
Appointmcnts to tlle :Military_aud Na.val ACI\\lemies .:
B. t'. Whittt'more ......................... " .... .


Vol. Ko. Parbi.


2


1
3


2
2
:l
2
1
'¿


'.!


1
1
:3
1


1
2
1
'.!


1


'2


3

2
1
.,
.)




'2

:1


¿
2


1
'2
:l


"l


1


2
111


5:1
64
77


f)2
30
3(;


3'3


26 :
tJ


95
10


1
4,¿
29
67


28


72


7()
103


m,
;)


117


74


68
91
UO
37
,,9


110
(B


109


1
4:¿
'.W


'2


!




INDEX.


Suhjeets. V oJ.


\'Ii!itar~' .'i!;til's, COInlllittPf\ 011-
~tollghtoll-


11. K BnLler ...... ' .. ,........ .................... 2
:\liJOll(', Joiln...... ....... .... ...... ...... ......... ............ :{
:\1i1wi\llk,"', ,·it.\' nf. ............................................. ' :{
:\1ines uud .:\Iillillf-!:. COllLlnittpp Oll-
~arp;ellt-


Su tro t.ll 11 11 el. .................... , ..... .......... 2
:.vliIlIlesota-


COlIstnwtioll nf ("'rtaill la.\\'.'4 gr:lIlting l:mcls to t·lw ,
Statoof,foraState llniven;it,Y .................. ,


}fool'n, .l(."" B., Clainls- :
Ml'H .• Jan" A. Gn·(·.n .............................. ..
neor~t·.J. Lall~\\'orth'y .. .. ______________ . ___ . _____ :
Amtoll Slllith .................................... .
~1orey ., .•. Mr:Crani" ............................................ .
Morrell, )Ianllfi¡('IIll'('N-


l:x:ullillatioll oi' sh,t(,IlIl'llts oí' tlw SpeciaJ COllllllis·
sioller of llltCl'llall{cvelllw ..................... .


MOllnt V('J'IlOIl relieR ........•...................................


X:¡yal At\,¡lir.<, COlllmiteo Oll-
Al'c1wl'-


x.


Charks A. Whih,oy .............................. .
Ullit,·¡\ Sta1l's shil; Wy01llillg ..................... .


T"rn'-
(]aptaill Dl>Itlinil,k LYllch ...•......................


lIale-
HielHm1 J\L G1'l:Im ........................... , ... ..


MeCrary-·
,Jos;'plt lIllllll'lm'yH.' .........•....................
~tt1l'kWl':ltIH'I'-


TIII:o<!ore Adallls ............................... __
.\e,,·sham '¡'R. RyUll .................... __ .................. : ... ..
\'ye, ,Jonas \V .... " .. __ ....................................... ..


o.


Utlieel's in the lat .. \Var, settlmnellt of tite aCCollnt, of. .......... .
Or't.h\ Fo]'(~iglL Af1~lil's~


MaHtcrlllan aw1 BI iós. __ •.................... __ ....


P.


Page, Dani,·ll\f .. __ .. __ ........ ______ .. __ ... __ .. __________ .. oo __
Paute, .EJ¡.(~tioll~-


\\'alla('.I\ I'R. Sillli'"lIt _'OO'" __ ...... __ oo . __ .... __ __
.Jo.:wpll H{'gar. ....... _. ___ . ___ ., . ______________ ._.


Paine, R"collolLnu:t iOIl-
S,,;¡ islall,ls, lkaut"ort., Sout.h Caro!imt .. oo .. oo __ oo __


Palmer, Sd('d C"""llitt.<-e-
I'ost:d Ít'}¡o~l'apJ¡ H~'Htelll .......................... .
Paragna~Tall in vp~ti~at iOIl-


Bli" alld Mast<:l'lll:lIl ....... __ ............... __ ' __ .
Patents, COl!lmiU,;(' Oll-


JIlllClH'H-
Ly<lia E. CarharL.oo __ .. ____ ......... oo __ .. __ oo ..
Charles ¡\.I'itd,,·r ...... _ ..... oooo ••• oo. __ oo. oo ..


CalkillH-
All'x:!IH]('r C. Twilllng _ .............. oo .......... .


Patte:(', \V,¡]lis .............. oo .......... __ .. oo •••• oo __ OO" oo __ ••
Pders, .IIIdiciary-


D,,<luction fmm pay of Illl'rnbRrH of Congress on ae·
couut of abselleo .......... "'" ............... .


tI l~ O


3

1
2


2
2


2
1 i


2


1


2


3
2
1


1


2


3


1
i!


3


3


2


i!
1


3
3


2


IX


No. Parts.


:w
lIIl
l,¿O


40


4


94
!);,
1:;
62


72
:{¡¡


69
19


137


i!4


68


119
(jI


(¡.


1


(jf>


99


17
,,1


lOa
11"


13"


:1:3
a2


lli!
8"


37




x HiDEX.


Snbjecls.
I


I Pite1H'r, Chnrl"s A .... -- .... ' __ ... - ...... -..... ____ . _ -. _ ... -.. _ --1
Poland, Sllleet C~)]n,lllitte;'-: i


\,;, Scott I'\lIl1th ____ ........ - .. - ........ - .. -. ____ .1
Pohwtl, Reyisioll lIf ti", La\\"~-


Stealllhoats at"l otller y(,ssf'ls O\Ylle¡¡ illloyal States.1
Pomeroy, Territol'ws- - I


Capitol bllilding::; in cprtain ________________________ :
Postal Telpg'l'al'hs, Sp)Pe(, CIJlIllllittee 011- 1


Wa,hhul'n, (j, C- '
Unite<1 States Jlustal teleg-ra,ph systelIl


Pahllel'--
lJnitt'l] St,ÜI,S pflstnl tplpg-raph SySkIU ....•.. _


Post Omees alll] p,,,¡, Humb, COlllluitt.,e Oll-
Ya 1'11 s\Yol'tll-


Post. otTIcc hllilllings .. _. ",_"."" __ .. __ ._
l)rillting, Ctlllllllittee 011-


Lafiin-
(;ll1Itl':I<'t \dth pro]>rietors of COlIgrcssiollal Glohe._


Puhlic Lmllls, COllllJliltec Oll-
Fitt'h-


St,Il'g<'OIl Hay ship-callal. _____ .. _ .... _. ___ .. __ ....
JlIli",,-


l'l'e.PlIlpti"ll clailll of .J.I\!.lllltellillsanll.J. C. LaIllOll.
.J()H(~ ])onlill~l1f'Z ____ . ______ . _ .. ___ . _________ o. ___ _


McCorJIIÍt'k-
13"rt hollllnew C01!f,in ......... _. .. _ .. _ ..... __ . _.


,Yilsol)' E. -'1.-
J\lillllt'sllta Stale Ulliven;ily . _. _ .. _. _ .. _ ........ _._


,Yinans-
Littk Roek anll l,'ort 8111i th railroall ____ . ___ .. ____ .


R.
Ruilroufls-


Little Hock :111(1 l,'ort Smith .. ___ ... _____ ..... __ . _.
Ruudall, Elcetiollt;-


Cllyo<ln ,.R. F\()~ter ... __ . ______ . __________________ _
.Tohn n.l~t~ading .. ___ . ______________________ A ___ _


Rearling-, John H __ . ______ . __ .. ______ ..... __ . ______ .. ______ . __ __
Recunstl"lwtioll, COllllllittee un-


Paill"-
S"lL i~lHlJ(ls of Beallfort, South Caroliu:J,. _ .. " __ . __ ..


Retreuchmcnt, Conllllitke UII-
\velk"l"-
Bllill]in,~'H renl'-:II hy tlH\ gnvIOrllllll'llt in tlw llist,rict,


ot'Uo)lIl1lhia. ______________________ 0 __________ _
Hi"l] I'X. ,Jnliall ____________ .. __ . ______________ ....


Revision of tl,e Laws-
Polantl-


t-it",ullhoats allt] nt,lwr Y"SH"¡S n\YIIPd illloyal States_
ReYolution:1r~T Pt'IlRiollc-1, ()ollnnitt.f~e 011- ~ I


Gillill'LlI-
Rug~¡~ii,~il:~~\I_~.O_1~1.11:1}~r_-_-_-_-_-_-_-_-._ .. _~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ _~~~ ___ ~~~


S.
Sarglo.llt" Mines nml Mining-


Hntro tUIIIII·I ___ .
Su,wyer, CflllllneJ'('~'-


Cit;v nf Mil walllwe ... _ .... ___ ..... _ ............... _ ..
SdlOIT, ]\a1'I':lr" _ _ . _ ... _ ..... __ .. " ... .
S"'t islallfb, Ih'auj(H'I, :--\onth Carolina _" _ ..... __ ........ ______ . _.
S{~.i!.:lr, JOKt'1111 __________ . _________ . _ . _________ . _____ . __________ .
SeldelL 'Yilli,,," ... __ ........... _ ..... _ ... __ ....... ___ ...... __ .
Selllet COIIIlII i tt I'es- ~


Lylll'h- I
• Causes of tlw l{"d'lction of AlIlCl'iean Tonnago. _"',


Yol. ! Ko. Part".


:;:~


:1 lO-l


;¿:!


~7


:~ 114


:1 11G


~ ;)8


2:i


"2 G7


1 "2
:1 III


:3 117


1 4


2 :~4


2 :\4


1.-, 2
~ ;0 :1
2 ;:0 l.~


:1 108


~ 70
"


llii


2:\


~:)
>¿O


;2 40
., 1:!0 ..
:1 ~ ):!
"


111,
:¿ :,1 1,2
"


d7


2--3




Select ComrniHePR--
l'olalld-


INDEX.


Snhjeets.


W. Sentt Smith ... _ ............................ __
'Ya.,lthtll'lJ, C. e.-


Postal Tel"g'raph, in the United States ...... """ .
Palnwl'-'


P",tal Teleg'raph Sy~telll .................. "' .... .
Shattll('k, .I'lIl}'·" F ....... __ ................................... ..
Shields 1'.'. Van Hora ................... _ ... _ ................... .
Shi!', tlH' lJllit,·,lStat<·" \V'yomillg' ............ _ ................ .


¡~;~jil¡,j:·.:l ~\I}:(l~;i~.l~~~(:I.l. ]_{~l_J~ ~ ~ ~ ~: ~ ~::: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~: :::: ~ ~:: ~:: ~: ~ ~:: ~: ~ :: :
Slllith, Ll](',V A .. _ .................. '''''' .................... .
Slllith, ,Y. S"otí .............................................. .
Slllitlt. Al'IItoll ............................. _ ...... _ ............ .
SÜ·;l(ll!lall. (;OHI111ol!oH' (11 Ia 1'1{':o;. __________ • _____ • ____ •• ____ • ____ .
Stark\\"'atlwl', :'ia.Y:l.l Att':ll1",N-


TJH'IHlol"c AdnlilH. __________ . ____ . ___________ . ____ .
Sr"alllho"t, iln<l ot.h"l' n·,,,·l, oWlleu in tIte lO.lal SUlles ........ _ ..
Stcvell,';oll, J1:I",:tioll!-'.-


Dat'I':l1l1'8. U:liky ............................... ..
Hll11t 1'8. Sh"ldOll ." ........ _ .................... ,
l\Ior .. ~' /'8. ~leCnlllil' ...................... __ ....... '
.J()~(~ph ;;.)"g:ll' ___ . _______________________________ _
.J. H. SYl'lLUr .......... _ ................... _ .... ..


Stilcs. ClailllH-
. H.icltanl :M. Il(),lg'HOll .... _ ........................ .


.J:l.III<" \\,,,('lis, jl' ........................ ''' ..... __
Stok'·H. Claims-


. .fan .. " Fowler, li:il'tlullll & Co .................... .
Stollghtoll, Militar.\' Affairs-


H. u. Bl1tl .. r __ . _ ...... ______ . _ .. __ .......... __ .. ..
Ktrong', Clai111t-;~


Lile,\' A. Fílllith ............. __ ....... _ ......... ..
Willi¡¡m .1. CI", k, fHltnillisÍl'ator, &c .............. .


Sntro tl111ll('1. __ ...... _ ........ ___ ......................... ' .. .
S\YÍtzlt'l' 1'8. ]),\'('1' ." ... " .............................. ''''''' __
SJ'ph,·Y,.1. ¡¡"I,, __ .............. ''''''''' ...................... .


T.


Tan, l'\all"'lli,'l .... __ .................................. _ ... _ .. .
TeJt.gT:l] ¡J!ir ('lIll1lll1111ieatioll \\" j t.11 forcign eOLlut.riüH . ________ . ____ . ,
TCl'l'ltol'L-x, Coilllllittee 011-


Cllllo111-
EXPlmtioll nI' (,h" la\\H in lJtah ... _ ... __ .. __ .... _.


POlllt'l'll'y-
Capitol hnildillgH in TelTitori"s ......... _ ......... .


TUf:ker 1'8. Book"r ............................................. .
TUfl1pikl< ('UBll'HllY: 'Ya:-;hiIlgttlll all<1 Georgetowll _______ . _______ _
Twinil}g~ AJeX:1lLtkr e _____ .. ____________ .- ____ . ____ . _. _________ _


Utah, exeeution oI' tIte law~ in tl100 Territory of ..... .


v.


Vllll Ett .. n, Simon ..................... __ ....... _ ...... _ .. ' .... ,
VIlII IL'I'II, lndial1 Atfnirs-


B1ad, lloll ludi",1I l¡¡lIds .................... __ .. ..
Va 11 \\-,\"('k 1':-1. (i}'t't:llt' __ . __ . ____ . _______________ , ___ . __ _
V(~lll'Í'.!:( L¡~ cl:IÍ}j¡8 (jf Allll'l'Ú'.i.ill ('il izeuH tl 6 UÜlSt ti.H~ gOYI'l'llllil'llt oL


w.


\\-:l]]f;('" 1'x. Sillli'SOll .............. _ .... _ .. _.


XI


Vol. No. Part,.


:3 10-1


:3 114
~ 11,) .,
1 ~)
;~ 1,¿,¿
1 El
~ :)7
:~ 8i
.) ~,¡
., 104 .)
;1 lU
" ~b .,


;{ 11\1
1 ~:¡


2 G:{
~ :1"
2 ()~
~ [,1 2
2 (iO


3 !J:¡
;1 U()
2 GG


2 39
;¡ 97
.,
., Dt'I
~ 40
., HU .,
2 (jO


2 48
~ :s5


1 21 1,2,3


~i
~ 41
:¿ ;'4
;¡ 112


1 ,¿l 1,2, ;¡


1:3
., ll.'l .,
':!~ 1,2


., 7U ú


1 17




XII INDEX.


--,---.- -- . I


Sllhjects.


Wallace 1'8. Silll]lSOIl ............................................ .
"Vanl, Foreigll Ati'airs-


Tdl'graphie comll1l1uieation witlt foreign countl'ics.
\VaHhlmrn. VV. B., ClailllS-


. C:IJ.taill ErLIYal'd Hall ............................ .
Eüwat'(l llartoll el aL ..... ....... 0- ••••••••••••••••
Gp<n'gB H. Bouehl'ake. _______ . __ . _________ . ______ _
Fr .. derk.k BroHellne .... o- ........................ .
.J.:'\. Cal']lellttT .......... " ..................... .
Hirmn A. Cnltillg ............................... .
,\Yilliam Eddy's.h,·irs ............................ .
Cahin 11. Fredenek ... 0- ....................... ..
1\11I('1't Gre"lIlt'af et al. ..... ...................... .
G('Ol'gP, \V. Hnllt:-.Ill:l11. _____ . ______ • ______ . ______ _
~lI'H. Cal harill!' .JacksoIL ................... 0- ... o-
.1. G. La lIe ...................................... .
1l1'1Il'~' L,,"llarL ... 0-" .............. '."" ..... .
Brazillllail. ................................... ..
nwi¡!·]¡t .J. ",1('Ca1l11 .............................. .
.Jollll ;\1il0111' .................................... ..
JOllas \Y. Nye ................................... .
\V:'¡lis 1'''lt''., ................................... .
\Yillialll ti"ltlCll .... 0-" • "0- •• 0- ............... ..
Jallll's F. Shattnek ...... ""' ................... .
Fl'l'd,·¡-jck 8111ith ................................ .
Gr('cn :uul Tnl ínor ____ . ____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _________ _
~illlUIl Vall Etten. ___ .. ". _. ____ . ____ . ____ . __ . ___ _
'\\'aHhill¡!·toll nll(l All'xtllldria Turllpike Cornpany .. .
George S. \Vright" adlllillistratoI', &c ............. .
.1 alHt-'1'l R. Y oUlIg; _____ • _______ • ___ • _ • _____ ••••••• _


\Vushburn, C. C., Hel"ct, COTlllllittee-
Postal telegraph ................................ .


Wl'eks, James, .ir ................................. '''''' ....... .
V.'elker, Retrellehtllf;lIt-


Bnilding, rl'-lIted by thc governm('nt, in tlw Di,triet I
of Colnm [,b. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .................. '


Whituey, Charles "v ...................................... 0- ... .


~l:mr~~~;e;;.~·1\~::Kt;~~¡~.' ~ ~.' ~.'.' ~ ~ ......... ~ ''-'-.'. ''-.'. ::: ::: .:: ::: ::::: ~ i
Willdnsoll, Foreigll Alfairs- I


Claillls of American citizens agnillst Vellr:;mcla ....
Williams, Distriet of Colnlllhia-


MetropolitulI Poliee ............................. .
WilsOll, E. 1\1., 1'IIblie Lalllb- ,


Millll('sota State ulliversity ....................... 1
WilHon, .Tolm ............. : .................................. ..
Wimws, l'uhlie L:IIuls-- !


Little Rock am1 Fort Smith railroad ............... '
Woo(]s, P:ltriek .............................................. ..


• \Vright, Geurge S., adllliuistra.tur, &c_~. _______ ...... ____ ._._ . __ _


YnHll_~, ~r :nn~~s 1:, ______ . _______________ -. __ . ____ . _ . ___ . _____ .. __ I


z .
.
Z;eigl(~r 'l's. Hi('e. _____ . __ . __


Vol. l. No. 'Iparts.
2 71


2 :~0


2 H
2 47
:¡ lIJO
1 7
2 4.; ,
:¡ 1O~
:3 ~l
2 4,;
~ 4;,
2 G5


, 1 11
1 ! M
1 I 10
;¡ 134
1 , ;,
.> 101 .,
1 (j
:¡ 1':,
:¡ tl7
1 ~)
:3 H:!
1


, l;¿
1 1') .)
2 [,4
:l 81;
3 8;¡


:¡ 111
:3 Hu


2 70
2 W
1 ~v
:l í[)


:l 70


~2 W


1 4
:3 BU


2 :14
:¡ lO"
:l tlu


83


107




HST CO:~WRB~~, }
2d Session.


HOüSE OF IUJPBE~E:XTATIYES.


SETTLE.MENT UF U}j'FICJ:<~I{~~ A.CUOUXTS.
['I'o accornpally hill H. H. ;\io. ,¡".t.]


.L\:-:lJARY 11, 1870.-0rc1erec1 tu Ilt~ l'l'illtt'd.


{
HEPORT


XO. 1.


:MI'. LOGA:N, í'1'01ll tbe UOllllllittee on Ylilitary .\' ffainl, ma(h· the followillg'


REPORT.
l'he Oommittee on JJlilitltry A...tt'ltirs, to u'hom wm'e !'Ij'ured the petitüml5 of


numerOl/S o.tficeTs 'Icho sen'ed in the ((T1ny dUTing the late war, (tsking [ot'
legislMion to enable them to settle theij' account.~ 1Dith fhe l't'easm'y Depa'/'t-
ment, Tespectjully submit the following Teport :
Tbe aet oí' ~lay 18, 1826, (4 Stat., 17:3,) autborizC8 t11e Secretary 01' \Var,


on onc 01' more üepositions, to relieve oflicers charged witb issues oí'
elotbing or otber 8upplics f"rom respoJlsihilitx for dpfieierwies arising'
t'rOlll unavoidable accident,or I08t in a C'Íll íl] 8eryiep withont fault on
their part. .


The seeoml 8eetiolI of tho aet. oí' Fe1ll'wlry 7, 18Ii;~, (U Stat., Ij41,)
autborizes the affidavit of the commanding officcr of a eompany to be re-
ceived by the Sccrotary of 'Val', to Rbow tlJat a üeficieney iu ltis ¡¡(~eounts
for clotbing and other supplie8 was occasio1l(·(l hy llnHvoidllhle a('cident.
01' lost without fault on his parto


The act of May 9,1806, (14 Stat., H,) alltllOrizes tIre UOIll't uf Ul<lillIS to
determine the daims of disbursing oftieers, 01' of their exeeutors, &e., OH
aecount of ]os8es by eapture, or otIrerwise, (while in liIIf~ of dut,Y,) oí'
funds, vouchers, records, amI papen; in their eharge, an(1 for whieh thcy
were rcspollsible.


'fhe aet of l\IareIr Hi, 1868, (15 ~tat., ±~,) allthorizes the acc01mting
oftieers to allow eredits i'or overpayJllents matle in good faitll hy pa;vma:-;-
tors sinee tIte commencemelIt of the rehellion ílml prior to th(· pasl'iílge
of that acto


These are aH tIre statutes upon the subjeet exeept "tIre aeí of ,Tul", ~8,
1866, (14 Stat., 845,) '\\'bieh autborizes the aceounting oflieers, witb the
approval oí' the Secretary of the Navy, to a!low sueh cl'cdits to disllllrs-
ing offieers 01' the navy ({nd lIwrine corps 1'01' 108ses of propel't.y and
funds as have occurrod dUl'ing t11e l'ehellioll rllld for whidl the,v \H'I'f' not
justly responsible.


Tbere are large numbers oí' aee01lIIts, botIL 1úr mUlle.y amI Pl'OlJel'ty,
where both have lIO doubt hecn oxpend('d ill good fÍlith fin' the goyel'll-
ment, though the proof is defeetive, and in whieh it would be for tlH'
interest oi' tho government to autlJOrize the aecounting oíficers to clost'
the accounts. The Second Auditor 08timates that the expense of bi¡.;
office will be rt>duced at least twenty thousand dolla1'8 ayear if Con-
gres8 wouId provido at'once for elosing tIre pI'opel't.y aeeounts of OffiCel'R
of the late war. Their returns were generally defcctiyo aml their issues
irregular, but in a great IDíl,iorit,\- of cases therp is not tile slight.est




2 SETTLE:\lE}/'l' Ol<' OFFICERS' ACCOlJ"NTS.


doubt that tbe propel'ty \Yas used fuI' gon~rnmellt IHlrposes, alld that it
",onId be ulljust as \n'U as useless to CUltlll1CnCC legal procee!lings
against them fu!' theil' appal'Pilt Ínüebtf'dllpss 1(¡l' property reeeived.


The eommittee l'epOlt tlle aceompall~·jllg bill, and rccomrnelld its passage.
Thp time to \dlÍeh the bill applies has llOt heeu malle to cxtend beyolld
thc 20th of Allgnst, 18Gfi, inai5mneh as that datl' wm; fixed by the Presi·
dent's ]Jl'oelamatioll as tIle t,inw of tllp elltil'e RllPIH'('ssioll of fo]¡e rebellioll:
mul \Vas su1JsP(pwlItly l'P('og'nií:ed by CÚllgl'eSS in the aet of :lHarch 2,
18G7, (1-1- St,at" -1-22,) a1](1 it is not intplIde(l to 'JIIakP tlw hill apply to
aef'Ollllts l'PlJ(lpl'ed in timp of peace.




.uST CONGRESS,}
2d Session.
-_.-------


HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES .


.T. 1\1. HUTCHINGS, J. C. LAl\IOX
['1'0 nccompnny biU n. R. No. 184;]


JAXL'.\HY U" 1870.-0nlcl'eu to be priutctl .


{
REPORT


No. 2.


.:\11'. JULIAN, fL'OIll the COltlrnittee on tIte Public Lallds, malle the fol-
lowing


ltEPOl\T.
T/¡e (JMn1nittee on the Pttblie Lanc1s, to whom wctS referred House bill No. 184,


entWed "An aet to eonfinn to .J. 111. Hutehings and ,J. (J. Lamon theír pre-
emption clai1ns in the Yo-Semite Val/ey, in the State of California," have
!tad the same mlllcr eOllsidcration, ((na nOle respeeifully sllbmit the follow-
ing report:
By act of Juno 30, 186-1, Cougress granted to the State of California


the "cleft" 01' "gorge" in the granite peak of the Sierra Nevada moun-
tains, in Mariposa Couuty, 011 the heacl-waters of the :Mercecl River, aml
known as the Yo-Semite Valley. 'rIle act stipulated that the prelllises
i'ihoultl be hela uy the Sta te " for public usc, resort, ancl recreation;))
that they sltoula "be inalienable for aH" time;" but tllat "leases llot
exceeding ten years" might "Oc grallted fol' portiolls of said prcmises."
The act further proyiaed for cstablishillg the bounclaries of the yalley
hy tile sur"eyor general of Califomia, who¡,;e official plat, "\vhen affirmed
by the COlIllllissioner of the General Lana Office, is made tile evidence
of the " 10cu8, extent, allll lilllits" of tIle grallt; and tile premi¡,;e¡,; are
to be managell by the governor of California, with eight other eommis-
siollers, to be appoillted by himselC On the seeoncl day 01' Apl'il, 1866,
the legisbtnre accepted the graut., "llpOll tIte eOlHlition¡,;, re:'iervutions,
a1l(1 stipulatiuns contailleü in said act of Congress."


The marvelons beauty ami grandeLlr of the loeality pl'ompted this
legislatioll. Among the great natural wOlldcrs of the world it stands
unrivaled. Tite "e]Pft" in tllc lllotmtaim; whiel! ÜJl'lIlS this yallcy is
sorne scyen miles lOllg, amI of Yal'yillg width, 1l0t' exceeding' t1lree miles
at auy point, an!l is "\vaUed in by precipitous mOlllltains 01' gr:mite from
three thonsalld to fo1ll' tllOmmnd 1i ye ltU\l(lrf'!l feet in height. Over
tllese walls, which are gcncmlly perpendicular, the waters of tIw lUereed
River and its trilmtal'Íl'¡' fall i!lto the yalley below, fOl'l11ing t1le most
beautiful casca.des in t11c known "\\'ol'lt1. ~o deseription coul<1 do jus-
tiee to the dazzling fleclles 01' lOH'lille;;s mal mngniJlcenee wl!ich feast
thn eye and g'ladüt'll tltp heal't in eH'l'.)' }lart oí' this "\yollderfull.y ap-
poil1ted yalley. It \yas fe1t, allrl lllost llaturally, that a RpOt so sacred
lo beauty alld tn worsllip Rhol!ld Ilot u() apPl'opriated to private owner-
sltill amI exelusiYl~ 11:-;(', bnt sllon1l1 be IWeSeryetl free alHl open to tlle
worlll; allfl Congrpss, OH the nSiluntnee that no sdtlemeuts luul hcen cs·
tablislJ('d ill the yalh'y llllde!' the laws of t1le l'llited StateR, macle thc
grallt to whh:h ''Oe hayo rcfél're(l, "'hieh California accepted.




2 J. M. HUTCHINGS AND J. C. LAMON.


The faet was, however, that prior to the passage of the aet of Con-
gress donating the valley to California, two enterprising gentlemen, J.
M. Hutehings and J. C. Lamon,' had settled in it under the pre-emption
laws of the United States. MI'. Lamon has been a settler on one hun-
dred and sixty acres of it since the year 1859, having repeatedly visited
the vaJley prior to that time, and purchased the claims of others who
had duly acqnired title under the possessory laws of California. Mr.
HutchillgS also pnrehased the possessory rights of those who had been
in continuous possession for years before him, though his actnal resi-
dence in the vaUey was not consummáted till the spring of 1864. Both
gentlemen were pioneer explorers of the valley, whose intentional resi-
denee long preceded their actual. Both were smitten with the rare
loveliness, of the region, and exposed themseh-es to great hardships and
dangers in the effort to seenre their homes. Mr. Hutchings, espeeia11y
by his early interest in the valley, his various publications on the sub-
jeet, and his lithographic amI illllstrated views of its seenery, has done
mucIl to awaken the general interest now felt in the place. These set-
tlers have built their cabins, planted extensive orchards and vineyards,
eonstructed bridges and other improvements, and expended thousands
of dollars in money in establishing for themselves comfortable llomes,
while encountering for years a11 the perils and privations incident to a
life remote from society and civilizütion.


But tIlese faets, when they became known, did not prevent the com-
missioners appointed by the govel'llor of tIle State, in pnrsuance of the
aet of Congress, from proeeeding to bring an ejectment against these
pre-emptors. They appealed to the legislature of California, whieh
passed an act allowing them one hundred and sixty acres each, to be
taken in sueh shape and form as to include the lands oeeupied and im-
proved by them, 01' those under whom they held prior to the 30th day
of J une, 1864. The grant is 'upon the condition that the State, through
her board of eommissioners, shall haye the powcr at any time to layout,
construct, and maintain such roads, bridges, paths, and avcnues, as
may be neeessary for the convenience of the public and visitors to the
valley. The aet furtber provides that it shall take eftcet froIll arrd aftei'
its ratification by Congress. It passed the assem bly by a yote of fifty-
five ayes tó ten nays, and the senate allllost unanimously. The gov-
ernor returned it with his veto, but it was passed ayer his objections by
a vote in the assembly of forty-one ayes to eleven nays, and in the
senate by a ,ote of twenty-seven ayes to ten nays.


These are the substantial faets whieh belong to the history of the bill
now reported to the House by this cornmittee, and which simply enacts
that the act of the legislature of California securing to these settlers
their pre-emptions shall be eOllfirmed. It proposes to place them exact.ly
where they would have been but for the aet of Congress, ancl whieh act,
your committee are weH eonvincecl, would 11ave excepted the claims of
these settlers, if their existence had been known at tIle date of its pass-
age. Tbis 115 the iS8ue presellted to this Honse. The faet i8 abnndantly
establishecl that Hutehings amI Lamon were actual settlers on the land
elaimed by thcm at tlle time of, und priol' to, the date of the passage 01'
the aet of Congress. This is not disputed. It is eqft;llly evident tIlat
they were settlers and pre-e.mptors in good faith. Shall their rigllts be
proteetedJ Shall the govel'Jlment rnaintain 1ts plighted faith~ This is
the questlOn, alld it inyo1;-cs not Silllply tIte rights of two men, lmt of the


. whole U;l'my of settlers undel' tIle pre-emption and homestClHl laW8 01'
";~ Uruted States. Have the.r any rights which the governrnellt is




J. M. HUTCHINGS AND J. C. LAMON. 3
bound to respect, 01' are they mere trespassers, 01', at best,tenants at
will?


The committee regret to Hay that this questipn has of late been treated
as an open one. They regret still more that the Executive Department
of the government has decided it against our pioneer settlers; and we
shall, tberefore, examine the position with more care than 'conld otber~ise
have been deemed necessary. The very point arose in 'a case which was
submitted to the Interior Department under the last adm~istration.
Greatly to the surprise of lawyers, and to the serious disappomtment of
the settlers whose rigbts were involved, the Secret'ary of the Interior
referred the question, as a doubtful one, to Attorney General Speed~
who advised him-


Tbat a settler, unde1' tho pro-emption laws, acquires, ancl can acqllire, no vestcd in-
terest in tho land he occupies hy virtlle simply of settlemcnt; and that no vested in-
terest iB olJtained nntil the sett.lel' has takcn all the legal steps necessal'y to pe1'feet .an
entranee in tbe Land Officc. Before sllch steps are taken he has nothing bnta eontin-
gent, personal privilege to become, withont cornpetition, the first pnrehaser of the
property, whieh he may never exel'eiso, 01' which he may waive 01' abandono Dnring
the interval betwcon theinstitntion of the settlement and the establishment of the claim
by proof, and payment of the consideration nominated in tho law, Congress has power
to dispose of the land at its pleasnrc. It may recall the privilege previoulily eonferred,
01' invest any one clso with the same privilege, or it may make an absolnte grant of the
land to other pal'ties, with 01' withont cOIlsidemtioIl.


This opinion was aecepted by tho Sccretary of the Interior, MI'. Har-
lan, as law. In accordanee with it he allowed the land department of
the govermnent to be used in dispossessing the settlers concerned, in
contravention of the whole spirit and policy of the natioll, in violation
of the plainest principIes of justice as wen as law, amI in opposition to
numerous and uniform decisions oí our federal courts. This decision of
the Interior Department is still adhered to, and it necessarily strikes at
the homestead settler as well as the pre-emptor, and equally perils the
just rights of both. Let us briefly refer to the authorities on the ques-
tion. The Attorney General failcd to support his opinion by referenee
to any decisiollS whatever; but it will not be difficult to find decisions
directly against him.


In the United States V8. Fitzgerald, 15 Peters, 407, it was docided
that no reservation 01' appropriation of ptlblic land can be made after a
citizen has acq llired tho right of pre-emption. It is true that in this
case the defendant had not only made his settIement and entry, but had
paid his money to tho receiver; but we are unable to see how this fact
affects the principIe establishod by the docision. If Congress may dis·
regard the rigbts acquired by actual settlement, and the expendituro of
labor and money in erocting improvements and reducing the land to _
cultivation, it must possess un equal right to refuse a patent to tho pre-
emptor after he has added to these considerations the payment of the
purcbase money. Tbe mere fact of payment can make no difference if
the pre-emptor is ready to puy, and offers to make payment at the proper
time, and is preventod by the government 01' its agents from doing so.
Bis right is as pe1'fect in this case as if he had actually paid his money,
sinee an offer to perform conditions precedent in the time and manner
required by law is equivalent to performance, and tile performance is
excused by tbe act of the other party in preventing it. This principIe
was declared by the Supreme Conrt of the United Statos in the case of
Lytle 1.18. The State of Arkansas, 9 Howard, 333, in which the court
says:


It is a well establishe(l principIe that where an imlividllal in tho prosecntion of a
right does evel'ything which the law requil'es hirn to d(), allu ho fails to attain his 1'ight
by the miscondnct or neglect of a pnblic officel', the law will protect him. In this case




4 J. M. HUTCHINGS AND J. C. LAMON.
the prc-emptioll right of Cloyes having been proved, and an oiIer to pay the money fol'
the land elaimed by him, uudel' the act of 1830, uothing more could be done b;r him,
and nothing more could bo required of him, under that acto And subsequently, when
he paid thé money to the l'eceivel', uuder subsequellt acts, the surveys being retnrned,
he could do nothing more than'ofier to enter the lands, which the register would not
permit him to do. Thia clairn of pre-emption stands beforo ns in a light not lJsR favor-
able thall it woul<l havo stood if Cloyes, or his representatives, had been permitted by
the'land officers to do what, in this respect, was offered to be done.


'Ve understand it to be conceded on an sidcs that when the pre·emp·
tor, in addition to the other acts required of him, has paid for thc land,
he has acquired a vested right ·to it, and it thenceforward becomes
obligatory on the governlllent to conYey to him the title. To concede
this, we submit, is to concede the whole case. 'Ve can see neither justice
nor law in tbe argument that thc' prc·cmptor, after having made valu-
able improvements' and expended his money thereon, and fully complied
with all tho contlitions of title, saye actual payment, which he was
ready to make 1mt was prevented from making, may nevertheless be
driven fi'om his possession, his improvements confiscated, and the land
conveyed to another, with notice of an tho facts, who can hoId it dis-
charged froni all the equities of the pre·emptor. The sanction of such
a principIe as Iaw would be a fiagrant insult to .instice, and would go
far to bring the law itseIf into contompt.


In the case of Barnard's IIeirs t'8. AshlcY'il heirs, 18 Howard, 43, the
court says:


In Lytlc's case we declured tllut tho occupant ",as wrong[nlly deprived of Ilis lawful
rights of entry, nndel' tlle pre-emptioulaws, amI the tiUe set np 1111dm' the seleetioll of
the governor of Arkallsas, was decreed to Cloyes, the claimaut, this comt holding his
clailll to the laml to have heeu a legal right b~' viduo of tllc occupalley anel cultiva-
tion, subject to be defeated ouly by a failurc to llCrform tlle con<1itio11s of making proof
und tencleri11g the lHu'chase mOllcy.


This is a strong case, ancl we think it settles tIlo qllestion under dis-
clUlsion, if any judicial decisio11 cau. CIoycs, the pre·cmptor, soIected
hi8 claim nnder the act of Congress of -:\Tay 29, 1830, :mthorizing and
regulating pre·emptions. A later act, dated June 1i5, 1832~ granted to
the Territory of Arkansas one thous:md aCr('8 for a conrt-houso and jail,
at I~ittle Rock, including tIle tract claillled. Before this grant the pre·
emption right of Cloyes had accrlleu nnder the act of 1830, amI he had
pro ved his right, and done everything he couId do to porfect it. Tho
court declared that, "By this grant to Arkamms, UOllgrcss could not
have intended to impair vested l'ights. The gl'ants of tilo 0110 thousand
acres and of tilo othor tracts must ue so COllstrued as not to interfero
with the pre·emption of Cloyes." And as if to removo aU doubts as to
the right of the pl'e-emptor and the natme of llis claim, tbe conrt adds:


Tlle elaim of pre-clllptiou is uot that shaümvy thiug which by some it is cousidered
to be. Until sallctione(1 by law, it has no existencc as a substantive right; hut when
eovered hy the law, it hccomes a l¡>,gal right, suhject to he <1efeatcd onl~' by a failllre to
pcrfonn tlw cOIluitions annexeü to it.


In giving tbis opinion, the comt adds :
The a¡[yenturous piouee1', wllo is fouud in adnmee oí' 0111' settll'illcnts, encollnters


Irlany hanlships, and not llnfreqllent,}y dangers frolll snvage ineursions, He is generally
l)oor, and it is fit that his cutcrprise shoult! be rewa.:nled by the pl'ivilege of purchasing
the f:worite spot selected by him, not to exceecl ono 11llndre<1 alld sixt,yacres, 'l'hat thÍf;
is the llational poliey, is shown by the C011n;e of lcgislation for many years.


In Delassnst'8. tho United States, !) Peters, 133, Chief Justiee ]lar·
sb;¡tl says that "No IH'incipal is better settled in this country than that
an.inchoate.title to lunds is property." AmI, agnin, ho says: "'1'1e in-
qUlry then lS, whethür tbe coneession was legally made by the proper
~uthodties, and might han; beoll perfected illtO a complete title." His
mference was that the inchoate l'ight which might have uoell perfected




J. M. HUTCHINGS AND J. C. LAMON. 5


into a complete titlü was "property." This view is confirmed by the act
of Cóngress of March 3, 1843, which provides that if the pre-emptor
8hall die while the conditions are being performed, his claim may be
perfect~d by thc heir-at-law, to whom the patent sha11 be issued. (5 Stat-
ntes at Large, page 620.)


In Smith VS. The Unitcd States, 10 Peters, 330, nIr. Justice Baldwin,
in delivering the opinion of the court, says:


It was neyer uoubteu hy this court that property of evcry ucscription in Loui8iana
was protected by the law of nations, the terms 01' the trcaty, and the aet of Congress;
nor that in the term "property" was comprehendef\ every species of title, inchoate 01'
perfcct, cmbracing thosc rights which Hc in contract, th08e wlrich are exeeutory, as well
as those whieh are exeentefl. (See also Rice rs. Railroad Company, 1 Blaek, 35fl.)


.Jnstiee Story, in commcntillg upon tlle constitutional prollibition
against Iaws impairing the obligation of contracts, uses this language:


It. 11a8 heen aeeidetl upon solemn argument, that contracts and g1'ant~ made by a
State are not lcss within the reach of the prohihition than contracts and grants of
private persolls; tIlut tIle 'luestion is not, whether 8uch contracts or grants arc mado
directly hy htw in t.l18 form of legislation, or iu any other form, but wliether theyexist
at aIl. Tho legislature may, hy a lnw, directly lllake a grant; amI snch grant, when
once made, becomes ÍlTevocable, and cannot lJC constitutionally illlpaircd. So the leg-
islatnre may makc a c011traot with inrlividuals directly by a law, pledging the State
to a performance of it, ana then, '\']¡pn it is accepted, it is e'llluIly under the pi"oteetion
of the ConstitutiOll. (ColIllIlcntarics OIl tLo Constitution, vol. 3, page 257.)


In illnstrating this principIe he addR that "a grant amounts to an ex-
tinguishlllent of the l'ight of the grantor, and implics a contract not t()
reassert it." (See }'letcher 1'8. l'eck, () Cranch, 87, ]~)5.) .


In vVilkills0n P8. Leland, :! Petel'R'S Heports, page 657, the court sáys:
That govermnpnt can scarcely be rleclllecl to he free, ,,'bere the rights of propertyare


left Holely depelldent u]1on the will of a legislatiYo hOfly, without any rcstraint. The
fundamental muxims oI 'L freo g;oYCnUncllt scem to require that the rights of persont¡l
liberty and priyate propcrty shollld he hcld saereu. At least no court ofjustice in this
conlltr~- wonM be \\"llrrantNl in assnming th3t the power to violate and disregard them
-:1 power so repugnant to tite eOllllllOll principIes of justice amI ciyil liberty-Iurke(l
nnder nny general grant nf legislatin Hllthorit'y, or ollght to be implietl from any
general expression oftllo ,,~ill ofthe people. 'rhe people imght not to he presnmed to
part with rights so vital to their well-heing, "ithont n~ry strong and direetexprcssions
nf snch intention. In Tenctt 1'8. Ta~'lor, 9 Craneh, 4~l, it was hchl by this court that a
grant or titl" to lan(18 once made by tlle legislatnrc to ally 11erson or eorporation is
ÍlTcyoeahle, antl C:LllllOt be n'assumet! by any Ruhse'luellt legislative aet; antl that a
differe.llt t!octrine is lltterly inCollsistcnt wiLh (hu grcat and fundamental principIe of a
repllblican gove.rml1(;nt, aml ,,~ith the right 01' tlw ('itizcns in the free cnjoyment of
their proporty lawfuIly acqnirc(l. ,\'0 lmo,," of no case in which a legislative aet to
transfer the property of A to B, without hi.s consent, has ever heen held a constitu-
tional oxcrcise of legislative pmycr in any State of thA Unioll. On the cOlltrary, it nas
1)een cOllstalltly rejedc<l as iuconsistent wit.h just prilldpleH by eyery judicial tribunal
in which it ha~ be en attclllptcd to Le eu[orecd.


The committee lmvp aIready l'eferrecl to the strange opillion of Attor-
ney General Spced, rC8pccting the right of pre-cmptiol1. Wc now cite
a directly adverse opinioll of .Attorney General 1\1a80u, of April 25,
1846, on a ca¡.;e arising IlIH1er tltc pre-cmptlon act of 1841. He says:


The ohject 01' the 1aw is bClleiicent, nnd it is cntitlcd to a liberal construct.ion in aid
ofthe ends to be attained. Bnt to accomplish this, surll a construction must be given
as will protect tho settler in hiR nltimate right; flrst, for thirty daJ:s frolll the date of
his settlement; amI' socond1y, for twclYc lllonths írom the same time. 'rhe settler i8
entit1ed to this protection against the c1aim8 01' entries of otl1(;1'8. From the moment
therefore that he euters in porson 011 lana open to 8l1oh a elaim, with the animU8 ma-
uentli, or ruther with the illtcntioll of a\"ailing himsclf of the provisions of the act
rcfcrreu to, and !loes any aet in execntiol1 of that intention, he is a Rettler. He must
afterwards give his notice 01' iutention, inhabit, illlpr,Oye, huild his house, and make
Eis proof and payment within tIlo time stipulated, to perfect his right. Bnt in every
stagc he is protected llutil he f'lils on his part to comply with the conditions of the
law. (Opinions ofthe Attorney General of the United States, doc. 55, pagcs 1795-6.)


:rhis opinioll waR accepted by the land departlllent, and has been




6 J. M. HUTCHINGS ANDJ. C. LAMON.
followed ever since with the exception of the extmordinary ruling
referrei to, and the action of the Interior Department in conformity
thereto.


It would be easy to cite further authorities, but it is not neccssary.
That' the o1'/:'e1' of ahorne to the settler through the pre-emptioll li:tWS, on
specificd conditions, and the acceptance of those conditions by him, con-
stitute a contract, which cannot be constitutionally impaired by Con-
gress, is a proposition which we believe has never, until very recently,
been disputed. It is not only supportcd by thc autIlorities we have
cited, and by obviollS principIes of justice, but is in harmony with the
well-known policy of the nation. The encouragemellt of emigration,
the popu1ation and settlement of our vacant Territories, and through
these means the increase of our national strength and resources, have
becn among the cherished purposes 0[' the government. It was in view
of these ends that our pre-emption Iaws were enacted, offering homes to
those who will seIect and occupy them in persoil, improve them, and pay
for them at a fixed rateo Thc govcrnmcnt is as much bound by its off'er
as an individual wou1d be in ana10gous circumstances. It is true the
settler has the option, at any time before eompleting his payment and
receiving his patcnt, to abandon his c1aim; but this option Ís a part of
his contracto The government gave it to him as an inducement to
becomc a settle1'. If the sett1er abandons the claim there is no loss to the
governmeut, for it rctain.s the title and has parted with no value. It has
been likened to a contract for the, sale oí" 1and, in which the owner
retains t1lC tit1e as security for t1le ,purchase money. The purchaser, in
the absence of stipu1atiolls to the contrary, may at any time abandon
his improvements, and leave the property to its owner wit.hout. further
liability. And yet, if he should rcmaiu aml comply with the terms of
his agl'eement, the owner would be b,ound to him for the title; and in
the meantime the purchaser would have an eqllitab1e interest, of which
no power could deprive him without his own eonsent, un1ess taken by
the government for public use on payment of its value.


The doctrine that the settler's right of pre-emption is a mere" bounty,"
whieh the goverumeut may at any time reca11, has, therefore, no just
foundation. lt. prohably grew out of our early land policy, whieh treated
sctt1crs upon tbc public domain as trespassers, and threatened them
with penalties. This short-sighted aud ullgcnerous policy was gradually
abandoned. Laws were passed givillg sett1ers tbe privilege of pr~-empt­
ing their respective quarter sectiolls on certain specified terms. The act
of September 4, 1841, was finally passed, prospective in its operation,
p1edging the faith of thc gOYcrumellt that it would grallt to all future
settlers possessing cCliain prescribed qualifications, alld who should
make certain improvements, the privilege of pre-emption. The old Iand
policy is thus wholly revo1utionizcd, amI this act 1l0W constitutes our
general 1and system on the subject. Under it the sett1er who cnters
upon the public lands and complies with its terms, has the right, by law,
to demand bis tit1e from the governmcnt, by thc terms of his contract,
and not as hounty 01' gratuity, which the government is at liberty to
grant 01' withhold at its pleasure.


The obligations of the settler and the government are mutual, and
the eonsideration oi' t1e eontract a va1uable one, namely: a benefit to
the government if the work is performed, amI a disadvantage to the
sett1er who performs it and expends his money. The settler not only
lays out his mOlley and bestows his labor OH the land, thereby enhancing
the va1ue of adjaccnt lancls, ancl adding to the taxable wealth of the
country, but he pays a fixed price for his homestcad bcforc he can 1'e-




J. M. HUTCHINGS AND J. C. LAMON. 7
ceive his title. What he asks at the hands of the gover-nment is not
bounty, but justice, through pertect good faith in the execution of its
contracto As tbe pioneer of progress and the strong ally of our civili-
zation, that contract Rhould be liberally construed in his favor. He, if
any man, should be regarded by the law as its favorite. It makes no
sort of difference that tbe pre-emptor, if disowned by the government,
cannot sue the United Statcs for a specific performance of' the contracto
That goes to tbe remedy, and not to tbe right. It ple'ads for further leg-
islation in aid oí' the settler, but certainly does not release the United
States from those obligations of' good faitb which the law never fails to
impose upon individuals, 01' warrant tbe federal courts in declaring tbat
might makes rigbt. .


But in the case now under consideration the force of this reasoning
is sougbt to be evaded by the position that the lands in the Yo-Semite
Valley were unsurveyed, and therefore were never subject to pre-emp-
tion. This is gravely asserted by the Senate Committec on I'rivate
Land Claims, in a report submitted in the last Congress on tbe very
bill now before this Honse, whicb was then pending in the Senate.
But the truth is, most unfortunately for tbis argument, that the right
of pre-emption does and díd extend to unsurveyed lands by law. If the
Senute Committee had turned to tbe United States Statutes at Large,
volume 12, page 410, section 7, they would have found this enactment:


And be it furtlwr enacled, That in regard to settlements which by existing laws are
authorized in certain States and Territories upon un8urve')¡ed land8, which privilege is
he1'eby extended to California, the pre-emption claill1ant shall be, and is hereby, &c.


The act further proeeeds to define the duties of pre-emptors on this
class of lands after they have been sUl'veyed; but as the lands in ques-
tion bave never been surveyed, no duties were incumbent upon Rutch-
ings and Lamon, except actual residence upon and improvement of their
elaims, and these duties tIley performed. This act of Congress is dated
J\Iay 30, 1862, and settles conclusively the right of' these settlers to pre-
empt their claims, under the laws of the U nited States, at any time sub-
sequent to that date, and prior to the grant of the valley by Congress
of date J une 30, 1864.


The Senate report referred to says :
It has bcen ascertained that the whole area of t4e valley is about 1.100 acres, and


that it appears from diagrama presented .to the cOll1ll1ittee that the tracts grantcd to
Hutchings and Lamon control, to a vcry great extent, if not altogether, the use and
enjoyment Di the valley.


These statements are sustained by Professor 1. D. W"hitney, one oí
the government commissioners, who certainly possessed the means of
knowledge. But tbe area of the valley and the advantage secured to
these settlers by allowing them their pre-emptions, are matters purely
collateral. They certainly could not affect the quest.ion of legal right
undel' the laws of the United States. As tho faets stated, however, if
true, must tenel gl'eatly to prejudice the claims of these parties, the
committ€e have takon pains to ascertaill f'rom undoubtecl oflicial
SOUl'ces the truo arca (jí' the yullev. The Commissioller of the General
Land Office, at tIte request of tliis committee, has prepared a careful
estimate of tho arcas oi' the Beyeral portions of tIte Yo-Semite Valley,
according to the official map of the same, which he submits as follows:


1st. Thc valley cmbraced withill it8 walls, (illcluding 3,109 acres
meadow land) ... _ . __ .. __ ... ____ ..... __ .... __ ... _ ..... __ _


2d. 'fIJe area of tIte northel'll wall of the valley. __ .. _ .. __ .. __ _
311. The urca of the soutllern wall of the valley _ .. ___________ .


Acres.


8,480
2,070
3,680




8 ,J, lIf. nUT,cIlINGR AND ,J. C. LAMON.


4th. The are a of tlle bottOIll lamls on hoth sides of the valle,)'
embraced within t1le exterior honndaries of the Yo-Semite
grant .. ________________________ .. ___ _


Acres,


21,881


l\Iaking a total area of thc grunt .. ___________ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3G, 111


lt thus appearsjhat the facts referred to are utterly (liscredited. The
whole area of the valley is 1l0t 1,1.00 acres, hut 36,111. The pre-emptiolls
of Hutchings andLamon are cOllsiderably less than the one-Imndrellth
part of this. Thc valley propel', embraced within its walls, is 8,480 acres,
01' twenty-six und a half times larger than the pre-emptions. Ifwe come
dOWIl still lower amI take oHly the meadow lamI of this valley proper,
we have 3,109 acres, of which tIte claims of these settIers wonld constitute
but little m'er one-tellth parto lt seems to HS, therefore, utterly preposter-
ons to SUppOi'le that "Hntehings and Lamon eould control, to a vf'ry great
extellt, if not altogether, the use and enjoymellt of the vaHey." Theil'
power would necest·;arily he limitetl by their little possessiolls. Ami
tItesc facts :mswer a kindl'c<1 argnmcllt, \Vhich has heen vcry rar-
nestly pressetl hy those '1'ho oppose thcse settlers, namely, that if theil'
claims are allowed the vallev would f¡lll "into tlw hantls of those who
wouId levy tribnte npon tIte traYü1ing public, and make this bealltiful
valley odious for t11e extortions oí" its greedy auu l'iordid possessors."
In tIle very llatnre of tIlings these l'l'sn1ts eonlü uot follow, amI IlO
faets are ShOWll, affecting tIle eharaeter of thefle settlers, or their COll-
duet as such, to Wal'l'allt tIte intimatioll that tlll'y ltan~ auy pnrpol'le
whatever unfricmlly to the valley 01' its fi.'ee pnhlie use alld enjoyment.
Besides, as \Ye lmve aIready recited, the publie is prot('(~ted by the act oí'
the Oalifornia lcg-islatnrc, g-ranting to those mCIl their }ll·e-emptiolls.
The "grant is npon tho conditioll that tho State, tltl'ong-h tlte board
of Yo-Semite COllllllissiollers, sItall llave tIw po\Y(~r at atl,Y time to layout,
eonstruct, all<l maintaill sueh 1'oads, bl'ülgcs, paths, amI a1'cnul'S upon
ancl through tite said lamls, as muy be lleecssary 1'01' thc COllyelliellce.
of the lJnblic alld yisitors to the sai<l valley." lt 8eems to tIte eOIH-
mittce that this effed.na1Jy disposos of tlle argnmcnt llIHler ]loti!'l'. The
",hole valley, scyen miles long, and cOlltaillillg OYC1' 3G,OOO ae1'l's, is pIaced
nndel' the eouÍl'oI of tIte State eOHllnissiOllel's. 'l'he RlIlall fmetiolls oí'
this elaimcd by thc Rettkrs are malle l'inoo1'dillate to tIw use of the
publie. Of the yallcy ¡)rolle!', on'l' 8,000 acres are len to tl}(~ State, oí'
which llearly :3,000 ael'es are meado\\' lalH1, amI mnch of i.t as good as
that e1aimed by IIntehillg's amI La'IlOlI. By wlmt meallS tJll''y eouId
establish a dangm'OlUl 01' OÜi(~llS snpremaey ill the yalley, mHl eompd thc
world to render tbem unwillfllg' trilmtl.', tlw eÚllllllitten aro Ilot allle to
perceiye.


But it is argue<l that, eOlleedillg aH tlti;;, tIw e\ailllR of tIlOSO settlers
mnst yield to tbc right oi' the goYcrnmellt to take ])l'inlte prOllcrty fol'
publie uses. 'Ihis right iR no!, disllllteü. .A pl'inltp Illisehief i3 to 1)(,
enduretl l'ather -ihall a [In hIie il)(~Ol\Yell Íen('('. rrl)(~ g-on~l'llll1('nt ('au ap-
propriatc pl'intte property as a lllilitary llCe('flsity in tillle oí' \\'al'. J!oma's
lIlay he l'az(~ll to tIte gTOlllHl lo 1)l'(~Y(,ll t t!w ,;pl'ead oí' II (~ollt/:¡gJ'Mi()ll.
Prin1te propcrty mllst yic}(l tn general illtcrcsts in otl)('1' emws. 'l.'he
right. of emillP¡lt !lolllain, (JI' ÍIIl!prellt. SO\-pl'pig'll pO\\'(~r, g-iH~S to tl)(' Ir'g'is-
latu1'e eOlltl'Ol oi' pl'iyate property fol' 1mhlic 1[,;¡':'. !toads allll eaIwls may
be cut. throagh tlw l:md" oí' illdiyidua]s wiUlOlit th"ir eOlll'lCllt. Lalllls
a<).joining a eity may lw i:il'iz('!l alltl sp<'eütl1y app1'opriatell ,,-ith a yiow
to preserve its hea1th. In tll\':w :11)(1 killdn'(1 CHI'lPR tlw gTolllHl of aetina




.1. M. HUTCHINGS AND J. C. LAMON.


is public utility and necessity. If this is wanting the act is usurpation~
If the legislature should take the property of A. and gi\'e it to B. it would
be an abuse of its power, a fraudulent attack upon private right, and
the law would be clearly unconstitutional and yoid.-(2 Peters's U. S.
Reps.,6.58. See also Varick l'S. Slllith, 5 Paigc's R. 159, 160.) And in all
these cases the act of appropriation must be accompanieu. or preceded
by cornpensation, 01' the tender of it, to the individual. A law taking
prívate property for puulic uses, without pmnding for cOlllpensatioll,
willnot, perhaps, be yoid, for it may be done by a subseqnent law, uut
the execntion of tbe Iaw wiII be enjoined until the pro\'ision be made"
and the paylllent ought to be simllltalleous with tbe actual appropriation
ofthe property.-(Kent's COIll., vol. 2, pp. 338-'9, and notes.) "Ve refe!'
to these principIes for the purpose of showing their bearillg UpOll the
case under cousideratíon. Here, granting that the act oí' Congress made
sllch a disposition of tLese priyate claill1s as would come within the
settled meaning of tbe phrase "public uses," no steps ha ve been taken
to divest the rights 01' tite parties. The act was silellt on the subject of
compensation, and tIwir cIaims were unknown at tbe date of ibqmssage.
No compellsatiou, 01' the teuder of it, has sinee beell made by the United
States, 01' uy the State of California, while these pre-emptors have been
summarily brought faee to faee with an aetioll of ejeetment for the pos-
sessioll of their lawfully acquired homes.


But the truth is, that tlle property in these cases was IIOt appro-
priated by Congress fol' puh1ie uses in auy just 01' legal seuse. The en-
tire yalley was granted to the State of California, amI the jurisdiction
of the United States ove1' it has totally eeased. lt helongs to the
State, subjeet to the uses amI purposes speeified in the aet, and the con-
trol of the State commissioners, amI is IlOt a national reservat.ioIl 01'
park at all. The simple faet is that the aet of Congl'ess uIldertakes to
rob these men of their cstates, alHI grallt tltem to another party, nameIy,
a politieal corporation ealled the State of California. It falls witbin the
miscbief of the rnle established by the authorities, that the government
canIlot take one man's property from him and ghTe it to another. Tite
fact that the act requil'es these pre-emptioIl claims to he set apart for
"public use, l'esol't, and reereation," makes not the slightest di1ferenee.
The g'overnment has no right to take pri\Tate property, fairly yested UIl-
del' the laws of CongTess, for the purpose of cOllvel'ting it iuto a play-
ground for tite people of California. Tite rule recognized by tite law is
tltat of rmlJlie neeessity, as illnstrated in sueh innlllllerable illstances, by
the appropriatioll of pri\'ate pl'operty in aiU of works of l'ublic im-
provement. Neitltel' can tllE' questioll be affected by the faet that this.
valley is a great physieal WOll(]Pl'. \VhiIe its tcrritory was su bject to
pre-emptioll, we snppose settlcrs on it, llIulpr the laws of tite United States,
could acquil'e precisel.r tIte same rig'hts in the yalIcy as if it.s secuer.y had
been eoufiidembly Iess suuliml'. Onr great Western States amI Territo-
ries are fuII oí' natural \Vondel's, as weH as oí' beallty. There are IIlltuy
lovely valleys amI beautiful waterfaUs in oU!' conntl'.r besides those of
the Yo-Semite, anll we me quite sme tite 1aw has not as .ret established
any stanllaru. oí' heauty aue! sublimity by whidl the l'ights of pre-empt-
ors 011 the pulJlie lallds ;,¡hall bp determined. That tIte vnlley is a 1l10st
eha[']ning plaee fOl' general" l'esort amll'eereation" is undonbtedly true;
lmt thc l'ight of ellliucllt domain rests upon llO su oh sltadowy founda-
tiol1. En~n if jt did, it would 1I0t í\)llow that these t\\'o small home-
steads, alread'y heltl subjeet to the uses oi' the Sta te, could be lawfully
approllriated by thc gon~rlllllent. As \Ve lUl\'e s('ell, they cOI1Rtitute 80·
slllall a fl'aetioll of the entire valley, that tlteir private owuership cannot,


H. Hep.2--2




10 .T. M, HUTCHINGS AND J. C. LAl\ION.
interft're with its pulJlic enjoyment as a pleasnre-ground aml a spectacle
oí wOllder. l\Iost eertainly it eannot jnstify the expulsion oí tllese
claimants as a publie neee8sity un!!er tite law. 'l'he votaries {)f illpasure
can stm ha,-e the amplest room for gratif,yillg their desires; wllile tite
worshippers oí lJeallt,y willlleed no legislatioll to pl'otect the ilIlperish-
allle fiH'llls of splendor which the haml of naturc llas layislled 'npon
the "alle;y, aml spread out to the feee gaze of the world.


Er¡ually futile is tIte arg'umcnt sometimos urged agaillst these clnim-
ants that thi8 is "a question of fort,Y millions of pcople llgaill8t t\\'o
men," aml that " tlle rights and interests oí t\\'o iudi vidnals should be
snhonlillate to tllOse of the maIlY." Questiolls of legal rigIlt are 1I0t to
be determined OIl the prilleiple oí' numbers. The illtrodnetioll of ~meh
a rule into onr jnrispnlflellee \\'ould ma ke the adllliniHtratioll of jnstice
a faree. Those \VIlO employ sueh an argnment should lilwwise relHcmlJer
tlJat the ,laws or Congrcss nndpr ,,,liÍl:h OUl' I:'pttlcrs acqnire title are
malle lJy the people-the " forty milliol1s." This is the thcory of OHl'
go\-ernmellt. "TIte two IIlel1" amI "the fort,)' lllilliollS 17 are 01! t11e
same si de of t11e qnestioll. 'rhcre is 110 confliet in pl'im:iple, and there
shonld be llone in fado As regareIs tbe qlH'stioli oi' a plemml'e-gl'onnd,
it ollIy COneel'IlH the eompal'ati\'e few ",ho ",ill ha\'(l thp means mv1leis-
ure to visit tIJe valley, a\l(l these eould see mld enjoy qnite as IIllH~h if its
thousallds oi' acl'l'S ,,'ere earved U]) illto smiliug' hOllH?Hteaf]s, "'hose m\'Il-
el'S wouM proha llly gnllnl tlle vallpy as em'Cf'nlly m; mI,)' offieial appoillted
by tile State. The illterest of lIutdlÍng,; amI LallloD \\'ill he to p1'eHCl'\'C
amI all(l to thp hpantieH of tlleil' hOllle8, \\'hile it has hPl'll \ren ohservell
that tlle gralldem oí' the valle.y is llot llestruetilJle hy tite halll!' of lltall.
They are IlOt, as ha,> lJeell l'epl'esente(l, "speeulatin\ Hf]Uattprs,:' lJut ad-
ycnturous pioneers, allxiou;-;, in goorl faith, to aeeept the offel' mallA by
tlle gO\TcI'llment or a 110111(\ in tlJe \'allp,y, aud lll'rfpetly in loye with the
seeues of wondl'r amI lleant,r \"ithm its walls. ~ eithpr are tllPy "van-
daIs," \y!to would waste 01' lllal' in Hlly \Vay tlle ol~jeets of llpanty a1l(1
10velinesH aroUlHl thClll. 'rhey bdoug' to tlJe gl'pat, adYHUcing eolnrrm
of settlers ",110 explore and snbdne onr diHtant hó]'(lt'r;;;, l'lH~()l1lltrl'illg
savap~; amI "i1d lJFasts inla;yillg tIte foundatiolls of Dew commOllwcaltlls.
They are the onl.\' men holding any ]ll'c-emptioll l'ights ill tl:c yallt,y, anll
the attcmpt to dispossess tlH'lll, ir slleeeHslul, wOllld ún'c8ha(!o\\' sl'1'iollS
tl'ouhle to all Hcttlers nuder the pn',olllption a]](l IlOlllpstmullH"'s of tlle
Unitetl States. lt ,,"o!lld thl'nateu tIJe (>lIti1'o o\'Cl'thro\V oí' tIw lanll
poliey nf the gOH'rnmcllt, nnd tIlO re-l'8tabliHlllllt'ut 0[' tIte "idon;;; ]ll'in-
eiple that settlcrs OH tIte Imulie (lomain nro trespas8crs, ,,,itlt w}¡om 110
terms are to he kept. 'l'he eOll1lllittpc slwak wit h carllestlless a1l(1 cm-
phasis on this qut';;;tion, lleeanse the,\" decm it a "ital OIW. H gOt'H dOWll
to the yer.\' t'rmndatioll ot out' imlllMl'ial deydoplllcnt a1l(I wltional
pl'ogress. To the wisdom aud jnstiee 01' our poliey, as ('tllhodicll in the
pre-emption amI homcstead laws, is tite Ilatioll Inl'gl'ly indl'hte(] 1'01' its
mal'\'elOllS progTPHs, :md fol' tlle plaee whidl it llOlds mllong other
llat iml8 of the world. To tritle ,yith this poliey is to tri tIc mt lt tlll' gravest
puhlie illterests. To strike lit thcse two HPttlers, is to Htrike nt milliolls;
and tlle natioll eonhl as inTloeently relmdiate the (kM \,,!tiell it inclirred
in t'lIyillg its OWIl Jife, as to "inlato its pJighterl faitlt to Olll' piOfl(,(,l'S
that tltey slmll ltaye hOIll('s 011 the pnhlie r!Olll:lill Oll pl'PSl~]'i¡ll'd cOlldi-
tious, whieh aro honestl.y aceepted and cOlllplied witlt OH their parto


o




41ST CO:iilGRESS, ~ HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
2d Session. f


NINTH CE~SUS.


{
REPORT


No. 3.


JANUARY 18, lS70.-Laid on tite table and ordered to be printed,


)lr. GARFIELD, from the Committee on the Ninth Census, made the
following


REPORT.
The Committee of the House of Representatives on the Ninth OenStlS, hat'·


ing Itad tite subject under consideration, beg lecwe 'respectfully to submit
the following report :
The relations of a census of the Ullited States to the general subjeet


of statistics are so intimate that the co.mmittee have thought it proper
to oJIer a few prelimillary suggestiollS on th~ general subject oí' statis-
tics, amI tosubmit a brief history of snch inqniries made by anciellt
and modern natiolls, together with an exhibit of the statistical metIlods
now in use in each of tIle states of Europe. They have also added a
Ilistory of statisticaL inquiries, including censuses, made in tIlis country,
from tIle beginning of tIle colonial pedod to the presento


'I'he great change made in the basis of popular representation by the
thirteenth amI fourteenth amendments to the national Constitution
made it necessary (91' the committee to examine the constitutiollal and
statntory provisions of the seyeral States of tIle Union, in Ol'der to as-
certain what would be the effect of tIle constitutional amendments re-
ferred to upon tIle repr6flentative population of each State. '1'he com-
mittce addresscd a circular to the governors of the several States, for-
warding to each a copy of the clauses of the State constitution and
laws whieh define the qllalifieatiolls of a voter thereill, and requesting
him to cause the same to be cxarnined, cOTreeted amI anthentieated.
The results of that investigation and correspolldenee are snbmitted in
the appendix to this l'eport, mal'ked "A." In appendix "B" will be
fOlllld the proyisions made by the different Statcs of the Union in re-
gard to takillg' eensuses alld making otIler statistieal inquiries. Ap-
pendix " C" is a papel' luid before the eOlllUlittee by Dr. Edwl\nl Jarvis,
of Doreheste1', .MassacIlusetts, relating to vital statistics, and snggest-
ing what inquil'ies ollght to he ruade eoneernillg population. lt is be-
lieved that tIle several suqjects diseussed in this report and in the ap-
pendix will be oi' suffieicnt interest to wurrunt the committee in laying
them before the House.


CENSUS-TAKING AND STA'l'ISTlUAL INQFIRY FROM TIlE BARLIEST HIS-
'l'ORICAL PERIOD TO THE BRGINNIKG OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.


The seience of statistics, of whieh eensns-takiug is one of the praeti-
eal applieations, is of modern growth, but its germs are found in the
earlicst pcriods of known history. 'l'he llecd oi' a positive knowledge of
the social 1'orees at play in communities of men appears to have been




2 NINTH CENSUS.
felt frOID the timo wllell the human raoe fil'ilt segregatod into distinct
social and political bodies. Statistical observation, indeed, may be said
to be coeyal with the Yery organization of societ,r and goVel'lllllcnt.
Everv reader of the Bible is familiar with tll0 cnurncration of the trioes
of Israel iustituted by Moses during tho oxouns, amI tbe disastl'Ous C(éll-
sus of Kiug DavitL AUJOug tbe Cbinese, public statistics \Yere colloctod
tbonsands of ,years before t,}w Christian cra. vVe havo a distÍllct ac-
count of the census ordained by tho Empcror Yee, 2042 years B. C.
Tbere is a record of a ceTlSUS in Japan, nndor the .:.\iikaclo Su-jin-tonno,
in the last century B. C. Under the reigll of tbe I neas, as rolatod by 1're8-
cott, in his history of the conquest of Peru, statistical information was
assiduously gathered. Some oí' tile rulers oí' allcieut Porsia made sta-
tistical data the basis of taxation. In old Grceco, registers 01' citizens
wore kept at Athens, amI in otIle1' cities, alld tltatistieal researehes made
iu varions directions. Hcrodotns, Aristotle, Straho, aI\(l Pausanias,
maele use of statistical material in their writings. In Rome public 8ta-
tistics bocame tIle very t'oundaüon oí' goycrmnent at an early periodo
Prom tIle time of King Servius Tnllins, througb t11e whole republican
enl, t11e periodical eemms, whieIl comprised botIl persons amll'l'ol'crty,
and attaíned a Iligh degree of exaetitude, seryecl to regulate tlle duties
of tbe eitizens towaru tbe tltate. Under tbe emperors even more atten-
tion was paid to puhlie statisties. Augnstus clllarged tIle seope of tlle
census, auu improved the mode of takillg it. He had tlte elltiro popu-
lation enumeratod; tIte whole empire surveyed amI tbe RationanUll im-
perii; a statistieal exposé 01' tIle warlike amI other resourees oí' tIJe
state, compiled. Dnder tIle more enlightened of Ilis sU:ceessol'S t1le eol-
leetion and preservatioll oí' statistienl illformatioll was eontinued amI
developed into a regular braneh ofpuhlie businetls. UlHh~r Constantine
tllero existed what Hlay be st,yled tIle 1lrst statitltieal hurean uJl(ler t.he
llame of Scríllium J\Iemoriae.


In t.he middle ages the general decline of intellectnallife confined the
_ pursuit óf statistical kllowledge witIlin the nalTOWCtlt limits. The tel'm


"eensns" still appeared i11 polítical Ilolllenclatul'e, lmt ,,,ith thc discon-
tinuanee, nron tltc collapse ot' tbe Romau empíl'e, oí' t110 pnulic act wliicIl .
it significd, its original mcnuing ",as lost. ]11 lllcdiamll times it ,ras
applieü almost exelusiyoly to cadatltral operations. Fp to tIte thi1'tccl1th
eentury, there is no record of a distillet enumeratioll oí' the population
in the auuals oí' auy people. Still, frolll tile Snpl'eUlllcy ill that dark pc-
riod of tIle law of force, wlticIl rClHlered a knowledge of snchelemellts
of offensive amI defellsin' HÍl'eugth as tbe poplllation eapable oí' beal'ing'
arms anc1 its taxability imlispem;a hIt' to ralcl'!', it Illay oe llI'etll1lned,
though we have Httle proo!' 01' the faet, that intormntioIl reganling t11e
llUluuer anc1 means of the tlnhjpet¡; was gClH~rall'y soug11t 1),)' <li1'ferollt
methous. But, while tIle practico ot' regnlar popnlatioll eensntlctl tlcems
to have heell unknowlI, we find, here aud tIlme, eddellee oí' spatllllodic
Htatistical activity on the part oí' botl! govel'Jltuellts amI inuiyiüuals.
C11arlomagne instituted tIle missi dominici, 01' illfluirics iuto tIte capal'ity
oí' the soíl aud the cereal.produets of an t11e lll'ovillces of his yast em-
piro. The famous Doolllsday Book of \Yilliam the Couqueror 1.01'0
sorne resclllblallee to a modern census. The eadastral inquiries illtlti-
tuted in <le limited measure by some oi' the Gorman emperors partook of
tho nature oC puhlic statisties. TIle aetive geographieal labors of the
Amos hot,,-een tIle eloventll and fourteenth eellturies produeed, illci-
dl'lltally, so me yaluable statistical material. Tlle hest kno\Ylt googra-
phel'tl, alllong tbelll El-lUaslludi, Edl'is(', and Chalil-Bcn-SehallÍll, were,
in a certaill, sen se, statitltical writers. TIle only medüeyal populatioll




NINTH CENSUS. 3
censuses of w hich there seems to be any record, are tho¡;;e of the Mongo·
lians in the thirteenth a1l(1 of Peter of Al'agon in the fourteenth cen·
tury. In tIte fourteenth and sixteenth centuries, some of the repuhlican
governments of Ital-r, amI amOl1g them especially that of Venice, at·
tached mlleh ünpol'tanee to tIte eolleetiOll of l'eliable data concerning
the material resources of their own territories as weIl as of foreign conn·
tries. In the last IlaIIled century a popular ellumeration took plaee in
the kingdom of Castilia. Philip II of Spain commeIlced t11e careful pre·
servaLioll of statistical matter, relating to his vast dominioIls. Among
his . cotemporHl'ies were several eompilel's of geogl'aphieal·statistical
works. Pope Pius II compiled his Dcscriptio Asim atqllc EUl'opm. In
1544 Sebastian J\lneneter printed his weH knowl1 eosmography in Gel'·
many. In 1i"j(j3 tlle Roman Franeesco Sansovino pllhlislterl all 1weonnt
of twel1ty aneient and modern states. In 1591 Botero· brought out ,lt
Rome his Relazioni Un'ilJcrsali, in whieh he describes aIl the states of
Europe. J\faehiave1li's aeeou11ts oí' his nnmerous missions abroad, and
bis enrollment of tIte military population of the ]'lorentine Republie, de·
serve to he lllllued in the same conneetion. In the sixteelltlt eelltury
the praetiec of kccpingchureh registers 01' uirths, marriages, anu deaths,
whieh formed the lwgillning of the modern s'ystems oí' reeonlin·g the
lIlovements of popnlatio11, be(:Hme general. .


Aeeording to tIte authority of a British writer on statisties, a complete
survey was made of the Bnglish realm under the reign of Hfml'y VIII,
in the firsthalf of the sixteenth eentnry, in whieh tho numbcr of the in·
habitants, their ages, professiolls, wealth, and increasc, were aseertaiited,
but there is no known record of tbis eensus.


In the seyenteenth eentury, while no exact popular cnumerations were
made, the neeu of a more aecurate aequaintance with tIle resonrees oí"
tIte stato fol' tho sncüessfnl conduot oí' government was felt in tlw more
progressive countries. Tbus in Pranee, Sully, tIle great mil1ister of
Henry IV, exerted himself to COllstitute the administratioll oí" tIte puulic
finanees OIl a statistical basis. Louis XIV, upon the adviee of tIte cele·
urated Fénélou, required the illtendants 01' governors of pl'OVillÜes to
furnish thc 1ll0St acenrate data that üoulll he obtained relative to ÜOIll·
meree, agrieulture, and illdnstry ; the clergy and nobility; the populatio}l
in general; public roads; illland navigation, and othe1' material illterests
oí' the several proyinee,;. '['he reports were puulished in a series of forty.
two folio volumes. They contaim'd statistieal taules of popuJation, amI
a vast amoullt of ot11er yaluable information; but the wallt oí" a uniform
plan of inquiry, amI tIte different degrees of diligence, cOlllprehellsive·
nesB, and exaetitucle sl1ow11 in the reports of tIte several cOlllpiler,;, de·
traeted eOllsitIerably tI-OIll the yalue oí" the reports as a whole. In 1698
the Freneh governlllent also üOlllmcneed t11e publieation of tIte Almanac
Royal, a Rort oí" nlue Book. In England, the compilatioll and publieation
of general eOllllllereial statisties "'ere üommcneed upon the establishment
of the office of inspector general of exports alld imports, towanl the
close of the sevelltecllth eenturv.


Mueh private lauor was likewise given in the same centurJ' to glean.
illg and even praetieally applying statistieal information. Di,'anti, in
1612, brought out his "Btat des Empires, Roymunes et RépnuUques."


Yan vallLeet publishedItis "RcspubliereElzeviriamB,;' bet\',een 1624-
lfi40. The great work oí' Pierre el' Avity, on "Les EtatR et Empires {In
1\fonlle," appearell in 1(j~(j. In l(j(j() John Graunt, tIte fouwler of politi.
cal arithmetie, brought out his "Observations on the BiUR of Mort, Uy,"
whieh had tIte effeet oí" awakening a more general intercst in yitul stat·
istics in England anel Franee. Helenus Politanus's "lHicroseopum Stat·




4 NINTH CENSUS.
isticum" came out in 1672. Sir William Petty, besides Dumerous other
politico-economic writings, in 1690 published bis "Political Arithmetic,"
in wbichbe gives many curious statistical facts regarding the nnmber
of inhabitants, resources, public revenues, &c., of England at that
time. In 1693 the celcbrated Dr. Edmlilld Holley printed tbe first mor-
tality table foI' insurance purposes, calculatcd on the mortuary statistics
of tbe German eity of Brcslau. In 1605 Bois Guilbert brougbt out a
large statistical work cntitled "Le détail de la :France sous Louis XIV,"
of wbich several editions appeal'ed. .


The eighteenth century may be said to have witnessed the birth of
official statisties. In the course of it some of the leauing governmcnts
took measnres looking to tbeir systematic eollection. In Russia partial
censuses were taken by order of the government in 1700, 1704, 1705, and
1710. In 1718 Peter the Great promulgated an ukase requiring all
landed proprietors to make abona fide deelaration of the number of serfs
belonging to eaeh, and of their location. In the following year he organ-
ized a special eomlllissioll amI ordered it to visit all the provinees oí' the
empire (with few exccptions) for the purpose of llluking a gencral census.
The commission was eharged to asef'rtain the exaet number of peasants,
meehanics, domestif's, alld perHons without regular employment, and to
return the wholc popnlation, including old and young, lmt excepting
femaleH. TIle provincial authOl'ities were rcqllired at the same time to
return the number and population of all the towns, villageR, and landed
estates within their respective jurisdictions. A suhHeqnent ukase of 1722
directed tIte rev58ion of tlle returns in order to ascertain the number of
insane and illfirm pcrsons witllout means of subsistenee. TIte exeluHion
offernales from the census, which was takcn solely for p11rposes of rev-
enue and military cOllseript,ion, llatnraIly impaired its stati¡.;tical valne.
The ukaHe of 1722 directed that a eensus sItoulll take place every twenty
years: Bnt tllis intel'val of time ,,'as not regularly obsel'Ycd during the
relllaiIHler ()f the ccntnry. The first census afte!' tIle revisiou of 1722 was
takpl1 in 1742, followed by others in 1762, 17R2, a 11(1 1796. FCll1ales wcre
inclnded after a time in the enumeratiol1, but returned with less exacti-
tnde than tlle males. The takillg o[ the eeususes eventnally (1e"01"e(1
on the central administration of the seyeral provinces, which were held
respollsible fOl' tIleir eorrcetness.


In Prussia, eensus-taking was inaugurated nTll1er Kiug Frederick
vVilliam I, who wholly re-ofganized tlle civil adlllillistration of tllC
kingdom. By his order tIle ministers amI provincial anthorities took
measnres to aseertain the number of tIte popnlation. For this purpose
a series of qUf'StiOllS wcre addressed to administration ofiicers, t.he re-
"pom;es to which were based, however, Tlot. on an actual eensns, lmt on
ealeulations from various data. Tbis imperfeet syHtem \Vas greatlJ' im-
pron~d by l,'rederick TI, who gase the Híati"tical illquiries a. lllore regu-
lar eharaetcr. From 1748 till tlw ('lose oi' the century, a general censns
was taken animally f\xeppt dmillg a few yearR, whell wal' rendered it
impossible. Tite snecessiye enumerntions oí' tIte popnlatioll were made
by the snperior authoritieH oí' eaeh prOyillee. Separate lists for town
amI country were prepared. A ttempts \Yere madp to COllIlf~ct, with tlw
census the eollcction of statistü~s SllOwillg t.lte aJllmal erops of cereals,
bnt tl](~y met with meager f.1ne('ess.


In Swedell a law making the keeping oí' ehnrdl l'egisters hy tlw elcrgy
obliga.tol'y was promulgaü'd as earl,\' as lIi8G. From that time np to the
present day the clel'gy han.\ heen tIle ex-oftieio colleetors of popnlation
statistics in that eoulltry. The la\\' in (lnestioll rcqnired tllCm to keep a
register: first, of maI'riages; seeond, of ll'gitimate and illegitimate




NINTH CENSUS. 5
births; third, of deaths; fourth, of perSOllS who removed from alld set-
tled in the parishes; fifth, of aU the inhabitants, arrallged by habitations
and households. ~ O effort was made to compile fmm these registers
any consolidated statement until1746, when the 8tockholm Academy of
Sciences published, for tlle first time, a taule showing the total population
of the realm, based on extracts from the parish rcgisters. At the re-
quest of the academy, tIle diet caused uniform schedules, accompanied
by explanatory instructions, to be prepared and distributed among the
twenty-fi\-e hundred parisiles of the kingdom, with a viow to obtainillg
annnal consolidated retums. Snch auuualreturns were made regularly
by the clergy after 17M). They showed the lIumber of births aceording
to sex and legal character, with the age of the mothers; of marriages ;
of deaths, arranged according to sex, age, alld cause; of dissolutiom, of
marriages by death. The schedliles were enlarged from time to time.
Besides the allIllml rcturns from the clergy, separate general ccnsuses
were taken yearly between 1749 and 1751, eve!'y three years between
1751 and 1/75, and every fi ve years after 1775. These cenSllses were
takclI by police officers, toward tIle close of the year, and verified by
personal investigations of the clergy. They showed the number, sex,
agp, amI oeeupatioll of the inltabitants; the n Ulli ber and sex of mal'ried
alld sillgl~ persons, widows ami wÍllowers; the number of blind, deaf
aud dumb, and insane persons; the number of pnpils of educational
esta blishmellts; the number of persolls not belonging to the established
church, and the number of the inmates of hospitals, asylums, and pris-
onR. In 1756, a regular statistical cOllimission, cOllsisting of superior
officials and mernuers of the Academy of Science, was created by the
government, which continued in fnnction until the present century,
wItell it \Vas superseded by a regular burean of statistics attached to one
of the ministries.


In Austria census-takillg dates from the rniddle of t11e eigliteenth
century. Snecessive impel'ial decrees in 1753 and 1754 ordained a
double general enumeration for German Austria, and Bohemia, l\loravia
and 8ile8ia, to he eondueted separately by the clerical amI secnlar au-
thorities. Tile first cellsn8 was to be taken in 1854, ancl to be followed
bJ~ a general enumeration every three years at the begilluing of the solar
year. TIte rtim of tIte cemms was to aseertain the actnal, as distingllished
from the legal, population, accorcling to age, sex, and ci vil relatiolls. The
results of the tirst census were worked np into snmmaries, in which the
popnlatioll was grouped into fOlll' classeR according to age, sex and ciYil
status beiug exhibited in each class. TIte males of towns and villages
were besides enumerated separately in three groups accoJ'llillg to age.
The ummtisfactory resnIts of the first ceususes taken uneler this plan
caused several modifications of the original schedules. By degrees pro-
vision was made to obtain speeial exhibits of the number of cities, towns,
hamlets, villages, and landed estates; the num ber of families with and
without honses, tog-ether with that of the clergy, nobility, public oflicials,
domestic servants, artisans, tradesmen, and inmatesofhospitals. EftürtR
were also made to ascertain the moyements of the population. In 1770,
the enlightened Emperor .Toseph ordered, with a viewto a more general
distrilmtion oftlle burden of )I1ilitary service, a general so-caBed COll8crp-
tion cenRus, by Rpeeial commissioners appointcd for each province. In
conjunction with it al! enumeration of draugbt animals was to take place.
Bnt the execution of the measnre '.~~as foünd difficult and had to be tempo-
rarily abandoned. In1776~ the subject "as tnrncd over to a speeial com-
mission, on the strength of whose report an imperial patent, in 1777,
ordered a general enumeratiou of both sexes to be made by the adminis-




6 NINTH CENSUS.
trative authorities on tlle basis of the legal popnlatioll. The census was
to be taken .by household suhedules, for thc return ofwhiuh thl'ee months
were allowed. The sehedules, ealled fol' llominativc lists of all thc mem-
bers oí' caub household, showiug their age, sex, civil sta te, aml religion.
The sodal positioll,'oceupatioll, legal domieile, alHI residence of males,
were also l'eturned. No statemeut of age was required of clel'gymen,
lIoblemell, public officials, .Jews, the followers of eertain liberal profes-
sions, amI females, as lIut lia.ble to military service. A. I1ew uecree, in
1781,requil'ed an aimual revision oi' the eeusus in tbe months of Mal'eh,
April, amI :ftfay. In 1784 a similar enumeration was ordered fol' tbe
Kingdom ofHungary aud depenuelleies, whieh was execnted in tIle fol-
lowillg year. But the war with the Tul'ks and the death oí' Joseph II
prevented its repetition. Under .Joseph's suecessor the conscriptioll
ceusns laws became ineffective during the remaindel' of the century in
the eastern portioll of the empire.


In Switzerland cemms-taking also commcllced in the eighteenth eent-
ury. About 1733 a census took place in the canton oí' Znrich. Other
cantons í'ollowed the example.


In Spain u censns was takeu under the ministel' Florida Blanca, the
results of which were published in 1787. Another was undertaken in
1798, the retul'Ils oí' which were printed in 1801. 'fhere are reeords oi'
two cnnmeratious in Cuba, oue in 1775 and 1791. A general census
took place in 1795, in the Batadan Repub)ic, (Hollanu.)


In Frailee the goverument did vel'y liUle toward the advancement of
public statisties during the first half of tbe eighteellth eentury. But
individuals performed sorne highly valuable labo1's in statistical fields.
First amoug the fruits of these in point of time and rncl'it was the
famons "PrQjet d'une dixme royale," by the l\fal'shal Vauban, an elabo-
late pl'opositioIl based on a statistical e,IJ]José uf the reSOUl'ces of Franee
for a r~forrn of the system of taxation oí' the kiugdom, whieh was pub-
lished in 1707 and attracted general attelltion. In 1715 appearecl the
"Descriptioll de la France," by Piganiol de la. Foree, a statlstical, geo-
graphical, and historical compilation, and next to the re))o1'ts oí' the in-
tendants the most valuable work oí' the kind of tbat periodo '1'11e Abbé
Expilly wOl'ked np a good deal of statü;tieal illt()rrnation in his works
entitled " De la Popnlation de la ]'rauee," aud "Dictionaire Géographi-
que des Gaules et de la Franee." Deparcieux made his illvestigations
into the laws of mortality. Other publieatiolls of minor importunce in
the same period attested the inc1'easing interest of eultivated French
minds in statistical seienee.


In the latter part oí' the reign oí' Louis XV, the French govcrnment
commenced to occupy itself more seriously with publie statistics.
::\'L de Gournay, minülter oi' eommeree, organized a "lmreau de renseig-
nemens" in his ministry, ehargecl with extraetiug the re])orts of the
goYel'nors of provinces, illspectors of manufactures, consular reports,
and otIler puhlie docurnents. l\IU(~h attentioll \Vas gi nm by this bnreau
to the subject of populatioll. Under its auspices 1\1. :\fessallee pub-
lisbed a treatise on the poplllation of various provinces in 1766. )1.
:ftIoheau, attached to the lmrean, umlertuok some eomprehellsive statis-
tical inqniries by order oi' the government, the results of which were
llnblished in 1774.


Many valuable contributions to statistical science appeared in several
of the periodicals oí' that time, HIllOllg whieh tbe "Jourual Economi-
que" and "Joul'nal des Arts, du COll1rneree, et des Finallees" deserve to
be I'ankecl.


A pl'ofouud ilnpression \Vas producec1 by the appearance, in 1784, of




NINTII CENSUS. 7


the work of nI. Necker, t11e falllous lllinister of finance of Louis XYI,
entitled "Traité de l' administration des Finances." It dealt largely
in statisties, cOlltaining as it did detailed acconnts of the territorial ex-
tent, population, products, anu cOlllmerce of each province; aneI tabn-
lated statelllents of the resources anu expenditures of t1le king(lolll as a
whole. Nccker illangurated the practice of publishing periodicall,V
elaborate statements of the condition 01' the public finances, (blldgets,)
which was afterward adopted by the g"overmnents of aH ciyilizcd coun-
tries. He rcorganized the "burean des renseigllelllens," giving a wider
seope to its labors.


In 17S9 .1\1. de POll1melles, an army offieer, published a work on tho
state amI movelllent of the population of France, remarkable for extcllt
and originality of research. At about that time t1lere appeared, also,
1\1. de Beauf'ort)s " Gmnd Porte-fenille politique," eontaining aU the in-
forl1lation then extant relative to the government, population, al'my ami
navy, revennes and expcllditures, dehts, agricnlturc, cOlllmerce, manu-
factures, &c., of the leading countries of Enrope, as also the wol'k
of the celebrated Count l\'Iirabean 011 the Prussian, Saxon alld Austrian
governmentR. Numerons srnaller works of a statistical natnre, mostly
froI1l governlllent officials, appeared between 17nO and 1800. Toward
the close of tIte century, tIte" Dietionnaire Universel de Géographie
Commerciale," the most extended statistical work produced by priyate
enterprise in Franee up to that time, commanded tIte general attentioIl
of the publico


The new political era which opened in France upon the downfall of
the monarehy, stimulated the development of public statisties. The
constituent assembly had no sooner ohtained undisputed sway thau the
revolutionary law-makers showed their elear pereeption of t11e truth,
whieh found formal recognitioll at ahont the same time Ül the organic
law of tIle yOllllg repuhlic of the United States, that healthy legislation
can ollly tlow from an exact knowledge of tIllO eondition and wants nf
the people, a1l(1 that population is the proper busis of representatioü in
a free Stnte. Statistical inquiries were, without delay, ordered to he
made by administrative und municipal officers. Rnt the rcturns of the
latter regarding population, obtailled 01' made up froll1 the civil registers,
were found to he nnreliable, owing to the telllptation whieh rnanyoí'
them were Hot conseientiollR enough to l'esist, of overstating the popu-
lation in order to Recure a larger reprcsentation in the national legis-
lature. In the subscquent inquirie¡.; into the population undel' the re-
public, the reverse took place after population ha<l been made the basis
of taxation, as the OffiCNS chnrged ,vith making the r?turns sought to
lighten the burden of taxatioll in their respecth'e localities, hy nnder-
stating the actual figureRo In the tenth ;real' of the repnblie a regular
enumeration of tIte populatioll was orc1ained to be made by the justices
of the peace, which furnished bette1' lmt not whol1y satisfaetory results.


The "bureau des renseignemens" of the monarchy was Rupplanted
nnder the republie by the bureau of tlle " balance du commerce," witb
more limited statistical functions. vVhen IJueien Bonaparte became
minister of tlle interior after the commencement of tlle reactioll, he
endeavored to promote public statistieR by combining the lahors of
officials with those of inc1ependent men of science, and by making the
results of their inqniries available to the gOYernmellt alld the public
through the agency of a statistical burean which he organized in his
ministry. His objeet was, to obtain a complete statistical eo'"cposé of
}'rance; but while a good deal of valllable material was collected under
his direction, his pnrpose was llOt ful1y rcalized, owing to the want of a




8 NINTH CENSUS.
uniform plan of operation. Uuder bis succe¡.;¡.;or sueh a plan "as devised,
and t1le admilli¡.;trative officers required to adopt it.


While- a fair beginning in census-taking was tlms made by tbe govern-
wents of ·various eontinental conntries, the eighteellth century dosed
without anything having been attempted in the same diredioIl in
England. Considering that that country before the outbreak of the
French Revolution was more advanccd, materially aIHI politieally; t11at
cOlIllllereial and financial statistics had been colleeted at tl10 installee
of its governments for generation¡.;; that economic science had alrcady
attained a high degree of development in the Britü,h IsleH; that mauy
minds had successfully investigated and written UpOll statistical snu-
jeets, and that cemmses had beim periodieally taken, by order of thc
home government, in the American colonies sinee lhe seventeenth ceu-
tury, this backwardness is no liUle surprising. But it is an historieal
fact that enm at the time whell Adam Smith wrote and up to the
begillnillg of the ninetcenth century, the most crroncous notiolls
pl'evailed among Englishmen on the subject of t1le population of
their country. The population question was illdet'd the sllbject
of Ü'efjUent controversy. T11e current estill1ates were just one-half oí'
what the numbe1' of suhjects subsequently turued out to be, amI J,et no
eJlort was made to solve it by actual inquhy unti11790, wheu Sir ,John
SillClail', a high authority in mattel'S of public finan ce in his time, and


. aman of 1'are intelligence., entel'pl'ise, alld perseveran ce, undertook the
eOll1pilation of a complete poplllation, agri cultural , eomll1ercial, aud
industrial census of Scotlalld. For this purpose he addressed one hUll-
dred and sixty questions, on as many dift'erent su~jeets, to aU the clel'gy-
me.n oí" tbe. Established Uhurch. He had much difticulty in obtaining
answcrs from them, but hy dint oí' persistently repeated appeals he sue-
ceedf'd in tbe course of time in securing rcturns from nearly all the
parishes. The retuI'lls were published by h1m suceessively in a series
of twellty-one volumes. The energy of this remarkable lIla11 may be
judged from the fact tbat be secured no less than nine hundl'ed contri-
butors to his census, amI that the whole compilation and pubJieatioll
were completed in just scvcn years. He subsequently prepared a mas-
terly compendium of the series, entitled an "Analysis of the statistics
of Scotland." His statistics were 110t absolutely aceurate, hut thcy
í"ormed, although the work of a single individual, a more complete ceu-
sus tban any yet undertakeu by any governmcnt. Sir .John Sinclair
may be said to ue the founde1' oí" British public statisties. For it \Vas
mainlJ' at his suggestion that Parliament, on Decembcr 31, 1800, paRsed
an !let providing foI' a general enumeration of tlle population of Eng-
land, Wales, and Scotland, in the following spring.


In addi tion to tlle considera ble progresR of official statistics, t11e
eighteenth ccntury was 1'emal'kable for tlle formal recognition of statis-
tics as a distinct science. Thl'onghont the middle aucl tIle later ages,
statistics were treated by writers on the sul~ject as a suIJo1'dinate ele-
ment of geography and demogl'aphy, rather t11an as a separate field of
intellectuallabor, capable of indepcn<lent cultivatioll. Leetures on sta-
tisties (collegicc statisticcc) were institnted, it is true, at two Ge1'Illun
universities respectively in the last but Olie deeenuiulll of the seveu-
teenth and the third decennium of the eightccnth celltu1'y. But, never-
theless, the elevation of statisties to the dig-llity of an indepClHlellt
science was due to Gottfried Aellell \Va 11 , the Gel'lIlan professor who
taught it as such for the first time i1l1748 at the Universiíy ofGrettill-
gen, which was at that time largely Ü"e<]ucnted by studellts of politieal
science from aU parts of Europe. Tho work of AeIleuwall was worthily




NINTH CENSUS. 9


continued by hb; pupil Sehloezer, a profollndly erndite and philosophic
minu, to whorn the irnrnortal definition, " History is eurrent statisties;
statistics, history in repose," is due. IIow clearly Schloezer perceived
alld defilled the nature of statisties is ShOWIl by the fact that his theory
of it has the wcight of authority to this day.
G-ROWTH OF PUBLIC STATISTI0S A~D STATISTICAL SCIENCE FRO~I TITE


DEG-INNING- OF 1'HE NINETEENTH CEN1'URY 1'0 l'HE PRESENT.


Like every other branch of human activity, statistical knowledge has
experienced a fuI' more rapid amI extellsive developrnent in tbe ninc-
teellth eClltury than in any prcceding periodo With the steady progress
of most civilized states during the last two generations towards more
liberal polítical institutioIlS, public statistics, as the most reliable g'auge
of the true illterests of both governments and g'overnea, have become
more and moret he basis of the enactrnent and admillistration of laws.
Alld again, the greater conccrn of man in man, growing out of the general
adyancement of society, has naturally tended to increase the Ilurnber of
those who privately devoted themselvcs to the study of statistical facts,
and to the building up of the science oí" statistics to tIle commanding pro-
portions which it has now reached. In the followillg an aCcOlwt will be
gi\'en-first, oí' the growth of the systems of public statistics practiced
under the lcading European governmellts; and, secondly, of the labol's
of associations and individuals in doveloping the scÍence oi' stl1tistics
anUl1pplying its teachings to the affairs of mimkind.


SíSTEMS OF l'UBLIC S1'ATISTICS IN THE LEADING- CO"C"NTRIES OF
EUROPE.


The l{ussiall goVel'llIUent, thongh one of the least progl'essive in otber
respeets, continued its efforts-begun under .Peter the Great for the
developmeut of publie statisties-very actively during the present een-
tury. A" central bureau of statistics" was ol'ganized as early as 1802,
under the direction oí' the ministr.'t' of the interior, to which the results
of the statistical inquiries of the several departmellts of the govern-
mellt \Vere l'eferred. In addition to the digestion of these results, the
lmreau illstituted inquiries of its own on such subjects as did not come
within the scope of the several ministries. Statistical exhibits of the
public administration, population, territorial extent and subdivísion,
agriculture, COll1merce and industry oi' the ell1pire, were published from
time to time by the bureau in the official organ of the ministry of tIle
interior. The central bureau was aidcd in its labors by statistical com-
missiollS, consisting oi' administrative officers alld competellt private
imlividuals, which were organized by degrees in aU of the tbirty-three
governll1ents 01' provinces of tho 1l10narchy. These comll1issions were
required to maintain direct relations with the central bureau, and to
furnish it with any desired information. The methods of procedure are
carefully iudicated to thom. Besides these statistical organs, special
commissions are attached to partieular branehes of the administration.
Au illdcpendent statistieal commission, composed of tIle professors of
the University of Kiefi:~ has ahm rendered valuable services.


Ánotber peculiar instrument, ernploycd by thc Russian government
for statistical pllrposes, is the "stl1tistieal expeditions," which, since
1852, are sent out regularly into the several provinces for the purpose of
ll1akillg original inquiries on the spot, relative to populatioll alld other
subjects, recti(ying alld supplemellting statistieal returns, &c. Tbese




10 NINTH CENSUS.
"expediHons" consist of practiced statisticians attached to the several
ministries. The local administrative authorities aro roquired to lend
them their assistanco.


The "central bureau of statistics" was reorganized in 1853, under
the name of "statistical commission." It receivcd anothor transforma-
tion in 1858, when it was re-constituted under the name oí" "central
statistical commission," and divided into two sectioml, Yiz, one charged
with the supervision of the whole fleld of administrativo statistics, and
another with the duty oí' conducting an inquiries pertaining to the abo-
lition of serí"dom. '1'he statistical :section was composed of represent-
atives oí" the seyeral ministrics and other central allthorities, and given
power to initiate statisticallabors in the several departments. Under
the direction of the new central authority the provincial statistical
commissions were also reorganized.


One of the main functions of the several organs of public statistics
has been tho taking of population censuses. Of these, five have taken
place in the present century, viz: 1812,1815,1834,1850, and 1860. It is
intended hereaí"ter to take a censns every ten years. Up to 1860 the
range of inquirics in tho successive censuses was very limitcd. Thc
la,st ccnsus, taken in the· year named, was a considerable improyement
on the preeeding ones. As a preliminary measul'e, a complete list of
inhabited places, including isolated habitations, was pl'oparcd. This
furnished the basis í"or the census, in which the legal population, by
sexes, the number of honses in to\Vns, and oí" estates in villages and
country; the number oí" churches and chapels, benevolent institutions,
schools, fairs, markets, post-st.ations, as wen as that of manufacturing
and other noteworthy establishmonts, was comprised. The census was
taken by means of printed schedules distributed by the localadminis-
trative authorities, which are responsible for proper returns. The gOY-
ernment fixes the time in which the census is to be taken, a longer term
being allowed for the Asiatic than for the European pl'ovinces. The
consolidation and dig-éstion of the cellSUS retuI'IlS devolves upon the
central statistical authorities.


In the province of J;'inland a separate mode of census-taking prevails,
which dates from tho timo when that prm,inco was still a Swedish pos-
session. It is taken by the civil authorities in conjunction with the
clergy, and relates exclusively to population. A separate statistical
bureau exists for that province.


Besides the census operations, separate in quiries have been carried
on under the dil'ection of tho different ministries reg-arding the distribu-
tion and condition of real property, the extent of seignorial possessions,
the movement of the population, public education, the administration
of public justice, industrial prodnction, comrnerce, the number oi' live
stock, the econ'omic organization and revenue of cities ami towns, ami
the banking institutions of the empire. Numerous staff officers are.
sent out regularly by the government to study tho resourees oi' the dif-
ferent provinces from a military point of view. Their labors furnish
valuable contributions to the statistics oí' the country.


While the statistical machinery of Russia is, as has beon shown, vel'y
extensive, the results of its working are not as satisfactory as could be
wished. 1\1ost oí" its failures are duo to the ignorance of the. subordi-
nate oflicials in many oí" the provinces. Still, the fruits oí" Russian pub-
lie statistics, as a whole, have pro ved valuable additions to statistical
knowledge. The oflicial literature is already quite voluminolls, and
sorne of it possesses no mean merito Among the leading publications is
the work entitled "Inhabited places ofthe Empire," which contains statis-




NINTII CENSUS. 11
tiea1, ethnographieal, geogTaphical, and historieal accountS of each of
the thirty-three provinces, in as rnany volullles. The" Statistieal An-
uual" of tho empire appears in anuual volnmes since 1866, and eontains
the latest statistics of population, habitations, commerce, and industry,
public finanee, education, justiee, &c. A llumber of millO!' \Vorks, mainly ,"
monographs, have heen hrought out under the anspiees of the central
stati8tical cmnmission. The reports 01' the 8taff officer8 referred to,
form already a series of not far from a hundred volumes.


Some of the statisticaI lahO!'s of certain departments of the government
are not allowed to be published, but this is rather exeeptiomil, publicity
being the rule.


A new impulse was given to public statistic8 in Pru8sia by the organ-
ization in 1805 of a central bureau of statistics, whieh has exiRted, with
progressive changes in it8 eOIlRtitution, up to the present day. The
labors of the bureau tonehed upon, 1st. General statisticR; 2d. Birth8,
marrülges, and death8; 3d. Schools and churches; 4th. Medical statis-
tics; 5th. Statisties of rneehanical trades alld mallufaetures. At first,
inquiries iuto these various 8ubjeets were made every year, but from
1820 information relative to the first, third, fourth, and fifth subjccts
was colleeted only every three years. The movement of tIle population,
however, eOlltinued to he aseertained annually. U pon tIle esbtblish-
ment of the Unstoms Union in 1834, triennial population censuses were
adopted, which practice has prevailed up to thc p1'esent time.


The illlmediate object of the Customs Union census is, aceording to
its constitlltion, to furnish a basis for the pn) mta distribution oí" the
receipts of the union amOllg its members. But in the dift'erent States,
forming the union, the tl'iennial census was made to serve fol' statistieal
purposes beyond the mere enumeration of the population. As taken at
first in Prussia, it comprised the following subjects of inqniry: The actual
population, according to sex, age, (arranged in yearly classes,) birth-
place, and ciyil condition; mental and ph;\Tsical disabilities; sehoo] attend-
ance, religioll, illllIligration, and emigration. In 18-10 the enumeration
was made nominative, whieh resulted irnmediately in a large in crease
in the population retums. In 1846 the number of families was· de~
termined, and in 1849 tlle distribution of the population by habitations.
In 1858 t11e persons of the two sexes, between sevcllteen amI forty-five
years of age, were returned in five classes. In 1861 the unmarried and
widowed \Vere speeially elassified. vVith the census of the same year
an inquiry into the linguistic relations, and the social eondition and
oeeupation of the popnlation \Vas eonnected. The Prussian eensus is
taken by civil offieers, in the month of Dccember, on one day, by means
of printed schedules. Great expeditioll is ShOW11 in the publication of
the census retums.


Besides the census, a great number of other interesting 1nquiries have
been made in Prnssia with gratifying results, partly at the instance of
the statistical bureau, and partly nnder the direction of the several de-
partments of the governmellt. Among the principal subjects inqnired
into are the natnre, extent, distribntion, movement, value, and indebted-
ness of real property; the numerical strength of the CatIlolic and Pro-
testant churches; wages and salaries; goods' traffic on railways; the
vitality and mortality of the civil and military population; assllranee,
mutual aid, and co-operative societies; commerce and industry. The
results of these special in quiries have aH be en made public, and rank
alIlollg the most creditable ac11tevements of statistical seíenee. The dif-
ferent eompilations on the snbject oi' real property, and more especially
those treating of the distrilmtion and agrieultural eharacter of real prop-




12 NINTH CENSUS.
ertYi thé statistics of wages alld salaries; the vital and mortnary
statistics, and the statistics of societies, deserve to be specially mentioned.
The statistical bureau, whose head, Dr. Engel, has a world-""ide repn-
tation for intelligent, original, and untiring industry, issues several
periodical pnblications, of which the "Statistical Year Book," tbe "Jour-
nalof Statistics," a quarterly, and the "Occasional Papers on Prussian
Statistics," are the principal ones.


Tbrough tbe efforts of Dr. Engel a statistical seminary was established
at Berlin some-years since, in ""hich youlIg mcn receive a regnlar educa-
tion in the theory and praetice of the science. lt is open to aU, natives
as ""en as foreigners, who prove themselves possessed of a certain degree
of general education. Dr. Engel, animated by the conviction that publíc
states can only reach a high degree of perfection when the intelligent
public co-operate with the government in the prosecution of statistical
inquiries, is now making strellUOUS cfforts to organize statistical societies
thl'Oughout the kingdom.


Public statisties are assiduously cultivated in al1 thc minor German
states. Nearly aU of them maintain bureaus of statistics, tbe cbiefs of
some of which are highly distinguished statisticians. Uuder tbese
bureaus statistical researehtl are earried on very methodieally. In most
of these states the censns is taken triennially under the regnlations of
the Customs Un ion, differing but little from the Prussian. In Bavaría
a spedal census is taken, besides the Cnstoms U nion eensus, every twelve
years.


In Austria the main object of public statistics, during the 11rst half oí'
the present century, was, as in the latter half of the last, the determina-
tion of the popnlation liable to military duty. In 1804 the conscription
system in the' western provillces of the empire, ntlrth of the Alps, ""as
newly l'egulatcd by imperial rescripto Each province was dívided into
thirty-six conscription districts i each district lnto a certain number of
sections, and again each section into other subdivisons. Although insti-
tuted fol' military ratller than for general administration purposes, the
conscription censuses, taken by virtue of the edict of 1804, became the
instrument fol' general ennmerations of the population, and for determin-
illg its movement during a given periodo They furnished the basis foI'
a classi11cation of the population by age, sex, family, social condition,
civil state, relig'ion, occupation, and legal and actual domicilc. In-
quides as to the number of dwellings and useful domestic animals were
likewise regularly connected with them. Printed schedules were used


, in obtaining the prescl'ibed data, which were collected by conscription
commissioners, consisting of milital'y, administrative, and municipal
officers aud the clcrgy in each territorial subdivisioll. The clergy were
especial1y charged with making returns from the civil registers. The
conscription lists were carefulIy rcvised at regular periods. The con-
scription proper took place at the beginning of eaeh solar year, and
continued for weelrs and even months.


Separate laws were in force in the ltalian provinces of the empire.
By the imperial decree of September 17,1820, each commune was re-
quired to prepare tabular statements of its population, including the
number and numercial reIatiolls of families, and the age, sex, civil state,
religion, und occupation of each member of the commune, together with
the marriages, births, deatbs, alld rcmovuls.


In the kingdom of Hungary and its dependencies the edict of 1804
did not apply. In 1802 the Diet enacted a law for a general enumera-
tion of the population ,,,ith specialreference to conscription. It exempted
the nobilityand clergy from enumeration. The civil authorities alone




NINTH CENSUS. 13
were to take tbe census. A general enumeration aeeordingly took place
in 1805, but it remained the only one under tbe Iaw of 1802, so that tbe
sourees of information relative to tho population of the kingdom during
tbe first balf of the celltury are very meagor.


In Transylvania amI tho terl'itol'y known as tbe military frontier sep-
arate systems of enumeration prevailed, with militar~' eonscription as
the main object. "


Tbe tendeney to ccntralization wbich cbaractcrized the governlllent of
the elllpire, after the opening of the revolutional'Y era of 1848, led to all
extensiou of the conscription census system oí' tbe western pro"duces
over the whole of tbe eastern part of tbe monarchy. A ullit(mn enu-
meration was made tbroughollt the elllpire in 1851, but its un satisfactory
results led 1,0 the appointrnent in 1855 of a cOlllmission, eOlllposed of
high administrative officers, and charged with thc elabomtioIl of a new
eensus law. The commission submitted a project of a law early in 18,')7,
which received the imperial sanction, aIld was soon anel' ofllcially pl'o-
mnlgated.The new law was a great impl'ovemellt upon the old system,
inasll1ucIl as it made the milital'y needs oí' the State no longel' the main
motive of public statistical inquirics, bllt l'ecognized their indispensa-
bility fol' the safe conduct of public aff\ül's genel'aUy. It pl'ovided that
a census should take place every six years. TIle enumeratiolls were to
comprise the population and the useful domestic animals, and were to
be conducted exelusively by the civil authorities.


Thc actual popnlation was to be thcoasis of tlle census. Printed
schedules were distributed by municipal and administrativo officcrs, to
be filled up by the heads of families, owners of tenement honses, amI
those in chargc of convents, schools, and pnblic institntiolls. Detailed
printed illstrllctions as to the filling up aCGompanied the scllcdnles.
Those that intentionally failed to furnish the desired information were
punished by fine and imprisonment. The schedules uscd in the eenSllses
taken nnder the law of 1857 called for information nnder the following
beads: Com])osition of familics including' servants, age, sex, munos an!1
titles, civil sta te, social cOllditioll, Teligion, oceupatioll, marriagcs, births,
and "deaths; tite 1Iumhor of cities, tOWllS, hamlets, villages, dwe1lings,
and rentors. Thc numbcr of Anstriall snbjects living in foreign parts
was ohtained through the imperiallegations. The census of the naval
amI military popnlation \Vas separatel,r taken by the pl'Opor antborities.


Up to 1828 no officia) organ oí' pnblic statistics cxisted i1l Austria. In
that year, however, a hurean oí' statistics was established b'y imperial
order. lts fnnction, as tIten defined, was to fUl'nish g()Yf~rllment with \
sllch statistical information as it might need for administratiyc pnrposcs.
The bureall \Vas attaelwd to tlle supremo court oí' control alld made Uf'e
mainly of the data obtained by the several authorities of eontroll'oporting
to tile COUl't; but aU departmf'utf' of the government were required to re-
spond to any calls fol' illfoI'matioll it rnight make UpOll tIlom." Yearly
1'eports of tilo management of publie affairs by the diff'erent ministries
were maue np hy tho bureau and cirenlated in official cireles, no general
puhlicity being givcn to them.


In 1840, in order to ,viden the range of public statistics ~nd to unite
their scientific with their f'imply administrati ve part, the" direction
of administrative statistics" was established. In 184-8 the chief super-
visor of publie statistics was assigned to tIle ministry oí' commercc and
~ublic works. A further statistical anthol'ity was subsoquently !lreated
iTI the Iorm of the "central statistical commission," whieh has had the
supreme g"nidance of the !lltire statistical serviee to this day. This
body is cOlllposed of the ablest officials connected with and representing




14 NINTH CENSUS.
tbe several ministries and ot11er central authorities. alld of men not di-
rectly connected with the go\-el'llment but eminent 'as statisticians and
econolllists. T11c commission has power to secure, in particular inquiries,
t11e services of specialists. The composition of t1le commission insures
a perfect understalldillg and t11orough co-operation lJetwcen it and the
great departments of t11e government. The "direction of administrative
statictics" serves as t11e executiye organ of t11c central commission, ex- ,
ecuting its ordcrs as to th8 manner 01' conducting statistical illqlliries
and oí' preparing their results for gcneral use.


The ccnsus returns collected b;r municipal amI administrative author-
ities are consolidated througb the central statistical organs. Tbe
published celUms reports show a stcady progresH in tbe IIIethod of the
successive enumerations. ln addition to t11e cellsus, lllany otller statis-
tical inquiries are carried on, UluIer the geuel'al direction of tbe statis-
tical authorities, anu' through the agellcy oí' tlle diffel'ent ministries.
Thns within tbe lust twenty ;years, statistics of laud anu water eOUlllllUlÍ-
cations, thc Ilistribution of real propcrt:r, of l'1ll'al ecoIlolll'y, (collected
lllainly through agricultural societies, organized through tlw efi'Ol'tR of
the goVel'llmellt in mORt of the proviuees,) of llliuiug aud lllanufacturing
industry and meehallieal trades, of internal amI external commerce, of
railways ancl telegraph lines, of sehools of every grado, of civil ancl
criminaljustice, have been amI are beiug careflllly collected.


The oflicial Htatisticalliterature of Austria Ilas nHaillecl very consid-
erable proportiolls during t11e last gelleratiou. The most voluminous
publication is the series of largo yolmnes entitled "Grauel Statistical
TabIes," and comprising t11e whole of the statistieaI infol'mation gath-
ered, relati ve to public adminiHtl'1ltion anu Rocial eeouoll1y in genera],
together wit11 cxplanatory texts. An abstraet of tlle large series in
convcnient form is printed every yea1', under t1le title 01' "Statistical
Aunual." A condeusation of this abstract fol' popular use is also pub-
lished, uuder tbe title of "Statistieal _Manual." The" StatiHtieal Com-
munication," a mouthly publieatioll, sen-es as the llerio<1ical ol'gan of
the Central Statistieal Oommission. The millistI''y (Jf eOlllll1el'ef\ prints
a statiRtical journal aH its own organ. Among t1le speeial publieations
of the statiHtieal authorities deseI've to be mentioneu, 1st. "TIte Btlmo-
grapby of thc Blllpire," consisting of a ehI'OlllO-lithographic ethno-
graphieal map of the mOllal'ehy, with a eomprehellsive text treatillg 01'
t11e history of the gOYerUlllellt, establishell religiolls, arts and seiences,
amI a topographical amI gpueral statistical dOi'>eription of tlle eountry,


1 and spocial 8tatistics showing tho distl'ibution oí" t110 differellt wltion-
alities OV8r the Anstl'ian territory. Sixteoll ;'Ieal'H \Yero oeeupied in the
preparation of this UBique wmk. 2d. _Al] elaborate. work deHel'íptive of
laud amI water üoullnunieatiolls. 3d. TIte Htat,isties of tlle iutemational
commerce on tho river Dallube, from its sources to its montll. 4th. An
indllRÍl'ial atlas in sixty-four sheets, s11owing" the distrilJutioll of maUll-
facturillg inünSÍl'iei'> oyer the empire. 5th. Tlle statisties of eomrner-
eial corporatious ami soeieties. 6th. The statistics of tho ox.po1't, illlllort
and transit trade 01' t11e empire.


One of t11e lllO¡.;t promisillg measures in the intcrcst of statistical sei-
en ce taken by thc Austrian gOYCI'lllllellt iR t11e establishment in the
capital of the empire of a statistical seminar,\', an iustitution fol' t1le
training of tho youllgel' ;ulmill¡8Íl'a1ive oflleers in tIle tbeory mHl pme-
tiee of public statistics. '.che i(lea of tllis Í1lstitution was ius]Jil'ed by
the similar s('hool in Berlín, aIread.)' referred too


As shown in the previouH ehapter, eenll11S takillg in Sweden is nearl,r
two hundred years old. To the sulJjeets oí' t110 iuquil'ie8 in tIle census




NINTH CENSUS. 15
as taken sínce 1775, there wel'e added, in 1804, the number of vaccinated
persolls; in 1821, the numbcr of first, second and tilird marriages, tile
age of the mal'ried, the number of legitimate ehildren deceased when
less tilan one yeal' 01<1, the lllunber of immigrants and emigl'ants; in
1831, tho llumber of marriages, births and deaths alllong all cIasses, tho
number of legitimate and illegitimate chilelren, still-born anel eleceaseel,
in their second and tilird year (by montils,) the number and age 01'
persons deceaseu in hospitals, asylurns and pl'isons, aml the Hlovcment
of the population not belollging to the established chnrch. A sepamte
census of the Laplanders and Fins is taken since 1805. The census for
the kingdorn at large is taken every five years by mcans of printed
schedules, through, as in past times, the jOillt agency of the ciyil and
clerical authoritieil. Tile governors of provinces are required to make
up statistieal suItulluries upon a variety of subjects not inclndeu in the
census, every fiye years.


Tile statistical cornlllission organized at Stoekholm in tlle last centul'y
continued to exist untiI1857, when it was superseded by the organiza-
tion of a central statistieal bnrean, chargeu with the sUlwrint{mdence
of popnlatiol1 statisties, and with such statistical inquiries as do not
come \vithin the seope of the seyeral ministries. A central statistical
commission \Vas aIso sllbsequentl,y organized, consisting of high fimetioll-
arieR attached to the differellt ministries, and chargeel with iusmillg the
uniformity 01' administrathre statisties, maintainillg the Ilecessary COIl-
nection betweell them, and making thern :1yailable for scielltitie aml
goYel'lllllent purposes. In tIle pursuit of these ends the COllllllission eo-
operates with the statistieal burean.


The offieial statistieal publications of Sweelen eomprise the long serios
of volumes containing, under the title "-~Iaterials fol' the Pu1Jlic Sta-
tistics of Swedell," the census returns proper as weIl as the l'esuIts 01'
in quiries into agrieuIture, millillg and manufaetnring industry, interior
ami exterior eommerce, public health, jndieial'Y, penitelltiar'y, telegraph,
railroad, and post ofliee statisties. The bureau of statisties also prints
a periodieal (~ntitled "Journal of Statisties."


In Norway a tloeenIlial eensus was instittltecl in 1815, amI eontinuetl
U}) to tilo presont time, comprising illquil'ies as to age, sex, eiyil state,
num ber of familieR and habitations, nsefuI dOlllestie anima1R, and the
territorial area 01' each distl'ict. A burean of statistics is in existence,
whieh attends to aH tho brauehes 01' oftieial statisties except those per-
tainillg to th!] admilliRtration oí' justiee, pnblie eüucation, anu financial
admillistration. Qninqnerlllial iuq lliries are made as to tbe eOlltlitioll of,
indnstl'Y. AllIlual exhibits are made up of bi1'ths, marriages, aud deaths;
of eommeree and nayigatioll, amI 01' the adrninistratioll of jm,tice antl
the population suffering from pbysieaI aud mental disabilities.


'rIle governors of pl'O\-inees are requiretl to make up qUlnquenllial
reports, as in Sweden. These, together with the regular ceusns retnrllS,
and all other material ohtained by the eivil authorities, are published
by the burean of statistics. The last census was takcn ÜI the tir:;;t days
of January, 18üü, by means of sehedu1es tilled. up in the cities and
towus by the pl'oprietor~ and lessees of buildings, and in the eountry
by tho teaehers of pri1l'íary sol1001s. Tile censns was nominative, and
eomprised the legal population.


In Spaill the goVel'IllIlent lmiel no attention to publie statiRties sinee
the eellSUS of 1798, Ulltil 18,)ü, when a eentral statistical commission
junta, cOllsisting of h1gh functionaries aml other eompetent persons,
W.lS organized nudcr the pl'esideuey of the prime minister, with power
to initiate statistical inquiries. Sirnultaneollsly sub-cornmissions were




16 NINTH CENSUS.
organized in each of the forty-ninc provinces, and in all the districts of
each provine e under the respective presidency of the chief administra-
tive officers. The provincial and district commissions were composed
of great landed proprietors, officers of the administration, and public
instructors. Their secretaries received regular salaries from the state.


With the aid of this net-work of statistical commissions, a general
census was taken in 1857. Being a new undertaking, its results were not
very satisfactory. Another ceIlfms followed in 1860, which furnished
more accurate returni. Since then a general census has been taken
every three years, comprising the following subjects of inquiry: name,
sex, age, birthplace, civil cOlldition, occupation¡ physical disahilities,
degree of edueation, school attendance, habitatlOns, and the aggrega-
tiol1s of'population in cibes, towns, villages, and hamlets. The censuses
are taken towards the close of the year, in the course of one night, by
government oflicials charged with the collection, verification, and con-
solidation of the retums. Their l'eports are revised and eonsolidated by
the district and provincial eommissions. A final reyision is made by
the central commission.


Other statisticalllabors have becn performed under the dircction of
the central COlllllli~ion, -including the statistics of scientific, artistic, and
literary societies, and of places oí' amusement, railroad statistics, and the
census of usefttl domestic animals. The cOlllmercial, industrial, and
other statistics are collected underthe direction of the several ministries.


The oflicia1 statistical publicatiolls comprise thecenslls I'eports alld t,he
results of the special inquiries mentioned. A" Statistical A1lnual" and
a" Statistical Almanac" are also published by the central cOlllInission.
In Cuba seyeral enumerations haye boon made in tho present oentury.


The original constitution of the federation of Switzerland required its
population census to be taken eyery twenty years. Tho constitutioIlS
of the several calltolls, however, required tIte cantonal governments to
prepare periodioal statistical exllibits foI' the legislat,ive authorüies.
These exhibits, which have becn rendcred in some of the cantons foI'
generations, were not remarkable-for either acouracy 01' comprehensive-
ness in former yeal's, but they haye steadily improvetl in (:harader, and
of late years have even attained a high degree of perfection. They trcat
of population, pauperisrn, and financial, judiciary, medical, and ecluca-
tional statistics.


A law enacted by the federal assembly in 1860 prescribed a decennial
census for the whole foderatiou, and institllted a fedpral hureau 01' sta-
tistics, uncler the direction of the Interior Department. Tile labors of
this hureau are annually prescribed by the federal council. In sorne of
t11e cantons separate statistical bureaus are attachcd to the cantonal
governments.


Tho first census lindel' the new law was taken in 1860. The inquiries
included sex, age, civil condition, origin, 'birth-place, domicile, religion,
lallguage, physical disabilities, immigration, the distributioll oí' real pro-
perty, au!! tho numher of families, hahitatiolls aud ot11er lmildings. The
statistical bureau is endeavoring to extelld the range 01' t11e cellsus, but
finds its eff(u'ts sornewhat impetled by the difticulty of dealing with
twenty-fiye cantonal governments.


The cantonal statistics collected by tho local governments are con-
solidated amI published by the central burean. The 1atter is elldeavor-
ing to give a more national character to the statistical sel'vice. Until a
few years ago, the difterellt cantoIls f(¡llowed (liffel'ellt methocls in the
coHection oi' vital and mortnary statistics, but at the instnnce oi' the
bnrean they have now adopted a uniform plan.




NINTH CENSUS. 17


In 18(W tlle central lmreau initiated the censns of liye stock, and later
collected Ycry fnlI iltatisties oí' raíl \VayA, Ra \'ÍngR lJallks; amI fire insnr-
ance cOlllpanies.


Tilo lmlk of tlle olidal statü;tical publicatiolls of Switzerland eonsistR
of tIle cellsns reports. Valuaulc compilatiolls oí' fillalleial, commercial,
and industrial statistics, alHlmollographs ou forest culture, mines, 1IUU-
Hc works, mil\nLy:-; amI tdegraphs, pub1ic health, ('i"il alHt cl'iminaljns-
tice, prisolls, beneyolent institntio11s, tire insul'ance compunies, sayings
uanks, ll111tnal aid societies, wages of ,rorkingmen, and fIle diffel'ent
branehes of public instrnetirlll, ha,n~ also bce11 publishcd by tIte federal
go\'el'.llll1ent, t11e statistieal burean, amI the cantonal anthorities.


J n Be1ginm, ill keeping wiiJh the el1ameter oí' tl1at State as Olw of tIle
most progressiye in Elll'Ope, pnbIie 8tatistics 11<1\-c bcen carefnlly fos-
tered 8\'el' sil1ce the reyolntion which made t118 kingdom an illlIepend-
cnt SOYcl'cigllty. Olle oí' tlw til'st ads of the proYisiollal gOVCl'Umellt in
1831 ,,-as the ercation oi' a spceial statistical 881Tice. In ISH a emltral
COllllllissioll of statistics was establü.,]¡e<l by royal dem'pe, with which }l.
Qnetclct amI otht'l' (listillglliRhefl statistician8 llaye bcen conueeted from
its ol'gnllizatioll. In ISJ::; proYÍlIdal statiRtieal eOlllllliRsiollS were i11sti-
tute(1 throngllont t110 ki ngdolll. In IS;"í(j a law ,yas cnaeted lle,rly reg-
ulatillg tllC mode of taking tJ¡e eellsn:s aud keeping' tlle ei vil registers.
lt lmwided that a general ccnsus sllOuld he taken cycry ten .yP~lI's
thl'ongllOnt tllP killgrlOIll, and tllat tIte popnlation retnrns should form
tlle basis of represputation. The cemms ,ras to be taken in sneh a mau-
ne1' as to give the actual aR well as the legal populatioll. The presel'ibed
inquil'ies illcllHled R dl'WlllleS amI Christian name8, spx, age, by yPÚl' ancl
lllonth, hirth-place, ch-il state, occnpation 01' eonditioll, lwhitnal domi-
eil<~, ami tOWIl amI country pOllulatiOI1. Tltree schednle~, printerl i1l tite
Freneh, Gorman, all(I FImnish l11llguagps, were distributed amI collcded
throughont tIle kiug'(lolll by special CCllRllS agellts. Both t11e distl'ilm-
tiOll U1l<l eollcetioll Wf~re to be llIalle in onc duy. Te 1lI poral'y eellsns bu-
reans were ('i'it1l1..lIisho<1, 0110 fol' eaeh lH'ovinee, '" hieh were to reeeinl the
retlll'llS 01' tlw agt'llts after the) hall 1WP1I revised by tho eommnnal
.inries-bodici'i llppointe(l fol' ('adl eOll1mullity amI eOllsistillg' of off1cialR
amI private citizells. TIte stati.es of sehoolR amI pllblic institutiol1s
were takcn by IllpallS of Rpe(~ial seheclnlcs. The military antllorities
\Yero charge<l with tllü army cenSllS. Tile l'efllSal Lo give infOl'lllatioll to
the cellsmi agellts wa8 lllluishable by 11Iw alH~ iUlprisomnent. The law
of 1836 aIRO eOlltaÍlwll proyisiom; l'egarding tho keepillg' oi' civil régis-
ters, which iusurcd grcat accul'acy in the reeording' of thc movernent of
the poplllation.


Two general eellsuses kln~ ueen talcen undel' tIte law of 1856, one in
that year a~ld anothcr in 18GG. In the !atter, eomprehensin in quiries
into tlle agrieultural, millillg, alJ(I man.nfactul'ing' industries of the killg-
dOIll were matIc. In 18;";8 a special census of deaf mutes and blilld was
taken. The eentral staiistieal eOlllluission rcceh-es the returns of tIle
successive eensuses, yüal'ly ahstracts fmm the eivil I'pgistcrs, and tlle
resnlts of special inquiries, awl prepares tlle wholn for publieation.


The ministries oi' tite interior, of tilla !Ice, of pnblie works, of justice,
and of public illstruetion, institutü periodieal inquiries in tbeir respective
departmellts.


TIle official statistieal literatlll'e of Rdginm is Yery voluminous and
distingnished for its scientific character. lt comprises the censns re-
ports proper, periodieal a.ceo.llntR.o.f the moyement ~f !he population,
and tlle results of all specmImqull'les. Current statIstlcs, eollected in
the intervals between the general eensuses, are published by tho cen·


H. Rep. 3-2




18 NINTH CENSUS.
tral Rtatistical commission, in a series of yolumes, under tite title of
"Bulletin~." Thel'e appears also a sort of statistical almanac.


K o census ,,"m; taken sillce tlle close of the eighteelltIl celltm'y in the
count!'y now fonnillg the kingdom of the Netherlands nntil the close of
the third decade oí' the nineteenth., The goyernment of the killp;dom
fonnded a bureau of stath:;tics in 1R26. UlHler its direetioH the fil'Rt 01'
the deeellnial cemmses, decreed about tIle same time, was taken in 1829.
The lmreau eeased to exist in 1830. Frolll that yeal' up to 1848 the col-
leetion of statisties in tlle king{lom was perfOl'llled lIlaiuly hy tIle RO-
eaUed permanent depntatiolls in the difi'erent provinccs. The seeond
decennial censm; was taken nnder tlw direction oC tIle governors of tIle
provinces. In 1848 the governll1{mt cl'eated two statistieal lHlreaus,
one attached to tIte minist1'Y of the interior, alld the other to the minis·
try oi" finan ce. In 1850 ami 18;n la \VS were ellaeted preReribing the
formatioll of a bureau of' statistics in·eaell pro,-inee, but tite organiz,L-
tion of the prOYillCial hureaus was llOt cOlllpleted llntil1858, since when
they llave heen in successful operation throughont tIte kingdolll. In
185D a central statjsheal cOUlmission was created by the goVel'lllllellt,
which has existed to this dlly. ThongIt lJOluillally subordinated to tIte
minjstl'Y of the interior, it really exercises perfectl;y ilHlepellllellt fune-
tiOllS. It js anthol'ize!l to call UpOll aU tIte ministries, allcl municipal,
amI administrative atHhorities ge,llern 11,'1', fol' statistical illformatioll, and
muy suggest statistieal illquiries to the seYeral departlllents of the gov-
ernment.


In the censns as now coudueted, illquiries are made as to name, Rex,
age, hirth-placc, ci...-il state, professioll, occupatioll 01' cOllllitioll, ]l11,\'sical
disahilities, religioll, lllunberoffami1ies, and ItabitatiouR. The inU1ates oi
hospitals, allllshouses, prisolls, s("Itools, aud public illStitutious genemllr,
are separatel,y ellnmerated, as also tIte arm,v and navy.


As in Illost otlJer continental eonntries, tlle seyeral {lepartlllellts of tIte
goverumellt of tIte ~et}lprlallds regularly carry Oll special statistical in-
quiries witIlin their respeetiYc ofticial sphe1'f's.


The ofticial statiRtical publicatiolls oí' tIte :N"et1wr]amls eompriRe tIte
eenslls reports amI cOlH1ellsatiOlls from them, by tIte central statistical
bureau; aIlllual reports of the 1lI0YCmellt oí' the POpulatiOll, allel t11e sta-
tistics (Jf schools, eltaritable illstitutions, puhlie ]walth, civil alHI eriminal
jnstice, agricnlture, eommel'ce, illdllstry, publio works, alld public
finanees.


In Denmark a central cOlllll1ission of statistics was created in 1833,
ehal'ged with the publication of pnhlie statistics. lt consisted of dis-
tinguished rnemhel's nf tIte different bra11ches of the administration.
The commission publiRhcd, betwpell 18;;8 ancl 184D, a series oi' eighteell
large YOIUlllf'S, containing an the statistical illümllation collected by
administratiYc authOl'ities. In 18W, the eommission was supersetled hy
a central bureau 01' statistics, eOlllpm,ed oí' se ven members, whieh has
been continued up to this time.


A general popnlatioll cellSUS has been taken every five years in Den-
mark, since 1835. The mo,"emtmt oí' the population is ascertained hy
rueans of civil registers. Enumerations of liye stock have been repeat-
edly made. Agricultural, COllllnel'C'ial, financial, real estate, and crim-
inal statistics reeeive regular attentio11 amI pll blicatioll. Special inquiries
have been made regunIing highways, savillgs bal1ks, suicides, allll other
subjects. AH tIle material collectetl is puhlished ullder the general title
of " statistical tables."


In tIle early part of the nineteentll century a good deal of attention
was naid to public statistics in Italy, by tIte :Fl'ench rulers. In the




NINTH CENSUS. 19
kingdolll of Italy, estabIished by Xapoleon, the serYice oi' admillistrative
statistics waH reg111ul'Iy organized anrl yielded SOllle valnable reslllts,
whieh haye beea IH'eserYf>d. After the cntting up oi' the Peninsular,
npon the restoratioll of 181;3, into (li:ifel'ellt sowu'eignties, little was done
in the intel'est of pl1blie statisties i'or a generatioll in auy of the Halian
States. In SanIinia, Killg Clmrles Albert, at the beginlling' of 11is reign,
institllted a commission oí' statisties, "hich vnlS followed by the orgalli-
zation of thirty-sfwen suh-eollunissions, eorresponding to the politieal
dhisions of the kingdolll. Tltese bodies were ehal'ged with the collec-
tion of puhlie statistics, ineludillg the ceustu; oi' the populatioll. The
results oi' theil' lahors ",ere pnblished in extenso in four large volumes,
nnder the hile of " Statistical Tntelligenep," alld in periodieal eondellsa-
tions of tIle contents of these, un del' t11e names of "Gelleral Calendar,"
and "Statistieal AnIlual." In Tnseany, tlle goyernment ereated a statis-
tieal bureau in 1848, ehal'gerl "ith tlle collpdion, elassifieation and pub-
licatioIl oí' doeuments relatiye to commerce amI industr,r. Up to that
time ¡mblic statisties liad been cllltiyated in the Granel Duchy only, by
a11 assoeiatioll of tIte sanmts, indcppndcnt oí' tIte gOYel'llllHmt. In 1849,
a statistical seetioll was organü;ecl in the minhltry of finance allcl charged
with inquiries as to ]1o]1ulation, topograpIty, indllstry, amI publie aelmin-
istl'atioll. Additional meaEinres, ealcnlated to makc the serv-iees of pub-
lic statistics more effieiput, ",ere taken by tIte goYernmeut. No regular
censns appears to lutye becn taken ; lmt tIte lml'eau oí' statisticEi published
HlIllllally statistical exhibitEi, derÍ\~ed froltl t11e civil registers and other
sonrcps oí' tIte popnlati<Hl, elat'iEiified by eomumncs and families, anel
according to social eowIítion, amI religioll. Tlle publieations oí' the
b1ll'enn abo illeludecl tlle rNllllts 01' inquiries iuto the physieal, industrial,
alld eormnercial reSOl1l'ces oi' tIte t'(mlttl'~' and otIler minor subjeetEi. In
tIte kiugdom of tIte T\\"o Sieilies, tIte Pontifical States, amI Parma, a
statit'itieal ;;el'viee mm alt'io organizml after 1S48. In tile last Ilallled States
its functiolls "ere Yery limite(l. In tite kingdolll oí' tlle Two Sieilies a
statistÍ<:al (~OIt1lllil-;sioll wal-; ol'ganized undel' tile millistry of the interior,
witlt the snb-eoltllni;;sio!li-; in tite Hcn>I'lIIlH'o\'inces anddistricts. Tlll'ough
t11etie organs statisties were eolleeied l'elative to t11e popllhtion, public
illHtl'lletion, pnblie ehal'it,Y, criminal justiee~ penitentiary establis11ments,
agricnltul'e, imlustry am1 eomllwrce. Hut the rhtta t11m; ohtained wel'e
intellded merely for goyermncnt purposes, amI fewoí' them rcceived
pnhlieiiy.


TIte modern kiqgdom of Italy was 110 8001ler eonstitnteu, in COIlSC-
quence of tIte eyeuts oi' 18':;1l and 1860, than tlle government of Victor
Emanuel eEita blishetl a sel'yiee oí pnhlie stlü,isties, after tIte best modern
models, whieh 80011 attailled considerable efficiency. A bnrean of 8ta-
tistics was ereated, of \yhiel! Dr. P. }Jaestri, a well-kllown Eitatistieian,
became tIle ehief. TIte lmrean was g'iyell ample powers,_ amI displayed
at once great aeti\'ity. Gnder its c1irectioll the first general cellSUS of
tIte kingdom, whieh was to fOl'm tIte lmsis oí' l'epl'eSelltation in the
llational parliament, too k placE' OH DeeembeT 31, 1Hm, by yirtue of a
law preseribing deeellllÍal g-elleral enumerations. The eensus was taken
by municipal ancl administrative offi("ers in one (Iay, by mealls oí' pl'e-
yionsly distribnted Eiehednles, calliug for information under the follow-
ing heilds: actual populatioIl hy age, sex, eiyil sta te, and domestic rela-
tiOllS, families, habitatiolls, and placps oí' nutiYity, religion, language,
pIl,rsical and mental inf]rlllitieEi, oeeupation, emigratioll and immigra-
tiOlI; aggregations of population hy eOIIlIllunes; ag-gregations oi' habi-
tatiolls. The eensns returns obtained under tlle general dil'ection of
the burean of statistics, through tIle agencies of prefects, sub-prefects,




20 ~INTH CENSL'"S.
mayors aud otIler officials, "ere reyisCfI by local comll1i~;;iollS appoilltl'd
thl'oughont tlw killgtlOlll, ,nHl eom;olü1atell 111 el'H~n:-; lmn'HIlS tt'lllporn-
rily establisherl in eycry province, amI Iwel''y sub-diyisioll oí' ('a di
IH'Oyi!wfl. 'file CPIlRllS l'Cl'Ol't aR pllbli"ltPll eOll1IH'i"PR t]¡l'(~n lal'g'p YOImlH''',
A scparate recon1 of tIte 1I1oyelllent of tlte poplllatioll \ya:-; cOlllpiled fl'olll
the cenRllS data.


Sitwe 1861 tlH~ ltalian hUl'l'lIn of RtatiRti('s 11m; lll'os('cntetl special ill-
qniries relatiye to Jnntnal aid :-;oeictieR, ~ayingR banks, pnhlie chal'itieo-;,
intluRtrial corporatiollíl, elementlll'Y, higlter and tt-e1l1lienl instl'uction,
lihl'al'ie:-;, aJl(1 gelleral amI Illllllicipal ('lpdinllR. rflte l'p¡mlt¡.; ot' all the;;p
im-estigations, some of whieh w"ere \-el''y eIaborate, are 1l0W in pl'illt.
OtllPr statistical publieatioIls, bl'ougltt ont lllldl'r tlH' anílpieeR oC tllP
ro~-al goyernment, dUl'illg' the ]¡tílt 11i11e yearR, i11tlnlle a (lietio11ary uf all
the eOllllllunes of the king'dolll; t11e :-;tatisties oí' i:liJk ilJ(lnstr,r, lIayig'a-
tioTl, illternal mal exterllaI (~Ollllllel'(~p, ilJ(lnR!l''y in g'p11pl'al, silk illdllst 1',)",
agricultnre, Tmlways, lJORral scrdec, telegra]lhs, gellNal antlcOlllltlUllal
fint1nCeíl, ]luhIie healLh, amI otlH'r }lllH~ef; 01' lI'íltiollnl li!'t'.


In France SOllle im]Jorbmt ehallgl's were ma(k in the NelTiee (Ji' pnblic
statiRtics befol'c tlle downfall oi" tlle nrst repnblie. A la \1' rc([nil'illg the
prcfpdR of (lppm'tlllPuts to preparc frOlll tbc (:h-il registprs cxad auuual
ahstraets of tho lllllllber of 1l1111'l'iages, hil'ths :tJI(1 (lt,llth:-;, wellt into fOl'I'('
at the close of thc centnr,\". TItis law has obtainctl np to tllo ])l'('Rcnt
time. I11 ]801 tllp 1egislatiyü jlO\\('l' !lecrepll tltat llatiollal cellsmw~,
whicll lllltil tIlcn ha<1 heell ta];:.'ll allllllalIy, íll101l1d take place onlyen'l''y
fin'\ years. '1'hp next ('('n SUR aftel' that year \YaR COllselluently taken in
180G. No otIler ,,-no-; malle lllldpr tIte fil'st. XHpoI(,Ol1Ü~ l'{>gilllP. Thp lIpxt
general emuneration took place o1l1~' ,;ix years aftel' tho filia] rcstoratioll
of the RourbollS. SiJl(~e tllllt. yeal' quilHlll!~llllial (~ellílll"es have heen tllP
rnle. In tIle census oí" 182G, howen:r, HO adllall'numel'atioll \Vas lIlalle;
1mt the popnlatioll was ('OJtlputpü by aÜIlillg to t!J(' lllllnlH'r aseertailled
for 1821, the cxeCRR oí' hirths OH'r lleatllR i11 tIa' fiyt' illtel'YellÍllg ,H"aI':-;.
In 183G the eowms \Yas talwn b~-llleallíl or iJl(liYi(lnal :-;e]wlll1leíl, i11 wllÍeh
tlle age oi' each lJ(,l'¡,;oll was fol' tIle nl'st tillle ealled fin>, l~]l to tbat
time OJlIy tiJe ll'gal pOPlllatioll had UPPll ase(,l'laÍlH'.l, hnt in 1841 the
actual popnlatioll heeame the bao-;is of the ('/'1IS11S. Snhseqlwlltly a
syRtem oí' ellUlllPl'ation \Yas adopted \yhose olded it j" to flll'lli"h lIH'allS
for deducing' tIte legal frolll tIte ,)(~tllal populatioll, huí; which ha8 1I0t
worked to the satisJ'action of tlle leadin~' Frl'neh stati:-;tieians. Unller
it t11e llopnlatioll is eOllsi<lerpr! aR conílisting oi' two dasses: a floating,
cOlllprisillg the military, the illlWltl':-; oí' ]l1lhlie an<l pl'iyato edlH~atiollal
eRtabIishments, aud oi' penal amI ebarita blo illStitutiollR, the mem bel's
of religious on1e1'';, llolitieal I\xilefl. awl a fp\y otll(~r enteg'ol'ies; alld a
resideIit, eomprising 1>ot11 regular aml Íl'allílit'l1t sqjOH!'llel'íl 1I0t illduded
in the rtoating. In pmctiee it has been fOlllld <1iffieult to appI,v tIJis diR-
tillction. Tho "tloati11g" pOPlllation i" ellllllH~l'ated OH a ilxed day by
the aut110rities exerei:-;illg a direet e/mtl'ol OH'l' it; tIJe "l'esi<lellt" h,Y
municipal oflieel':-;, \yitIlill a llrPRcl'ibell11erio(l eOyerillg somc weekR. The
emplo'yment of municipal offieel's aR enumera t 01'8 is (,ollsic1Ned cleÍl'i-
mental to tlle aeellracy 01' the CeJlsns, o\Ying to the IeY,Ying of eedaia
general taxc,; 011 tIw 1>asi:-; oí' llOplllation, ,,-llÍeh fOl'ms a coustallt tempta-
tiOll to loeal offieials to make ineorred l't'Ílll'IlS. The wlmt of a speeial
consns law-tht' takillg oí' t11e general ce1l811S i8 proyided foI' by decrcps
of executiye powcr-illtiietillg' 11l'O}lPl' llPllaltieN fin' intelltümal iwwcma-
cieR, i8 also considered as telldillg to (Il'trad t'I'OIl1 the eorreet11ess a]](l
compleümess of the retums. Tite traditiollal time for takillg the ceuslls~
the months oi' }\Iay aud J11l1e, i:-; likewise eOllsidered ullfa HJrable. The




N1NTH CENSUS. 21


Celll'lllS is lwrsounl amI llon1ÍllaLive. 'l'ltf\ data l'e~plÍred, which are ob-
tained b,r c1il'ect applieatioll of the ecmms takcn, eomprise surnames
alld Chritltüm 11:mWtl, se x, age, eiyil stnte, birthplaee, oef~npatioll, 1'eli-
gion, dcgree of iustrnetion, and inTIl'lflitit's of eyt'l'y description. At
times ütltpl' sulJjüds (jf illl)uir,r, snüh as the proportion of tbe rural to
tIte tOWII pOlmlation, loeal diRea;;eR, the lltlUllwr of lHlUsehol(18, inhab-
itcdallllllllinhabitnd llOllse,~, lmil<Jing's in eourl'le of cOllstrnctioll, and
live ilt.oek, lmve heen eOlllleeted with the eellSllS.


Htati8tics relatillg to pO}Julation arf' derin'(1 in Fl'anec ti'om otIler differ-
ellt "'omoes. AHlOUg' tltese are the eiyil registers, whieh'are kept wiLh the
greaÍt\st a('(\1lraey, amI fnnüsll aU paltienlars of lürtlu" lllalTiages, alld
dt'atlls. The yearl,r reeruitltLent also affm'(ls a periotlieal Ruppl,r of val-
nable physieal auíllllentall'itatit-;tic". Siue!' 184:3 the number and llature
of C:LSt'1'i of mental abcrratioll is made the suhjed of an allllnal illqniry.
S]lccial ellumeratiolls 0[' tite iUlllatt's of pablie eharitable institntions
amI penal (~~tahlislJltlellts are a1,,0 mado once a ,year. Charitable ai"SO-
eiatiolls of e\Tl'y deseriptioll, lift' alllmity imml'anne eompanies, saying's
b:lll ks, amI pnblic pawn-houses, m'l' ealled 011 yearly for statistical de-
taiI.~ of tlH'ir opel'ationR. Tlle judicial HlliltOl'ities are rü(pül'e¡] to fllmish
crimina] statisties year]y.


rJ'J¡e general sel'\~i(~e o'f pn hIle statisties is diyided Hlllong seyeral tle-
partlllPlIts of the go,-erJllIH~!lt. The JlliIli~try of tllC interior has cllaI'g'e
oí' tite )lopulation cPlIsns aJl(l the ciyil registers. A statistieal bureau is
attaehed to tIte lllillistry of fillallee, ",hose fuudiollS :11'<', howcy('l', COll-
filled to fOl'C'ign eOllllllerce. Sillee 183J a general stati"tieal burean has
l)pon ¡JI cxistellee. It i" suhonlillatet1 to tlle ministry of eommeree, alHl
elJarged \\'i111 the eolieetioll alld llresenatioll of all ofheial stati"t.ieal pub-
licatiorlS at home allll abroad. lt l¡a,~ llO })O'.\-er to illitiate statistieal
ill([niries. Tlw Í1ltitiatiye in sneh belongs, aeeordillg to theil' lla.tnrq, to
tht' "e'-('1';[l lllinil'ltries.


IlllS;¡:2 stati:,;til'al cOlJlIuis"iom; \yen' erented [01' caeh cantoll in eaeh <le-
partlllent. Tlle lll(']ll heril of these cOlllllJisRiollS are ]ltnninated hy tIle pre-
Ü'c:ts. The eOllllllis:,:iollS tlH~lllspln'l'i are lli,-icll:d into snlJ-eollllllissiollS fol'
('aeh eOllllnmlP il1 tlw emltoll, chal'ged with t11e 1l1'OSPclltioH of periodieal
iWluirieR l,pariug npo]] agl"ieultl1l'e and iudiltlt¡'y, by means of sehedules
flll'llislIC<1 by the g'oYerIlitwut. The retnrllS oí' the sub-eollllllis~iollS are
~'ml\jL'eted to l'evisio!l, tlrst hy t11(' cantonal COllllUissiollS, amI afterwanl
by the sllh-pl'eft'ets all<1 ]lrefeets, beüln~ t}¡Py are tranSlllitted to tlle ceu-
tral anthorities.


Partly throllgh t'.l(; agelle~- of the cantonal eOllllllis~ion, and partIy
throllgh tilo separa te aetion oí' tIle sen'ral millistries, thorough statistieal
iuycstigatiolls, in ad(litioll to tllO"e eOllneeted with the popnlation cen-
suseil, aro lllade at regular alld irregular illten~al:s, relative to industry
in gelleral, alt<1l~liltillg amI llletallnrgie illdnstry in spe(~ial; operatiyes'
and meehanies' wages, agl'ienltllre, disasj-,pl's affeding agricultural inter-
ests, land and water eOllllllUllieatiolls, foreign alld c10mestie eommeree,
alld general, üepartmolltal, a na munieipal finanees.


The records of tIlc plltire statistü'al sPITiee are regnlarly published.
Tlle eatalogl1e of tlle puhli('atiolls i~Slle(1 np to this time has already at-
tailletl such proportiolls tltat it would lpacl too far to ellumerate thern.


As stated in tlw preeedina: chaptcI', een:sn8-taking was illaugurated
in Gl'eat Britain by tlte pastmge, OH necember 31, IS00, oi' tbc aet of
l'mJiumcllt ordailling H gpueral enumeratiolt of thc population oi' Eng-
l:llld, 1Vales, and Scotland in the spring of the following year, and
en~r,r ten years thereafter. AecoI'dingly 1.11e til'st ccnsns was taken on
the 10th oí' JUareh in England and 1VaIes. FoI' Scotland, a later day




22 NINTH CENSUS.
"as assigned, owing to the inclernency oí the season. This first cellSUS
ineluded the sex, but uoí the age, oí' aH tho subjeets; the numher of
farnilies, and a clai'ii'iification of the popl1lation acconling to occupatioll,
in three diyii'iions: 1st. Peri'ions chietly employed in agricultlll'e. 2d.
Persons chietly ernplo,yed in tl'ade antlmHllllfaetures; 01' handieraft. :>d.
ÁH otIler persons not coniprised in thei'ie two classes. In tIto two sub-
seqlwnt enurnerations, in 1811 and 1821, the same plan was foIlowed, ex-
cept that the oceupatioIls of the hoads of families ollly ,,-ere elltered. In
that oí 1821, a quinquenllial and decellllial classification of ages was
also adopted. In 11:)3G, a uniíol'lll systorn oí registratioH of bil't]¡s, mar-
riages, and deaths wai'i established by act of Parliament for Ellglalld
aneI vYales, under the snpel'yision oí the registol' gOlloral's offiee. U ndor
the act, the territory to which it applietl waR diyifIetl iuío oyer two
thousalld registration districts. The same act provided tIlat tIlo subse-
quent ellumerations in Englalld amI '\ValoR should ho takoll b,y the local
registrars, unelor the di1'ection of tIle registrar general. 1'110 el'eation
of a regular statistical service greatly facilitatcd the ccnsus of 1841 in
Englalld alld '"Vales. In Scotlallll the less efti<~ü~llt lllpth()(l oí' t~Ulplo.r­
ing the pal'is1l sehoolmastcn; as local eCllsors continnell.


In Irelalld the first attempt at a gClleral eensus was made in 1811,
with very unsatiRfhetol'y n~slllts. lt was repeated in 1821, but pl'oduced
nothipg lmt a mere enumeration of donbtful aecllracy. The llext eOllsus,
taken in 1831, was subjected to a corroction in 1831. In 1841, oOllstalm-
lary force was emplo'yed aR CCIlSllS takcrs ~\YitIt bettel' rCi'iulls. ÁH at-
tempt was made, in cOllnection witIt tIle censns of tIte ,Y0ar last lHuned,
to obtain statistics of the rural ecollollly of t11e lrü,h killgdolll, ,vItieh
proved very snccei'isful.


Great efforts were made to render the sixth eemms of Englalld, '\Vales,
and Scotland, in 18tH, superior in l'e¡-;nlts to tlte pl'ceedillg enumera-
tions. The speciallaw enactetl for tho pUl'[lose })l'ovided that the cellsns
sIlould be taken on olle alld the same da\-the 31st of lUarcIt-in tIte
thI'ee parts of tIte killgdolll nmnetl. Fol' t'ímt pll1'pOSO :30,ül0 competent
enumerators were appointed, ,,-ith tbo anthority of the registrar gelleral,
by tbe 2,190 district registrars thell in fUlwtioll in l~llglalld amI ,"Yales.
Only as nmeh territoI'.)' was assigned to each ell1llllel'ator i11 t11e regis-
tration districts as conlel be cOllveniently callvassed by one persono
There being no unifoI'lII system of l'eg-iRtratioll Ül 8cotlaIHl, 1:he 32
sheriffs of that kingdom ,,'ere authorized to appoint 1,010 tompol'ary
registrars-gellerally paroehial schoolmaRters-and 8,1:>0 enu:merators.
257 enumerators wero appointed hy tlle goYermnellt for the smaller
islands. Some days before tIte cellSUS day, the enumerators lleliyered
to every occupicr of 11 honse 01' tonomeut a" hOlu-;ellOlder'" schedule,"
contailling illqniries as to t1le llaIUe, relatioll to lll'all oi' fmnily, comli-
tion, sex, age, occllpation, and birthplace of eyel'y pel'soll in Gl'eat
Britain, and also as to t110 llumber oí' hliud, deaf, and tlumb. For tIte
use oí tIte lower classes of ,Yales, schedulei'i woro prillted in '\Velsh.
The schedule was to be filled up in tIw llight of March 30-31. No
one present on that lligltt was to llfl omitted exeept workillg llHm, amI
others períorming night labor away from their habitations. Travellers
were enumerat.ed at the hotelR amI housefl al which they arrivell 011 the
following rnorning. Sirnultaneonsly with tlw llOuseholll scltellnles, tIte
enumerators distributecl in tIlo proper quartcrfl forms for collecting in-
formationrespecting places oí' \Yorship, scholastic; eRtabIisluneuts anll
rniscellaneo\U! institutions.


TIllO schedttles were takell np hy the ennmerators at Hn early 1\0111' 011
thc 31i'it oí M~lt. The coHectors filled up those parís which pe1'so11s




NINTII CENSeS. 23
hall eitlwr ncglected 01' were ullable to filI. They were also required to
note all tIle uuoccnpit,¡l honses amI building's in course of construction.
Tho floatillg population-that is, such peisons who spent the llight
!lamed in barges 01' llOutfi, on eanals 01' SltlaU streams, in barns, sheds,
tents, amI tlle like-the enmnerato1's were 1'equirecl to estimate accord-
ing to t1le best inforlllation they could obtaill. Specialllotico was to be
taken of all extraonlillaI''y assemblages of people an;ywhe1'e at tbe
time of t1lc census.


TlIe onumerators were allowed ono week for tIle trauficription of their
scIte(lnles amI t1le completion oi' summa1'ies amI estilllates called i'or in
their Yory i'nll illstrnetions. The reyision of the returns by the distl'ict
registrarfi, in ,,-llieh tlw latter ",ere to pay particular att(~lItioll to ]lino
Hl'eeial1y <lt'finel1 points, had to be eomplcte<l in a fortllight. The revised
retul'llS \Yere subjeeted to Hllother royision uy the "snperilltendent
1'f'gi8trar8" bef()l'(~ tlH'y \Yere nnally trallslllitted to tlw censns oftico.


1'lIe cllstom-hollse ofticcrs took tlle cellsns oi' sea-goillg vesseIs in port.
PersOIls belongillg to t11e lJa,YY amI cOllllllereial marine were aIRo sepa-
ratPly Plllllll(~ratel1 by tIte ]lroper anihorities. The govürnmcnt f'urnished
tIte statisties ofthe al'lil~", half-pay offiet~rs, amI pcnsioners; t118 eh-il Rer-
Yi<~e; tlw ci\'ilialls alld Enl'opemls in tIte East !Julia Company Heryice,
amI of a 11 111'itis11 HLüljeets li dng in i'oreign parts, as far as theyeonId
be aseertailled tItrough consular alld diplomatic organR.


Tlw Britis11 eemms 01' ]¡;¡n \Yas tIJe; 1II0st sncccssfnl statisticaI opera-
tiOll, both as reganIs (luickness amI accuracy of executiol1, per[ormed
11P to tltat time in auy COllllÜY w llere public I'ltatil'lties were cultivatcd.
Tll(~ plan oí' the CellSl1S of IS(il tlid 110t Yary in UlI,Y esselltial respocts
íi'01ll tItat oí' the precedillg one. lb; executioll was equally rapid alld
fl'l1iHnl oí' Ratil'lfador,Y results, in Rpite of the greatcl'(lifficlllty oi' tIte task
frolll thc growth of populatioll, &c.


In IrolaJul tilo eemmseR 01' 1851 amI IS6l \Yere aguin taken by the
cOlista lHllal'y tOl'ee. Tite lll()(le of cnlllneration was essentially the sallle
as in Ellglaml, cxcept tlmt t11e schedules repreR!'nted a widel' neltl of
ÜHluil'y. Tite allditiollal illtcl'l'ogatol'ies relatL'tl to illsall1ty, üIioey, de-
gl'ec of edncatioll, atteJl(lance at sehool, buildings other t11an habita-
tions, amllanguage. Sinee 180± a gelH'l'al regisíration of births alld
deat1ts ill In'lamI i8 matle by eiYil offieers; np to tbat time registers were
kept 0111,'1 for the protesbmt population.


\Vhile botlt in lrPlalHl all<l ill S(;otlalld an agTicuItural Cf\1l8HS, whieh
serYE>S to detormine the area cleyoted 1,0 tito cultlll'e of difl'erent pro-
duets of t,]¡e soil, alld t]¡p lllllllllPl' of ¡iye stock, has obtailled for many
years, a nrst cattlo cewms ",as t¡tkcn in Bllglalld amI \Vales only in
~Iay, 18G6; it was followml S0011 after uy a comprehellsiye agrieultural
cellSLl8.


The digestion of the Ellg'lish alld lri8h census reports by the central
statistieal antllOrities is eOlHlnetell in a t11oroughly scielltitic maUller.
The general report8 and the speeial c0ll111ilatiolls therefhml OH a ytuiety
of subjects are UllSUl'pa8Secl U,Y t11e correspomling reconls of any other
country. Tlleir ver.\' gnmt valne 1,0 statisLü:ütns amI ecollomists is uni-
versally acknowledged.


The mOyeUlfmt oi' tllO popuhttion of tho United Kingdolll is aunually
determilletl uy t11e registrar general ofliee t11rough tlle ageney of the
distl'iet registrarR.


Be8ides the registrar general office, the1'e exists in almost eve1'y de-
par1,ment oí' t11e British goyerr.ment a special statistieal sérvice. Ofthe
difl'en'llt departments the board of trade furuishes more cOlltributions
to pulJlic statistics than any other. As mentioned in the precedillg




24 NINTH CENSUS •


. c1<1pte1', its statü,ticallabors date ce.l1tnries back. A speCÍal statisti('~tl
bureau is attached to it, íl'om \V hieh mnanatesammally very comprehell-
sh-e allcl acturate repo1'ts lIpOll the export aud impol't trade, not olll~' 01'
Gl'eat Rl'itaill and her eolonies, but of all foreign eOI1l111ercial conntrics.
Cnrrent lIlonthly 1'epo1'ts UpOIl tlw salIle snbject are issued by t11e salIle
bUl'eau. lt also publishes t11e " Statistical Abstrad oftllC Cnite(l Killg-
cIom/'whieh appears anoualIy an<.l cOlltaills the prinf'ipal statistical data
nf tIte precediog fifteell yearR, showillg the actual comlitioll alld com·
lmrative progresR of the conntry. Allother pnhlieation of tIlO same
anthol'ity is the" 1\fiscellaueolls St:atisties of t]¡e Unite<1 Kingdolll," whic11
also appears aunually, aml cOll1priscs a statistical abf\traet for tlle pre-
ceding t1ll'ee years. 'l'he board of trade llaR eOlldnded aH i ll!Jnil'y rü-
gardiog the wages and salarieR 01' gon'l'11111ent employéR amI lllPchan-
ies, ami operativps gellerally, and tIle eost oi' tbe prime IlPcesimries of
Jife, the intcrüsting resnlts oí' whieh haye heell givon to tlle publico


TheBritish Foreign Oftie.e re.gnlarl~-reqnires (letailo<l Kt:ltifiti(~al roporís
npon the eornmerce amI industries 01' fOl'cigll eOllllh'i('s fl'OlIl~ its Rll ]¡onli-
nates, wllich are printed in 1.11e Parlia.müntary blne-books. An i<lea oft1w
range of 13ritish pu1)lie sfatistics may be formerl [roltl t11e following list
of of!icütl publications otber than tllOse alrf'fuly naJllod :


Anonal re})o1'ts of t11e regü,trar general oí' t11e births, deaths, and
marriagef\ in l~llg1aJl(1 and vVales.


Trimestrial tables of birthR, deathR allcl nmrl'iages; weekly reports of
the births amI deathR in LOIICIoll, allc1 fourteell ot11er largo eities. (Simi-
lar reports are printed for IreJrmd amI ScotlaJl(l.)
. Anuual reports of tl1e ]walth oftieer of the privy coullcilor.


Aunuall'eport of thü modifieatiolls of cnstom dutips in foreign eOUIl-
tries.


AllnUall'eportR 011 raihmy statistics, inclnding tableR of 1'eceiptR amI
expenditures of all railways, nnmbel' of :wei<lentó', &ü.


Statistics 01' mineR of mÍlH'l'al pl'cHlndi01IR amI metallnrgic ill<lnstry.
Ueports oí' the gOYÜrlllllent inspeetol's of texilü imIm;tr,r.
Annual reports of tlle eh-il sen-ice COllllllisS10llS npoll the pnhlic ex-


amÍlmtioIlR oí' eandi<lafe¡;.
Yearly statistieal exllibits of tIle sauitar,) eOlJ(liLion of the arlll'y amI


nay,.
l/inaneial statisties, comprising the mml1al exhibits of üvery brandl of


thc public exehequer.
Ballking' statisties.
Statistics of' S:1VingR hanks amI mutnal aid Rocieües.
Anllual l'eports oí' the ]loor-la\\' hoarcl, inc1nding llIonthly statisties of


t11e pauper populatioll.
Statii:itiCR oí' aS,ylums fol' the insane.
Annual reports OH the }ll'imary schooJs of the United King<lom by tIle


conllcil on eclneation for England, 'Vales, amI Scotlalld, alld by tIte na-
tiOlllLl board of edncation fol' Ire1and.


Anuualreporü; of the departmellt of seience amI arto
Statist.ies of ci,il and criminal jnstiee, oí' prisoll administration, re-


formatory schoolR, alHImlllli(~ip:1l poliee.
A vast amollnt of statistiealmatcrial is etnbodied in the Parliament-


ary BIne Books, which alreadyfoI'm a n~Rpeetable library in themselves.
The resuIts of the üIYestigatiolls of the frequent parliamontary eommis-
sioos are eOlltaillP¡l in these and l)ossess partieular valne. Although ad-
ministrative amI popnlatioll statistÍ<~s 11acl heea IIlOl'P or leRs RyRtematie-
alIy for lllany years in POl'tng-al, that kingdom had no regular statisHeal
sel'vice uotillSt)U, when a special bureau was ereated charged with col-




NINTII CE:KSUS. 25
Jecting statistienl (lo(~nnJ('llt" rolatillg to thü eonnÍl'y, aml to devise a
metho([ for regnlar statiNtical illY€stigatio11s l1lHle1' t11e direction of the
gOYe1'lllllent. 1'lte bnreall, in UlHO, jlublished a "Heport llpon the Gen-
eral Statisties of POl'tnglll," COl1taillÍllg all t'xü,ting (lata relativo to the
tpl'l'itol''y, Ilopnlatioll, indui:ltry, and public admillistration of the king-
dOIll. In 1804 a gPllPral eOlllleil oí' i"ltati"ties ,,':Ii:l el'pated, with power
to din'('t, tIw labors oí' the statistical bnrean. On Jannary 1,1804, the
iirst (lil'oet aml sinmltalleous PllUllwratioll of the people throughout the
kingdolll was malle in aeeonlallce ,,'ith the htw oí' tIlO UOl'tps, passetl in
the preeedillg 1Il0nth of .l\Iay, whieh established a decennial census
syskm
'1'110 ·ecnsll¡'; operation was cOlllmenced and e0l111l1ctcd 011 the day


IUUlIP(l. '1'1Iü actllal populatioll Irm; its basis. Household sclleunles 'were
employed, wit1l iuquil'ips as to sex, agt', eiyil sta te, eOlHlitioll, oeeupation,
naticnality, hahitual 01' aeeidelltal sojonruen;, a]](l the prt'sellt and ab-
sent. Speeial ('ollllllissiom; ±(n' t he slH:eet-',sive l'p\'isioll of the census
returns, "']¡ieh WPl't' eolleeted by ellHmcratOl'S specially allpointt'd, were
creatcu f()l' (,:le1l pHl'ish, eaeh cOlllllllllle, aud ('iWlt dellartment and dis-
triet. Tile tinal reyisi¿)]1 was made hy tlle statistieal bUl'ean amI gen-
eral eouucil. '1'he latter antltority, whielt is composed of repl'esentatives
01' !he p1'i])(:ipa1 departlllPllts oí' tIte gOYt'I'1l1ltellt, amI of eminent scien-
ti:-:ts, has doue Ilmeh sillee 18GJ to\Yards tlle organization of au efficient
statistieal sel'Ylcc.


1'lw birth 01' llllblic statisties in Greeee dates from her last stTuggle
fol' i1Hlependelt('(;. J>l'esideltt Capo d'Istria early illstitnted illqnirics
r('ganlillg thc Hellenio populatioll. In 18;;4, within ayear afte1' t11e
establishment oi' a lIlowm:hy, a "Hurean of ['nb1ie Economy" was c1'e-
ated u1ll1er the ministr~· of the interior, alld elmrge<l ,,'ith the supervision
oí' Pllhlie statisties, 'l'he iil'i:lt gelleral t'nllllwratioll of' the pC'ople of the
killgdolll \Vas m:Hle in 18:W. Tite o]leratioll wm; l'epeated allnnally until
181;3, sillce wlwll eCIli'lIlS('S llave hepll takpll at Íl'l't:'gula1' iutervals, viz:
in ]8+8,1.';;,;;, lS;íO, 1.'Hl1,aml 18Gi"i. Up to 18G1 the censns I't'mained a
mere eOllutillg of tlle llUlllher ofinhabitautR ill eH(~h cOlIlllllllle, lmt in the
yeal' last IIHlIled a 1Il01'P i'iC:iC'lltifle eharaefer was g-ivcn to tIte ellUlIIera-
tiol1. Ceni'lllil (:OI11lIlissioIlS, eOllsisting oí' Jllllllidpal aud poliee offieers,
amI tlw IO!':II clel'gy, 'n'ro ol'gallizf'(] in cadl COlllllllllle, nlld Rpeeial enu-
lllPl'arors a]l]loillteü for spal'sely inlwbited <1istriets. '1'he eOlUmissiollS
im<l eWlInel'a.t ors m're fUl'l1islwll witlt schedulC's whieh they were required
to fill up ill the eourse of a ílxeLl day, by lllean¡.; of <lireet applieatbn to
all )'t'sidents oí' iheil' reslledin~ di¡.;triets. Every actual resi<lent was
inseril)(~(l with ¡.;urn<llllC awl ehriRtiallllalllp, sex, ago, civil state, p1'ofes·
SiOll, I¡\ligion, ana natiolla1ity. The l1nl1lber of familles was speciallyen.
terecl. 'l'llP retlll'lls were subjeeted to snccessive 1'eyision by thrce difl'er-
ent authOl'itips hef'ore they l'eaehe<l t1le bn1'eall oí' statisties in eonsoli-
dated formo Tite cellsus oí' 11)(;8 was takell upon the same plan.


The early m'llsns reports werp not priuted. It. ,vas only in 1840 that
a tabular statement 01' the populatioll hy eonununes, provinces, aud d€-
partments waR pub1it-;lwd for tite iirst time in the press organ of the gov-
el'llment. Similar exhibits \Yere publislle<l as late as 1860. Sillce then
more comprehensive omeia1 puhIieations have appeared.


The lllovement of' tlw popnlation is <leterlllined frolll ciyil registers,
kept until18.')0 by tIte elel'g'y, amI siune then by the mnuieipal authori-
ti('s. 1'ables of bil'ths, dcatlts, HmlmHrriages are pllblished at irregular
interva18. In 1860 an inquiry iuto t11e rural eeouomy 01' the kingdom
was had, the rpsults oi' w1lieh were published in 1804.


11l tIte several üepartlllellts of the goVel'lllllent the statistics of agri-




26 NINTH CENSUS.
culture, indnstry, eOllllllerce, and navig'atioll are collected with more or
less snccess.


Tite Ülct tilat even in snch eonntries as Roumania amI Servia, which are
usnaHy looked npon as tbe " real' guanl of civiJiz~ttioll" in Christian En-
rope, public statistics are cnltiyated, may be takcll as striking evidence
of t11e progress of statistical seienee in t11e Old \\'01'](1.


In Honmallia, a statistical seryice was organizcd about 18GO by the
establishment of a centrál direction of statistics with hureauH in every
district of tile united principalitieR. In 18G6 t11e central dil'ectioll ,,-as
made a regular section of the lllillistI';\- of t11e intcrior amI the district
bureaus diseontillued. T11at part.of their fnllctiollS rrlatillg to agricul-
tural statisties has since lwen exercised by the so-caBed agricultural
commissions and snh-comnlÍssiollS. A eelltral eonllnisRion of statisties,
consistillg of ])ublic functionaries and otlwr perROllR, waR cl'cate<l in t11e
same year anel charged with thc gellcral dircction of public statistics ...
Sinee 1860, more 01' less snccessful attemptR llaye been malle to colleet
the statisties of tel'l'itory, populatioll, pnblic illst1'nctioll, COllllllC1'Ce amI
industry~ agriculture, distribution of real property, pnbIic .instice ana
finances, ])1'isons, babitations, and 1iye stock. 'l.'he results obtailleü lULye
been printed uIHIel' the title uf "Statistica1 amI Economic Annals."


Though administratiye and population statistics haye been collected
by the government of Servia in a more or lcf.ls perfeet form for perhaps
a gelleration, a regular se1'vice uf pnhlic statistics in that country \Vas
not known until18G2, when a bnreau of statistics was mude u section
of the ministry of finance. A census, prolmbly t1lc til'st, ~\Yas takell in
184G, amI allother in 1866, the results of t11e lutter being far superior to
those oí the former.


At the instance of thc statistica1 lmrcall, t1le statistics of agricultnre,
live stock, wages, interna1 alld external cOlllmcrcc, pnbIic fillallces, pub-
lic illstructioll, civil amI criminal jnstice, amI of t1te post offiee, luwe
been eollected since 1862, as far as pnwticahle.


Strange as it may sound to most ears, eYCll Turkcy possesses a sort
of statistical seryice. It is oi' allcicnt origin, hut owes it8 l'l'e"tmt fOI'm
to the SultaIl, )'Iahllloud JI. vVhat Illay be tÜI'IllCtl a stati"tical lm1'eau
exists sine e his reign, nnder t11e ministr.y of finance. This organislll
consists of two sectionR: Olle chargecl with llurely cadastral fllllctions,
the other with statistics llroper. ~ The laíter is ullllc1' the direction of a
chief, entitled coutroller of f.ltatistics. He has Ullller him six chiefs of
bureau and t11irty clel'ks. Thel'e is a fUlIctional'y cntitled controller of
the censns in each of fifty-one prOyillCeS, who is subject to tIle order of
the chief cOlltroller of statisties. The provincial eontrolle1's of tlw ceu-
sus canvass their provinces continually, mal prepare at tite eud of ca eh
year an exhibit of the-1st, births; ~d, deaths; 3d, number of absentees
and travelers; 4th, public Ilealth; 5th, lllovelllellt of reall'l'opel't.y; Gth,
taxable values; 7th, losses from tire, diseasc, &c.


Tbe head of each yillage prepares anlluallya statcment of the age,
occupation, religion, lllilitary sen-iee, liabilíty tu taxatioll, &c., &c., of
every inhabitant under his jurisdictioll. This statement is transJl1itted
to the controller of tIle census of the prOyillCe, alld by 11im forwarded,
aiter proper vel'ification, to the ehief cOllÍl'oller of statistics in COllstall-
tinople. The latter communicates with t11e oth('1' departments of the
goyernment through the millister of finalice. He p1'ovitles the basis
for taxation aud military couscriptioll.




NINTH CENSUS. 27
nm'l'OIUCAL VIEW OF TIlE A~IERICAN CENSUS.


The American census originated in the colonial period of American
history. As is weIl kUO\nl to aU who have stndicd the historv of that
period, tIle Hritish board of trade then played a leading part ü~ colonial
aftairs; nt timos it was a]most tho ~mprCJlle dircctillg power. Undér the
directioll 01' tItis board seycral emullerations of tIte population of the
colonics wcro lllad~; lmt, for rt'at'iOllS that will he Rtated hen~after, they
were littIe more than approximations to tlw truth. lUr. Bancroft, in
attemptillg to determine tile poplllation at dimorcllt CPOChR, is impclled
to say, "t11e positivo data in 1,hoso days me half the tillle notoriously
falsc." Probabl,)' no part of tlle historic matcrials relatillg' to tho pedod
i~ less yalnnble. Alld .ret "notOl'iollsl-y false" as the tables prepared
uIltler t110 directioll of tlw hoard of tradc arte, they are llevcrtheless the
principal data fol' dctcrmining t11c ]lopnlation of thc colonies at tbe
periO!IR fOl' wllidl tlley were giwn. The colonial censuses were taken
undel' tIlO illllllodiatc dircetion of tho colonial govcrnors, throllgh tIte
agency of the sheriíT's aIld t h('ir d('puties. Some of the resnlts it i8
tIlOnght ]ll'opel' to illcorporate illtO t]¡i~ report.


In 1(;81:\, the period 01' tItc great Englis11 l'eyolutioll, t11e popnlation of
t11e Dritish eolollií's in Ameriea \Yas abont 200,000. Aceordillg to .:\'Ir.
B:wcroft, it was tlms distl'ibllted:
::\IassaclmsettR, (illeludillg Plylllouth aml Maine) ............ .
New HalllpshinL ........... _. _ ........................... .
Rhodc Islaml, (ille1uüing Proyidcnce l)lalltatiolls) ........... .
Conneeticut f¡'OIll 17,000 to ... _ . _ ............ o ............. .
Npw york ......... __ .............................. _ ..... .
:Ncw ,Tersey ..... _ .. _ .................................... _.
I>mlllsyh-allia, (illCludillg Delaware) ....... _ .... _. _ ......... _
~!;~"~~;!~~~~~1: ~ ~ .... ~ ~ : ~ __ .. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .. ~ .... _. ~ __ : __ : ..................... : : : : : : : : : : : :
Tito t\\'o Carolinas. _ ... _ ............. o ..................... .


44,000
6,000
6,000


20,000
20,000
10,000
12,000
25,000
50,000
8,000


On thc aeeessioll oí' Gporge I, ill 1714-, the following table was como
piletl by tIte uoanl of traün:


Oll t11e aeecssion of Gcorge Il, in 1727, tlw uoard cansed
table to be pl'epal'cd, t1le totals of w]¡ich are herewith giVCll:
\Yllite ................ o ........ o ..... _ ..... o o ........•
Black .. _ ............ o ........................... o. o .. .


Aggregate ........•.......•... " u ••••••• o ......... .


another


502,000
78,000


580,00




28 NINTH CENSUS.
Thc results of one other of the many llopu1ation tahh\s lll'pparcd fol'


tlle board of hadc will be giYCll. This table, "folln<1etl in pmt 011 mus-
ter-rolls amll'etnl'lls oí' taxables," incllldecl N ovu_ Scotia also:
\Vhite _________ " _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1, 1H2, 8UG
lHack _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ :.lH2, 7;{8


Aggregate _________________________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1, 483, 631


At this time, it may be worth remarkillg, tIle Fl'ench colonics that
made up ,vhat \Vas then called New FrallCf>, had a popnlation of sca1'ce
one hllndl'cl1 thousand inhabitants, and tht'se \\,prc scattered throngh
tlte immense l'egion extendi11g [ron1 the mouth of tIle 8t. Lawrelwe to
the lIlouth oi' the J\Iissit;sippi, thongh the gl'eaiel' part ,ras massed in
tIlo yaneV of t1lc formel' riyel'.
~Il'. B::i'ueI'Oft. haR probably stn(liptl tItis dppartment of Amel'iean his-


tory more thoronghJy than any othe1' writcl'. Hp llaR eOllstl'lleted the
tollowing table, Rhmring the populatioll of the colonies at six diffcl't'nt
periodR:


Years.


1750. __________________________________ . _________________ _
173-1_ _ _ _ ___ .____ _ _ ___ _ ____ _ ______________________________ _
17f;O _______ • ________________________________________ _
1770_ _ _____ • __________________________ . _ .. __ . _. _ ....... .
17~O ... _____ . _______________ _
17UJ _______ . __________________ . ____________________________ .. __ .'


,\'hitc.


1, O.¡O, 0011 I
J, Hi:í,O()[)
J ~ :li-'.), (jO:)
J, b.")U. OOil I
:2, :I~:t (100
3. 177, ~~J7 '


272\ 000
:JfiO.!JOO
:llO,OOO
4ti:2, coa
:íli;2, (00
'j'j:2,OOU ,


1. 2(;0, oeo
1: 4-2;:), roo
1, íifl;i, COO
2, :H-2, ueo
2.015,0(;0
3, fl'24, 3::,!(j


This table bears upon its face evülence that, ",ith t11e exepptioll of
the last item, it is llOt based 011 earefnl enl1l11erations. Ml'. Balleroft
pl'etc1Hls to giyc nothing more than estimatet'l, lmt HayH thpy "rest Oll
the considoratioll of mally details ami opiniolls of that (lay: private
journals and lettol's, l'Pportt'l to tlw board oi' tnlfle, amI oftieinl papers of
tlte provincial gOYei°nmellts. Nearl~' a11," he ('(llltilllWS, "are im pel'fl,et;"
accordingly he says he has" dednced" his tah1e "as SOlllC appl'oxi Illa-
tiOll to exaduPsR." :J1r. Ballcrof't fnl'tll(~l' Í1uplins tlmi (aules 1J]Ol'e vaIna-
b1c than tl10se of the Board of Trade can 1w ('Ollstrndcd l'etro8ppeti \'(~ly
from the rule of inerease in tlw pOlllllaLioll siuce 17!)O.


Tho foregoing tahles of populatioll 11'I,ve l/PPll giH;Il, part.ly beeause
they haye a considerable valne themselye¡;;, Rincn no better ones can 110\V
be eOllstl'neted, lmt ehiefly beeanse they RllOW eOllclnsively tlmt in the
colonial period the American cellsns \Vas in a VC!',\' rndilllental'y forlll.


That no l'elialüe ellUlIlel'atious of popnlntion were malle dnrillg' the
pel'iod of Bng1ish snpremaey in mu' eoullÍl'y Rhould exeite no surpl'ise.
The so-called enumerations ",ere made by the (lireetion of tlte Hl'itish
Board of 1.'rade, three thouRand milcs distaIlt, IV hen scal'ce au Ellgli sI l\Jl an
",eIl informed coneel'ning American affairs (~Oltld he fOllnd. H is true,
they were made undel' tIle immecliate direetion of tIte royal goYcmOl't'l;
but the sparsenesR of the popnlatioll, R(~atte1'ed oye1' imlllem;e areaR, takell
in conl1cction with the free alld indepclHlent mOlles of lite prevailiug in
many localities preclndetl thol'onglmess and accurac,V. "For tllC south-
eJ'1l p1'oyinees," says :;VII'. Haneroft, "whp1'e thp lIlild elimates illYited cmi-
grants to the in1and glades-whel'e tbe Crown l<111(ls were oftell occllpied
on warrants of surveys without patentl'l, 01' eyen without wari'ants-
\Vhere the peop1c were never assemh1pd lmt at lllustm', thpre \Va::; room
fol' glaring mistakes in the enumerations." Besidos, supcrstition p1ayed




NINTII CENS-GS. 29
a part in sC'YC'ral of thC'Re 0010llial returns, as appears frolll t11e letters of
go,·ernors to the ltOJlIC gm·el'lllllcnt. -


In li12, Con'l'llol' Hnlltel' unllel'took to make all elllllllcration of t11e
inhahitants oí' Xc,,, Y Ol'k, tlmH1glt the age11l'y of justicefl oi" the peace
in tite HP\'pral cOllllties. The retllrns 11'81'8 illllH~rl(,et, "the }l('ople being
deterre(l by a simple Rupnstition amI ohseryation tlwt fhc 8ic7l1leS8 fol·
101CC(ZUPOIl lhc lll8i nwnuerin[J of thc )JcoJile."*


(ion'l'IlOl' Bnl'llet, of Npw ,J(,I't-iey, ill a COlIlIl1111lieatioll to the lords of
tradl', nlHler date of Jnne 2,17213, says, in allnding to a. I'8tnrn 01' popu-
lation lltade f1'Olll }\le", York tltl'ee yearR hefort':


I wonl<lll:lv(\ th"ll ()1"[('1'",[ th .. lile" ar~llnnts to he tak"ll in K,',," Je]'.';e~·; 1mt I,,-as
a,hised titar it Illig-Itt. Illake the peo)'l,' Ull('as~', they h,'iug- g-(,llerall~· of:1 1\('w Englrmd
e:\Jl'adioll, :llltl th<'l'"hy (,lltlm,iasts; ,md that th,,\ \\,(lllltl takc it 1'01' a n'l,etitioll ofth"
H:llllC "in that lhvitl ('~)Jnmitte,[ illlllllllhel'illg th;, 11001']1', :lll<l might \)I'iilg on the like
jUllgtlll:lltS. This BotioH ¡mt 111(\ oü' ÜOlll it at tlLUt time; hut sinee ~'our IOl'dships
refluir" it, I will giy('_ ti", ol',lel" to the shel'ill's, tha' it lllay be (lolle as SOOIl as 11m)' lw,t


To these special reasolls allother alHl general OlW may he Huded:
These ('olollial elllllllerlltioll:,J ,H~l'e all maue lwforc tbe modern cem;ns lJad
asslllllcd scientitie fOl'ln and dl'filliteness. Eu1'opean 11istor,y reeor(h; a
fe\\' scattcl'ing' (~PIlSIlt-ieS in tlie sixteellth, st'velltl'l'llth, alllIl'ighteellth cen-
tm-ie¡.;; hnt they wu'e, in tIte \'ery lUlhuc of tlw ease, yer,\' impel'fedly
takell, heing, in fact, ael'on1ing- to ou!' standanb (ji' cOlllplett'lless, little
more thall rough gm'ssPs. "Elllllneration is a slo\\' and la borious pro-
e('¡';i5," SH~-S Sir Georg'e COrIw\\'all Le\y¡',,; "amI until eXl'erieneehas
tallght us its lll'('üssity wlHm~ COI'1'et'tlleSi5 ii5 l'L'(jnircü, tllPre it-i a dis]losi-
tiOll, pal'ti(,ularly alllOllg nlleulti\'atl'(l peop1e, to rcly npoll eompntation."
"']'0 (,OlUlt," says Dr. J 01111S011, "is a llloderll praetieo; the alleicnt
Illethotl was to g'HPSS; alld ,ylwl'C 111llllheri5 are gm'sse(1 tlH'y are al\Yays
lllag'llitied." Tl'ierl by tltis principie, 110 CC1l6US takell l)l'cyious to the
cl080 oí' the colonial pel'jo¡l 01' AUlPl'ieall hi:,;tOl'Y COHlü han\ liad all~·
grpat R(~ü~lltiti(~ "alne. 1'he epm:ui5, as \Ve kilO\\" it, ,,-as a later develop-
mento Bllgland took her nri5t censaR in 1801, and ('ven tl1e11 it was 150
iIUIWl'fpetly takell tlwt it, \Ym: of little yalne. A thorongll eensus of the
Ellg1isll l)('o]\le \Vas Bot takell until t\Yenty ;years latero ",y ere thel'e 110
:,;pedal reasons fin' readlillg' tlH~ SHtlW (~olldusiolls, it \\'ould hp ahsunl to
Rllppose the colonial g'on~],llOri5, lllHkr t1w dil'eetion of the Board oí' Trade,
ma(le aeeuratc (,lll1111l'l'ntiOlts o[ t11e British eolOllists in America a half
centul'y 01' a centtu'y hefore ElJglaIHl hatl Plllltlleratp(1 her mY1I popnla·
HOll.


TIte reyolntionary strugg-le had 1Iot far progreRsed lJefOl'B it hecame
e"ident tlwt it wonM assnIlW tlll' fOl'lll of a 'YaJ' fol' imIependellce; at
quite as early a dar it l)üeame apparellt tbat all the resourees nf t11e
States wOllld of ltP(:eRsity be laül ulHIpl' (~(mtrihnti()ll. 111 the eontinen·
tal COllgress tIte question 800n a1'ose, How s]¡all the lm1'dells oí' wal' be
distributedJ Durillg the wllOle eOUl'Re of tlH~ \\"<U' tlw Congress found
no more perplexillg- qnestioll. It was first g-rappled with in Ii75. In
the journal, lIndel' (late oí' Tnesday, Decelllber :!(i, of that J'ear, we find
t11e followillg eutry:


The Cong;l'~sR took i!lto eOllsÍtlerntioll Lhe l"('port of the COIllIllittco on tilo State of tlle
Treasury, amI tlwrellpon canw to ti", following resolntions:


Several of whieh here follow:
'Yhereas un estimate hath latl'!y hecn fOI'metl of the pnhlic CXp(mR8 already arisen,


and whie!t may accrne, in tite defensos of America Lo t.ho tellth ,lay of .June llext, in
lmrRlla nce w hereof this Congl'l'ss, on t he 29th of N oye!1I ber, resolyed thut a further snlll
01' 1ItH'O milliolls of tlollars he remittetl in lJills of cre<lit-


l!c8oltNl, Thut the thirtecn Unitetl Colonies he plt,t1gc(l for the retleIllI,tion of the
hills of ere ,lit so <lirected to he emitte<l;


* Now York C(!lonial History, V. 339. t Ibid., 7i7.




30 NINTH CENSUS.
That each colon;) pro,icle "ll"a;)s anc1111cans to sinle its proportion of said bills, in snch


manner ns may he most eifectnal anc1 best ac1aptec1 to the conc1ition, circnmstallces, anc1
equullllode of lev~'ing taxes in euch colony ;


'l'hnt the proportioll or quotn of each respective colon y be cletermined accordillg to
the nnmhel' of inhahitallts of a11 nges, inclnding negroes and mnlattoes in each eolony;


That it he recolllmelldecl to the several assemhlies, eonventions, 01' councils, or com-
mittees of safet;) of the respective colonies, to ascert¡tin, hy the most impartial and
effe<;Íllal llleans in theil' powflr, the llllllllH'l' of inhabitants in each respectivn colony,
taleing care that the lists be ant:henLicttied by the oltths of the 80\-eral ]wrsons who
Rha11 hA iIlÍ>rnst(i(1 with this sen-ice; amI tha,t the sairl assemhlies, conv('ntions, eoun-
cils,ol' eonlluittees of safety, do reHpeetively by heforA thi" CongreHH a return of the
nllmher of inhabitants of their respective colonios, a~ 800n as the sume ~hall be pro-
cured.


TIle last resolution was responded to in sorne of the Sta tes; in how
many 1 haye beell unable to determine. .Kew Hampshire had already
antieipated tIle resolntion. The details of tIlese cemmses are rnostly
lost, but enough remaill to show that there was no unifol'mity of pl'o-
cedure. In tho cases where respollses were obtaillcd tIte illlmediate
o~jeet had in view rnay have been aceomplisIted; but fol' the pnrposes
of statistical science the enumeration could llot, haY(~ 1W811 of great
value. TIte attempts eertaillly demollstrated that llO eensnscs, complete
amI llniform, eonld be taken withont a central directing authorit,r. This
wallt the articles of confederatio11 sought to supply.


011 the 11th .Tune, 1776, tIte dayafter tIle eommittee to prepare a
Deelamtion of Independellce was appointed, tIle Congress passed tIlis
l'esolution:


Re807ud, That a cOl11mittee he appoilltcc1 to prcpare and c1igest the fOIlll of a eonfecl-
eratinll to be entered into by these eolonies.


Ánd on tIte next day tIle followillg:
Re8o/¡,erl, That the eommittee to prepare mul digest Uw form of confeflcration to be


entererl into hetwAfln t]¡ese eolonies) consist of a member frOlll eaclt eolony .
• Tnst olle montb la ter the committee proYic1ec1 for by the foregoing


l'esolntions, through .Tolm Diekinsoll, sllbmitted its reporto The .Journal
undel' that date COlltaills this entry:


()r(/ereil, Th¡¡,t eighty eopies, allrl no more. of thc eonfcrlc.mtion, as bronght in hy the
committee,l)e illlme<1iatelr printerl :mrl dcposited with tho secretary, who shall deliver
one copy to eaeh membcr;


That t~le prillter he ullc1el'oath to deli\"(:r aU the copies \\"hich he shaU print, toget,her
with tIlO copy sheet, to the secretn,ry, all(lllot to disc]ose, either dimetl~- 01' inrlircctly,
the contellts of the said confcdcmtion;


That no memher fnrnish any person \\"ith Iris copy, 01' take any StCp8 hy ,dlÍeh the
saitl eonferlemtion may be reprinted, amI that the secretary be umler the like illjnnc-
tion.


The eleyellth al'ticle of tIlis draught, so enrefully guarded, was in these
words:


AU ch¡¡,rg;es of war ana a11 oth'lr cxpellRes that slla11 he incnrred for the comlllon !le-
fense 01' gt'lleml ,velfare, and a11nwcd hy the Unitcd SCatcs in Congrcss asscmblcd, sl1Ull
be defmyerl ont of a commoll treasury, which sha11 he supplieü by the se\'eml colollies
in proportion to the munber of inhahitants, nf ever~- age, sex, arul qnality, except
Indialls Ilnt paying taxes, in each eolollY, a trne aCcollnt of which, di~tilll\-uishing the
wh~te inhahitunts, sluI11 he trieunially taken aad trallsmittcd to tlle assmnbly of the
U 111 tee! States.


This article "as a frnitful souree of discussion. The slase interest
obj8cted to the ellurneration of tIle neg-roes. MI'. Chase moved that the
quotas should be apportioned accordillg to tIle llumber of "white in-
habitallts." 1\1:1'. HarrisOlI proposed as a compromise that two slayes
ShOllld be counted as one freeman. The articles as flllally agreed to by
Congl'ess, ancl ratified by tIle States, eontainecl two proyisiolls bearing
UpOll the subject. The eighth article was in these wods:


A11 charges of war ane! all other expenses that shall be incuneü fol' the COItllllOn dc-
fense 01' general welfare, and a110weü by the l:"nitecl States in Congress assernhled, shaU




NIN'l'JI CEKSUS. 31
11(\ defrn;>ed out of a common tr¡;asnry, which Rha11 bo snppliell by the seyera! States
in propol'tion to tlw valne of a11lall<l within each State, gmllted tü 01' snrveyed fol' any
porson, as snch lau,l amI the lmi1<1ings ami improvements the1'eon sha 11 be estimated,
ncconling to 8n('h 1ll01[0 as the enit"a SÜ1Íes in Congl'ess assemuleü 8haU from time to
tÍllle dil'ect l!llIl appoint.


'l'he taxes rOl' lm.\'inl-( thnt pfoportion shall he bid lLnd levied by the anthority and
tlirectioll of tho l('giRJatnres nf tlw R,w('ral States, within the time agreed npnn by the
l:nited Statt's in COllgress ltssellluled.


The nillth artiele contaille<l oul,}' a single clam;e relating to the cen-
sus:


T1H\ Ullited StatcR in Congress assmllhled HItall ha ye nuthorit,), * * * to agree
llpon tite llllllLUel' of lalHl fOl'ees, allll to make ref[nisitiollS Ü'om e¡Lch State for its quota,
in proportioll to the nnmhel' of "wlJite inhahitants in sllell State.


1Vhen these two proyif;ions are compared with the eleyeuth article
01' J Ollll Dickiuson's dl'aught, it will he seen that, for census pllrposes,
the Congress hall takell a step lmckw:lrds. The former ])l'oyided in ex-
press tenns for a t1'ü'llllial ellumcratioll of the whole. }lopnlatülIl, exclud-
ing lIHlimHl lJot taxe<l. The latter cOlltemplated nothing more than an
enumeration of the white inhahitants, togetltel' witlt a ,'aluatioll of lamI,
,,'ith the iltlprOn~lllents thereOll. The formerreqnired a trienníal enumera-
tiOll; tlle latter left the whole mattel' to Rubseqnellt legislatioll. Con-
sic1el'Íug the wealmess of the confederacy, it is qncHtiolUlble whether
eyen Diekim;oll's artide would haye giyell us a llational enumeration;
cel'tain it is that tlw al'ticleH thelllseln's tlül HOt. Hut it iR idle to (~Olll­
pare the relatiye merits 01' tIte two documeuts. The oue noyer became
la \r; tlw otItel' lleY('l' pl'()(lnc('(l, eithel' a yaluation of lalld, 01' such par-
tial elllllneration of thc po¡mlation aH it couü'lllplatetl.


l. Vahtation of land.-The articles of confoderation did not become
binding until l\Ta.l'ch 1, 1781, at whieh time ::\larylalld, the ]ast of the
Statcs to giye in its adhesioll to the llew fOl'lll of goyornment, ratified
them. AlltieipMillg an earlier ratific:1tioll, COllgress took tIte following
actioll OH the lHth of Odobel', 1778:


\Ylu'r!'aH, u~' tlle eig"ltth artielo of the articlcs of confetlel'ation fllld pel'petlull union,
agret'll Ul'0ll fol' tlle Cnite,l ~tate~ of 1\ol'th Allwrica, it is proYidl'l1 that a11 expense
í()l' tilo COI1l11l0l1 ,1..t'''1l81' 01' gl'lIeral w .. lfan·, mlll a]]o" .. <1 hy tilo Cllite<1 StatpH in Con-
gress a,~,,,"hle<1. sllall he <ld'l'n)T<l ont of n COllllllon treasnry to 1Jl' snppliec1 by tlle
seYl'ral Statl's, in ]ll'flpol'tion to the yalne nf all lalHlo within eaeh State gr:l1lted to or
snrveyed fol' :my 1' .. r80n, :I~ sneh lall<l, a11l1 tIlO hnil<1illgs aul! illlpl'ovements thereon,
sha11 he "stimate,l, aceonling to Hue1l lllOde as tIte Cuite,l Sta tes in Congl'css asscmulcd
sllall, 1'rolll tim .. to time, <1il'('ct an<1 al'Point; an<l ,,11<.'1'ea8 tlw yalne at()1'esaid mnst,
from tlle lIatnre of things, frl'rlnently chauge, ltllll fre!juent valuations thel'euy ueeome
necessary: 'l'hel'efol'e,


Re8oll'ul, Th:tt it be l'ecollllllell!lcll to tilo seycral Sta tes to ins~rnct their delegates to
fix tlw perio<l of 811C1l yalnatioll.


Reso//'ul, Tltnt, in the opiuioll of CongTes~, ihe ycars IYiU be a propcl' tcrm fol' that
pnl'po~",


lt does 1l0t appear that this aetion produccd an." reRults.
By the time l)pac(~ WUR eoncludcd with Great Britain, tIte finallces of


the eOlltederaey had fallen iitto inextricable confllsion. Dellutlld far
exceeded supply, obligations already incurred were to be met, interest
already aecrue(l was to be prO\'idf'ü f()f; the arm;v was to be paiel; and
the treasllry was ballkl'upt. COllgre8s yain ly sOllght to bl'ing order out
of chaos; yainl,\' tried to mect its obligatiolls. The en tire inefficiency
of the confederatioll, that "fil'ltl le ague of frielldship," as it styled itself,
\Vas enm more apparellt thall it hall becn during' thc progress of the
war. The seyerest stmin callle upon the ,yeakest part of the league.
The pl'cssnre (jf war beillg removed, the States had little inclination, or
""1>01'0 nnable, as the case may be, to respond to tho necessitics of the
Ilation. COllg'ress malle a he1'oic attelllpt to prmide for the interest on
the puhlic debt. lt cletermined that at least $2,500,000 would be needed




32 NINTH CENSUS.
allIlllally for tIlat purpose. It reeomllWIHled to tllC Ren\I'aI Statcs, "a~
illdispellsably neccssal'y to the publie credit, aud to tIte punct \lal aH!!
honol'llhle diseharg-e of the public debt, tn in \"(~st tlH~ L nite!! Stakti in
Congress asselllbled ,,'iIIt a l'o\yer to leY,\', for t11e utie of the United
States, dutiPR UpOll certain ldnds of goods impol'ted iuto the said Statf's,"
from auy foreign port, isIand, or plalltatiOJI. It \Yas ]¡oped that this
recoll1melldatioll, ii' coltlplieÜ witlt, ,yollld yicId an allllllUl rl'YellUe 01'
$1,000,000. To proyidc for the l.emaillderoftheneeessarYRlllII.it \Yas
resolY<.'d, "That it be fnrther reCOllllJlCIHled tu t1le ¡.;eycral Sta tes to
establish for ft ter m lilllitell to t\Yellty-fiYe ycars, and to appropriate to
tIte tlischarge of tIlO illterest alld principal of the d(~hts l:olltr:letecl (j',1
the fiüth of the Unite<l SÜÜPR, fOl' snpPol'ting tIte \Yar, snbstalltial amI
em~etuall'e\'8LmeR of snch llatllre as they l1lay .iudgt> 1Il0Rt con nllliellt,
fo1' snpplying tlleir respective pl'oportiol1R oi' $l,i)()O,OOO allllnally, f'xclu-
si,e ot' t110 alore-lllcntioll('<l (Inties, which prollortioll shaU be tixed alHl
equaJiz('rl, frolll time to time, acconlillg to tIte l'nl(~ w]¡ieh is, OJ' lIlay be,
prescribed by tho artieles oi' eOllft'tlemtioll: * * * * 1'J'(JI'irlct7,
tbat uutil the rnJe of confederatioll ean be earried i!lto praetic(\ tlw pro,
portions oí' tlle said 81,'-¡OO,OOO il[¡all be as i'ollows, viz:" '


The figures ]¡erc iHsm'[eü in tIw resolntiOll are olllitted, as they do not
heal' iUlJllelliatel.'y' 011 tJI() llistol'ilml deyejo)Juteut oí' tlle stlbject in hand.
Suffice it to say, tIte proportiolls of tIJe Stlltes ,,'ere gToUlHle(l 011 the
muuber of illbahitallt~ ill eaeh Sta te; the COllllllitt('e who reporte(] thC'lll
obsoryillg that Ne\, Hampshire, IÜJOde lslantl, COlltH~di(~nt, atlll1\lal'y-
lanc! harl producp¡l anthl'lltie doenmcnts of their llumllers; amI that,
1!l fixing the num bers oí' ot11er States, tltp~' hall lWPll gOYPI'lled by sudl
illformation as tlwy eonld obtaill. The follo\\'illg' is tlw tablü:
New Hampshirü _____ - - ______ . ______ -, ________ -. - - _. - __ _
l\lassaclmsetts ______________ . ____ - .. ______ , _ _ _ . ___ , ____ _
Hhodc ls1a11(1- _______ . , ________________ , - ____________ . _ .
Connecticut ________ . _______ , , ____ , ___________ ' ________ _
~ew Yorlc _________ - - - _________ - - - _. ___ , _______ . _____ _
New .Tersey ___ .. ____ . - - - - - __ . __ . ___ . ________ . ___ . ______ _
PennsylVftllia _____ , _______ . __________________ . ________ ..
Delawarp. ______ . _ . _ . ____ . _______ - .. - - _____ , ___ . _______ _
l\'lal'ylaud ________ . ____ - _. _ .. _" . _ . ____________________ .
Virginia _____ .. ______ - - - _____ . __ - _ - - - . _______ , __ .. __ , , _
NOl'th Carolina_. __________ . ___________________________ _
Sonth Carolina_ - - - __ . - - - - , _______ - - - - - - - . - ___ - _ - - _ - - __ _
Georgia _____ . _______________ . _____ . _____ . ___ . __ . ______ _


82,200
3im, (¡OO
50~400


:Wü; 000
:WO,OO()
1:;0, 000
:J:20, 000


;>i'¡, 000
:2:20,700
400,000
170,000
150,Ü()O


:2:1, 000
Total _______ , _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2, ;{;)!), :;00


The yagueness and unrf'liahility oi' the information aeeessihk to Con-
gl'ess, is S!Jo\Yll by 1\11'. ]\fatlison's snnuuar.y of tlle debate on tbe COlll-
mittee's l'ellort :


'fhe senHC of Congress hayillg becn t.aken on tIte trnth of the nnmhers nT,ortell by
t.he gruntL COllllllittÚ', lile lltlmbel' aUott.,,[ to ~otlth Caruli,m ''''lB l'c<lnce,[ to olle lmn-
dred and fifty thons:tnrl, OH tIte representation of the r1l'legates o[ that Statn, 'rhe
delega.tes oí' New J"l'~''Y also "oatender! í'or [1 rc.!netion, lmt wem 1II1S11Ccessi'nl. Those
oi' Virginia, also, ou tIte principIe tlmt COllgl't'ss onght uo! to Ilepart fl'OlIl tite rdatin,
Ilnlllbers giyen iu 1775, ,yitllOnt heing l'e'lllÍre,! l>y actnal retnms, whiell ]ulIlnot l,,'cn
obtained, eitlwr ft'Om that Stat" ()l' othel'~ wh",;e I'(']ations ,,',mltl he nu'Íell. '1'0 tbis
reasolling was opposetl thc verbal alH! erp,lible. inliJl'lllatioll receiy!O!I frOIll .Iiftercllt
persolls, and partieuh1rly 1II1', l\Iercul', which madI' tlle lllllUhel' of inltahitants in Vir-
ginia, after dedllcting two-fifths oftll,,, shryes, excecll tlte llllllllwr a.]]ottt'd to tJ1l' ~tatc,
Congresa were almost lluHuimolls agaillst tite r,,!Inctioll. A lllotion was lB",]" hy ~lr.
GClTais, seconrle([ hy }Il'. }IadisOll, to retlnce tllc llUluher of Ucol'gia 10 tif'tt'Cll tllOusand,




NINTH CENSUS. 33
011 the prolmhility tlmt their real IIUlulJcr did not e"cee,' it, aml thc cruelty of over-
Ioading a State w hich lwL1 he<'1I RO mlleh torn 'Hul exhau~tetl lJy the war. 'l'he lllotion
met with little support, antl waH almoHL uuanimously llegatived_


Uomparillg the total populatioll oí" the cOllgressional table of 1783
with 1\1r. Bancroft's total for the ;rear 1780, it wouhl at first appear
eltber that the popnlatioll had decreased, 01' that one 01' the other oí" the
two eRtimates must be errOlleOllS. Neither of t11ese conelusiollS, llOW-
ever, follows. For the fil'st time in the histOl'y of the United States we
meet, in 1783, ",-¡th a rule nf apportiollment that afterwards played a
conspienous part in the legislatioll and polities of the nation. In deter-
minillg tbe quotas of t11e Reyeral Sta tes, only three-fiftlls of the slaves
were eounted.


Convineed that some more efficient financial scheme was esselltial 1,0
the life of the confederation, UOllgl'eSS sought to procure an amendment
to the articles. IIence it sent to the States, with an urgellt request
that it might he ratified, the following :


So mlleh ofthc Ilth ofthe articles of confedflration ana llflrpetnal UUiOll uet\Ycell the
thirteell StMe.' nf Allwriea as is cOlltained in the wOfll~ followillg', to wit :


11 All eharg~s of war antl al! otlter eXl'l'ns" that sltall ue ineurred fo,. t.he common de-
fenc" 01' general wdfarl', ami 'allowed hy the Uniteü States in COllgresH asselllhleLl,
Rllall he ,kfrayc,l out oí" a. eOllllllOll treasllry, which shall he sllpplietl uy thc several
States, in propol'tion to the y:tIne of al!la!]([ wlt.hill each State, granted to 01' slll'veyed
for any per,;on, as sueh laJl(1 a]](1 tlw. bllil(lillgS a.ne! imprnYl'llle!lts thflreon ¡;!ml! he
estimated, aeeonlinl-( to wcl! modes as tlt<; LTnite,1 States in Congrl'ss assl'lllhled sha11,
frolll tillle to time, t1irect. a!}(] apl'oiut," i~ hereby revoked and made void; anü in placfl
thereof, it iR ,lc,-.]aretl antl eonc]¡H]pL!, that the same haYing hefln agree,] to in a Con-
gf('Sfi of tlw Ulliteü Statps, that al! f'i!:lrges of war autl all other eX¡Wllses that lune
lJl'eu 01' shal! lw inf"lll-r,'(] f(Ji' tlw ~()1ll1l101l dd-eIle.e 01" gf'neral wPlt;\l'P, an(t n 1I0w('(] by
t-he UnÍt.e,1 Statcs ill COllp;resR a~i;ellll'¡etl, "xenp!' RO far as "hall he otlterwisc l'royidc(l
for, shall uo (lefraye<1 out of:l common tre:umry, \yhich sha11 ue snPl?lie(l by the several
States, in prnport.ion to the wholo lI111nllüi' 01" ",hit" am] other free eiti7,PllS flll,l inImh-
itants, of tiy"ry ap;e, scx alHl conditioll, inclnding those bonntl to sprvitnde f'or a term of
years, alHl tln"'C'-Jifths oí' an othel" perRonH not ~olllprehClJ(lcd in the foregoing descrip-
ÜO/l, except lnditllls, !lot l':lyillg (axes, in cach State; whieh numher shall he t.rÍfm-
nially tak"n aB,1 translllit.(e,! to the United State.s in Cougress asselllbled, ill HllCh lllode
as t.hey "hall dircct a!ul aPl'oint.


It ís uot the pul'pose of thís papel' tu deal wiLIl the fitllLncial history
of the government, except in so far as it has a bearil1g OH the historieal
Ileyelopment of the cenSlls. Hell(;(~, no general illquir.y into the results
of the furegoing legi8lation is instituted. Snftice it to say, the proposi-
tion to abrogate tlw eighfh a1'tide alld to substituto anot11er in its
place did llOt prevail. 'rile <trtides of confederatioll remained un-
amended, until they were swept away by the COlH-ltitution of 1787. It
is proper to observe, 11 m\'e \'1'1', tbat the recollUlClldation of 1783 fur-
nishotl the framers 01' tlle COllstitlltioll ,,-ith the rule for apportiouillg
representatiyes anll díreet taxe,,; ttmong t11e seyeral States of the Uníon.


II. Ennmeration ol white inlur1litants.-This topie can be dismissed
in few words. On the ~lst of November, 1781, a motion was ma<le hy
1\:1r. Randolph, seconded by 1\11'. Uarroll-


That it he recommentletl to the legislatnrcs of the severa] Sta tes to canse to he ta.ken
and transmitted to Congress, as 8001\ as pORsihle, the IllUnUel' of the white illhuuitants
thereof, pursuaut to the ninth article of thc confederation_


This motion receivell the votes of hut six: States, anc1 was conse-
quently lost. It does not appear froUl tlw journal that the subject ,ras
agaill brought to tILe attentioll 01' tlle Congress.


Surveying the wholo fiel<1 .,of history to tlle elose of tbe continental
period, we see that so far from a censns having been achieved, there
had llOt even been a thorough euumeratiou of the popula.tion taken.
It was left to the Oonstitution to giye us first an eumueratiou, anc1
afterwards a census.


H.Rep.3-3




34 NINTH CENSUS.


The framers of the OOllstitution hall few, if any, more difficult ques-
tions to deal with thall the deterlllining of a rule for the apportionment
of representatives alld of direct taxes. The al'ticles of the confedera-
tiOll had proposed to distribllte the quotas of the land forces among the
States, aecording to the nnmber of white inhabitallts. Hence the ques-
tion arose in the Oonstitution, why uot appOl'tioll l'cpresentation and
taxation according to populatioll '1 'rhc eadier session of the convell-
tiou revealed wide dift'm'ellees of opinion; but ultilllutely the majorit,y
settled down in the cOIlvietioIl that tbe principIe proposed in 1788 was
the best practical solution of the diffienlty. But other tronblesollle
questiolls arose. vVhat shall be tlle ratio of representation? And shall
it be fixed for an till1e to come, 01' shall it he left to Uongress to adjnst
it to the growtll of population ~ In determilling the basis of represen-
tatioll, shall the whole populatioll be cOLlllted ~ Row shall the llumber
of inhabitants be determilled, aud at wlmt periods ~ 'rIle answers to
tItese questions were almm;t as Illlmerous as tlle re¡,;poIHlents. The first
was a prolific sonrce nf debate, but it is dismissed as llot germane to
the pl'esent inqui1'Y. In answer to tlle sceond, some proposed that the
whole llumber of the inhabitants of every descl'iption should be couuted;
others, that Indians llOt taxed sltould he excluded; others still to suu-
tmet the class last named, together with two-fiftIts of the slaves. In
allswer to the third, it was agTeed on aU hands that a carefnl enumera-
tiOll wOllld be necessal'y. Row SOOIl shrtll t.Ite first oue he taken '? Two
years, tbl'ee yeal's, and six j'em'¡.;, from t11e first meeting of UOllg1'ess was
suggested. Row oftell sIlall the eUllmeratioll be repeated"? Here,
again, tIle1'c was contrariety of opinion. Eve1'Y ten yeal's, cvery fifteen
years, every twel1ty .yeal's, was insisted ou by th1'cc different classes,
respectively. 'rIlese perplexil1g questioTls conld be settle(l only by a
compromise of views. The matured deIiberatiolls of the majority took
this well-known f01'II1:


H"'presentatives anfl direct taxes slutll 11e apportiolicd among the several States
w licl lilay be inclUllerl within this UlIioll, according to their respective Hum hers,
which shall he l1etermined by aelding to tlle whole llUlllber of 1ree persons, includillg
thos" bOllnd to sen.-ice 1'01' a terlll 01' years, nnd excllUlilll!,' IndianA llOt taxcfl, thrcc-
fiftls of aH other persons. '['he actual clllllllcration shall be maele withiu three years
after the íirst meeting of the Congres,s of the 1!nitetl Btntf's, amI within every subse-
qllcnt term of t.en yeara, in such !llanner as they shall by law direct.


This COllstit.utionaI proyisioIl lws gin~n us at eadl decennial period,
conuIIencing with 1790, an enumera tio!l oí' populatioJl, amI in two iIl-
stauces (18'-)0 and 18(0) a Ilatioual censns. Morean (le .rOIlIleS, a dis-
tingllisbed Freneh writer 011 stat.istics, prOllounees this eulogiurn on tIlO
American founders :


The United Statcs presents in its hi,tory a phenomcua which has llO paraHel. It iB
that of a peop1e who institutcd tILe stat,i,ticR of their couu!ry 011 the very (lay when
they foumled t.heir gOYf'rnn1E'nt, m1(1 who regulat,e(1 in the Rame iustrument thc cen8US
of the citizCllS, their eh'il and politicnl rights alld tlw destinies of the country,


,¡. *' ... *' ~ * *' ':4 *'
H appears that. statistiflS was seriously IllLfIel'taken seventy years ago, by a people


who, though vcry jcalollH of tllPir liberties, dicInot hesit,ate to pnllish as a criminal
ojfellce what woultl other\\'ise be rf'garcted as au Ilnimportallt aet, 'ro ohtain the sta-
tisticH of poplllatioll is, in the Unitcd Rt.ates, a ('ivil dnty that appcared su importallt
to the assembly over which \Vashingtoll flI'csitIecl, amI of which 1Iadiaon, Livingston,
and Franklin were llleIllher~, that it pronounced }Jeualties against the inhabit.ant or
the magistrate who lle~lectcd it,


De JOllne.s's enlogiullL is Iwrbaps oYer-warlll. TIte American censns
is a growtli; the OOllstitutioll eOlltains simply tIte germ. There is no
evillence to sbow that the Ameriean fonnders, 01' any OIlC of tltem, COIl-
sidered the cOllstitutional proyisioll eited aboye in its scientific aspect.s ;
they had no thonght of c1'eating a censns, tIle results of which should




NINTH CENSUS. 35
answer the tllOllSal1d questiol1s of social and polítical sciel1ce; they con-
templated a simple enumeration of population, as furnishing a basis for
apportioning l'epresentatives aud direct taxes. Rnt if thc founders did
not look to the ends of seienee, tIte Y pl'ovided au instrument with which
the ends of science can be attained.


The iirst Congl'ess, at its second session, passed a law to carry the
constitutional provision into cffect. It was a:pproved March 1, 1790.
As tbis luw is t,he model after which subsequel1t laws are fashioned,
some of its leading provisions are here stated. It was made the dutl
of the marshals of the several distriets of thc United States to take
tIte enumeration, they ltaving power to appoint as mal1y assistants
within their respective districts as to tltem should appear necessarYi
the enumcration was to commence on the iirst l\Ionday in August, 1790,
and to close within nine calendar months thereafter i the marshaIs were
required to file the returns with the dcrks of their respective district
courts for careful prcservation, and to forward the aggregate alllount of
eacIt detlCription of persolls withill their respective districts to the Presi-
dent of the U llited States; each assistant marshal was required, pre-
vious to making his returll to t11e marsItal, to cause a corrcct copy of
tIte schedule, signed by himself, to be set up at two of the most public
places within his divisioll, there to remaill for public inspcction.


l'revious to tIte euactment of thc cellsus Iaw of 1800, some public-
spirited citizens, engaged in seientific and philosophical pursuits,
sought to prevail on COllgrcss to make the cemms of that yeal' something
more thall a hare ellumeratioll of population. Two learncd societies me-
morializcd Congress OI! tite sui!ject. Copies of their memorials are ¡neor-
pOl'ated into this paper, as heing importallt cOlltl'ibutions to the history
of t11e American census :


ME:'lOnIAL.


[Communicated to !be Sena!e Januu.ry 10, 1800.]


To the honorable the Scnale and nOU8f of Repl'csentath'es of tlte lJnited States :
Tlle memorial of the American 1:'hiloRopllical Society respectfuIly showeth: That


this soeidy, institute¡l for t,he promotioll of USCflll kllowlcuge, undel'standillg that the
legislatuI''' nf the LlIion have umler their cOllRideration a hill for taking a llew census
of the inlmbit:mts oí' the United Sta tes, cOllshlcrs it as o/fering an oCCUSiOll of great
Ytllue, alld lIut otherwisc to be ohtaillcd, uf asecrtaillillg sumIry faets highly important
to societ.r. Ull(lcr this illlprcssioll, they lwg l",ave resp('ctfll11y to snbmit to the wisuom
of the legisbtnre th¡; expedícncy of re¡lllÍring from their Offi¡;erR, in addition to the
tuble in tlle fonlle!' ud f()r the Rame pUl"pUSC, othcrs prescntilJg u more detuiled view of
the ínhahit:mts of the United States, nnder several diifcl'ent aspects_


They ~()1lsider it as important to determínB the efl:'¡;ct of the soil amI climute of the
United State;; on the inh~hit;]lltR thercof; and fuI' this pnrpose, divilling Jife into cer-
tain epochs, to ascertaín thc existing numbers withill each epoch, frum \\'hcllce muy be
calculated the ordinury durution of life in these Stutes, the chances of life for every
cpoch thereof, and the ratio of the increaRe of their populat,ion; firmly heJieving that
the result wil! be sensibly llifferent from whut is prcsentcd by the tables uf other
{'ountries, hy which we are, from llecessity, in the 1mbit of estimuting the probabilitics
of life here. Anrl they hnmhly 8nggest" aR proper for tlwse pUrpOSf'R, the intervals be-
tween the following epuchs, to \Vit: Births; two, fivc, tcn, sixteell, twenty-one, and
twenty-five years oí' age, and every tenn of five ;rears from thellce to one llUlIdrcd.


For the pnrpose, aIRO, of more exactly distingnishing the illcrease of popnlation by
hirth and emigratioll, thcy IJwpose that another table shall prcsent, in separate col-
nmns, the respective numbers of native citizens, citizens of foreign birth, and of
aliens.


In ordel' to ascertain more complctcly thc causes which iníluence life amI health, anll
to fnrnish a curious and nseful docnment of the distributioll uf society in thcse Rtates,
and of the conditiollS amI voeations of our fellow-eitizens, they propose that still
another table ¡¡hall be formed specifying, in different columns, the number of free male
inhabitullts, of a11 ages, engagcd in lmsilless, nlldcr the following 01' 8lleh other descrip-
tions as the gl'eatel' wisdom of the legislature ¡¡hall approve, to wit: 1st, men of the




36 NINTH CENSUS.
l"nnH'd profcssionR, includil1g clergymel1, lawyers, physicians, those employed in thf:
filll' al'ts, tcacher~, a11fl scribes in ge11ernl; 2<1, lllerchallt.s, amI tnules, illclluling ballk-
ers, insnrers, brokers, a11l1 dealers oi' ever.l killfl; 3d, marines; 4th, hantlicnlftsmen;
5th, lahorcrs in agricnlture; 6th, labol'f',l's of other tlescriptions; 7th, üOlllestic 8e1'-
vants; 8th, paupers; 9th, persons of no IHtl'tienlal' eallillg, living 011 thcir incomc; care
heing ta ken that ever.) persou 1.e 1l0lOd hut once in tho ta hle, and that ulHler the de-
sel'iptioll tu which he principall~' holongs.


Thc.l tlaHer themselyes that, from their dat¡t, trnth will result vcry satisfactorily to
Ollr citizens; that, nnder tlw joint iuHuenee of soíl, clirnate, amI oeeupatioll, the ,lnra-
t,ion of hnlllan life iu this portian of the ea.rth will be fonwl a.t lea"t cqnal to what it
is in any other; antlthat its popnlation illerea~e~ with a rupidit.l nncqualctl in aH
ot1H1rs. .


\Vlmt other views muy he aclvalltageonsl.' tak"n tltey 8nhmit, with tllOSC ahove sug-
gestecl, to the superior wisdom oi' Congre~H, in whose tlceision they will aC(llüesee with
llnqnalified respecto


By onlcr of the society :


XElIIORLlL.


THm,fAS JEFFERSUN,
[>,·e"ident.


[Commnnkateil to thH Sm"üe ,Tannary ]0, ]800,]


'1"0 the 7/Onorable ¡he Sonata and HOI/Be of RepI"P,eJltativcs of the lJniteü Sta/cs iJl Congl'css
aB8cmblcd:


Thc memorial oi' the UOllnecticut Aca<lemy oi' Arta aud Scienccs respectfnIly show-
eth: That this academy, beiug illstitutetl for the pnrpose of promotil1g the varions
branches of usefllllwowlec1ge, deem it [In obje¡:t very intlerestillg to a j"oung alltl flonr-
ishillg republie to hecome acqnainted with ita UWll natural hiator.)', and especially with
whatever regnrrls the origin amI l'ro~perit~' 01" its population. AnlPriea. elljoying a
seqnflsterecl sitnatiou ou thc glohe, Rt'elllS to he peculiarI.l tittt1,1, by Iwl' kisure amI
llleallH, tu cultivate the arts of peaee withont intelTul'tioll. TIte euitc,l St<tt,e~, COlll-
prcItclHling a, great variety of c1imate,;, have t]w power by legislative lllf'aSnres to
collect and combine 1!1Hler Olle vicw lllauy illlpOl'tant fads relatlve to thc eJI"ects uf
dimatc, molles oi" living, fa('e of the C011l1tl'y, a11(l occllpations Ul'0ll tIte .. lutl'acter oi'
diseases anel the c!ul'ation of hnman life. Aml your llIclllorialists caUl10t lJ1lt helieyo
tbat tite Icg"islatllre 01' Hüs extensive couuky ,~'iH consifler these ohjccts very inter-
esting in a seient,ific vicw, alld weH calcnlaterl t,(, ¡mswer v;¡lna1.Jle lHU'poscs in civil
econollly. Yonr memorialists conclOivc that to prescut ¡wd futnre gelwrations it ,,,ill
he highl.l gratifyiug tu ohs()rYc the progreSA of population in this conntry, alHI to he
a ble to trace the prupo1'tion of itd in crease frnm native Alllc1'icaus and frolll foreigners
emigrating at Sl1ecpssive perio!lsj to ObReryO tlw l'rog-ress 01' deelillf1 of vario118 oce,upn-
tiOlIS; tlw eft'eeís of 1'01'uIations, 111x11ry, meehanic arts, the cllltivation of laJl(lH, amI
tlw clminillg oi' marshes on the health amI 101lgevity of the eitizens 01' the Ullitell
States.


For tIte Recollll'lishment 01' these a.nd other scientiJic ohjects, to whieh OH this cx-
tensiye seale no individual intlustry ia competellt" your ULl'lllOrialists heg leave to
reqnest yonr honor8 to direc,t hy law that tlw llext c<,nsus of the inhabitants of the
United Rtates ma.' eOlllJlrehend the following particulars, namelj":


The Illl111ber oi' chíldren nnder the age oí" two ye¡trs, and oetween the ages of two
and Jive; tIJe 1111mher of pe1'80n8 betweeu the agcs of sixteen amI thirt~·, thirty ancl
tift.), fifty a11(1 seYl'llty, seycnt:v amI eighty, ninety and one hlln<1re<1, ¡HuI ahoye OllC
hnlldred, disting;uishing in eaeh clasa the mnles fmm tlw fenHllos; the n1lmher of per-
s..,s not born in thtl Uniteü Atates; tlw 111lll1bcr of persons in ench of thfl h:nHliernJt
occnpatious; tlIe l!1llllber oí" lllerchallts, enltivator8 of lnn<1, an,l profes,;iollal !llen,
!listingllishillg the professions; the 11lllllhér of Iwtl'rieü persons, 01' umnarried versons
aboye thirty year8 of age, oi' widows, a1l(1 widowers.


AmI .lour mcmorialists reqnest that the retllrns frorn the sevcral cities, tOWllS,
connties, or other distriets may he kept <1iRtinet.


As yonr mernorÜtlists haye in eoutemplation solel.) to eolled the materia.ls for a com-
plete view oi' the natural history of man amI soeioty in the eonutry, they have full
confillellce that y0111' honora will cheerfll11y 1cml the aiel 01' lcgislative 1'1'Oyisiolls in
snoh manner amI tu sneh !'xtent as shall be dl'lllanded effectnallv to attain so dcsi'rahlf'
=~~ .


By order of the acadelllj":
TIMOTHY DWWHT,


I'n8idenl.


The Senate referred these memorials to a committce a]rpad.r charged
with the duty of preparing a census law. It does not appcar from the




NIKTH CE~SUS. 37
journalof the Senate tItat this cOlllmittee, although instructed to do so,
ever made a reporto ~o mention is made of the memorials in the re-
corded debateR. These two faets show how little the legislature of 1800
were interested in the Reientifie bearings of a nutional census. 'fhe 1aw
finally elIaeted, approvetl February 28, 1800, was modeled after that of
1790, but eontained sorne new features of minor importanee. Tlle gen-
eral direction of the census was placed in the hallds oí the Seeretary of
Sta te, whcl'e it remailled ulltil tIte passage of the law of May 23, 18.')0,
when the Censns Office was made a part of the llewly-erected Depart-
Illent oi' t1w Interior. The schedule ,vas cOllsiderahly extended.


In uno the popu1ation schedule of 1800 was used withollt modifica-
tiOll. But now, for the first time, tlie scope of the eellSUS was elllarged.


An aet approved ),Iay 1,1810, amcndatOl'y of the aet oi' .!\farch 1, 1810,
required the several marshals, seeretaries, and theil' assistants, "at the
time for taking the censns 01' enmneration aforesaid, to take, under the
dircction of the Secretary of the Treasury, amI accordiug to snch in-
structiOllS as ho should give, an accoullt of the several manufacturing
establislutlents and manufactorics within their several distriets, ter-
ritorios, and divisions."


Still 'no schedule was incorporatell inlo the 1aw-it was 1eft to the
discretion of the Secretary to constructo The results obtained iu allswel'
to such inquiries as We1'8 made were of no great value; still the exper-
iment was l'epeated ten ycars latero


Tho law of MaTch 14, 1820, made it the duty of the " severalmarshals
and their assistants, at the time for taking the said census, to take,
Hnder the c1irection of the Sccretary of StMe, and according to such in-
structions as he shall gin, and such forms as he shall preseribe, an
accoullt of the several inalluf~tctnI'Íllg establishments amI their manu-
faetures, within their seyeral clistricts, territories, alld divisions."


These two attempts to gather statistics of manufactures were so Httle
successful, that in taldng the censns of 1880 the attempt was wholly
abanuonod. In 1840 a munufacturers' schedule was used; but it was
not unti1 the passage of the law of 1850 that results of Rubstantial
yalne were Hrrived ato Even that was so imperfcet in operation, that
in framing a lIew law no part of it needs to be more closely studied than
the industrial schedule. lt has been stated aboye that the census of the
United States is a growth, only the germ of which is found in the federal
Constitution. The fact is susceptible of more striking illustratioll. To
eomprehend the vigor and the extent of this growth, the schedule of in-
quiries used in the seyeral censases should be studied in their chrono-
logicalorder. To facilitate such study, they are here presented as thus
arranged. The study will show six sehedules, with more than one hun-
dred inquiries, in 1850 a11(11860, in place of the one schedule with six
inquiries in 1790.


[1790. ]
Schedule of the whole nmnbm' of pel'80n8 u:ithin the division al/otted to A. B.


N ames of beads of
families,


FTeC,Whitemalesl . 1 :Free wbite
All othcr free


persons.
of slxteen years Free w bIt e I females, in-
and npwa.l'd, 111- UlUle:'! under 1 d' 1 'd cl~dillg. heads I sixteen ycarS'j' ~flfa~¡hc~. s
of famihes. 1 1-1--


SJa"es,




I Name of th~ cOllnty, pnrish, township, town 01' city,
whel'e the í'amily resides.


~
00


----1 Name uf IWl1,Ioffamily. -~~ ------------ ~
;:<


'" I Free whito males nmIel' 10 years uf age.
I Free white males of 10 and nnder 16.


"" ~
.s,
~


'"


I Freo white mules of 16 amI under 26, including heads
of familios.


I ]'1'00 white males of 26 and nnder 45, including heuds
of families.


I Free white males of 45 ana upward, inelnding ho",18 of
f'aulÍliel:i.


I Free whlto femalos nudor 10 year. of age,


I Free white femalea of 10 yeara añd undcr 16.


'" ". e


'"' '" ::
'" "'" Z " ..,


..... ~ Z
>-:l


""
,...., p:¡ ~ ...... 00


O
e O


'"
o


t:j '" W N Z '" <fJ ~ C1 ~ S.
'"


---1 Free white female" of 16 and umIer 26, including
heads of familie8.


I Free white females oí' 26 amI ullI1er 45, including heads
of familics.


B;
'" ~:
~
~


-_____ ~I __ ~ _______


I Free white remalcs of 45 and ul'wanl, including heads
of familics.


1-
I All ~ther free persons, excopt Indians, not taxed.


I I Sla""s.


R'
.,..


S'
4..
~




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I C o t t . o n m a n u f a c t u r i n g € ' s t a b l i s h m e n t s .


_ _ _ _ _ _ _ - - - - ' I - : C ' = ' o = t t o n d u e k : : : c . - - - ; ; - - - o - - - c c - _ : - : - : : - c , - _ , - - - _


1 1 I c m p c n m a n u f a c t u r i n g e s t a b l i s h m e n t • .


_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 B l e n d e < 1 a n < 1 u n n a m e u c l o t _ h _ " _ R _ n d _ s t _ u _ f l s _ .


! T o w e 1 o t b .


! W o D I e n rnanufacturin~ e s t a b l i s h m e n t s .


_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I C o t t o n a m I w " o ! s p u n ~n m i l l s . _ _ _ _ _


I W e b l a c e a l l d f r i n g c .


1 S t o c k i n ¡ ( 8 ,


_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 =Lc::O_Olll~_~~~}O_tl!H o f c o t t O I l


j


w o o l , & c .


_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1 C u n U n g m a c h i l l e A .


1 F u l l i n g m i l l s ' - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _ - _ - _ _ - - - - - - - -


I S e w i n g R i l k a m I r a w ¡ . ¡ i l k .


1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ l . T e I l u i e " ' s ' - . _ _ _ _


1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ - ' I . . : . K p i l l d I P " .


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I Spinnill~ whpt:l~. _ _


1 H a t t e r i c s .


1 F n r n a c e s .


- - - - - 1 B a r i r o n . & c .


_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I~l!lp h a m m e r s .


_ _ ~ _ _ I Rolling_~lld s 1 i t t i n g l u i l l s .


1 N a i l e r i e s . - - : - _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,


I I , V i r e dl'~~wilig_.


I


I G U I H u n i t h s .


1 B l a e k a l l l i l h s - c , - - W - O - - c ; l - k - - . - - - - - - - - - I


- - - - - - - - - c - I ~Steel fllrllact'~.


I H y d r a n H e eIl~Í1le Illakt~r8.


- - - - - - - - I - T R C k s . - - - - - - - -


1 C l o c k s a m I w ! l t d " , • .


1 G o l d " n d s i ! v e r w O I ' k .


- - - - - - - - - I T i n p l a t o wo><r~kco. _ _ ~-


- - - - - - - - - I - . M a n u f a c t " u r e s o f l l l i x e d m e t ' - : a ' ! s - . - - - - -


_ _ _ _ _ _ 1 C o p p e r a n < 1 b r a s s m a n u f a c t u r e s .


1 B o ) ] • .


- - - - - - - - - 1 Buffo~---


1 L~a<1.


- 1 T a l l o ' , , - · - c c - c a c - n ' d " - l o c c s - . - - - - - - - - - - -


I - S o a p .


1 ~permaceti c a n d I ¡ ; S : - - - - - - - - - -


- ---I-Spel'm~roil:


- - - - - - - - - 1 > v i I " ) e o i ! ,


--r~pt~rmam . . , t i H l l t i w h a l e - ü H .


- - - - - - - - - - - - ¡ I T a n n e r í e s . - - - - - - - - 1


- 1 B o o ! s , s b o e s , a n , C ' ¡ l i p p c r s , ¡


_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ; 1 ~,,<ltlleI'y. _ _ _ _ 1


1 M o r o e e o s k i n s . '


1 L e a t b o r g l o v e s . I


I C a t g u t . i


1 F l ú · s e e d o i l :


- - , - S I ü r i t s ,li~a1e<l f r O l l l g r a i n .


- - - - - - - - - I - S p i r l t s - ' 1 i s l i l l e d f r o m r u o l a : : ' : s s - e - , s - . - - - - -


1 A ) ] k i l l l l s " f " p i r i t a d i o t i l f e r l .


I - B e e r . - - = - - - ' - - " - - - - -


¡ - S h i p p i n g . - ¡


- - - - - - - - - I - C a b i I f f i t w o r l L '


1 C h a i r s .


I C i - u ' I ' i a g - e m a k e l " s .


I \ V a g o l l s .


----~----I-"Tüo"dc::e-=n-cw=ar=-c::-' = u : : n : : n - = a = m c c e " ' , d .


1 R a k e s .


1 E s s e n e e o f " p r u c e ,


I O H o r eSSell(~H 0 1 ' t u r p e n t = i n = e . ' - - - - _ _ _ _ _ _


_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ¡IHugarrefined_~. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ,


_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ : 1 P a p e r : - - - - -


I l ' l a y i n g c a r d 8 .


----------+I-:¡~Ci{?arM¡; s a w · m i l l s . - - - - - - - - - -


· S l l S N . : 3 : D H . L N . I N .


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M e n .


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r QII~lltity , u f r n a - I .~.


¡ cln~lery I I I o p e - ] : 1


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I 0 1 ' e H y . " , h ( ' r e t h e f a m i l y r e s i d e s .


~fl~~lies.


- - - - -


\ F r e e w h i t e m a l e s n n d e r 1 0 y e a r A .


- - - - - - -


I F r e ( . , whih~ m a l e s o f 1 0 a n d U l l ( l ! - - , T ' 1 6 .


_ _ _ ! ~'~~~~~ male8--b~tween ~~1~-8·.--- _ _


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1 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~g ~~_l1_s_o_f _ f a m i l i _ e _ s _ . _ _ _ _ _


F r e e w h i L e m a l e s o f } ; ! ü a m I u l l r h - \ l ' 4 : > , i n c l u d -


i n g h c a d s u f f~lmilics.


- - - - ' - - - - - - -


1


F r e e w h i t e m a l e s ~i4!;--;;;;(1 u p w a r u , i l l C l u u -


i n g } l í ' a d s o í f a m i l i e H .


- - - -


- - - - r ' ( ) r e i g n e r s n o t l l a L u r a l i z e t ! .


l\l~lles u n d c r 1 4 .


I ) l a l e s o í 1 1 a n t l u n t l e r 2 6 .


~ ! ~r a l e s o f 2 6 a n , l n m I e r 4 5 .


§ - I


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: : \ T n l t ' s u f 4 5 a n d u p w a r d .


~~_L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _


! F c - m a l e s o f 1 4 .


1


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F c m a l e s o f 2 6 f l l u l u n t I e r 4 . ' ) .


I ] " ' I I J a I " s o f 4 5 a m I u p w a n l .


- - - - - -


- - - - - \ - Y a I C S ~~14 y e n r H .


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- - - - : - - - - - - 1 " "


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----l~ales 0 1 ' ' 1 5 a n d u p w a r u . : - - - - 1 ;


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¡---------------¡I-~,. a n l e o í ' c o u n t y , t'ity~ w a n L t , O W I l . t o w n s h i p , p a r i s b ,


l ' I ' e c i n c t , h n n d r f ' d , 0 1 ' d i s t r i c t . : . - . , - - _ - , - _ _


_ _ I S n d e r 5 ~~'S o í ' a g p . - - 1


I O . f 5 a l l d l l l l l l O I . ' 1 0 . . \


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~1-0f 1 5 a m I l l u c h ' ! ' 2 0 .


I O f 2 0 a u d " n ( l " i · 3 0 ' - . - - - - - - - - -


I O f - 3 0 a m l u " , l e r 4 0 . \ t : : :


I O f · 1 0 " , u d u n u e r 5 0 , ~


I O f 5 0 " , m I u n < l e r 6 0 , ' ! '


L Q f 6 0 a m l u u d e r 7 0 . - - - - - - . 1


I O í ' ; 0 a n d u m l e r S O .


I O f ~o " u d u n d e r ~o.


I O f ~O a m l u l H l e r l O O ,


- - - - - - - - - - - - 1 O f l O O m l l 1 n 1 ' w a r c l .


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SCHEDn,E 6.-Social Statistic8 of 1850 and 1860.


~ AXNUAL 'fAXES. COLT.EGES, ACADRUIEt:i, AXl> ::;ClIOOLS.
"¡;'


;a
'c:


!
Valuation of estate, real amI


I·ersonal. K,m", OI' ki["lll A mOllTlt I Ro '1
of cacho of cach'l w pau .


Ch t I ~ 1\.mol:'t allllU- --- -- -- I ---- -----
aT~(, cr, I XO.of :\o.o[ al1y I'I';db:PII l~ai~ll by Itrce1yctl from I "Hce<'ive<l fl'om ~';::d: 01' t"",,1I .. I'". pupils. :~~:~.("mlow. taxati011. lmulí" í"uIlIIH. otILe,. HonTee •• ::-;-0.


2 ~ 5 6 10 11 12 13


TIpal pstate ........... $
ppl'sonal est.ate _. ____ .


Total. ............ .
Howvalnctl ? ... ___ .. .


Trlle Yalllation. _ .. __ . _


8EASO~¡; ANlJ CHOI'S, I
\Vh~~:~1~-;'l-I'~~tT TI~~-~~;-
al'l~?"rt· eX~::lt~111 [¡¡.(e1:~oP. I
-·---I~· .. --


------


" :§ I..l1~HAHIES. XLWtiPAl'EIL8 -,,\~D }'EUlOllICAT.S. nF.LHao~.
-~


"" .... ~ 11'\0. ¡¡
'" Z


Charaet,l'r. How unen puu- CirrnlatiOll. ! ~-o. of I .. ¡ Xo. Plldl wi11 I Valneofchurch lislleu. chnl'cheH. DE'llOImnaholl.; acconnuodate. })l'operty .
-_.---


x o. of Yolllml'~. ¡
I


__________ 1


.xame. Rind.


17 18 19 20 21 22 Zl 24 25 26 ~7 28


IJ;>
O":


2:
H


2:
>-3


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a


t::1
2:


('f)
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rn




NINTH CENSUS. 47
The growth oí the American censm; cannot be illnstrated in a more


Rtriking manner than by making :tn ex]übit of the varions census pnb-
Iicatioris, ana of the cORt of taldng thc sm-erul censuses ana publishing
the resultR. Such an exhibit is here appended:


1790.-" Retnr'll of the whole nnrnber of persoIls within the several
districts of the United States, &c." This first census publientioIl was
an octavo pamphlet of fifty-two pages, publishecl in 1792. Thc entire
eost of this census was $44.377 18-


1800.-" Heturn oi' the ,,:hole nurnber of persons within the several
districts of tite Ullited States, &c." This was a folio oí' seventr-eight
pages, l'ublished in 1801. 1'he cost of this census was $66,609 04.


1810.-The report of this census was in two folio volumes: 1. "Aggre-
gate amount of each description of persoTts within the Ullited States,
&e." This was an oblong folio of llillety pages; hnt it .Ioes uot sllow
the date oí" publieation. Ir." A series 01' Tables of the severaI branches
of American :Manufactllres, exhibitillg them in eyery County oí' the
Union, so far as they are retlll'lH:,d in the Reports of the lVIarshals and of
the Secretl1l'ies of the Territories, aUlI of their respective assistallts, in


. the autnmn of the yeal' 1810: togetlter with rctnrns of cedain doubtful
goods, prodlletiollS of the soil amI agricultural stock, so far as they
haye been receivt>tl." 170 pp., 4to. Edited by Tcneh Coxe, amI pub-
Iished May 30, 1813. The cost of the censns of 1810, S1178,444 67.


1820.-1. ,. Oemms for 1820, &c./' a folio oí' one hUlldred alld sixty-tour
pages; pnblished in 1821. II." Digest of ACCOlllltS of .:\lallufaetnr-
ing ESbLblishments, &c.," a folio oí' Olle hundred pages, prillteel in 1823.
Cost of tIte ('PUStlS, $20S,52;3 UU.


1830.-" Fifth Ol'!lsm; or Ennmeration of tIle 1nhabitants oí' t11e Ullitecl
States." This voIume was a large folio of 163 pagos, printed in 1832.
This report was so wretchedly printed, that Congl'ess required by law
a republicatioll, whieh was made tIte same yeal' uneler the immediate
direetioll oí' the Secretary of' Statc. The erroneous and correeted edi-
tions are bonnd togethel'. This republicatioll enhanced the eost of this
censns to $:378,543 13.


1840.-1. "Colllpelldium of the EllUlneratiOll of the 1lIhahitallts and
Statisti<~s of the United Statei-l," a folio of 37U pages, prillted in 1841.
IT. "Sixth Cellsus 01' Enmllcration oí' tlw Inhabitants 01' tite Ullited
States," folio of 470 pagefi, 1841. IlI." Statistics of the United States,
&e.," a large, oblong folio of 410 pages, 1841. IV." Cellsus of Pension-
ers for Re\-olntiollary nnd .i\Iilitnry ~el'Yiee, with their llames, ages, ancl
places 01' residellec, &e/' 4to, UHi pages.


The total eost 01' thefie ccnsnses ",as $833,370 95. .
1850.-I. "The Sewllth Cellsus of the Unitcd States," qnarto oí' 1,02~


pp., 185:3. lI." Statistieal View 01' tIle United States," oetayo of 400
pp.,1854. ITI. "Mortality Statisties ofthe SeYellth Censns, &c.," octavo,
pp. 304,1835. IV. "Digest oftlle Statistics of l\Iallufaetnres," octavo, pp.
143, publislted in 185U as Senate Bx. Doc. No. ;)9, seeond session thirty-
fifth Congress. Cost np to September 30, 1853, $1,318,0:37 53. Thcre
were three 01' fonr subseqnent apprOIJriations for this cellsus, amounting
to aoout $11,000.


1860.-I. "Preliminary l~eport of the Eighth Cellsns, 1860," octavo,
~94 pages, 1862. II. "Final Heport," in four q narto yolumes, as 1'ollows :


Volnmc I. "PopnIatioll," pp. 6U4. Pnblished in 1864.
Volume II. "Agrienltllre," pp. 29;¿. Published in 1864.
Volume IIL "Manufactures," pp. 746. Pnblished in 1865.
Volumc IV. "l\fol'Íalit,r alld .:vliseeIlalleous Statistics," pp .. 584. Pub·


lished in 1866.




48 Nr~TH CENSUS.


Tho appropriatiolls fol' this ernsus havr amoullted to $1,7SG,3,'"íO 73,
and over S~OO,OOO remain nnpaid, chiefiy the final payments to assist-
ant mars]¡als in the southern States, for which no appropl'iatioIls have
been maue.


Thc fOI'cgoing historieal view of the rise and progressof the American
CCllSUS SllOWS that its dr,'rloplllPut has bren, ilt tlle main, uniform auu
constant. Still t\Vo dates may be fixed upon that are justly elltitled to
be called eras: 1787, t11r era of tlle Constitntion, when tbe national gov-
erIllllPut made itself respollsible for taking a decCllllial cnurueratioIl of
the pcopIe; lS;')(), WhCIl the law nnder w11ieh the last two censuses \Vere
takcn, was passed-a law that gave us in 1860 the most eomplete eensus
thut any natioI! has ever hado vVith thc lapse of the last twenty years
statistical science, and the ceusas espeeially, 01' au illstrumellt of t11e
oellsus, has llUHIp rapid progress. Paralld witlt tito growth ofstatistimtl
scioneo thero h.HS becn an astollishing development of the po \Ver of tl1e
Ámeriean people alld the resourees of our eountry. Tite time has come
WhCIl, in t'raming a Hew law, a1l0t11er stop in the advaneo shonl<1 be
taken-a step so important that 1870, like 1850 um11787, muy hereafter
be poillted to as an epodl in the growth of the national eemmi-!.


\Vhile reeognizing the grcat relative lUcrits of the last eensns, it is
also evident that the importallt ath~anees made in sodal science, and tbe
gl'eat eIlallg(~S that lmn~ oconrrc(1 in Olll' eOlllltI''y cInring the last deeade,
require a 1'cvision of tIle la\\'.


'1'0 thi8 end tlle eOllllllittee ha\~e rxalllined the principal defeds in
tlle metllods amI inqniries of tlle cxisting law, amI will point ont tlle
remedies proposed in the pending bill.


I.-DEFECTS IN TIIE PRESEN'l' :\IE'l'HOD UF 'l'AICING TIIE CENSUS.


1. Tlle work of taking the census shonlu no longer he eonllnitted to tllfl
cha1'ge of the Unit(,d States mari-!lmls. TIlCse offie~'rs helong to the
judicial (1epartment of tlw g'!H'el'Ilment; are llOt e1lOsen with a view to
their fitness for census-taking, 01' any statistieal inquiry; and whether
so qualilied 01' nol, tlle greatly illcreased duties devolY(~d UpOIl tllPIIl by
the revcnlle l:l'vs, lmnkrnpt laws, am1 otller legislation, sincc tIJe Jast
eellSUS \Vas taken, make it more difficult now th:m c,'er before for them
to do this WOl'k alld do it \\'e11; amI in t he popular mind they are so
associated with arrcsts and seizures that tlteir eensus yisits will ereate
uneasiness and snspioio1l8.


The uncqnal siw of territor,Y cmuraeed in thoi1' several districts lcads
to an unequal and nnwise distribution of the duties oi' superdsion,
amI this injnl'ionsly affeets the llniformity, prolllptne~s, and effieielley of
tbe work. One is oharged wit11 tho snpcl'vision of all tho censns work
in Massachnsetts, with its mil1ioll ane1 a quarter of inhabitants, while
another ¡mpel'intClHls a distriet clllbl'acillg hut olle-half of Florida, anü a
population of SCYCllty thonsand, and allothcr has but one-third of Ala-
bama and a popnlation of three hundred and twellty thommnd.


There are sixty-two jnc1ieial di~tl'iet~ alld as many ma.r~hals. Thirty-
t11ree af the States and Territories compase eaeh a singe district. Ten
States eontaill two distl'iets eaeh, alld thl'ee are di Yided iuto t11ree distriets
eaeh.


This is not only an nnequal distl'ibntion of dnty, but the growth of the
oountry has made mau'y of tIle c1i~triets too large for auy olle lflHll to per-
form thorollghly amI expcditiously the \York of 8npervision.


2. Too mneh time is aIlowed in taking the eensus and publishing its
l'esnlts.




NINTH CENSUS. 49


The law of ~Iny 23,18,)0, nndor whieh the soventh and eighth censuses
were taken, allmvs five mOllths in which to make tIle enumeration anu
make tIle retul'llS to \Yasltillgton, anu autIlorizes tIle Seeretary of tho
Interior to extellu the time in certa:in cases. It contains no provision
cOIlcerlling the time of publication. As a consequenee, the main roport
for 1850 was not printed till18:>:1, amI tIle volume l'elating to manufac-
tures was not printed till185D. The prelimillary report of 1860 was not
printed till1863; tIle fuU reports on population allu agriculture were
delayed till 1864, and those OH ll1anufactnres and IllOrtality till thc onu
of 1861:t


H has been strollgly Ul'ged tIlat the enUlueration should be made in a
single day, and the example of England is cited to sIlow that it is practi-
cable. The inquiries made in the British censns are veryfewin number,
and almost exclusively confilled to fads of population. General statistics
are not proyided for in their census.


Again, the small extent oí" territory to he traversed anu the densit.y of
tho poplllatioTl IlIake it possible to cal'l'y ont a plan there which woulu
prove a disasÜ'ous failure here, with our vast areas anu sparse popula-
tion.


TIle census is our only illstrument of general statistics, and must be
more elabora te than that of coulltries Ilayillg' permanent statistical
bllreaus; amI as onr ellumeration is 1l0t of tIte actual 1mt the legal popu-
lation, a longer time, say oue monLh, can safely he allowed.


3. Another importallt matter (whieh affectR, aIso, the questioIl of tiJUe)
is tIle })l'esent ol\ieetionable method of obtaining the population statistics.
The cellsus-taker caUs on a fiUllily and spreads before them his arra.r of
blanks, which they tlien see for the fil'st time. SllspiciollS ofIlis inquisito-
rial charncter must be aUayed; fears that it is an assessment for purposes
of taxation must be quieted; the suhject mURt be explained, the memo-
ries of the fiunily stimulated, aud the data they fnrnish criticisod and
recorded.


A vf'ry capable gentleman, who was an assistant marshal in 1860, has
ostimated the average time requil'ecl for each family, exclusive of travel,
at thirty minuteRo 'fhus an 1I0nest day's work would accomplish the
enumeration of not more than twenty familios. Far more important
than the waste of time is tilo inaccuracv which must result frolll this
method. lt is nnt l'eaRonahle to suppos~ that a family can in lIalf an
hour rnake anything li1\:e a complete aud accurate statement of a great
number of details to which they haye llOt previously given any speeial
attention.


4. The operatiolls of the Censns Office nnder the }Jresent law are llot
suffieiently confid(~ntiaJ. The eitizen is 1\ot adequately proteeted fl'Olll the
danger, or mthcr tbe apprehension, that his private afl'airs, the secrets
ofhis family and his husinesR, will be diseloRecl to his neighbors.


The facts g'iven by the memhel's of 011e family will be seen by aU those
whose reeord succeeds them on the same blank; aucl the undigested
returns at the central offiee are llOt pl'opel'ly guarded against being made
the qllarry of hookmakers ancl pamphletoers.


5. The rule of compensation is arbitrary, complicateu, anu of uouhtflll
wisclom.


Olle rule is followeu in pa;ying the officers anu emploJés at the eentral
officc, another for the marshals, and still another for the assistant mar-
shals. One principIe of compensation is adopted for ennmcrating the
inhabitants; another for taking tIle statistics of industry; another for
mileage; ami still another for copying returns.


lt has been cbarged, on what appear to be reasonable gronnus, that
H.Rep.3-4




50 NINTH CENSUS.
these rules offer temptations to exaggerate some parts of the returm:
and to make constructive charges whieh swell tbe expenses to an unrea-
sonable degree.


lt should be added that the great change which has occurrep in priees
and wagcs sincc the passag'e of the law makes the rule inapplicable to
the present cOlldition of affairs.


To remedy these defects tbis bill provides that the enumeratioll sha11
be made by persons chosen for theiI' special fitIless foI' such work, alld
in no way eonnected with the llatiollaI eonstabuIary 01' with the assess-
ment 01' collection of taxes.


The districts should'be Inl1eh srnaller than they now are-so small that
.0nemaIl maj' intelligentIy arrange the work, designate census-takers of
whose qualiticatiolls amI titness he may easily have fu11 knowledge, and
personally supervise anel unify a11 tIle work within his jurisdiction.


The congressional district seems to be the most convenient and appro-
priate unit of classificatioll 1'01' the States; and each 'l'el'rüory ma~y
properIy, as under the present law, constitute a district.


Separate schedules, at least foI' the housebold, tIle farm, and for man-
ufacturing and commercial and othcr industrial esta blishmellts, are to
be distributed before the day to which the enumeration relates, so that
the pcople may he filllliliarized with the inquiries made, and that, as far
as possible, without the aid of the census-taker, the blanks may be
filled up.


This will insure greater corI'ectness and will greatly reduce the time
requirecl for the enumeration. By the use of these schedules and the
organization provided in tbe hill it is belüwed that tIle enumeration ma,r
actually be completed in one month from the first oi' JUlIe.


The committee proposeto put into tbe law and into fhe official oath
of a11 officers amI employés of the llUl'eau a pl'ovisioll that the retuI'Ils
of the census shall be confidential; that the business of no eitizen shall
be made puhlie, alld that the returns 01' llloney vallles sha11 uot in allj'
way be made the basis of taxatioll HOI' be used as eYidmICe in tile
conrts.


These proyisiOllS of tbe law sbould be printed on tIle schedules, and
the President sbould issue his proclamation callillg upon al] the people
to aid in making the returns as full and accurate as possible.


A liberal compellsatioll in the simple form of s:llaI''y 01' per diem, witb
no mileage or cOllstructiye eharges, is pl'ovided, ane! the tirue during
which persons may l'eceive compensatioll iH caI'eflllly restricted.


A sufficient clerical force is provided in the Census Office at \Yashing-
ton to tabulate, condense, ancl al'range the whole for publication within
two and a half vears atter the retnrlls are in.


The reslllts o~lght to be published in a form considerably more COll-
den sed than in the !ast reporto


II,-DEFECTS IN 'J.'HE INQUIRIES PHESCRIllED IN TlIE SClIEDULES OF
TlIE PRESENT LAW.


1. Stati.~tieR o/ Population an(llJIortaZity.-As nUlllbered in thc eellSU¡;;
of 1860, the first three schedule s relate to statistics of population and
mortality; tIle second had exclusive reference to 151 aves. ""Ve are now
bappily one people, aIHlneed hut one sehedule 01' population.


AH the inquiries retainecl frolll the three lllLYC heen entcred outhe falllily
schedule, and by dropping the nine inquiI'ies of the slave schedule, otber
important ones haye been added without greatlJ' illcreasingthe aggregate
lllunber. N one of the inquiries oi' the first amI thinl schedules have been




NI~TH CEKSUS. 51
wholly omitted, but "enrallmve lJeell modified. That relating to color
has been made to illcllHle dillstillcíively the Chillese, so as to throw some
lig-ht OH the gnlve questiolls whieh the :ll'l'ival of the Celestials among us
has raised.


Tlle committee belitwe that the yalue of the inquiry in 1'eganl to chil-
dren attending sehool will be gl'eatly cnhaneed h.y requiring the enu-
merator to enter uncler that head the grade of "ehool-w hether a eommOll
Rehool, academy, eollege, 01' pl'OfeRSional Rchool. This has been done on
the schedule relating to educational institlltiollS. The registration of
those wbo cannot read amI wl'ite iR required in the old law only of per-
sons twenty years of age and upwan1. This elass has been extended
to persOIlS fifteen years old. It is more important to lmow how many
il1iterate pel'sons there are betwecll the ages of fifteen amI twenty than
at any later pel'iod, for betwecn ten aIld twenty it is usuall.y determined
whether an c(lneation is gainecl 01' lost.


The last column of thc first sehedule has been so amended as to ex-
hibit more fulIy the physicalfol'ce of thc eountry. The war hasleft us so
many mntilatcd mea that a reeord shonld lJe made of tbo:,;e who have
lost a limb 01' haye been otherwise disahled; aud tIle committee have
added an inqnil'Y to sIlow the state of publie health alld the prevale11ee
of some of the principal (liseas(~s. Dr. J arvis, of .M:assachusetts, oue of
the highest living authorities 011 vital statisties, in a masterly papel' pre-
sented to the eOllllllittee, ul'ged the impol'tanee of measuring as aeeu-
rate1y as possible the cffeetin; physieal st1'ength of the people.


It is uot generally knowll hJW large a proportiOll of eaeh llation iR
wholly (JI' partially un1itted by physical disibility fo1' selfsupport. The
stati:,;tics of Franee show that in 1851, in a population of less than
thil'ty-six millions, the deaf, dumb, blind, dcfonued, idiotic, aud those
otIle1'wise mutilatcd 01' disahled, amounted to almost two millions. \Ve
thuR see that in a eountry of the highest eivilization the effective
strcngth oí' its populatioll is l'eüueed one-eighteenth lJy physical defects.
,Yhat general would yenture to eondnet a ealllpaign without aseertain-
illg the physical qualities of his soldius as well as the IlUlllhel' on his
ro11s·~ In this great ilHlnstrial hattle whieh this nation is now fighting
we ought to take eyery ayailalJle means to aseeríain the efteet·ive
strength oí' the eOllntry. Beside the illquiries in thesc sehedules that
have been amemled, a fcw new ones have beell added ..


Sillee the present censns law \Vas passetl an intel'llational stati8tieal
socict:y has beeu organized, and the prof4:lundest scholars of Europe and
Ameriea have united to give it autltOl'üy and effieiency in the treatlllent
oi' social questions. At several of its sessions the sulüect of national
censuses Itas heen vel'y ahly autl elaborately discussed, and recollllllenda
tiOllS have beell made looking to greater effieieney and uniformity hoth
in methods and iUfJuiries. A collation and eOlllparison of the personal
statistics of twelltvsevell Illodel'u States and nations show that in an
these States theré have been thil'ty-thl'ee difI'cl'ont iJl(lniries made in
l'egard to popnlatioll. From these the intel'llatiol1al COl1gress seleeted
eight, which tltey reeommemled to all nations as indispensable f'or pur-
poses of general statistieal seienee, ancl seyen others whieh the:y urged
the use of whenever it was praeticalJle. Two of the in quiries urged by
the eongress as indispensalJle are 1I0t in the old schedule of population,
but are here added. Oue is the relation of caeh pel'son to the hcad oí'
the family, whethel' wife, son, daugbter, boal'der, selTant, &c.; and the
other is the eivil 01' conjugal cOlldition of caeh perSOll, whether single,
marl'ied, 01' widowerl. These elemellts are the ]eadÍl~g factors which




52 NINTH CENSUS.
determine the power and yalne of the family as a social and prodncing
force, and in them are intolded the destiny of the nation.


Two othe!' inquiries not in onr schedules were snggested as aclvisable,
namely, the language spoken and the religion })rofessed by each per-
son. But in a nation whoRe speeeh is so nearly one, the first is hardly
lleeded in addition to the light that will be thrown upoÍl thiR question
by the record of nationality, and tIle second might be dccmed an un-
called-f()I' impcrtiuence, amI the committee thereíore omitted them.


lt has been strongly urged, alld with good 1'eason, that to the inquiry
of the birth-place there shouId be added the birth-places of the filther
amI mother of each persono ThiR would enable us 1,0 aseertain the
relatiye fCCIlTH]ity of our American and foreign-llOrn populations. It
has lately been asserted that the old ratio of illcrease alllong onr native
populatioll is rapidly diminishing. If this be trne tIle vitalIy important
fact should be asccrtaincd and its fnll extellt alld sigllificanee detor-
mined.


The inqniry cOllccrnillg parclltage was insertcd in the schednle by the
COlllmittee. An illqniry was also added in regard to dwellillg-llOuses, so
as to exhibit the Reyeral priueipal materials of eonstI'llctioll, as wcíod,
brick, stonc, &e., alld tIlo prc8ent valno of each. Few thiugs indicate
more fnlIy the conclition of a people thall the houReR they oecupy. The
average home is IlOt an impel'fed pietm'e of the wealth, eomfort, refine-
ment, and cidlization of the ayerage citizen. Tbe census ought to
show us how comtin'Íable a place iR tIte aYPl'age -'··..J1Hl1'i<~llIl llOme, alld
how grcat a physieal ancl social force is the aycrage American citizen.


The cOlluuiUeo conduele tho discussion of personal Rtatistics \yith one
fnrther statement.


Tbe thirteellth and fonrteentIl alllendlllents of the 11ational Oonstitu-
tion haye radioalIy ehanged the basis of representatioIl autl ]ll'Ovided
for a redistl'ibntion of political power. By the former, two-fifths of
thoRe w 110 \Yere lately Rla \-eR are added to the rOpl'eRelltati ve poplllatioll;
by the lattel', the basis for each Atate i8 to he detel'luined hy finding
the \Vll010 number of male eitizens twellt.r-olle ,'ft>am of age,yhose right
to vote is denied 01' abridged for any othe1' re aso n thml lllU'ticip:ttioll in
the rebeUion or othel' orinie, ancl reducing tho whole populatioll in tho
proportion whioh the number tlms eXdllde(l heal's to the wholo number
of aduH male citizens.


The censns is OH1" only cOllstitntiollal means of deLermilling the politi-
calor representatiye populatiOllo. TIle fourteenth ítll1endmeut, has made
that work a difficnlt one. At the time of its adoption it was gellera11y
umlerstood that the exclusion applicd only to colorel1 people who shonld
be denied the ballot by the laws of their State. Bnt the lal1gnago of
the al'tiele exclucles a11 \VIlo are c1cnic(l the ballot on ally and alI grounds
other than the two speeified. This has mude it nocessar'y to aseertain
what are in fact the gronnds of slleh exdusion, aml tho Oensus Oom-
mittec haye compiled a record froll1 the constitlltionR anel laws of the
seyeral StateH froll1 whieh exelusion from the priyilege of Yoting (ot11er-
wiHe 1,han on accoullt of rebellion 01' othel' CI'ime) may be stated in ninc
general e1asses as folIowR:


1. On ltCCollnt of rae e 01' color ___________________________________________ 16 States.
2. On accouut of rcsidence on lal1lIs nf Unitf'<1 State8 ____________________ 2 "


On account of residence less thnn l'eClllil'ctl time in Lllitcd States ______ 2 "
On accOllllt.of resi(hmce in :'ltate le~s than re'll1ire(l time, (six diffm'cllt


specificatiolls) ____________ , ____________ . ____________________ , ______ 36
On account of residcnce in COllllty, dty, tOWll, clistriet., &c., (eighteen


diíl'erent speeificatinns) ____________________________________________ 37
:3. vVanting pl'UpCl'ty qualificatious 01' nou-paylllellt of taxes, (eight sl'cci-fications) __ .................. _ . _________________________ .. ___ . ______ 8


"


"


"




NINTH CENSUS. 53
4. "\Vanting litcrary (lUulificatiolls, (two spccification~) ____ ...... 2 States.
5. On arcOllllt of clutracter 01' h¡;havior, (two specifications) . ___ ...... _ ... 2 "
6. On aCe0l111t of Hel'YleeH in HI'llly 01' n:lvy ______________________________ 2 "
7. On account ofpanpcri~m, idioc~', mal insanity, (scvcn spccificationR) ___ 24 "
8. Reqnirillg certain oaths as preliminary to yoting, (two specifications) . 5 "
9. Other causeR of exchudoll, (t1n) Rpeeificatiolls) ________________ o. ____ o. 2 "
After much rcflcction the committee could deYise no better wlly tban


to add to the family schedule a column for reeording t110se who are
,oters, and anot1lel' with this heading, copied substllntially from the
amendment: "Citizens of the United States, being twent,y-one yellrs of
age, whose right tn vote ü; denie(l or abridged 011 ot11er grounds than
rebellion 01' crime." It may be objected that this will alIow the citizen
to be a jndge of the law as weH as the fad, and that it will be difficuIt
to get trne and aeeurate answers. I can only say this is the best method
that has been ~mggested.


Dr. ,Tarvis presenterl to the c0Il1111ittee all able argument in fayor of
taking tlw actual as weH as t1le leglll population of tbe conntry. 'Vhile
the committee aekllO\rledgp tlle scielltific \'allle of su eh an ennmeration,
yet it is e"ident that to take it \vith sllfficient aeenraey tIte ennmeration
lllUSt be malle in so sh01"t á time llS to endallger the fllllness and aceuracy
of answers in the othe1' selledules, and t11e two results thus obtained
would greatly eomplicllte and increase the difficulty of determining the
representa ti ni pO}Jlllation.


Tite eOllllllittce gave to tIle schedule of agriculture a Yery carefnl and
protracted consideration. Tlte sdledule, as snggested by t11e Cornrnis-
sione1' of Agricultnre, eontained t,vo 1InlH1rcd amI forty-six colurnns oí"
in quiries. After reileated revisions and consÍllerations of the material
presented, the comrnittmi Rettlpd npOll the sehedule reported in this bill,
whiell eontains scventy-three columns, to ,vhich'a few otl18rs llave be en
added by the House, and is, the eOllllllittee venture to elairn, a, great
impro\'ement. 011 tht' Rehedule oi" the old law, ,vhieh cOlltailled fort.y-eight
inquiries. Tbe ad<litions rnade in tIle cOlTeRpondillg schedule in this
hill rnay he elassifie(1 as f()llows:


1. All inquiry to sIlow b:r what tellnre tIle occupier holds his farm,
whethe1' as ownc1' 01' tennut.


2. AII extensioll of the prcsent classineation of lands as "improved
01' unimp1'O\-ed," so as to exhibit sepllrntely t11e aereR culti\'ated amI Jlot
cultivatecl, all(] the am·es of wo()(lland arHl of nncnltivated pastnre.


3. Au inquiry iuto the value oi' farm l,mildillgs otIler than dwelling.
houses.


4. An inqniry into the total vallle oi' all labor expended on the farm
duriug the :real'.


5. An inqniry iuto the average T1nmber oi" cows milked duriug the
year.


6. A separate exhihit oi' tIle eheese made 011 the farm aud that made
at factories.


7. Iustead of tlw pl'esent exhihit of tlle nggregate value of all
slaughtered nnimals, a separate statement of tho valne of slughtererl
cattle, hogs, and sheep.


8. A statement of t11e valne oi' all the poultry 011 tllO farm aud the
value of its products <lnring tIte year.


9. In addition to tIte statisticf\ of ,rine prollllced, a, statement of the
value of gra.pes sold which wore not lII~\(le ¡lito wine.


10. An omission from tIle seherlnle of "water-rotted hemp." It is uot
thus treated in this eouutry, as in 1St)!) was supposod it would be.


11. An ornission also oí' tIle Rilk culture, which has not fulfilled the
p1'omise of tbe days of morU8 ?nulticaul'i8.




54 N INTB CENSUS.
12. ~~ statement as regards all tbe principal crops, of the acreage as


well as tlle amonnt of producto The irnportance of this last element
cannot be over estimated. vVithont it we callnot learn the "ield of tbe
slweral products in di1'ferent localities, and the increasc 01'< dec1'ease of
tbat yicld at diffc1'cnt periods. It is \Vell known, 1'01' example, that the
eenter of tbe wheat prodnct has been rapidly llIoving' \Vest, but its track
antl rapidity of movement canllot be traced without knowing both the
acres sowll.and the bushels pl'oduced.


It is believed that the schedule thus amcnded will enable us to ascer-
tailL the elements of those wOllderful forces which have made our coun-
try the granary of the civilized worhl; will exhibit also the defects in
our agricultural methods, and stinmlate our farrne1's to adopt those
mean s whieh have donbled the agricultural products of Ellgland since
the cla.ys of the Stuarts, and have more than doubled the comfo1'ts of
he1' people. The extent 01' that great progress can be seen in such facts
as these: that "in the reign 01' Hel1l'y VIl fresh meat \Vas never eaten
even hy the gentlernen attelldant 011 a great ead except cluring the
short interval between midsnnnnel' and lYliclwelmas," because no ade-
quate meallS were known 01' fattening cattle in the winter, 01' even of
pl'evellting the death of one-fifth of their whole nllmber each yeal'; that
Catharine, queen of Charles II, sellt to Flallders for her salad, which
the wretched garclening of England did llOt suftieiently provide.


Russia alone of Europeall States malees ally considerable surplus con-
tribution to the food oi' the ,",orh1. The United States must continue
to be the maill someo 01' supply. The fact stated by MI'. S. TI. Ruggles,
delegate of the 'Gnited States to tIle luternational Statistical COllgress,
which met at the llague, in September last, is 01' startling importan ce :
that in 1868 the whole of Europe, with a populatioll 01' :J96,123,293
souls, produced cereals to the amount of 4,íS4,51ü,ü04 imperial bnshels,
01' sixteen bnshels to ea eh person; while tbe Ullited States, during the
Same year, with a popnlation of 39,000,000, producecl 1 ,40i",449,OOO bnsh-
els, 01' thirty-six bushels to each perSOll.


IlI. Sl'Al'ISTICS OF INDUSTRY.


Tlús schedule, the fifth of the series ill tbe old la,"" has performed
exceetlin/.!,'ly valuable ser',ice to the country antl to statistical seience.
It is said to be the first of its kintl ever successfully usecl in any
llational censlls; but it can be improved in several particulars.


1. There are two scrions defects in the heading 01' the til'st columll,
which reads as follows: "~amc of cOl'poration, eompally, 01' individual
producing articles to the allllual yalue of $.300."


The first defect is in the wonl "al'ticles," which has been cOllstrued
1,0 meall llIerehantable artieles, 01' snch produds of manufacture as can
be done np in packages and sold oyer the couuter as nwrchandise. A
large proportion oí' all the producís of indllstry cannot thus be halldled.
The eal'penter, mason, plasterer, pllllllber, pailltel', builder of ships, mus,
bridges, &c., ull pcrform most valuable labor, amI thcir products are
homes, buildings, and structUl'es of all killlls, a most importallt pa1't of
t.he fixecl capital of the natioll; bllt these cannot be called "articles" in
the restrieted sense in which tho w01'd is employed in tho schedule. A
plumbel' in 'Vashillgt.Oll has lately fillished a single job amountillg to
$20,000, but he has produced no" artiele" whieh would ue ellterecl in
tlle schedule. .A job of general repairs, howevcr extensive, ,,-ouM uot
be entel'ed. This clcfect has heen remedied by reqnirillg, in adclition to
the valne of articles proclueed, an exhibit of the value of jobbillg and
repairing clone within the year.




NINTH CENSUS. 55
The second defect in this hcading is the limitation of $500. He must


be a \rery slllal! mannfactnrer "hose alluual product, illeluding materi-
als, is lIot more thall $300. A shoemukel' ~wlLü should make but two
pairs of boots per "cok would sho" a prodnct of more tban tbat alllount.
And .ret it is munifeRt from the l'etul'lls tbemselY8R that the products of
the groat majority of artisans were not cnumerated in 1860. For exam-
pIe, the eighth ceHSUS sllOwed that tbere were in the United States
144,4;;::1 llIannfactnring establislnuents, bnt the pl'oduct of the industry
of on Iy 7,115 \Yas reported.


'fIle population sehedllIe exhibited in its inquiries coneerning occu-
}lation tIte llnmbcr of pen:;om; belollging to each trade, "hile but a sman
per rento of the prodnct of their indnstry "as reported in tbe industrial
schedule. The followillg table exlübits the great deficierwy in this
respect:


N[r~IBEI{ IU:I';)!tTED 1" TI u: I'OPlfLo'TIO" RCIIEDI;¡,g AS BELOXGING 1'0 'rHE FOLLOWING
TlL~DES.


COOpel'H __________ 0_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 4:3, 624
13Iaeksmit"~ ______________________________________________________________ 112,357
Cn1'Ilf'llters ________________________________________________________________ 242,958
P'lÍllterH ________________________________________________________________ O" 51,695


XUlllER OF TIIE IH~IE TIUDI':'; THI·; PH()DCCT OI-' "-IIOSE IXDl:STUY \VAS HEPORTED IN
TIIE INDr~THUL ~C:II¡';j)L:LI-~.


Coopers _____ . ______ . _____ . _______ . ______ . _________________ . ____ .. ________ _
HIae lunni thH _________ . _ _ _ _______ • ___ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ . ___ . ______ . ____ . __ _
Carpüll ters _ . ___ . _________________________________________________________ _
Painters ________ 0 ___________ • ____ • ______ .. _______________________________ _


l'ER CENT. HEPOHTED.


13,750
15,720
~), 006


D13


Coopcrs _______________ . __________ . ____________________ . _______________ . _ . _ :~2
B1acksmiths ___ . ___ . 0 ____ • __________________________________________ • ___ 0_ 14
Cal'pentt'l'H____________ ______ __________________ ______ _____________________ ~~.7
Paitltel'S ___ o __ • _____________________________ • ____ ... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1. 8


'Ve propose to l'emedy this (lefioet by mn king estahlü;hments the nnit
of clllllllcration. \Yhereyer there is a mannfactory 01' shop in opera-
tiOIl its occupants are required to gi,-e the fads ealled for in t11e seIted-
nIp. This will illellHle the pl'odnd ot' allmannfacturers and artisnm; ex-
cept tItose nt \York as journeymell, amI in almoRt eyery instance the lat-
ter amI their \York wiU be ineluded lindel' the iuqllil'y eoneel'ning labor-
ers elllployed in tho establishment. It is believed that tIloso changes
will gl'eatly increasc the compIctelless amI vaIne of the rcsults obtailled.


In I10tieing the defeds ot' this he~\(lillg 1 mIl stl'ongly l'cminded of tho
statement oí" Morean de J OUlles that two monos;yllables in the instrnc-
tions, added by a Sllhordinate in tite statiRtieal bureau, destroyed the
whoIe valuo of thc Prench censns of 1836.


2. The illquiry in referCllCC to motiYe-power has been so modified as
to give the specific kimls: as steam, water, 01' horse, and the total
power reckoned in hOl'se-power. lt is a matter of grmving importance
to know how the labor of soeiety is being distributed; to ascel'tain
wbat pal't is pcrformed by the mnsele of man, amI what by the use of
ml1chinery. '


3. To Recure t11is more fnUy, a statement of the kind a1HIllUrnher of
machines, snch as looms, spinning-jellnies, &c., has also 1Ieen added.


4. In referellce to labor and \Yages the committee thought it would be
usefnl to state scparatcly the llumbcr of pOl'sons laboring in an indus-
trial cstn blishment \Vho are owners 01' partllers, and the nurnber of those
who work for \Vagos.




56 NINTII CENSUS.
5. An importailt cluss of produets, belonging to what the Italian gov'


ernment has apprúpriately ealled "extractive illdustry," has hitherto
been wholly neglected in the census. I refer tú the products oi' our
mines and tisheries and to petroleum. N o further proof of the propriety
of this addition is nccdcd than t11e fact that last yeal' our cúal mines
must have ~'ielded thirty millioll tons, our iron mines four million tons,
and from our oil·wells \Yere exported o,-er one hundred million gallons
of petl'oleum, in addition to vast, eOIlsumption at home. Tbe schedule
of industrial statistics, with the amendments proposcd, can he m;ed for
petrolcum amI the produets oi' mines, amI a special schedule has beell
added tOI' fisheries.


IV.-S1'ATISTICS OF INTERNAL CmnmRCE.


In the prelimillal'y law 01" .:\:Iarch 3, 18JÜ, tite census board were di·
rected to prepare a schedule of trade amI eOllllueree, but no suc1l
schedule appeared in t11e law oí' 18fíO. It has been the 1mbit to trpat
the exchangers of wealth-thc midcUe-lllf'1l "ho trallsport amI buy and
sell-as belonging to the ullproductive elass. Bnt an enlightened po-
litical eeollorny willreeoguize all as prodncers of wealth wllo gi,-e valne
to commodities by bringing them within easy reaeh of the consumer and
aid in fhcilitating exehanges. Accorclillg to the cellsns of 1860, there
were in thc Ullited States 18,84,0,000 mell amI women aboye llincteen
years of age; alld the1'e were 227,177 persOlls sd, down in the list oí'
ocenpatiolls as perSOIIS engaged in trade, 01' one in fifty-eight of tIle
adult pOIHllation oí' the country. There can he uo adequate defense fol'
omitting this large aud intelligent class of the eommullity from tile
records of national ilHIustrv.


1. A simple amI eomprehensiye seltednle for alJ persolls cngaged in
trude was laid before the üellslls Committee bv General Franeis A.
Walker, of tIle Treasury Departmcnt, aml llaR bee~n made a part of this
bill. lt follo\Ys the general plan of the industrial schednle in regard to
labor amI wages, amI requires iJl additioll a statement of the amount of
capital invested in trade and tile gross anuual amount of purehases anc1
sales.


2. \Vithout adc1ing to the dnties of tIte ellulIterators, the bill requires
the superintenc1eut at \Vashington to proenrf' fu11 statisties of railroad,
lake, river, and canal transportation, exhibitillg, alllong othe1' facts, the
number of ·persons employed, t11e amoullt of freight, amI cost of trans-
portation. Such inquiries are now made in 011io in regard to railroads
by autbority of the legislature, and tbe resnlts are exceedillgly valuable.
The bill also requires full statistics of express alld telegraph eompallies,
alld of life and fire and marine illsnranee eOlllpallies.


Now that the great question of human slayery is removed fro111 the
arena of American politics, the cOl1llllittee are persuaded that tIte next
great question to be confronted will be that of corporations alld their
relaiion to the interests oí' !'he people and to tIte national life. The fear
is now entertained bv lllanv of onr best nH\ll that the llational a11(1 State
legislatures 01' the Union; in creatillg these vast corporations, have
evoked a spirit which lllayescape ana def,v their control, alHl whieh lllay
wield a power g-reater than that of leg-islatl1l'es themselves. TIte rapidity
with which raill'oad cOl'poratioIls h:1,\'e been consoliclated and placed
within the grasp of a few men during tllc past year is not tite least
alarming manifestation oi' this power. ·Withont Itere diR(~nssillg the
right of Congress to legislate Ol! all the lllutters snggested in this direc-
tion, tlle committee haye proyided in this biU for arrning the üensus


\




NINTH CENSUS. 57
Oflice with the power to demand from these corporations a statement of
the elements ot' tlteir power amI au exltibit of tlteir transactions. The
bill also provides for full statistics in regard to the business of :tire and
marine illsurance. It is reported in the colunlllS of a journal published
by the insnrallce institntions of this cOllntry tltat there is at the present
moment $3,O!J2,000,000 of insmance against :tire and marine losses.


Sillce tlle census of 1860 was taken, the life insnrance business of the
countl'y has grown up from almost nothing to enol'mous pl'oportions.
For instan ce, thel'e were, in 1860, hut seyenteen life insul'ance companies
in the United Statcs, and :tifty-six thollsuml and sorne udd policies in
force. In 1868, tho statistics oí' that yeal' heing the latest the c01l1mittee
.baye, there were 537,5!J4 policips in í(}l'ce; oyer half a rnillion of the
population of the Uniteel States were insnrell in the fifty-fin'. lite in-
surance compallies of this country; alld the total amount illsured reached
the enol'mous SUlll of $1,,')28,000,000.


Now, whethcr these companies aro sonnd 01' not, "hether the people
may rely npon the safo inwstmcllt of tho llloney ,,-hich they lwve put
iuto thri)' 11all(ls, will altogether depend upou tIlO way iJl which tllP.y are
eondlletillg' tlleil' bnsineí:is; alld ,ye proposo by this bill to bring out the
facts so that tite countl'y may see what are tbe operations of these great
corporations.


V.-SOCIAL STATIS'l'ICS.


Uueler this heal1 there were forty-eight in quiries in the old law, seY-
eral oí' whieh in practice proved almost ,,~orthless. Those eoncerning
taxatioll aud the aggregate valne of real anc1 of pel'sonal estate, t11e
character oi' the seasons and the crops, and the rate of wages for the
diffenmt kinds of labor, failed to prot1üce resnlts which were eonsidered
worthy oí' publieatioll in the :tinal rellort. In the pending bill sollie of
these illquiries are omitted aHogethel', amI the othel's are placed in othe1'
schednles where they are more likely to be allswered. Besides these
moelillcations several additions lw.,-e teen lluHle to this braneh 01' the
census. A more extended schedule for edueatiollal institutions has been
p1'oyided, wltieh will reqnire uot ouly the IllllulJer oí' teachers aul! pupils
in our eOlllll10n sellOols mHl other institntions of learning, bnt also the
total alllOtlllt of money which tlle natioll has perm:,tneutly illvested in
educatioIl, together \Vith the ímunal am0l11lt paid fol' its support.


The illquiries eoneel'lling chnrehes amI religions worship haye also
been somewhat extended, an\! pl'oyision has been made for obtaillillg a
report of tite amount of mOlley peTmallently aud annually invested in
religiuus enterprise, a1l(1 also tIle Illllnlwr of c11ildren in Sunday schoo1s
nnder tho suppI'Yisioll of chnrches. Iu the illquiries concerning lihral'ies
a column has 11een added whieh will exhilJit tIte anllual cost of main-
tenance and iucrease oí' those iustitutiol1s, amI anothel' shuwillg the
date of theil' establishment, from ,,-hich Illay be learned the increase of
the aggregate number.


In the statisties uf llewspapers alld other periodicals the cornrnittee
propose au irnpodant lllodifieation, which requires the superintendcnt of
the. census to obtain a a eop,V of each newspaper and periudical in the
Umted States, together ,,-ith a statement of tite eil'culation of cach.
Fro_m tl)(' papel' itflelf can he gathered all tlle important facts which it is
desl~abJe to know conecrning that e1ass of imlustry, aúd the copies thus
olJtmlled are to be elassitied and bOUlld np for preservation in the ar-
chin's of the governrnellt. 1Vhat would \Ve BOt give fol' a similar co11ec-
tion fol' each decade sine e the foundation of tlJe go\'ernmont ~ What




58 :NINTH CENSUS.
more striking exhibit could be malle of the eouutry's progre ss in this
respeet '1


lt must be borne in mind thatif OUT national statistics arc to be takcu
,,-ith com pletelleRs ,,-e mnst 1ay more stress on the ceIlSUS than do the
States of Europe. They have bureaus of statisties pennanelltly estab-
lishetl and uuder the direction of experiencctl statisticians ; with lIS such
a bureau is still a desidcratum. The great advantages atteudiug sueh
an establiRhment are thus forcib1y stated by Dr. E. 1\1. Snow, the emi-
nent statistidan of Rhode lslantl, in a 1etter addressed to the Oensus
Committee:


" 1 sinccl'ely hope that in the statute organiziug tIte censns of lRiO provisioll will he
mude for the cst.ahlíslnnent of a pprmanent (,cnsns bUl'cau, or, hettel' sti11, not"Yith-
stalHling oue f,ülure, ,t permanent statistical burean. The mnSOllS fol' this are pertectly
cOllelusive to all who are aC(lUaillft\(l ,,,HIt the coUectioll amI compilatioll of statistics.
The greatest defeets in aU our ccususcs Itave been owiug to tIte want of kllo,Yle<1ge amI
oí' experiellce in tilos e ernployed upon them. "'Ve are almost tlf'stitute of men in this
couutry, ~xcept in three or four States, -who are ülmiliar \Yit.h tIte prnctical (ll1ties re-
'luirecl in tnking a cenSURo Thc wItole eOllntry nee(ls ellllcatillg (1). this sullject. A
pCl'manent bnreau witll an effieient head ,,"ouItl 80011 organi7.(\ a COl'pS oí' lIlen ill e¡tch
State -who would be familiar.with the iní'ormation to be obtailletl aml witll tlle best
methods of obtaiIlÍng it.


"On the score of ceonomy, also, a permanpnt bUl'm,u ,,"oul<1 be the chenpest. IVit,h
a corps of clerks edncatcd in the hl"st lllethotls of doing their dllties, ¡tml witll trainetl
mon to olJtaiu tlle infol'ma.tion, amI lJ;l making 118(\ of lo('.al officers ami otlle1' somees of
information in differellt States, 1 am pcrfectly conJhlellt tllllt ¡t permalllmt cenRllS hurean
could obtain all the informatioll 1I0W obtaincd by a deceunial censua, except that re-
lating to popnlation, ancl coulü oblaill it eyery yf\ar ,yith no grcater expense tban is
1l0W required to oblaill it Ollef\ in ten :rea1's. Tll() eftieiülley aIul (;conomy, in statistical
lllattel'S, of 111en familiar witIt their tluties are g-1'eate1' beyond cOllll'al'ison thall of mell
who are ignorant of these dutics.


" A permanellt llational burean oí' statistics is abo ver-y lllUeh n{'<l<1e(l to syst¡;matize
the whole subject, to gi ve infonnation to aU portiolls of thc COllntry, aud to take tlle
lea(] in the org~ni7.ation of similar bllreltUS in tlle several States. ",Vhen sllch bnrealls
hec0l11e general iu a11 the States the national ¡.(()H~rlllllellt wi11 he abli\, ",ith tlwir
assistance, to obtain a11 the Htatistic8 llO,," obtainec1 l,y thc natiollal censlls, an<1 mur,h
more, fltr more freqneutly, far more correctly, alHI with llIuch less expense."


,y e llaye alrea(ly a commissioner of llliuillg statisties, somo provisions
in tIto Tl'easury Departmellt fOT" financial statistics, a, department whose
chief function is to eolleet edneational statistif~R, aud sorne attentiou is
giyen to statistics in the Departmellt of Agriellltnrl'. It is greatl;y to
be regrl'tted that. thf'Re stati;.:tical forces have BOt been eonsolidated, the
seope oí' t11ei1' work en1arged, and the wllOle thoronghly ol'ganized; aU
of ,,-11ic11 eould be done at HU expense not greatly in crea sed. But at
this late (lay it iR lWl1lifestly impossible to organize amI equip a perIlla-
llent sfa,tistieal hureau in time to take tite next eensus, and hence, regret
it as we may, we must again depcnd whollr Oll the OensnR OiTIee.


The eOlIunittee desire to aeknowledgf\ tIteir ohligations to H. Villard,
esq., of Boston, Seerotary 01' the Amcl'ieau Social Seienee Assoeiation,
to Dr. F. TI. Hough, of New York, and to ProfesRor B. A. Hinsdale, of
Ohio, for yalna b1e aiel in tIte preparat.ion ot' this report,.


In conclusion, the eOlllIllittee respectfnlly reeommend tho passage of
the foIlowing' bill :
A BILL to pl'Ovi<lc; for taking the ninth censtLs of tIte Unitcü States, alltl to fix tlw


nUlllbeT 01' tlw IllemheTs ()f the Honse oí' Representatives, anc1 to l'roviüe fol' tlleir
fllt.u1'e apportiomnent among the severa,l 8tatos.
Be it el/acterl by fhe Senafe anü JIOll8C al Rl1m;scntatilJcs (ir tilA [Jllit('(l State8 (jf Anlf:l'ica


Ü! COn[/I';;8.~ ri88emblerl, That there shall be establislled in the De[>ltt'tmcllt oí' tlle
Interior an offiee to l,e tlf\llOminated the Censlls Oftice; the chief ofticer oí' whieh 8ha11
be ca11eel tho 8upe1'illtellllent, of tlw Cellsus, wItose <luty it shall be, nn<l"r tlw (lirection
of the hea<l of the department, to superintoud antl dil'eet the takillg of tbe ninth
ccnsus of tIte Ullite<1 Stati's, in accol'llance ,dth the la ws relating thel'cto; amI to
perfol'lll such other c1uties as llilLy be requiretl by law.




NINTIl CENSUS. 59
SEc.2. AlIlI be it .farthcr CJlucli'ü, That the Snperintcndent of tl1(' Cellsus shall be


appointed by the President, by aud with the aflviee and COllsellt of the Senate, within
ten days a/'ter the passage of this aot, alltl his tOl'lli of servicc shall continuo for thc
terrn of thrcc years and no louger, mH1 hc sha11 reeeive au anunal salary of ¡ive thon-
sand doJlarso Before enterillg upon tite duties of his office, he shall, in atldition t.o the
oath now n'f[nired hy the COIlstitntion, tako alld subscribe the folluwillg oath or
affirlllatiou bcforc ally j\lflgc of thc circuit 01' district court of thc United States, to
,vit: "1, -----, SnperintPlldent of the Censlls, do solmllllly s\vear (01' affirrn) tbat
1 will, to tbo l,est of llly nhility, e111SC to be enullleraterl al! the iullllbitants of the
Lnitcd States, am1 \Vill cause lo be col!eeLed all the statistical information ref[nired by
the law l'l'OYi<lillp; fi)!' taking tlle nillth census, an<1 that I will t,tithfnlly execute, 01'
cause to be oxecnt,c<l, nll tlw provisions of Inw relating tltcroto;" a cop.y of which said
oatll, lluly antlteutieatod, shall Ilo filotl \\'ith thc Secretary of the Int<'1'ioro A~ 800n as
praMicable after tlle passage of this ad, the Snppl'inten([ellt of tho Ceusns, untler the
direction of tlte Seeretary of the 1uterior, sltall pl'oyide b1anks am1 distrilmte the
same alllong the district sUl'eriuteudents, to be hereinafter provided for, amI sltall pre-
pare an¡[ <listribnte printell instrnctiolls, defining a11l1 explaiuillg the duties of said
distriet superintelll]ents am1 of tlIe cIIIlUlcrators hereinafter provided for, and the
limits by which sllch dnties are circulllscribecl, in a clear amI intelligibIe manner, aIHl
shnll see also tha.t all ¡]no 11iligellce is employcll by tlle <listrict sUl'erintcmIcllts anc!
ennmoraturs to make tlle rotul'Us of tlwir rcspccti ve doings complete at the time here-
inafter l'rcseribed; antl Hhall, as the retllrns are so llla.de, cnuse the same to ¡>tí elasRified,
cOIlIlenst'<l, "!lI1 arrangert in the best :11)(1 most eOllvenieÍlt mauncr fol' cxlübit,illg the
rcsults oi' tllc censuso


SECo 30 Al/el be it .flll'lhcl' ClIlICI¡-¡I, That tlw Sccrctary of the Interior shall appoint for
the Census OffirA 011/\ chi('f rlcl'k, to he paiel ut the s:mw rate allowe<l by la\\' to tllO
chicf clerk of tlw Patent Offiee, aUl] Huch numbcl' of elerks 0(' the first, secollll, thinl,
and fourth class, amI such lllunlJcrof ,,-atdunell, messengers, and 1aboT'cl's, ns thtlllnties
of the office shall fmm tilllp. to timo r('f[uire, to he paid at the HalllO nLtes as no\V allowctl
for similar services in tlle Depal'tlllellt of tlle Interior: Procidcd, That at tIle end of
tbl'ee years frolll the date fixe<l by this aet as the begilllling of the term of sen-ice of
the Sllperintenüellt of tllll (;ellsns, ami wh"never tlleil' sen'iees sIl al! ccase to be rcq uired,
tlle terms of al! officcl's a11(] elUl'loyés hcrcin pl'ovirleü for shall expireo


SEC:o 40 Al1d be it jlll't7Wl' cllacled, That, within thirty daya after the appointment of
the Snpel'intellllellt of tlw Census, the Scereta1'y of the Interior shal! ap]Joillt, in each
congressiona1 district, amI in ca eh of tho Territorios oi' the Gnited States, in Alas1m,
amI in t1](' ]Jistrict oí' Colmnl'¡a, onc tlistri<'t supcl'intenrlellt of tlle eellsnH, \\'hose Iluty
lt shall be to callse al! tlJO iulta!JitantH to !Jc CUllLlICl'atctl, amI to obtain, 01' canse to be
ohtained, tlw othél' stntistit,,,l illformatioll within his rlistrict, in the malllwr provillerl
for in thi~ ad: J''1'O 10 irlcd, Tllat in any cit~- whieh f01'l11s tI1(; who1e 01' a pa1't of two 01'
more coug-ressiuual districts, tI1/' Seeretllly of the Interior nmy, if in hia jndgmellt the
d'liciency of tlle sen-ice wi1l thpreby be prornoted, appoint one district supe1'intend-
cut t(lr slH'h eity, all{l for tlle \VIlOle tfol'l'itory oí' thA eOllgresRional distriets of whieh
81lC 11 city fonns a part, iusteatl of one t()!O eacI! congrcsúona1 district; and n rcasona ble
allo\\'ance for clerk hire may be malle to any Ilistriet snperintellde1~t, tIle amonnt
whereof shall he ¡[etcrminelI hy tIw B!'cn'tary of tlle Interior, "henoyer, in his judg-
men1, the lLecl'ssiti"H ofthe sen-ice shall rcqnire ito


SEC:o ¡;o Ami be .¡¡ j/ll-tha e¡¡nclcd, That eaeh distrid snperilltendcnt, hefore enteriug
upon tlll' duties of his offi<óe, sball, in allllitioll to the oatl1 no\\' requirccl by the COll-
stitution, takc alld subscribe the fol!owiug oalh 01' aHinllation, before any jllllge of a.ny
eourt of record, to wit: "1, --- ---, Ilistrict Snpel'illtendent of the ninth census
of the --- (listrid of ---, 110 solmlll¡]Y SWl'ar (01' affirm) t,hat 1 \Vill, to tho best 01'
my abilit~" cnllIllerate 01' cau~e to be l'Ulllllcraletl al! tIlO iuhabitants ofthe saitl distr:ict;
that 1 wilI collcct, 01' cause to be collected, the otber statistieal infol'mation witllin t.he
same; that 1 willllot ¡liselose tlle same to any person 01' personA except to llly sUJlerior
officers; aud tIlat 1 will fhitbfnlly verfonn all tlw duties enjoined on m'e by the laws
providing Jor tile tnking of the ninth cellsus;" amI ",hen duly anthenticatPf1 hy tlle
said judge, he shall fOl'\Yard a copy thereof, so antbentimtted, to tlle Snperintcnrlcnt of
the Censns,


SECo 6, AmZ be itj/lrthe/' e¡¡aclclZ, Tlmt each distl'ict superintendent, imm"llintely after
receiYiug Ilis appoilltment, :lll,1 takillg ami Ruhscrihing the oatlls llel'einbdoro pre-
scribed, shall procccd to divicl(' his distdd iuto ns many snbdivisions, to be known as
enullleration districts, as may be necessary to carry out the proviHions of this aet, and
to complo tlle ellumeratioll \Vithin one 1Il0nth after tlle <late fixcll fol' taking the een-
SUR; aud he shnll employ ono CnlllllCl'ator in cach enullleration clistrict tl11is formed,
and shall, witbout delay, transmit to tlw Superintelldent of the Censlls tlle llame am1
post of!ice acldres8 of eneh eUllmerator, togl,tI18r with a <lescription of thc subelivision
a~signed to each, aJl(1 as near as practicable tho !lumbel' oí' s<]uare miles containerl
thereino Tlle forlllation of enumeratiou tlistriets, amI the employment of ennmcrators,
sllall be snhject to tllc approval of tlle Snperintendent of the Censns. Thc enumera-




60 NINTH CENSUS.
tion districts 81u111 be, as neal'ly eqllal as practicahle in the amount of labor to be per-
fornH'd, an(1 tlwy shall together emhmce thr>, whole terl'itory of tIJa Lllited States; und
their houmlaries Hhall he clearl~' descrihed hy civil divisiollS, rive1's, l'ond~, puhlic 8U1'-
veys, 01' othel' easily distingllilllHlIllilles; amI in no case shall an enullleration (listrict
illcl!Hle parts oftwo couutics, (ol' lJal'isItes,) wards, 01' towns.


SEc.7. A/I(I be U ftlrtha en actea, That no eunmcrato1' sIta11 cnter llpon the discharge
ofllis dnties ulltil he sha11lmve recl'ive(] fJ'om the ,listrict Bllperintendent a cel'tificate
thnt he has oeell desigllated with tlw a]lJll'oval of the Snpl'J'intelHlent 01' tha Census as
an ennmcrator, in aceorchmce ,,'ith the proyisions of this act, a.Ild shall, in addition to
tIte oath rf'qnirted hy the Coustitutiou, haye talmu all(1 snhscribed, heforo Hny jlHlge of
auy COllrt oí' reeonl, ·01' an,)' jnstice of UIC peaee, ",hose official cha1'acter H]¡all he duly
certifie,ll1lHler the seal of tlH~ <:1erk nf a (,OUl't of record, the following oatIt 01' aftirma-
tion. which sllall he illdorsed OH said cert.ificate, to wit: "l, --- ---, eunmerator
oí' the --- cllnlllcratiOI1 district, of --- distriet of the State of ---, do solelllnly
swear (01' atlil'llIj thut 1 will umkA a trile amI exact enumerution of ull the inlmhítauts
wühin the distriet assigllcl1 to me, aUll will faithfnlJy collect t1le other statistieal infor-
mation thereill, in the mauner proYic1ed for hy law, amI in cOllfol'Illity witIt all hl"fnl
instrnctions wllieh J may receivA, and wil! lnake fine anel correct retnrns thereof, as
rCCJuil'etl hy law, mul WillllOt tlilldose au~' information contained in tlw sr;hetlulcH, lists,
01' statcnH'uts ohtaiuccl 1)y IllC, to an,\' l'erson 01' pel'SOnH, except to my snpcl'ior offiecrs;"
ami said certitieate, "'it1l sairl oath 01' atlirmation so ilHlorsed nnd dnlyantItentieated,
shall he fOl'wa]'(led tn the IIiHtriet Huperilltell(lellt by the <\1111111e1'3tOI' lwforn lw enterR
u1'on his dulics; aua no 1'e1'80n 8ha11 he t'Illploycd as an ellumcrato]' ,dIO holds any
offiee nnrl,'r tlw gOVAl'lllllellt oí' the UlIited Stntes, pxcept as hel'eiuafter providerl, amI
110 enumerator, dnriug actual elll1'loylllcnt aH SlH·h, sha11 I'ngage in any husincss as
traveling agent, nor shall he collocí any othcr statistics than those required hy law.


SEC. tl. And be il flll·tha el/acted, That each rlistriet supel'intendeIlt shall promptly
supply each cUlllllerator within his district with the inst1'uctiolls isslled from the CCI1-
sus Oftice, the schedule s amI blulIks pl'oyided for the enumeration 01' the populatiol1
alld the colledion of tlw other statistics l'f\qnirNl b¿' law, alld s]¡all giYP to him, from
time lo limc, ull slleh iufol'llIution amI direetiOllS as llIa~' he uecessary to l'nahle him
properly to rlischarge his duties. He shall card'u11y examine w hcther the retnrns of
eaeh !'llllmerator ar" n13rlf' i11 c011fol'lllit:y with law; und where IliscmpanciPs, f\rrors, 01'
omissiolls are detected, he shall require the Hame to he eorrecte(l. He slwll makc an
aecurate ropy oi' all the retumA rcecived 01' ol,tained hy him, which he shall trallsmit
fortItwith to the ~lll)('rintelldent of the Census, and tlle original he shall carf\fnlly pre-
serye whjeet f.o the onlpl' of tIJe saÍ<l Snperintenrlent. He shall froUl timo to timo
lIlake himsdf ae'1nainted ,Yith tlw J1rogl'e~s ma,le l,y caeh eumuerator in tbe discharge
of Itis rluhf\s, ami, iJl (;:tRf\ of illahility 01' neglect of any enumpl'ator, sllall employa
substitute.


SEl'. H. Ana be -it fUftller cllacted, That the Snperintemlellt of the Census, as soon as
possible after his appointlllf,nt, shall prepal'f' a1lf1 fnrnis]¡ TO thA rlistriet sUl)erintend-'
ents a11 the nccessary hln11k8, schellules, amI inst1'uctious for cmT~'ing into (,Ji'cct the
l)fovisiolls of this uet, to tIte end tlmt dístrict snpc1'intendcllts mal ennmcrators may
ve fully iust,ructeü in thei1' duties hdore tlw tin\(\ nxc<l for rlistrihuting tlle scheüulcs
and for taking thc census.


SECo 10. Al/d be it flll'tller ellactccl, That, in thc course of the twenty clays preeeding
the day fixed 101' taking the c"nsns, the enllmeratOl' sha]] rle¡¡ver to the hea<1 of each
family in his snbdi vision, o!' in the ahsellce of sucIt heaL1 to an adnlt member 01' surh
fitmily, a falllily 01' house1l01c1er schedule; aud to cach occul'ier of a farm, a eopy of the
fal'llI 8che(11lIe; amI to Pllch O\yno1', proprietoJ', 01' managtlr of a lllltnufactul'ing, me-
ehanical or miuing' estahlislJlllcnt, f1 copy of tlw schctlulo for munufactnring, mechan-
ieal, and mining' establishments; amI to the proprietor 01' manager of ea eh store or
trading f'stablisllllwnt, a copy of the R<:hcrlnlo tor lwrsons engage<l in tratle a]J(1 of tish-
eries; amI it sha11 be his <lllty to explaill to cach persoll to \\'hom he may deliver Buch
schedllles tlll' ohjects of the same, a]J(1 the obligation oí' such perso]] in l'elation tItere-
to, iu onlcr that the persons receiviug saia Rche,lules may eorrcetly fill tho hlallks and
complete the (lllS\WrS to the inCJuirics thel'eiu, hy lhe clay fixec1 for takil1g the census.


SECo 11. A na be 'it further e)/acted, That it shall l)e the duty of each enumerator, in
the comse of the month sneeeeding the day nx,,<! fOl' takillg the eenSllS, to YÍsit 1'ersol1-
a11y paeli fimüly, farlll, manllfhctllring, mechanical, a]J(lminiug estahlishment, store 01'
trading estfl bJishment, amI fishery in his snhdiyisioll, a11(1 havÍllg asre1'taill(é(l, frolll the
occupiel', o\Yner, manager, or responsible agent, wh"ther the schedule or schetlules 1'1'0-
vi<led fol' in the prccc,lillg seetion have heca filled, he 8ha11 procecd, in the presence
of the OWller, occnl'im" mfluager, agl'nt, 01' other responsibIe person, to rearl anrl yerify
the same, aud, in case of dl'fo;ct, to revise and cOn'eet t1le sa,nw; amI in case the said
schedule 01' schedllll\" haye 1)e<:1I llIislairl, lost, or neglccted, he shull ol)tain fi'om sorne
member of cach ftwüly, if auy C'lll be fOllnd capable of giving the illü)J'llIation, hnt if
not, then of the agent 01' otlwr acquaiutance oftlw familv, fllll auswers to [,11 the il1-
quiries relatingto falllilies amI tIte 1Ilf'1II1)ers thereof, rcq¡üred by law; alld he shall




NINTH CENSUS. 61
obtaiu from the lllost trnstworthy S011l'Cl'S a11 information reqnired by law conccrning
every farm, mili, shop, mine, storll, amI otller cstahli8hrncnt, institntion, or place in his
distl'ict, and whcu, in either case, thc information i8 obtainetl aud enterell ou tl16
schellules, he ~hall illllllcdiately l'ead ti", samll to tIlO person 01' pmwllls furnishing the
facts, to eorred error~ amI snpply omi8sions, if any sha11 exist. He sha11 also, as ofteu
as once in fivc llayS, tlnring th" lllonth in which the enumemtion iB made, translIlit by
mail or in persoll to (he rlistrid snpel~ntendpnt of his district tlw ret111'118 of statistics
obtained hy hilll, arul before llt' transmits saill retUl'ns he sDa11 afljx his signature to
each pagc of the sallle, amI sha11 certif~' that they are weH amI truthfully made, aceonl-
ing to law, alHl all !tis retllrIlS 8Iu.11 he so transmitted witltin ten üays aft,pl' the date
fixed fllr th" eOllll'letioa of tIte ellullwmtiou. He sht.11not tli~clo."e aB,)' of the iufor-
matiuIl, \vhich he may obtain in pursnanep of this act, to any per80n 01' person~ except
his superior oflicer~, 1101' sItall it be lawflll to n8<1 sahl int(ll'Ination, o!' ,my part thereof,
as c\'Í<lenee in any eonrt, for 01' against a11y p"r~Oll furnbhing the Su,llle to the enume-
mtor, except as provideü in section fOllrteell of tllis acto


SECo 12, Ami be it fnl'fhel' enacted, That any district Huperintellllent 01' enumerator,
WllO, httving taken alld suhscribe,l tIJe oat!t requir,,!! by this aet., sha11, without justifi-
able cause, neglect 01' refuse to perfol'lll the duties elljoill"ll 011 him hy this act, 01' shall,
withont the :tUthOl'ity of the SllperinteJulent, cOlllnl1lnieate to any persou llot anthor-
izell to rccei ve the same, any statistics of property 01' husiness inclutlCll in !tis rcturn,
shall be de"m,',l gnilt.y of :l llIisdemeanor, ami npo11 eonvictioll shall forÍ<\it a 8Ull1 not
eX(j,~"ding ti n' h11lulred (lollarH; 01', if he Hllall willflllly and knowiugIy HWeal' 01' affirm
i'alscly, he ~hall he doelllcd guiH,)' 01' peljury, aud ou conviction themof sha11 be illl-
prisollell not exceedillg three- years 01' by fine not exceedi11g eight hundred (]ol1ars; 01',
if he Hhal1 willfnlly ami knO\\'iugly 111ak" f:lIH(' eertificatf\S, 01' fiditions l'etnrns, he shall
he decllIe<l gllilty of a misdemcauol', amI, U]1011 con v iction of cither of the bst, llttmed
oftéllses, he oha11 forfeit and paya sum uot exceedillg five thousand tlollars, anü he illl-
prisoneclnot eXeee(lillg t\Yo years.


SEC, 13. Aud be it flll'tlwl' c/!llctcll, Tllat if any tlistrict snperintcnd"nt sIla11 rClJeive 01'
secure to himself an,)' f('e, rewal'll, 01' compcllsation, as a cOllsideration for the employ-
ment of :my perHon as t:nnnw.rator 01' derk, 01' shall in any way l'ecllÍve 01' A"Cllre to
himsdf ally part oI' tlle compellsaLÍon pl'Ovidell in this act 1'01' the scrvices 01' any ellU-
merator 01' elerk, he sltall he deelll"rl gnilty of a, llIisdemeanor, ami, on eOllvictiou
tlwreof, slutll he fine,lnot less tlmn 1ive IlllnÜl't'ü <l,)l1al's nor more titan tlm,e thollsand
dollars, in tbe discretion of tlw COHrt,


SECo 14. And be il fll}'fher euacterl. Tlmt each aucl every person more than tWCllty
years of ag(], helollging to any family l'"silling in nny enllllH\ration (listrid, and in case
of tha ahsellce of the hcads amI otlwr lllelllbers of any such fUlllily, thcn any agent of
811Ch fall1ily, shall ho, :1ml each of tlH'm hf'l'ehy is, reqnired, if thereto reqllestetl hy the
SuperintclHlellt, l!istl'ict superintt'llllellt, nI' elllllllerator, tD rt'nl!er a trne aeeo11nt, to
tha best 01' his 01' her knowletlge, of eYer~' pe1'80n hclollgiug to such famil,\', in the Vtt-
rio118 partielllars r('quired by la\\', amI whoevel' sllall willfllHy faíl 01' refuse sba11 he
guilt,\' uf a mistlellleanor, mul u]lon eOllvietion thereof sh:tll forfeit anl! paya sum not
exceeding Olle hUlHlretl !lollarK. Aud evcry prcsicl"nt, treasurcr, sl'cretary, general
agent 01' mallaging (Iirector of e\'ery eorporntioll fmm whiclt answel'S to ally of the
schetlulc~ ]ll'O\'idcll for hy this aet are hereiu reqllire<l, who shall, if thereto rnqnested
by the Snperintcntlcllt, district sllperintendent, special deput.y, 01' emllne1'ator, lJeglect
01' refuse to give true aUll complete answel'S to an)' inquil'iílS a.uthori7.erl hy this aet,
sueh officer shall forfeit and ]laya, SUlIl llot Ics~ tItan nve llllutll'ed dolbl's, nor lllore
thall ten t.honsand dollars, to he recoyeTcd hy inllictment in any COU1't oi' competout
jurisdiction to the use of the l~nit",l Stat,es.


SECo 15. Linel be it furtlwr cuucted, TIHLt [.11 finos amI penalties imposetl by this act may
be enforcetl hy iudict.ment 01' appro]ll'iate actioll at law in the courts oi' the Uuitell
States witllin the Btate, TeI'rit01'~-, 01' !listrict whore suoh offenses sltall haye heen com-
mitted 01' forfeiture incnrretl.


SECo lll. A¡¡d be it fllrtlte¡' cllacte(l, That the Supcrintentlcnt, his ellÍcf clcrk, distl'ict
superintendents and enumemtors, are Iwrehy anthorizetl to transll1it throngh the post
ofliee any papel' 01' tloculllellt l'elatillg to the censns, hy writing ther(]on "Offieial
Bnsiness-Censlls," amI sllhscribing the same, \\'ith the addition to his llame of his
official title. But t.his priyilege shall extend to nothing hut, clocuments and papers re-
lat.ing to the census, which slta11 paS8 free. Antlltny SllperÍntel1dent" (listl'ict snpel'in-
tendent, ennmerator 01' clerk, who shall use 01' exe1'cise tltis privilege for an.y pUl'pose
other thall the legitimate discharge of the rlnties of his office, shall he deemeü gllilty of
a illisdemeanor, anel upou con v iction sha11 fol'feit foI' each offense a 8um not excee<ling
oue hundred (lol1ars.


SECo 17. Llnrl be it jurthcl' enacterl, Tbat ea eh dist1'ict sllperintendent shall "receive
compellsatiOIl fol' his scrvices at the mte of eight 1l011a1'8 per tlay, but he Hhall not re-
ceive pay for auy service rendered aft."r th(' periotl of sixty days frolll the date fixed for
the compIetion of the enull1eration; amI each ellumerator sha11 receive compenaation
for hia services at the rate of four do11ara per day for the time during which he is em-




62 NINTH CENSUB.
ployed as Slleh ennmArator, bnt he shall uot receive any cOlllpeusatiou Ior nlly services
renclerf>d aner u pcrio<1 of teu da~'s from the time fixed for thc cotllpletiou oí' tite enn-
memtion, nor for a longer periotl tltau sixty (la~-s: Pl'ol'ided, 'fhat in uny of dlC States
01' TelTitorics w hel'e the tlllty of ellllmerators shal1 hnve bcen perfol'lllcll in distriets
spal'gr,ly inhabitetl, an ad,litional allowance may he made by the Secretary of tite In-
terior as a comp(msatioll in part 01' wholc of expenses in sllcll cases. 'fhe campen-
satian of tlle distriet superintemlents and ennmerators, ns providcd in this seetion,
Hhal1 he paid nnder the fol1olYillg l'cstrictions, to wit: \Vhenever a diskict snpcrin-
tendent shall certify that an enumerator has satisfactol'ily completetl the enumeration
amI made returns thereof fol' the ennmeration disírict confided to him, alld shall also
cCl'tify to the amonnt of compensation to whiclt, under tlHl provisions of this act, such
enumerator is entitlcd, designating the number of days dnriug which he has he(ll' em-
ployed, the Secretary of the Interior sha11 eause one-half of the sum so Ilue to be paid
to such ellumeratol'. And when said retnrllS have beell received by the Superintendcnt
amI cUl'efn11y cxalllillcd, if found executed in a satisfactor.v mlUlIll'l', thell he shall also
cause the otlwr half to be paid. And whore an appointment has been made to supply
a vacancy arising in the office of enumerator, auy e'luitahIe allowance sha,u be mude
for work done and accl'l'ted by each person so employed, whdhcl' by original appoiní-
met or to SllPl)ly a vacaney. And whellcvcr the Superinteudent of the Ccnsus sha11
cCl'tify that tite üistriet sllperintendent has completell, to his satisfaetion, antl made
returns of, his district, and shal1 also certi(y tho amOllll t of eornpellsat,ion to whieh,
uul1er the provisions of this aet, such distriet slllHlrintendent is t'lltitled, desigllating
how long he has heltl his offiee, the Secretary of tite Interior sllall thereupon cause one-
llalf of the sum, so clne, to ue paili to such rlistrict sllperintendellt, a1Hl when the re-
tUl'llS haye ueen carefnlly examinecl for classification, if fonnrl cxecuted in a satisfac-
tory manner, then hc shaU alAo cause the other lml1' to be llltiü: Pl'ol'iiled, That the
Secretary of the Interior .,1tall reject any rlemanrl fol' compensation undel' tllÍs aet
whiclt ahall, in !tis judgrnent, be üaudulent 01' excessive. And wllencver tIle district
superintenc1ent shall rejcct the n~tllrn of any enumerator as llnsatisfadory, he Rhall re-
port that fact to the Superintcndellt of the Census, wlto shall sllbmit snch rC]lol't to the
Secretary 01' tite Interior, anLl thereupon the saiel Secretary m:ty, in his rliscretion, ex-
tenll the time withiu which the duties of snch enumcratol' llmy ue performed, amI
eitlH\I' dirpct the district supcrilltellllent to refer such report back to snch cUHmeratOl'
for redsion aml conection, 01' to direct and antllorize tlle (1istrict sl1perintendent to
appoillt a uew enumcrator to p"rform the cluties of the enlllllcrator whose report has
heen rf\jectflfl, and tlle ne\\" offiecl' tlms appointetl shall take the sameoath aud PCrf')l'Ill
hi8 tlutie8 in tite sam" manner as requirecl by tltis ad of tIle officer originally ap-
pointed, aud witllin tlle time limitetl by the order 01' the Secl'etal'y of the Interior.


SECo 11"). And he Uful'tlwl' ('1/((('/('(/, That th0 nintb ct>nSllS 8hal1 he faken as of the first
day of Jnue, t\Íglltoen humlrecl and sevcllty. The actual ouull1f\ratioll shall begin in
eaelt aud overy cnllTneration clistl'ict on that day, and shal1 be completetl, an(l aURwers
to aU the stntistical ill'1uiries HllaU he obtnined by the cnllmerator", as providcd by
law, on 01' heforf\ thf\ first day oi" Jnly, cightecn lmntlretl and scventy.


SECo 19. Ancl be U .fllrllla el/aclerT, That iu aU dties amI illcorporatml f,owUR or vil-
lages, the cnllllleration sha11 be so malle aud th" rctnrns so compilctl as to exhibit 801'-
aratdv aU tlle stntistical information obtaillccl witltiu file limits of cach of said
corpOl:~1tions.


SECo 20, AmI be it far/her CUilctCel, 'fhat if, in any 'ferritor.)' or plaees where the pOl'ultt-
tion iR sparse, the officers of the arm~', 01' any person tllenmnto helonging, can be US8-
fu11y cIlJployed in íakillg the cenSllS, the Secretary of \Var is hereuy directetl to afl-'ord
snch aid as may be givcn without prpjudiee to the Pllblic servicc.


SECo ;¿l. Al1d be it further cnaeted, Tlmt auy agent of tite Fnitf\(] States residing upon
ally ludian re~m"Vatioll Rllall, whon required by tho Sccretary of the Iuterior, llIake,
01' cause to 1)e made, au enuIllcration oí' tllfl l11diallS residing npon said reservatioll, in
snch malllwr aA t.he saiel Secretary may directo


SECo 22. Alld be il fUJ't/wJ' el1arted, That the Snperintemleut of thc Censlls Hhall pre-
pare for snhmission to Congress, nt the uegiuning of tlHl llext necelllher scssionlleld
after the tlate of tite census, u preliminary report, cmhraciug statistics of the popnla-
tion o[ thc United Stntcs, by Sta tes or Territories, amI counties 01' parishcs, sufficiently
fu]] for t.he equalization oí' representlLtion of tlw sevtlral Sta tes in Congresa. He shan,
as 800n thereafter as practicaule, aJl(l within three years from the dnte of his appoint-
ment, prepare a earefully digesteli report, Clnbracing fu11 talmbr st:LÍernents of aU the
statistical information fnrnished hy the ce-nsus, with comparative tahlcs, showillg the
ehangcs from iormer ccnsURes, and sueh otller taLles as !llay ¡le llecessary to exhibit the
results of tlle ellurneratioll.


SECo :!3. Ál/tI be il farthcl' ellaclerl, 'fhat fWIll aud after tIte thinl tlay of March, cigh-
tcen hUIHlred aml seventy-three, thc Honse of Relll'eSentatives s]¡al1 bc composed of
tltrce hllndreü IlJembCl's, to 1)8 appartioned among the seveml Síatea in tite mallner
dil"ecterl in the next section of this acto
SI~C. 24. Ancl be it fnrlhel' enactecl, 'l'hat so ~OOD as the llext enumeratioll of the inhah-




NINTH CENSUS. 63
itants oí tho several States, directed by the Constitntion oí thA United States to be
taken, shall bo completetl nml returned to thc officc of the Departlllent oí the Interior,
it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the Interior to ascertain therefrom the aggre-
gate representative pop1l1ati~n of th;- United States, by eouuting th~ wholA nnmber of
pArRons in each sta te, exelutllllg Indwns not taxeel; but when the nght to vote at any
electiou íor the choice of electors for President and Vice-President of the Uniteel States,
representatives in Congress, the AXflcutive amI judicial officers of a StaÍf', or the mem-
bers of tlle legislatuI'c thereoí, is elcnied to ally oí the male illhabitants of such State,
being t",cnty-onc years of age am1 citizens of the United States, 01' in any way
abridgec1 except i'or participation in I'ehellion 01' other Cl'ime, he shall reduce the basis
of representation therein in the proportion which the number of such male citizellS
shall locar to the whole numloer oi' male citizells twenty-one years oi' age in such State;
and it ~hall be hi8 duíy to thns ascertain t,]¡e aggrAgate representative poplllation oí'
the Cnitet1 Sta tes ; ,,'hicl! aggregate population he shall divide by three hundreel; and
the prodnct of such c1ivision, rejecting any fraction of an unit if any su eh happen to
remnin, shall he the ratio or rule of apportionment of representatives among the sev-
eral Sta tes nnder such enumemtion; and the said Seeretary oi' tbe Department of the
Interior 8ha11 then proceed in t.he same manner to ascertain the representativo popula-
tíon of eaeh State, llnd to divide the ,v1101e numher oí the representative populat.ion of
cach State by the mtio alremly determined byhim as ahove directed; and tlle product
of this lnst divison shall he the nllmher of representatives apportioned to such State
uuder the enllmemtion l)l'oyided fol' in this act: Pmvided, That the loss in the llllmber
of membel's caused lJy the i'ractious l'emainiug in the several States, on tho divisiou of
thc poplllation thereoí~ 8ha11 be compellsnted i'or by assigning to so many 8tates haying
the largest fl'aotions one aclditionallllcrnher cach for its í'raction,. as may hA llecessary
to make the whole number oí' representat.ivcs: Alld ]Jl'oriclcd also, That if, after the
apportionmcllt of the representatiyes llncler the next census, 11 new State 01' States
sha11 loe alllllitted into the l~nion, thc l'epresent.ative or repI'esentatives assigned to
8nch new State 01' States shall be in arldition to thc numbcr of reprcsentati ves hel'ein
aboye limited, "'hiel! excess of representatives over three hundred sIlall only continlle
until the llext suceee<liug appOl'tiolllucnt of representatives under the next suceeeding
census_


SECo 25. And beit jll1·tl¡CI' mwcted, That when tIle llepart.ment of t.he Interior shall
have apportioncd the l'cl'rcseutati ves, in the manncr al){)ve dil'ecte<l, ulllong the seyeral
States, llmlol' tho next cnumeration of the in11abitants oI' thc Luited Sta.tes, he s11a11,
as soon as pmcticablf\, make out a.]1(l transmit, nnder the seal of hi8 oftice, to tlle House oi'
Rcp1'csmlÍatiycs, a cel'Lificate oí t11e uumbe·r of memberH apportioneü to oaeh 8tate
llndel' the e1l11lneration proyirle<li'or in this aeí; am1 shalllike,yise make out amI tmnH-
mit, withont <lela.y, to the exc~ntive of each State, a certificate, undel' his sealoi' officc,
oí' the I1llmber of lllemlJers avpo1'tiouefl to such State, llIlflm' snch enumeration.


SECo 23_ An(l be it jUl'theJ' enacted, Tlmt au act clltitleLl "All fiel ]JI'oviüillg i'o1' the
takiug of t.he seventh a]](1 suhsefluent cenSURes oi' the Lnited Statcs, aud to íix the
numbcl' of thc mcmuers o[ tIte IIollse of RApresent.at.iyes allfl proyifle fo1' theil' flltnre
appOl'ti01Il11f'nt among the soyeral 8tates," app1'ovccl May twcnty-t.hinl, eighiecll hun-
dl'ctl alld tifty; anü also an aeí entitled "Au act fixing the number oi' the members of
the Honse oi' Hepreseutatives from am1 aiter the t.hird }Iarch, anno Domini eight.een
hUllf1red amI sixty-thrcfl," approved }larch foul'th, eightecn hUlldred amI sixty-two, be,
and the Rallle are 11ercuy,l'cpealed.


SECo 2i. Ami be it jl!l'thel' enacted, That tIte Superintem1ent of the Census shall reqnire
aud obtain from evel'y raill'oafl corporatiol1, 01' the lessee 01' receiyer thercof, in the
United Statcs, t11e follo,üng f:lcts, so far as they respectivel;}" possess tlle same, to ex-
hibit the conclition oi' such company on the first of .JunA, eighteen hnmlred and seY-
enty, 01' :tt the !late of thA last allllual report muele sinco June flrst, dghteeu Imndrec1
anrl sixt;l'-niuc, to wit: The lmrne of the corporation 01' company with corporatc nalllo
of lines lea sed ; tIle number of miles of its road projected a11(l the terminal points oi'
the same; the uumber of miles completed; the nUll1bcr oi' miles lcased; miles of double
track exclusive oí sidings; capital st.ock allowed by the charter; all10unt paid up;
nllmuer oí mail stations; highest grade, inclmling curvaturA in each division operated;
total cost of road and eqniplllcnt, anrl cost oi' purchasc oi' other liues oi' road and of tele-
graphs; the totalamount oi' deut., exhihiting, separately, the fnnded and unf'nnded delJt,
aml in what country payable; the nnmbcl' oi' acres of laml derivefl from Pllhlic gmnts,
remaining unsold; the tlmount oí' rolling stock, exhihiting, separately, serviceable loco-
motivi'S; unsel'Yiceable 10COlllOtiVCS; pasHengpr cars; express cars; mail, baggage,
and expres8 cars; box cars; stock cal's; i'roigllt antl coal cnrs. AIHo total number oí'
employés, cxhibiting, separately, the nllmber oi' conductora, station-masters, ticket
agenta, hrakemen, ellgineers, fireltlCll, ílagmen anc1 gatemell, mechanics and laborer8.
Also the total recnipts of the corporatioll, exItibiting, separately, t.he receipts from pas-
sengers; from froight; from expresses; from mails; from miscellaneous sonrcos. Also
the total expenditul'e oi' tho cOl'poration, including, separately, the kind l1nd cost of
fuel; the alllount of national, State, anel municipal taxation; interest on bonds am1




64 NINTH CENSUS.
other debts; dividends paid wltltiu the yeal' in cash; rlividends pnitl ",ithín the yeal'
in stock; repairs of traek aud brídgcs ; I'qmirH ofl'olling stock; other rÜl'airs; ,1nmages
to freight ; l'apllents foI' personal injnries; telegraph expenses am! l'(>.pairR; llew stl'llct-
ur~H amI otllP-r permaneut, improvemcnts. Also the opel'ations of the roacl, exhihiting,
sc¡mra1.el,v, the mileage of passengel' trains; mileage of fl'flight trains; miloage of re-
pHir, wooa, amI gravel trains; nnmber of ",ay passengers canied; average ",ay ünes
per mUe; numher of thl'ough passcngcrs eaniea; average of tlnollg'h fan~H pcr mile;
totalnumlJcr of pássengers carried, l'educed to ouc mile; average rate pel' tOIl por mile
on all Incal freight; average rate per ton per mile on a11 t11rollgll freiglLt; tOIlS of coal;
tous of merehanaise; hnshels of grain; barrels of flonr; nnmber of horses allll cattlA;
])Ulllber of sheep mia swine; nnmber ofthollsand feet oí' lnm!wl'; total tOIlS 01' freight;
total tons carried reduced to one mile; tOllS forwnrrled .. ast, (01' north j) tons forwúr1ed
west, (01' south.) AIso conceruillg casualties, cxhibiting spparatcly the numb"r tl1e1'eof,
amI the nnmber of passengers 01' employés killed 01' wOllnde<l; the character of the
accüIent..~, whether by false handling of s,,·itches, sigllals 01' dmws, 01' by defects in
whecls, breaking nf cnnplings 01' 1'ails, 01' by illlpe(lilllents l'laced accidcnta11y 01' iuten-
tionally on the traek. IIe slwll also, in like mauue1', rer¡uire al1r! nht.ain frolll the owu-
ers, proprictors, or managers of any canal 01' 1'iver improvement the following f.wts, to
wit; Nmlle of caual 01' river improvcmellt; poínts cunuected; miles of clmal;
miles of slackwater; rlimensions of improvemcut in feet, exhibiting the depth,
and tl1(\ width at the hOttOIll and top; the nllIllber 01' loeks alHl their stalHlard
lengtlJ, tlepth, am1 width; uumlJer of feet of rise a1l(! fit11; eo~t (Jf 8trndnres; c09t
of enlarp;elllent; numlH\r of hoats: total tonuagc; tot:;l tOIlR of freight earried cast
or north; total tons carried west 01' Bouth; tOIlS of coal; tOIlR of Illcrchan<1i8c; bllshels
of grún; bnrrcls of flour; nnmber of hor8es l(m1 cattle; llumher of sheep and swille ;
nU11lber ofthollsautl feet oflntnher; a,erage mte of l"eal tu11s pcr milo; totlLl amount
receiY~d fnr toIl" in eightceu ImmIre<1 am[ sixtY-lline; aUllual lwerage expenses per
mile for repairs from eighteen hUllr1red alHI sixt,~c to eightr",n hnndred aud sixty-ninu ;
the a,Yerage lluIllber of llionths of nayigatioll dnl'illg tite ;vear. An¡l he sha11 also pro-
eure, from tlw best antilal>le sonrees. fnll st:Jtisti¡'s (Jf the ('oastwisc trwle, nnd of the
lake mtd illlamll'ivnr llayigatinn of th" 1Jllitcd :"taJes, whieh 8hall partienlarly show
the nllmber of \'essels employt'll, [\Ud whel'e, amI whetlter of sail or p1'op<'1le([ hy steam;
al so the tomwge capacit;v of each; t{n(l t,he a<lÍllal tonnage transpu1't,ed u]lou eaeh lake,
and ri ver, awI coltstwise, dnriug the yelll' eighte,'n hnndred ana sixt.y-niue; and also
the numhcr oí' mariue (liHasters \yhich oeculTed tn the lake, river, ami coastwise com-
merlle of the United Statcs iu the ~-ea]' ~ight(,en lUlIldl'e<1 alltl sixty-nille, with the nnm-
ber of lives and vessels and value of lll'op~rty lost. He shal1 aliio, illlikc mauner, l'e-
quire and obtain from the owners, proprie((Jl's, 01' managers of every expl'ess company
tlle following fact,s, to wit; Name of corporatioll nr cOlllpany; capital l'ai(l up; total
capital stock; length oí' lincs in miles; ",hetüer tIlO hnsillt'Rs iR condncted by mil, vcs-
sel, 01' othel'wise; total amonnt l);lid to raill'oads 01' vessels for ns(\ oflin(\or lÍllPs; Ilurn-
her of nfficers ; numher of l'ersous eugager[ in gt\lH'ral adlllinistration ; lllllllber of agentR
aud messeugers; total receipts; total eXl'eJl(litnrcs; exhibiting, separately, mnonnt
paid fúr salaries, for repairs, a11(l for geueral expenses; aud he Ula~· m'lllil'f' sllch flll'ther
information (lB in his jUdglllCllt lllay he Ileeef:slll'y to >.,-,cure fuU retUl'U8 01' thc transac-
tious of sue]¡ company. He sha11 also, in like mallll<'1', rf'(¡lli1'e alld ohtaiu frolll the
owners, proprictOl'~, or malla,gers of every teJegral'll line tlle fo11owing t'td8, to wit: Name
of eorporation 01' COllllllWy; terminal poilltS COllnectetl; capitltl p:tid up; length of
lines in miles; miles of wire; numher of Offi¡'ArS; numlJer of pe1'80n8 engaged in gen-
eral adlllinistratinn; nllmber of persons eugagmI as tell'.grapll opemtors; the number
of messages transmittcll lJy officers of the Ulliteü States; the lltlIlllJer 01' lllcssages
transmitte<l for the press; tite lIl11nber of messages transllütteü fin' l'riyate ]larties;
totalnumbcr of messages transmittetl; total receipts from messages; total expelldi-
tures of the compan,)'; exhihiting separately the alllount expelltletl f()l' salaries,
for rcpairs, amI for general expenses. H('. "ha.l1 also, in like mauller, rC'luire and
obtain from tlw officers 01' managers of a11 life insuranee compallÍ<>s, 1.110 following
faets, to wit; Kame of compauy; amonllt of paitlnp capital; rhe llUllll>Cl' of l'eI'SOIlS
employcd in the general administration; tlw IInm}wr clllployer[ as agellts; the total
gross assets of tite cOlllpany; exhibitillg, sel'arately, 1'l'alizo<1 ass('.fs, d"ferrerl amI
unpai<! premiullls amI pl'eminm 110t"8 alld loaus; total liabilities of the eOlllpally;
exhibitiug, separately, losses ad.iu~tl'l1 alu1nnadjnstetl, lo~~c~ re8iste<1, scrip and other
c1ividends, dividends to policy-hold~rs not app1ied, reinsnr:mce fU11r!; all otlwr claims,
inclnding eapital; receipts Ü'om cash premil1lllS; receipts from aH otlter somees; toÍltl
cash expenditures, exhibiting, separately, nlllollllt paitl for losses and c1aims, di \'¡dcnds,
to stockholders, dividends to policy llOldt'rs; cnmmiRRinlls, inclnding SUll1S paiel to
agents by the insurers amI the insnred; nf(icer,';' salaries; llle(lieal llxamiuers' fees;
national, S1.a.te, and local taxatiou; and all other eash expellditlll'es; abo prcmium
noto expem1itures; also the numbel' and aUlOullt. nf 110liej¡,s issllerI during the year;
also exhihiting policics terlllinating rlnl'ing the yf'ar; the Illllllbcr awl llmollllt termi-
nated by death; by expiration; by surrender; b;V lapse; by cltange; totaluumher an<l




NINTH CENSUS. 65
l1lnount oí policic~ in force; exbiuitillg, separately, those of one thousand dollal's 01'
under; tbc 11l1lUUer alHl amollnt of tbose fhJIn oue thoUSl1IlU dollars to two thousanu
,lol1a1'8, from two thonsttll!l uol1ars to thrce thousau(l dollars, froro tbree thousand dol-
lars to ¡¡ve thonsalld dollars, frolll tive thollsand dollars to ten thonsand dollars; and
tho uUl1lber and :lInoullt of those abovo ten tllollsallu; also tho atnOullt of pre-
minms receive<1 on policies in force anu thc average preminm on each poliey; also tho
amount of 108ses, in cash amlllotes amI the pereentage of tlle loss to tlle total mnonnt
of policies in force; also percentage of assets to risks in force. He shal1 also, in liko
l1Ianner, rer¡llire and obtain frolll every tire amI marine illsurance eompany tlle foUow-
ing faets, to wit: Nalllc of company; mUOll11t of capital stock autllorized by cllarter;
t10 alliount paiclllp; tbo nnmh(,1' of pe1'sons employe<1 in general aurninistration; tIto
nlllllber employed as agents; the gr08s llBseiS of company ; the total lbbilities, exhib-
Hing, separately, tite umount o1'los8e8 adjusted, losses nnadjllsted, losses resisted, rein-
snrauce fllUd, tire at tifty per cent., marine amI inlanu at one hunureu per oent.; all
other liahilities, inclllding capitttl; also the total reccipts, exhibiting, separately, fire
premillIlls, marine amI inland premiums, and reccipts Ü'om aU other sonr~cs, inclnding
interests, dividends, and 1'ents; alBo the total exependitures, exhibiting, scparately,
the numher an(] mnount of firo losses, of marine uud inland losses, dividends, commis-
81on8, including 81111lS ]laid to agonta by tlle insurer and insured; officers' salaries;
State, natiOlml, and lIlunicipal t:txes, amI aU otlter expenses; coueeI'uing risks written
during the ;rear, the Illllllber amI itUlOllnt oi' firo, number m1(l aIllonnt 01' marine and
i!llana; cOllcel'llillg the risks in force December tbirty-one, eighteen hnndred and sixty-
uine; tlle n11l11ber 'l1ld am01l11t of tire l'isks haviug l(~ss tItan one year io run, less tlmn
thl'ce yf':trs f.o rnn, 1II0I'l', than f.hree yl'9rS to ruu, and tho 11nl1111er and amount ofmarine
amI inIaua risks. Aud the SUl'erilltclldent oftlle Censns shal1 rcquiro and ohtain from
eaeh and ever" bankillg associ,üioll in tllc lTnit"d States and Territorics thorcof, fuU
HtatistieR of tllc c01Hlition al1<1 Jm~inoss 01' cnch of sai<1 associations for the vear ending
the jir~t of Jllne, cig'llteen Illlllllrec1 all(1 seventy; and said snperintendpnt s'hall reqnire
milI ohtain fi'om p:1eh mul eyerv hallker a]}(l hroker fuU statistics of tho husiness of
Bnch hall kc1' amI brokm', for t,lle year oll<liug ou thc ftrst of J une, eighteen hnndred and
~en;nty.


8¡.:c. 28. Au,d be it ¡lIr/he)' enac/cd, That the Snpcriutellllout of tlle Censns 811[111 requiro
each district superilüelHlellt 01' ellllllleratür to obtain from cvery publislle1', proprietOl:,
01' euitor of a ncwspaper, magazine. 01' other perio(lical, pnhlishe<l withill the (listriot,
a cop;r of the numhel' bearill/.( f,]w date of the tirst day oi' ,Junc, oighteeu lmudred and
seventy, 01' of the <l:ttP, nearest thereLo, '1Ull also a st'ttemcnt 01' the num ber of copies
¡mblishe<l. Allü he sItall re([llÍre tlle copies thns ohtained to be forwanleu to the
Cellsus Office aí, 'vVnshillgton for clasHitieation aJllll'reservation. And he shall require
":leh flistrid snperinkllllellt to procure from tho 8tate amI municipal anrl otller corpo-
mte authorities witllÍn his <list.rict sueh inforlllation as he llIay hA :tble to procuro,
relating to the amount of tlc1Jt of eadl 8t.:tte, COUllty, OI" othcr municipal corporatioll,
amI f()]' what ]ln1'p08e such dd)t was incurre,l, tilo allloullt aud rate 01' taxation, au(l
the varions purposcs for w bich tite tnx wa,' levie<l; the nn11lh,~r of criminal pros('eutíons
in each State aUfI municipal goverlllllellt, tle llUlllber of arrests, oouvjctiolls, and
acqllittals, antl tin' the purposc (jf t:ulTyitlg into effect all the provisions ofthis section
fhe SUp"l'illtenucllt i8 reqnir(,ll to prepare u,]}(l issue aU uecessary illstructiolls and
sudl sclleunles as are lIot, prnyi,leü for by law to tho district superintendent whose
duty it shall ])p, to obtaill tho rC<]llired inforrllltt,ion.


SRc.29. And be it fu)'l/wl' cllactcd, That the statisf,i~al informu,tion to be obtained ia
accordauce with tite provisiollK of this act "hall be tho folllJwing, to wit :


H. Hep. 3--5




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0 0 a u e . I d u c t s , a f i d b e r r i e s .


~ I B L l S h e J s o f p e a n u t s .


- : - 1 P o u n d s o f g r a l ? " n o t I


o m a d e i u t o W l u e .


_ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ V i n e y a n l s .


; : ! I G a l l o n s o í w i n e .


< 1


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~ V a I n c . d u c t s I l o t e n u m o r a t e d . § ~


C ! ; I ; l !


o l 1 V a l u e . 1 D o m e s t i c m a n u f a c t u r e s , ~ ~- I


° S n S N 3 : a H . L N I N :


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SCHEDULE Ko. 5.-STATT8TTCS OF 1<'TSHERIES.


M~ ~'~ o~:S !S;9 ~ .~ If of wha,le fisherios.
a ~ ] ~ .:1 ~ .g Fish 01' Rhdl·fish taken. on.
~~ § ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -:;i ~ ~ Spermaccti. "\Vhalebone.


t: Q?i ~ o~ ;g ~ ..... ~ ~~ I ~ <l) q;¡ ~.~ ';5 I:t-r ~ ~ ~, I o>-~:3 ~ s:f $::1 o~ l':I!"::; ~ I
... ; g¡ ;:; "P."il fi"" [l~'" ;;: ..J I I.J I .J o ¡:::.,,.o: d .~ .c M,.!:l etS.o.:ii 1 .... • ~ d rd a5


S ª~ =s, ~ ~ ~ El '3 "::l ª .E i ~ ,..E p P § I .El d Q-fJ d <lJ ~ ~ Q .S ::! ~ 1 ~ C':l o c:a o ~ ~ rj, ~ ~ i<i H ~ O' po f'l P. P-< po P-< ,...
2 3 ' ----5 -- 7-] 10 1- 1~ I -1-2-1--13-1-~4 -I--~


Name of firln, or individ·
ual, and kinu oí" business.


Nnrnber nfpersollA
engaged in estab-


lislnnellt as owu-
eI'S 01' partrlPrs.


-------1--


:l


SCHEDULE Ko. 6.-MmWANTILE OR TltADING ESTABLISHM~~N'l'S.


I
I


L~=
Average amount


Annua! ren!.al.val·1 of capital cm· , . I Totl1lofpnrchaRes ITota~am'tofsales
ne of,lllllldmgs ploye<l in trade 'Ave,racre number of Amount ofwages pald dllring the year dnnngyear1869,


occupled. tluring 1869. I pe,rs¿ns employ",l, tlnrillg tIte year. 1869, in dollars. I in do11ars.
---1 ! -------¡,-~------


Purchases. Sales.


3 4


~
~


Q
trJ


Z
00


L1
¡Il


~
~




' 1


i


~ I N a m e o f c h u r f ' h O l ' p ; u ! 1 Í z a t . i o n .


-,~ I I n w h a t y t - ' u l : - C h n r c l l o r g a n i z a t i o n


. . . ~ w a A f ( ) r m e d .


- - - - ; ; - I - P r e s e n t c a s h v a I n e o t ' - - c } l l u ' d l -


: . ! I h u i l d i n g ' a m I g r o u n c 1 s .


- - t g - ¡ - V a l u e o f clmIThPropcrt.Y.---~


~


~


"


N a m e o f i n s t i t u t i o n a n d i t s k i n d .


' "


D a t e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t .


~ I N u m L e r t i l u t e a i l - h e 8 e a t e i l i l l P l ' i l i = - ~


- . ! e i p a l a n d i e n c e r o o m . §


~ 1 Usualnnml~Hng~--- ~


~


I


' " 1 M a l e .


; . :


?


--~ ! ! \ o , 0 1 ' u l { ' l l l b e r s o f C h U I ' c h . ~


- 1 - - - -


; : . ,


" "


---;:;-I--~~rm.onnt p a i d t o c . J ( ' r g y - d u l ' i n g - t h e ( J ª .


_ = = _ _ _ _ _ y p u r . _ _ ;


1 1 ' e m a I O .


. §


~


' " 1 A H o t h e r e x p e n s e s f o l ' r c l i g i o u s : : : : :


- p n r p o s t ' S t l n r i n g t h e ) " e R r . ~


- - 1 N u m h e r o i d l i l d r e n i n ' · S u n f l a y I % -


1 - - ' 2 i


i S I s c h o o l s u u e l e r s u p e l ' v i s i o n o f t I l e .


c l m l ' c b . I


~, 1 ~ale. ;


-~--I-Cha;'~~~(i~~~--~


~ I l 1 r e s e l l t c u s h v a l n e ( ) i ' h n i l d i l l g s .


w 1 A m o n n t a p p r o p r i a t e d f r o m i E l ~


' " I p u b l i c f u m l s . I S ' a


~"


I 1 § ; . ; -


~ I Á m o n n t f r o m o t h e r 8 0 n 1 ' C I ' 8 . I ~ ~


i .1l~


~! A m o n n t


r e c e i v e c 1 f r O l l l - l a u o r ( ) r


i m o u t e N .


5 3


1 - ' f


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l


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4


1 - ' t l l t i O I l .


. . . . 1 C i y i l e o n d i t i o l l . j a s : m m · d e d , wl(f~


~.!) o w e d . o r s i n g l o .


~I B i r t h ] ) l a c e . - - - - - -


~I ~ I


~


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¡ : ; I


t . t I


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&


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o


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C ' ; l t i o n .


~:I--~ I - - - - - --~


- J I p ~


. . 1 ~ I f


0 0 1 : : : ; :


?


I


I f i n g o o , l h e a l t h a n d n o d i s · 1


a b i l i t y , w r i t e ( i . l f t - ' i c k , '


w r i t e t b e d i s e a s o , a s : c o n -


t ' i


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í ' . -


~.


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¡ ¡


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¡ t i l o y e a r .


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I M a l e . ' . +


1 1 ¡


1 F e m a l e .


1


i t


~


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: : : 1 _ P u b ¡ i c f u n d s o r tax~tiOJ~ _ _ 1


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<


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p


' " ~ 1 E n d o w m e I l ' t U l l < l r e n ! s . l '


~ ~ 1 T u - i t - i o - n - . - - - - - - - - - .


~ I~----------f U l


$ . , 1 - - ' P r i n c i p a l m a t e r i a l H , a s w o o d , g .


g ' c . . ; : 1 b r i c k , a n u s t o n e . g


g ~


g 1 a


~ I : ; ; : I T o t a l v a l u a o f b u i l d i n g . ¡


g . i l - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ¡ ; ; -


1 I I - t ' - ' _ I C o r n r n o n b r a n c h e R . 1


[ . 1 : : ; ; 1 H i g h e r E n g l i s h b r a n c h o s . ~


~ ?


§ : I " ' I A n e i e n t u n d m o l l e r n l a n - s ;


g ' - . l g n a g e s . " g


~ ~


" '


0 0


S l ' e c i a l s t u d i e s , a s la,~: m e d i -


c i n c , e n g i n e e r i n g , a g - T i c u l -


;~~le'na~~1n~~~;;í~~. m í l i t a r y


: : :


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1 f d i s a b l c d , w r i t e : 1 0 s 8 o f


l e g , a r m , b l i u d , d e a f a n d


< J u m u , i n s a n e , i o i o t , & 0 .


~


: ¡ ; - 1 N a m e a n d k i n d


. _ - - - - - - - - - " j


! 5 1 D a t e o f e s t a b l i s h m e n t . ~


-~ I O~~~~p, o f d h ! ( ' a s e f o r W h i C h l


c e i n m a t e i s h e r e .


; : : 1 K i n d I 1 n d d u r a t i o n . I


o


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l : : l 1 N u m b e r o f v o l u m e s . f .


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A n l l u a l c o s t o f m a i n t e n a n c e


a n d i n c r e a s e .


' S l l S N : > I O H~NIN


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O L




KIN'l'JI CEN8US. 71
Arl'ENDIX A.


P,'odsiol/8 01 the natiollal and Statc {'0118titutions 'ond 101l'8 ¡'clalin!] fo the l'Í!]ht 018uffmge.
EXTRACTS FHO~I THE CONSTITUTION 01" TIIE t::l'ITED STATES.


AHT. 1, SECo 2. (~.) Hcpresentatives an<1 direet taxes sIlan be apportioned among the
severa! States whieh nuty oc incllHled within the Union, accorfling to their respective
numucrs, which shaU be determined by adding to thc wholc IlllTnber of free persollS, in-
cludillg tllose bound to service for a term of years, amI excluding Iudialls not taxed,
three-fift.hs of aU other persons. 'l'he actual ennmeration shaIl be made within three
years after thc first meeting of the Congress of tlle Unitetl States, amI within every
Rllbsequent term of ten years, in sueh manner as they shaU by law directo The number
of representatives shall not exceefl one for every :m,ooo, lmt each State shaU have at
least one representative; amI until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New
Hampshire shall llO ent.itled to choose three; Massaclmsetts, eight; Rhode Island amI
Providel1ee Plantations, one; C0l111ecticut, five; New York, six; New Jersey, four;
Pennsylvania, eighí.; Dela",are, (me; }brylund, six; Virginia, ten; Norí.h Carolina,
five; Sonth Carolina, five; and Georgia, three.


(4.) 'Whell vacancics happen in tIle represent:ltion from any State, the executive
:mthority thereof sIlalI issne writs of election to filI such vncaneies.


A)rEXD~mXTS.


AnT. XIV, SECo 1. AH persolls horn 01' naturalizc(l in the r'uited StateH, a11(l 8ubject
to the jnrisdietioll thereof, are citizens of the t:nited States, a,ud of tIle State whe1'ein


. they n'side. No State 8hall make 01' ellforce any law ,yhieh shall abridge thp privi-
Irgcs or inununities of citiZCll.~ of tlw Ullitcc! Statcs; nor 8haU any State deprive ally
person of life, liberty, or property withont <1nl' process of law, nor deny to auy person
within its .inrisflietion tIle er¡nal proteetion of the law.


SEc.2. RCl'rcscllt.a1ivcs shan he apportiolled amollg thc seveml States according to
tIleir re~pective numb"r", connt-ing the wholA unmh"r of persons in each State, exehul-
i ng; Illtlians uot taxed. But whell tite right to vote at any election for tlle e hoiee ·of
electors for Presidellt and Vice-President, of tIte United 8tates, rcpreselltatives in Con-
gres", the execntiYB an(\ jndicial nfticcrs of a 8t.3tl;, 01' the memllC'I's of tlle legislatllrc8
thereof, is deni'jtl to ally of tILe lIIale inhabitallts of sueh 8tato, beillg twenty-one yea1's
of age. ami eitizens of thc Ullitecl State.s, 01' in auy way abridged, exccpt for partieipa-
tion in rel'fllliou, 01' other crime, tIle basis of representation therein shall be redncecl
in the propol'tion whiclt tIlO lJulllher oi' snch male cit iZCllS shall ocar to thc whole num-
11er of male eitizcns twenty-olle ypurs of agc in sneh 8tate.


'* '* *" '+ .Jo<. "* "" '*


AnT. XV, (now pell(ling fol' adoption,) SECo 1. Tlw right of citizenH of the Unitetl
States to vote shall lIot be dpuie<l 01' ahriclgctl by the Ullited States, 01' by any 8tate,
OB accol1nt of raep, eolor, or previons (,()lIdition of SClTitnde.


SECo 2. TIlO Congress shall lmye powe1' to euforcc thb a1'tide by al'p1'op1'iate legisla-
tion.


EXTRACT8 FROl\f S'l'ATE CONSTI'l'L"TIONS.
r~. B.--Thc following rxtract.H from Statc COllSi.titutions are inümded to exhibit only tbe qualifications ol


€'lect-ors and tbe caURe8 Apecified fOl' exclu!,;ion from the right of rmffrage in t.he several State~. ThE"y do not,
tberefore, embrace ¡;f'Cti01l8 I'elating tú the time alld mauuer of hoMillg Rud making returos of í'lcctions, the
powers and dutie~ of public officer~, the punishment of franr'l.:;;, TI01' the excmptions ::md privileges of elector!:!. 1


AUB,DIA. (1867.)
AnT. VII, SECo 2. E\'ery male ]lerson hom in tite rniíetl State~, and e.very male per-


son who has bepn llatnmlized, 01' who has lpgally declared his iutelltion to hccome a
Clitizeu oí t.he Unitecl States, twenty-ono yeaT'" old 01' upward, who shaU haye l'esüled
in this Statc six Illonths Ilext ]ll'ecct!ing thc I'lectioll, an!! tllree IllOllths in the county
in which he oft'ers to vote, as hereinafter provülecl, 81laU be deemed an elector: Pro1!ided,
That no Boldier, 01' sailor, 01' marin~ in the milital'y 01' naval service of tIle United
Statps sh:tll herc:tft.er acqui1'e a rcsi(lcnce uy reason of being statiolle(l on dnty in this
State.


SECo 3. It sbaIl be tho dllty of tllP general aSRPmbly to pl'oviile, fl'om time to time, for
the registration of aIl dcctor~; llllt the foIlowing classes of persons sh:tll not be per-
mittecl to register, yote, 01' holel oftice:


1. 'l'hose who, tluring the late rpbellion, inflictf'cl, 01' cansed to he inflicted, any cruel
or uunsual punisluuent upon auy soMier, sailor, or marine, employé or eHizen of the
l'nited States, 01' who in any other ,yay violUíed the rules 01' civilized warfare.




72 NINTlI CENSUS.
2. Those who Illay he disqualified froro holding oIDeo by the proposed amendment to


the Constitution uf t1w Fnited States, known as Artic1e XIV, and thosc who lmve ueen
dis<]llalified Ü'om regish'ring to vote fuI' delcgatcs to the convention to frame a cOllsti-
tution fol' tbo State of Alauama, nndel' the act of Congress "to provide for tlle more
eftieient governlllont of the reuel StateR," passed l)y Cougress :l-Iarch 2, 1867," alld the
acts snpplementary thereto, except snch persons as aideü iu the reconstI1lCtion p1'o-
posed by Congress, and accept the poJitical eqllality nf an men hcforo thc law: l'¡'oridcd,
That the general assernhly aha11 have power tn remove tho disahilities incurred under
this clanse. t


3. Those who sha11 lmve heen convicted of tre·t80U, embezzlement of puulic fllUda,
malfeasance in oftice, crime punishaule uy law with imprisonment in the penitentiary,
01' lJriuery.


4. Those WllO are itliots or insanA.
[By article I, section 34, it i~ tledared that temporary absence from the State shall


not cause forfeiture of residence once olJtaincd.]


ARKANSAS. (1868.)


ART. VIII, SECo 2. Every malo porson horn in tho United Statos, and eyery male
llersun who has been Ilatllralized,or has legally dcclarcd his intention to beconw a
citizcn of thc Lnited States, who is tWl'nty-one yeal's olrl or u]Jwal'd, and who shall
haYA resicled in the State six months llcxt llreceding t,he election, and who at the time
i8 an actual resident nf the COllnty in w hich he oti'ers to vote, cxeept as hereinafter
provided, shall he declllcd au elector: Pl'ol'ided, No soltlier, 01' sailor, 01' marine, in the
military 01' naval senice of the Unitod Statcs, shall aef[uil'e a residence by 1'ea80n of
heing stationeü on duty in this 8tate.


SECo 3. The fo11owing classes shallnot be permitted to register, 01' hold office, viz:
1. ThoSA who during reuellion took thc oath uf allegiallct>, 01' gave hOllds fol'


loyalty uud guod behavior tn ihA Lnited 8tates governlllcllt, milI aftcrwanls gave aid,
comfort, 01' countcnaneo to those cngagecl in armed llOstility to the governmcnt of the
United State8, either by becoming a sohlicl' in the rebel al'lIly, 01' by enter1ng the lines
of sttid anny, 01' adhering in any way to the cause of reuelliun, 01' hy accompanying
ally armell force uclonging tu the reuel l1nny, OI' hy furnishing 8upplies of auy kind to
thA same.


2. 'l'hOSB who are r1i8r¡ualifiell as elector", 01' fl'Olll holding offiee in tho State 01' States
frolll w hieh they carne.


3. Th08e persons who lluring the late I'euellion yiolated tho rules of civilizcd warfare.
4. Those who may be disf[ualitied by the proposcü amcllllment to tho Constitution


of the United Sta tes, kllOWIl as Article XIV, aml those who hay e heen disqualiflcd frolll
rAgistering to vote for delega tes to thc COllvelltion to frame a constitution for the State
of Al'kansas, under (,he ant of Congress entitled "An aet to lll'ovide for the more effieient'
goverument of the rohcl States," passecl March 2, 18ü7, and tho acts SUpplcIllclltal
thereto.;


5. Those who shall llave bRen <lonvictell oí' trCtlSfJll, ellluezzlcment of puhlic funds,
malfeasance in oflicc,cl'inlCS puuish:thl(, by law with il1lpl'isOlllllent in thc pcnitelltiary,
01' hribel'Y.


6. Those who are idiots 01' in sane : Proddcd, That alll'ersons inclllded in tlle 1st, 2rl,
3d, and 4th Mubdivisions of this section, who huxe openly aüvocatetl U1' who llave voted
for tlle reconstrllctiun propused hy Cnngress, and accept the eq nalit.y oi' all lllon
beforfl tlle law, shall ue deellled qualified elcctors undel' thi~ constitntioll.


SECo 4. The general assemhly shall have the pOWCl', hy a two-thinls vote of each
houso, approved by the governnr, to remove the disabilities inclmlcd in tho 1st, 2d, 3d,
amI 4th suudivisions of sectioll thrce of this artiele, WlWIl it appears that 811('h persoll
applying for 1'elief from s11ch disabilities has in good Jaith rctllrnetl to his allegiance to
the government of the Uniterl States: PrOl'ided, The general assembly shall have no
pow"r to remoye the disauilities uf ally ])Cl'SOIl emhraeed in thA aforl\sairl suhllivisions
who, after the adoptioll of this constitlltion by t11e COllvelltioll, pcrsist in oppoMiug tIlO
acts of Congress and recnnstrnction therellndet.§


[By lt1'ticle I, section 22, persons concernctl in duels "re fmever deprived of the 1'ight
of voting at any election. ]
----~-----------------------------------


,¡. Tbis act allowed CODstitutions to be fOl'llled by ('onventions of delt:>gates H elected by tile male citizens of
said StRte, 2l yeal's old and upward, of whatever race, color, or pr~"iOU8 rondition, who have been residrut
in 8uch State for olle year previous to the day of ~uch eledioIl, except. I\uch aH lllay be disfranchi:-letl for par-
ticipation in rebel1ion or for felollY at common lnw." Tho constitutions f'ormed at ¡.;nch conventioll!-l were to
provide that the elective franchi:-ic should be elljoyed ollly by 8ueh perrlOllS as had the qualitications above
Htll.ted for electors of delegates.


i 'I'his authority bas been exerei!'ied :in thc fOl'm of a regular enactment, l'emoving all <.lisalJ:ilities, so that
no'" all males 21 yeur:-l of agü, with the excepliuu uf convicte(l cl'imillals, are nllowcd to votl'.
~ See note to Alabama.
§ Tbi8 power has not be en exercised by the general asscmuly




NINTH CENSUS. 73
CALIFOUNIA. (1849.)


AuTo n, SECo 1. Every white male citizcn of the United Sta tes, and every white male
citizen of Mexico, who shall have elected to becomíl a citizen of the United States,
nntler tllO trcaty of peace exchanged and ratified at Qllcrctaro, on the 30th day ofMay,
1848, of Ihe age of -¿l years, wllo shall have be en a resident of the State six months
next precflding the elcction, and tlle county or district in whieh he claims his vote
;>0 days, sIJall be entitled to VOtfl at all elections which are now, or hereafter may be,
authorizecl by law: * Pl"Ovicled, That nothing herein contained shall be construfld to
prevent the legislature, by a two-thirds concurrent vote, from admitting to the right
of suffragc Indians or the descendants of Indians, in such spec1al cases as such a pro-
portion of tho legislative hody may deem just and proper.


SECo 4. }'or the purpose of voting, no person shall be deemed to have gaincd or lost
a resitlcllcc hy reason of his presenee or absence while crnvloyed in the service of the
1'"nited States,t 1101' while engaged 111 thc navigation of the waters of this State, or of
the ünited States, or of thc high seas; nor while a stlldent of any semilllwy of learn-
ing; nor while kept at any almshouse or other usylum at public expellse; nor whilfl
confined in any puiJlic prison.


SECo 5. No idiot 01' insane person, or l)erson convicted of any infamous crime, shall
be cntltled to the privileges of an elector.


AUT. XI, SECo 19. Absence from tlle State on business of the State,or of the "Gnitc!l
States, shallllot affect tho question of residellce of any person,


[By artide XI, section -¿, persons concerned in duela eannot be allowed to enjoy the
right of sllffrage.]


CONNECTICUT. (1818.)


lun. VI, SI';C, 1. All persona who have bocn or shall hereafter, previolls to the ratifi-
catioll of thia const1tution, be admitted freemen, accordillg to the existing laws of this
State, 81mll be clectors.


AUT. VI, SECo :{. 'l'he privilegcs of an elector sha11 he forfeited hy a conviction of
hrihery, forgery, pcrjllry, duellillg, fraudulent bankruptcy, theft, or other ofrense fol'
which an infamous punishment i8 iurlicte<1.


A:\1ExD:\mNT: AH'!'. VIII. Adoptcd Octobcr, 1845. Every white male citizen of tIJc
United States who shall ha\'c attained the age of21 years, án(l who shltll have residecl
in this Stlttc fol' thc term of one yenl' next l)receding, mal in the town in which he
lllay ofier himself to he admittell to the vrivilegcs of an elector at least six months next
prereding tlw time he llmy so oJIer himself, [see 11th amendment,] :md shall sustaill a
goo<l moral charadar, shall, on his taking 8uch oath as may be prcscribcd by law, 1)e
an elcctor.


ÁsIEND:\I¡';XT: ART. XI. Adoptcd October, 1855. Every person shall1Je ahle to rcad
any article in the eonstitution, 01' any section of the statntes of thia State, hcfore being'
adlllittcd as an elector_


[By an ameIHlment adopted in August, 1864, (Art. XIII,) electors in the military
seTl'ice of tite Ullite<l Stntcs, dllring the rflbellion then existing, were cnahlcd to vote
whilc sbsent frolll the Sta te. A law had been previously passed for this lmrpose.j.]


DELAWARE. (18:31.)


AuT. IV, SECo 1. "* And in such eleetions cvery free white male
citizen of the age of twenty-two .veal'S 01' upwanls, llav1ng' rcsided in the State one yeal'
next before the electioll, amI tIJe last month thereof in the eOlluty where he offers to
vote, amll¡av1llg within two years next hefore tIle election. paid a county tax, which
shall have been assessed at least six montha befoI'e the election, shan enjoy the right
of an elector; and every free whito male citizen of the age of tIYenty-one, and under the
age of twenty-two years, havillg resided as nfol'esaid, sllall be el1titled to yote without
payment of ally tax: Prol'iclecl, That no person in the miliütry, na yal, 01' marine service
of the United States shall be cOllsidcrcd as acquiring a residence in this State by being


*0 went to reside in a certnin COllnty un Septembel' 22, and fin election wal:3 held tbere on the 21 st of Octo·
ber following. Held, Tbat he had not residf'd tbere 30 dn.y¡.¡, so as to t'ntitle 11im to vote under the constitu·
tional provision requiring a previous residen ce fol' su eh a length of time.-People YS. Rolden, 28 Cal., 123.


t Aman is not disqualified froro voting by rca~on of being a wldier in the arrny of the Vnited States. but
be ·n·m not acquire the Tight merely by rC1:Iirling in the country as a Jo:loldier.-Orman vs. Riley, 15 Cal., 48.


The burden of proof iH upon the party who contests the fight of auotber to vote.-lb. .
Article 2. secHon 4, of tbe COll'6titutioll, declaring that no porson Hhall be deemed to ha ve gained or lost a


rpl:lidence by reR.~on of hiJo! pTt'sence or absence in tbe ~ervice oí t11e United States, doef:, not preclude R person
from acqlliring a residence in the placewhere, and in tbe time ",hile, be is prescnt in such sen'ice. [SHAFTER.
J., di"enting.J-Ib.


t The aet ol' December 24, 1862, wbich provides for taking, out of Ihe Sta te. tbe votes of persons in Ihe
military sen'ice of the United State!'!, in the electiou of State and otber officers, ¡s, in respect to tbe election
oí State officerB and member.s 01' the general assembly, uncollstitutional.-Opinion 01 Judges, 30 CODO' I 591.




74 NINTH CENSUS.
stationed in any garrison, barracks, or military or naval place 01' 8tation within this
State; and no idiot, 01' insane person, pauper, or person cunvicted of a cI'ime deemed by
law felony, 8hall cujoy thc rig-ht uf an elector; and that the legislatnre may impose the
forfeitnre of the right of snft'rage as a pnnishment for crime,


FLORIDA. (1868.)
ART. XIV, SECo 1. Every male person of the age of twenty-one years and npwards, of


'\vhatflvflr rae e, color 01' nationality, or previous condition, or who shall, at the timfl of
offering to vote, be a citizen of the United States, or who shalllmve declared his illten-
tion to-become such in conformityto the laws ofthe United States, and who shallhave
resided and had his habitation, domicile, home, ami place of permanent abode in Florida
for one year, and in the county for six months next preceding the election at which he
sha11 offer to vote, shan in such county be deemed a qnalified elector at a11 elAetions
under this constitutiou. EVflry elector sha11 at the time of hi8 registration take amI
subscribe the following oath:


"1 --- do solemnly swear that I wiII snpport, protect and defend the Constitntion
and government of t,he L'nited States, and the constitntion and government of the Rtate
,of Florida, against a11 cncmics, forcig'n 01' domestic; that I will bear trne faith, loyalty,
aud allegiance to the same, any ordinances 01' resolntion of Ully State convention 01'
legislature to the contrary notwithstanding: So help me G()(l."


SEc.2. No pCI'son ullder guardian8hip, non com[Jo~ mentís, or insane, sha11 be qualificd
to vote at any election, nor 8ba11 ally person convicted of felony be qualified to vote at
any election unless resto1'efl to civil rights.


SEc.3. At any elcction at which a citizen 01' subject of any foreign couutry shalloffer
to vote, nuder the provisions of this constit.lüion, he 81lall present tothe 1)er80118 lf1wfuJJy
autborized to condllct and supervisA snch eleetiou a duly sealed and certified eupy of
his declaration of intcntion, othcrwisc he shallnot be allo\ved to vote; ano any natu-
ralized citizen oifering to vote sha11 produce befo re said persons, lawfn11y anthorizefl to
conduct amI supervise the election, his certifica te of naturaliztttion, 01' a duly 8ealed
and certified eopy thercof; otherwisc he sha11 not be permitted to vote.


8EC. 4. '1'he legislature shall have power and shall enaet the neceasary laws to ex-
elude from every office of honor, power, trust, 01' profit, civil 01' military, wit.hin the
State, amI from the l'igbt of sllifrage a11 persolls'eonvictell of bribery, perjnry, larceny,
01' of infamons crime, 01' who shall make or bocome, directly 01' indirectly, illterested in
any bet 01' wager, the result of which shall rltlpelHl upon any election; 01' who sha11
hereaftcr fight a duel, 01' seud 01' aeeept a eha11cnge to fight, 01' who sha11 be a secoud
to either party, 01' be the llCarer of su eh challenge 01' acceptance; bnt the legal disability
shall not :wcrne unt.il after tri al ami convir;t.ion bv due form of law.


SECo 7. TIw Icgi8lature sha11 enact laws requirillg e<lueational qualifications 'for elec-
tor8 after the year 1880, but no snch laws shall be mariA applicahle to any elector who
may have registered 01' voterl at a.ny fllection pI'evious thereto.


[Thc Scminole Illllians are, by Art. XVI, Seco 7, allowed to elect one member of their
tribe to each honse of the legislatnre. Tllis specia,] 1'epresentation i8 not to htl a har to
the representation of any count.y by thtl citiztlns thereof, ami wLcuever a tax nmy l)e
imposcd on thcse Indians, they are thenceforth to be eútitled to aH the privileges of
citizens, and wiII he barred fI'om special representation.]


GEORGIA. (1868.)
AH'!'. II, S~;c. 2. EVAry male person llOra in thA Unite(l States, and every male person


who has been natnralizec1, or who hasleg:Llly dcdared his intcntioll to become a citizen
of the United Sta tes, twenty-one years old 01' upwarrl, who slmll have resided in this
State six months next preceding the election, :mrl Hha11 lmve resieled thirty dttys iu the
county in which he oifers to vute, aud 8hall have paid a11 taxes which may have been
required of him, anrI which he may have hall an opportunity of paying, agreea.hly tu
law, forihe year next preceding thtl elcctiou, (exeept as hel'eillaftcI' pI'ovidcd,) ahan be
deemetl an elcctor; and every malo citizen of the United States, of the age afo1'esaid,
(tlxcept as hereinafter provided,) who may llil a. l'csi(lent ofthe State at tlw timo oft.he
adoption of t.his constitntioll, shall he cleemetl an elector, and shan ha ve an tlle rights
of an elector as aforcsaid: Pl'ovided, Tlmt no soldier, sailor, 01' marine in the military 01'
naval service of the United States, shaU acqnire the 1'ighí-s of an elector by l'ea~()ll of
being stationerl OH dnty in this Statfl; au(l no per80n sLall vote \Vho, if cllallenged,
shall refuse to take the fo11owillg oath :


"1 do swtlar that I have not givell, 01' received, nor do I expect to givc,ol' l'cccivo, any
money, treat, 01' othe1' thing of vallle, by which my vote, 01' any vote, is afl.'ected, 01' ex-
pected to be aftected, at this election, nor have I g'iVCll 01' promisell any rf'ward, 01' made
any threat, by which to prevellt any persoH from voting at this election."


SEc.3. No pCl'son convictcrl of felony oI' lareeny before au'y court of this State, 01' 01'
01' in the United States, shall be eligible to any oílice 01' appointment of honor 01' trust
within this State, unless he sball have, been pa1'doner1.


SKc.5. No person who, after the adoption of this cOllstitntion, being a resident of




NINTH CENSUS. 75
this State, sha11 engage in a duel iu this State or elsewhere, or sha11 sendor accept a
challenge, or he aider or abettor to such duel, sha11 vote or hold office in this State;
and every snch pcrson shall also be subjcct to sueh puuishmeut as the law may pre-
scribe.


SECo 6. Tho geueral asscrnbly may provide, from time to time, for the registratiou
of a11 electors, ¡mt the following classes of persons shall uot be permitted to register,
vote, or hold office :


1. TIlOSO wllo sllall have been convicted of treason, embezzlement of public funds,
rnalfeasance in office, crime punishablc by law with imprisoumeut in the penitentiary,
or brihen'.


2. Idiots or inSltne persons.
ILLINOIS.* (1847-'48.)


ART. VI, SECo 1. Iu aU elections, every white male citizen above the age of 21 years,
having resided in the State one :real' next prcccding any clection, shall be entitled to
vote at snch election; and every y,hite male inhabitant of tlle age aforesaid, who may
he a resident of the State at tite time of the adoption of this constitution, shall ha vo
the right ofvoting as aforesaid; but no such citizen 01' inhauitant shall be entitled to
vote, except in the distl'ict 01' county in which he sha11 actnally reside at the time of
snch election.


SECo 5. No elector shall be deemed to have lost his residence in this State by reason
of his ausence on tlle business of the 1Jnited States, 01' of his State.


S¡.;c, 6. No soldier, seaman, or marine,in tlw al'luyor llavyofthe United States, shall
¡le deemecl a. resiclellt of this State, in conseqnence 01' ueing stationed at any military 01'
naval place within tho Sta te.


SEc.8. Tlle general assembly shall have full power to pass laws exdndillg frollL the
right of suft):age persons convictecl of in1'amous crimes.


INDIANA. (1851.)
ART. II, SECo 2. In all electiolls, uot "¡'¡lcrwise provided for by this constitntiou,


every white malc citizcn of the 1Jnited States, of the age of21 years alHl upwards, who
8hal have resided in the Statc dnring tllc six IIlonths inllnediately preceding 8nch
e]ection; and evory white malA of foreign birth of the age oí' 21 years alld upwards,
who sha11 have resided in thc United States one yea,r, and shall have resided in this
State during the six months iunuediately prcccding such election, and shaIl ha ve
declarcd ¡lis intention to become a citizen of thc Ullited States, conformably to the
laws ofthe United Statcs on thc sllhject of naturalization, shall be entitled to vote in
the township 01' precinet where he lllay resi<le. t


-----------------------------------------


-... 'Vhether tbe penwn offcring to vote is un llnuntllralized foreigller or a citizell, the judgetl of electioll bave
no right tú inYt.~¡.;tigp.te, under the law¡;¡ of I11inois. Jf buch person takes t.hc oath prescribcd by lnw, the duty
is imperative upou thüjudges to receive bi~ vote, unless the onthis proved to be false.-Spragins V8. HuUglttOll,
2' Scammon, 377.


Nor can the jndges inquire whether tIle person offering to vote is nn inhnbitant and enHtled to the l'ight of
fiuffruge within the meaning of the con~titution. It i8 only where the judge of t11e election allows tbe exer~
cis(O of thc f>1('ctive fl'allchise by oue who~e rjgbt he ~uspects, or ,vhose vote i8 challenged, without tcndcring
tbe oath prescribt'u by btatute, tbat tbe jurlgc violates his duty.-Ib.


1t )o:rrrnf; that t~itizcnship i!l not a 11eee8~ary qualifica1ion of a voter in IlHnoi~.-Ib.
Each Statt'l haH tbe undoubted right to prescrihe the qualificatinTIs of its own voters. And it is eqnally


clear tbat tl16 ad of naturaHzation dOPf; noí confer on the individual natnralized t1le right to exercise tbe
elective franchíse. 'fhe qnalification which the voter is required to poss~ss in a congressional elf'ction de-
pends entirely on th~ laws of the:Str:de in which 1h0 p.lective franchil'5e is exercised. and ia purely dependent
on the munielpal r('gulation~ of the State.-Per SrtIlTH, J.-lb.


t By section 1 of the regilitry Jaw, paHseu May 11, 1867, it il! declared .. That no per80n sball be deemed to
ha ve acquired a r('8idence in any town~hip, city, or ward, so as to entiUe bim to vote tberein, until he shall
bave been a bonafide inhabitullt of such town-ship, city, or waro, at kast twenty days before the day ofeJec·
tion at wbich 8t1ch person 81mll offel' to vot~."


The law above referred to was ameurled May 13, 1869. The following section dr.finc8 tbe rjght of a person
challenged upon hi~ offeriug to vote.


" SECo 6. Any pcrsong ofl'¡>ring to vote rnay be challenged by any voter in sueh townRhip, precinct, 01' ward,
(as tbe caBe may be,) aud Jf tbe person 80 cballellged im¡j~ts upon voting, snd the cbailenge be noto with-
drawo. 8üid board of clection, 01' 80me member thereof, shall adnünh:ter to him tbe following oath: I YOtl do
tlw(~ar (or affirm, 8S th e case lllay be) tbat yon are a citizen of the United States; that you are over 21 yeara
oi 3ge, to tbe bellt of your iuformn.tion 01' bclipf¡ that you have been a bonafide re8ident of thi~ State for six
montbs irnmediately preceding this e'lection; that yOtl are now, and have been for twentydays IRst past, a bonfl
fide resident of thhi town:!bipl preeinct, or ward, (nlo! the case may be ;) tbat yOtl are generally known by tba
name iu which you now desire to vote; tbat yon have not voted llor will not vote at aoy other precinct,
township, 01' ward (as the ca.se may be) in this election.' And in ca¡.¡c of p('r~on of foreign birtb, tbe oath
relative to citizellship sba11 be dhipensed witb, snd the following word~ used in Heu thereof: I 'l.'hat you haya
resirled in tbe United States one year, aud have dee1ared your intention to bccorno a citizen thel'eof. in con·
formity with the laws tbereof. And in addition ta snch oath of such per¡.;on proposillg to vote, tbe followillg
oatb or affirmation of 'p(ome freeholder who i9 a re~ident and voter of such towllsbip. precinct, 01' ward, (as tbe
C:!lole may be,) in which the challellged person asks to vote, shall be required: 'You do swear j oraffirm, (as
the case may be,) tbat your are a freeholder, o\vning real estate in your own rigbt, held by deed in your own
lIarn~, aod that fhe said real eRtate il:J situated in tbis election precinct; and 1hat -- --, who no'W
desire9 to vote, has rel'ided in thh.¡ Statc for gix months irnmediately preceding this electioll, and has been a
bouafide re¡.ddent of thht precinct for tW€'llty dayslast past;' which oath shnll bcwritten 01' prlotcd, and shall be
signf'd by tlle pen~oD Ulaking Rurh oath in the presence of such board of eleotiolll~, which oath abaIl be admin~
i15tered by sorne me:nber thereof, who aban affix his jurat tbereto; whicb aftlduvits ahall be attached to, aud
be returned witb, the poll-Iists, to the ofliee of the county clerk."




76 NINTH CENSUS.
SEc.3. No soIdier, scaman, 01' marine, in the army 01' navy of the Ullitcd States, or


of their allies. shall be deemad to h~we acquired a residence in the State in eonsc-
quenee of lmving bcen stationed within the same; nor shall any such soldier, seaman,
01' marine have the right to vote.


SEc.4. No person 8ha11 be deemed to have' lost his residence in the State by reason
of his absence, eithcr on business of this State 01' of the Unitcd States.


SECo fi. No negro or mulatto sha11 have the right of suffrage.
SECo 8. The general assembly sha11 have power to deprive of tho right of suffrage,


and to render ineligiblo, any person convicted of an iufamous erime.


IOWA. (1857; AS AMENDED IN 1868.)
ART.II, SECo 1. Enry male eitizen of the United States of the age of 21 years,


who s11a11 have been a r(j,~ident of the State six months Ilext prececling the election,
and in the connty in which he claims his vote sixty days, shall be entitled to vote at
a11 elections which are now or hereafter may he authorized by law.*


SECo 4. No person in the military, naval, 01' marine service of tlle United Statea shan
be considered a rcsident of this State by being stationcd in any garrison, barrack, 01'
military or naval place or station within tllis State.


SECo fi. Ko idiot or insane lJerson, or persona convicted of any infamous crime, shall
be entitled to the privilege of an elector.


KANSAS. (1859; AS ANIENDED IN 1864 A)/J) 18ü7.)
ART. V, SECo 1. Every white male person of 21 years and upwarcls, belongiug


to either of tlle fo11owing elasscs, who sha11 have residerl in Kansas six 1110nths next
prececlillg any election, aud in the township 01' warcl in which he offers to vote at
least thirty daya next [lreceding s11ch electioll, shall be deemed a qualitied elector:t


1. Citizens of the United States.
2. Persons of foreign birth who 811a11 have declarecl thcir illtontiou to become


citi7.ens, conformably to the laws of tlle l:uited States on the suhjcct of natumIizatiou.
SEc.2. No persou llnder guardiallship, non COinp08 menti8, 01' insane; no peraon con-


vieted of felony, llnless restored to civil rights; uo person who has heon dishonorably
discharged frOlll the senice of the l~nited Sta tes, unIess reinstated; no lJerson gllilty
of defranding the governmcllt of the United Statt's 01' any of tlle States thereof; no
person guilty of giving 01' receiving a bribe, 01' olfering to give 01' receive a bribe; aml
no person who has ever yolnntarily borne arms agaillst the goverllmellt of the United
Sta tes, or in any manllcr volulltarily aided 01' ahetted in the attempted overthrow of
said goverllment, except aH persolls who lmve heca honorably lli~charged frolll the
111ilitar~' ser vice of the Unitetl Sta tes since the first day of April, A. D. ltiül, provided
that they haye served one year 01' more therein, shan be qualilied to vote or hold office
in this State, until HIlCh disability sha11 be removed by a law pa~~ed by a vote of two-
thirds of a11 the members of llOth hranches of the legislature.


SECo 3. For t11e purpose of voting, no person 8ha11 be deemed to have gaincd or 108t
a residcuce by reason of his presence 01' absellce while employed in thc serviee of the
United States, nor while eng~tge(l in the navigation of the waters of this State 01' of
the Uniterl States, or of the high seas, uor while at any almshouse 01' other asylum
at publie expenSA, 110r while cOllfilled in auy public prisoll; and the legisIature lllay
make provision for taking the votes of elect,ors who may be absent from their tOWI1-
ships or wards, in tho volnuteer military service of tItA Unitecl States, 01' the militia
Bonice nf this State; but nothing herein cOlltl1illCd sha11 be dccrned to allow an,\' 801-
dier, seaman, or marine, in the regular army 01' navy of the United States, the right to
vote.


KE:NTUCKY. (1850.)
ART. II, SECo 8. EYl"ry free white male citizell, of the age of 21 years, "ho has


resided in the State two yea1's, 01' in the cOllnty, tO\nl, 01' city in which he offers
* Remaíning in n township, with tbe intention of retnrning upon tbe accomplishment of ¡wme temporary


purpose, is not sufficient to give a re¡.;idence within tbe meanÍng of the electioD. lawK 01' Iowa j there lUUgt be a
bonajideiutention to make it a residence.-Sll1.te vs. jyIinniek. J5 Iowa, (7 \Vith.,) 1'23.


The eonstitution of the State of Iowa, as applied to tbe legi~lative department, is a limitation, and not a
grant of power; and tbe legifol.ln.turc may provide who ahan llave the ríght of sllff'rage, nnd the time, place,
and lliaDller oí eX0.Tcising it, whell Dot expre~Hly or llllpliedly probibited by tbe terms of the cODstitution.-
Morri8on VS. Springer, 15Iowa, (7 With.,) 304-.


The aet of September 11, ]862, autborizing legal votenl in the military sel'vice tú vote without thc Stnte
ltmitj:!, iR eouHtitutional.-lb.


t Tbe district court Itas drcided thHt a persún more tban half white shall be deerned ji white," witbin tb~
mea.ning ofthilol section, and be allowed to vote. Tbis questiun lH:l,s uever ueen carried to the supreme ~onrt,
but the aboye conBtruction has gencraUy been aequiesced in, aud tbe clasE of per¡.;ons refened to vote WltllOut
binderanee.


! :F'oreignera who have resíded in the State and pr('cinct Jbe preseribed time: are entitled to vote imllledi·
ately upon being'nllturalized.-M'organ v •. Dudlcy, 18 B, Mon., (Ky.) 693.




NINTH CENSUS. 77
t.o vote, one rear next prcccding thc election, sha11 be a voter; but such voter 8ha11
have been, for sixty <lays next precerling the election, a residcnt of the precinct in
which he offers to vote, and he slla11 vote in saiel precinet and not elsewhere.*


ART. VIII, SECo 4. Laws slmll be made to t'xclude from offiee, and from suffrage,
those who sllall thereafter be eonvicted of bribe1'Y, perjllry, forgery, 01' other crimes 01'
high misdemeanors.


SECo 12. Absence on the hnsiness of this State, 01' the United States, sha11 not forfeit
a residen ce once obtained, so as to dep1'ive any one of the right of suffrage, 01' of being
"¡ccted 01' appointed to ally offiee under this Commonwe:1Ith, nnder the exception con-
tnined in this constitution.


LOUISIANA. (1868.)


TITLE n, ART. 25. At its first session nndel' tbis constitution, the g¡meral assembly
shall provide by law that the names all(l reHidenee of aU qnalificcl electors shall be
1'llgistered, in order to entitle them to votc; but the registry sha11 be frce of cost to
thc elector.


AUT.26. No person slmll bc entitled to vote at any election held in this St.ate, except
m the parish of his residen ce, anrl at the election ]Jrecinct in whieh he is rcgistered:
PI'Qvided, That no vote!', in removing from 011e parish to auother, sha11lose the right in
the former until he has acquirecl it in tlw latter.


TITLE VI, AUT. 9R. Eve1'Y male person, of thc age of 21 years 01' upwards, born 01'
natllralized in tho United States, and suhject to the jurisdiction thereof; and a residcnt
of this State one year uext preeetling an election, and the last ten days within the
parish in wllich he ofi'ers to vote, shall be tlecmed an elector, except those disfranchised
hy this eonstitution, and persons llndel' intel'diction.


AHT.99. The following persons shall be prollibited troro voting and holding any
oftie.e: AU persons who ahall haye been eonvickd of treason, pe1'jnry, torgery, bribery,
01' othe1' erimc p.unishable in the pmlitentiary, and persons umier intel'diction. AH
persons who are estoppecl frolll c1airning the right of suffrage, by abjuring their a11egi-
ance to the U nited States government, 01' by notorionsly levying war against it, 01'
adhering to its cncmies, giving thelll aid 01' Clomfort, but who ha ve not expatriated
thelllH8lves, nor have been convietecl of ally of tlle erimes mentioned in the first para-
graph of this :trticle, are he1'eby restored to thc said rigllt, eXClept the following:
Those who held officc, civil 01' milit¡try, for one year 01' more, under the organization
styled "tlle Confcderate States of Amcriea;" those who l'egistered thcmselves as ene-
lIlies of thc LJniterl States; those who aeted as lcaders of guerilla bands during the
late rebellian; those who, in the advoeacy of treason, wrote 01' publiHhed newspaper
articles 01' p1'eached sermona rlurillg t1w late rehellion; amI those who voted fol' antl
signed an ordinance of secession in any Statc. No person iucllHled in theso exceptions
shall either yote 01' hold office nntil he shall llave relieved himself by volnntarily wri-
ting ami signiug a certifieate scttiug fmtl! that he aClknowledges the late rebellion to
have ucen morally and politica]]y wrong, and that hc !'cgrets any aid and comfort he
may have given it; alld .he shall file tlw eertificate in the ollicc oí' the secretary of
Htate, ancl it shall be published in thc ofticial journal: Pl'ovided, That no person who,
prior to tho firat of Janll:ll'y, Hl(iB, favored the exccution of the laws of the United
States popnlarly known as tlw reconstrlletion acts of Congress, t and openly ami ac-
tivcly assist<ld the loyal men of t.he State in tlleir cfforts to restore Louisiana to her
position in thc Union, shall he held to be inclurled alllong thoso herein exceptcd. Reg-
istrars of voters shall take tlle oath of any snoh persons as prima jacie evidence of the
fact that he iR entitled to tho benefit of this proviso.


ART. 134. No soldier, sailor, 01' marine, in the military 01' naval service of the United
Rtatea, shalI hel'eafter acquire a residence in this State by reason of being stationed 01'
doing duty in the same.


Mmm. (1820.)
ART. II, SF,C.1. Evcry male citÍ7:eu of the Unitecl States, of the age of 21 years


and upward, excepting panpers,t persons under guardianship, a11(1 Indiana not taxed,
having his residence esta hlished in this State for tho tCl'lU of thl'ee montha llext pre-
eeding any election, shall be an elector for governol', sellators, and representatives,


... For~igneT8 who hnve resided in tbe State, county, and precinct the length oí time required by tbe cODstie
tion, are entitled to vote immedmtcly upon being naturalized. It does not require a residence after the alien
lJecomes a citizen. 01' after he nttains the age of 21, bui. only a previou~ r~shlcnce next preceding the electio])"
either before 01' after he acqulres dtizenship, or mtaina hi!o1 majol'ity.-Murgan V8. Dudley, 18 B, Mon., 724.


t See note to Alabama.
t Per~ons whohave received R8sistnnce frÚTIl any town as paupers, or been disposed of in ser vice as Buch by


the overseers of tbe pOOf, may stilL vote for State officers, if otberwil'5e qualified, provided they have Dot been
pauper. within three month. next preceding the day of clection.-Opinion of JUBaC", 7 Greenleaf, App., 497.




78 NINTH CENSUS.
in thc town or plantation where his rcsidonce is so ostablishcd,'" and the elections ahall
be bywritten ballot.t But persons in the military, naval, or marine service of tho Uni-
ted States, or this Sta te, shan not be eonsidered as havillg obtained such esíablished
rcsidencc by being síationed in any ganison, barrack, or lllilitary place. in any town or
plantation; nor slrall the residen ce of a student at any selllinary of learning entiBe
him to the right of suffrage in the town or planíation where such selllinary is estab-
lished.


MARYLAND. (1867.)
ART. l, SECo 1. AH elections shaH be by ballot; and every white maIc citizcn of the


United States, of the age of 21 years, or upward, who has been a resident of the State
for one year, amI of the legislative district of BaltimoI'c City, 01' of thc county in which
he may oil'er to vote, for six months next preceding the election, ahan be entitled
to vote in the ward 01' eIection district in which he resirles, at aU eIections here-
after to he held in this State; amI in case any county or city shall he so divided as to
forlll portions of different electoral distI'icts for the election of representatives iri Con-
gress, senators, delegates, or other oflicers, then, to entitle a person to vote for such ofli-
cer, he must have l)eeu a resident of that part of the county 01' city which shall form a
part of the electoral district in which he offers to vote for six months llext preeeding
the eleetion; but a person who shan have aequired a residence in snch couuty or eity,
entitling him to vote at any sneh eleetion, shall be entitled to vote in the election di8-
trict frÍlm whieh he removed, until he shall have acquired a residence iu the part of
the eounty or city to which he has removed.


Sgc. 2. No pel'son ahove the age of 21 yeara, convicted of larccny or othcr infamous
erime, unIesa pardoncd by the governor, shall ever thereafter he elltitled to vote
at anyelection in this State; and no person under gllardianship as a lunatie, or as
a person non compos mentis, ahan be entitled to vote.


SECo 3. If any pCl'son shall give, or oifer to give, directly or indirectly, any hrihe,
present, or reward, or any promise, or any secnrity for the payment or the delivery of
mouey,or any other thing, to induce any voter to refrain f'rolll casting his vote, 01' to
prevent him in any way frolll voting, or to procure a vote for auy candidate or person
proposcd or voted for as elector of Presideut and Vice-Presideut of the Uniterl StatAs,
01' representative in Congresa, or foI' any office of profit 01' trust crcated hy thc consti-
tution 01' Iaws of t-his State, or hy the ordinances 01' anthol'ity of the mayor and city
council of Baltimore, the person giving, or offering to give, and the person receiving
the same, and any person who gives, or causes to be given, an iUegal vote, kuowing it
to he snch, at anyelection to be hcreaftcr lJeld in this State, shall, on eonviction in a
court of law, in addition to tlle penalties now or hereafter to he imposed hy law, be for-
ever disqualified to hold any office of profit or trust, 01' to vote at au,)' clection thereaftcr.


MASSACIlUSETIS.t


AMENDMENT. (1821.)-ART. III. Every male citizen of 21 years of agc and upward,
(exeepting paupers aud persona undel' guardianship,) who shall have resided within
the Comlllonwea1th one year, and within t,he town or district in which he may clailll
a right to vote six calendar months next preceding any election of govel'llor, Iieu-


* To qualify a citizen 10 be an elector of StRte officers, he mm~t have reMided tbe tbree preeeding months not
only in the State, but in th.e town 01"" plalltation where be claims to vote. -Opinion of JUBtices j 7 Greenleaf,
App., 492.


A person ,vho supports hi~ fami1y in one tOWll, and resides to transact bU8ines~ in another tOWD, can vote
for Stste OfliC81'8 only in the t.own where his family haya rasideu fQf the tbre~ monthi'J next preceding the cIec·
tion.~Opinio" of Judges, 7 Gl'eenleaf, App., 497.


t Printed ballots aTe within the meaning of this clause.-Opinion 01 Judges, 7 Greenleaf, App. 492.
t Penons WllO have the requisite qualificatiolls 3S to age and reMidence, but who haya been for two entire


yeara cxemptedfrom tl1xation by tOWll aS8€SSOrs, not being exempted by law froro t.axation, are not entitled to
vote for governor, lieutenant governor, 8cnators, and represeutatives, l1nder the third article of amendment to
t-he constitution.-Opinion 01 tite Jastices, 11 Pickering, 5:38.


Persons who have tbe requisite qualification as to re~i<lence in l\fassachusetts, but who have been exempted
from taxatioll on accouut of theif poverty, fol' two succe8sive year~ before tbt!ir arrival st the age of 70 years,
are not enUtled to vote 3l'1 above.-Opinion ofthe Ju,stices, 5 :'\letcalf, 591.


[The law of tbi. State fOl'merly impo.ed a poll-tax upon every male inhabitan! between the age. of 16 snd
70 yenrs, whether B citizen oí the United Sta tes or an alien, excepting tho~t' who, by reason of age, infirmity.
sud poverty, might, in the judgment of the a¡.;seSHOT8, he unable to contribute towards the publie chargeti.
'rhe Uroitation of ages waB, in 184:J, fixed at from 20 to 70 yeaTs, and hy further alllendment of 1844 a poU-tax
was imposed on every mn.le over 70, excepting paupers sud persons under guardianship, whether a citizen of
tbe United Stal •• or un alien.]


Ratable polla of alieDi~ may cOllf'ltitutionally be inc1uded in estimatiug thc Dnmber of ratable polls, to deter-
mine the number of representatives any town may be entitled tu elect.-Opinion ofthe Justices of ,he S. J. e.,
7 Maso., 523.


Payment of a State 01' county tax witbin two yeara next preceding the election of governor, &c., by ODe
who iM in other respects a qualifi'3d voter, entitles him to vote st sllch clection, nlthough Huch tax was illegally
assessed upon him.-Humphrey va. Kin.gman, 5 Met., 162.


Tbough a tax which ls assesl:Ied upon ODe person IH paid for him by another, without his previous Buthority,
yet, if he reeognlzes the Ret, and repays or pro mises to repay tbe amount, on the ground tbat Buch person
acted as his agent, he tbereby acquires tbe same Tight tú vote as if he had paid tbe tax with bis own band.-lb.


PCTHonH who reside 00 landa purchased by or ceded to tbe United States, for navy yards, forttl, sud arseuals,




NINTH CENSUS. 79
tenant governor, senators, or representat,ives, and who 8han have paid, by himself
01' his parcut, muster, or guardian, any State or county tax, wlüch ahan, within two
~'ears next precerling snch election, have been asseSSe(lllpOn him, in any tOIVU or dis-
trict of thia Connllollwcalth; alld also every citizCll who shaU be by Iawexempted from
taxation, ulId who ahan bA in a11 other respects 'lllaliíied as aboye mentione<1, shaU have
a right to vote in slleh election of governor, lientenant goveruor, senators and repre-
sentatives; and no other pcrsoll shan be elltitled to vote in sllch elections .


• h1E~mIK';¡'f. (1857.)-Axr. xx. No person shall have the right to vote, 01' he eligi-
bIe to oftice, nnder the cOllstitution of thia Commonwealth, who shall not be abIe to
read t he constitution in the Ellglish langunge, and write his name: Prorided, 7wwerer,
TIJat tIJe proyisions of this amendment sha]) not apply to any persoll prevented hy a
ph)"sical flisability from complying with if,s reqllisitions, nor to ally persoll who 1l0W has
the rightto vote, nor to ally person who shall he 60 years of age 01' upward at the
time this amelldment shall take efrect.
and where there is no otber l'eRervation of juri8diction to the State thall tbat of a right tn Herve ch-i1 and
criminal proce8~ on ¡meh l~lld~, do not, by rebiding on such lands, acquire any elective francbise as inhabitantK
oí 811,~h townR.-Opininn (Jf the Jllstices} ll\Ietcftlf, 580. Commo1l1ocaltlt yt:J. Clary, 8 Mass., 77. See jUitchell
v •. Tibbetts, 17 Pick., 298.


The inhabitants of a tcrritol"y owned by the United States, and lying ""ithin this Commonwea1th, have no
jurisdic1ion, caullot exerci~e auy civil 01' political privileges twder tbe laws of tbe Cornmotlweulth, because
theyare uot interel'tt'd in ll.uy eiectioDI:! made witllin the State, nor held to pay any taxes imposed by its
Ruthority, Dor bOUlld by any of its law~.-Cammo1lwealth YS. Clary, 8 l\1at:s., 72.


In an adion against the Mt'lectmen of a town for r~fut:li]]g tu put the plaintiff's name upon the list of voter:~
and r~jerting hi:; vote, the phtintiff may prove hito! own statemE'llt:ó; relating to his residenct', made to the 8('lcct~
men before offt'ring his vote, IlO[ ulld~r oath, fol' tlle pUl'pose of fnrllibhiug to them evirlcncc of bh:l havjng tht>
lf'gnI qunlifirutioll8 of n \'ot('r i and' he may teJo;tify to hi:-: own intention in leaving the tOWll fur a prolongelj
abl'lence previou8Iy to the time of acb complained of.-Lombard vs. Oliver, 7 AUen, (.Mass. ,) 155.


It. i¡.¡ a reqnisite qualificatiop fol' un elector oI a rt'presentative in Congres8 tbat he sball llave rt'Mided or bad
hi>l hom~ in tbe town where 11e votes, for the spaee of oue year llext precedlng the election.-~Villiams V8.
Wltiting, 11M""., 423.


A p.E'r~on havillg fL right to vote for Statc officeril. in sny tOl\'n, ",ven where a year's residence is neeessary
tú qualify bim as lsuch voter, doe8 not lose that riglu by a temporary absence, aIthough during lit! absence he
lllUy hR.ve votr-d in nnothcr town.-Linr,oln vs. Hapgood, 11 Mass., 350.


Domidle.-The followiug deci~ions have beell made in thil::l 8tate relative to tbe domicilfl;
1. Every per:omn must ha'i"e a domiC'i1e tmmewhere. -Abiugdon Vfl. North Bridgewoter, 2:3 Pick., 170, (1840.)
2. A perBon can have only oue domicile, fol' one pllrpose, at ODe and tbe same time.-Tb.
3. 'Vhere the boundary !ine bdweell tbe tOWIl (It' R. aIld N. B. pa!:ised through a dwelling honse, 80 that


the portion oí' the hou~e whieh wns in X. B. was sufficip.nt in it~ülf to tOllstitute a habitation, whilc the por-
tiOll in H. 'vas not sufficient for that purpose, it wal:S held tbat a person, by occupying sllch house, acquired a
domicile in N. B.-lb.


4. It Jo1eeIU8 that if, in 8uch casú, the line had divided tbe honse more equalJy, tha fact that the occupant had
habit.ually slept in that part which WRS in N. D. would be a preponderattng circumstance to lObow that he wa~
domiciJed in that town, snd, in the absence of othe1' evidence, would be decisiva of the qnestion.-Ib.


5. Wbere a dwelling·lIouse hl 80 di\'ided by tbe boundRry line between tha two towns as to leave tbat por·
tion of Ihe bomw in which 1hc Qecupsnt mainly Rnd ~ub~tantial1y performs those offices which COD81itute bis
lmllle, (~nch as sl~eping, sitting, eating, anu recl;>¡ving vü;itors.) in one town, he is a ('itizen of tbat town. and
has no right to pkct to reside snd be tsxcd for his perl'onal propel'ty in tbe other towll.-Cltenery vs. fValtham,
8 Cu.b., 327, (1831.)


6. "'hether I-L perHon removing from one town to nnothf'l' intend~ to change his retüdence is a question of
factand not oI law.-Filchbm·!f V~. Winch~ndonj 4 (J'I1Hh., 1911, (1849.)


7. A domieile being once fixed, wlll C()llt¡nu~, notwitlu;tnnding tbe absence of tbe P81'ty I tin a new domicile
is acquired.-.Tenniso1l. v,. llapgood, 10 Pick., 77, (l827.)


8. Tbe intention to abandoll a dumicile, and actual re~idence to anotber pIne!", if not. accompanied with the
intention of rematning there permanently, or at lt'Rst for un indefinite t.ime, wilI not produce a change of
domicile.-Ib


9. It, is dlfficult to give an exact definition of nabitancy. In general terms, one may be designated 88 au
inhabitallt 01' that place 'i,,"hich constitlltel'l the principal I't'at oi bis residen ce, of his bUl!iness pur:.uit8, conuee-
tiom~. attachments, and of bis political and mnnicipal reLations. ~t is manifest, therefore, tbat it embraces the
faet of residence at 1\ pInce. with thü ¡ntent to regnrd it and make jt, one'a home. The Ret and ¡otent must
concur, and the intent may be inferl'ed from the declarations and conducto In a case of much doubt tbe mere
declaration of the party, mado in good fHith, of hls election to make one }llace rather thOll another hht borne,
may be 'dufficient to turn the seule. But tlJe question i~ une of fHet for the jury to determine from alI the cir~
cumdances of the CIl!H".-SHA\V, C. J., in Lymo.n VN. Fiske., 17 Pick., 234, (1835.)
.10. If 3U inbabitant of a town remoYes to ar:other town in illili COlIlIllonwealth, not intending to remain


tbere permant:'ntly, but with the intent:on of not T(~turnillg to his former horneo alld doeM not so return, he
lmles bis domicile in the former town.-lIIead vs. BoxboTOUgh, 11 Cush., 362, (1853.)


11. Tbe faet that tmch perlwn W8S taxeu in the town 10 which he has removed is not competent evidence
to SbOlV tbat he did not cOlltinue to be taxable in the towu of hh~ former ref'iidence.-Ib.


12. A citizen of thitl Commonwealth removing wilh hi!lo farr:ily to anothcr State, aud ret.aining no dwelling·
place in this Cornmonwen1th, though retaining hi~ place oí' bmJines8 het'e, and intending to ret.ain hls domicile
bere, sud to return at sorne futura indefinite period of time, hUli no domicile in this Commonwealth.-Holmes
VS. Greene, 7 Grny, 299, (18.iG.) .


13. A student of a college does not change bis domicile by his occal'!ional residencc at tbe coUege.-Granby
v •. Amherst, 7 Ma.,., 1, (l81O.)


14. A seafaring maD having lands occupied by himself, bis .ervant., or bired people, altbough frequently
ab~ent on long voyages, ha!:! always been con~idered as having bis re¡.¡.idence on hi!:J landa, snd as not 108ing hi!l
dornicile by folLowiug his prof~ssion.-PARsONS, C. J.-lb. See also ArUngton Y8. lJostoll,4 Mass., 3L2.


15. The domieile of a person non compos mentis snd under gnal'dian¡.;bip may be changed by tbe direction
snd with t.he COllJownt of the gun.rdian, exprelOS 01' implied.-Holeyoke V.8. Haskins, 5 Pick., 20, (l827.)


16. Evidence that the selectmen of a town decided that a perrion taxed there was Rn inhabitant, snd put bis
name on the voting list, i'd not admÍlo!!lÍble for the pUrpOl!lfl of ~howlng that bis domicile W88 in tbHt tOWD, with·
out showing lhat (hey did it at his reque,t.-Fisk vs. Chester, 8 Gray,506, (1857.)


17. In nn action to try tha question wbether tbe plairítift', wbo bad left the country with llis family, W8S
liable afterwal'dtl to be taxed a13 au inhabitaut of the place of his former residence, a letter from bim to bis




80 NINTH CENSUS.
MrCHIGAN. (1850.)


ART. VII, SECo 1. In all electioIls, evcry white male citizen,* every white male in-
habitant, residing in the State on the 24th day of Jnne, 1835; every white maJe inhab-
itant rcsiding in this Statc on the fil'st day of Jannary, líl50, who has declared his
illtention to hecome a citizen of the United Sta tes, l'ursuant to tIte laws thereof, six
months l'recerung an election, 01' who has resided in this State two years and six
months, aIld deelal'ed his intention aforesaitl; and every civilized ma1e illhahita,nt of
Indian dcscent, a native of the United States and not a membcr of any tribe, sha11 be
an elector, and cntitlcd to vote; but no citizen or inhabitant shall be an elelltor, 01' en-
titled to vote at any election, unless he sha11 be above the age of 21 years, and has re-
sider! in this State three months, and in the township 01' ward in which he offers to
vote, tendays, next prcceding Ruch cIectiou: [Pr01!ided, That in the time of war, insn1'-
rection, 01' rebellion, no qualified elector, in the actual military serviee of the Unitetl
States, 01' of this State, in the army 01' navy thereof, 8han be deprivcd of his vote by
rcaRon of his absencc from the township, warll, 01' State in which he resides; and
the legislature sha11 ha ve power, aud sh[ll1 pro vide the mauner in which such absent
electors may vote, [ln(l for the canvass and return of thcir votes to tho township or
wan1 election district in whieh they respeetively reside, 01' otherwise.-Ámendment 01
1865-'66.]


SECo 5. No eleetor sha11 be deemed to have gained 01' lost a rcsidence by rcason of his
bciug cmployedin the serviceof the UnlteIlStatf's, orofthisState; 1101' while engaged in
the navigation oi' the waters oi' this Statc, 01' of the TTnited StateR, 01' ofthe high RAas; 1101'
while a student of any seminary of learning; nor while kcpt at au.y almshouse 01' other
asylum at pnblie expense; nor while eonfined in any pllblic prisoll.


SECo 7. No sol di el', seaman, or marine, in the arllly 01' navy. of the lTnitell St~1te~,
sha11 be deemed a resident of this State in consequence oí' beiug stationcu in ally mili-
tary 01' naval place within the samc.


SECo íl. Any inhabitallt who may hereaftcr be ellgagcd in a umol, eit,hel' as principlü
01' accessory before the fact, shall be disqnalifiecl ÜOIll holding any ofilce unuer the
constitution and laws oi' this Stato, and sh,t11 not he permitted to vote at any elee-
tiOll.
MI~XESOTA. (1857-'5íl. AH AMEXDED IN 1868.)


ART. l, SECo 17. * * No re1igions test or amount of propcrty shall ever he re-
quired a~ a qualificatioll of auy voter at any election in this State. * * • •
agel1t in tbat place, expre¡';lSing hit! intention to remain auroad permanelltly, i8 admiJooisible in evidence, if writ~
ten before he knew that a tax had beell asses¡.;~d llpOU him, tlJOugh written afler the <lB8t'8l'\rn~1lt. Otl!erwiRe
it !:leem~, R!o1 to such lett.er¡) written aner he knew that he was tax~d.-TltOrlldike Y8. BOlJton, ll\let., 242, (1840.)


18. A citizen, having liverl mUlly yeani at W., purcha.sed and fUl'nishctl a hOllse in B., and afterward~ with
his family continuecl tú sperlCt hi:-3 !iUmll1f'r:-l ut hi~ hOl1se in 'V. 1 where he cOIlti~ued to ¡Hi}' .his tl1xe:-, and 8pent
his wintel'8 at his 11ou88o in B. It was helll that be wa:! an inbabitaut of lY.-HarvJ.rd Collt:ge V!:I. (¡ore, 5 Pit.,:k.,
369, (1827.)


19. A person having a family domiciled in a town was occa,sionally absent in another town, f'ngaged in bis
duties as clerk of court~ alld making arrangt'mpnt:o; fol' the rcmoval of his fumily. and !::Illbsequently removed
hi~ fatnily tú 8uch other tO\Vll. It Wt1S held that hi8 domicile did Dot challge uutil th(~ removal of bis family.-
WilIiams v •. Wilitillg. II Ma"., 424, (1814.)


20. rrhe mere fact that a 8Tud('nt who has a domieile in Qne town resides at a TlubUc institntion in anotlH'T
town fol' the ~ole purpo~e of obtainiug an euucation, and that he has hi~ meaTIr; of ~l1pp(lrt from another place,
do not COD!ititute a te~t of hh; right tn VOt0, and his liability tú be taxed in tbe latter town j he outu.in!o! tbis
right, and illcurs thitlliabillty, only by a change 01' domicile, and the quet:ition whether he has changed hia
dowicile is to he decidcd by aH thp, circulTIstancrs of the cHse.-Opinion of Justices, 5 Metcalf, 587.


21. A residen(',e at college, or Ully other.in:ititution, for the ]Jurpo::,e uf iUl:itruction, for a ~ufficiellL lcngth of
time, will give n. right of voting in the town where ¡.;uch institution exbt~, if fhe stllo.cnt llave no otbtl' fixed
place oí re!olidence, notwitbstanding it may be his expectation to cbange tmch residence.-Putnam V8 . • Tohnson,
10 Mas8., 488,


22. A studcnt in tbe theological institlltion nt Andover, being of age, and making that town his horneo aud
having no rel::lidence el8evrhere, il-l entitled to vote in that tOWIl.-Putnam vs . • Joltnson, 10 :Mu¡.:¡;., 4~B, (1813.)


By an act approved March 6, 1865, it wa¡; providcd, thn.t whnnevcl' any pf~rson tlbould 'lIlukA applicatiun to
be aSl'lE'B8ed a poll-tax for tbe then curnmt. year, and it ¡.:hOlll<l appear that ~uch applicant WllS on the firgt day
of lIay preceding a re8ident of the city or town und Hable to paya pol1.tax thprein, but WH8 no1. ss-oestoled
therefor, und thnt. 8uch applicant hall been, during any portion of tht.1 two preceding yearl'l, engaged in the
military or naval service of the Ullit.ed States, it wa~ ruade t110 duty of 8SSPS)olOr~ to F1.!olS(~¡':S !-.l1ch tax, and notify
the trellsurer of the city or town of the ¡.:amé. The per~on thus a¡;I:)E'~8ed \Va!:!, upon payrneut of ~mid tax ,f'nti·
tled to vote, the same as if hi.~ t.axes bad beeu as!o!es~ed amI paid in tlJe U1anner heretofore providE-d by law.


Chapter 145 of t.he ht.wl:! of 186L thuH defines the qualification8 of voters 1'or representativo!:! in Congrel-ltl:
"In any eleetion of representa.tiveK to Uongress in this COllllllonweultb, 110 penmn ~hall be allowrd to vote


fol' the same until he ¡.¡hall haye re~idt'd in the eongre~~ional di¡oltrict whcrc he offerl:l to vot{;'c Rix months next
precerling ¡.;uch election, nnd shall be otherw.i8e qualified accordillg' to the cOll8titution and ltl.wH of this Sratf' :
PrQvided, That when the State ~hall ve districted anew for members nf Congrc¡.;s, he ¡.:hall bave the right 80 1.0
vote in the distl'ict whf'rC' he i;¡; located by such new anangemellt; snd proIJided also, tbat no voter re~iding in
uny city which nowi 8, or bereafter may bE:', tlivided by the line hetweE:'n congrest'iollal di:.;trich!, ahall be de·
prived of his vote in tbe district in which he wa~ Ril:-leS8ed, 01' liable tu assest:unellt, on the fin.¡t day of May
next preceding 8uch congressilJual elertioll, ir lle be othenvjge quatified."


* \oVhether a perKon offerillg to vote at au el('ction in Michigan ha~ the requi)oJite qualifications as to color snd
descent, (the constitution conferl'ing the right to vote UpOll ., ",hite male citizens" only,) IDnst, on challt'ngA
for the want of such qualification, be inquired into and <,letermioed by the inspector.í< of e1ection.-Gordon.
v. Farrar, 2 DouglaBs, 411.




NINTH CENSUS. 81
AR'r. VII, SECo 1. Every malA person of tIle 3ge of twenty-one or upwards, belong-
in~ to either of tIle fo11owing classBs, wIlo ahall have resided in the Unitcd States one
year, and in this State four months next preceding any election, shall be entitled to
vote at such election, in the election district of which he sha11 at the time have been
for ten days a resident, for a11 officers that now are, or hereafter may be, elected by
the people:


1. Citizens of the Unite(l States.
2. Persons of foreign birth, who sha11 have declared their intention to becoillo cití-


zena, conformably to the Ja.ws of tIte United States Up011 the suhject of natur3lization.
3. Persons of mixed white and lndian hlood who have adopted the cUStOlllS and


hahita of civilization.
4. Persona of lndian hlood residing in this State, who have adopted the language,


customs, amI habits of civilization, after an examination before any district court of
the Sta te, in such manner as may bc provided by law, alld sha11 have heen pronounced
bv said conrt capable of enjoying the rights of citizC11Ship within the State.


'SEC. 2. ~o person not hc1011gi11g to one of the classes specificd in the precedillg sec-
tioll; no person who has been convicted of treason, or ally felony, u11less I'estol'ed to
civil I'ights, un(l no pmson umler guardiansIlip, or who llJay he non compos mentis or in-
sane, slla11 be c11titled or pcrmitte(1 to vote at any electio11 in this State.


SEc.3. FoI' the pnrpose of votillg, 110 perso11 8ha11 bc dccllJed to have lost a re8i<1ence"
by reason of llis absence ",llile employed in the service of the U11ited Statcs; nor
while cngaged upon the watcrs of tItis State, or of the United States; nor while a
stndent ot' any seminar,}" of learning, nor while kept i11 any almshouse 01' asylum;
nor while cOlltincd in an,}" puhlic prison.


SEc.4. No solllier, seamall, or Illarine, in the aI'my or navy of th", Lnited States,
shall be deemed a resident of thi8 State in cOllseqne11ce of heing stationed withi11 the
same.


ART. XV, SECo 2. Perso11S residing on lmlian lands within the State 8hall e11joy al!
the rights amI privileges of citizells, as though they lived in a11y other portion of the
8tate, and shall be subjcct to taxation.


MrssOURI. (1865.)
ART. II, SRC. 3. At any electio11 hcld by the people under this constitution, oÍ' in


pursuallcc of lllly law of this Sta te, 01' under ally ordinance or by-law of ally 1I111llieipal
corporation, no persou sha11 be deemerl a qualified voter ",ho has ever been in armed
hostility to the United States, or to tIte lawfnl anthorities thereof, 01' to tbe govern-
ment of this State; 01' ha.~ ever given aid, eomfol't, countenance, or support to personE
engaged in auy such hostility; or has over, in auy mauner, adhered to the enemies,
foreign 01' domestic, of the Luitcd States, either hy coutributing to them, or lJy ulllaW'-
flllly sending within their Iines money, goods, letters, or information; or has ever l1iS-
loyally held commu11ication with snch e11emies; or has ever advised ol' aided any per-
son to enter tlle servke of snch encmies; or has ever, by act or worel, mallifested his
allherence to the cause of snch el1cmies, or !tia desire for theiI' trinmph over the arIllS
of the U¡tited States, or his sylllpathy with those engaged in cxciting or carrying on
rehelJion agaillst the Ullited Statcs; 01' has ever, except under overpoW'ering compul-
SiOll, submitted to the authority OJ· heen in the service of tIte so-called "Confederate
States of Ameriea;" 01' has left this State, anrl gOl1e within the lines of the armies of
the so-ca11ed "Coufederaté Sta tes of America," with the purpose of adhering to said
Statea Ol' armies; 01' has ever bnen a memher of, 01' connected with, a11y order, society,
or organization inimical to the goverlllnent of the United Statcs, 01' to the gowrnment
of thia State j or has ever been ellgaged in gnerilla warfare agai11st loyal inhabital1ts
of the United Sta tes, 01' in that descriptioll of marauding commonly known as "busll-
whacking;" or has ever knowingly alld WiJIi11gly harhored, aided, or cou11tenanced
any person 80 engaged; or has ever come into or left this State, for the purpose of
avoiding enrolllllent for or draft into the military service of t,he United States; 111' has
ever, with a view to avoid enrollment in the militia of this Statc, or to escape the per-
formance of duty therein, or for any other purpose, elll'olled himselt~ or :lnthorized
himself to be enrolled, by or hefore a11y officer as disloyal, or as a southern sympathizer,
or in any otber terms indicating lIi8 disaffection to the government of the Uuited States
in its contest with rehellion, or his sympathy with those engaged in 8uch rebellion ;
or, having evervoted at any elnctioll by the people of this State, or in any other ofthe
U nited 8tatcs, or in any other of their Territories, 01' held office in this State, or in
any other of tbe United States, 01' ally of their Territories, 01' nnder the United
States, shall thereafter have sought or rcccived, un del' claim of aliennge, the protec-
ti011 of any forei~n government, tItrough ally consnl or other officer thereof, in order
to seenre exemptlOn from military dnty in the militia of this Sta te, or iu the army of
the U11ited States; uor sball any such perS011 he capahle of holding in thia State any
office of honor, trust, or profit, uuder its authority; 01' of heing au officer, councilmau,
director, trustee, 01' other manager of auy corporatio11, public or private, 110W existing
or hercafter established by ita authority; or of acting as a profesaor or teacher in any


H. Rep. 3-6




82 NINTH CENSUS •


etlnclLtional illstitution, 01' in any COllllllau 01' other selloal; or of holding any real es-
tate 01' other property in trust fól' the use of any chul'ch, l'eligious socicty 01' congl'e-
gation. Hnt the foregoing provisions in relation to acts dOlle agnillBt tIle Unitcd
Sta tes sllall not npply to ally lwrsou not lL citizen thereoí', ,,'ho shalllul\'c cOllllllittctl
surh arts while iu the service of some forf'ign cOlllltry nt war with the l:niÍt'(1 States,
aJl(1 \\'ho has, sillce sueli acts, uoen uuturalized, ur IlIay hereaftcr he llaturalized, umler
the laws of the Uuited States; aud tite oath of lo:ntlty hereinafter preseriuetl, when
takell by any such perSún, HIla11 be cOllsillered as takeu in snch seuse.


SECo 4. [Hequircs a rcgistratiou of voters aL lcast ten dars ueforc titc tlay of clectiull.
l~lltil a system of l'egistration is estahlislted, ever>' pe1'8011 offering to vote is reqllired
to take :m oath amI uC>(3laratiou of past amI present loyalty, :mcl of allegiance to the
gOYerllluellt of the Uuited States and the State of Missouri.]


SECo 15. \Vhoever sitall he convidecl of havillg, ,lin,dly 01' Íllllil'i'dly, giY(m 01'
ofl:'eretl allr bl'ibc, to procure his deetioll ur appoilltlllellt to auy offi('p, shall u(, clis'l11al-
ifiell 1'01' any office oí' honor, trust, 01' llrofit ullllcr this State; and whoe""r shull givo
01' 011',,1' any brille to procure tlw dection 01' appointlllPllt .of nuy othl'l' lll'1'SOll to nny
ofliee, slwll, Ull couvietioll thereof', be !lisqualifiecl fOI' a voter, 01' ally oftiee of honor,
trust, 01' profit nllder this State fur ten years anCl' sllch con vidioll.


SECo 16. No offieer, sol(lier, 01' uwrille, in the regular arllly Ol' nayyaf the l'nited
States, shall ue clltitleu to vote at auy deetioll in this Stntc.


SECo 17. No person who sitall make, 01' bccurne tlircctly OI' imliredl.v interested in,
any bet 01' ,,,agel' (lep"IH1ing UpOll the l'esult oí' any eledion, shall vote at Slle]¡ l'lectiol1.


SECo lS. Evcry ",hite malc eitizcn of the lJlliteü StnteH, a11(1 n,"ory whit" Illak persoll
of tiweign hirth \\'ho lllay have deelareLl bis illtentioll to ]¡CClIllIC a "ii i"t'n 01' the 1Jnited
State~, aeeonlillg to law, llot l,'ss thall Olll, year UOl' mom than tiH' ;I"':1I'i! h .. fore lw
oU'ers to yote, who h ovcr thc nge of 21 years, \d1O Üi not, (lisqnalifiel1 by 01' mlller any
01' the prOVi8io1\8 of this cOllstitution, amI w1l0 shall have complie,1 with it.s reqnire-
mcuts, aud have resid,'(l in this State oue year uext.l))'ecf,diug :tlly "lecrion, 01' l1ext
preceding his registration as a yoter, ltJl(l dnrilig the last sixty llaysof that I'cl'Íod shall
h,we resid .. d in tlle COllllty, eity, 01' town where]w oftel's tu vote, 01' se .. ks registration
as a '"01 el', sha11 be cutitleü to yote at snth eleetiou, for aU offieers, State, county, 01'
municipal, made electiyc by the ]Jeople; unt he s1tall uot vote elscw1tere tltaU in tlw
t'lectioll distl'iet in which lw is at the tillle a resiÜent, 01' after a sy~telll of' rcgi~tratioll
of \'ote!"s 8ha11 haye ueell estalJlished in the "lection district where his llanw IR regis-
terea, excel't as ]lruvitletl in tlle 21st sedíon oí' thís urtielc.


tiEC. UJ. Aftel' the fil'st (by of January, 1876, every per~oll wllO ",as Hut a qualifietl
vote!" prior to that time Rha]], in :l(ldition to th" other ([ualificatiOlIS reqni1'pd, he alde
to read amI \Hite in onlel' Lo be<:omc a ljllali1ied voter, uulesH his iual,ility to n~aü 01'
\\'rit" shan he tIle result of phys·il'al disability.


SEc.20. 1"01' t11e ¡HlrpOSe oí' votillg, 110 persoll s]¡a11 be c1eemerl to haye gailw,¡ 01' lost
a residellce by reasun oí' his pre,ence or ausellcc w]¡ilc l'lllployetl in the senice of thc
United StateR, nor while cllgage,1 in the mlyigatioll of the ,yater, nf this Sta tI', 01' of
the CuHe<l States, 01' OftllC higlt ti('a~, UOl' whil() a stu(]ent iu ally "'lllinar,') ofl,':n'llÍng,
1101' while kept ut auy poor-huuse 01' oLhcr asylulll at l'uulic eXl'ellsc, liUl' whilc cun-
fined iu "ny public pl'isoll.


[SEc.21. Allo\\s voters \\'ho are alJSellt as YOlulltl'CrS in t11e arllly (Jf the Unite(l
States, 01' tllc milit,ia 01' thc Stalc, (o vote dlll'Íng thcir abscllce ,,,itllout registralion.]


[tlEC. 2:~. AlIows pe1'80llS disql1alitieLl u1Hlel' tlw thil'd sediou to relllove su eh t1isa-
hility by cntel'Íllg tite milital'y Heryiee of th,' Unitetl Stat.es.]


[SEc.25. After Jauuary 1, 1:371, thc gellcral assclllblr ~]¡all haye powcr to suspeml
01' repeal any pal't of t110 :3d, 5th amI 6th Sl'CtiOlIH, so far as titey lIlay ¡'elatO' to the
(IUalificatioll~ 01' votel's, lmt no fllrtlwl'. After tlHl 1st day of Jauuary, lS75, it may
whally suspend ur rC]lcal thc 3d, 4th, 5th. 6th, 8th, 9t11, 10tit 11th, tlIH112th ~ectiolls.]"


SECo 2(). 'fhe general assembly shall provide for the exclllsion from every office of
honor, trust, 01' protit \\'ithill thiH Sta te, an([ from t.110 l'ight of suffrage, of ally 1)er8on
couvicterl of bl'iuery, pcrjnry, 01' uther illfanlOlIs crirne.
NRIJRASK_~. (1867.)


ART n, SECo 2. Every male person of the age of' twenty-one yearR, or upwards, bo-
longing to eitIler of the following cla8HcR, WlLO ghall lmve relid"d in the State, cOllnty,
pl'eeillct, and ward fa1' the time proviLlctl uy law, sha11 be all elector:


1. Citizens of the United tlt,ates.
2. Pel'sons uf foreigll birtll wito 81m11 have fleclared tlwir intent.ion t.o hecome citi-


Zen!> conformably to the la\Vs of the United States 011 tlle subjcct of llaturalization.t
:<; lt was qecided in the ('a!'Ie uf Blair "s. Ridgely aud Tlwmpso1i, that the oath pre8cril>ed in Ar:irle n, 8ec-
tion~ 2 sud 6~ oí the constitution, a8 one of the qualificati:om'l for voting, dots not violate any of the pro-
vh;ions of the Constitution of the United State:l. (Mii:!i'iouri R~pOTtB, :xli, 63.) .


t 'rhe cOllstitution of this State, as adopted by the conveution, restricted the plivilege of voi.ing to
H whiteH. 1t But CongreFH in au act for admitting the Stute into the Uníon, pat;sed Fcoru8ry 9, le6-7, deelared
as a conrlition precedent, tbat there should be no denial of thc clective franchiHc, 01' of nny othér right, to any
peTI!().lll by rpm;OD of race o-r co.lor, exeeptillg Ind~all8 not taxed. This coudition waR accE'pted by the terri·
toriallegislature, in au Ret declarillg its aS8ent to the conditions of the Ret of Congrc8s aboye cited..




NINTH CENSUS. 83
NEVADA. (1864.)


ART. n, SECo 1. Eycry "'hite male citiz8n of the "Cnitcd States not laboring under the
(lisabilities nal1leL1 in tltis constitutioll, of the age of twenty-011c years and llpwards
who shall have adnally and not constructin,]y l'esiL1eél in the State ~jx Illonths, and i~
the district or COlluty thirty days next preccding any elecLion, shall be eutitled to vote
for all officers that uow are or hcrcafter mny he eleded by tile people, am1 npon all
questions sllhmiUNl to the electors at such eleetion: PrO/'h/eil, That uo person who has
been or Illay he cOllvictcd of Íl'eason 01' felony in any Stalc OI' Territory of tIJe United
States, unless restored to civil rights; anrl no person who, aftcr arrivillg at the ngc of
cighteen years, shall have voltllltarily horno arms against the United Sbtes, or ]¡eld
civil or military officc lluder tlw so-ealled "Contederate States," or eithcr (jI t.hem, un-
lesB an. amnesty be granterl to snch by the fe (1 era 1 government, and no idiot 01' insanB
porson, shall be entit,h,rl t.o the privileges of :m elector.


SECo 2. FoI' the puI'posc 01' vOliug, uo person sha11 he dcelllcd to ha\'e gaiuNI 01' l(mí
a residence by rcason of his prescnce 01' ah~ence while employed ilL t1111 sL\rvice of thc
United States, nor while ellgagc(l in the navigatlon oftlle watel'S of tho l;nited Statfls,
01' ofthehigh seas; uor,Yhi1c a stlHlellt of any scminary oflearning; n 01' "'hile keptat auy
almshonse or other asylnm at pllblie expense; nor while conflned iu auy pnhlic pl'iSOll.


SEc.3. The right oí' snffrag·e shall he enjoyed by a11 persons othe1'wisc clltitled to the
same, who Illny be in the lllilital'y 01' uaval 8(\ryice of the Unite(~ St:~tf"s: ,Pl'o¡:¡~Nl, The
votes so cast shall !lB m:Hle to apply to the eonnty and t01Y118111p oí wlnclt saul voters
were bonafidc resi,lonts al, the time of t.he enlistmcnt: Proridedflll'ther, Tltat thc ]my-·
ment of a poll-tax, 01' [t registration (jf snch voters, sha11llot he reqnired as a c:)]lditi~u
to the right of voting.


SECo 7. The legislatnrc shall provide by la \Y for the paymcnt of an allnna I poll-tax of
not less than t\Yo llor more thl'll ten clollars frolll eac11 male perSOll rf'sident in tIJe State,
hetween the age oí tWf111t.y-oue ami sixty-flve ycars, lmCÍvilized Amerirmn Imli'llls ex-
cepted, ollc-half to he applierl for /:ltate amI one-half for county pllrpOS(eS; alld the
le.gislatnre may, in its discl'etion, make· 811e11 pa~'ment a cOJl(1ition to the right of
yoting. .


[ART. XV, SECo 3, excludes P"l'SOIlS concernell in ducls from the right of yoting or
holcling office. ]


KEW HA)IrSIIIRE. (1792. )
PAHT n, SECo 28. Eve!'y mal e inllahit:1nt o[ caeh 1:0W11 ami parish with


town pridlegcs, aud places unincol'porate(l in this Sbte, of twcllty-one years of a"e
and upwanls, ('xccpting pauper,; lllHIl'el'ilOnS cxeuseü from paying tax(;s at their o,~n
reque8t,' shall lmve a l'ight at tile allll1lal 01' ot1101' meeting of tlle inhabit'lllts of said
tOWIlS amI pa1'is11e8, to he (lnly W;ll'lW¡] awl ho1(lell annually foren'r in tIJe lllontlt of
Mare11 to vote in t.llo tO\Yll 01' pa1'ish whcreiu he L1wells, fol' tite scnator in tlle di,triet
whereof he i~ a melllher,t


.... If the abatemeut of taxc:-; hy tllt' flf!ld,tJn<>n, at the requel'it of tbe lJenwn ngttin"t whulU thl'Y hIt. tib~t'~!'!ed,
is to be cOlltiirlf'rr.d as exrulling from payiog taxe~, within t11e mpfLning of the cJam¡e of the COlll'ltitution which
excllldes from votiug pau}Jel'l:j amI penmIH; cxru~(>rl from pay¡ng taxeH at. their own requel'it, it opm'ates only
to d.iRqualify llim as a voter rlnring the political yeal' for ,,-yhieh tho tn.Xl'~ wel'e atlse:-il'it"d, H.nd llot as a per.
petnal dhd'ranchisement.-Ford Vr'. lIolden, :m:-;¡. H., 143.


tTLLe Reviseu Statutt's (Chap. XXV] 1) provide tha.t none but naü,,-e 01' llutnralizpd citizPl1s of the Unitcd
Stn.tes shn.ll po~s(,~:4 th!~ right oí' votiug', aud alieuH are exprf:'!-;flly deni<'u the rigllt. No per:-!on can bo COll~
sidered a pauper within tiJe meallillg of the law, nnle!ois he ha . ; lJeeu a.~lii~t{'rl \v¡thin uillt't.Y dt-ly:-; prior to tho
meet.ing at which he ('Inim~ the l'ight to yote, If otherwi!le a legal vote1', b2 canunt he depr,n'(l uf his rigltt
to vote by reRson of haviug- been excll:-;E'd from ;;aying taxe~ ut hi~ 0\\'11 reque:->t, ir ht> Hllal!. bef,'·l'ü he ofrer~
to vote, tender payment of a.l! taXI''!; ab!4e:-!~ed Rg'aimst lÚlll durillg thc yenr prior to hi:-l Offl'I' to vote, to the
moderntor, colIector of taxeH, or OIle of the :-lelectmt'TI, and, at the time he offers to yoh., pre:-lfmtH evídence
of suoh t.ender. ~ur can n. pc:rHon be depl'iyed of the right to vote by l'eaS0ll of having receivpd assistnnce
for bims{'lf or fami1y, if he !oiIJall have teuuereu payment as afOl'E'6aid ni' an re,-u.¡onable expell!';p¡,¡ ,vhich 8aid
town ha8 incurred wjtlliullinety days by l'cason of sucb aSl:'lhstance; hut, upou Illakillg sueh tender, be must
bave bis name placf'd upon the cbeck·li~t, w]¡en his vote mll~t b(' received.


No pE'rson i8 cOll~iael'etl as uwelling in a to\vn fúr tite pllrpose oi' voting, unlesH he shall hav(> residcd in
such town ~ix IllonthH noxt ))I'('c!'ding tbe day <Jf uH'eting. ...\ rcsidrnee, when acquired, is llot interrupt('d or
lost by R temporary absence theref¡'o!fl, with thc intcntion of l'eturning.


By exerci!.üng the privilegc of voting withill a tO\\-'l1, a persoll is deemed to llave f'l{'('ted by Ruch act to
mnkn the town his home, and i15 tbereuy di.:iqualified fl'om yotillg in any otiler town untU he Las gained a new
ret'lidence as above proviueu. ,


By chapter 1, s{'('.tion 3, of the lfl.\vH of 18G8, any penwn who ¡¡¡hall have been exclued frolD paying taxes in
auy other túwn, 01' shall have receivéd help f~)r him::!elf 01' family "\vithin ninety daYK, frorn thp connt,V, or any
town otl1el' 1}¡an t.hat in which he off\'r~ to vote, !::ihall, if otherwisú qllu1ified, be entitlcd to yote at auy elec.
tiofl, by tendering payment al:! provided in the tSectioll aboye citf:'d. Panpers no!. chargealJle to Rny town can.
uot vote at any electioll, except. upnn tender of paymellt 01' aH reasonable expenses of any aS!:iistauc-e received
from the town 01' conut.y for himself 01' farnily within ninrt.y da}'!:!.


To ei:!tabli8b the faet that tbe J'espondent was not el1titled to yote in a cCl'tain wArd. unnel' t.he FltAtnte requir.
ing Mix IUonths' re¡.¡idence, evidenco tcndillg' to show tbat he had not actually relo\idf~d in su eh ,vard for the lSix
montb8 preceding tbe €'lection, but 1FHl T<'lllainp(J fol' several months in another ward. is legally sufficient, no
evidence being given by the re:-;rondent tú bhow that tbe ab~cnce was tewporary.-State vs. Marshall, 45.N.
H,281.


The proviKioml of tbe Rtat.utrs of 1840 and of 1860) l'elating to the domicile of voter.s, are not unconstitu.
tional.-Davis v, School Distriet. 44 N. n., 398.


The uncoIl~titutionality of the propo9:ed aeí. of the legislaturc of New Hampshire, üntitled, ¡¡ An 8t;!t to
.secure tbe right of suffrd.ge to tbe qURlified voters of this Stnte engaged in tbc military or naval l'Ierviee 01'
their country," affil'IIled.-Opinion of Justiccs, 44 N. H" 633.




84 NINTH CENSUS.
SECo 30. And every person, qualitied as the constitution provides, sha11 be considerecl


as !tn inlmbitant for the purpose of electing and being elected into any office 01' place
within this State, in the town, parish, and plantation where he dwe11eth and hath hi8
horneo


[Scction 13 givcs to voters for senators the right of voting for representatives.]
NEW Jl<~RSEY. (1844.)


ART. n, STW. 1. Evel'y white male citizen of t,ho United States, ofthe age of 21 years,
who ahall have bcen a rcsiuent ofthis State one year, ancl ofthe countyin whicIt lle clairns
his vote tive rnonths, next before the eleetion, sha11 be entitled to vote for a11 officers
that now are 01' hereafter may be elective by the pcople: Pl'ovided, That no person in
thc military, naval, 01' marine ser vice ofthe lCnited States shan be eonsiuered a resi-
clent in this State, by being stationecl in any gaITison, barrack, 01' military 01' naval
place 01' 8tation within this State; anel no pauper, idiot, insane per80n, 01' person con-.
vietccl of a crirne which now excludcs him from being a witness, unless parcloned 01'
restored by law to the right of suffrage, shan enjoy the right of an elector.


SECo 2. The legislature may I)ass laws to depri ve persons of the right of suffrage who
shal1 be eonvictecl of bribcry at e1cctions.


NEW YORK. (1846.)
ART. n, SECo 1. Every ma1e citizen * of the age of 21 years, wIto shall have been a


citizen fol' ten clays ancl an inhabitant of this State one year next preceding an election,
ancl for the last four months a resident 01' the county where he may offer his yote, shall
be entit1ed to vote at such eleetion, in the election district of w hich he ahall at the time
be a l'esident, and not elsewhere, for an officers that now are 01' hereafter lllay be elect-
ive by the people; 1lUt 8uch citizen 8hall haye been, for thirty claya next prececling tIlO
election, a resident of the clistrict ti'om which the officer is to be chosen for whorn he
offers his vote. Hut no man of color, unless he sha11 have be en for three years a citizen
of this State, and for one yeal' next preceding any eleetion shall have been seized and
possessecl of a freeholcl estatc of the vaIue of $250 over and aboye aU debts and illcum-
brances charged thereon, and shaU have been adna11y rated ancl paicl a tax thereon,
sha11 be entitled to vote at su eh election. And no person of color shall be snbject to
direet taxatioll, unles8 he ahall be seized amI possessed of snch real estate as afore-
saicl.


[In 1864 an amendment was aclcled, aUowing electors, in time of war, to vote while
absent from the State, in the military 01' nayal ser vice of the Uniteu States, in such
manner as the legislatnre might lHescribc.]


SECo 2. Laws may be passed exclnc1ing from the l'igllt of suffrage aU persons who
have been DI' may be eonyicted of bribcry, larceny, 01' of any infiHllouS cl'ime; and for
depriving cvery person who shaU make, 01' bccoll1o directly interestecl in, any bet 01'
wager, depending upon the result of any eIection, from the l'ight to vote at 8nch elec-
tion.


SEc.3. For the pnrpose ofvoting, no porson sIm11 be deornAd to have gainec1 01' 10st a
residen ce by rea80n of his presence or al)sence while employecl in the service of the
Ullited Statcs; nor whilc engagCll in the navigation of the waters of this State, 01' of
the Unitec1 States, 01' of the high seas; nor while a stlldellt of an;) seminary of learn-
ing; nor while kept at any alrnshousc, 01' other asyIulU, at public expense; nor whil6
eonfinec1 in any publie prison.


NORTH CAROLINA. (1868.)
ART. VI, SECo 1. Every male person bom in the United States, ancl every male per-


son who has been natllralizecl, 21 years olcl 01' upwarcl, who shall haye residecl in tltis
State twelve months next prceeding the exection, anel thirty days in the eounty in
which he offers to yote, sha11 be deemecl an elector.


SECo 2. It shan be the dut,y of the general assembl;v to proyicle from time to time for
the rcgistratioll of aU the electors, and no person sha11 be allowecl to vote withont rcgis-
tration, 01' to register witbout first taking an oath 01' affirrnation to support lwd main-
tain the Constitution and laws of the United States, and the constitution ancl la ws of
North Carolina not inconsistent therewith.


SECo 5. The following elasses of per80n8 shal1 be c1is'lualified for office: First, an per-
slms who shan deny the being of Alrnighty Gocl. Second, a11 persons who sha]] have
been eOIlvictecl of treason, perjnry, 01' any othel' infamous cril11e, sillce becoming citizens
of the United States, 01' of corruption 01' rna1practice in oflice, unle88 Buch person shall
llave been legally restored to the rights of eitizeIlship .


• A certifica te of naturallzation l. tbe legal evidenc. of tbe judgment of tbe court, nnd lB not to be colla ter-
allv impeacbed. [WILLIAMS, J., di •• enting.I-Peoplc v •. Pease, 30 Barber, (N. Y.,) 588.


ri'he elf'ctor 18 rnade the judge of bis own qualifications, snd his cODscience tokes the place of the judgmcnt
01 every other tribunal for that occaaion. 'l'he iuspectors may- in~truct and advitle him, but they cannot
decide npon bis qualifications.-Ib.




NINTH CENSUS. 85
OHIO. (1851.)


ART. V, SECo 1. Every white male citizen of the United States, * of the age of 21 yeara,
who ahan have Leen a resident of the State une year next preceding the elcctiun, and
of the couuty, township, or ward in whieh he resides such time as may be provided by
law, t ahan have the qualificatiuns of an elector and be entitled to vute at an elec-
tions.


SIW. 4. The general assemhly shall have powcr to cxcItule from tIle privilegc of
voting,. 01' of heing eligible to office, any person convicted of bribcry, perju1'Y, 01' other-
wise infamous c1'ime.


SEc.5. No l)erson in the military, naval, or marine scrvice ofthe United States shall,
by heiug stationed in any garrison or military or naval station within the State, be
considered a rcsidcut of this State.


SECo 6. No idiot 01' insane person 8ha11 be cntitlcd to the privileges of an elector.


OREGON. (1857.)
ART. II, SECo 2. In an elcctions not otherwiHe provided for 1)y this constitution, every


white male citizen of the United Statcs, of thc age of 21 years and npwarda, who ahan
have resided in the State during the six montha illlmcdiatdy preccding 811Ch election,
uud every whitc malc uf foreign hi1'th, of the age of 21 years and upwards, who shall
ha ve resided in the Uuited Statcs one yeal', allu sha11 have resided in thia Statc dnl'ing
tlle six rnonths immediately precedillg 8ueh election, and sha11 have declared his inten-
tion to bceome a citizen of the United States one year preceding auch elcction, conform-
ably to the laws of tho United States on the snbject ofuatnralization, sha11 be entitled
to vote at all elections authorized by law.


SEc.3. No idiut ur inRane pe1'son shall be entitled to the privilcgcsof an elector; and
the privilege of an elector slla11 be forfeited by a conviction of any crime which iB pnn-
isllable hy imprisonment in the penitclltia1'Y'


SECo 4. For the pUrpOSA of voting, no person shall be deemed to have gained 01' lost
a residenee by roason of his presence 01' absence while employed in thc service of this
State, or of the Uuited Sta tes, 01' on the high seas, nur while a student of any semina1'Y
of learning, nor while confinerl in a11y pnhlic prison.


SECo 5. No 8oldier, seaman, 01' marine, in thA army 01' navy of the United States,or
of their allies, shall he deemed to have aClJuircd a residencA in the State in cOllsequenee
of ha Villg been stationed within the same, nor shall any sllcll soldiel', seaman, 01' marine
have the right to votc.


SECo 6. Ni) negro, Chinaman, 01' mulatto shan have the right of sllffrage.
SEc.17. All qualified electors shall vote in the election p1'ecillct in the connty where


they may reside for connty officArs, anrI in any county in tIle State for State officers,or
in any county of a cOllgressiollal district in which snch electors may reside for mcmbers
of COllgress.
P~;NNSYLVAXIA. (1838.)


AH'l'. !II, SECo 1. In clcctions l)y the citizllns, every white freemant of tho age of 21
years, haviug resided in this Statc onc year and in the election district where he offers


* In Jeffries vs. Anlumy et al., 11 Ohio Uep., 372, the court in giving a con~tI'uction to thi~ wOl'd "whitf:',!I in
the conl'ltitution of 1802, beld, that a persoIl, the offl'lpring of a whit0 man und a haH-breed ludian ,,",omaD, was
a lawful vot.ar. 'fhis COll8truction was followed in 7'kacker YS. Hawk et al., lb. :376, where it WfiH dt:'cided that
tbe court of common pIeas erred in holJiug that aman who had any negro blood in him, whatevef, was Dot
a lawful voter. The controlling idea of both cases is, tbat aU men neurer white than black, of the grade
betwcell tbe mll1atto aud the white, were, so far al'! bIood aud color were con cerned, entitled to vote as" white
male" citizens.


READ, J., di¡.¡¡.;cnted in both easetl, insistiDg' tbat 1/ white t' meant ¡'pure ulhite-unmixed j" sud that tbe CODM
stitntion intended to exclude all person~ frOID the privilegcs of thc elective franchi:)e ex.cept persons of pure
whit. blood.


The act of April 13, 1863, lito eoable qualified voten~ of this Siate, in the military service of thitot State, or
of tlle United States. to exercise thc right of Buffrage," was iatended to enable qnalified voterR oC the State,
in tba military servicc, t.o vote in accordance with its provisious, as well without as withiu the territorial
limite of tbis Stat •. -Leltman v<. MeRride, 15 Ohio Sto R.573.


Sncb net is constitlltional. fRANNEY, J., dissenting.]-Ib.
The constitution of Obio give8 a right to vote to white male citizeTIl!l. It having been decided thst male


citizens hs,'ing a vh;ible admixture of Afrieaa blood, but ia whom the white bIoon. prf'dominateH, are white
within the above clause; /¿eld, that a law imposing a hCfLVy bllrdp.n of proof on such citizens, providing that
judge8 of elec~ionil ~hould noí. be liable for damages 1'01' rejecting their Yote8, and other\Vise unfavorably
dil'!crimiuating o.gainst thero, was ullconstHutioual.-Monroe VH. Collins, 17 Ohio Sto R.665.


Persons haviug a mixture of African bIood, but a prepondel'ance of ,,,,hite bIood, or beillg more white tban
black, sud being otberwifle qnalified, were, by the 8ettled coul'!tructiou of tite scetion of the constitution of
18U2, regnlaHng the exercise of t1le electi\re fmnchisp, entitled to enjoy the l'igbt of au elector. No changa
waB made in tbis respeet by tba eorresponding sectioll oi the cOllstitution of 1851. 'l'he same perl'WU8, being
otherwLse quo.lified, are not to be excluded 00 account of color, but are enHtled, under the present comoJtitu ..
tioo, tú vote at aIl elections.-Anderson va.l'·fUlikin et al., 9 O. St. R., 568.


t This timf' was limited by 8ctofAprill';, 1868, to thil'ty days in the county, and twentydays io thetownship,
incorporated viUnge, or \Vard, before elretion; except that. heads of families may remo ve from one ward to
anotller io the same city, aud not out 01' the couuty, ",ithout IOfiing the l'ight of voting.


!A m'gro or mulatto cannot vote at a general election in Ptmnsyhania.-llobbs V~. Fogg, 6 Wattl:i, 553.
The word hwhite" ,vas introduced into tbe couBtitution in 1837, subscqucnt to tbe aboye decision.




86 NINTH CENSUS.
to vote f'ol' 10 days immccliately prece(ling sl1ch election, and within two years paiel a
Sta te 01' connty tlU,* which shaU have ueen a8s~8secl at loast lO days uefure the elec-
tiun, 8haU enjoy thc rights of an elector. But a citizcn of' the Unitecl titatns,t who had
previously lJ\'en a qnalified voter of' this St'1te, ami removed therefi-om and retlll'llecl,
and who sha1\ h,we resided in the clcctioll llistriet, and paid taxcs as af(l1'esaid, shaU
be elltitlctl tu yote, af'ter resirling in the State six mOllths; rrovidul, Th'1t white free-
men, citizcns of the United States, uetween the ages of 21 alld22 years, amI ]¡ayillg
resid~d in the State one year and in the elcctioll tlistrieH ten days as aforesaitl, shaU be
euLitled to vote, ulthough they shallnot haye paid taxes.


[By a law passed July 2, 1839, citizens in aetnal military seryice, in any tlctach-
ment of the military, 01' corps of voluntccrs ullller u rec¡niHition Ü'om th" l'l'csitlent of
the United States, ur by authority of the eommonwealth, wcre aUowed to vute ~1t
plae~s other than their usual resitleuce. In 1~(;4, an amendllleut ,,-as arlded to tho
cunstitution anthorizing snch persons to vote ullller sllch regnlations as llligltt be
prescriued by law. An aet, was aceonlingly passed August 25, 01" that year, for car-
rying this proyisioll into eiIect.~]


RHODE I~LAxD. (1842.)
ART. II, SECo 1. F,vcry male citizen of the rnitcd States, of t.he age of 21 ypal's, 1'110


has had bis resÍllcnce an(1 home in this 8taü, t(:>r oue vear. and iu tlw tUWIl or city in
1'hich he may c!aim a right tu yote six lllonthH ncxt pr'C'cedillg the time of yotiug, ;llld
who is reaUy nnfl trllly possessecl iu his o\\n right uf real estate in Rllch tO\\"lI or city
of the valne of $134, over anc1 abon, al! incnmbrances, or which shall rcut fOl" $71'el"
annllID onn· ami aboye any 1'ent resen'ctl, or tlw intereHt of ally inclllllhrancf's thereon,
bcing an cstat.e in fct') simple, fee tail, i"or the lire of any person, ur an esbte in rever-
8ion of remaindcr, which llnalifies no otller persOll to yoh', tIlo conyeyance of which
est~te, if by deetl, slu111 lHtye ueen rceordeü at lea8t ninety day', slmUIH'rcafter lmve a
right to voto at the election of al! civil ofticers, antl on aU 'luestious, in aUlegal town
01' ward meetiugs, so long as he euntinups RO qllalifie(1.


And if any person hereinbcfo1'e describo.l shaU uwn tmy such est[~te withiu this State
out of the town or city in which he resides, he shaU have a right tu vote in the clcc-
tion of aH general officers amI mcmhers of the general assemuly in the town 01' city in
which 1111 8ha1l have had his residcucc amI humo for the term of six months next prl1-
ceding the election, llpon producing a certificate from the clcrk of thc tOWl1 01" city in
which his estatc lies, bearing (1at., within ten (lays of his yoting, setting forth that such
person has a snfticient estatc thcroill tu qnalif'y him as a voter, allll that the deccl, if
auy, has been recordecl ninety daya.


SEc.2. * ~ -, -. From an(l nfterthat time, [the end of 1843,] every such citizen,
[male citizen of tho United States, 21 'yeam of ligO, two yeltrS l'eHiclellt in State and six
mouths in town or dty,] who has hatl the resirlence he1'ei11 roquirecl, amI wllOse name
shaU be registercd iu the town where he rcsiclcs, on or ]wfore the last day of December
in the year next procec1ing the time of hL9 \o(,ing, al1<l ",ho shaU SllOW auy legal proof
that he has, for an(l within the yeal' uext;prececling tho time he shall otler to vote, paiel
a tax or taxes asscsscd agaiust hilll in auy town or dt~, in this Sbtl', to ti le alllollnt of
$1; or t,lmt he has heen cnrolled in a military eompauy in this State, ueen cqnippcd
amI dUlle cluty thprein, nrcording to law, untl at leaHt for on8 day llnring snch year,
8ha11 haye a right tu vote in the election of all civil officerR, anc1 on all qllcstions in an
legally orga.nizecl town 01' ward meetings; rrouideil, That !lO person shall at any time


·k Tú cntitle a citizcn, othenvi!5e qnalified, to vote in Pennsylvallia for !}reiddent and Vire-President, he
mUl::lt have paid, withiu two years next prel'ediug tlle eledioll, a State 01' cuunty tax, at'ise~sed un himself in-
dividually, at least six months prior to :-iuch clection -Catlin v8. Smith, 2 S. and R .. 267.


t \Vbere the natura1izatioll results frorn the llaturalizatioIl of tlle parent, the parent'K certificate must be
pl'odu.ced.-Price VH. Barbcr, 13 Leg. Int., 140.


: Election districts, within tbe meauillg of the Peullsylvania statutes, denote subdivi~ionÍ!l of State territory
marked out by kllOWll bouwlaries, prearranged and declared hy public antl10rity; tbough uot detined by tbe
constitntion, they mean in it tha same as in the statute, and are recognizf>;d as among tbe civil institution~ of
tbe State, which can lleith~r be createu nor controlleu by the militúry power.-Cltase vs. ~1'iller, 41 Peull.
State R., 403.


"Residence," in the constitution, is the !:lame as domicile, tlle place where a mall establisbea his abode,
makeH tile seat of his property, anu exprcil'\el'\ hil'\ civil anO. politicfll rights.-Ib.


The party mnst not only have actually reBided in the State one year befoL'e tendering lIis vote, but such
rebidence must have be en with the ¡ntent to become a citizen of the Statc, amI. tu auandOll t11e citizenship
the party may have previous1y haO. in anothcr Stmc.-Sl1oW, Como PIeaa, Phila., 3 Nov., 1848, M. S., Seco 2d,
Par. A. D., 450; 1 Ash., 125; 1 \Vall, jr., 217, 2d J., 365, P. L .• T., 310.


The term !lelection district" signifies any part of a city or county huving fixcd boundal'ics, within whirh thc
.citizens ref3iding therein must Yote.-3 P. L. J., 310; 5 'Vright, 403.


§ The law providing for the voting of soldier¡.¡ away from home in actual Hcrvicc COYf'I'H thc case of mn·
nicipal elect.ions held at the same time as the gene1'al dection; hence tbe soldiers in camp, belonging to Phila·
delphia, at the tiUle uf t11e election of ]861, liad t11e right to yote for t11eir proper munieipal officer~, and have
their votes cOlluted ann rcturned, Rud it "",as the dnty of the judges of each 'ivard to meet on the flecond Tnea·
day of Novembt-'r, to illclude tbe votes !-lO rtlturned in tlieir elllllIleratioll.-lIulseman V8. Rt:ms, 41 Penll. StatB
R., 3~6.


The rigllt of a soldier to vote, under tbe cOllstitution, is confin~d to the election diHtrict where he l'eBided at
t!Je tiwe uf !Jis euteriug t!Je military service,-C/¡ase vo, 1I1iUer, 41 Penn, State R, 403.




NINTH CENSUS. 87'


be allo,ved to vote ill the ~lection of the city cOllneil of the city of Provir1en~e, or 11pon
any propoRition to Ítnposo a tax, 01' fo1' the expenditnre of money in ltlly town 01' city,
mlles8 he 8hall, withill the yea1' next, preceüillg, ha ve paiü a tax assessed upon his
property therein valned at lea~t at $134.


SECo 3. The a"scssors o[ cach town 01' city slwll annnallyasscss n])oll cvel'y person,
whosc nanlC 8hall be registererl, a fax of $1, 01' sueh '11m as with his otller ta,xes sha11
amount to $1, which 1'egistry tax 8ha11 be lmill into the treasury of Buch town 01' eity,
amI be applied to tIte sup]lort of pnblic schools thel'ein. Bnt 110 cOlllpulsor,\' procesa
sItall issue for the collcl'tion of any registry tax: Prorirled, That the registry tax as-
sessed upon any mariner, for 3.ny :real' while ho is at sea, shall, npon his applicat.ioll, be
relllitted; a11(lno po1'8011 sha11 be a110wefl to vote whostl rtlgistry tax fol' cither of the
two years next prcccdiug the time of voting is not, paiü 01' rOlllitted, as herein proyidefl.


SEc.'4. No 1'01'8011 in tlw milita1'Y, naval, 01' marino, 01' auy other seryice of the Ullited
States, 8ha11 be cousidered as Ita villg tlle rer¡uired re,iflenee by reaSOll of beiug employe<l
in an~' garrison, llUrl'Uck, 01' military 01' naval station in tItis Sta te; a1\(1 110 lmuper,
lllnatie, persoll lIon compOR mentiR, 11er80n ulI(lel' gnanIiallship, 01' nw,m ber of tIte N arra-
gallsett tribe of Illdians, shall be permitted to be registered 01' to vote.


Nor shan any person l'onvictcrl of hribery, 01' of ally crime deemefI infamolls at, COlIl-
mon law, be pel'mitted to exercÍse t,hat privilege, until he be expressly restored thereto
by an aet of tll(' ¡;clU:ml asscmlJly.


SECo :í. Persolls resilling OH lands ccrlNl hy tllis State to t.hc 'Cnited States sha11 not
bR el1titl~<l to ~xel'risc tlw 11l'ivilnge of electllrs.


A)IEXI))!E;S:T: AUTICLE 4. (AnoPTED JFXE 3, 18ü4.)-Eledors of this State "ho, in
time of wal', are ahsent from the Statc in the artnal military sel'Yiee of tbe Unite<l
Stntes, lwing othen,ise qualified, slw 11 hnvc a rigllt to vote in a11 elections in t,he Statc
fur eleetors (Jf Presidellt auü Yiee-rresillent of the UnitAcl Sta teR, representatives in
Congress, ami general officem of the Stntp. The general aHseUlbl~, 8ha11 ha,ve fu 11 power
to provide, by l:t", túr carryillg this articln into ef('ect, amI nntil sucll provisioll slmll he
lllade by law, :llly SUdl alJsellt elector, OH the day of such electiolls, lllay delivcl' a
"rittell 01' [ll'inted hn11ot, "ilh tlle nfllnes of the persons yoted thereon, aud his Christian
ami S111'nall1l', [\1)(1 his Yotillg resiflenc(j in the State, \\'l'ittcn at length on thc bade
thereof, to the' offieer COlIlIlll!ll(lillg ¡he l'egiment o)' cOlllpany to whieh he belougs; and
a11 surh ballots, certifiec1 by SUdl cOlllm:lll(!ing offie~r to hitve beeil givell hy t.ltA elector
WhORA lwme i8 wl'itt¡>n thereon, aIHl l'etllrnel1 by slleIt cOllllllflndillg- officAr to the secre-
tar)' of statc withill tIte time jJI'cseribeü by la" [01' eounting thfl yotes in suoh electian,
shall be I'ecci,-cd amI counted with tIte same !'ffect as if given hy such elector in 0P"ll
town, "-3]'(1.01' <li.'ltl'id lIlf'eting; and thf\ derk of tOWll or eH y, until otlH',rwise pl'ovitled
u,)' law, HItall, withill fhe tlays after any sueh clcction, transmit to t.he secl'etary of state
a certifictllist of the nallles of a11 such electors on their reRpectivo voting listo


Sm:TII CAIWLIXA. (1868.)
AHT YIII, SECo 2. E \'('1)- lllalt: citizCll (ji' tIte UnÍtp(1 Stnte,o, of the ngo o[ 21 years amI


1l1l\Y<U'ds, not lahOl'illg unü'-'l' the <lisahiliti,'s llflllletl in tItis cUllstitutioll, without !lis-
tilldion oí' mee, colO1', Ol' ±()l'llLer coutlitiou, ,dlO s]¡a11 he a residm1t of this Statü"at
the tillle of t]¡o al1o]Jtioll of this cOllstitntion, 01' ,,,ho.slw11 thereaft.er reside in this State
onc year, aml in the COllllty in whieh IH\ off'>!'R to vote sixty tlays next precodillg any clel'-
tiOll, shall be entitlell to vote fol' lL11 oflice!'s lhat are now 01' herflafter lllUy bc elcct"cl
by the peoplc, ami upon a11 questiolls sulJllütted to th" dectol's at any elections: 1'1'0-
vided, That no pel'son sha.!l be allo,,""fl to vote 01' hold offico who is 110"",01' hel'eafter may
ble, disqualified thel'efol' b)- tIte CUllStitUtiOll o[ the Unite(l States, until 811Ch disqufllifi-
cation 8ha111)0 removed hy the Congrc.~s ,of tite Ulliteü 8tates: Pl'Ol'lclcfl f/lr/hu, That
no person while kept in any allllsllO-Uf;f\ 01' :1~yjnm, 01' of unsound lllillc1, 01' confilled in
publie plison, shall be allowe<l to vote (Ji' hohl ofiicc.


SECo 3. It shall be the dllty of thc general assembly to provide froIl1 time to time for
thfl registratioll oí' al! cledors.


SECo 4. For thc pUl'l'0se of YOtillg!lO pe1'8011 shall be f1eemed to have lost his residence
by reason of absonce "'hile employec1 in tIlC service of the United 8tat.es, 1101' while en-
gaged llpon the waters of this State 01' tho United StatcR, 01' of tite high seas, nor while
temporarily absent frOIll tIte Stntc.


SECo 5. ~o soldicr, seaman, 01' marine, in the al'llly 01' navy of the l~11íted States, Rhall
he deemecl a rf'sidcnt of this State in rOllser¡uellc'(l of haYil1g becn stationed thereill.


SECo 8. Thc general asscmbly shallllC\'Cl' pass auy law tltat will fleprivc an~' of the
citizens of tItis State of the right of sntfrage, except for treason, murcIe!:, robbery,or
dueling, whereofthe person8 shall haye 1)(>.<:11 flhly t1'ied ami cOIlvicted.


SECo 12. No pC1'8011 ~l¡all he disfrandlisell fol' felouy 01' otlleI' crimes comlllitted while
su eh persou was a slave.


TEXXE6::;EE. (18:14.)
AUT. IY, SECo 1. Every free white man, of the a"e of 21 years, beillg a citizen


of tIte Ullited States, and a cHizCll of tho CUlluty wherein he may offor his vote six




88 NllITH CENSUS.
months next preceding the day of ell'ction, sha11 be entitled to vote fol' membel's of
the general assemhlyaml otber civil officers for the cOllnty or district ih which he
r"sides; Proridcd, That no person sha11 be disqualified frorn voting in any eleetion on
aecóunt of color, who is now, by the lawa of thia State, a competent witl10SS in a coul't
ofjHstice against a white mano A11 free meTl of color ahall be exempt from military
duty in timc of peaee, and also frorn paying a free poll-tax.


SEc.2. Laws may he passed excluding fl'om the right of snffragepersons who may be
convicted of infarnous erimes.


A}IEXD:lIEXT. (1866.) SCHEDULE.-SEC.9. The qualifications oi'voters, and the limit-
ntiol1s oi' the elective franchise, may be c1etermil1E'd by the general assembly which
shallfirst assemble nnder the amended eonstitution.*


VERMOXT. (179;~.)


PAllT l, ART. 8. That aU eleetions ollgllt to bc free, and without corruption, aud that
aU i'reemen, havil1g a sufficient evident common interest with, and attachllleut to, the
cOllllllllnity, have a I'ight t,o elect and be elected into office, agreeahly to the reglllatiollS
made in this constitution.


PART 1I, SECo 21. Evel'Y mnn of the fu11 age of 21 years, havin)!; resided in tlliR
State for the space oi' oue wllOle year ni~xt before the elflction of represflutatives,
and i~ 01' a quict and peaccahle behavior, and will take tlIe following oath 01' affirma-
tion, shall be entitlec1 to all tIle privileges of a Ú'eemuu of this State:


" You solemnly Hwear (01' affirm) that wheneyer yOIl gÍ\'e -,"OHr yote 01' snffl'age tOllell-
ing any matter that concerns the State ofVerrnont, you ·will do it so as in your conscience
yon Rhall jlldge willmost conduce to the best goou oi' the same, as established by tile
constitution, without fe al' 01' favor of U1'Y man."


A1IExmmxT. (182R.)-ART. l. No perSOll ",ho i8 uot already a freemau of this State
shall he entitleu to exerciRA the privilflges of a freeman, uuless he he a uatural-horn
citizen oft.his or somc onc of the United Statcs, 01' ulltil he sha11 have Leen naturalized
agreeably to the aets of Congress.


WEST VIRGINIA. (11:)61-'63.)
AIlT. lII, SECo 1. The white malo citizcns of the State ¡¡hall be el1titled to vote at u11


elf'ctions held within the elect,ion districts in whieh they respectively reside; hut no
IwrSOl1 who is a minoI', 01' of unsound mina, 01' a pauper, Ol' who is ul1(ler conyiction of
tre:\son, felony, 01' brilJery in an elcction, 01' who has not been a resille.nt of the State
for olle year, aud of the county in which he ofl:'ers to vote forthirty days next preceding
Hueh oiler, Hhall he permitted to vote while such disability eontillues.


* An Ret to limit the elective fl'anchhm WU:ol pas:o::ed June 5, 186."), Jt re~tricted tlle right uf voting to those
,,-hite men (othel'wi~e qualified undel' the con~titution) who wel'e puo1icly known to llave entertained llllcon-
ditional Union sentiments from tbe outbrf'ak of tile rebt'llioll uutil that time, aud who Lad uot voluntal'ily
gh.pl) aid to the 8o-ealled u Confeclerate Stfttes. .,


'rhi:ol act \'\'aH repealed by anot.ber, pa~8ea l\Iay 3, 1866, 800l] after the adoption of the alllendmeut given in
the text, and thia \Vas agnin fllrther amended FebrufLry 25, 1867. 'fho ('xi);ting provisioll~ uf these act8, 80
far a~ they admit 01' deny thtl right Di' verSOllti to yote, are ati follow8:


SEC, 1. Evcry mnh~ inhahitant of tbil'l State, 01' the age 01' 2L year8. a citizeu of the United 8t11.te13:,
aud i.l. rC:l.ident of the COtltlty whdreiu he may olt'dr his votl~ Hix: ffi'Hlthi'! npxt prücl!<Iing tbc fia.y of t-'lectioll, ~haU
be entitled to the privilcge of the elective f'ranchb~f': subject to tlle fullowing -t;xceptious sud disqualifications,
to \vit:


lo Suid ,-oter flhall uever have horne arms agaill~t tbe grJyerument of the Unittd State8, for the pllrpose of
aiding tbe la.te rebellion, nor have voluutarily given ni<l, comfort, countenance, coull~el, or enc')uragement to
n.ny relwIlion ngaini-!t the authority of the United States governlllellt, llor aided, countenanced, ol' encouraged
a~t:i of hOcltility thereto.


2. That fluid yoter shan have never sought ol' volnutarily aece pted any office, civil or military, ol' at-
t.empted ta exercise the fllnctions of n.ny office, ci\~il 01" milital'Y. undel" the authodty Of pl'ete1Hled Iluthority
of thf' Ho-eallerr H Confederatf.' State8 oí" Amel'ica. " 01' of ally insurrectionA.r:r Statc whatever, h08tile Of oPPoRed
to the anthority of the United Sta tes government, witl1 tlw intent alld de~ire to aid !-iaid rebellion OT illlmrrec-
tiouaryauthority. .


3. That .-saill voter Rhall never llave voluntarily suppol'ted auy pretended gov(~rnmcnt, poweT, Ol" authorlty
h!):'ltil~ or inimical to the anthority of thú UnitNl StfLh~:o', b:"i-' c()Utrihutious in mOlley or property. by ppr~ufLsion
01' inftuence, or in auy other wa.y whatever: Prooidul. That th~~ foregoing".restrictious alld d.it;qnalifications
~hall not apply to anycitizcn who muy have Herved in aud bt'tlll hOIlorably tl!i'!charged fl·om the UTllly or navy
of' tbp United States sillce the 113t day of Jaullary. 186:2, nor to those \vho voteu iu tbe prel:iidential elf'C'tion in
Nuvembcr. 1864. or votcd in thp. election for ·'ratiticat.iou or I"ejection,·' in ~~-'l"hruary. lB65, or voted in the
election hehI on the 4th 01' Mal'ch, of the sall)(~ yenr, fnr g0vernor and lIlewlJeftl of the legi.,laturp, nor tú thm;e
who have bt'cn appoillted to any ('ivil 01' military otlice by AndJ"e\\r Johm!Oll, militat"y gOVCl"llOl", or 'YiIliam
G. Bl"o,vnlow, govel'uor, of Tenne~~ee, prior to JUlle;" 186,3, all (lf whom are hereby dee1al'ed to be qunlitied
voter!!!, llpon their complyiug with tlle requirellleutl:) 01' thi>l /let: Prrmided, That tltitl latter clause shall not
apply to any cOlllmi:~¡.¡ion üomcd upon any elpction which Illay llave been held.


rThe !iecond ana thil d !5ections prúvide for the appointment of 11. COllllll\l'i¡douer of registration for ea eh C'ollnty
in the Stat!? He is reC¡llired to illsue certificate~ 01' registration tú thol:le entitled, upon pl'oduction of tlufficieut
documeutary proof.:!, Ru·d penwnal evidence of unconditional Union men, und UP.OIl the o~tl~ of tlH' p<"r!lon
mnking npplication fOI" regilüratiou. setting fortll that. he has llot borne arm~ agaJllst tbe L lllt~d States, 1I01'
w¡ílingly giVt-"Ll aid to rebellion. Per . ;ons pf:'l"sonally kno,vIl to the cOIllmisl."\ioller to huye nlwa~r~ bern ~lllcon.
dirionnl {hinn ll1('n, 01" who rr.ay be pro ved to be Hnch by two such witnesl'>es, ore excl1t1ed Íl"om takwg the
oath. Uitizeu!:) of TenneS8ee in the army of the eniteu State¡; are allowed to vote whcrever located, amI the
vote:3, are- to be counted aH of the couutles in which buch officcr8 01' 801illel"tI Illight reside.]




NINTH CENSUS. 89
AMEND:\1ENT. (1866.)-No person who, sinee the 1st day of June, 1861, has given DI'


shall give voluntary aitl DI' asaistance to the rebellion against the United States, ahall
be a citizen of this State, 01' be allowetl to vote at any election therein, nnless he has
volunteered into the milit,ary DI' naval serviee of the United States, and has been DI' shall
be honombly diseharged therefrom.


WISCONSIN. (1848, AS A~mNDBD.)
ART. III, SECo 1. Every male person, ofthe age of 21 years 01' upward, belonging to


either of the following classes, who sha11 have resided in this State for one year next
preeeding any election, aha11 be deemcd a qualificd elector at sueh clcction:"


1. Citize1l8 of the United Sta tes.
2. Persons of foreign birth who shall have declaren their intention to become citi-


zens conformably to the laws of the Unitcd States on the snbjcct of naturalization.
3. Persona of Indian blood, who have once been declared by law of Congres8 to be


eitizens of the Uniteü States, any 8nlJseqnent law of Congress to the contrary notwith-
standing.


4. Civilized persons of lndian descent, not memhers of any tribe: Proridúl, 'l'hat
tha lcgislature may at ally time extend lJy law the right of snffrage to persons not
herein ennmemtedj but no su eh law shan be in force until the same shall have been
8ubmitted to a vote of the people at a general election, and approvecl by a majority of
all tho votes cast at such eleetion.


SEc.2. No I)el'son under guanlin.uship, non Cml/p08 mOl/lis, 01' insanc, shall be qualified
to vote at any electioll j nor sha11 any person convictecl of treason 01' felony he quali-
íled to vote at any election, llnles8 restorerl to civil rights.


SHC. 4. No person aha11 be dccrned to have lost his residence in this State by reason of
his absence on bnsiness of the Lnite(l Stn.tes 01' of this State.


SECo 5. No soldier, seaman, 01' marine in the army or navy of the Uniterl States, shall
becleemed a resident of this State in consequcnee of being stationcd within thc same.


SECo 6. Laws may be passed excluding from the right of snffi'age all persons who
have boen 01' may be conYÍetetl oi' bribery 01' larceny, 01' of any infamous crime, and
clepriving every person who shaU make, or bccomc directly 01' indiroctly interested in,
any bet 01' wager depending ulJOn the result of auy election, from tbe right to vote at
such election. t


ART. XIII, SEc.2. Any inhabitant of this Statc who may horcafter be engaged,
cithcr directly 01' in(lirectly, in a duel, cHher as principal 01' aceessory, shall forever he
disqnalificd as an elector, alld from hohling any office Hnder the constitntion and laws
of this State, and may he punished in such other manner as shall be presorihed by
law.


SECo 5. All pcrS01l8 resitling upon lndian lands wjthin any eonnty of the StatE', a,nd
qualified to exercise the right of sllffragc nllller this constitution, 8ha11 be entitled to
vote at the polls which lllay be held nearest their residence, for Sta te, Unitecl Sta tes,
DI' COllllty officer8: Provided, 'l'hat no person shall vote for connty officel's out of the
county in which he resides.


COll8titutional ]11'OVi8io1/8 "elafil/g fo (he limifation of 8uffrage in Sta tes 1/ot 1'e8i(ffed to the
1'i[Jht of 1'epl'6S6ntation in Congl'C8s.
Jl,Ir~SISSIPPI.


CO~STITUTION OF 1832.-AuT. III, SECo 1. Every freo white malo pcrson of the age
of 21 years 01' upwards, who 8ha11 be a citizen of the United Statcs, and sha11
have resided in thiR State oue ypar next l)receding an election, ancl the last fonrmonths
within the COUllty, city, 01' tOWIl i1l which he offers a yote, sha11 he deemed a qualifie!!
elector. And any 8nch qualified elector who may happcn to be in any COllnty, city, or
town other than th,at of his residencA at the time of an election, 01' who shall have
moved to ally eounty, eity, 01' town witllin fonr montlls preceding the election, from
any connty, city, 01' town in whieh he wouId haye been a qllalificd elector ha!! he not
so removed, may vote for any State 01' dist1'ict ofticer, 01' memher of Congress, 101' whom
he ?ould have vote!! in the connty of his resitlence,or the county, city, or town frOID
Wh1Ch he may have so removed.


ART. VII, SECo 4. * * " Laws shall he made to exclnde frolll office and from suf-
frage those who sha11 thcrcaftcr hc convicted of bribery, pmjury, forgery, 01' other high
crÍlnes or nlisdelneanors. * * '* * '* *


* Tbe w(]rds ¡, any person Bot baving all the qualificatiollS of an elector," in tbis sta.tute, mean ally person
disquaUfied, iucapacitated, or disentitled, from nny of the causes fixed by law, refcrring to bis condition when
hi~ vote is received.-Byrne vs. State, ]2 "'-"is., 519.


1 Tbe question whetber 01' not a vuter lIad a wnger depending, upon tho reBult of the clection, is a question
of mixed law and fact, upon whirh the i08pectors act in a quasi judicial capacity, aud for an obvious but hon~
eRt mistake of the law or error oí' judglllent in thcil' decision they are not criminally responsible.-Byrne va.
State, 12 Wis., 519.




90 NL~TH CENSUS.
COl\STITUTIOX PREPARED IN 1868 AXD XOT ADOl'TED.-ART. VII, SECo 2. AH male


inhahitants of this State, except idiots and in salle per80n8, aud Iudians uot taxed, citi-
;oens 01' the Unitec1 States, or uaturalized, 21 years olel amI upwanls, who have
l'esü1ed in this Statc SLv months and in the COUllt.l one month llcxt precedinp; the day
of elcdioll at wbicb said inbabitallt offer8 to vote, nw1 who ure dnlyregistered ucpor,l-
iug to tlw rC'lllirements of section thrce of this article, am1 WllO ltre 110t üis<jllalifiel!
hy reHson of any crime, are dec1:trec1 to be 'lnulifiel! electors.


SECo 3. Tbe legislatnre shall proyide, hy law, for the registration of ull persons enti-
tle<l to vote at any election, anl! all perS011S entitlctl to re gis ter sbal1 take and sub-
scribe the following oatb 01' affirmation :


"1, ---, do solemnly SWAar (01' affirm) that 1 hav" r"sif1e(1 in this State six months,
aud iu --- couuty onc month; that 1 will faithfully slll'l'Ort mu1 obcy the COllStitu-
tion and laws of the Unitcd States anrl 01' the State of }lississippi, an(l will bear trne
faith ami allegianc" to thtl RamA; that 1 3m not rlisfmnchisArI in a,ny oi' tlw proyisions
of tbo acts kllown as the rcconstrnction ads of tIlo 39th anu 40th Congress, alld tbat 1
admit the political and civil e'llwlit.l 01' all mcn: 80 help me God."


l'rodrlerl, 1'hat if Congress shall :tt any time rmuoyc thA (lisabilities of any pcrson
disfranehiscd in tbc said rcconstructioll acts oí' the said 39th amI 40th Congr~ss, (alll1
the legislatllre of this State shall concur therein,) tbcn so mnch of this oath, am1 so
mnch only, as refers to thc sairl reconstrnntion acts, shallnot he !'e(luire(l of sllch llcr-
son, so pan1olled, to cntitlc him Lo be 1'eg-iste1'eol.


SECo (j. In time of war, insul'l'cction, 01; rebellion, the right to yote at slwh place am1
in snch mall1w,r as shall be prescribe(l hy law, shall he clljoyerl hy all pCI'SOIlS othcl'\dse
clltHlcd thcreto, who may be in tbe actual lllilitary 01' ua.val servie" nf the Fnite(l
States 01' thia State, l)rovider1 said yotes be made to applY in the eOllllty Ol' precillet
whereill they resiue. v <


AUT. XII, SECo 2. The legislatnre sha11 pa~s laws to excltH1e from office amI from 8nf-
frage thos" Vd10 shall hereafter be convicterl of bribery, pmjury, forgery, OI' otber lügh
criInes 01' Illisueweuuor:s. '* '* *" * * ;¡.


TEX,\S.


COXSTln;TION OI<' 1845, AS A~mNDED ni 18(j(j.-AuT. lII, SECo 1. F,vcry free male
person who ahall haye attained the age of 21 years, and who Hllall be a citizen
of the Uuitel1 States, aUl1 shnlllmve resided in this Síatc onc year ne.xt prececling
an elee(,ioll, auc1 tho last six lllOllths witbill the diskict, county, city, 01' town in which
he offers to yote, (IUllians not taxed, Afrieans, amI rlesCell(l:1llttl of Africalls, exccptetl,)
8hall be (leellled a 'lualifierl elector; :t11(l SllOUI<l SUdl <jllalifie<l elector happen to be in
any otlle1' COlllll,y sitllatcd in thc district in whieh he resides at the time of :in Alection,
lw ,hall he p"rmitted to VOtA for any (listl'ict ofticel': rl'o!lid(:rl, That the qnalified elec-
tora sllull be permlttell to YO te anywhere in the Statc for !:ltate otlicers: A lid JlI'OI:iderl
jurthel', That no soldier, scaman, or marine in the al'llIy 01' lI:lYY of tlle lTniteü States
shall be entitlc(l to vote nt lLlly eleetion ereat"ü by this eonstitutlon.


[Thc amcl\(lmcnts proposcLl by tllc eOllstitlltional COllYC1lt.ioll of mm cl"finfi tilo
qllalificntious of yoters in two s,;ctiolls, anrl diff~.rpntly, as will he tleenlJy tbc folluwill¡!;
qllotations : ]


" ART. III, SECo 1. Eycry male lwrson who shall have attaillerl tho agc (Jf 21 years,
aucl who shall be (01' who shall llaye deelarerl his intelltion f.o become) a citizcn
of thA lTniteü Sta tes, or who ia, at tIlO the time of the acceptance of this constitntion
hy the Congrcss of the Ullitcd States, a citi;oCll of Texas, and sha11 have resi<lerl in this
State one year next l)receclillg an election, am1 the la.st six months within tlle clistrict
or cOllnty in ,vhieh he offers to vote, alHl is duIy rep;i,tered, (Inflians llot tax(·d flX-
ceptcd,) shall be decmed a qualifiecl elector; and ShOlllcl snch qllnlific(l e}()etOl' huppell
to be in any other county situated in the district in wbich he resides, at thc time of un
election, he shall be pcnnittctl to vote for ally district oflicer: PI'Ol'idcd, That tite 'lnali-
fiel! clector sball be permitted to vote an)"\\'he1'c in thf' Stnt.c for 8tat" offi~ers: AI/d
procided jlll"ther, That no solrlier, sp,aman, 01' marine in the arllly 01' navy 01' the United
States, allall be entitled to vote at any election creatccl hy this constitntion:"


"ART. VI, St;c. 1. Every male citizen of t.hA TJniíerl Siates, of tlw agc of 21
years and npwanls, not lahoring under tite dis>thilities 11l1l1lcd in this COllst.itution,
without clistinctíon of mee, color, 01' former condition, who shall hA a rpsirlt,nt of thi~
State at th" t.ime of t.he 3doption of this ~ollstitlltion, Oi' wllo ,;ha11 thereaftcr reside in
this State one yenr, aul! in tlw county in whieh he oifers to YO te sixty daya next prf1-
ccding any election, sball be entitlecl to vote fol' a11 of1kers that are now, 01' hercafter
may be, elected by the people, and 111)on all qnpstions H1l111uitte<l to thc elcctora at auy
eleetion: PrOl'iderl, That no llerson almll be allowetl to VO(O 01' hold oUiee wlto is no,,",
01' bereafter may'be, disqualifiecl therefor by the Constitntion of the Ullite(1 Statl's,
11l1t.il snch disqualification sha11 be removNl hy the COlIgress of tlle Unitcd States:
Proricled jm·thw·, That no person while kept in auy as.)'lum, 01' coufiucll in ]ll'iSOIl, 01'
who has heen cOllyicted oí' a feloDY, or who is of ullsollud lllÍlu1, sltall lJe alluwccl to
vote 01' hold office."




NINTH CENSUS. 91
Vmm"'LL


COXSTITUTION AR ,DmXDED IX 1866.-AnT. III, SECo 1. Evcry "White ma1e eitizen oí
the commonwealth of thc age oi' 21 ~-ears, who has been a resident of tlle State
fuI' tl\'O yeal'~, aw1 nf the (,Oll11ty, city, 01' town wlwro he offers to yote for twelve lllonths
l1ext preeerlillg an cledioll, \VIto has paid aU State taxe" assesse<l to him fol' the pre-
ce<ling yeaJ', "hall be 1j11ll1ifietl to vote fór rnembcrs 01' 1,he general asse~llbly, alln all
ofticers elective hy the peo]!le; hut wlH~n n citi7.ell of the State removes frorn OIle
conl1t~', oity, 01' tOWll, to ilJjo1,hcl' in this State, he shallllut, hy reason of sl1ch ehange
oí' resir1encc, lose his l'ight to vote in the cuuuty, city, 01' to,,"n frolll whieh he rernoves
until he shall have aC<111ir('(l thé right to vote in the COUllty, eity, 01' town to "Which he
Tt'1ll0Yes: l'1'otidcd, hOU'CI'CI', Tllat uo pCl'SOll ,hall be allu\Vel1 to vote \Vho i8 of unsonnd
milld, l1 pnllper, 01' who has lwell cOllYicted o[ bl'ibery at an elcctiOll, 01' uf au infarnonA
oft"llse. No jlcrson in tbe military, n:lvnl, 01' marilw scrviíl" of tlH\ UnitcI1 States shall
be (leeUlAll a residcllt oí' this State, ]¡y reaSOll of' lwing' statioucd therein; lmt eiti7,ens
of this State, w11fm in the milit.ary scnice. of the Ullited States, shall oe pcrrnittcd to
vote, nnder such reglllatiolls as Illay be prescribed hy the general asselllhly, "Wherever
they lllay he statiollcd, the sallle as i1' they were witlJin tbeir respective citics, euuntif'R,
01' districts.


CO"'ST1'ITTIOX l'rtEl'_un:D IX 1868, X~,D XOT YET .tDOl'TED.-AnT. UI, SECo L
Every ll1ale citiz('11 of the l..:'llitcd Statcs 21 ~'('ars old, who shall have bePIl a
resident of this Stat.\ t,,'(;l VI' lllonths, aucl 01' the connty, city, 01' town in which he
shall olrel' to vote tlirce IllflIltlis uext preeeüing any election, ~hall ]Hl entitled to vote
11pon all l¡w'stioJ\s slllllllÍttCtl tú tho people aL suclt c1cctioll: Provülerl, That uo offiel\r,
solllior, sealllan, 01' lIln1'iue oí' t11e ellited States A1'lUy 01' Navy, shall be cOllsldcl'ed a
l:csidellt 01' thi~ Sk,te by reaSOIl of being ~t:ltionorl therein: Al/el prol'iiled also, That the
tollowiug p"rsous sllall be excludcc1 1'rolll vOLing:


1. Idiots allcllunatics.
2. Pe1'sOlls convietccl of bribcry in any election, embez7,lement of pnblic f'unrls,


treason, 01' fe10u~~.
:3. No pe1'sou who, whil(\ a eitizen of this State, llas, since the ac1option of this eonsti-


tntiou, fought a ducl ,vith a deadly 'YCapOll, Bent 01' aeceptcü a challf'nge to fight a
<lnel with a lleailly wflapon, eitlwr withill 01' be.yoml the bounc1arics of t11i8 State, ur
lmowingly conveyell a challengc, 01' aide<l OI' assistec1 in any manner in fighting a c1nel,
8ha~1 be allowed to yate, 01' hold any uffiee uf honor, profit, 01' trust nnder thi8 consti-
tntlOn.


Every por.gol! who has becn a Renat01' 01' representative in Congrcss, 01' elector of
I,'resident or Vice-P1'csident, 01' wilo ileld ally oftiep, eivil 01' military;llnder the United
~tMes, 01' under nny State, who huving prc\-lonsly talcen all oath as a memher of Con-
gress, 01' as an ofticer of tlw [llited Statcs, 01' as a membe1' of nny Sta te lcgislature, 01'
as an eXN'ntive 01' judidal offieer of auy Stntl" Rlwn havEl engagell in insllrrection 01'
rebellioll ag'ainst tlle same, Ol" given nil1 01' cOlllfort to the cllelllies thereof. This clallse
shaJl i1lc11u1o the followillg Ofti<:I'l'S: O",-e1'no1', lientenallt governor, secretary oí' state,
auditor oi pn blio aceount~, secoIHI mlllitor, n~gist<.'r of tlw 1,,])([ offic('., state treasnrer,
attorney gencral, sheriffs, s('1'gemlt 01" a eHy 01' town, COlllluissioner uf' the revcllue,
couuty slllTeyors, eOllBtahles, OYI\rsel,rs 01' the poor, COllllllissione1' of the boartl of public
\Yorks, judges oí" the supremo eunrL, jlUlgl"s of tile eircuit court, jUdgCH of the conrt of
h!lstillgS, justiecs of tllll ('ol1nty ('IHll'ts, mayor, l'econler, altlermen, conucilmcn of tile
mty 01' to\Yn; corollc1'8, esehcators, inspcet.ol'S of tohacco, !lonr, &c., clerles of the
supreme, tlistl'ict, eiTcuit, and COllut,v conrt8, amI uf tlle court of hUBtings, an<1 attor-
neys for the eUllUllOnW(\:Jlth: l'l'ul'id¡,d, That the legislatnre ma.v, b~' a vote of tllrco-
tifths oí' both 110118e" rCllIove the !lh,a bilities incm:red hy this clause fi'om any person
includell therein by a, separate vote in cach cagu.


S,"c. 2. AH eleetionH Rlw 11 he hy hallot, and aU persons cntitlec1 to vote sllall he
eligible to any offiee withill tho gift oí" the people, except as rcstricted in this con-
stitutiuIl.
SU~nIARY 01<' CLJ .. SSES.


Of rlwle citiz.enB ~f t/w Fni/crl Sf((fe,~, bcillg 21 yearB of aye, u'7Iose l'ight to t'ote at any
elcc/ion fOl' the choice of clcetol'S fOl' l'rc8irlcnf alld ¡'ice-Presiden! of fhe Un itoil States, /'epre-
sentatil'es in COII(j/'es8, the execl/tÍl'e and judicial v.OiCC/'8 uf a /5tlde, o/' tlw me/Jlbe/'R of the
Icyi8atllrc the/'coj; i8 denied, 01' in any I/:r/!I ab/'i<lged, ex;]cpt fOl' pa/'ticillalion 'in rebellion VI'
vtlwr crime. *


l.-o)!" ACCOGXT OF RtCE on COLOR.
Colore<1lw,rsons indircctly tleserihell hy nsing the wOl'll " \\'hite" il1 t,he c1efiuition of


yote1's-Calijol'l1ia, Con/lccth'ut, Ddall'w'c, Illiuui8, Indiana., JÚiII8as, Kmztucky, }¡[aryland,
Jlichigall, 1.1liH801lri, ]\·m,acla., Xew .JeI·~ey, Ohio, Ol'egoll, P"lIl1syll'allict, and West Virginia.


Negroes nud lllUlattocs expre~Hly exdul1cl1-Indicwa amI Ol·cgon.
Chinamcn expl'essly exelutled-Ol'c.'loll.


----------------------------------------------


~ 'l'he States 01' l\'liB~i):\íÜppi, Te~a:3, aud Virgiuia an~ llot, iucluued in this Immmary.




92 NINTH CENSUS.
II.-ON Accon,T OF RESIDENCE.


Persons residing on lands ceded l)y the State to the Lnited States-Ma88achusettst
R1wde Isktnd.


In State less than three yeara, being a colored citizen anufreeholder to the val11e of
$200-Nc1O York.


In State less than two years-Kentucky.
In State lesl! than onc year-Connectwnt, Delaware, Florida, Illinois, Louisiana, 1ffary-


land, Ma88achu8ett8, Mi'l80nri, New .Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsyh'a1l'ia,t
Rhode hland, S01tth Cm'o/ilt(!, Vennont, West Virginia, amI Wisconsi!l.


In State less than six months-Alabama, Arkansa8, Ca/ifomia, Gcorgia, Indiana, Iowa,
Kansas, Náada,t New Hampshire, anu Oregon.


In State less tllan four months-Minncsota.
In State less than three months-Maine anel Michigan.
In eOllnty less than six months-Florida allll Tennessee.
In eOllnty less than five montIts-Ncw Jers6.lJ.
In eounty less than four months-New York.
In cOllnty less than three months-Alabama.
In cOllnty less tItan sixty days-Iowa allll Sonth Carolina. _
In eounty less than thirty day.~-Georgia, .LYorth Carolina, Ohio, and West Virginia.
In parish less than ten days-Lollisiana.
In cOllnty or district less than six lllonths-Maryland and Nevada.
In eounty 01' district less than thirty days-Califol'l1Ía.
In county, city, or town less than one yeal'-Keutucky.
In eounty, city, or town less thall sixty days-Mi88ouri.
In town or city less than six months-Rhode 18land.
In township or ward leRs than thirty days-KuI/8118.
In township or waru less than ten days-Micltigan.
In town 01' district less than six months-"}fa8.~acJ¡u8ett8.
In town less than six months-Connecticut, Nele Hampshire.
In township, incorporateu village, 01' wanIless than twenty fbys-Ohio.
In district or pl'CcÍllCt where they reside less than sixty uays-Kentlwky; less than


thirty days-New York j less than ten flays-Minncsota and Pennsylcania.


III.-ON ACCOCNT OF 'VASTL'\[G PROPERTY Ql'ALIFICATIONS, OR FOR NON-PAYMENT
OF TAxEs.


Those who, have not paiel aH taxes which may have been required of them, and
whieh thcy haye hadan opportnnity of paying ",itllin the preceding year-Georgia.


Those who llave not paid a poll-tax, as law may require-,Ycl'ada ..
Those excllsed frolJl ]Jayillg taxes at their 0"'11 re'lnest-~Yew Ham]J8ltire.
Those who have not paiel any State 01' COUllt-y tax assessed witllin two years next


preceding, unless by la", exelllptml from taxatioll-Ma8Socl/1lsctts.
Those of 22 who have not within two years paiu a COUllty tax assessed at lcast


six months before election-Delaware.
Those over 22 who have within t",o years pai(l a State or eounty tax, assessed at


least ten days before electioll-Pe1l118!}ll'ania.
'fILOse who do not own real estate in the town 01' city, worth $134 over amI above aU


illcurnbrances, &c.; aIRO, those ",ho have uot paid a registry tax ",itbill either of two
preceding years, unle8s rcmitte(1 on acconnt of absellce at sea-R/lOde Island.


Colol'ed persons, not owning freehol<ls tlurillg one year next preceding election, worth
$250 over all incllrnbrances, anu on which taxes have been assessed anu paiu-New
York.


IV.-O" ACCOl'NT OF 'VANT 01<' LITERARY QU.\LIFICATIOXS.


Those unahle to read an tll'ticle in fhe constitlltion, 01' ally section of the statutes of
the State-Connecticut.


Those unable to read the constitution in the English language, and write their
names, unlesa prevellteu by physical uisability, or over 60 years of age when tho
amendment was adopted-Ma8sacl¿¡!setts.


V.-Os ACCOUNT 01<' CHARACTER OR BEIUVIOU.


Those who do not sustain a goou moral character-Connccticut.
Those wIlo are not of a quiet amI peacefu[ behavior-Vel'mont.


-------------------------


* By judicial deci8ioD, aud not by the expl"I~SS terms of the com~titutioll.
f If previomo!ly 8 resident of the State, aman may regaiu r_eBidcnce as a voter in six months after his return.
t Six months of 'actual, not of cOllstructive, re.sitlence.




NINTH CENSUS. 93
VI.-O!> ACCOUNT OF SERVICE lli THE AR~IY OR NAVY."


No officer, soldier, or marine, in the regular army or navy of the United States, aIlowed
to vote-Missouri.


VII.-O!> ACCOUNT OF POVERTY, Imocy, OR I~SA:KITY.


Those who are insane-Alabarna, Arlmnsas, California, Delaware, Florida, Georgia,
Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Nevada, New Jersey, Uhio, Oregon, RllOde Island, and 'Yis-
eonsin.


Those who are idiotic-Alabama, Arkansas, California, Delaware, Georgia, Iowa,
Nevada, Nuw Jersey, Oh10, and Oregon.


Those "non compos mentis," or of "unsonnd mind "-Florida, Kansas, Minnesota,
Rhode Island, Sonth Carolina, Weat Virginia, mul 'Yisconsin.


Those uuder guardianship-Florida, Kansas, Maine, Massachnsetts, Minnesota, Rhode
Isla.nd, and 'Yisconsin.


TllOse who are nnder guardianship as a lnnatic, or as a person non compos mcntis-
l'lfaryland.


Those wbo are paupers-:¡;>elaware, Maine, l'lfassachusctts, New Hampshire, New Jer-
sey; Rh()(le Island, and 'Yest Virginia.


Persons snpported in an almshousc or asylnm-South Carolina.


VIII.-O!> ACCOUNT OF NOT TAKI~G CERTAIN OATHS.t


Thosc not taking the oath of freemen-Connectient and Vermont.
Those not taking oaths oi' 10~'alty and a11egiance prescribed in the oonstitntion-


Florida and Missouri.


IX.-OTH1m CLASSES DISQUALIFIED FROllf YOTL."G.


Those who have not been eitizenR ten clavs before election-New York.
Those disqualiiied as electors in Status from whence they came-Arlmnsas.


ApPENDIX B.


Con8titutional prOVi8iol18 of Stafcs ¡cith I'~ference fo a Cel/8US as the basi8 of rtprescntation i·n
Iheir lcgislatnl'c8.


AI~AnA~[A. (1E!67.)
ART. VIII, SECo 1. The house oí represcntativea aha11 consist of not more than 100


mernhers, who 8ha11 be apportioned by the general assembly among the several coun-
ties ofthe State acconling to the llllmber oi' inhabitants in them respeetively; and to
this end the general assembly aha11 canse an ennmeration oi' a11 the irihahitants oi' the
State to be made in 1875, aml every ten years thereafter, and sha11make an apPol'tion-
ment of the representatives among the several counties at the iirat regnlar 8Cssion after
each ennmeration, whieb, whcn made, sha11 not be subject to alteration until after tha
next censns shall have been t.aken: Prol'ided, That each connty aha11 be entitled to at
least one representa ti ve: A nd provided fU.I't/wr, That when two or more acljoining conn-
tiea sba11 each have a resiclnulll or fraction over and above the ratio then fixed by law,
whicb fl'actions, when adclecl together, equal or exceed that ratio, in that case thc connty
having the largcst i'raction shall be entitled to one additional representative.


ARKANSAS. (1868.)
ART. IV, SECo 8. The general assernbly Rha11 provirle by law for an ennrneration oí


the inhabitants of this State in thc year 1875, and every tentb ycar thereafter ; and the
general 3aaembly electecl after each enurneration so rnade, and also after eaeh ennmcra-
tion made by the 311thority oi' the Unit.ed States, may re-arrange the senatorial and
representative districts, according to the number of inhahitants as ascertaincd by snch
ennmeration: Provided, That there sha11 beno apportionrnent other than tbat made by
this constitution until after the ennrneration to be made in the yeal' 1875.


* In mscy oC tba St8tes the cODstltution declares thn.t no perllon shall gain a residence by reaRon of being
!l!tationed on duty, as su officer, Boldler, or marine, in tbe service of the United States. In several instancelf
tbe conrta haya decided that persoDIII do not lose their rigbt of voting when thus tltationed, ir otberwise qualified.


t The e¡ec!ion laws of sil Ihe Stato. prescribe formo of oath. to be taken where lhe rlght of a per.on lo vote
1, challenged. In the State. above mentioned I1n oatb 1, required a9 sn indispensable preliminaryal lira!
votiog.




94 NINTII CENSUS.
C.tLIFORXU. (1849.)


ART. IV, SECo 28. Tbe enumeration oí' the inlwoitrtllts of this Statc 8ha1l he taken
undel' tlle dil'ectioll of the legislature in tlw ~'CtU 18,,2 an<118G5, aIHI at the ('ud of e\'ery
ten years tbel'eaftcl'; amI these ellumerations, togetlwr with the CellSUS that Ula~' be
taken lindel' (he dil'eetion of tbe Congl'eS8 of tlltl United States, in t,110 yeal' 18;;0, awl
ev('l'Y snhsef[tleut ten yeal's, 8ha11 s()n'() as the lmsis of representatiun in both houses of
tL() legislature.


COXXECTICCT.


A:\IEXD~mXT 1828, ART. n. [He'luil'es the general asst;mhly to he hcltl in )fay, 1829
to divüle t,he State il1to llot less thall eight, nor 1lI0re tlJall 24 senatorial rlistrids. 'file
districts \\'hl'n establisherl \\'ere to l'('main until the session next follo\\'ill¡! the eOllljlle-
tion oí' the next cenallS of the United Stntr's; ,,"hi(:h :l~H"mhly lla<l powel' t,o alter tILe
llame if founü necessary. Thi8 was to ue üone nt cad1 8'1bsol[ UCllt cellSUS oí' tlw {Jlliteü
States.]


DELAW.\lm. (1831.)
[No censns is reqnil'ed in this Stn,te.]


FLOHIIH. (18G3.)
ART. XIII, SECo 1. 'fhe legislatnre shall, ill tile yen}' 1MiS, an<l !'very tenth yeal' tltere-


after, cause an enumeration to he madI' of all tlJe inltabitants oi' the Statc, anü they
aha11 then proceed to apllOl'tion the l'cl're,~cntaLion mll(lllg tlle ditl'erellt counties, giving'
to each couuty one representative at large, am] one a<llLitional to (wery 1,000registel'eu
votel's thel'ein, hut 110 cOlluty shall be entitletl to more tlHlIl four represeutatives.


GEORGIA. (18G8.)
AUT. nI. Srec. 2. [Tlle uumbel' of State seU:1tors fixcü í'or each couuty. lt fnrtller p1'o-


vides as f()llows :
"If a uew connty he estahlislwll, it ,hall he :ul<lml tu a (listriet whieIL it ¡uljuius and


from whiel! tlw larger portiou'of its territOl'y is tak(·n. 'fhe ~ellatorial rli~trids llIay 1.",
clmuged hy t11e general aBsemhly, lmt ollly at the first s,'ssion aftt'l' th(, pnhlieatiou of
ear:h censns hy tite Cnited Staks gOYerllllll'nt, an<l theil' uUllloel' sl1a11not be inncascrl"


By scetiou 3 the a]lportionmcnt of rel'ruselltati\'l'S alllong tlle sevl'rn] (!onnties is
fixed, which may be changed after each CCllsns oftho Fnited ::-itates. The cOllslitntiou
of 1798 provi<1erl for :1 ceusus ouce in se\~en years, auu tlús enstolll cuntiuned nntil t11e
re visiou of 1865.]


ILLIXOIS. (18·17-'48.)
ART. In, SECo 8. In tlHl yeal' 18S;), an<1 (wel'y tenth year thereaftl·l', an ellllmerntion of


the illbabit[Lnt,s of this i"tatc 811:111 be malle in suclt 1Il:t 11 IlCr as slmllbe (liredcr! by law ;
ami in the .real' 1850, amI cycry teuth yeal' thercafter, the eellSllS taken hy anthorHy of
the governmilllt of the United States shalL hA aclopt.,ü hy fhe general assembly:1s the
enulllcratiou of this State; amI the uumbel' (Jf s('natol's awl1'cpl'csclltatives shall, at the
first regular sessioll holdell after the 1'etúrns herdn proyidetl for are m:ulo, be :l1'po1'-
tiOllCd amoug the several conuties 01' districts to be est:tblishell by la "', aeeortling tu the
number of white iuhaoitants.


IXDlAXA. (18[;1.)
ART. IV, SECo 4. Tlle general assemoly sha11, at its secoJ1(l scssion after the adoption


of this constitntiou, aud every sixth yenr thereaJter, cmlse au euumeratiou to be marle
oí all tbe white mal e inbabitants OYel' the age of 21 years.


IOWA. (18G6, as modified in 1868.)
ART. nI. SECo 33. The general assomuly shall, in tho ~'cars 1859, 18G3, 1865, 1867,


U169, and 1875, and every 10 years thel'eafter, cause au eUllmeration to be made of all
the iuhabitauts of the Sta te.


SECo 34. The number of senatol's sllall, at tbe llext session fo11owing each period of
making snch euumeration, alld the uext session fo11owillg each Unifed States census,
be fixed by law, amI apportioncd amollg the severa] couuties accol'ding to the uUIubcr
of inhabitants in each.




NINl'II CENSUS. 95
KAKIH8. (1859.)


ART. II, SIW. 26. The legislatnre shall prol'ide íor takillg an !'mmw1'ation of the in-
llU1itlmts oí tbe State at least Olu:e in ten yeara. l'be flrst cnLLllleration sha111e takcn
A. D. 1865.


AHT. X, SECo 2. It Rlwll he the duty of the fll'st, legi~latUI'e to make an apportion-
mellt, 1asetl u]lon tite eellSUH (Jr(I<'r'>'¡ hy tlw last legislativc asselll11y of the Territory;
aud a new apportiolllllent ,hall he malle in the Y"[ll' le66, and every flve years tlle1'e-
aner, hased ul'0n tllO cenHUS of the Ill'eceding .,e:.tl'.


KEX1TCKY. (1850.)
ART. n, SECo 6. Representation shall he c'lual amI uniform in thiR commonwealth,


and shall he forever regulatefl "1](1 H"certaillell hy the nU111ber 01' qnalifkd votel's
thel'ein. Iu the yeal' l1'!:iO, aJl(1 again in the yeal' 1857, alld evel'y eighth yearthereafler,
an enumeration 01' aH the qnalitierl yot.,rR nf the State ~hall be ltlade; and 1,0 secure
uuiforrnityan<1 eqnality oI r"presentatiou, the Btate iR herehy laid of1:' into 10 tlistricts.


LOGrSuxA. (1868.)
TJTJ.E JI, AnT. XX. A censns nf Ihe State, uy Btate authority, ,hall be takcn in t,he


:v('ítr 1873, alHllwel'y tAl! years th"l'pufter. In ca~e of iníornwlity, omission, 01' error in
the ce~nRns retnrlii; t'rom auy Iml'Ísh 01' ple,·tion (1istricl" Lhe general ass!'ltl bly lllay
()nl!'r a lWW censns talcen in snch ]>a1'i8h 01' <'leetion district; but unLil the State cen-
sa" 01' 1875, tlw apportionnwnt oí' the Slatc shall be made on the uasis 01' tho census
of the United States fo1' the yenr ü'iO.


}IAL'\'E. (1820.)
ART. IV, (P.\HTI,) SECo 2. Tlw lcgisbtnre which shall tirst be COllyenecl Hneler this


cOllstitution Hhall, Oll 01' heft)l'e the 15th day ()f Angns¿, in the yea]' of our Lord 1821,
an!l tlle legislaturc withiu ever)' snlJse'J'wnt period of al, 1110st ten years and at ltlast
111'e, cause the llUlll!"'l' of the inlmbitallts oí' th" State to lJe ascertainou, exclusive of
fOl'eigners not uaturalizecl aml lndimls uot taxetl.


'l'he numbcr of represeutativcs shall, at the several periutls oí lllaking su eh ennmer-
atioll, he ÜX(,1l alHl appOl't,ionetl llItlUll¡( the s(\V(,l'al eOlUlties, as ueal' as may he, acconl-
ing to Ow nUllIber of inhabitants. ha Villg reganl to tlw rl'lative inereaae of populatiou.
TlH' nlllllhel' oí' representativos Hhall, on- said ihst appol'tiolllucllt, be 1l0t les s than one
hUlltlred no1' more thau ono humlrotl and fifty.


J\L\HYL.\.XIl. (leG7.)
ART. IU, SE{:. :~. Until the taking amI puhlishing of tlle next national eensuR, 01'


11mil the enumcratiou of the popnlatioll 01' this State, Ululer anthority thereof, the
several eonllties amI tho city oí' Baltimor!l shall haye l'epreseutatioulll the house 01'
uelegates as i,)l1¡nYH:


-* * ;.,.
[SeetiollS 4 an(l !i pl'ovirle that as SOOIl as lllay be after taking amI pu1lishing the


next natiollal CCllSUS, 01' aft"r t he ennmeratioLL of the popnlation of the State uueler the
authol'ity t11ereof, a llew apportionllumt oí' rCl'rescntation in the 110use of delegates
8ha11 1e madI'. ]


l\fAS".~CIlUSETTS. (A~mKD~mxT 1857.)
ARTS. XXI, XXII. A censns of the legal voters of each city aml town, ou tlte first


day of ~1ay, 8ha11 be taken a]l(l retul'uecl iuto the offic!' of the secretary of the COllllllon-
wealth, on 01' hefore the Jast day oí' J 11l1e, in tho yoar 1857; ana a census of the inhab-
itants uf each city ancl town in the year 11'1(;5, and of eyery tenth yea1' thereafter. In
the census aforcsaicl, a spccial enullleration ahall be madI' of the legal voters; and in
each cHy said enullleratiou shall specify tlle lltllnlJCl' uf 8nch legal voters afol'esaid
residing ill each warel oí' 8uch cit~·. The en11meratioIl aforosaid sha11 determine the
apllOrtionment of rCl'resentatÍ\'es ior the pcrioüs 1etween the taking oí' the epnsns.


l\1WHlGAX. (1850.)
ART. IV, SECo 4. The legislatnre slmn provicle by l:lw fol' an ennmeration oí the in-


habitants in thc yeal' 11-'54, and cvery ten y"ars tllereaítcl'; and at the fil'st sessioll after
"ar,1l enullleration so made, ane! also at tlw fi1'st, ~essiou after each enumeration by the
autllOrity of the Uniteü Statcs, the legislature shall re-arrange the senate e!istriets, and
apportion anew the repl'esentatives among the counties and distl'icts, according to the




96 NINTH CENSlTS.
number of white illhabitallts and civilizAd persona of Indian descent, not members of
any trihe. Each apportionmcnt and tbe division jnto representa ti ve di~tricts, hy auy
board of supervisors, ahall remain unaltered until the return of aunther enumemtion.


l'rfIN1'.'ESOTA. (1857-'58.)
ART. IV, SECo 23. The legislature shall provide hy law for an ennmeration of the in-


habitants of this State in the year 1865, and cyery tcnth year thereafter. At their
fil'st sf\qsion after each ennmeration so mado, amI also at their first seBsiou after cach
ellumeration made by tIte authority ofthe Unjted States, the legisla,ture shall haye the
power toprescribe the bouncls of cOllgressional, senatorial, and representative elistrict,s,
and to apportion anAW the senators and representatives among the several district,~,
according to the provisions of section seeond oí this artic1e.


l'rfISSISSIPPI. (lSa2.)
ART. 111, SECo 9. The legislatnre shall at their first se88ion, a11l1 at pel'iorls of not less


than every four, nor more than every six years, until the year 1845, ancl t.hereafter at
periods of not less than four, nor more than eight yeilr~, cause an enulIlcration to he
made of an the free white inhahitants of this Stato, aUlI the whole number of represent-
atives shall, at the scveral periods oí making suclI enulIlcration, he fixerl by the legis-
lature, and apportioned among the several connties, eiti('R, 01' towns entitled to sepa-
rate reprcscntation, aecol'fling to the number of free ,,-hite inhahitants in eacb, anel
shall not be less thau thirty-six, nor more than one hundrotl: PI'Ol,Wed, howevel', That
eaoh county aha1l always be entitled to at least one repmsentatiye.


CONSTITUTIOX OF 1868, ART. IV, SECo aa, The lcgislat,nre Rhall provide for the elln~
meration of the whole number of inhabitants, and of the qualifieLl electors nf the State,
once in every ten years; and the first cllumeration sha1l be orderetl at the first meet-
ing of the legislature unLler this constitution.


MISSOURI. (1865.)
ART. IV, SECo 7. Senators amlrepresentatives shan lJe chosen aecorcling to the rule


of apportionment established in this constitntion, until the ncxt decennial census taken
by the United States 8hal1 have be en madc, and the result thereof as to this State aseer-
tained, whcn the apportionment 8hall be revisefl amI adjustpel 011 the hasis of that censng.
In the year 1876, andeverytcnth yearthereafter, there sha11 he taken, nnder the authority
of this State, a censns of the inhabitants thereof; and after eVl'ry sucb census the ap-
portionment of senators and representatives may he basee! thereon, until the next snc-
ceeding llational census; after which it may be based UpUll tlle natiol1al censna, until
the next suceeeding decennial State ccnsua, amI so on from time to tillle; the enumer-
ations made by the United States and this Statc ahan he nsed, as they respccth-ely oc-
cur, as the basis of apportioIllnent.


NEDRASKA. (1867.)
ART. n, SECo 3. The legislature shan proviele hy law for an enumeration of tI1C in-


habit:mts of thc State' in t he year 1875, and at tho enel of every ten ;rears thcreafter;
and at their first session after su eh ennmemtiou, aml also after ea eh enumeration macll!
by the authority of the United States, tlle Iegislatme shallapportioll anel district anew
the members of the senate amI house of representatives, according to the numbcr of
inhabitants, exclncling Indians not taxed, aml aoldiers and officers of the Gnited States
Army and Navy.


NEVADA. (1864.)
ART. XV, SECo 13. The enumeration of the inhabitants of this State 5ha11 be taken uneler


the direction of the Iegislatnre, if cleemed necessary, in A. D.1867,A. D.1875, and every ten
years thereafter, and these enumerations. togcthcr with thA renslls that may be taken
under the direction of the Congress of the United Statcs in A. D. 1870, amI every suh-
sequent ten yeara, shall serYe as the hasis of representation in both hOllsea oí' the
legislature.


NEW HA~1PsHmE. (1792.)
[No censna expressly required. An enumeration is implied in Part n, Secs. 9, 10, by


whieh the rights of represcntation of towns are to be fixed according to the nllmbcr of
male polls of twenty-one years of age, amI upwards.]


NEW JERSEY. (1844.)
ART. VI, SIlC. 72. The population of the townships in the several eonnties of the


State and of the several wards shall be ascertained by the last prececling censna of the




NINTH CENSUS. 97
United States, until the Iegi~latnre shall providl', by law, som .. othpr mode of ascer-
taining' it. [A l:tw \Vas ¡oa:,sl·d, !lllder this anthority, }brch 24, 1855, amI a cen~us was
taken in that yeal', amI in 1t!(15, under it.]


NEW YORK. (1846.)
ART. IJI, SECo 4. An enlll1lpration of the inhabitants of the State shall be taken undel'


the directio!l oí' the legisIatnrc, in the y¡;ar 18riS, ami at thl\ end of every ten years
therp3ft,er; amI thc sairl distriets shaJl hl\ RO alteret1 by the legislatnre at thc first seRsion
after dw rcturn oí' every 8nnmeration, that ellch SClmtc district shall conbin, as nearly
as may be, :11l eqnal llumher nf inhabitant~, exchHling alienA and persons of color not
taxe(]; and shall remaiu unaIÍl'rf'ü nntil the retul'U of allother euumeration, and shall
at al! times consist of cnntiguous territory; and no county sha11 be dividetl in the
t,)rmntion oí' a'seuate district cxcept such eounty shn.ll he'eqmtably entitlclI to two 01'
more seuators.


NOnTI! CAHOLINA. (1868.)
ART. II, SECo 5. An e,nnllH'ration of tll() iuItalJitauts 8ha11 be taken 11n(1f'1' thtl directioll


of the general assembly, in the ~'eal' 1875, lInd at the elld of eyery ten years thereafter.


Omo. (18,,1.)
[Xo censns is reqnirN[ h~' the cOTlstitntioTl. lu Artidc XI, Section 1, the apportion-


mení "iR ortI"rt'tl to he lIIalle tlpOll the basis of the whole poplllation of tllf\ State, as
asrortaillell by tl10 federal CCllsns, 01' in snoh otlwr 1ll0fIe as the general assembly may
direct."]


OUEGON. (1857.)
AUT. IV, SI':C. rí. The lf'gislativü asselllbIy sIlall, in the year 1flG5, and evel'y ten years


after, eause :111 (,nUlllcratioll to be maüe oE a11 the 'wltite popnlation of the State.


[RelH'psentation i8 retlnircll to he cqualizell once in seven yenrs, llpOll !lll elllulloration
of t:lxahlc illhabitants, malle in Buch l"anUér as sltall be diredellllj' la w.-Art. 1, Seco 4;
Atlll'ndment., Art. XII, (1807,) S¡;e. 4.]


Hlwm; r~LA;-;D. (1842.)
[]ll1presfmtation in t,he hOllse oC I'epreKcntatiycs is cstablished, by Artide V, Sectioll


1,ou a givell ratio. This seetion flll'thel' provid¡;s that "t,he general assembly may,
afte1' any new cellfma tak('lI hy the :tnthol'ity of the 1Tnited States, 01' oC thc State,'
1'e<1pp01'tio11 the representatioll, by altel'ing' the rat,io."]


SOUTH CAJ:OLIXA. (1868.)
Am.'. II, SECo 4. Tho house oí' I'('prpscnbtives shan eOllsi~t (jf 124 members, to be ap-


portioned among 1,h" H¡;vpral eOllllties aceonling to the number of ildw hitants containe([
in .. aeh. An cnllllleratioll of the illhabitallts, t,1l' thi8 pnl'pose, shall hc made in 1869,
alll1 again in 1875, ana shalJ he made in tIte e01l1'SO oC cvcry tenth ;ve al' thereafter, in
snch manne1' as 8hal1 be by law tlirectcd; aud representatiyes shall he a.~signetl to the
different countie8 in tIte abovc-mentionetl proportioll, by aet. of tIte general assembly,
at the scssiou imlllcdiately succeetling eyery enUlucraÜoll.


'*" *" )(o .;;. ;c. "* '* * * *


SRC. 5. If t,he enulllcration hcrein directed ahan n()t l)e muae in the course of the year
appoiuted fol' tbe purpose, it shall bl\ 1,he Iluty of the govcrnor to have it eifected as
800U thereafter as 8hall be pmctica h1e.


TKNNEIlSEE. (18:14.)
ART. II, SECo 4. An ennmerati()Il of the qualitiea voters ana an apportionment oí the


)'f'presentatives in the gcneral assembly shall he malle in the year 1841, amI within
eyery subsequent terlll of tell years.


TEXAS. (Hl6G.)
AltT. III, SECo 28. '1'he legislatnre shall cause an ennrnemtioll to be made every ten


ye3l'S, cOll1mencing on tbe 6th day of Fcbruary, 1875, of aH the inhahitants (inclnding
,< The first Statc censu. veas taken in 1865, llIlller an ad passed on the 17th of Mareh of that year.


H.Hep.3--7




98 NINTR CENSUS.
Indiana taxed) oftbe State, deRignM,ing particularly the llnmber of qualificd clectors,
aDII the age, sex, aIle! color of un others, herein following the clasaification oi' the Unitee!
States cCllaua; alld the ",hole number oi' rCl'resentath'cs shall, at the several periods of
making 8neh emuueration, be fixed by the legislatnre, aue! apportioned among the
several cOlluties, cities,or towns, according to the nUlllher of white popnlation in each;
and shall not be less than 45 n,,1' more· than 90: P"orirlell, Tlmt there shall hc au
ennme1'ation una an apportioulllellt made in the year 1870, in the manner here indicated.


VEH~TÜNT.


AlIIENDMENT, (1850,) ART. 23. Thc lcgislature shall make a TICW apportiolllllellt 01
the seuators to the soveral connties, nfter the taking of each eClJSIlS of the United
States, or after a ceusus takcu fol' tiJe pUl'pOH() 01' 811eh apportiomnellt, uuder the
autiJority of tiJis Sta te, reganling tiJe alJove vrovi8ious of thi8 al'ticlc.*


VmGD!IA. (1864.)
ART. IV, SECo 6. It shall be the dnty of the geul'ral asseluhly, in the year 1870, and in


every 10th yeal' thereafter, to reapportion representatiou iu tiJe Sl'uate alJ(l honse of
delegates among the cities of Norf(llk amI Rirhmoml, alld tiJe several couuties, fi'OIll an
euulllcratiou of thc inhabitants of tiJe State.


CüNSTITGTION PHEI'AlmD IN 1868, AllT. V, SECo 4. At the fil'st session of the general
asseIllhly after the ennmeration of tIte inhabitants 01' the State hy the United States, a
reapportionment of senators and naemhers 01' tiJe housc of ddegate8, ¡md evel'y 10th yeal'
thel'eaftel', shall he made.


WEST VmGINIA. (1861-'63.)
[A rcapportiounacut to UC lllalle after ellch lIatiollul census. undel' Art. IV, Sees. 5, 9.]


WISCONSIN. (HWl.)
ART. IV, SECo 3. TIHl lpgislatnre shall provÍlle by law for an enumcration 01' tiJe in-


hahitauts of the 8tate, in tiJe yeal' 1855, aud ut tiJe eull of eve.l'y ten years thereafter;
ana at thei1' first session after sucil ennmel'utiou, und also arter cadl cllIuuel'ation malle
by the anthority of the United States, thol.,giHlatnre shall appol'tioll mul district aIle\\"
tiJe memhers of tiJe senat., aul1 assemhly, acconling to tlw lllllllhn of inhuhituuts, ex-
clnding Iudians not taxed, and soldiers muI officers of tho Luitel1 Sta tes army aml
navy.


CO~fP.\RATIVE STDDIARY.


Inlen'tll si.c ycm·s.


To be ordered at second session after the adoptiou 01' coustitutioll) aUlI every six yeal',
after. [11)5:3,1859, 1865.]-Indiuna.


Intr.I'¡xtl sel'en !}cal'>I.
Censns 01' taxuhle inhabitants to 11e takcn ouce in sevell yearH. in HueiJ l11anncr as tbe


law may l1ired.-PeuuRylvunia. ' .


l/ltaml dg/¡t yWl·S.


1857, and evel'y eighth ~'cR,r thcreafter.-Kcutucky.


lntcl'1:al ten yeal'8.


1841, and every tenth yE'al' thel'eafter.-Tenllessee.
1854, aud evcl'y tcntiJ year thereafter.-~Iichigan.
1855, and every tellth ycal' tiJcl'caftcr.-Illinois, Ne.w York, ana \ViSCOllSÍll.
1852, 1855, and every tt'llth yeal' tilel'eafter.-Califo1'llia.
1857, census of legal voters, :mll in 1865, and every teuth yeal' tItcl'eafter, a eeUSUH of


tllC i¡¡ha hitan ts.-Massaclnlsetts.
1865, aun every tellth yeal' tilel'eaftcr.-Kansas, Miuul'~ota aml Orpgoll.
1875, ami every tenth year thel'cafter.-Alabama, Arkans118, Florida, Louisiana, Np-


hraska, aud North Carolina.
* No CCDSUS has been ordel'ed by law llllder this u,uthol'ity.




NINTH CENSUS. 99
1.867, (if deemed necessary,) and in 1875, and every tenth yeal' thereafter.-Nevada.
1869, 1875, and every tellth yeal' thel'cafter.-South Carolina.
1870, 1875, aud cvery tenth ye'lr thereafter.-Texas.
1859, 1863, 1863, 1867, ]8(19, 1875, amI every tenth yeal' thereafter.-Iowa.
1876, amI every tentll yeal' thel'eafter.-Missouri.
Pennitted, IlUt not rcquired, to be taken in every tenth year.-Marybnd, l'íew Jersey,


and Rhode Island.
Once in ten years, the fil'st to be ol'dcred by lcgislature.-Mississippi.
At most once iu ten, and at least once in five years.-Maine.


Use of the national Cel/8118 fol' Stale repl'c8entalion.
Use only United Sta tes eensllR.-Conueeticut, Georgia, amI 'Vest Virginia.
Use also UnHed States eensns.-CalitiJrnia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, .\filJnesota, Mis-


souri, Nebraska, Nevada, and \Vis(',ollsin.
Use alBO United States censua, after lS70.-Arkansas.
Use United States CellSllS of 18iO onlv.-Louisiana.
Use Uniteu States censlls, 01' !llay HSI) a State cenHus.-Marylanu, New Jersey, Ohio,


Rhode JBland, and Vennollt.
No eensna reqnired.-Delaware anll Xew Hampsbire.


ClaS8C8 incllldcd in t/w l·cprcsc¡¡lation.


Total popnlatioll.-Alahama, Arkansas, California, Florida, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiaua,
Massaehusetts, Mis.~issippi, :'>Iinnesota, Missouri, l'íevada, New Jersey, North Caroliua,
Ohio, Rhode Islaud, South Carolina, Vermollt, aud Virginia.


Total populatilm, exccptiugaliells and eolored persons lJot taxed.-New York.
Total popnlation, excBptillg rIHlialls not taxed, and soldiNs and officers in the army


amI nayy of tite United ¡.;tates.-X/)bra~ka alld \Viseollsill.
Total cpopulutioll, eXCCjltillg foreigncrs not llaturalized und Indians not taxed.-


Maine.
\VIJ.ite inhabitants.-Illinoi8, Oregoll, amI Texas.
'Vbite male inhabitants OYer t\Yellty-one yeal's of age.-lurliana.
White inlla hitallts and ei \'ilized pC'I'SOllS of Imlian deseent not belonging to any


tribe.-Mielúg-all.
Taxahle inhabitants.-Pennsylyallia.
Qualitied yotel's.-J{entucky and 'renllessee.


App¡;xnrx C.


To Ihe Onnmittce of tlw ROIEse of RCllJ'C.~ent(ltire8 011 tlw Xinth CW8118 of the united Statc .• :
GE:XTL1DiE:X: TIlC COllllllUllity Oi' natioll i~ sirnply the SUlll total o[ a11 its parts,


the aggl'cgatn life, force, and ayailnloility of all the illdivilluals that }¡¡;]ong to it. Each
lllpmbel' 01' 1)(,1'8on iH :t eOlllpollellt elclllellt oi' the whole, and contribute;; his or her
part to its totality. The part tlms contribllterl to that totality varies widely, both in
<legree aml killrl. Olle elass am llf,lplt'H8 habes, :1Il11 another are (Iecn'l)it in age. I1ot.h
of tIllOS" dasH"s cOlltübute llothillg lu the llutÍollal power 01' wealth; on the contrary,
theyare bunlens UpUIl it, m}(l the natioll has so !llllch less effediveness in consequenee
uf theil' pl'l.'Sellce.


Anothel' class inchuIes those who are lineen to twellty amI sixty to seventy yeara old.
Thcy are geuerally able, by tlll·ir earlliug'H, tu SIl}l]JOl't themselves, ¡mt can do no more;
they contribute no surphlH to tlH' COllllllOllwealth.


A thinl class belOllg to tilo working I'cril)(l, bl'tween t\"enty amI sixty. Theyare in tIte
fuU st.rength of mauhood. These do the labor of the world; tht'Y contrilmte the force,
the power, and the cifectiy,mess of tite llution. Tlley are tlle sllstaining alld tlle cOllt.rib-
nting class. Their eal'llillgs are Hut only sufficient to snl'Port tltemselves, but to sus-
tain the dependellt classes in youth alHl age, and to crea te al! the capital oi the na-
tiOll. Whatever availahle Clwrgy there is in t,l1e nat.ioa cOllles fl'oIll thelll.


There are also dift'erences in the health amI working power of the people, even of
the working age, in their rlegree of mental force, in thilir p.(lllcatioll alld intelligilnce, in
their eapacity of self-directioll, their skill, theÍl' metbolls uf employing their personal
faeulties, tlldr efficiency; aH these affect the anlOunt of their eontrilmtion to the n3,-
tion's capital and power, and make tbem !llore 01' less valllable elements of tlle COlll-
J!1oIlwealth.


There are varicties of occupatioll, aU of which are necessary for tIJe common good,
hnt whieh contribute varionsly to tIJe publie wealth.


Some are Ulftl'l'ied and aid in the preparatioll oí' the dClllents of the generation tha,t
shall come after, alld in secnring tlle permanence of the nation, keeping it. fuH aild
strong when tlley sha111eave it.


Human force, the energy and action of muscle and brain, are the SOlll'ee and founda-




100 NINTH CENSUS.
tion of all the po,yer and weaUh of the eommunity. Thcy alone create, aceumllbte,
alld administpT an 1,he property of the world; alllands, mills, ships, maehinery, hOllses,
atores allflmoney are managel1 by tlJeir agency anll are useless and worthless without it.


'J'he proflncts of human indus1,ry, the property created, the crops raised, thc goods
mallufacturea, the effects of commerce in the illcreased vallle given to graill, merchan-
dise, &c., by removillg them from places where,or challgillg thelll froIll cOllllitions in
whiel! tlley are not wantefi 01' callnot be used, to places and cOl1(litions in which they
are uecded alld can lle appropriatel1 for the benefit of man-these, whieh are all done
by the ageney of human force, bear, in each year, a very large prol'Ortiull to tlw vallle
of an the aceuIllulatel1 capital of the nation. Al! this is lllllinly, almost entirely, ac-
cOlllplished by the ¡leoplc in the sustailliug period, who are hetween twenty amI sixty
years old.


As the melllhers of this c1a~s, in the productive pedod of life, b(;8i,le eaI'ning sufli-
cient foI' their own susten::mcc and for that of thc depellllent clas~es, older antl yonngm'
than themselves, earn also a snrplns, which is added to and forms the whule capital of
tho world, and as they and they only put capital to mie anll make it profitable, the
power and wealth of the nation are not in proportion to the total nUlllber~ of the peo-
pIe, but in the proportion whifoh their ereating amI sustailliJlg clasa boara to the whole.


RELATION OF GOVERN;lIENT TO THE CENsua.


The government is the concentrated illtelligence amI will of tlHl nation, tho super-
vising agent to watch over tbe whole, to hold in ita central eye all the eompunent el-
ements, all the indiYirlual members of the bolly politic, their peraOllH! interests, and
their mean S of susteuallee amI of adding to the uatioual wealth all(l power. 'Yith
UlÍs kuo\\'ledge of the ground on whieh it sbuds, and of the meaus intrusted to it, the
governmellt extends ita arm to every part, ltn!! protects every element under its con-
trol; it lays Hs plans for the futnre and provides law for tho commou good. To fulfill
this rcspollslbility for the CommoIl\Y~alth, to ll~e the natiollal resources for the best au-
vantage of the people illdividually amI eolleetiY!~ly, it i8 neeessary f()r the government
1,0 itlmlp:e and IlleaRllre the natioll, to learn acenrately the ingrediellts tlmt cumpose it,
and understalld dl'arly th~ nUlllher, tim:e, amI v>tlue of the pcople whom it represcnts.


AH ciyilized natiolls feel the irnportauee of tltis self-analysis to determine thílir own
elelllentR, in or<1e1', as fa.!' as l'0ssible, to kuo,," tbeir alllount of vitality, thelr lLnlUuut oí
force and productive power, tite matllHlr in which that power is emplo,Ycd, their dc¡,:ree
of culture, ancl the qnantity of cOlllfort allc!llllj)pilless that i8 eujo;pod ilmollg them.
They have, titerefore, from time to time, ennlllerated their pcoplo alltl aseertained in
various degrees of miuutelless a1l(1 accuracy tille eonditioll alld character of tbe indi-
viduals.


As, in the progress of time, in the natnral la W of growtlt and decay of indiyiduals,
therc may he ehallges in the nllmbel's all" proportiollS of the several elasses, aud au ¡n-
crease or decrease of t,otality of force, it i~ neeessary th~t thes(; mflaS111'ements of the
natiuIl, the enumeration of the people, shonld be repeated at periods of l()lJger 01" shorter
duratjon, aeconling to tllE' nrgt'lIey 01' the desire of the goyernment 01' country to keep
their plans, legislatiou, ami mCllsurellleuts iu exact harlllouy with 1,he means 01' the
meaSllre of the \'ital forces nuder tbeir control.


Nations diifer in regard to thei1' perio(ls of self-enllmeration. The Unitcd States,
Great Britain, amI Ircbull, Holland, Delgium, Rwitzerland, Portugal, Sweden, and
Korway take their <lensua once in ten years. Dcnmark, Fnmce, l\tlll Austria take it
once iu .ti ve years. }!ost of the German natiolls aucl principalities OBce in thrcc ,rcars.
\Yurtemberg once in tweh'e ~'ears.


SI:llJl':CTS OF INQUIRY.


It is important to make thi8 analysis of uatious as miuute as possihlé, to lflarn, as
nearly as may he, the exact measure of aH the elements of force in each individual,
and kuow what and how mnch he has in himself, and can contribute to the snm total
of national power and wealth.


As this cannot be done as completely as a ehcl1list analyzes a compollud 8uhstltnCe,
as we cannot learn and makfl record of al] the elements that enter into the Bature and
eonditioll of indivil1uals, we must make a selection from those that are dl'simble, and
take only such as are possihle, and such as bcst represent tIte person aIld hest show his
worth to himself amI to the body poli tic.


IXTERNATIOXAL "TATISTICAL CONGRRS8.


These matters have heen suhjects of consideration at al! the meetings of tite iuter-
llational statistical congress, and at sorne of them the Ce11811S, amI the mar:ller in which




NINTH CENSUS. 101
it sllould bc taken, the extent to whieh tl18 investigatioIlS of the charaeter ana conai-
tion of the people should be earried, were promillcnt among the manifuld objects of
intereBt and discussiun.


COMI'OSITION AND CHAnACTEU OF THE CONGnESS.


The international statiatical congress is cornposed principally of men from all civilized
nations, who, at their several homes, arc members, leaders, and chiefs of their govern-
ment bnreaus of statisties, and have chargo of thc censuses, ann of thc rcgistratiun uf
births, marriag-es, ann ,leatha. Through tile appointec1 agenta in the provinces, towns,
anrl localities of their countri"s, these nHm gather the facta in respect to popnlation,
living and dead, digest them i!lto theirreports to their governmcnts, aud show the cun-
dition and progresa of thcir pcople.


Tilese men, cornpetent from erlncation and experience, have, in the eourse of their
official work, studied and obaerved the yarious plana of aseertaining and reporting tile
vital condition ana power of their countries. They haye sought out irnprovements
from their own observations at horne, an(l from the experimenta of ot11ers. All these
are brought and offered to thcsc statistical congresses. There they are first carefully
considered alld disenssed in the section especially (levoted to censns anri popnlation,
and then their eOIl"lnsions are rAporteü to tile whole congresA, where, aftcr still fllrther
discussioll, t,llCY have oecn rcjected 01" adopte,l by the whole body.


Feeling the t1ifJJcultica and the ,,'ant of a seheme as perfect and as practicable as pos-
siole, thi8 ,vas one of the earliest :m<l most ahsorhing snbjects oí consi<leration at thc
first meeting of the congresa aí Drnssda, in 1853, antl after cxamination. by the cen8US
section, the congresa recummcnt1ed the following list of topics of inqniry as to personA.
They voted t,hat the censns should comprise :


::'Same and surname.
Age.
I3irthplace.
Languag-e spoken.
Heligion.
Civil 01' conjugal con,lition.
Profession 01' oecupation.
Persons permanently or temporarily resident, and travelers.
Children f'rlueated in public or priyate schélOls.
Distribution of honses hy stories.
Gardens attaehed to the llOll~es.
Apparent ll1aladies or infirmitios.
Blind.
Deaf and dumb.
LunaticR at home amI in pnhlic or priyate asylums.
Cretins. .
'l'hese were taken np amI cOllaidere,l hy the congress at Paris, 1855; Vienna, 1857 ;


London in 1860; Berlín in 186:,; amI Florence in lH67.
The prclilllinary prograullnc of the Loudon eougress, 1860, givcs a statcmcnt of thc


exact condition of the cenans 1l10YCll1ent at that time, and what nations har! adopted
the several rACOm1l10lldations of the prnvions congress for theÍr plan and practice in
cnumemting the lleople.


From this statcmcnt the following table i8 constrncted :




SIl~ject8 uf itiqltíry as to pe/'B01I8, 'in thl~ cmmwratioT! uf Ihe ]lcople, ]lroposcd by the 11¿fernaliollal Statistical COl/gres8, at B¡'U88ClB, 1853, and adopted by ¡he
following nations, prcvioll8 to 1860,


.~
Subjects.


oi
"


g .,.¡ =E
"


¿ P'l ~ .~ " S '" ~
"


'SJJ
"
~


" S " " " "' '" '" .;j po; P'l H F. c!J


.¿
" ¿¡


o
P1


.~
'"


" ¡l:;
~


fl
" w.


g
"" " ~


!
:::



]


ª


•• ¡¡
."


~
~
~~--_.- --.---- f-' -------~.~~~ ...... ~ ... ::::: :::'.'::::: .. ~:l~f:e(~.: . ~d(a~te(~:: . ~d~f:~~. :'. ~~.~f.~e(I.::. ~d(a~ted.: . ~d~f:e<~:: . ~~~r.~~~ .. ~~.~f:~~:: . ~<1~f.~e<1:: ~<1.~f.~cd::I. ~:'~r.~~(~::
~;~;í~¡~;~:s¡,~~~~:::·:::::: :::J~ :::: :~~~i:á:: :::::~'~::: .. ::J~ :::L:::~'~::::: :::::~~.*::: :::::~~:~::: :i;l(:~Ot¿(i:: ::<'~::::: :::J~ :::r:::~~:::::
CiyiloI'(~()n.ingalümHliti()ll . ..... <10 _ .. _ .<lo ._ .. Adopted. . ... do _ ... 1 Atlopted .. Adopted .. .Adopte(L ...... do . ___ Adopted ........ do .... 1. ____ . ____ ..
~~~;~~~:(~~lt o(~l'''1~~ir~~~~\ ...... do ........ do ......... <lo... .. .. <lo ... -¡-- ... do ......... (lo ......... do ......... do ......... rlo .... ' ..... do .... 1 A(loptcd..


01' tl':t"'ielers ......... ____ ..... do .... __ .......... __ . ________ .... 110 '_"I' __ "'_~_~_~ _~~ ___ ~ __ ~_~ _____ do _~ _____ ~. ______ . _____ 110 ____ 1 ____ .110 ____ : ___________ _
~~}~~:;::;}·:i, I :':',,""'~~"L",L:, ~;"~;:",J'"~~~'~'L


blmd, deaf amI dumb, ..... do .... 1 Arloptcd. Aclopted .............. , A,'opted ............. and(lumb ...... do, ... amldumb.§I Acloptcd§ Adoptcdll
llluatwH ___ - - -- - - -.- - - - i I


I '


* Lans"uag;c illlrc1aIHl.
t Hcjllal~d a~k~ mul recorlls" yeal' of bidh, and clcdnc.pfl. Uw nge.


! Prnssw has a special eewms 01' bliml anO. dcaf and ílumb.
§ AIs? cre_~inR in Saxony find in Sweden.


11 ITmted :'Hatcs asks idiots.


Adopted,
Do_


Do.


Do.
Do.
Do.


~
O


t-.:l


z
....


Z
>-'l


iI1
O


t>:l
Z
~


rn




NINTH CENSUS. 103
The preceding list of jw¡uiries were thosc a,loptctl in 1853, and were agaiu bronght


officially and formany b,~fore the congreRR at London in 1860. 'Vith other and collat-
eral questions, they wel'e thol'oughly discus~ed in the cellSUS sectiou, and aftcrward
by the wholc congl'ess. Some snggestions and improvements arising out of tIle further
experience iu the several nations wl're proposed, aud ;joUle of them adopted.


As thus improved, thc proposi tious for the personal eensus stand thus :
"1. It iB desirable that thc census ShOllld be /¡y 'llames, and baseel upon the principIe


of the actual population; but special retllrns Rhoul(l also he ohtained to establish t.he
legal population, which shollltl incllltle the arllly, navy, rnel'ehant seamen, fish¡;rmen,
and other persous tempomrily auscnt from the eouutry at the time of the cnumera-
tion.


"2. The cenHns shoultl hA t:1ken at lca8t decennially; aud where the elllllll/érations
have takell place reg'ularly :1t qllinquennial 01' trienniall)criods, it is not dcsirablc that
the interva1s ShOllld be altercd.


"3. It i8 fOll\l(l, by experlence, that the ('llulllcmtiou of t!w poplllation on a sil/gle (lrlJl
is greatly cou,lucive to the aecuraey of tllc rctnrnR. In counh'ies wherein for :1 par-
ticn1ar rea8011 tho censns call1lOt he taken in olle Ilay, it is desirable that the agents
who have charge of the census be held l'esl'oJlsible to carry it out within a given
period, and in as short a time as possible. If a certain llumber of days be gralltcrl to
the cellSllS agellts to carry ont their instructiolls, it i8 impOl'tallt that the l'0pnlatiou
be enumcrated with reference to OHe fixeü üay, aIHI that such day he the same for the
whole country.


"4. Althongh the population in most conntrics i8 genemlly in a settled state in the
mOllth of Deeemhcr, yet, whem it m~y hA praet.i~abl" to tnlm tlHl Ilellsns in one day,
the accomplishlllent of ihat ohject. l1lust be considcred as of [laralllonnt illlportance in
determining the seasou and period of the year in which the cnnmeratiou should be
maele.


"5. There shouhl be a SC¡Hlrate schedule 01' uLLllctill, to be fiUcd up with the particu-
lars relating to each family 01' household.


"6. The spcdal agents or Cl.nnwrators chargcd with the (listrihntion al1tl collection
oftlle sehedu[cs ,,'ill.~ec tlmt tlle.\' are conectly filled Up,OI' ",ill fill them np thcm-
selves fmm the infol'lllatioll given uy the occlIpiers of honses. In on[el' to inslIre, as
far as possihle, acenracy in tlle elllllllfíration of the particulars which haye l)(;cn Ileci(le<l
upon as nec,'ssary fOl' colledioll, it is important tlmt the law under which those 1'artic-
ulal's are to he olJtained shonltllcvy a penalty n1'on su eh indiyiduals as may refllse to
fllrnish t.llClll, 01' who llla~' giy," tllPlll in a. ",ilfnlly in~orreet. manner.


"7. 1n order thai a tletillite Hlf':lllillg ltlay u,~ attached to tIlO tenu 'family,' it sllaU
bc held that the oecupil'l' 01' (he \\'1",le 01' parto 01' a hO\l~e shall he deemefl the head of
tILe family, autl tll;lt fhe tel'lll 'oecllpÍf,r' sllall he apl'[irable to (1) a resid"nt 0\\'111'1',
or (2) the pcrsoll l'ayillg rent, \\'hdher :IS a ten:mt for the ",hole of the l!OlIse, 01' (3) as
a lotlg¡;r for a11y di,tilleí lioor 01' aparLllH'nt.


"8. It is tlcRirahle that tlw snbjl'ets of illC!llirr 8honl(1 he (livid,,,1 into t,,'o clltt'gorips;
thc first to embnwe those ill(li'peu~ahle in eyery Atate; :mll tIt" secoll(l, those l'roper
to ue inclm!p'¡ in the ccn8118 of all the COlLlltrics in whic]¡ it lllay ue expedicut 01' prac-
ticaule to obtain the retumBo


"9. 'fhe foUowiug heatls of inf]uiry relntillg to jJcr&on~ ,hall uc con,idered as ;,uUs-
pensable in the census 01' eycr.v State:


"(a) Nanlfl.
"(b) Sexo (This faet, altllOngIt gÜllerall~' illllkate,l by the Christian llame, SllOUld


be expressIy stateíl, as a cllee k II ]Jou ofhc1' details. in (he retnru.)
"(e) Age (Jast birthdn~') 01' date ami )'I'ar of hirtll. Thl', govl'rnl1wntR arA illyitN!


to seek the memis of illSUl'illg as nmch as 1'0>lsible the exaetncss of tlle dcclamtiou as
to age, ami particlllarl,V to examine ir it he not pl)s~ible tn take measures in order that.
on the oecnrrenc¡; of tho CflllSUS, tlle age ue provE'fl by the l'ro([uetion of aH flxtract
from the certificate of hil'th.


" (d) Relatiou to bead of falllil.v.
"(e) Civil 01' conjugal COIHlition.
"(f) Professiou 01' occlljlation.
"( fJ) Rirthplacc. Nlllllhcr of foreigllCI'S (ltol lIUlllrali::ell) amI statcmellt of the


coulltrles to which tlwy r"spl\diyply ¡",long.
"( h) 'Vhether blind, Ol' tleaf antl rlUUlU.
"And iuformation on the followillg snhjectH, althongh not in(lispensahle iu every


State, ShOllld ue obtaine(l where expedicnt amI practicable:
"(a) Lallgnagc SpOkCll .
• i (b) l{llligioll.
" (e) Residellce, wlwther llsllal or tem]Jorar~·.
"(d) Chilllren rcceiviug instl'llct.ioll at school 01' at home.




104 NINTH CENSUS.
"(e) Persolls'¡Jfunsonm111lilld. The census of perSOllS of unsouml mina to be eOll-


finecl to those in public 01' private asylums, hospitals, aud establisLlIlcnts.
"(f) It i8 (lesirable that in all eonntries in which the oltstacles are 1l0t insnrmount-


able, thcrc shonltl be establishcd local registers of population, to be cOllstalltly kept
correctetl to the currellt date.


"10. The information to be colIected respecting 1/O1l8/!8 8hon1<1 include :
_" (a) Whether inhabit~, uninhabitetl, 01' bnil<1ing.
"(u) ,Yith l'espect to in)¡n/¡ited ¡/alises: Tlle 11lll11her of stories, dwelling-rooms, aIH]


windows; "\vhether a private honse or in part llsed as a SIlO]>, warellOnse, \York-roolll,
01' for any 01-111\1' il1(ll1strial pUl'I,o~e; and by how llJauy iamilies oecupied. Hotels,
illUS, pul,lic hOllRes, alH1 publie institlltious of cyery kind 8ho111.1 also he <listiugllislted.


"(e) ,Yith 1'espect to IIl1iu/¡abitcil ¡'ollses: ,YlIether llllillhabitcd u,v reason of thcir
recent ('OIlHtl'uction, OI' fllei1' tlilapi<lat.t'd cOlldition; all oíheI's.


"(a) Scpantte lmil<liugs uot u8eü fin' the plll'pOSf'R of hahitatioll, as ehurclles alll1
othel' placeR of worship, manufactories, mills, &c., SIWllld be lloted b,v the enumerator
in books pI'oyitle<1 foI' t he pUl'p08e.


"11. In oraer that a defillitc 1lleaning Illay hc attaehe<1 to thp, won1 "hOllSI'.," it 8hnll
be llcld to eomprise all the space bet.wl'cll tlJe extulI~ll alld part,v walls of tlJe
hllil.lin~.


"12. H sllall be consÍ<lere<1 unllecessary to inrlndf> in tlH~ tables rclnting to tmells any
1,laf:e ,,-hieh shallllot contaill, \yithill stl'idl~' 1ll'Uan lilllitA, 2,000 inllahitallts_


"13. 'Vherc, in ,Hldition to t.he retnrJlR l'datiJlg to 1'''1'.''''118 al"l IHllIses, other informa-
tiou ueccssary for the elueitlatioll of "'H'ial al,,1 C(,olloluÍ<'al 'lnestiolls cau he collectc<1
hy nwans of the special machiner,l 01' the ccnsns ",itllOut. nuy g'['cat flngllwlltntion 01'
eXjlell~e, it is desirable to utili7.e it for Hnch collnteI'al ill'luiries, a.s fal' aH lIIay be dOlW
with <111e regard to tite pal'amoullt illl]lo1'tance of obtailliug cOlllplete amI accuratc
returus of the esselltial pa.rticnlal's." (Trans. Statistical Congl'ess, Londoll, Hl60, p. 14H.)


SEXo


Th" sex was not incl11dcd iu the list of iUf(uiries by t·he congress nt Brussels, on the
sll]l]lositioll tltat the llame wonl<l <lesigllnte it. Hut nall"', are not exclnsively app1'o-
priatec1 by .either lllale 01' fcmalc. Sidlley am1 Floreuce are eOlllIllOlI to botl!. A relllarka-
hle inst31we of this is that of LordAuue Hamilton, \Vilo ",as b01'll iu thereign oi' Qllecll
AlllJe, amI by being he1' goclsoú was ea]]",] AmI<' after her, \yhich name he hflre throllgh
life. Some other llames n.l'e so llearIy alike in sOllnd :llHl SIH'llillgas t.o give great chanee
of lWÍllg misllnde1'stood when orally reported. Frallcis all<l Frnnees, 1I10st of tlle Rom:ln
WUlles gi\'ell to both SOUA all<l ,Ianghtt\l's, \yere .1i,till~lIish.,.1 only hy the te.rmillal syl-
1ablp8 n8e<1 to rlt'signate the lIlasculiul' aUll itmü"ine gelHlel' of llOllUS aml adjectiyes, as
J nlius allü Jlllilt, AlIgnstns alltl Angust<1, & e. lt had, ho\\'eyel', bcen tlle practice of
ncarly allllatious tu tlistillgllish the sex('s in thPÍl' in'luiries amI n'ports. AlId it ,,-as
fOl'mally 'Hlopted hy th .. statistical cOllgress at L01,,101l.


OPIXIOXS OF TIIE 1''l\,nSTW.\L coxwmss.


In alI the discussions by tbc congress nt tlJe se\'(~ral meetillgs, t.here was a perfed
Itarmony of opillioll as to tll('. great pnrp08e8 all(lllecessity 01' the Censns. A11 consid-
('l'e(l it as a neecssary rneaus of SllO\yill¡.r, as lI(':ll'ly as l'0ssihle, tl1<\ exaet personal C011-
dition of the }leople; their lllllOllut of vitality; their vallle of lit,,; tllei1' eapaeity fo1'
Jallor, of prodnf'tion 111111 seJf~sustellance, alj(l \\'hat p1'ogrcss has beell l1lade, amI.
wltdllcr tltere be HUy obstad" to tlle n<1Yalwcuuéllt of human Jife whkh may be Icarne,l
and o\'crcome.


In l'egnnl to the ~rí'atel' points, llame, sex, age, ciyil cOlHlitioll, andoccupation, there
\Vas a l'erfect ullanilllity. .


AII tlle topies proposed aí Brusseb aud LOlHlou \n're com;i<le1'e<l as dt'siral,le, amI
~]¡()llld be obtaitH'<l if ]lossilJlp, hut tlIl'Y "'e,r" l!Ot ull e'lllall~' Jlece~sary,. llar ef(llally
practicahle ill all coullt1'il'~. The cOlJg1'ess tht'reforn ,]jyi,]p.1 thcse i!lto two elasses,
placing in the first those ",hich were iIJ.li~pellsahlc to silo\\' the st:üe oí tlw ]lcople aIJd
eOllnÍl'y; aIJd iu tlw H('(:OIl<1, those which \yo1''' desirable to sho\\' the conditioll nud
vitaIity amI po\Yer 01' tlle pcople 11101'0 (·ompletely.


AC'lTAL AXI> I,EGAI, POPT:LATIOX.


Tilo matter was ag:dn eonsi<ler~(l nt Berlin, amI all 010 <letails, beforc nccepted, werl'
agnin brought U[J fuI' c011:;ü1eratioll amI rf'nftirllll'd, \dtlt a sillgle ('xccptillll, that of the
'luestioll whether tite actual IJl'c,'ellt ]lo]lulatioJl, all.l t.hat, only, sltonl<l 1)(1 tak"n and
ilLcluded, 01' the legal populatiolJ, those \Vito ha le legal l'eside11ee~ i11 the Ilouses am1
places examined.


The British nnd lrish system take tlle fOl'lner. Theyre'luire the falllilies to cuterinto
the filmily schedule ouly those who were there thc nigLt uefore.




NINTH CENSUS. 105
Thu8 in the English census of lSí)!: "Thc enumcrator "as to dclivcr, in the COU1'8e


nf the weck preceding the 8th of April, tn every occllpÍcr of a hou8e 01' tenemellt 01'
householde1', a schedule to be fillerlnp by or on behalf of 8nch occnpier with the fol-
lowing particulars respeeting hilIlself and family, viz: name, age, sex, mnk 01' occupa-
tion, condition as respects lIlalTiage, relntion to lwad of falllil~-, and hirthplace; lloting
also whethe1' any were bliml 01' deaf anrl dumb." (GenslIs, lH61, III, 2.)


"The schedule \Vas to be [and \Vas] fllletl up by th" oecupier with the reqllisite infor-
rnation concerning Ilve1'y person who aborle in the honse 01' apartment on tbe night of
Snnday, April 7, 1861. No mcmhers of the famil:v absent 011 that night \Vas to be en-
tt>red, except in case of personll who \Vere enagaged at thei1' lIsual labor rlnring the
llight, and also w!lo regulady retnrnerl home in tlte morlling. Pp.rSOllS tmvelillg by
railways 01' othcrwise \Yere in like Illallner to ue enlllllerated at t,he h01els 01' hou8e at
wbicl! 'they lIlight stop the followillg day." (GeIl8u8, 1861. In, ~.)


"Thp. imUlllerntOl'S were directed to make diligent inqniry, for the pnrposc of ascer-
taining tbe lllullber of persous unt in aay rlwdlillg-honse on the night of the 7th oí
April, lmt sleeping in h:.rn8, sheu8, canwalls, tellt~, &c., 01' in the open air, mlll to cnter
snoh partieulars as migltt. 1le obtaine<l respectiag tltem in :t form provided fol' the pu1'-
ll0SC." (GeI/SII8, lII, 2.)


"On ~Ion'¡ay, the r!Ut April, 11361, the ennmerators had to visit [mHI rlirl visit] cvel'y
dwellillg-hollsc in ElIglantl aurl \Val!'8 in ouler to collect tl](~ sche<lnles which they had
10ft in COllrse of tlle wenk pr,~ee<1ing. \Vhcn tite schedule \Vas already tille<l np the
eIlllmeratOl' hall to sce that tI", en tries were made in a ]lroper llH1 nll el', antl to stttisfy
billl~elf that the [Iarticulars \Yt're likdy to be torrcct. If from auy cause t.lte schedule
was not filler! np, it was his fluty to jiU it up himself frolll the verbal iuformation nf
1.1le occupier, Ol' some ntIter coltl]letent lllcmber nf the falllily. He was ,lir .. ctetl, in aH
cases, to ascertain carefnlly that 110 [11'1'1'\011 WllO ahode in the h0118e 01' lotlgillg the pre-
Yi011S night was omittecl, al1,1 that lIO lwrso]] t11en abs(\ut was illcludecl excellt those
traveling 01' out at \York during that nigltt amI whn returnccl home on the follo\Ving
llloruing'." (CI'118118, 18Gl. III, 2.)


These extracts froIn the repoI't of tIte last EIlg1i8h censns exp1ain the natu1'e and
llracticc nf the systelll of ael"",l popnlation, whkh shows only those. actually prcsent
01' absent in the night.lmt ]lmRont in the ,by, antl thosc tr:wcling. This inclnrle8 visi-
türs, temporary sojourners t'or hcalth, bw,inl'ss, 01' other pnl'[loses in ally place.


LEGAL POPCLATIOX SYSTE~l.


'fhe orhl'1' Rystem ,whidt is l'nlctil'cd llt're in the Cllited States, includes all thosc, and
olll~' ihost', wllO uelol/[/ In 01' rexidc il/ {/I/y place-that is, the legal popu1ntion. Keither of
these systems ofrer ,dI that iR tIt',ira ble.


'fhe e"llSllS iR takt:ll hut OlIte ill a long period, three, five, ten, 01' more years, au,[ the
]Icr~01l8 \\'110 are thllS CnUlllel'aterl :UH[ rf'conletl iu HUy place are preSUlllt:tl to represcllt
a }lt'TJl'allellt popnlation, alle! it is inf"He,1 tlw1. tltey 01' other8 like them haye hecn and
,,-i11 \lo tlwrt1, for moutlts I'r,,\'ioIl8 amI follcn"ing':


The actual pres('nt population system indmlcs yiútors, ,,,ho may be many, person8
presellt ¡¡Jr telllllomry l'llrposes, health, lJ11sines,~, &c:, who are no part ofthe I'Cl'lllanent
pOlmlatiou of tite tOWIl 01' ]lbl'(" aIul catlllot repl'esent its l'erlllallent life, power, (Ohar-
aeter, 01' \\'ealth. Tltese acc:i,lcmtal accessiolls to au~- place lllay h" Ytwy great, so great
as to give the tOWll :t factitions character, ,,-iüely üiflerellt from it, natural :tuü perma-
ncut oue j as nt waterillg-plac,'s, sea-beach,'s, springs, lllountaills. anrl others places of
fashiollalJle resort. ::lo ¡tiRO t)('e"8i01l8 of :t ~till m-ore fieeting llatnre, the sesúons of


,eonrts Í11 r:0l11lt1'y shirtl~, musters, t11e uccasioll of tIte peaee jubilee at Boston, festivals,
holiday s('asollS, college COllllllellCC'IlWnt w('ek. If tlw ceUBIlS ~honld fall upon any of
these, and aU tIte luclgers ",ho tllC'll \\'el'(' ia tIte tOWIl shoulcl he illelll,INI, these places
woI11([ show a large l'0pulatioll, llluhiplil· .... in some illstlt1leeS, lImnif"ld ueyond that
which 1lclongs to tILl'Ill. \Vhile thus tl1<'8(\ tr:ll\si,>ut yisitorB give a mUlllentary expan-
8iou to the pOlllllatinll amI aH exaggt1rated fullncss of lIumbers to th8 placea where they
happell to be, on the contrar)', tltey take so mally ,,,,,ay frolll the plaees ,,'here tltey
lmhitually resirle aml l'tally hdollg'; :uullH'iug C0111ltetl elsewhcrc, thoy dimillish the
apparent, thougb llOt th .. 1','a1, pO]lulatiou uf their OWll tO\\'llS; t11U8 they givü false ideas
oí' tite eItaracter amI illlpol'tance of both t}¡e platcs w Itere tlwy happeu to be fol' a few
clays 01' a wcek, aml where t,hey SpOlHI the grC'akst part of their time.


If tite censns ha,[ ouly reganl to tllO \VllOle COlllltl'y, without respect to ally of its
parts, tO\VIlS. amI States, if it wcre oIlly desirahle to 3[;Certaill the ",!tole numher of tha
people, wherevcr they might bl\, alltl'if it \\,('fe of lIO cOllseqllencc where any one 01' any
ll111ll h~\' of l;<ll'sons 8houl<l he fOl\lul alal eOllllletl, ]ll'Ovi,["d ouly that they aU are included
in tite general re~l¡]ts, t,his sy~tem 01' actual pOlmlatioll ,vo111<1 :tuswer all tite pnrposes
01' the cnullleration. Bnt be,icle asc"l'taining' the t,ot:tl llUlLlber 01' the peollle of the na-
tion, it iR "rIually importa lit to kIlO\\' their tlh,tribution iu States, connties, towns ancl
villagesj it is llecessary to know thc numbers in each oftlle localities, the cxtent and the
constit llent elelllPltts of thoi1' general :tud permlment pOlllüation.




106 NINTH CENSUS. ..


There are difficulties in either way that may he adopted. Both systems ha,e üwlts
oí excess and of deficiency. There are many who have a divided residence; theyare
partly in one place, anu partly in another, and in neither coustalltly. There are UltLlly
who spend aH their days at thlli1' places of husiness ill cities, alld a11 their llights at their
h011ses 01' lOllging 11laces in the neighhoring country. Sorne spend all the lmsiness smlr
son at thc south, sojourners only, living at hotel s, an(l tbe warrn soaso n at their homes
in the north. Sorne are moying constantly, without fixell homes, on the western ri vers,
at sea, &0. A frienu who was captain 01' a steamboat, that general1y ran frorn Louis-
ville, Kentucky, to New Orleans, was on tho 1'ive1's from the rise 01' the waters in the
autumn until their fa11 in .July, aud thell lail1 up hi8 boat for the season at Louisyille,
aud there rel/laiued hil/lself, principal1y through the wa1'm season. Yet, as he couhl
take bis choice, he claimed New O1'lean8, as his legal place of resideBce, paid his
taxes there, anll hall the privilege of voting there, and refnsetl to yote in Louisvi11e,
where he usually was at 1he time 01' tbe eleetion in Angust.


There are also mally who liye mostly nt sen, yet elnim somo place., port, 01' city, as
their home, however little they nmy be there. Many ofthem go to the same hoardiug-
hou8e when on 8hore, and perhaps leaye some oí' their property there when they go
abroad. In some of the forme1' cenSllses the marshab \Vere instructed, wllen inquir-
ing at tbese sailor hoarllillg-houses, to take aCcollnt not only 01' n11 the hoarders at
home, hut 01' al1 who usually hoarded there when on shore, hut, were then at sea. In
tbis way some houses repol'terl enormons families. As seamen are at hoJile only for
short periods in the intervals 01' their voy~tges, amI absent the largest, part 01' the time,
the memhers 01' these fmniliC8 chauged Ü'equently; aBll if the llOuse i8 COllstantly full,
and aH these t1'ansient loflgers are clain,ed as pennallcntly helOllgiBg to it, the total
Ilumhers must he very great. If u honso has accommodati'on 1'01' twellty, :tUll is al ways
fi11ed with sailors who are absent five. months and at home ollo,on an average it would
have one hU1Hlrpd 31111 tWAllty who made their home there and were, constrnetively,
llOanlers, amI, as such, returneu to the marshals, w hile the actual lllUll ber present
were ouly twenty.


A few years ago the State 01' Massachusetts amI the Unitetl States took the eellSUS in
the SUIlle year-ollo in May, the other in June. In Boston it was fouIlfl that tbere was
a differenee of seveml hund1'eds hetween the results of these two enumerations, made
within a month of each other. This difference was principally in that part of the eity
where the sailor hoanliug-houses \Vero, anLl was due to the faet that olle ellumerator
took only the seamen who were found in port, while the otllCr inclndetl an that matle
their homes in these when on shore.


Yery Illany seamen haye no fixell, 01' a douhtfill residen ce. Theyarc most of the
timc out of the country, and carry aH their goods wit,h thelll; ",hon they retllrn, tllf'Y
Jan,l wherever the vesRel, over which they llave uo eoutrol, lea ves them-BostOll, Now
York, Bultimorc, No\V Orlcaus-ulla there they rest HIl,1 make their temporary homA.
until they find auother voyage and go ahroall agaia, to return perhaps to anotlwr
plaee and thl,re make :l1lother home. Thcse have no permunellt place to wlJieh they
clillg. They pay no taxes; tlwy havo uo right ofvotillg :tnywhere; they haye no legal
residenee; yet they helong to the natifm; they are lllelllber~ 01' the bOlly l'0IHie. They
constitutr a 1)~1'Í of the national force, aud ~hOllld he incll1detl in the lltttioual enu-
mcmtion; amI if found in any place at the time (lf the cellSUS thcy would he cOllnted
there
A~IERICAKS ABROAD, FOREIGX TIU YELJ<~HS.


Besides those Americans ,,,ho are a,yay from tlwir homes, either witIlÍn their OWll 01'
in other countries, there are fo1'eigllf'r8 telllporarily here 1'01' purposfls oí' llU~illcS8 01'-
travel. By the actual population SystClll tho rOBller wouM 1l0t he cllumerutcLl, ií' the
ecnSU8 should. he taken durillg their abseuce; the lattl'r w.(luld he includetl among ou1'
own popnlation, if the peo1'le ShOllll[ he counted while they were alllollg us.


!iT.'TISTICAL COXGRESS AT BEllLIX.


This matte1' w~s discussed. again at Berlin, aml the same (liffieulties prescuted them-
selves; a11 saw the very great ea~e aIld couvenience in cOllntillg ouly the l'ersons pres-
cnt, hut were convinced of the illlportallN' of tletcl'lllillillg' the legal popnlation.


Not willing to forego eitlH'r :ulvantage, they calllO to 110 cOllcl11Sioll, huí. l·e["r1'o(l it
to the next cougress at Florellee, in 1867, ,,'lteu amI wlwre it shoul<l receive especial
attention.


STATISTIC.U. CONGllESS AT FLOREXCl<~.


At Florence, the census section, after surveyiug al1 the other points antl fiudillg them
satisfacto1'ily settled, conshleretl tlüs questilJll in aH its heaÍ'iIlgs, and the delega tes
frolll t.he various nations severa11y gave th!'i1' experiellcc amI practice at home, antl
cxp1'essed their opiniolls as to the way whieh shuuld he pursued.




NINTH CENSUS. 107
The follow\ng coneluBlonB were a\l0l'tI~\l \ll\\H\imol\\\l;:¡, both by th\\ Cml%l\B sectiol\.


and by the wh010 congress:
"1. The actual popllIation (defait) is the basis of the enumeration.
"2. It is necessary to ascertain and record the manner and dnration of residence of


each person enumerated. For this purpose, insteatl of the column healle(l 'ReMdence,
transitar!!, 8hm·t OI'pcnnancl1t,' there shoultl be headed 'Mode of 1'IJ8iclence 'ilt lite place.'


"( a.) Rorn in the towns to he answered by yes 01' 110.
"( b.) Boru in any other town.
" 'Vhat town 1
"How long resident in this town, to bo answered in days, weeks, months 01' years.
"3. As to the abscnt. The enumerator shoullllearn t,ho length of absencc, the place


ofpresent sojourn. This should be recorded at the bottom of the schedule, separateIy
from the recor(l of the persons presento Information should be obtained from the
family 01' relations of the ah8ent, as to


"Dllration of absence, in days, weeks, months 01' years .
. ' Place of his prC8ent sojourn.
"None of the abscnt should be thus registcrcd, exccpt the lleads ofthe family.
"Their wives
"Their children, who have not established homes 01' familles eIsewhere.
"ür relatiolls who yet IICloug to the llOuseholü 01' falllily.
"4, Tho censns shouId he takell at the time whell the slIlallest number of people are


awa,y from home-that is, at tho cm1 of the year.
"5. TIlore should be in the schedule a, colunlll in whieh the degree of bIood relation-


8hip between the father and.rnother lIlay be entered.
"6. Thore shouId be another coIullln for the record of the found1ings."-(Rep. Stut.


Cong., :Florcnce, 1867,470.) _
These are the final resolntions oí' the CongresA in resppct to the personal inquiries in


tho, cenSUR. Those whieh refer to the aetnal 3nd legal poplllation are in harmouywith
the practice of a largo part of the nations, whose üelegates reportea Umt they not
only enumerated the population actua11y prescnt, and so made the record, lmt also
made such inqnirif's as to the abstmt, and snch othf'r inqniries concerning the present,
as to enable thclll to determine thc legal population.


PRACTICE OF YAIUOUS COLNTRIES.


1 have now llerA the latest c¡;n811S of twentv-RtWpn difl:'tlrent Stat<)s amlnations show-
ing how far tltey have hecIl ahle to adopt ·the sllggest.ions of the congress. 1 llave
analyzed thCSl', aml copied a11 the personal inquiries made hy any amI 0111 of tlHJIll, and
designatel1 sllch as each of tite severa1 Stntt'R anrr natiollS ul10pted aud llacd in the
enllmeration of their llf'op1e !1lH1 pulJlishetl in their census re]JOrts. \Vith these facts,
1 llave eonstruetcll thefo11owillg tablo, which shows at a glance the poiuta of inquiry
as to personal contlitioll whicll eacl! cOllntry has made :




Subjecl8 of 'in'1uiry a8 lo pm'sons, in IXinntric8 and 8üttes, malU! at t7Wil' enu/ltel'ation8 and pl.tbli8lterl irl tlteir C61l8U8 '·cport8.


I '" .;1 1..; I . ~ ~ ~
":;:! ~ CJ ::l •


h '1 I ~ 1 ¿ " t ¿ 1 '" ~ ..; S . ~ 'ª ~ ,¿ . fA ], ~ ~ . ,g l:'l ~. ~ .;S S "?Z ~ ~ :: ~ -: ~ ~ S ~ ~ . ~ :f ~ § 'g ~ ~ ~ ~ .g ~ ~ ~ o ª ~ § I ~ ~8 ~ I ~ 1 ~ ~ I ~v E ~ ~. '@ ~ ~( ~ ~ ;g ~ ~ ~ § ~ § ~_l.-~~I~_ Jj _ --'=-- -=-I-==--_~_=..J~I~_I~~~ ,Z' ~ _~_~~-==-~~I~_~I-=:_~
1865, 1066,1 1863. l~GO.! 1>'64. 1>'64 1864. 1864,11BG4. 1862. 1864. 185u.ll~"6.1]186LI1860. 1861. 1860,llilG4. 1"61.11861. 1861. 1e6J,11865. 1863,11863, ,1801,11861. •


1 I N,un~,-__ -= -1- --1-~~ --1-1---;- -1-~~ -1-'~~ --1- --1- --1- --1- --1- -.. -. ---;- --1- --1- --1- --1- ---;- --1-1-1-'-1- --1- --1- --1- 1
2 '" .. __ ' __ .. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2


3 Age __ -- -- ______ -- .. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
4 1,d,lIiou to farnily. ... ______ , __ , __ 1 1 1 1 4


5
ti


7
B


!I
10


11
12


13
14


15
Hi


17
18


ID
20


BirthjllaeB .. _ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3
Ahsl'ut 1 ,,__ __ 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6


Oeenpation ,. , ... ' 1 1 __ --, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1. 7
Ci di eOlluitiOlL __ , 1 .. __ . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 8


Sick 01' illtirUL. - - - _ . _.. . _ ... 1. 1 1 9
J\liud --,--,------, ,.--. '1' 1 I 1 1 10 D,'nl' and dnmo __ , I 1 1 1 I 1 11


Insano __ .......... _ 1 1 1 12
T,li,,! ", ".. ,.1 1 1 n


t~~I~~:~.~.:::::::::::: ,::::: 1::::' i::::' ,-- -- -- --, -- i --~ -- -- 'i ~~
l<'orl·ignúl'A. _. o ••••• ,1 •• 0.. 1 1 1 1 17


P:ll'(lllta.!!;e ___ . ____ .!, ___ ..... 1......- ____ o "_'. ••••• 1 18
Condd,H.......... I 1 19


};(llleatioll _. _. ..... 1 1 1 20
21 Tu sehoo!. ______ , .. , ,¡--, 1 ~ '1" 1 21 ~i ~;!ifl~~L~·~~¡;~¡: __ .. ' :, .. :, ..... ".. " , 1 ..... f~:; .... , J,::::: ::::, .~~~: ;~~ __ :::: . __ l. ~1
26 ' Votprs ... -- ....... '1--'" .. .., '... .. ..... '-- .. , ¡ .... , .] .. --. 1 1 1 26


211 v(.)terSllfitnralized_ ... " .... ... . .... 11 • ••• ••••• ••••• .- '--.. • ••• _- "0" 1 . 1 __ "'127
28 Pamily ___ .. ' __ __ __ 1 , .... ____ , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1, 1 1 i.. ... 28
~~ n~::~~"st;;l:¡~~:-::::I .. ~ .... _ .. ,.~, .. .. ....... ~ .. ,~. [,1, __ 1 i i,,~~, i 1 1, __ ~.. ..... 'i ~g
~~ ~~::~~:,'g~r'l~~::::,::::: ":'1:::" ':. :':'1--:: l'::' :,::::::::: ... _ .. --, .. -" .......... ::::'1::::: i , ........... ' "'1 .. 1 ~~ ~a I,A~y~:~,a~'h~aVYSCr' ____ ~_~, 1' .... _ ..... ' .. , 1 .. _ .. : .... 1.. . ..... ' --_.. .._ .. ] ......... ,! .. _ .. I .. , 1 1 .. · ... J3~


)-L
O


00


z
>-<


Z
>-3
~


e
M


Z
U2


L1 ¡n




NINTH CENSUS. 109
Ikside theso inqniries sorne others havi~ heen made by some uations.
As to persons presenf" whef,her they \Vere transient, as visitors 01' accidental so.iourn-


OTS, 01' constantrnembcl's ofthe hORsellOld all(l resideuts in the towu. AIso as to the ab-
sení, whether away for a day, 01' weok, &c., or lllnger period, as visiting 01' on tempo-
rarv business, 01' traveling für health or otItar purposcs, 01' at sea.


As to housos, sorno ask wlwther inhahited or ernpty; and if tho last, whether by rea-
son ofunfinished state, 01' decay. Some obtaiu tlHlnnmber ofroorns, SOlle ofwindows,
80me whether tlw honse is partly nsed iúr dwcUiug aud IHLrtly for store, shop, officc,or
other pUl'poses; whether iuhabitea hy more than oue family, aud how many.


Especial note i8 made as to such as are usea for lurgel' pnrposes than onlinary tlwel-
lingA, as taverns, hot,els, boarcling-houses, and aU instltutious use!! as dwelling 01' lodg-
ing plaees, hospital s, asylUllls, eolleges, prisons, &c.


All of these were recommellded by the statistkal congress at Berlín.
Senral states malle the inqniry as to IlUlUber of convicts.
Looking at the table of iuq uiry, it is seen that every natioll inquires the sex, amI :tU


hnt IinAsia inquire tbe age.* _
NearlyaU took note of tIte name, birthplace, eivil conclition, oecnpation, families,


h0118e8, religioll, and the number oftItc blintl, antl d.,aLll](l dumh. 'rhesc clen'u elements
seem to he admütfld by all 01' lIearly aU natious to be ueeessarily included in the rcpre-
sent.atioll oí human life and eomlition.


111 rcspect to age, which wonId se cm to be clear in !wery one's mind, but which is íar
otherwise in mauy cases, several natiolls reqnire the statemflnt of the birth 01' ye.ar,
amI more than this, they rcquire a eopy of the town, municilJal 01' parish, 01'· family
rct,ord of the {act. In some conntries the la w r!'qnirfls every person to be tlms reeol'ded
as to biH or her hirth, amI ,,·!ten he 01' shc rt'llloves to mlOther town, he or she Ulllst
ohtaill a copy of this record, amI h¡tve it entered on the municipal hooks of the new
placo of resiüence, anel thns there i8 ever present pl'oof of his 01' ber birth .


. Com;c'lnently, we find in tllfl c,msuses of sorne nations, as thosl\ of Prussia, Holland,
Bavaria, &c., iu the general tahle oí pOlmbüioll, hy ages, a coluum oí yeal' of hi1'th,
begiullillg with tht· year next prt'ceedillg' tlw date of the enumeration anc1 going ]¡ack
to ·the year ill ",hich tIlO oltlest livillg per:;on was horu. In Holland, at the censns
taken in [)t,cemher, l8G0, thpl'e ·\Yere 48,109 femal"s ho1'n in that year aud theu living,
oi' COIll'SC uIHler one yeal' oltl, al,,1 :m;oüo hora in 1858, and thns over one year ohl, ¡tlld
so fuI' ('very year lmckwanl to 17(JO, when thrce, then surviYing, werA h01'11, and of
conrRe UU years of uge.


In the eeltSUH of l'rnssin, taken 3r1 Decembcr, IS54, thertl is a record of 576,702 1,hen
li"in)!; who \Vere llOl'n in tlmt year, alltl were llllrl?r one yeal'. 'rhe re~ord is mOlde also
oí thOR'~ horn in each ~"ear baekwltnl to 1764, \\'hen 10H of thc survivors were horno


The tel'm "aliBent" in the tables of ceusns rc1crs to tIlOse who, withont giving up their
h0ll1e8, \Vere aWlty, either ",itILin tl1<:ir ""'n or in otber COUUtl'ÍflS ; but, in some oí the
eensnses, account is taken a11(l record mmle oí all tlw nativcs of the country who \Vere
abrolltl without heillg )taturalizerl in tlie strangc laml.


In the primar;\' illt¡niries, thc aUSWt,r to thc qnestion of lJirthplace inclndes those
horn ill otiler COIlIltri('s, as \Vdl as nMi ves oí the land, thongh of other tOWllS, alle!
thus th,' unmber of aU tlw foreigllers an<l iUll1ligrauts was ascertained.


Althongh tlle natiolls are so ueurly ull:tnilllons in reganl to the importanee of infor-
matioll llpOll these eleven poinj.s, yet in rcganl to t,lle others they dUJer. They severaUy
select such aH seClll uecessary f,o n~prt,st,"t tlll'ir peo]Jle aeeonlillg to their own ideas.
Yet sex allCI age ¡tre the oul.'" [loiuts whieh fl\""ry Ilatiou illquired into; a.n(1 oí' the
thirt~'-eight 01' more ot,hers, llone recei\"ed )llliv('r"al attentioll. Ireland 8eemB to llave
been the rno"t inql1iHitive; Franee, Ital,)', and the Uuited States came next in the order
of rninuteness of illvcstigation .•


INQUIHIES OF TH~ CESS¡¡S 01' THE UNITED STATES.


The question now presents itself whethcr we shall, in the next ceU8U8 of t.he Unitell
States, Illake aU thesfl ill(jlliries, whieh have beeu made by an~' and all other nations ;
and if not, what. shaU be askell 1,0 obtain that informatiou which will best Hho\\' the
liíe, condition, ami progress of thc people of this nation.


In concurrence with nearly a11 the civilized worl(l, aUll with onr OWIl past cxperience,
we shonlfllearll the ten íacts oí' uume, sex, age, hil'thplace, ('ivil ('ondition,occupation,
whether del1í and durnh, or bliml, the numbcr oí families amI houses, which are gen-
erally asked.


As the inquiries are all to be made in regaffl to each persoH individua.Uy, t.he name
is the first essential, fixing IlpOll amI retaining' Itia or her identity through tho wllolo
of the subsequent examination. Sex, age, ami color are the lirst, and most obvious
poiuta tllat distinguish humanity, alld the onl~' qn:llit.ies that uatllraUy and inseparahly


* Hpre Iet, me say that this is not an analysis of the Rm,u~iHn census, which 1 have, huí. am lmablf"; to
read or eYt'll understalld the tables, but thm;e thn'c faets here quoted are taken froro the l'eport WhlCh
~L Semenoy, t.he Rnssian delcgatc l made to the atatistical congrt'ss at Florcnce.




110 NINTH CENSUS.
belong to aU. AH the others are artiftcial, yet ncccssarily conncctcfl with any completo
invesfigation of population and of hUlllau progress, and fe\\' 01' none of them should be
omitted.


To tbese shou1d be added as lllany other questions as can be asked and reliably
. answered, withont so enellmhAring the enumerator or (listurbing the informant as to
peril. tIte aecuntcy amI vaIne of the wholc. Color here bclongs tU' Mw neccssary ca.te-
gory nf inqniry.


Chihlren in SdlOOls, anO. \VIH;ther ahle to re:Hl amI write, are indications of tlle gen-
eral adyancelllcut of popnIation, and tlle prosl'"ct of tlw future.


HE.\LTH INQtJIHY.


Tlle lastpersonal inquiry relates to tlle mental amI physieal health oftlie individual.
In determining tlle power of any peopl .. , tlwir ca'¡lacHy of labor aI,,1 production, their
ability to cOlltrilmte to the power aud wcalth of thc wholc, ¡tlld the vallle of ICach to
tho body poli tic, it is 1l0t sufticient merely to count them and ascertain their scx ana
age; they (Iilfe!' wiae.ly in tlleir pp,rsonal force-one is weak a.])(\ cOlltrihutes notbin~
even fo1' bis O\Yll support, stillless for tho support of othcrs; another is strong, nnd
not olll~' creaÜ's ~llfficiellt ft)l' his own and his f(nllil~"s sURtenal1Ce, hnt also a surplns to
increase hia own ami the national eapital. Estimnting, th(m, the power of any natioll
by counting the indivitluals, is Jike clllleavorill~ to t1etennille the general wp,aH.h hy
couuting tlw estates. In hoth cases tllese must he llleasnred, examillcd, aIld allalyzed,
iu order~to learn how mnch each i8 wort,h, ane! how mneh tlach contributes to the gen-
eral ,,'hole.


For this pur1'ose, then, tho inqniry shonld be made, wllether he 01' she is in the full-
UPss of nwnhoor1, womanhood, 01' childhood; whether he 01' Hhe is in tlle tmjoyment of
tIte aYera~e 01' nsnullu'alth aml st1'en~th of une of his 01' her age, 01' hUH ally Sieklle.SS
01' infirlllity that dilllinishes his 01' her l'0Wé1' to do 01' nceo)llplislt as llluch as others of
his oI' her age.


If tbe per~on iB in gooc! hea1th a]](1 strellgth, alHl has no üisahilit,\' 01' (Jiscase, tllC
record may he made agninst his ll[\1ne si)))ply by a mark, to sllow that the 'lnestion has
beell asked anll llnswered. TInt if the :luswer iR iu the ncgatiye, tben the fnrther (1'1eS-
tion wiU foHo\V, '''hat is the disalJilit~, 01' infirmit.y V Ir the ans\YC'r be fey"r, COllSlIIllp-
tion, erysipela8, brokelJ leg, loss of arlll, bIÍl)(I, deuf aurl ,111mb, itlRane, idints, &e .• the
reeord wiU be so maüe. TIte whole "UUI of these auswers, when fillally digest!',l, wil!
show the amount aml kind of disability that exigts in the whole country amI in eaeh
of its parts, amI what diseases ami physieal or mental illlpairnwnts are tl",n presl'nt.


Frnm this can he c1ete1'minec1 tbe allloullt nf 10s8 of hlllllau foree tlw nation suft".rs,
und wbat diseoullt lIlust he made frolll the lll'csumptiyc i,)rce, apparent fmm tIte total
numhers, in 01'(1('.1' to 1'each the nH'asnre of actual anrl :tyail:tble f'lrce that Iwlongs to it.


This wa~ tried in Hu; ceJl~u~ of Irelaud ÍJI 1861, [[",1 \l'ith goocl Sllccess. The yohulle
on tbe status uf disease sbows the n1l1Ollllt of sidnle~s, infirmity, and disalJility.oí'
every 801't tlmt existerl at that tillJe iu 11'..1:1])(1.


Portugal alla Australia also made (he salllC ÍJl'luiry. In their CCllSUS rcports llot.!ling
is said of auy more objcction to tltese qllestiollS, 01' of (llly rlinieulty in obtainin~
1'1'01'''1' auswers, than in reganl to otilo' inquiries.


111 the last thrce cnulllerafions oí' the UuiteLl States, aml tbose of ~ew York alld
~Iassuehusetts, the in quiries were made as to the insllne amI idiots. Eight EurOpea!l
nations asketl fol' the insltlle, and six fol' the ilIiots, a])(1 all reportell tbem. TI)!>", arp
aIIlollg tlw diseases amI dis!thilitieN concerning which üuuilies amI fricllds are tlw JIlost
sensitive, which t011eh their personal 01' fal1lil~' pri(le ))IOre tkm others, a",l which they
are most uu wi!liug to speak of beyowl their O\YII ('ireles. Yet 110 cOJllplaiut is lIear;!
fmm üUllilies of tlw illlJll'oper int,eI'ü,rcI:cc \dtIl tlwir private a1l'air,;, nor i'rolll (he lllllr-
shals of especial <1itliculty in obtainin~ this inforlllaticlll. No ,Iouht there \Vas conceal-
ment of these fads in mal1y cases, amI thc reports are far Ú'OIll ueing' cOlllplete. Yet
thc failure was llOt sufficient to induce our 01' auy other ~ove1'ument~to giye UI' these
inqniries in snhsNlnent cenSllses. In r"gard to tli"sc ami other common (wils att,,,,,l-
aut on human Jife, the pcople are ¡'(c!lerally (,ollliug to consi,ler thClll as parts of the


, coudition of their being, as matters oí' whieh they may speak as freely fur help or
sympathyas they,yould of conslllllptinll Ol' no lost limb. The people 3m more (1llr1
more ",i!ling to ten of these matters, llna tbe reporta in regard to tItem are Illore full
and make nearcr approaeh to tlle prohabl .. trnth.


It wiU be the aame with thA more extm)(!t'!l ,lIlcl complete inqniry as rf'ga1'ds bodily
ailuwnts. TIIC rel'o1't of uJan,\' an!l-e.vel\ mosí. oi' these human ills ,vi!l he as fu!l, oI' as
llearly fu!l, as 01' any other snhject of inquiry; fe ver, consulllptioll, plleuIllonia" hrokeu
limhs, \ViII be titit.hfnlly 1'f'tlll'IlEr!, but SOBl<' other, as ages,. hirt.hl'lac,·, 01' o(,eupation,
ailments less agreeahle to ]>crsonal pricle 01' rldicac.v, \Vil! faH sl!ort of tilO truth. Yet
tbe whole will IJe a valuable aid in tlle estimate of public health ancl í"rce, aucl each
suecessive enumer:tf,ion willmake nearer au,luearer approacll to cOlllpletenPRR.


This matter was reported amI u1'ged at the statistical cOllgress at Loudon. 'fhe report
\Vas too late for actioll at tbat sessioll, but \Vas l'rinted at Jength in tha trausactiolls.
The ~ubjeet iB gradually coming into favor, anO. natioIls are extentlillg the illqni1'y




NINTH CENSUS. 111
beyolld the original Cluc~tions of blindness ann rleaf-mutes, to "insanity," "idiotcy,"
"goiter," "cretinislll," anfl "othel' [j1'il¡;e disea8e8." The last ítem is very elastic, a]](I
eOlllprehell(1.~ as 1lI1lch as tlle cnurnerator lms coumge to ask foI' a]](I tlle informant is
willing to give.


,Ve have Httle conception of the amount of sickness constantly prevailing in any
cOlllmullity, however llealtllY, :uHl the extellt of the 10s8 01' national force on that
account.


There are in G1'eat R1'itain a$soriations called benefit socÍeties. Thcv are mutual
health insnrance associations. Each memhe1' pays a certain small suin weekly,01'
lllonthly, on condition of receiving certain SUIlIS weekly, when sick 01' disabled.


A mgiste1' is kf\pt of an th" slckness and inahility to labor, mal of the ages of the
persons ,vho c1aÍln, on tllis groulll1, amI 1'eCeiYB the hounty. These socicties have heen
in operation m!llly years, and they embrace many lllludl'ed thonsand memuers. Their
experipllce is therefore a gootl means of (letermining the average liauility oí tlw peo-
pIe to sickness and impairmellt, to losB of proLlnctive forc!' in eacll period of life.


Sorne time ago the British governlllent gatherel1 all tlle recoI'(ls of these soeieti~s,
amI ¡mt them iD the hands of MI'. Alexallller G. Finlaison, one of the most ltccolllplished
actllaries of the king<10111. He calculatcd tlle exact aYe1'uO'e nnmhel' of days of sick-
ness wllÍeh persons of eaeh sex and eaeh age snffe1'ed, and tlwir IOBs of time in conse-
qucllce in each year, al,,} also tlle average p1'oportion per thonsand of tlle Sllllle who
were cOllstalltly sick 01' disabled.


From the C'xperienee of OHr health insumnce eompanies, it is probable that we have,
at lcast, as IIluch sickness in tllis conuf,r'y as thfl people of Great Bl'itain.


Appl,ring tiloso proportiolls to tilo Uuited States we can approxilllate the probable
nnl1lher alld proportioll oi' our own people, wllo are couskllltly sick and eOl1stantly
"withdmwn froIll productive lahor.


1 have llOt Hw time now to make thoso caleulatio11s, hut 1 made them several years
ago, fol' J\lassachusetts, when its population nUlllbered about 950,000.


Tilo rl'snlt of tlw caleulatioll sllOwed tllnt, at tlmt time in this State, 01' the 1'01'80115
at the ages (Jf-
15 to 20, theI'e were coustalltly sick ............... _ ....... _ .. ____ ... ___ .... _ . _ .... __ .
211 to 30, tho1'e were constan n.y Hide _. ___ .. ____ ... ___ .... __ ... ___ .. _____ . ____ .
;l() to 40, there were cOllstantly sic k .... __ .... _ . _ .... _ . __ ... _ . _ ... __ . _ .. ____ . __ . _
40 to 50, tll"1'e were cOllstalltly siek ....... __ .. ___ .... ____ . _. __ . ___ ... __ . ____ .
50 to 60, thcre werc cOllstautly sick. _. __ .. '... _ .... _ ... ____ ... ____ .. __ .... ___ _
(JO to 70, tllere were constantly sick. ___ o •• __ ..... _ ..... __ .... _ .. ___ ... ___ • ___ •


1,188
3,029
2 tll6
2; 20:3
2,262
2,933


14,421


AmI in the working pcriod, Ir) to 70, there were 14,421 constant1y sick and unahle to
lahor.


'Vithont doulJt, the loss of timo fI'olll thi" cause in pI'OjlOrtioll to the population of
:\1assaehl1"etts i8 as gl'eat now a.~ it \Vas tllen, and as great in tlle other States a~ in this.


So great an illtel'est a11(1 RO great, ¡, loss of pl'odnctive force is wol'thy of considera-
tioll amI oC inquil'Y thn.lugll the ceusu~.


METIlOD OF IXQT.:IItY.
In al! the fonner CellSU8f'R of tJw Uuited t-ltates, amI i11 th08e of the individual Statcs,


the inquil'Y "as maüe hy the lluu'8hals, WllO cilni"ü a se!tedule on sheets diyjdetl into
colullms, Oll" Lin' ('ueh topic of illl"estigatinll, all<1 O/H' ¡()I' the II[Llll(~H of e¡¡dl lWI'SOll.
The sheet.s fol' l'0l'ulatiou had pages with forty lines on each, alld SOllle fol' oue hUlL(ll'ell
and sixty n:llll~R, 011 t-he whole Rh~et. \Yith these t,he m:tl'shals WC1lt frolll house to
hon8e, asking eac!t questiou coueerning each iudividual alltl makiugthe 1'eeorcl himself.
The families were nnlllhcl'ed in the onler oi' visitation alld were placed suceesúyely on
the sarne sheet., nntil it ,vas fille(] a11cl tlwn anothcr was taken anclnse.(l in the same way.


This was fOl'lllerly t.Ite CllStOlll in all Europe, but it iB now gcnerally ahanclonetl and
the family schedule adopted. In tbis tbe vertical COIUlllllS are arrallged amI headed in
the same way, hut thiR lúrm is ollly large cllough for olle family.


The next following is one of the sdwdulcs u~ed in Englaud in 1861 :
GEC>;lmAL IC>;~TI¡UCTION.


Tllis papel' 18 to be filled np by the occnpiel' 01' pel'ROn in charge of thc Llwelling.
If t11e llOllse is let or 811h-l('t to ditt'cl'ellt familillR 01' lorlgcl'S, eaeh occupier 01' ludger
must make a return fol' his portion of tllc houRe upon a separatc papel'. (See examples
of thc 1ll0cIe of filling np the retul'll.)
IX~TRUCTIUC>;8 ~'OR FILLING ur "fIlE COLl'~IX IlEADED "RAXK, rROFI<~S8ION, OR OCCl'-


rATIOX."


The superior titles of peers, aml other persons of rank, to be inserted, as well as any




112 NINTH CENSUS.
high offiee ",hieh tlwy may h'ol!1. Magistrates, a1<lermen, aurI other import:wt Pllh1ic
ofijeel'~, to ~tutc their I'rofcssiull uf'tm: the¡r offioial titlc.


Armyami 2\'nl'y.-Add, after the r:mk, "Army," "Artillery," "Royal Xavy," "Royal
Engilleel'~," (, Marines," "East India ~eJ'Yiee," as tIte case !llay he. Officers OH "halí~
pay," 01' "rdired," to he so descl'ihed. Chclsea, GrecllwicL, and other 1'ensione1's, to
he so designat~d.


rorsons ia the ('ivil 8tTvicc to stato the de¡mrtlllellt to whieh they aro utülfJhe<1, after
their rank; those on the superannation list to be so distinguished.


CIr.1'gymm of t,]¡e chnrch of Ellgland to retnrn themselves :lS "Rector of ---,"
"Viear uf ---," "Cnrate of ---," &c., or "without cure of souls." They are
requested 1l0t to em}lloy tlw indefinite tel'Dl "Cll'rk." Roman Catholic priests, a11<1
ministers of foreign churches, to returIl thelIlselvcB :LB such, and to st:tte t.l1C llame oí
the ehurch 01' chape! in whieh they ofliciate. Disst'llting millistprs to returll themselyps
as "Illdependent mini,ter, oí --- Chapel," "\Vcsll;yan minister, of --- Chapel,"
&c. Local 01' o('cas~onal preachers must return their onlillul'y occnpatiolls; Lllt may
add "Local :MethoclIst preacher," &c.


Legal ]Jrojessioll.-Barristers to state whether 01' not in Hctnal prnctice; officers of
any court, &c., to ~tate the descl'iptiun I)f oftiec mlll nmne of court. Thc designatiol1
"Attoruey" 01' "Solicitor" to be confined to those whose names are actually lll)()n the
roll. Clerks in solieitol's' oftices should state whether solicitol"s managing, artieled, 01'
general clerk.


MemLers of the rnediealp1'ofession to state the nniversity, college, 01' hall, of which
they are graduates, f¡'1l0\V8, 01' licentiates; also wlll'tlwl' tlll'y praeticf\:ls ph~'skian,
surgeon, dcntist, oculist, gCllerall'l'aetitiollCI', &c., 01' 1ll'C "lllJt l'raetieillg."


PI'OfCS801'8, teaChCl'8, pub/ie Il'l'itc1'8, anthors, amI seim¡(,ifie IllPll-to sta,te tI,,; p:lrticnJa,r
bralll'll of scienee 01' lit"ratll1'e which th!'y teaeh Ol' pUl'slIe; artists, the :tl't whkll they
cuIti vate. Gradnates sho1l1d entcl' thei1' dcgrcl's in this COIUlllU.


Pf1'801!8 ellf}agerlin commacc, as nlPrChallts, hl'okers, :lgellts, commercial travelers, to
state in all cases the particnl,n: kiu(l of hllsilless iu ",hieh thcy are eugagetl, 01' the
sta]lle in whieh they chicfly tlenl. Ml'lllLcrs of tlle stock exchange, East Illc1ia mer-
c!lauts, &c., may be so desc1'ibed.


Commacia[ cle/'k-ah,ays ar/el in what hrandl of lmsiness. [Non:.-Clcrks in the
civil servicc, antl solititol's' oflic('s, SllOultl be distillgnishecl as ahoye di1'eded. ]


The term fa/'JI!c1' to be applied ollly to the oecnpi"r of Jan(l. Example:" Farrncl' uf
:317 anes, C1tlploying tllal101'el's amI :{ h()~'s;" tlle adual lIUlllbcr uf :tcres, anrl of nll'n
:lIlcl hOJ'H l'mplo~'('(l ou the fal'UL OH A]lril 8th, heing in all eases iusl'l'ted. DOIlS or
danghtel's elllployed at home, 01' on the fal'lll, ma~' he l'etllrlle(1 "Farlller'~ 80U,"
"Fal'llwr's danghter." Fann 8C¡·t'({lItR sll\l'pillg in t1w farlller'H huuso rnust Lo dcscribed
in his sche(lnle as "Carter," "Dair~'lllaid," &c., as the ea se 11my he.


An ollt-doo1' labore)', workillg' on a farlll, lllllst be (lescrihed as "Agriculturallahore¡',"
"Shephel'll," &c., llB the (,·:lS(j may be.


In tl'adC8, 'IIWII/(!'twtllrf8, 01' other 1l1LSiucss, the clllployPI' lllllst, in all cases, he (1istiu-
gnishec1; exalllple: "Carpentt'I'-:\lastl'r, employjng (j lLLen aml 2 hoys;" ilJsertillg
always the llUl1l/¡er of }l"r80ns oí' t,lle trac1e in his elll]Jloy, jf un)', OH April t!th. [1\ the
case of firms, the lLllluhcr of persons cllIployell ,houl(l 11" l'r-tm'Jl(ld hy Olle ]Jartno!' only.


In the case of lI'ol'kel's in minc~, 01' manllfactUI'C8, allll geLLenllly in the aris, the partic-
ular bmnch of wOl'k, [111(1 tite material, aro al\\'a,\'8 to he IlistillCtly expressecl if tlH)'
are not implicd in the nallles, as in "Coal mine1'," "Brass fOllu(ler," "Silk throwstcr."
IVhere the trade is Illuch subdivided, hoth tradc amI braneh are to he 1'etnrned thus:
" 'Yatcltmakel'-Fillishel';" "Printel'-Compositor."
Artililln~ amll1wehallic~ shoulcl invariahly state their particular hranch of art or LllSi-


I1C-St:'.
II"ca¿'er shoulll ahvays write "Silk," "IYool," "'Vorsted," "Cotton," &c., beíOl'e this


general term, so as to eX]JreS8 distinctly the material which he we:LVCS, thus-" Silk
weaver."


Messenget'8, P0l'te¡'8, lab01'C1'8, an<1 SCl'l'allts, to be described accorcling to the nature of
their employment on the day of the cenSURo


A persoll following 1I10re than one distillct bnsiness shol1ld insert his several occupa.·
tiollS in the order of their importance.


Persons following no professioll, trade, 01' calliug, ami hulding no public office, buí.
deriving their incomes chiefly frOIIL laml, llOl1SeS, mines, dividends, interest oí lLLoney,
anlluitics, &c., IIlay desigllate thelLLsehes: "Lan(t..d proprietol'," ;( PI'ul'rietor oí iron
mines," "Proprietor 01' honses," "Fuml-hoJaer," &c., as the case may Le. Persolls
who have retired from business lll:Ly Le cntered tlm8-" Hetired farmer," "Retirf\d
grocel'."


Persons in almshonses, after being dp.Rcrihed a~ HlIch, shonlcl state their }lrevions
occl1pations. '


Tramen arld chUdreu to be entered aceording to tlle 3 hove instrllct,iollS. Thc occu¡m-
tions of those who are regnlarly mnployed from home, 01' who follow any business at
hlJlLLe, to be di~tinctly rccordcd. Against tite llames oí' children, daily atteJl(lillg
8ehool, 01' receiving regular tuitiou at home, write "Schola1'."




~


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f~ I~ ¡t3I~ !:='i~ i~


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s - s ' d a n " H


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i OPPOSi~~ t h e n a m e s o f t h o s e ¡ - -


U O T 1 I i n E n g l l 1 u d , w l ' i t e t b e


C O l l n t y , a n d t o w n n r p a r i s h .


1 f h 0 1 " l l i n S c o t l a n d , I r c l a n d ,


~


& 1


t h e B r i t i s h c o l o n i e s . 0 1 ' t h e


R m ; t , I n d i e s , s t a t e t l l C C O U l l -


t r y . l f ' b o r n i u f o r e i g n p a r t s


A t a t e t h e (~ountr'y; a u d i r


a l s o a B l ' i t i s h s u h j e c t . a d d


1 , B r i t i s h 8ubj(~ct,l' 0 1 ' ¡ ¡ n a t u -


r a l i z l ' ! 1 R r i t i s J t s u u j P c t , " a s


t . h e c a s e m a y h e .


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_.~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ r . . . . ; : -


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' Y r i t c " d l ' u f a l l d t l U l u b , " o r


H h l i n d , " o p p o s i t e t h o l l a m o


o f t h e p c I ' s o l l ; a I H l i f 8 0 f r o m


l J i r t l l , f l d d l . f r o m b i r t h . ! !


"SIlS~3;) H J . N I N


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_Ul.H'I.¡~JI¡j1d .l.:iil. ]\cuy' t;::~·-':":~d¡;Jl:.I'.
, ;;~( ,,' -ti,;.:f~ .,' ~ ,.. ¡~.",,\,II:!""~ ~~J ~.P _ p~ ..... 1 • o'. 11 11 .í.'..J '1 :"1, "~J.~ ~,;¡,'t


-- - -Exa¡nl)le~ of ihe nlOqe of filling 1/P OW ¡'C/tlTII,


I
Rclatiún tú ]leful of I I .• )lame antl SUl'IUllne. fUlllily. I ¡- Cou(hhou.


lrt'Org~ Wo:-_~=~I-ITca';~~~~II~iI~ .----l:I.Man-icd ..
2 1>-{ltria Wood... ... ,Vi!'e ... _. _ .. _. __ , ___ Marrie,l .. -


3 A'lan WOOtl. ....... _._ SOlLo __ . _ Ulllllarrit .. tl. .... :.
4 }lloraJaIleWOotL.~ Dangllt""r .... _ -- .- .... ---


5 ,Elle" Macdonultl. _. Visitor. __ . _ \\'ido\\. - - - - - .-
6 ~,.E)íza Edwal'<1s .. _ Servaut _. _ _ .... Ulllnarriüll


7¡:Alln YOllllg .. ___ .__ Servant .. . ... Umnal'lit~tl __
S .. ThornflH Jon(~~. __ . _. St'l'vallt. _. __ . ... 1 UJlmarrietl. _. __ -


-1---- --- --------------
Headof family ____ _ 1 I J:anet COY. - ... - --


2 ,Sophia Cox . __ ... .
3 I All~xalHlel' C-ox .. .


4 ' Vlilliam Cox .. __ .
5 I l-fargaret Cox. - .


ti J Ohll TInt]"". , ..


Walter .}Ohl1S011.


Daughter-ill-Iaw _.-
GraUtlson ....... - _.
~()11 .••• _ ." _ ..• ~


Mothrr-in-law
l3oanler.


.1 Lodgcr.


Wi<low .. _.
MUl'ried ....... __


T:"nmarric(l ___ ...
"\Vic1ow ____ .


\Vidowf'l'_


Umilarl'iptl.


I~ S,'x.
.1 ;\L


F.
~f.


}1'.
1".


1,"
lo'.
~i.


F.
F.


M,
M.
F.


111.


~L


Age laHt I R k f ' . '1 1
bil'thday. an) pro eSRlOll~ O~_~~:::l~:I~~ J ___ ~ tero _,"_r_n_. __ _ TI' c1eaf allll dUlllh) 01' blindo


48


44
~o


12
61
~4


22
~l


_ 49
; 24


11 mOllth.
18


7:3
42


2~


Farnwr 01' 317 arrps, employÍ1lg'
8 la hOl'era and :3 hoy~,


Farmer's wife _ ....... .
Farmür's ¡;;¡Oll.


Rcholnr .. _ .... _ ......
FnndhohlC'l'. _.
Honso sel'vau1 ... _.


Dairvmaitl.
Carti-'l' __ . . ................ .


Shl~Tmaker .....
Drt"ssmak('l'. ___ .... _


Ba¡.;kd lUil.Jn'l'. ___ . __ _
FOrnH~l'lY l:llllltlI'P~R ..


l'l'iIlf,t'I'''':''(:Ollll'URitl)1'


SUl'T't'.\T, (i-o(lstone.
Seot1<llHL . _ . _. _. _ .


DUrl'f'\', G<HI.stOlW._
Kenf.,'Jtamsgatn_ ..


Callada ____ .-. _ ._
}¡'ii<llllt~st',x) P:ultliu.gtoll ............... ___ . _.
~nlTl'y I !;r~'yclon. I
J\'HHt~X) Epl'm¡.r ... _ ....... ·1······ .............. .


1_-


Rcotland
~I idtHt'Hl'X, POI llar ' ............ .


)'Iiddlcs0.x. Slwreditch . _ .. i _ •. _ .. _ .•
Hlll'J'PY, Lambcth_ ... _ .... _ lllillfl (fl'olll lIirt1l).


TrclmHl. _.. .... . .... .
}'l'allCe (Hrith,b Huh,ieet) .·1 .. _·_ ..... _ ....... _ ..


---------- ~--- -----_._--------


Ship t'al'})f'uteJ ........ _ ... . DllrllHm, Snntll'l'l~lllll.


f-..J.
¡-...¿


tf:-.


z
Z


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>Ii


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ro


c:
¡t.>




NINTH CENSUS.


No. __ _
CE~SUS 01' E~GLAND A:'>D \VAU:S, 1861.


[
" HOVSEHOLDER'S RcmmuLE.-Prepare<1 nnder the direction oí Olle of TIt:!' Majesty1s principal Secrp ...


taries of Stat.c, pursnaut to the aet 01' 23 und 24 Yict., c. 61.
I .-


\


Parish-


_:'-~)=.~~.~~;-
1
, City, town, vil· I
lagc 1 01' llamlet. I i~ _____ ._


1I Street, squ"rc, I &c., nI' road. I __________ _
¡
1 N ame or num· ber of hon8e.


I Name.of Q(~en' i
}uer.


'fo 'fHE OCCUPIEn.-You are requestetl t.o insel't tho particulars specified on tho cthor
page, in compliallco with an act which lJasscd tho House of Commons, ami tho House
of Lords, in the last sessiou of parliarnent, and receivef[ the a,sent of Her Majesty, the
Qnecn, on tho 6th of AlIgust, 1860.


'fhia papel' will he called for on Monday, April 8th, hy tho appointed enumerator,
amI it i8 llcsirahle that yon Rhouhl haye the answers written in the proper columns hy
tite morning of that da.y, in onlcr that his progress m~ty uot he deIayed. It willlle his
tluty, nudel' t.he aet, to complete the return if it he defective, amI to corred it ii
errOlleOU8. Any IlCrsoll anthorizetl by you IDay "rite iu the particulars if you are
yOllrsolf una!Jle to do RO.


rersol1s who refuso to givo correct il1forrmttioIl aro liable to u penalt.y of nvc pounds;
hesides the inconvel1ienee nnd nl1110yance of appearil1g hefore two justiees of tl1e peaee,
amI being convicted of lluviug malle a "ilful mis·statemeut of ago, 01' of any of the
othcr particnlal's.


'rhe return i8 rcqllil'l'd to enable tho Sccrctary of State to complete thc seventh
censns; which is to silow the exact Illlrnhcrs, ages, amI eondition of thc people-their
arrangcruent hy families in lliffcrcut rank8, professions, aull tracles-their distribution
over tilo conntty ilt villagcs, tOWllS, fiH,l cities-their inerease amI progreRs tluring the
last ten years.


The facts will be l'nhlishe,[ in general abstracts only, alld strict care will be takcll
tltat tll('- l'ettulls are lLoL ns,,!l fúr the gratificatioll of clIl'iosity.


Approve,l,
G. C. LE\VlS,


Homo QUier, TFhiffiwll, ¡YO/'clllúc/'13, 1860.


Gl:ORGE GRAHA}I,
Registrar aeneral.


'rhe next lli 11, tmllslatioll fl'OlIl the ltalian copy of the sclledulc proposel1 by the
slatisticlII COllgl'CSS at. Flol'l'IlCe fol' families 01' honsehol<1ers.




FAMILY SCHEDULE.


State of Massachusetts, town of Dorchestcr.


Person-name.


1


S I "1 . t' "- urnume. I v lrI~ lan-
I llamp.


-d
" ~


.,:¡


.~
.¿


" '§
S


Age .
]~Iluca­


tion.


Can-
Con!lition


01'
profession.


Relation to head
of family. Birthp1ace.


____ 1 1-- 2
" I ~ I ~ I ~ .g li ~ ~cZ~~~~1 l'


_ i---------- .----


-3!41!ti 8' I 10
--"-_,1--- __ _


1


11


PerHon~ })reBeut in thc f'amny OH the night 01' thr cnumel'atioll:


DuratioD,
presence or


absence,


..: §
';1


~
E-<


12


..,;
~
~


.¡;:;


13


s .. mith ....... 1 Jan,,'" ...... : M. ~.f.! '151 1 I Gohlsmith ..... Hushaml ....... ~1ilton .... .... F. ~Illith .. _ Soplüa _ _ .! Ji', M.! 44 2 1 Scamstrc88. \Vife ........... - Quincy - - ... _ F.
~ltIith_.... .Jnlin ",_,_. F. ~. 120 1 1 Scamstl'ess o" _ DaughtcI' ....... Dorchester._ F


i'lmith ....... Charl,''' .... :'Ir. S. '10,3 1 ................. Son:..... Dorchesler .. · F:
Slllith .. _' .. __ J~lwit1¡ _ _ _! F. H. ' 7 I 9, Son. __ . _ .. ___ . - Dorcbester. F.


Smith. Emily _.Ili'. S. 29, 6 < ___ .~ Laundress Sister __ . MUton _ I~" .
Br("vn Sarait _ _1 F. ",V. 40 7 _1 ___ SCl'vunt. l)onlt~8tic ._. __ . IIrPlullIl F.
Stl'an¡:!er~ 111'C'R,C'llt on the ni~ht of the cnnmeratioll:


Language
spoken.


14


Religion ln'o· Infirmity-deaf,
fcsscd. mute, blind,


15 16


Engli~h. ...... 'l'rillitariall ... .
English...... Unitarian .. .
English .. _. LTllitariall .... _


En,glish ... __ . _ Unit,arian...... Denf and dumb.
EuglislL Unitarian .. +_. BUnd.


. Ellg'lish ....... Trinitarian. I English .... __ . Cathúlic.


Jonos. .. ". }farr ... -:1 F. ,M.!27!. - -·1 ,1 I Wife of James. l' Visiter ... - .. ' "1 Quincy.. .¡I T. .: ..... -/ English ... _ ... ] McthOllist ... .
AIl"ll ........ lsaulllel ..... M.'i'l. 19101 1.Stntlent.... Visiter ....... BostOll ....... T. , ... _ .. English ....... IBaptist .... ..


\Vanelt. ___ .: Erllst- ____ ._ "11. S, 23 ... _._ 'Painter.__ _, lloRrdcr ______ ... l Gel'luany .... . ]i"'. German .. __ ... , Luthí'nl.l1 ...... _·
Mcmucrs oi' tIte f¡:lmily allAt-'llt Oll the lIight oi' the ennmeration:


1 I College sLllIlont .
í 1_ .... ·· .......... .


1 lIierchant ..... .
_L


Smith.... ,Thomas"'I:l.L S.
i'lmith ....... '1 18al><,l1a y ,S.


Blanu. .. _ . . Gcorg-c .. M. S.


18
1


Hi.
~.t ;


i


Ron ____ ._._
Dau.ghtcr


Nepltew.
1


Dorchester ... - - - '
Dorchester ...... 1


.\ Hingham '.-.-' I


7
7


7


Eng;lish ......
Ellglish.
English.


JA~illS S~UTH. Hcud o/ tI/C Pamily.


.......


.......


o;¡


z
...


Z
>-'l


iJ:i
O


t"l
Z


rn
t::l


rn




NINTH CENSUS. 117
These family 8chedules are prepared in advance at tllp central office, and sent to the


leveral enumerators, in all the districts oftlle couutry, in sufficient numbers to sllpply
each'family with one. Earh of these local agents leaves one with evcry falllily in his
distriet, and tltey are directf\cl to fUI t,he blanks with answers to the several questions.
in respect to each person in the famUy or householcl, and have tlwm ready for delivery
on a certain day.


On the day appointetl, the enumerator (:aIls on pach family, examines the schedulc
in company with the most inteIligent Illclllbcr he can find, to see if it is completely and
apparently correctly filled. If any part is cleficient, or if none of the questions are
answered, he either aida the family to do so, or taking their oral tcstilllony, fills the
blanks himself.


In Englaml, "there were two sizca of schedules, the smaller adaptf\d for onlinltl'y fam-
ilies, cont,aiuing spaces for fifteen names, and the other :ulapted ior lal'gc establish-
ments and schóols, alt'orfling room for fifty-fiye. An adequate supply of each descrip-
tion, with a liberal allowancc foI' wast.e, \Vas forwar!lecl from the census office to tlw
local rcgistrars, and hy them supplied to tlw, enl1merator8. Thf\ total nllmocI' of sepa-
rate forms thns distrilmted heing nearly 6,000,000" in 1801.


"The large puhlic institutions were not fhrnislled with schedules, hut the goYernol'or
principal rcsidcut officer received from the registrar an ' cnumemtion book in which to
enter'the particulars reqllired hy the aet.' For tlw use of the cnumerator in deliver-
ing and co]]ectillg the schcdules, a melllorandum book was proYided,* in which'he was
rcquirccl to uote the elescription of el wellings, whether privatf\ house, lodging housc,
hotel, &0., the llulIlber of oeCllpif\rH 01' separate falllilies, aud of sclleclules left with
other particulars. The whole weight of thc seheclules, blank enumeratiou hooks"alld
other fornm dispatchcd frolll th" central office, ut London, prior to the 8th of April,
exceeded fifty tons."-Census of England, l¡-<GI, 1, \l.


This plan of family sehedules was ullltllimously recolllmeucled by tlle statistical con-
gress at LOlldoll, iu 1860, who votetl that "thf\l'e should be a separate schedule or bul-
letin, to he filled with tlle particlllars re1ating to each falllily oI' honseho!d!'


The plan is put'in practiee hy Ellglaml, 8eutlaud am1 IreJand, Nonmy, 8wedell, DCIl-
mark, Prussia, Saxony,t Huuoycr, Bayaria, Baden, \Vurtemberg, 8axe-Gotha, Saxc-
Coburg, Austria, Hamhurg, Rollan.l, Belgium, France, Haly, Spain, Portugal, and
perhaps oyother uatiolls, whose reports do uot speak of the fact.


None of the reports of these nations speak of any difficulty 01' objeetion tu tlw prac-
tice of this method. Ün the contrury, th" Bad.m report says: "Tho nso of these family
schedules was cOlllpletely snccessful, amI facilitatcd cxaetness and execution," a.ml
thia scellS to he tho opiniou of the ecuws bureaus of the other nations of Europe.


This plan has several advantages. The schedule being left in the house for several
daya, ¡,hf\ probahility of heillg se en hy the hl'ad is incrcascd allllost to a eertainty,
whereas, in the other SystcllI, iu whiclt t.lw enumcrator calls frol1l hOllse to 11Ouse, fl'OIll
mornillg' to night, he will, in a large part of tlltl families, faj] to find t,he heaüs at home,
as clllring the business amI \Vorking' hOllrs they are away at their shop~, offiees, a.nd
farms. Moreover, it gives the family timo amI opportullity to conslllt a.nd think oyer
the matter, a]](l if nced be, to call in Rome í'riell(l or npighhor to aid in forllling the au-
8wers, ancl in writing thllm down.


OB.JECTIO~ OF IGl"OHANCE.


A natural a])(l a very reacly objection í\l'ises to this plan of f:tmily 8chellule, fI'olll the
ignoran ce (jf some titmilies who can neHher reallllor write, anel somc of whom canuot
comprehentl a flucstioll until it is ¡HIt to them in many forms, and explained with mueh
patiencc anel elcarncsa. It ia feared that tllis \Viii operate with insurmollntable force
at the 80nth, amollg tlle colored pRople. This is not au nnrf\asouahlc objcction, nor is
it an insllperahle one; ellrtaillly it has uot beeu sllch in the practice of otber lIations,
where iguorauce is as gl'cat, alld thc ¡¡copIe are as stolid as tlley are here. They haye
tried th~ plan in sncceasive pnumeratiollS, a11l1 ;l1lÍ uo complaint is malle of it theI'e as
a system; no hint of its impractieability; uo llropusitioll to rcturll to the ohl plan in
future enumerations.


In 8cotlaud, in 1861, the year of the l'ell~n~, lO,DO per CPllt. (jf the lllell, alld 21.33
per cent. of the women, wlHm lll:11Ti"a, were Hua hle to write, am1 signetl the registers
with their mark. In fhe northwesterll t1iYi~ioll of 8col1:1]](1, 'the ]lroportion of igno-
rauce was 56.70 of tho fcmales, yet the census was takell by f;lIllily Rcherlules through-
out all 8cotlaml, aud even thesfl (lark .1istrict8, 'without failnre.


In seVf\n C01llÜillR of Euglana amI in ,Valc" in COlll'SC of scventceu years, from 1838
to 1854 inclusive, therc were 749,927 marriages. In theae lllarriagf\s, 47ll,907, or 63.06
per cent. out of the females signetl their uanws v,-jj h t,heir lllarks. This ca.lculation
was madI' some years ago for :l1lot1wr pnrpose, amI aia not iueladc the males. I have
now cxarniued the report fuI' 1861, amI ¡illll that in that year twenty-niuf\ per cent. of


* A copy of thL~ Engli14h f'nnrnl'rntor'H book is appf'lHlt'd to tbi:-l report.
tPrus~ja una Saxony have schedulet: for each hOllJ~ej inclndiug' a11 the fn.mi1ies rm:idcnt therein




118 NIN1'H CENSUS.
thc males anú forty-nine per eent. of the fenmles, in these seven eounties, signed with
th<:'i1' marks. Sorne single eounties and towns showed a brger pl'oportion of igno-
rance. 1'his was the yeal' of the census, when it was taken uy family scheduIes. It
was taken in the same way in 1851. 1'llose marrying' men anú women were the hcads
of families thereafter. Yet the census did not fail.


1'lle same ignorance was fonud in Ireland. In one dass of counties, eontailling auout
one-quarter of the population, thirty-throe to sixty-six pcr cent. of the females over
five years oltl could ncitller read nor write. In another amI smaller dass of eonnties,
containillg about one-fifteenth of the people of Irelaml, sixty-seven per cent. amI over
of those who were of the same age were in the same ignoran ce. Tlle eensus was takcn
hy family schedule!!, and the census board speak with satisfaction of the succcss. In
all these cases, the ignorance was a block in the way of casy work; but, it was not a
stllmbling-block in the way of succcss. The census did HOt ütll over it. 1'he difficulty
from inability of the families to read and write was in many ovcrcoIIle b.v tIte co-opera-
tion of friends and neighbors, who lcnt their aid to fill thc papera; amI if tbis was not
done, thc enumerator had tt liUlc trouble, amI accomplished his pnrpoRe as easily
as in the old systcm.


So it will be here. There are sorne ignorant families in all parts of this country, and
in sorne parts they are many. Hnt on the eontrary, we have a larger proportion of
intelligent familics, amI cspeeiallyat the North, than is fouud in any other nation.
On1' people are more ready to eo-operate with the governmellt, in all its plans, than
any other. They feel tllat the goveI'lllllcnt i8 thcirs, and its purposes are by thflir own
consent amI fOI" their own bcnctit. They obey the law from the love of it. ~While in
thc European nations the people feel that they belong to the goYeI'lllllent aIHlnot tIle
government to them, and thcy ouey the law from fear of it.


There arc in this eOllntry more mutual sympatlly and eo-operatiou; people arc more
ready to aid eaeh other, the 8t1'ong to snRtain the weak, amI the iutelligeut to help the
iguorant. 1'he ÜLIIIilics that calluot write aud fill their schedllles, wiII more readily
here than in other cOllutries nnd those who wil! help them t.o do this \York in aid
of the census.


Considering the b'Teat advautagc to aecuracy and certainty of ext\clltion by having
thils informatioll carcfully digcsted amI preparecl by the best intelligellce of thc falllily,
instead of any one wllom the enumerator may chance to find whcu he happens to call
at the door; con8ideriug the alIllost uni ycrsal intelligence aud readiness of co-operation
in Illost of thc Statcs, aml the large intelligence and willingnesR of the rest; eonsitler-
ing a180 that while the work 01' the ennmerator is greatly tliminishcd ane! thc illforma-
tion more reliable in the intelligent falllilie8, tllO labor iH uot i11crease(1 nor tite answers
less reliable in thc other familics, there scoms to be no donbt that the family schedule
systelll shollld be adopted in our future ennmerationR.


For this purpose 1 have prepal'l'll >lnd offcr a schedule which ",ill he easilynnderstood
and ans\Vcrccluy thc iumilicH, amI will obtaill all the inforl!latioll tlJat.iR dcsirable 01'
expedient to require.


OXE-IUY SY~TE~r.


'Ye h::we heeTl accustomell, in 0111' forllH'r eUlllíleratious, to ha ve te\\" and large dis-
tricts, few enumerators, i'adl of WllOIll haü ti vcry largo \York, mul for this a long time
was allowcd. In somo three lIlontlu;, au(l in ~Olne cases tt lll11ch long"r t.ime was
¡!;mnted.


In 1860 one Illonth only wa~ allowed. AH tIte eenSllS is intcndetl to ly\ taken in refer-
en ce to one and the sam" d:Ly tItrougllOllt tlte llation, inclnding all persolls helonging
to the family amI facts occurring on the 1st of J1llH', or other day appointed, the nearer
to this c1ay the inc¡uiry is made, tlle nea1'"r ",ill tlle answcrs be to tlle- exact trnth.
Within a quader, a month, a w~ek, there are changcs made; persons chang!) tlwir re si-
dence, and may fail of being counted, or mar be connt"fl more th:lll ouce, by those who
make the inc¡uiry at differeilt times in (liJi'tlrent plaees. Persolls in fttmilics of little
intelligence may forget, 01' may lmve uUllerstood tlle influir.v to ref"r to the day on
which it was made. In these amI in mally otl",r ways there i8 dauger of iuaccuracy,
1'01' any delay arter the Ilay in referenee to whidl the inquiry i8 ma,tlc. ThA saf('st way
ü! to make tlle inquiry OH the tlay in w1lich the tucts amI circumstanees ilHluired ahont
existo Hence the one-day system i8 heRt. This r"qnir~s more minute division of the
countryanrl people into many more distrietR, and a grcater lI11Illber of eUllmerators.
Tlle work of proparation i8 greater. It llecds a greater discipline amI encrgy in the
managers of tbe cellsus, to divide the tt'rritory in sllrh districts, to fillll 8uch a munber
(Jf ennmerators, amI to prepare them fc)r the work.


It will he necessarv to tlivi<le the whole eoulltrv into tlistricts so small that one man
in each can visit every family ulld examine the s"chedllle, correct sueh as are illcorrcet,
fill np snch as are not fille(l, in course of Olle <lay.


AU this is to be previonsly arrangetl at 'Yashillgtou, allll hy the aiü of t,ruRt,\Vorthy
snperintending agents in aU parts of tho conntry, antl ill tlw prohahly,l101"t veriot1
that can he allowe<l hy CongresR, in the CellS\lS nf 1870.




NINTH CENSUS. 119
This h[18 heen done in other mltiolls, with lesB territory, yet witll large populatioll.


The same intelligcnce, discipline, and energy, would havo dono the work with equal
succesa, if it had been extelllled over a larger country and included a larger population.


If, as is prolmhle, the law be lmssed by Congress in December, anu the census dopart-
ment be organizcd amI put into operation by the first of January, there will then be five
lllonths for the preparation, division of territory, printing and distI'ibuting schedule8,
finding and instrncting the ennmerators.


If, as 8eems now to be the best way, thc internal lievenuo asscssors be eulisted, tho
departmcnt will fiml a corp8 of intelligout auu üiscipliued men already in every part
of the field, who, kno\Ving tlw districts and peoplo, will he able to appoint sueh men
to do the work as cau 1>c relietl upon for faithfnluess amI alOlOuracy.


The llssessors amI their tleputies are fcw, lOompared with the uumbers required to
coHect thc faüts. They will therefore Hot be able, themselves, to visit antl eUUlllerate
the peoplf', uor will thoy come hl personal contact wiMl thelll. Tlle ellumemtors will
have no otlter offlee, no other official coullcction with the people than tlmt of lllaving
t he schednles, ~HHI of sBeillg that thcy are filled.


To remove the ohjections that somo, fearillg a j,ax, wouM be unwillillg to give the
inf(muation to unv ofticer known >lS assossor 01' collector. it lllUY !lo \VeH for the law to
authorize tlle assf,ssors to appoiuL the enumerators und slíperint,eIHI thc work, hut onlel'
that neithei' assc,sor nor co11ector shollld be eUllmcrutor.


,Yith thi8 eorps, the l'reJiminul'Y work of prel'aration :tuL! executioll may he <louc,
<,ven in thc short pprio!1 of five lllonths. .


It; IHnnlYcr, hl't\\'cen the orgunizatioll of tlw (,<'n sus (1epartlllcJolt ~md the time a1'-
puillted for the cllumeration, there be iIlHUfficicllt, time to divide the COlllltry into Hnlltll
districts, tlnd to tind alHl iustrud a" mUlly enumf'rators as may h!', lleeessary to takc
thA eenSllS on the Briti"h plan, in Olle (lay, or if for auy othcr reUSOll it be thOllght
[,est to allow a !llore exteurIed time for this ]lurposc, thi8 time ShOllld he madI' a~ short
as, possible.


In tlw elLrly ('('11811SI'8 three lIlontlts wer" allowP,tl by law, amI this pcriod was extended
in sorne lOases hy graco, amI very greatly in a few, by sufferallce.


The time allowecl was gradllall~' slLOrtclletl until, iH 1850 and 1860, olle JIlollth \"as
its limit, and in tlmt l'eriod the work was done ,,'itho11t lessening the fullness of the
1'cturll8, 01' increusillg' tILe number allu proportion oí' the tlelays beyonrl the allottcd
time. OH tILe eOlltrary, the shorter thc perioll allo,,'ed foI' this work the moro prompt
\Vere the t'nllmemting ofticers, the nll1rshals, in aecomplishillg their tasks within the
prescrihell time. Taking cOllllsel of this expericnce, it lllay be assnmed that the gov-
ernment can sufply take another ste]' iu the progress of promptness, and if tho \Vuy is
not clear tu tho fnll striue to the oue-tlay system, then, at least, thc law may require
that the I'llllmerators shall gathel' al! tlwir facts in ono week, which i8 the longest
perioü that 8hould be allowerl foI' this work. ,


In ai<1 oí' this promptnMsH, as \Vell us oí' accuraey, tho f:nnily seheüulcs will rendel'
essential HPrvice, unll should 1l0t be dispellsN[ with, whatever plan may be adoptl'd fol'
the colloctiuu of the fácts.


lllllTI!S, )UllltlAOES, AXIl DK\TflS, W!TU!X TITE YEAH KEXT 1'1H:CI';D!K!< TIIE DATE 01<'
CE:s'Sl'S.


:¡;'or tbis purpose, tlw f¡HUily se!wüule shoul<1 eontain fOl'lllH for the eutry of these
events, with such attellüing cirClllllstances as are Ilecessury to describe them, and 8ue11
as it will be eXJlcdient to illf[nir¡'. A sehL'dllle is tlH'l'eforc appendml, containing the
forms for-


Tho living,
The births,
The marriages,
The deuths.
AH of whieh the t;lmily will pasil:; JUI, uml ~iV8 a lIlneh lllore full alld reliable reporto
1 now appcnrl to this report several schedllles, which are to be left w'ith the hearls of


the respective privMe fmnilies, amI 01' tILe hotels aud hoanling-houses, anü also of fhe
several institlltions, almshonses, asylullIs, hospitals, parishes, &e., whcre any uwellers
or lodgers are to he fOlllld.


The scheünlcs are prepare<l with a colnmll for the cntry of the lla.me of eaeh pcr~on,
and of ull the fucts a.nd eiI'cumstances that have ueeu mentioue<l in this report, as neces-
sary to (le8cribe tht\ pt\r80n, uwl show his condition an<l vitality.


On Uw b~ck of each schedule therf\ are instrllctions uml explauatiol1s to gnide t,he
fUlllilies in their work in fillillg the pavero There are a180 con<lensed forms whiel! are
filled, to show the n\lllll1er of doillg i t.


Tbe schm1llles which willlle used by most families have lines 1'or the entry of fifteen
1,er80n8 01' numes, which will be generally snfticicut. Rut for larger families, another
schedule is prepare![ with liues for fifty u ames. If any fllmily shonlcl be fOl1nd with
morA than fifty rnembel/S, more schedllles will he len.




120 NINTH CENSUS.
Besides these Hchedules fol' private famílies, 1 have prepared and appenuecl othera


for itlmshouses, asylums, hospitals, prisong, in which, uesidos tlle columns for the ontry
offacts requil'ed in the lwivate families, are also other columns for the reconl of sorne
facta peculiar to their respective cOll(litions.


Lastly, I have prepared anu appendetl to this report a sIJecirnen of au ClIuillcrator's
memorandum book. lu this are iustrllctions as to his dllty and manner of perforrning
it, the definitions of house and of family. There are also taules in whieh the ellUlll-
erator win reeortl his work as he goes along, with column fol' the entry of tho street,
road 01' place, and tlle honse, its description, the number of families, and the schec1nles
which he leaves to be filled in each; and also, of those which he afterwanls collects,
and for the names of the ausent lllemUel'S of the familv.


One oí' these taulesis fillcd,to show the mauner of inaking his reconl.


o




41sT CONGRESS, }
2d &sliion.


HOUSE OF ImPHESENTATIVES.


MINNESOTA STATE UNIVERSITY.
[To accompany bill H. R. No. 253.]


JA.NUAUY 19, 18íO.-Orc1crec1 to be printeu.


{
HEPORT


No. 4.


lIi'.- E. !tI; \VILSON, from the Comrnittee on the Publie LUllIIs, made the.
followillg .


REPOHr.
TTw (Jon/mittee on the Publie Lands, to -w7wm was 1'eferred, on the 26th doy


of .Mareh, 1860, House bill No. 253, {living CO'/1str1lction fo existi'll[J latfs
grantillIJ lanüs to the State (~f" JIínncsota for a 8tate univen;ity, re,~peet·
fully roport:
Tllat a bill preeisely similar to t11e one ulIder cOllf\Íderation \Vas in·


trodueed in tIte Senate oí' tIte United Sta tes at the seeond session of t11e
fOl'tieth Uongl'css, reí'cl'red to tite Committee 011 Publie Lamls oí' said
l.t()(I~·~ amI repOlted by saitl. COllllllittee with l'peOHIIllPlltlatioll "tllllt it
pass.~' 'l'hnt it <lid puss t1le S('11ate, amI wns l'eferred u~' tIle HOlIse to tIlo
COIlllllitt('e OH tlle Publie LalJds tIH'l'eof', aI](l H'}JOl'ted lJy said COllllllittce
with reeOllllllendation of passage. That OWillg to tilo prCSsurl' oflmsiness
al, the <:!OKC or the fortieth Congress, the hill was 1I0t al'ted OH ill tIlO
Hom~e, bnt \ras llg:lin illtl'odm'l'(l by :;\11'. \Yilson, oí' J\lillllesota, at tite
ilI'"t se:;~ioll of tite forty-til'st Congrcl's, nnd rei't>ned to Uds eommittc('.


Tllnt \re llaye examine(l e<ll'efully tlw statutes l¡p<ll'illg upon this bill,
HlHl as tilo I'esult of slleh examinatioll \\"onl<1 present tho füllowing faets
aud eonclusiollS:


'l'llut Congress, hy an ad approyo(l Febrnar,V In, 1851, (!l Stat., p. 568,)
se:3tion two, ellaeted "that the S2cretaI'y of the Interior b3, ami he is
heI'eby, autllOl'izell and diI'eetclI 100 Sllt ap:u't alld l'eserve from sale, oat
ot' auy oí' tho puulie lands within tIte 1'erritory of .Miunesota to whidl
the Imlian title has been 01' ma,)" be extillgllished, aml not otherwisc ap·
propriatell, a C}lmntity oi' land Ilot exeeellillg' two eatire towIlships, fuI'
the.use and support of a uuiversit,,Y in s:tid Territory, aml fuI' no other
use or pllrpose wha.tsoever, to ue loeated hy legal subllivisions oí' llOt
less thun one eutiro. soetion."


Ullder this law the Seeretary of the Interior caused to be seleeted
amI reservcd from sale 37,077 acres of puulie lano. in the Terl'itory of
Miunesota, lists of wbich lands he approyed in the years 1834,1855, and
1856, wllile the territorial eondition contillued.


On the 26th Pebrnary, 1857, an act was passed by Congress, and ap·
proved, "to uuthorize the people oí' :Miunesota to í'orm a COJlstitutioll.
and State govel'IlUlent, preparatory to their admissioll into theUllion,
upon an eqllal footing with the original States," (11 Stat., 166,), secti,oJ.!.;
fiye oí' which, so far as relating to this suhjeet, is as iüllows:


SEc;5. Be itfllrther enacted, That the following propositions be; and the.ll3me or&
he.t.eby, offered to toojj¡¡id COllYlollltioll of the pcople 01' Minue&ota, fQl' theil'; fi:c4iI,.a«ccP:k




2 MINNESOTA STATE UNIVERSITY.
nncc or rejsction, which, if accepto¡l by the couveution, shall llB obligatory on the
Uuited States, amI upon tho said State of Minnesota, viz: lst. That, &e. * *
" * " " 2d. 'l'hat SOYcuty-two sectiolls of laml shall bo Bet aparli
and reserved for the use lIIHl support of a universit,V, to !Je selecteü b.y the govorno\' of
sahl Sta te, suhject to the apl'roval of the Commissioucr of t,he Geueral Land Otlice,
mul to he appropl'iatt'fl amI applierl in such maUller as tile legislature of saitl State may
prescriLJe, fol' the purpose aforesaid, !Jut fol' UD other purpose.


Thc admiRSiou of l\1iunesota iuto thc Union, Iluder this law of ~üth
Fel!rnary, 18,37, was dllly deelared by t11e act approved l\fay 11, 1858,
(11 Stat.., 285.)


011 the 2d Marcll, 1861, au a(lditioual act, in relation to uniyersity
lauds, was appro\'ed, (12 8tat., p. 208,) w11ich is quoted in full, as follows:
AN ACT donating to tlw Statcs of Mill\lC'sota llmI Oregon certain htnds rcserved hy


CongresR for tüe Tcrritories of 1I1illllc~ot>l and Ol'l'gon fol' Iluiversity purposes.
Be it enacleil, ,fe., Tbat the lamls rcscncd fol' tlw lIse oí a Iluiv .. rsit,y in tile Territo-


ries oí' Millueso(a ullII OregOll, llll{ler sectiulI secoud of HU tlct of Congrcss ]>ass{~tl Feb-
ruary ID, 1&~1, entitletl "An act to <lllthoriz!l tlw l"gislativu aSHulllLJlius of tito
Territories of Oregou mlll MinueHota to ta ko dUll'gO of tite selIool lalllb iu sai,l Teni-
tories, mili for other ]>urI'OSCS," !Jo hereby douated to the Status of >\lillucsot,a aud
Ol'egon for Uw USe of said lluiver~ity.


'[he go\'emor of tlle 8tate, in 111e memorial now under reyiew", c1aims
tllflt, CongreRs, by this net of 18Gl, donntl'd tlw rest'r\'atiolls of lalllb in
the Territory that had been llIade by diredioll alJ(l Hnt1l'r nnt1lorit,y 01
tite Seeretul',V of the IlIterior, acting' 1l1l(1I'}' the law of 1BJl, Lmt ditl not
thereby illlpail', 01' illteIHl to ill1l'ail', tIle riglit of the State to ha\'e tIte
sevent,y-two seetio!1s llI'omist'tl her \lpOll hel' :1l1111issioll iuto tIte Union
lindel' t]¡e luw oi' 18;37, n!.JO\'l1 quotel1.


The co:nmittee is oí' tllB Opillioll that thi" is tlle correct illterprdatioTl
of thCRC RC\'l'ral nr:ts oi' COIIg'l'eSS, whidl elllbrace all t}¡c lcgislatioll that
exists relati\'l~ to tlw slll\Ípct.


\Vith tite exeeptioll of Oltio, w1tieh oütainc(11hrpc towIIslIips fol' nni-
versitie", HlI(I Flol'Ífla, whielt ohtained fOIl!' to\\'nships, it, ha~ beell tIte
A"f\])el'al poliey of Uongl'e~s to gT<lat to now Sta te,:;, npOll clItering thc
Ullioll, tl\'O towllships, 01' ¡;tWüllty-t.\\'o HPet,iotls JI' I:tllll, cadl fol' the
use of a 8tate uni ver,.,ity; a1l11 in tel:)S~\ e:H8" in whieh laJl(1.., !t:ul Lwpn
l'pseI'\,{'(l 1'01' lllli\'ersity ImrposeH tlnl'ing tlte territorial eondition, the
pro]lositions 01' COllgres>! !Jaye lwca SI) wo)nled a,; to make gmllts of
slwh reseITed lmuls so as io give to eaeh of tlle States the rescrnltions
aJl(1 other tracts, which togetltcl' Illade tlle fJ. u:tlltity oI' Sll\'C1tt¿--two sec-
timls.


By I'eferenee to 1hc follm\'ing cm<eR: IllillOiR, aet April18, 1818, (3
8tat., 430, sf'ü1ioll G;) :Mieldgall, aet .Tulle 2:), Ui;1G, (f) 8tat., 51};) Imn),
net .Mareh 3, 184.;' ([) Sta t., 7tiU, :-eetioll ü,) amI \Vif\eollsin, ad Angllst G,
J84G, (!) 8tat., 3)', :-;ectio1l7,) it \\"ill he íiHlIld !llat lallllshatl Llf'ell !"('served
foI' u\lÍ\-er¡,;ity lHuvoRcs dlll"illg the territlJl'ial cOlldition, which, UpOll the
a(lll1is:-;ion ot' t11e Statcs, n'sppcti\'el,)', iuto tite Ullioll, were gt'auted to
the ¡.;:aill States with other hUHls to malee IIp 1,11e qualltity of seveuty-two
sectiolls.


111 thc caRes of Oregou an(l KnnRaR, the enahling acts provided (11
8tat., 384, and 12 Stat .. , 1~7,) "that ill case any oí' the lands herein
grallte(l the State of OI'PgOIl (Ka lisas) have heretofore oeeu cOllfirmed
to tlH'Territory 01' Otegoll, (Kansas,) t'Ílr the pmposeR specified therein,
amI the amoullt so contirllleu shall be dedueted í'rom the qualltity speci-
fied."
"". Ittlms- appcars that ifit, hadbeen the inttmtion of CongI'css to churgo
the 8tate oí' l\iinnesota with the lands reserved during t11e territorial
condition for a university in tha Territory, such iuwntion ought to have




!IINNESOTA STATE UNIVERSITY. 3
been exprMsed, as in the cases of these other States, either in the act '
oi' February 26, 1857, 01' the act of .M:arch 2, 1861; lmt no such inten-
tion is expressed in these or any other acts oi' Congress, as far as the
committee is able to ascertain. On the contrary, the stiplllation for
seventy-two sections, contained in tite act of FcllrlJary 26, 1857, appea1'S
to be entirely independent oi' the p1'evious legislation upon the subject,
and to have been free from any proviso 01' condition that would reuuce
the quantity mentioned.


In fact, this law of February 26, 1857, iR in the nature of a compact,
amI it, is not to be supposed that it ,yas the intelltion of COllgreRs by
subseqnellt legislation to modify it in the slightest degree, wituout tlle
expressed cOllsent of the State to sllcll modifieation. Hut nothing
8eems to have bcen done by eithcr party, looking to mutual assent ami
agrcement to a modification oi' tlle compact, as it is ree~orded in thc act
01' February 2(), 1857, amI foI' thiR l'eaSOIl the law of 1861 must be eOll-
strned as a separate and independent statnte.


Again, the aet oí' ]8,")7, in the paHsage hereinbefore quotm1, i8 a la"r
to be nx('('utcel aftcr its passage by t1l0 govcrnOl' of tlle State, aetillg
muler State authorit.y, aml w!len fully execnrod, hy ito; OW11 f01'ce and
virtue aIol1fl, H'HtS tIlO title to the gmnted lauds in tlle State.


lt is in itsplf Sllfficicnt to carry the whole qllantity of sevellt~'-two soo-
tions. Ul1llel' it, 111e 8t.ate wonhL 11I1\"e rpceiypd that qllantity, without
the ad 01' lUare!t ~,1861. 'l'his lattel' aet was passcd durillg" a disens-
Riol1 hetwcoll tite goyel'llor of the State amI the ()oltlmissioner oí" tite
GClleral Lalld Ofii(~p in n'sppet. to tlw C'ffed to he giyen by the latter to
tlle law oí" lHt.!1 l<'chrnary, 18;31, Hncl the aetioll umler it; all<l whatcvcr
pIse lIlay he ohsenre, it iH Yory plaÍn that tlw l"cprescntati \·os of tite 8tato
,vere at that tillle sct'l,ing tIlO l'lllargemcnt oí' tlle grant to lJC.r fol' llui-
Yersity purposeH; amI it is aIso true that thoy beliew'el, after the aet of
ISGI had ]Jasse(1, that tI]pir ol~icet liad lwell aecomplishec1, Hnc1 that the
coutroyersy ha<l tll('reb;y hren terminatcd fayorably to tllo State in the
rPlinqnisImwllt. hy tlw LJlliU~c1 States 01' all titlo to tIte traets tllat liad
bcen l'('selTed hy tlle Seereíary of' tile Interior during ¡he territorial con-
ditiOIl, Ieaying" the provisiollS 01' the net oí" 2(jth l<'ebl'uary, lS5í, to he exe-
(mte,l ilHlepell(lenUy and to the full f'xtcut.


lour cOllllllittee ('.oncnr in t1li:,; eOllcInsioll. Unlf'sR sue!t is the legal
efl'rd amI eOllsef¡uenee 0(' Raid act of :!<l :\lareh, ]8GI, \Te can ltRsigll to
it no use 01' sigllifieallce aH a statute, for the JlT'eviouR legislatioll OH tIte
subject was (all<l was reeog"llizetl by th('. General Lall<l Offire to haye
been) aIllply suffieient. to g-rant tlle qnantit.\" oí" seYenty-t\Yo seetiolls. To
den y to it any force amI t'ffeet \vhatevcl', wonld be cOlltl'al'y to all sonnd
principIe nlHl precetlent. in constrnillg statntes, all(l ii' the least. possible
ell'ect be giyen to it, it llIust he l'eeognize<l as relillquishillg al! right amI
title of the Ullited Btates to tlle lalHls mentiolletl in it; alld g'iYing it
that lllueh force and eff('ct, it operatf'R HR all enlargelllent oí" tho grant
to l\liunesota for lIuin'1'8ity Jlurposcs to the extent, oí' tite reHel'\'ations
that hae! been <tuly malle by the Seeretary of the Interiorullder tlle act
oi" 1f1th February, ÍSjl, priol' to tlle aehlliR~ioll of tIte State iuto the Utlioll.


Tlle Commissioncr oí' the OeJleral Lallc1 Oftiee amI Secretar,}" of the
Ink.rior, though they hesitatecl to giye thi¡.¡ eonstruetioll anel effeet to
the aet of .March 2, IS(j1, in cO!lsiclPI':ltioll oí" tlle laudable ol~jeet. to which
tite lalld is devoted. !lO\Y l'oeommen(l the claim to the fhvorable cOllsic1-
oration of the legislative branch oí" the govel'llment.


Wberefore your committec respeetfully recornmelld tlw passage of tho
bill.


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41sT CONGRESS,}
2d Session.


HOUSE Ol!' REPRESENTATIVES.


DWIGHT J. McCA~N,


{
REPORT


No. 5.


JAXt"ARY 21, 1870.-Laid on the tahle Rnd ordered to he printcd.


:M:r;W. B. WASHBURN, fi'om the Cornrnittee of Claims, made the túllowing


REPORT.
Tlw Cormnittee of Claims, to w710m was refen-erl the evidence in tlte clai-rn .


(if lJwight J. JJlcCann, make tlte foUowinf} report:


On tIle 23d of April, 1866, the Comrnissioner of lndian Affairs, on
behalf of the United States, entered into a written eontraet ",ith the
clairnant, who was to furnish land transportation from Ornaha, ~ebraska,
for the annnity g'oods and provisions of the Indian Bureau, as follows:
40 tons to be delivered at Fort Laramie, Dakota Territory, 01' such
other point in tIlat vicinity as tIte ogent muy direet, at the rate of pay
of $1 59 per 100 pounds túr caeIl 100 miles of t~'ansportation; 40 tons at
t.he vVinnebago ageney, 20 tons at the O'maha ageney, and 25 tons at
the Pawnee ag-ency, :tt the rate of $1 45 per 100 pounds per 100 miles,
to be transported in good, well-covered wagons to the points mentioned,
as the agent may directo l'he claimunt was to receive and transport
the goods immediatcly npon their arrival at Omaha, and to perform the
ser vice with all proper expedition. The agent of thc bureau who should
superintend the loadillg at Ornaha had a right to reject any wagon 01'
temn whieh he should eonsider unfit for the performance of the service.


The Cornrnissioner's advertisernent for proposals, dated January 27,
1866, stated that "tIte goods to be deliyered at Great Salt Lake City
and intermediate points rnust be transported hy mules, those delivered
elsewhere by oxen."This provü'¡on was llOt inserted in the contract,
nor is the advertisement, by speeial terms, made a part of tlJe contracto


On the 23d of May following the claimant received from the agent at
Omaha, and dispatched for :Fort I~aramie, 50,000 poullds of tItese goods
by mule teams, and presented a train of 230x wag'ons to eonyey the
balance. The superintelldent oQjecíed to this means of transportation,
for the reaSOll tItat Fort Laramie was considered an intermediate point
between Omaha and Great Salt Lake City, to be supplied by mule tearns
and not cattle transportation; that the goods and provisions were
required at the post by the 15th of June to meet the exigencies oí a
treaty to be proposed at tIlat tirne, amI bccanse the subsistence on
hand would then be exhansted, while bands of Indians, numbering from
1,500to 2,000, preselltwithout rations, would tend to dcfeat the prospects
of a treaty and invite actual danger to thc commissioners and officers of
the governrnent. To avert these evils mule teams were demanded
which would reach the post in twenty-two duys, while ox trains reqnired
thirty-five. The claimant replied that Fort Lararnie was not an "inter.




2 DWIGIIT J. M'CANN.
mediate point," and ülsisted t-hat the terms of his eontmet provideü foI'
ox teams. The snperintendent telegl'aphed to the Commissiollf'l' at
vYashillgton for insttuctiollS, and was answered, "send the goods the
quickest possible way."


l7 nder these circurnstances the balance oi' the transportation i'or Fort
Laramie was taken frorn the elaimunt, alld given to other parties at tIJf'
sUllle rate of pay, though the currellt priee hall then fallen to $1 per
hundrcd.


The claimant now chargf's the Ullitcd Sta tes with the violatiOll of tlH'
cOlltract as follows:
For the rate of payas per contract _~ ____________________ _
For detentioll oi' train, sixteen da.)"s, retul'lIing from Omaha


to ~ebraska City, at $G per day, per wagon ___________ _
For ferry charges over t11e Platte Hiver ________________ _


']'he elaimallt credits the cnrrellt rate amI :letnal cost of
transportation at that time . ____ . _________ .. ________ _


And asks an appropriation for the balallce ________ . ____ .
as the measure of dalnages to whiel! he is entitled.


$13,G4220
1,84000


30 00


15,51220


8,iJ80 00


This claim was brought before tIJe late Cornrnissioner of Indian Affain;,
and was considered fllYorablyon tIle basis here presented. It was referretl
by hirn to the late Seeretary 01' the Interior fol' a favorable decision, but
that officer held that it was not properly witllin that elass of aceollnts
to be audited by cxecutiye ofticers and paifl on their certificate, as
the measure of damagesdepeJl(lell wholly upon the eonsideration ofcf'r-
taill disputed questions oI tact l)(;hreen tlw gorerllment :wd tJw c1ailll-
3nt-questíons to he settled 0111y hy t11e lt'gü.,Iafiye 01' the judicial
authority. Of tllese questions, the principal oue is, whether 01' not Fort
Laramie was to be regarfled as an "intermediate point," 1()itltin tite meal1-
ing of the contmct, between Omaha aud Grcat Salt Lake Gity.


The COillmissioller w 110 made the contract, and the supprilltendellt
who directe<l its exeeution, were ofthe opinion that it was. 'rIle elaimallt
held otherwise; hut his assumptioll rests whony upon the explallatioll
to be dl'awn fi>orn the advertisement for proposals, amI not froill the
contract itsclf. Ong-ht the claimallt's interpretatioll to he received
aga.illst the understanding oí' those who act.ed 1'01' the govermnent r
Had it heen designed to exc1ucle Fort Laramie, the clairnaut had ample
opportunity, as wen as motive, to lHLYe stipulated expressly to tbat effed,
instead of ag-reeing, in these words, that "the right is reserved to the
agent, who shan superintend the loadillg at Omaha, to reject auy wagon
01' tearn whieh he Rhall consider nnllt for tIJe perfOl'mance oí' the serviee."
It seems clear that ox teams were unllt, heeause of the absolnte neces-
sity for quicker dispatch than an ox train was capable of making.


The claimant suhmits the statemcnts of Isaac Coe amI of A. Caldwcll,
of Colorado Territory, that Fort Laramie is noí an intermediate point,
as claimed. That is their opillion. '1'hey were "freighter8," engaged
in like business with the claimant, and lmying themselves nsed the
route of the South Fork of the Platte mver, th('y exclude, in their judg-
ment, the route on the North FOl'k, on whieh Fort Laramie i8 sitnate,
frolll an eonsideration. The gOYernmellt had exelnded lleither. Both
routes were used to go to SaH Lake City-the northern one for its
better roadway, amI its supply of water amI grazing iu the tIr)' scasons_




DWIGHT .T. l\i'CANN. 3
"rhe southel'll route, s1101'te1', though not quicke1', was becoming' more
general fi'om ih, pl'oxÍlnity to t11e Pacific HaiIl'oad. Fort Laramie, in
fact, was an 'Íntermediate point bet1cccn Omaha and Great Salt Lake City.
OIl the N mt11 .Fmk Qf the Platte Iüyer. .


The cIaimant snlll11its t,he further statement of Thomas :Murphy, a
superilltendent oi' ludian afJairs, explaining tIle contract as follows :


" In the fall of IRG!), 1 addressed a Ietter to t1le COIlllllissioner of ludian
Affairs on the subject of tnmsportation overland of lndian annuity
goods, in whieh 1 recommeuded that the goods for Salt Lake Cit.y and
intermediate pOillts (meanillg" Salt Lake and Fort Bridger) shonld be
sent by mule teams, on account of remotelless oí tIlese pOilltS 1'rom t11e
Missouri Hiver, and that t11e gooas for aH other points should be trans-
portcd by oxen."


The witness sta tes that t11e Conlluissioner adopted bis recommencla-
tion, alHl this te8tilllOlly is reIied upon to settle tIle COlltrOYCl'Sy in favor
of t11c cIaimallt. vVhile thi8 wituOS8 clai1ll8 to baye been tIle anthor of
the words "intermediate points," and that they were inteuded to iuclude
Fort Bl'i(Igl'r onIy, it i8 snbmitted tltat he eanTlot have such an arbítrary
and exclusive use of tlle lUl1guage. They were not t11e words to convey
11is avowc(l mcaning'. FOl't Bridger waR a poillt to be ('alled by it8 de8ig-
uatiou aud name, and BOt by the phrasc of "interml'diate poi1lts," to t11e
exclusion of evel'y other fort 01' point between 0maha aud Salt Lake
City. Tltis tC8timony !loes 1Iot lack the peculiar force of impeaehill~
itself. T11e reaSOl1 fol' recommending mnle teams "on acconllt 01' tlle
remoteness of t11e points from tlle Missouri Hiver," applies a180 to Fort
Laramie, and was tite eon8ült>rntion wllieh intlnenced tIle g'overl1111ent
agents in rejectiug t11e elaimunt's mean8 of transpol't.atioll.


Whether 01' not, then, tIte oOl1traet is eonstrned as the elaimant im,;ists,
it 8CClll8 to be more doubtfnl if it has beell violatec1 as claimed; amI if
tile claimallt has 1Iot got t11e law oi' the government in t11is trausadion,
he does 1\ot appear to lJayl' tIw eqnity.


The dellla1lds of the gOVCl'lllllent were reasonable, and its lleeessities
were urgent. Tite daillll1llt hall due notice. Sinee he liad takcll the
eontraet, his profits had iucreased frolll natural canses thirty-four per
cent. He could, therefore, wen airon1 to provide the tl'am;portation
reqnired, amllook to tIte gOH'rlllnent for sati8faetion if hi8 rigbts shouId


• be iIlYaded.
The cOllllllittee ask to be diseharged from the further eonsideratioll oi'


this c1aim, reeommending tIw following :
Resoh'ed, That the clairu of Dwight J. l\lcCauu be rejeded.


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41sT CONGRESS, }
2d Se.9sion.


HOGSE OF HEPRESE~TATIVES.


• TONAS W. NYE.


{ REPORT No. 6 .


JA-"ITARY 21, 1870.-L:.tifl on the table and ortlered to be prínted.


1\fr. W. R. 'YASHBURN? from thc Comlllittee ofClaims. made the fúllowing


REPOHT.
Tile Committee 01 Olllim.~, to u·J¡mn ~cet'e re!urelZ the papen; o/ Jonas nr •


Nye, having examined the same, make the following report :
TIte subject-lllatter referred to the COllllllittee embraces three pretelldetl


dailllS gl'O\Ying out of thl'ce separat,e eoutraets in three distinct transac-
tiolls with thc goverumont, aml is dÍ\Tüled iuto tlnee parts.


Part 1. The claim of J. 'V. ~'ye, as assignee of Bargy and Van
Alstine, ami 01' Stewart, WllO were (~olltractOl'S for paving separate see-
tions of Penu'lylvauia avenue, iu tlle city of"\Vashingtoll, in the year
1832, is for losscs sustailled l>.y "aid contractor", ari"illg, as is alleged,
from the refusal of t.lle Uommissiollerof Pnblic Ruihlings to sllspeud the
work on aceount of the cllOlera, wherel)y tlle cost of labor was in-
creased, and al so from the illterfercnce 01' hcalth oflicers with the labor
01' tho mon, lHlvising them to avoül cxposurc dnring the heat of tIle day,
uy which less lauor was perforrncd, and tIlo contractoril conseqnentl,r
su~jected to a correspondillg loss.


The cIaimallt was snb-contractor on the work as well as tlle judgment
creditor of Bargy. He bcrmue the assiguee of both eontl'acts, and
elaims an aUloullt due thereo!l. fl'OlIl the Uuiteü States.


He prcsclltc(l his petition for relicf to tIle 2.'ith Congress, stating the
whole expellllitures, umler tlle Barg'y and Van Alstine eOlltract, at tlle
¡mm of $12,81U 44, and tlle amount l'aid hy the gOYf~l'IIlllent, $7,17440;
and a uill (S. 125) t01' the differencc ($5,ü4.) 04) was reported and passed
in the Senate at the 2cl session of tlle 25th Congress. The bill pro-
videü 1'01' tlle paylllellt oi' the alleged losses sustained b'y the contrac-
tor, not oceasionecl by neglect OH his part, alld restrict.ed tIle pa,rment
ulltil the men employcd WÜl'e full.y paül, 01' tiU secllrity to tltat e±feet
sllould be giycn to the Sccretary oi' tlle Treasury.


In the Honse tbe bill ~ms referred to the UOllllllittee of Claillls, where
it was sul~joeted to a, thol'onglt illvestigation. 1t was dis(~overed, on
the sworn testimon,r of tIlo con tractor, Barg'y, himself, that the alllollut
expelldell was hut $11,255 7ti, instead 01' the alllonut stated uy claimallt,
amI that, upon thc Ycry principIe of the Senatc' hill allolYing tIlO full
amount of Iosses sustained, there was appropria.tcd $1 ,5G3 G8 more thall
required to make np the defieicncy.


The Honse committcc went fnrt,her and prodnccd evidence to show,
and so repoded, that the actualloss sustained by reason of illterfel'cnce
OH the part 01' health officel's amountell to no more than $546 25, and
tllat committce rejccted the principIe of indemnit.y for alleged losses on
account 01' the epidemic.


The bill was rcported back, witll an amendrnent appropriating $546 25




2 JONAS W. NYE.


only; went to a COIDmittee of the vYhole House, on the prívate cale~dar,
and was never thereafter l'eached in the pl'ogl'ess of legislation.


At the next Ression of the twenty-fifth Congl'ess anotber bill for the
same purpose (S. 81) was reported in the Senate and passed for the
origillal amount, $5,645 04; was sellt to the Hom.;e alld passe<1 on the laRt
day of Congl'ess and became a law. (See 6 U. S. Stat. at Large; p. 760.)


The claimant received this mOiley, all he asked, in 1839, and by the
same token the laborers on the work were paid.


At the 2<1 sessioll ot' t,he 27th Congress thc Committcc 011' Public Ruild-
ings and Grounds reported House bill No. 219, for the relief of Stewart,
appropriating $6,662 25 upon the Rame principIe of the appropriation in
favor of Bargy and Van Alstinc. This bill was passcd and becarnc a
In" on the 81st Augnst, 1842, without any direct evidellee now to be
found aR to the actual 10RRes RURtained und!'r that (~oIltraet.


Snbs!'qnently the elaim was revived in the House of Hepresentatives,
and urged for several years before the Comlllittee t'or the Distriet of
Columbia on the pretext that "a considerable amoullt of the expenses
of the work done in 1832 was HOt paiU until 1833, whieh faet was not
brought to the knowledge of the attorney \\'110 pl'epared tlJe claim." But
this pretext has weighed llothing against tbe well-foumled eonvietion
that thel'e has be en already paiel, under said acts of Congress, more than
was jnstly dne.


The principIe that contractors are to be imlemnificd fúr losses arising
from natnral causes, against whieh they may not have been able to pro-
yide, is one that tlle eOl1l111ittee call1lOt salletion, but whieh they utterIy
eOIHlemn. In the early history of the goyernment it was maintained in
Congress that the duty 01' the goyernment was to carry out the terms of
its eoutraet and 110 more. That inaslllllch as it conld not partieipate in
the eOlltraetor's p1'ofits, it was not to make gool! his losses. Neither
justiee nol' honor seeIllR to demaml this; allíl the yio]ation of this prin-
cipIe in some notable cases, like the presclIt ono, has had the efreet of
keepillg stale alld UllSaYOry claims for years before the standing com-
lllittees, ami (jf invitillg llUIIWl'OllS l'uineu contractol's to besiege the
halls of üongl'css in tbe expeetation of rcgaining from tite treasury
t11ei1' snpposed 108ses through proviclenee, 01' their own improvidence, by
the misfortnnes of business aflairs.


If great mt1ll8S can lelld autho1'ity to this just aul! economical rule, it
has lJeen enfol'eed as early as the fourth Cong1'ess, ancl has been hith-
erto by the 1'eports of Jolm Cotton Smith amI Ul'iah 'fraey, 01' Connec-
ticut, of Dwigbt Foster, of .:\Iassaehusetts, and Bartlett Yancey, of
NOl'th Carolina" who wcre unslll'passed as lawyel's aml reaehed the
highest mnk as legislators in their day. After these eminent men, the
rnle was maintailled by Elijah \Vhittlese,y, and J. n. J. Daniel, who
were fUI mall,y :ycars, respeeti vely, at the llencl of the COlIllIlittee of C1aims
of this honse. And it appears that the exceptionnl cases where the
rule lIns been relaxed or ovmthrown, l!¡¡,yc been reported from special
eOlllmittees, 01' haye not reeeived a thorough aml illlpartial examination
in COl1lmittee.


Part 2 is a e1aim fúr fnrnishing' 1101'ses and earryalls for the use
of the Honse of Representatiyes of tIle 28th Congress, 1lllder contract
with the Postmaster, ,January 15, 1844, approyed by the Committee
OI! Aeeonnts. At the second session, the offiee1' diseoIltinned the em-
Ilis losses of the property, alld tlle e1aimant petitioned fúr indemnity fol'
}JloJ<ment OH aeeount of ill-nsage amI abuse of tbe pl'operty, to the
alllOllut (Ji' $;),000.


The subjeet was referred to the COlIlmittee on Acconnts, who investi-




JONAS W. NYE. 3
gated it, settled with the claimant, made an allowance, and took his
rl'ceipt in ÍltIl. 011 the 3d of JHarch, 1845, tIle committee reported
adyersely :t8 to auy claim grmrillg out of tIle employment of that prop-
erty. This by tite committee who approvcd thc contract and overlooked
tIte service.


Subseqnently, in thc 29th Congress, the claim was brought before the
,Tudiciary Committee of tIle House, with an account of the claimant's
misfodunes aIHIlosseR, by sickness and by fire, wIlo reported that thcre
might be cquitably dne about $525, recommending a resolution for tbat
amount ia fuU satiRfaction oí' tIle claim, and 1'01' aU dumages to tIle
property while ÍJI the service of the House. TIle resolution was passed,
and tIle claimant finally accepted 01' the amount, which, in the opinion
of this cOlllmittee, ought to be reckoned a final settlement 01' the claim.


Part 3 i8 1'01' damages nnder alease 1'rom the President 01' the
"C"nited States of the public reservation known as the 130tallical Gal'-
dens, in \Vashiugton City.


Tlle lease was made in pUl'suance of an act, July 5, 1812, authorizing
the Presidellt to leas e any of the public grounds in said city, 1'01' a
period not exceeding ten yearR, on such terms as in his jndgment would
best eft'eot tIleil' imp1'overnent for pubIic purposes, and was to continue
for ten years 1'l'om thc 29th April, 1843, cOllditioned for the improve-
ment of the p1'ope1'ty, but tbat the lessee should be liable to remove
fences and stables, and give up the property whenever sooner required
by the government.


A1'tcr five years, the Commissioner 01' Public Bnildings took posses-
sion of thp lot for the govcrnment, amI the clailllant was removed. He
llresentecl bis claim to the thirty-fourth Congress, and stated nnder oath
the amount of Ilis damages at $i>,:mo. The House passed a joint resolu-
tion for his 1'elief for that amount, hut the Senate committee required
further evidence of the vaIne of the improvelllents.


Tile daimant bronght tIle testimony 01' ono witncss that the improve-
ments amounted to $7,982 44, and tIle resolution was reported and
passed ,rithout mnemlment, amI became a law ,Tanuary 20, 1847.


Thc claimallt was thus paid tIle fuU amoullt of bis own estimate of the
value of his improvement¡,. Sinee tilen he has 1'evised bis accoullts, and
now charges thc gOYCrnlllcnt with tho amonnt estimatcd by 11is witness,
87,982 84, c1'editing the appropriatioll of January 20, 1847, $3,200, and
cash from sale nf materials $210, alld the use of property one year, only
$1,140 40, $4,i')¡íO 40, making anothcr claim for thc balance of $3,432 44.


This claim has been be1'o1'e Congress for seyeral years, and received
the fr\,Yorable report of tlle Committce for the Distriet 01' Columbia of
the thirtJ'-sixth Congress.


This eOllnuittee regard it adversely, as tlte after-birth of an illegiti.
mate claim, and tIlerefore recommend that it be not paid.


In conclusion, the papers aIld cvidence 01' this el:ülllant bave been
thoroughly cxamilled and official sourees eons'ttlted to a full under-
standing of the claillls, and tIloy are fOllnd to be entirely witbout merit,
and, in the OpillioIl of the committee, desel'ye no furtIler eonsideration
in Congress.


The committee ask to be discharged.


o






41ST CONGRESS, }
2d Session.


HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.


FREDJ1JRICK BROSJ<JNNE.


f REPORT
I No. 7.


J.\NUARr 21, Hl70.-Laid ou tbc table and onlercdto be priuted.


Mr. W. B. W ASHBURN, frOlll the Committf>e of Olaims, mada the fol-
lowing


REPORT.
The Gommittee 01 Claims, to ~c7wm 1i'Cre rejen'ed tlle pape/'s 01 ~Predm'ic7c


Brosenne, 01 Baltimore, JJfaryland, rnake the 10lloUJing report :
The claimant alleges that in the summer of 1864, the~milit.ary com-


mand of Brigadier General E. B. TyIer, stationed at the Relay House,
cut down and removed from his premises, in lloward Oounty, lying ad-
jacent; three hundred and ninety trees, valned at $4,980, used as timber
túr block-honses at the Relay House and at Elysville.


While the pnblie interests snbmitted to the discretion of general offi-
cers in time of war, with power to deal with the property ilS woll as the
liberty of tho eitizen, is of great importanee and extent, it is equally
their duty to report to tho War Department the value and cirenmstance
of all private property taken fol' military purposes, which might, under
any circumstallces, be l'eqnil'ed to be paiel foro They are provideel with
staff officel'S fol' this purpose, who are gove1'lled by regulations having
the force of law.


In this case ihero is evidence showing that 110 ropo1't of the use of
such property "as ever made to the "Val' Department, and there is no
o,idence from General Tyler, or nny officer of his command, of the use
of said property for the purpose alleged, 01' of the value of it.


The committeo therefore report adversely, with recommendation that
the memorial and papers lie upon tIte tableo and tlwt the committee be
discharged therefrom.


o






41sT CONGRESS, }
2d Scssion.


HOUSE OF HEPUESENTATIVES.


J. G. LANE.


{
REPORT


No. 8.


JANUARY 21, 1870.-Laid on the table ana oraered to be printed.


~fr. W. B. W ASHBURN, from the Committeo of Claims, made the fol-
lowing


REPORT.
The Committee of Claims, to wllmn were referred tlle memorial and evidenoo


of ,r. G. Lane, of lowa, having considered tlle same, make the following
report:


The claimant in October, 1865, was engaged in transporting grocerics
and subsisten ce stores from Omaha, Nebraska, westward through that
Territory, for sale and profit, on his own account, along tIle route of th6
Pacific railroad, tIten being eonstrueted.


On the 29th of Oetober, at Alkili Station, Nebraska, near the Colo-
rado line, his teams and property, eonsisting of eight thousand pounds
of fiour, dried frnit and vegetables, of the value of $1,740, were cap-
tured by a band ofhostile Indians supposed to belong to Arapahoes, Chey-
ennes, 01' Sionx. The elaimant asks to be reimbursed for the value of
the goods taken. Tho Indialls eOlllmitting tIlis depredation were noto
partieularly identified as of tribes receiying annuities from the United
States. TIlO claimant was pursning this enterprise at his own risk,
selling to soldiers and Indialls as wol1 as emigrants, without beiug either
a sutler to the soldiers 01' a trader with Indians. The Indians on
the line of his trade had be en in avowed hostility to emigrants and
trains for seyeral months, and none coultl say that they were without
notice of the dallger to life alld pmperty from lndian attacks.


Pursuing this hazHl'llous cntcrpl'ise at llis own risk, the committee
reeommend that he be left to his own romody, and thorcfore report ad-
versely, and that the memorial alld evidence do lie upon the tableo


o






41sT CONGRESS, }
2d Session.


HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.


JA1\fES F. SHATTUCK.


{
REPORT
No. 9.


JAXUARY 21, 1870.-Laid on the table and ordorcd to be printed.


MI'. W. R. W ASHBURN, from the COilllllittee of Olaims,madethe followiBg


REPORT.
The Ommnittee of Olaims, to 1ch01n -were ?'ejerred the memoria~ and papers of


James F. Shattuek, late ji1'St rieutenant, cO'lllp((ny H, Seventy-seveuth
regimer.t Pen?v5ylvania volunteers, malee the folrowing report:
That said company was improperly orderea iuto the military sernee


with the muster-in of said regiment, far the reasonthat the regiment
was less tlmn the minimum strength required, and the llleli of Company
H were assigned to other compauies, while the officers- were 0Il de-
tached 01' recruiting service. The compally organization was preserved,
howeve1', of which the elaimant had commaud, and did service with tae
regiment in the field, in tIle army of the Ohio, until the 20th N ovemoor,
1862. On the 18th of .June, 18G2, the claimant was detailed as ordnaooc
oflicer ofthe second division of said army corps, and performedduty prop-
erly and satisfactorily nntil his company was discharged and he was
relieved, by order oí' Major General Rosecrans from authority of the
War Department, on account of tlle improper muster-in of said compuny.
The claimant was finally paid for his service frolll 1st February to 30th
November, 1862, inclusive, ($1,090 50,) by order of the War Depart·
ment-the full time that he pel'Ío1'med any duty. This decision and
payment was not made until 31st lVIarch, 1863, during which time the
claimant represents that he was anxions to be restored and was ready
and expecting to again ga Hpan duty, and now asks an appropriation fol"
his pay 1'01' those four months. .


This committee have almost ullifa1'mly recommended tlle payment of
claims for military service, however irregular the authority, whenever
the service was performed in good faith. This was undollbtedly the case
in this instunce, and the claimant has been paid for the actual serviee
performed. In the opinion of the committee the government ollght not
to make good to him any 101515 01' time aftol" his service was discontinued
in endeavoring to secure his pay 01' to be returned to his position, lost
only through the disregard 01' lleglect of plain authority.


AH military afficers ought to be helel responsible 1'01" an intelligent
ullderstanding of the law ana regulatiollS governing their own organi-
zation and duties, amI in the Opillioll of this committee the officers of
this regiment amI company alone were at fauIt.


It is therefore recomrnended that this olaim be r~jeeted, that the
memorial lie UpOll the tablc, ane! the oommittee be elischarged from the
fu1'the1' oonsideration thereof.


o






41sT CONGRESS, t HOU~E OF HEPHESENTATl VES.
2d Session. ,


RENHY I~ENHART.


í REPOR'l'
) No. 10.


J.L\T.\BY 21, lBiO.-Laid 011 the tal)le find ordercd to he printe,L


::\11'. W. B. -VV Asnnnm, fi.'om tIte COlllmittee oí Clai1ll8, made the followillg


REPORT.
The Committce of O7a/11I8, to trl/OllI 1('(18 referred tl/C memorIal and da/m of


Henry Lenlwrt, of ]>a(luca/¡, Kenf1wky, make thefollowing report;'
The claÍmant states that in Novelllbcr, 1801, J\Ilajol' .J. H. Kuhn, com-


manding detaclllllent of nillth IllillOis infautry, was in command at
Paclucah as ading' p1'ovost lllarshal, nnd tItat he took brick aud lum ber
1'01' military purposes, tIre property oí claimant, to thc HlUollnt oí $2,574,
fol' which tlle claimarl); now asks to be reimbnrsed.


This claim ltns hOl'etofol'e beeu examined by a cOllunissioll of tlle War
Depal'tment aud rejected fol' tlo want of sufficicnt eyidellee oí i1:s truth
Hndjustiee. For the same reaSOll the committee report adyersely, with
the followillg reeommemlation :
Re.~ollJdl, TIlat tIte claim of Renry Lellhart be rejeded.


e






41ST CONGRESS, }
2d Session.


HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.


MRS. CATHARINE JACKSON.


{
REPOR1.'
No.n.


JANUAHY 21, 1870,-Laid on the table and orclerecl to lle l'rinted,


.l\-I1'. ,Y. B. '\YASHBURN, from the Committee of Claims,' made the fol.
lowing


REPORT.
TI/(} Conunittce ol Cla'¡ms, to whom teas referret.l tite memorial ol Mrs.


Catltarine ,Tack80n, make tlte 'follolring report:
CIaimant alleges that in Angust, 18G4, she was a milliner at Owens-


boro, Kentncky, and desiring to remoye to Cincinnati, Ohio, she hoxed
np he1' millinery gOQ(ls, arnounting to $4,999 and dispatched the
same to the wharf-hoat, ready for shipping and'transportatioIl; that a
band of rehel marauders, nnder color of military authority, on the next
<lay entered Owenshoro, and lmrned the wharf-boat and a11 its consign-
rnents, inclnding her property. She asks to be reimbursed by the gOY-
ernment.


The committee report adve1'sely as tú this claim, for the reason that
the goyernment is not au iusurer; aud iu time of war, milliners amI aH
other traders amI citizcus must take their eqnal risk against the acts of
the pnblic euemy.


Tilo committco thcrefore recornrnend that the claimant:s memorial lie
upou the table,and that they be (lischarged from further consideration
thereof.


o






I




41sT CONGRESS,} HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
2d Session.


GREEN AND TRAINOR.


{
REPORT
No. 12.


.JANUARY 21, 1870.~Laid O'll the tablo and ordered to be printed.


llr. W. B. W ASHBURN, from thc Committee of Olaims, made the fol·
lowing


REPORT.
The Oommittee of Olaims, to whom was referred the memorial of Green and


Trainor, of Sacramento, California, 1nake tlte following report :
On the 1st of J annary, 1865, the claimants were contractors for fresh


beef to the United States troops at Fort Uníon, California, for eight
months following, at nine and a half cents per pound, in government
tmids. The contmctors executed a bond to the government, with Je-
rom e Davis as surety, in $15,000 for the fnlfillment of the contracto
Owing to a drought in California, the scarcity of beef cattle was snch
that the price mn up to sixteen cents per pound, in gold, and the con-
tractors fol' fresh beef generally failed on the Pacifie coast.


The surety for the claimants, in this emergency, tendered to tbe officer
making tbe contract, aneI to General Wright, the military commander,
$15,000, the penalty of their bond, and asked tbat tbey might be re-
lieved, which was refnsed.


The claimants fulfillecl their contract to the satisfaction of the gov-
emment, estimating their actual losses at $16,013 36, and now ask to
be reimbursed by Congress.


The+relief is asked on the grouncl of losses from circumstances beyond
the power of man to pl'event 01' foresee.


TIle committec have repol'ted, in similar cases, that, in their opinion,
sueh grounds were insufficient for relieving contractors in their uneler-
takings with the goYel'llment. While these e1aimants were men of
business, and men of integrity, their ofrer to pay the forfeiture did )lot
relieve them from the full obligations of their contracto It was the
supplies for which t1Je government contracted, and not the penalty of
the bond, to be due after forfeitnre. That was but one motive towards
the fulfillment of the contI:aet. The e1aimants ,)'ould be liable, beyond
that, for the actual cost of the supplies for the period of the contracto
Admitting tbat the goyernment was supplied at less than actual cost,
in the market:, which, as a rule, it cauJlot desire to be, at the expense of
tlJe citizen, yet the contract was merely reciprocal, and no more, and to
disturb it under these circumstances is an example too pernicious to
receive the sanctinn of this committee. Other claims would poiut to it
as a prccedellt, until finally every barrier would be broken down between
sufrering con tractor s and the treasnry.


The committee recommend that the memorial and papers lie upon the
table, and that they be discharged from the furthcr consideration
tbereof.


o






41sT CONGRESS,} HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
2d Session. {


REPORT
No. 13.


========


SIl\ION VAN ETTEN.


JAXG.\HY 21, 1870.-Laicl on the table aud onlcl'ed to be printecl,


MI'. W. B. 'W ASHRURN, ti'om the Committee of Claims, made the fol-
lowing


REPORT.
Tlte Committee ()f Claims, to 1t'1wm tras yeferred the memorial oi Binwn Van


Rtten, of Coming, New York, make the follOldng report:
The claimant was a depnty fol' BdwanI Dodd, esq., United States


marshal fol' the northern district of New YOTk, and as snch 1Ield a writ
oi' snhpama for J ohn Hnggins, Samuel He(~keIt" amI Samnel vYilliams,
colored witnesses, to appea!' amI testifyat the January terro, 1864, of
said comt at Albany, N l'W York, in the case of the United States against
Henry IJ. Edson, indicted for aiding amI ahettíng desertion froro the
army and resistance to tIte draft. Tlle witnesses themselves were
desel'bors from the draft, undel' arrest and impl'isonmellt at the depot
for drafted men, at Elmil'a, Xew York. The military commandel' at
that post, in furtherallce of the ends of the civil conl't, madI' a special
order for t11e c1aimant, as depnty mal'shal, tn take eharge of the prisonel's
and convey thelll to ana frolll Albany as witnesses, and that the assist-
ant quartermaster fnrnish tIte necessary transpol'tatioll.


Under these circmnstances the prisoners were taken to Albanyas
witnesses, the marshal was al10wcd his legal fees under the suhpcena,
buí. no witness fe es ,,"ere taxed, " 011 the ground," as stated by the judge,
" that they were descrters and sent to the court by the military anthor-
ities and in their enstodv."


The claimant asks $lG9 for his services, inclu(ling $9 fol' subsistence
for the pl'isoners and $60 fol' expeuses llot specified. To this account
there are no voucheI's.


The clailllant presellts a further aceount of $250 88 fol' his services
in accompanying a squad of rccl'uits frolll Col'ning, New York, to Wash-
ington, and thence to Camp Grifiin, in Virginia, in l:<'cbrual'Y, 1862, and
deliyering them to Colonel B. P. Bailey, eommanding the eighty-sixth
New York volunteer infantry. It is elaimed this service was by the
authority of tIte reeruiting officer, T,ientenant F. r. vYood, Company 1,
eighty-sixth New York yolnntecr infantrYi btlt, in the opillion of tlle
eommittee, it was the duty of tIle reerniting oflicer, and one which he
eould not delegate to a citizen. No vouchers are su bmitted for any parí.
of this account. lt is the opinion of tile committee that the claimant
volunteered che senices without eompensation, for which he now makes
a claim of $419 88, without evidence and without merit, and which
ought to be r~jected. The committee report the same adversely, and
ask to be dischal'ged from furthel' consideration thereof.


o






"


· 41ST CONGRESS,} HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES. {REPORT
· 2d Session. 1'10. 14.


LAND CLAUIS nxmm 'rl~EATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO.


-.
[To :l('(,OIl1pnllr hill Xo. 740.J


.J.\Xl:.\l:Y \!i, 1"<70.-0n1e1',,<1 tI) h ... l'l'illted.


Mr. COOK, fl'Olll thl' (10111l1littee on tlw ,/¡l(lieiar,r, made tIte follo\Yillg'


Report of tite Committee uf the Judiciary upon the bill relatú:e to pl'Í1"ate
laml ffl'llnts mula the treaty of Guadalupe, Hidalgo.


By tite treat.r refcrrcd to, all l'ights of' propert,r of tilo inhabitant.s oí'
the territol'y of l\Iexieo, eeded to theCniteü States nnüer said treat.\',
were to Le illyiola hly maintailled alltl pl'oteetel1.


In tltat territory lItally g'l'<llltS of lantl 1'01' tIte pnl'pose of colonizatioll
had bl'PIl lll:ule iUIHlI'SwtllCe oí' tite laws of lUexieo.


Confirmation of tltei'il' g'l'anti'i by tIte Ulliü'd Statei'i, llaye been ltlade
in two modes :


1. ~lall:r g'rants haye lleen confirmctl hy aet of Congress UpOll dired
applicatioll of tlle daimitllt ",bere the e1aim has IlOt been snbmitted to
an.)' board of eOIlLlllissioners 01' conrt of tlle lJllitcd States.


2. Grallts Ilaye lwcu eOlll1nncfl hy tltc board of eOillmissionen; appoillt,
.. edunder tite pl'oyi~iOlI~ of tite ad. of ,} une 12, 18JO, and in sonw (~as(~~
by the e~mrtH of t1le Uuitetl States llpOlI appeal frOlll tIte d('eisioll of
said board of eOllllllis~iOlWl'S.


In somc instmwes whcn grallts haye beell made under the la W of
< • Mexieo. amI eOllfirmed byaet oi' .Collgrcss, tIte qnautity of lamI con,
!t, tained in tlle clailll was not specitim} in leagues 01' otller mcasnrements
~t,· or defined by lineal bOlllHlaries with COUl'ses alld distanees, lmt 1,lw
.... limits 01' tltc grallt were yery iudpfiuitL\, being desigllated by g'ellcral
;;boundal'ie~ hy natural 1'eatll1'eS of tIte eountry ollly. Undel' grants ~o
~>oonfirmed applicatiolls haye !leen aIHI are now llcillg' made fOl' patcl\t~


y?for large traets 01' lalltl in \'(-'l'y lIlall.)' illstanees exet~etliIlg eIcyen square
.····.Ieagues, alltl ill olle illstanee, at least, oi' a elairn confirmed by its Illllllhel',


(115,) by tlIe aet of 21~t ,J lIne, 18GO, ;::;tatlltes, '1'01. 12, page 71, tlIe pmtit's
insist upon their right to a S lllTCy , whieh \nmltl eover 450 sflwu'j,
leagues or oycr ~,OOO,OOO aen's.


Uuder theact oí' the lUexiean Congress of Angust 18, 18~J, systelllatit:
'regulatiolls fOl' eolollizatjoll ",ere ü:ame(l, beal'ing' date N oyembel' ~1,
1828, ítlHIlllHler tlIat, ad the gow'TnOl' had not ])O,"C1' to grallt 1ll0l'('
than eleyen Iengum; of Jantl to ~llly ])l'iyate person fol' tlle pnrpose oí' ('111-
tivating' amI inhahitillg' them. These grauts werc confirmed by tlll',
lIumuer of the grallt ",ithont SlW(:i(yillg in the aet the f[uantity of tIH'


)andconfil'lllCd to tlle elailllant. The Supremc Cond ofthe Uuited States
· llave repeate<ll.\- deeirled that, ll11tlPl' the law of lHexieo, the goyerno.r ha<l


no rig'llt to .grant IllOl'e than plt'Yl'1I leagues, (Ullited Sta tes V8. Larkill
et al, IR How., ¡¡¡¡i; Ullitl'(1 Stat('~ /'S. II Hl'twf'll, ~2 How., ~86,) whieh Sf'f'Ill~




2 LAND CLAIMS UNDER TREATY OF GUADALUPE HIDALGO.


to place the matÍ(~r lJeyond all further controversy. 'l']¡e cOlllll1ittee are
thcr"fóre of opillion, that no prívate grallt ot' tbe MexicHn gOyernOl' can
he' \alid rOl' ll101~e than eleven square leagues; and that uuder t11e treaty
tite Unite<l Sta tes are nnder no obligatioll to COnTIl'lll aJly ~mch pri,'ate
gmnt to a larger qlumtity of laTId. The comrnittee tll('1'('fo1'(, rec0lllllH'ud
thp passage 01' the till.




41s'1' CONGlm.cSS, }
2cl. Session.


HOUSE 01>' HBI'm~SE~~TATlVES. í HEPOR'l'
t No. 16.


JOHN COVODE VS. lIENRY D. FOSTER .
• J.\NUAHY 27, 187U,-Lnid 011 tlw table amI on1"1',,<1 to he prilltcd,


Mr. CmnWIlILL, from tite Committee of B1ectiolls, snbmittecl the fo1-
lowing'


REPORT.
Tite Oomrnittee of Bleetiolls, to 1c1wm1l't/s rcjárelZ the contestcrl eleetion case


from thc tlce¡¡t.Ij-Jir.~t cO/lgrcssional district o)' Pennsylwnia, to lchieh
Jo/m Corode amI Henn/ D. Posta are flw 7u(rties, ImbJ/tit tite foll;noing :
Bv tlte 1all'8 01' the State of l'ennsvIyania. it is malle the flutv of the


governol', 011 the l'ee('ipt hy tlle spcn;tar,Y of tlle COllllllOllwealtll 01' the _
retnrns oí' tlle e!ectioll nf ¡IlCllllwl's of thc Homw 01' Represclltath-es 01'
tlle U nited Stntes, to der;lal'e, by proclamatioll, t1le llameR oí' the persons
retnrned as eleetl'd in tlleil' ]'('Rppetin' di,.;tl'iets, On the 17th oí' Novcm-
ber, 1<')1;8, tllP govcl'llor j"slle(l his pmelall1atiou, g'iving' tite llames of the
persollR /'00 elt't'ÍC'd at tll(' electloll heltl in tita! State OIl the 13tlt of the
previOlls Oetobt'r, t'xeept ill tlw t.wPllt,Y-1il';.;t (listl'id of the State, com-
posed of the COlllltil's oí' Indiana, ,V rMlIlorelmirl, allrl Fayette; as to
wJ¡jelt (1i/'Otl'id tite prodalllatioll /'Otaü·tl that no sndl retnrlls oí' tIte
elcetioll l!lld bl'C'1l n·!: .. i\'p([ llY tllt' (iC'(TPhn'y of tlw (J0Tl1111011Wl'alth as
wouIll, nllder the ('lee!ioll la\\:-s of tll(' Statt;, authol'Íze him to prodaim
tbe llame oí' auy }WI'ROll a,.; ha ying' ll(~ell r('flll'llet! (lnly el('de(} a Illelll her
01' the HOllse 01' Hepre";Plltatin's of the UlIited Sta tes fol' tJlUt tlistrict.
The Clerl~ 01' t.lw Ilonsl', fl)llolYillg' tite pl'odamat ion oí' t]¡e gO\-el'IlOI', in
rnaldng n]l tIle roIl 01' Illelllb!~l'''; oi' t he fOl'ty-tirst UOllgl'ess, llallled no
perSOll as lllCl1lUer eted fl'olll th:ü distl'iet, au(} tlte whole C[nestion was
hel!1 open fOl' the netioll uf the HOl1!:ie 01' ltqJreselltatin',.;,


1'11(' BOIl .• Johll Co\'ode :l!ldl he UOll. HClll',Y D. Po,.;t!·}' ]ll'esl'llted tltem-
selH~s -to t1le Bonse, eneh ('laiming' to lU1\-e bPl'll dnly eloded 1.0 repre-
SPllt tha! distl'id, :lml the wllOle lllntter \ya", Oll tll(' ,.;('conü day of April,
lSU!!, referl'(~{l hy the Honse to tite Cllllllllittec of EleetiollS by tite ¡'oI-
lowing- resolntloll :


Resoll'ed, Tha1. tll!' !:ollteste!l pketiOll case fl'Olll the tWl'nty-tif'st eon·
~ressiollnI distriet oí' l'ellll,;yIYllllia be r(,(~oltllllitü~<1 to the COllllllittep oí'
Ele(:tiollS with illstl'lletiolls to rl'port. npoll tlt" llll'l'its of tlw ease, wlto
is mtitled to n']ll'(,";l'lIt ,.;;¡id (listl'iet in tllh IlImse, with nntllOl'it,Y to
make I'eg'nlntiolls to gon>\'ll t]¡e Illolle pf eOllll1l(~tillg tlJe COlÜ('st aud
takill!!: tt·"tilllOlIY.
TIH~ Hou>1e aftm'\yar(l, llll tlw t;t1l of A]ll'il, I8GD, H(lopte\l the followillg


reguJatioll"; 1'01' t11e eo' <lid of tlw eoutt·/'Ot, llil<!er wltielt the elaimants
pl'ocee<letl tn take testilllO;¡,V :
" R';.1'l.!ati~)¡i,'f lo)' (:J!t'l'cUIt., tlw C'),\¿~(i~ «( td h 1.;¿.'(.1 r( ;li¡n )n'j ilt th:.; C()'ltc:-:ferl f.'!eGtiOil case fro'm


t/w 11I"('1I1.'I:tir"1 e0I1!!rC88iOlwl di"trid of 1'''''I/.,!/11'IIIIi", fo II'lti,.!t ,Jo!tit Cu,'ode (1/1(/ H6II/'y D.
[<'osfe/' are IJI(: partirs,
"Eadl uf tlt" daílllltnls sI mIl ~~rve l\]Jlllllhe otlt,.;, a ll:ltiet) of t11,' gro:lllrls ou which


he claims tlw s"at, hefol'<l .Tulle 1, Id,U, auLl aH all~wer to tlw llOtiCtl 01' híB OppOlhnt,
et'OI'<l .Tmw :W, l,UJ_




2 COVODE VS. FOStER.
e Baid eo,orle sball take his testimolly betweeu tbe first alld fifteellth uays, inclu~ivo,


of .TlIl~', Augnst, and 8eptember, 1869, alld said Foster sball tako bi~ tl'stimony !H,tWt\1'1l
thfl sixtef'Ilth alHllast ,Iays, inclusive, of thc samo mouths.


"Tlw statntory provisions regnlatiug ordinary cases of I'ontest ~llnJl apply to this
caso so fuI' as tbe same are (\onsistent with these regnlatiolls.


"All testimoll>- shall bu trausmitted, lindel' seal, by the offiel'rs bdol'!' wlmm the san",
~hall be t,aken, tu tlle Clerk 01' tbe Honae, at \Vasbillgton, so as to be re"eivefl by said
Clel'k befilrC\ th" 15th da~- of Octoher, 1f'H9, llP1'orp wllieh (by tlw notiees, answers, evi-
olene,', aUlI exhilJits in tlw case shall be Jiled with said Clerk; and tlw elerk nf the
Committee of Electiolls shall i1ll1llediately then'after arrangt' tlw pa,p,'rs tin' thOl Publi"
Printer, 3n<l causl; the 8al1W to he prilltetl befo re the 1st (lay ()f Nov"lllher, 18H9.


" The printed argumcllt, 01' tbe clailllants shall be til"fl wif,h tllE' Colltlllittcr, of };Iel'-
tiOH OH the first (by of tlw 11":; t ,,'ssion nf Congr¡;ss. ,.


The¡'efore re.901l,ed, That the foregnlllg regul:ttiulls nf tite COllllIlit,tco 01' Eleet,i()ll~ 1'01"
iOOIulnetillg tlle contest an,1 taldu¡.( tlw testilllfllly in tlw cOIl(e,ted el"elioll case üom tlw
twenty-first congressional ,listriO'.! nf Pt'llllsylvallia hó', antl tlw S:llll" ho,rl'hy ar,'. ;l,{]o]lte(l
1>y tbis honse.


Attest:
EDW. McI'HERt-\Oi'í, C'lel'k.


l<Jaeh of t,he partics SetTe(! UpOll tllP otller Iloti(,p of tlH' grOltn(IK llpOll
\Vhich he elaüned the seat, iu acconlallce witlt the ahoye reg'ulations, <lnd
ca.eh nlso su'\'ell an anHWCl' dellyiug tlll~ eharges eOIl tailled in tll(' IlOtiCP
of the other, alld thereafter eadl pal'ty too k ü'Ktitrlfmy ill Kllpport of tlteir
several elaitnR, ,,~ltich, with tIa' ]lrillterl argumcnts of t11(\ ¡¡arties, have
been Sllllmitted to thp (~omIllitt('('. 'rhe noticeN ahoye referred too to
gether with the answcrs of tlw parti(·s, fl'OlIl t heir great length are Ilot
insertca in thiR report, hui will be fOllad in thl' papel' bOllk at pagcs
7-16 alld 278-2\)2.


From thc eel'titieateK uf tlw retum jlldges of tl}!' Ken'raL eumltieK
eomposing this distrid, (\rhidl will be fOlllld in tIte' papel' book at pag(\R
152 alld 153, and whicll me aeeepted h~' 1I0th elaimants as eorrl'etly
C:ltating the result oi" t he rcturns from the sewra1 VOtillg preeinets in eaeh
eounty,) it appears that 1~),S07 yotes \Yere retuI'lleíl as east fuI' HenI'y D.
Foster, aud 13,7ü() for .Jolm Coy()(le, Rhowing npoll the returns H mnjority
t'or the-Íormer oí" 41 votes.


The e\'idence ofl:'ererl by 1he Bon. Hclll'y D. I,'ostcl' seelllK to establish
thnt three persons, to wit: Ed warel ;\leAlister, of J~airtield TOWIIShip,
'VestlIloreland Couuty; amI SalllllP] Falkem;tei1l, 01' Gerlllall rl'o\\'lI~
ship, and Daniel Delalley~ of BrilIge]lort BOI'ongh, hotlt ot Faj-ettp
County, were legal Yott~r8, alld that their \'oteH \YeTe n:jected hy the se\'~
eral boards of eleetioll of thOKl' 1Llealiti('~, a!l(I tha t thl'y \\,(mIli, il:' pP]'~
mitted, lIaye yoted for lIenry D. FostcL' f'or COllgTess.


It also seems to t'stabliKh 1 hat tw(~nty l'erKolls ,yel'p impropl'd~- Pl'r
mitted t,o vote at that l'Ü'CtiOll, amI wll() di(1 \,(lte fol' .101t1l (~()Y()(lP fol'
CongTess, WhOHf' ll:l tllPR, rpside¡'wes, amI the reaSOll \\'hy tlteir \'ot('s
should h~lVe been re;jected, ,,,ill apppar t"rOlll tltl' f()llowillg' b¡},!e:


Namr.


~,'.\ \T,T1"E ('Ol'STY.


JHartin Lntz. __
.r :H~oh flallt1t'I'S. _ .....
~il'imF\ "Tdb._


r'Il:Ulltll\\ Ii 1~:lr~)llf.!h
('o!JUt,!i ..... dlL .
V:t,\-pllt> ('i1\-.


~nfll'ew llahl. !\(ll'tlt 1l1\llt:l)!..:.1oiJ
"aeob l\Iart7. .. _ ... _ PI'lln ]~4,nlll:"::']:'
.J. J\..L Ch~mellt~... 'Yai-ihingt')J¡'
Aarol1Jt'tt'rit'~o o o .. ~_. XOl'tllll11IlEIl;.;',jr¡'l
BPllllctt Yallliil'k. o •• ~ •••••• }{oHtra\·t'l'.
SpUl'kli Cooper.. . ..... do ....
\Vlllia.m Na\" ... ~.""" o _ •••••••••••• do ..
·"Villiam R. "Snydl..'l'. Holin;(" ... ,.


;,I ¡nol
. ... do ..
;';lln-r,'·~iil·nl


_: !/;-, ~~~j, :l"l", ;;'2:1, :l:~O
;~;2\ )
:1;\1)


XO:¡-I·I·:--illl~l!t ...... i
..... til) 'I).J, :~~;!, ~1,:) o)¡,) .• kd


;:71,·1:3":
'11ti
'¡~I,nl.,j:n


4:,21
4:~~


417, >144', -14;;


~ri!lOr
~ oll-rl':-ddt'll+~


... do
elo


};P"l'O
Yotf·t! t.Wii~




COVODE VS. FOSTER. 3


Name. I'lace of YOtillg. rUegality. Evidence.


--1 - ----!------
ISDIAXA CÜUNTY.


i
.Iohn Mullen. __ ... -..... _1 ~ahzlml'g' __ .. -_o- ____ o Minor __ _
~~I~YW~~~bffl:~~~::::: ~ ~ --~ ~ ~ _ ~~~~~~oM.~l~~~~~~.- ...... ~ .-. _____ . __ . ~i~~~a~·~'_t.~~ t.aA
GooJ'ge R. Bohler .. __ . _______ . CcntBr TOWllshi)1. _____________ . NOll-l'e~iidel1t. ___ _
George 'v. Kephnrt. _______ 1 C11PI'l'y Hill. ___________________ . Millor - -_
Calvin Hall ...... _ .... _." ___ .! Washington Township. _____ . __ . _____ .üo __ . _. __ _
.James McQuolln .. _._. _____ ~I ).,Torth ~{¡lhouillg ___ .____ _.do.
David Proctor. _ _ _ _ . __ .. 1 G:r(~E'rle .N egro. __ _
AdamBowe~s_ .. _____________ ! Bl'n~h Vallf'y ___ .. _ _ _ ~on-assC's.smeIlt. --1


383
4:l4,446
434 435
437: 438
4~B, 4~n
44U,441


441
442,443,447
44~


Adding the then llrst mentionctl yotes t,o tIloso retnrned for Henry D.
Poster, aJl(l suhtraetillg tlle twellty last mentioned from those returned
fol' JOl111 Covodo, wil! make tlle majority 01' the former sixty-fonr.


'1'0 overcome this majo1'ity it is claimed on tile part of ,;\11'. Oovode-
1. That the clltire poll oí' Dun har TOWllShip, in Fayott.e COUllty, should


be excluded.
2. That tll(~ eutire polI of Youngsto"'ll distl'iet, in \Vestmoreland


COl1nty, s!tonl(l 00 cxclndcd;
3. Tltat a l~ollsideI'able !lumbel' 01' paupel'S frolll the }loor-honses of


\Vestmorelantl al\(l Fa:l'ette Counties 'Yere ill1p1'opcrly perlllitted to vote
in tIte tOWIlS who1'c thosc poor-honses w('l'l~ situated, and wllere it is
e1aimell thev lmtl 110 residellCe ; and th¡¡t they votell fUI' ]VII'. Foster.


,1. Tbat n' largo lllllllhel' of aíimls, illlportecl men, nOll residonts of tlle
distriets wllel'c tlH'y yote(l, alll1 lnnatieo-1, \Yere ÍllIpl'Operly permitted to
votl" am1 <litl votp fOl' .JIt'. F()~ter, alld also that yotes ,vere improperly
eoulltf'd to 11im.


¡jo 'l'hat YOÜ'S olÜ'rpll hy qualitiefl YOV')'" fol' .lo1m Covode were im-
properly rejecte<1.


These claims will he comü(lercd in the Ol'llt~I' in ",IJich tlley are statcd.
1. \Vhile it is \Vell psfahlislted that mere neglect to pertOl'lll <lirectorJ~


reqniremellts oí' the law, 01' IWrfOl'lnallCe iJl a mistaken mallllor, wlH'l'o
there is HO haü failh and no harm has accrned, ,vill.instify tlle rejection
of au entire po]], it 18 eqnally wdl settled that. ,,-hore tIle proecel1ings are
so tarnished h.y fraudulellt, 01' lleg'ligent, 01' irnlll'Oller cO]]ll\1ct OH tho part
oí' tite officcl'S, as that tite '1'(>snlt oí' the electioll is rem1cred unreliable,
the cutire retul'lls will he rc:jede(l, arul tlw pal'ties left to makc such pl'oof
as tlle,\' may oi' yote¡l l('gally cast fol' tltcm.


In ~rann es. Oassí(ly, ] Brewster, Ponll. R., GO, Thompson, P. ,1., sa.ys:
"\Vhen t11e condnet oí' tlw eleetioll offieers is such as to destrov tlle in-
tegrity oí' tite ir l'etlll'ns, aIH1 to ayoill tite prima fiwie chal'acter which
they ought to bcar ao-1 C\'Í(lÜllCe, 11tH' aUl1 adequate proof mnst he de-
manded oí' eadl yote relied OH.· 'f!lis rule lIU1y opf~rate seyerel,r upon
an illllOCCllt candida,te; hnt lIot ltis l'ights alone, hut those oí' tItA whole
poople, are jeopal'ded by falsehoo(l:,; 01' il'l'!~¡.!;lllarities oI' a 'fiagrallt, char-
acter,' whcu we look in YHin fol' t1wt good faitll anll integl'it.y who:,;c pres-
en ce is potent to saye frolll lIlH1el'sigucd slips Ol' eyen grayo omissiolls."


The sallle doctrine \Yas aftennt.nls affil'llletl by tIte Ramo comt in tlle
case oi" Thompsoll I'S. E\Viug', 1 Brew~ter, (¡¡-by the eourt of COm111011
pIeas of Phila<lelpltia, in tito C~lse 01' \V eayer vs. Uiycn, 1 Bl'owster, 140-
hy the eOltlIuittPll oí' tile leg'Í;.,lntul'C of POllllsylv<Lllia, in tlle case of
TlIayer t'8. Grccnballk,l Brpwstcr, l:)!}-hytlle pl'escnt Honse oI' I~epre­
Rentatives aml tlle ]1l'eRcnt Committl'Ü of Eiediolls, in tlle case of .M.rers
/'8 • .:\Ioft'ett, in \l'ltidl tlw committce, in tlll'ir rC]1ort, say that "iu sncb
cases llot ollly State ronrts lmt h'gi:,;latul'l't' alld Congress ha.ye lIot hesi-




4 COYODE VS. FOSTER.


tated to declare tIJo ,,~hole po11 yoid amI of 110 effeet, except as tú Sllll11
vote8 a8 eitlu'I' pa!'t~~ eilOose8 to f\a YC', lJypl'oof of tlteil' legillity." 1 B1"eIYs-
ter, 24ü. 'rIJo ,,~hole groulHl has becll stiU more recolltl~- carefully
rede,w'd, alld this dodrine f\uf\taÍllPd b,\- tlw COlllt oi' COIIIIIO!l pIcas of
Philadelphia, ill the cOllteste(1 elt,ctioll case8 g'l'OWillg' out of tllP eleetion
fOl' eity ofticel'B in Philadelpl1ia, in lSG8.


In tlw eleetioll at DlIubal' 'l'OWllShip, tlw .in(1ge HJl{1 OliO im;pedor-a.
lllfljorit.r of the boanl-wel'c llclIlocl'atic. Unc ins]lcetor ,ras a l"cpnb1i~
call. Sorne di ffi cuIt y OCCUlTl'd in timling the ballot~boxe~, which hall
bet'll d"j)osite<1, it \Tfluld S(,(,lll, at all ll11mHUI] pllwü after lh\' pl'PtP(lillg
spring eleetion, amI the el('ction was 0P('II('11 abont llille o'doek iu tIte
lllol'llillg by l1siug a hat ma1 eigar box iu "lti!:h to reeeiyo UH' yot('S, in
the ah8l'nCe am1 ",itllOn! tite as"t'llt oí' tlw ]"elmbliean im;¡leetol', (pHge
26.) 'rhe hox and ltat \Yere opell, HlIÜ pIaced l1pOll the \Yilldo\V~sill, 01' a
sbelf hy tIle Willdo\\" tllroUg]¡ ,,"bidl tlle Yotl'S \n'I"P n'(~('in~d, ami ]lPl'SOllS
other than memhers oí' thc board \yere perlllitted ill the rOOlll \\"herí' tIte
votes were n'cpiyed, amL were upar tlw l!oxps, alHl \r('n~ pas;>iug" in alld
out at pleasure durillg the day, (18, 21, 2n, JOH.) Tlte!'e \Yas gwat lloise
and confnsion in the rooul, (lS.) ''''hiNky \\w, kept ill t!w room amI
l1('ar the lJallot-boxes, amI ü'epl,Y drallk hy all tlw lllellllH'l"s (Ir the board,
amI by tlte dcmocratic club, aml also by otltcr ]larties 'who ('aliJe illto tite
room, (18, 1U, 20, lOU.) l'crsons Hude!' tite illiÍlWlH:Ü o[ lIqno!' eame in
frolIl the ontsille, (2H7.) A uottle oí' w Itisk~' tel1 i"1"01ll the IH)('ket oí' oue
of the inspedon; of olectioll, amI \nlS bl'okl'll, amI a coutrilHitlOll was
taken up amollg tite oflie('1's of the ('IC'dioll alHl allot1l(~r pllj'('lwsed, (lS,
20.) A scuflie for tile posse~sioll oí' (lile hottle of ,,,hisk,Y too,k plaee in
the room "'llere yotes \\"('1'P ]'(>('cin'd, ami within a few f"C'et oi" tlw boxcs,
participaten in by a nnmber of ]JC'rsoIl8, (21.) The 1l1ll01lllt (ji' 1¡(Jlln!' lIad
there, one witness sayR, ,ras about haH a gallnu, (1 OD.) 'rlw <1el!l(wratic
inspector, :\IeCnlloug-h, ",110 reeeiH'(1 tite, Yot(':-; at tlw \yillÜO\Y thp g-l'eater
part of the time dlll'iílg thp Iby, (:.W,) an<1 \dlO",e yig'ilance ',Vltile so 1'0-
ceiying them was the pl'illtipa1lll'otl'l'tioll ag'aillst iutCl'Ü'n'llco with tlte
ba1l0ts whieh liad llec1l '\'ott'<1, c~peeilll1y dlll"illg" t1w fin-d tm) ltOUl"S in
whieh Yote8 continlled to be l'eeei\-cü ÍlI tho IIat amI cigal' hox, lwcllllle
ver,r much excite!l with li(}llOl', \\"a~ rnd\' ami boistel'ous, ('nrsiJl{2: anll
swearing, shonti1lg" to persow; olltsi(h> of tite "'iudo\y, aJl(l thl'llstillg his
hearl ann arm out oí' the \yindow, am1 8hontillg fol' the delllocratie ean~
didates. (18, 20, lOn.) \VlIile so sitllaü'(], he would seem to hayo beeu
equally unfitted, by his l'ositioll aml his cOll(1ition, fl'Olll eWrdt'lÍllg proper
care over tlw <:olltellt:> of tite lJoxps, espeeially frolll pel'SOUS 011 tite
iusido, where democratic tic1~('ts~ othl'l" tlIan tltose \\"lIidl lIad l)pen vote!!,
were deposited, and \Yel'e isslle!l to lwrsolls illilidr oí' tl1(', rOOlll, (~l.)
More tban one witnes8 jll'C8cut t('stlfies tlIat ballots eoulrl ha ye b('(,ll l)Ut
in 01' taken out of the l:at Hlld c-ig-nl' hox ,,,hile !lPillg- lISf'!! to I'eeei,-e
votes at that elpetioll, (21, 110.)


Challellg('s wC're (lisrC'ganlell. ,). H. J¡yel'~, 1\1 artill D. Pupe, l,V.illiam
.T. Martin, Thonuul P. vValkel', nllll orhel'R, t(,~itif,\" t,ltat tltp,Y dIalll'llg-ed
different persu!ls offerillg tI) Yote, amI tlleil' <:1tall!'llg'es \H're di:-:rC'g-ar(led,
and in 80me in.stauees laughed nt by tlte d,:>mlwratic illSpedol' I'P('cidllg
the vot"8; and tlle votes \H're n'epiy('(l. llOt,\\ithstn1Hlillg tllP ehallellgl',
and without tIlo parti('s heillg S\YOl'1l. Iu ¡':OllW ea s!':>, \\"IH'n~ olJjeetion
was made oa the gronnd of aliellag'¡~, a1l(l papel's \\'ere IJl'eSl'ltt('(l by i.\w
voter, the vote \Vas reeeive(l witltOllt tlw P~lJH'I'S hpill,!!: Opelll'!l, m1l1 \\"ith-
out any examinatioll by tite illspettOl' jo astPrt,aill PitlteI' tltpil' dmra('tBl'
01' their genuinCnes8, (:W, 21, 2;}, 2í, 28, lOD.)


Onl' Kplley. when ehallpllg-ell, }ln'''l'lltcd ;1 hott!p of \\"hisk.\. ;;;nylng"




COVODE VS. FOSTEi1. 5
that ",as his jmperE:;. He aftc]'w:ll'(t,; \ras bl'ought again Í\) the polls alllI
presented pretellded 1HltllraJizatio]) papp]'i'\, :l1ltl ¡lis yote ",ns l'eeeiveu,
(20, lOO.) lI(' \Yas ('Xalllillt'd, dlll'ing this iIn-estig'atioll~ :11Hl s"ore that
he ,ras lljlOIl a (hu]) kell i'\¡¡rpp :ü t he tilllG of tlli8 eketioll, amI hall no
IwO\rle<1g'e or rl'coIlediull "llfltevel' ofhaving' been pn'sellt at that elec-
tion; :111([ flU'thpl', tlmt lln had llPyer b('en llatul'alized, amI Jwd never
lw(] any llatnralizatloll pa]wrs, (;)S.) Othpl'i'\ yotpll llJWll papel' i'\11O"'1l to
llave lwell ü'alldulent, whie]¡ míS gl'p<ltl.,- fneilitated by t1le sligllt eXUlll-
inatioll, 01' entil'Ü Ilegll>(~toí' (>xalllill::tioll oi' pallPI's. \"hiel! SpelLli'\ to 1Ia,'e
c1wnwtel'ized t]¡e COlltlll<:f ni' t he bo:m1.


\\'J¡ilp tite Yolillg ill !lw hai aml ei¡.:::!r box ,,'[lS ~'et going OH, OlIO \Vil-
liam :\¡('[)owell lIlHl'c]¡e41 :l (:Oltl]llllly ot' thil'ty m' i(H't~- pPl'i'\OllR fl'Olllll'ish
TO\Yll, lIlostly stl'llng-el's, ill military orl1('1', to tjw pollf\, ,y]¡ere tlley oeeu-
pied the space in fl'Ollt. of tite wilHlo\\- "heL' yo tes \Yero l'ecei\'erl, al1d
held it. lllltil thc eOlllpally had yott'(1, ;1u(1 in SIH:ll a lWIIlllPt tllllt it "'as
\'er:, tlitlienlt to ehnlh'llg'u t]¡P!lJ; they \H'H', ]¡O\YCYCJ', fre{]uelltly chnl-
lenged, lmi, lhei'\'; ('ltallplIges \H'TP dii'\l'l'gai'(lpd, anrl llO atJelltiol! paid to
tIH'ID, (2(;, 28, ]~ID,) III tllis (,olllpan,\' \\'e1'(, qnite a 11l1mheT' nf persollS
",110 had lwell illlpol'trd frOlll l'itti'hlll'g, 011 Satllnlay, tlw ;;ü dayoí'
Ol'tober, tlle la:st dH~' Oll \rhieh tll{'Y eOldtl he H:ssessed to "ot(' at tilat
electioll, aIHl \\'110 h;u] lWl'll nssesf\ell impropl'l'l,r hy }[OSPf\ POlte1', tlle
nssf'Si'\Ol' of tlJe to\\'mihi]l~ Ü'0l1l :l. liKr, flll'lli~.;hp(1 hilll by ,JOhll H. SlIlitlJ
amI \YílIimn 81)('p1'K, ,,,110 liad ]W('ll COlH'('l'lle(1 in t!JcÍr Ímportation, witIl-
out t[¡pir lw1'sollal applieatioll in ltilll, alle! \\'ithout his eH,1' ha\'Íllg' scell
t]¡Pl1l, lllH], if SlIlirh ii'\ to hl' 1wlil'''('(], :lfh'l' hiK time to llIake assessments
ior the Oetoher t'leetioll had eXlli),t'I1, en, ;,,1, 7·1, tl:3, :!Utl.) Tlle presenec
01' thp~p illlll0l'tPlI Yott'l'S in t Iw t oWll.~.lJi II \Yas kllf)\\,ll to t he frip.uds of
.Mr. COYot1l', lmí: tl)('i]' lmrpose to pl'en'lIt the ."Hu'ess of tlle sclleme ,yal'
prewllted h . ..- themal1llero1.tll(.il.Yotill.!!. .• amI the disl'l'garü of e]¡al!Pllges
by tlw hwml, (7H.)


From ",bat llas b('eH Kairl, it ,yil! Bot he sm'pri"ing to leam, wltat is ÍlI
eyidPIWe ill 111f' ('ai'\t', t Iwt 110 !le II 10 ('l'ati(' y()t~, mis n:je(~tf,d hy tlln hoanl
that da,)', (110.)


A little arter p]e\'ell, amI artl'l' nlJont one IllllH]retl aHIl JUh- yoteR had
hpen polJt>(l, t]¡p regular hallot-hoxpi'\ \H'l'(~ ohtailll'(l, m)(l tht; yotes "ere
t.ransü'1'red to thp!U from fIJe ]¡at amI eigar hox hy the demoeratin inspec-
tor, (20.)


\Vilen tlw YOÜ'i'\ wme bt'illg 1:01111tl'(1 ill the e\'t'llillg, the llellloeratic
clerk was taken sick, alld \Yi]jiam Speers was asked to take his place,
and without being R\Yorn first as elpl'k, llutil t!w closp oí' tiw COllut, (25.)


Ou couuting, six hnllots ,n're {ou!I(1 in tIte hoxeK !llore tban tlle llames
of pPTsons baying ,'oLell 011 the tnll'y-lii'\ts oí' 111e clm'k, ",Ilidl agreed,
and ouly oue ¡lel'HOll is KIH)\\'1l to han' ,'otl'tl ",hoi'\p lIalllü iK I10t 011 t11e
Hst, (18,300, :\01.)


'1'he use of tlw hat antl eigm' hox, thp trallsfpl' of the ballot8 from them
;'0 the regular boxes wIJen reeeiyell, and the permitting SpC't'rs to act as
clcl'k withont heillg SWOl'lI, wai'\ eOlltl'fll'y tu tbe pn.\'ÍKiollH oí' tlw eledioll
1:1\\'s oí' PClIlIsyh';llIia, (EIl'dioll Laws, §§ ~~, :¿0, allll :38.)


To allo'" pe1'SOllS otl[('1' than ottiel'l'K oí' tbe t>leetioll to enter the room
:~n ",llieh fiJe,r wl'1'p perfol'lIIillg tllpir duíil's ii'\ hehl, in '1']¡OIllPSOT\ '1:8.
E",illg-, 1 nI e\Yster 1:1'p., 110, to be decitlt'lllyünprojwr; ",hile the not
¡'e{]uirillg- ]>l'oof 01' lInturali;m1Íoll, amI rÍ'fn:sillg toillyestigat(\ ehalleuges,
01' to cOlltlllet thp "ketioll ill sm:h a l)Jailllt'1' as to ]H'C\'ellt ehallplIges
ÍJeillg made :llHI passed 011, are de(',lared l>y Allison, P .• T., in gh'ing tiíe
,ilHI.!tlllPlIt of tllp (~(llll't ill tlln (~()jjteKtpdpketi()lI eai'\es oí' lMli7, (1 Brew8ter,




6 COVODE VS. FOSTER.


174,) to be not violative of directory requirements merely, but particu-
lars which are absolutely esselltial to a <lue elpction.


From alI the ovidonce, 1 think we must conclllde that tho roturns 01'
'8nch HU election are too unreliable to be received, and as neither party
has attempted to prove ",hut yotes were cast fOl' him' at that election,
that tbe whole polI of Dunbar Township must be rejected.


2. Tbe cOllsideration of the case oi' tIte YOllllgsto"n district, oí' Unity
Township, vVestmoreland COlluty, makcs it necessary that "O shonld
refer to the duties of assessors uuder the laws oí' Pellns,rlvania, in pre-
pal'ing lists of persons entitled to \'ote at eh~ctions in that State. By
those laws, it is made the dnty of the COUllty eommissioncrs, on or
before the first day of Angl1st in e:lch year, to cause to be deli '-ered to
the assessors oí' each \Vanl, towllship, boronglt, OJ' (listriet, in tIleir
counties, a certified list, alphabetically arranged, oi' aH the taxablo
persons retllrned at tIle last eOllut,r assessmeut, copies oí' whieh list it is
the duty of the assessor, 011 01' before the 20th day oi' Angust in each
year, to make and pnt np in at lrast 1.\\'o lluulie plaeps oí' tile district,
one of which mnst be tlte place oí' holding gelleral pleetiolls. It is th(~
further dllty of t110 assessol' to keep a copy 01' this list in hi:-; own pORses-
sion, subjeet at aU reasona ble tillles to illspeetioll without charge, and
also, "at any snch time ten days hefore the seeolHl Tnesday or Oetobm'
in each year, '¡¡pon the persoJ/al application (!t ally person,i. e., white
freeman, as afore:,¡aid, claúnill.lJ to be ({sscs.wx/ 'lcitllhi t/wi.1' proper n'arel,
township, m' district, 0'1' claimill[/ a J'i[jltt tOt'otc thercin, as bcín[/ belu'cen
the a!le uf tu'enty·ollc ((Jl(Z tlCClliytwo ycal's, ((¡ul J¡(win[/ rel!ided in tlw 8tafc
one year, to entcr thc lWIIICS (!t sl/eh PC¡'80JlS lIJlon t111~ said li,~t in tlteir
p08sess1:on."


'fhe assessol'S are fnl'thel' l't'(lllil'(~d to make out, dnplieate eopie:-; of
thcse lists-that is, of tIle originül li::;t certified to tltelll frolll tIte eonnty
commissiollers, with tlw additiollS 11uuIe hy thplllseh'es-allll, at least
eight days before the St~eOllÜ Tnes(!ay oi' Oetober in paeh year, to (~el'­
tify, sign, aml delÍ\~er one of theso dnplieates to the COllllty commis-
sionel's, who shall üIe the salllc in t!tpil' ofikp, amI tile other d llplicate
tlle assessors :11'e reqnircd "to lwld and to hmul orer, 1cit/wut altemtion
01' ac1dition, to one oí' tlle inspectOl's of election of their ]11'opf'r eJedion
distriet, on 01' before eight of tite ('Ioek itl tlle lIloming oí tite seeollll
Tues(lay of Octouer, in eaeh .rea1'." T1tat tlw additions to tIte list to he
made by the assessors are to be ollly of sllch as personally applied to
be assessed, appears 1I0t only ti'om t1le plain langnage of tho law, as
aboye quoted, hut also frolll tlle faet, tlmt tIte next seetion pl'o\'i<los
that the asseSRor sltall, OH \Yl'itillg tite llames oí' tlw lwrsons elaiming
to be assessecl, fortll1cith leyyaud assess OH sneh persolls, unless ue-
tweon the age oí' twpnty-olle ami tweut,ytwo yenl'R, sllch an HlllOUllt of
eounty tax as by law is levied nnd assossed OH taxahle illhahitants ol'
likc standing and oceupatioll, and gi n, a certifieate of su eh assüssment
to the pason 80 assesscd, whieh emtitieate iR tlle autltol'ity to t110 col-
lector to reeeiye the tax, and to giye a rl'ceipt the1'cfo1'. Tlle asse:-;:;or is
fmther required to attelld nt tlle plaee oí' holding eaeh genera 1, speeial,
and township deetioll, durillg' the \\'1101e time :-;aid eledioll is kept open,
fuI' tIte pnrposo of gi "ing, when cnlleü llpOll, to tlle illspeetors aHfl jIHlge,
any information he lll:ly possess itl l'l'latioll 1,0 the l'igltt 01' auy persotl
assessed by thClll to yote nt sneh electioll, exeept that whell tilo tO\\'ll-
ship is diyideü into more tban Ollfl eh·(·j,ioll dist,rid, he must attclHl in
tlle district of his residellce. (Eledioll Law;.; of Pa., l'ages 23-:25, ~ees.
11-1(;.) Uules:::: asse::::sed as aboye, no per,,;oll ha:::: a l'lght to yote in




COVODg VS. FOSTER, 7
Pellnsylvania, uuless npon IlÍs O\Yll oath to bis qualificatiolls, ami that
01' at least one other person, that he has rcsidcd t(,11 days in the district.
(Id., p. 33, seco 4~,)


These laws make a complete amI exceUent systelll of registration.
[n the carly part 01' the year, wheu no political excitementis likely to
be prevalent, alld for purposeH oi" taxatio11 a1011e, a li"t of aU the taxa-
hle persons in each towns1lip is p1'epared 01' eorrecte(l by t1lc assessor,
""nd filed with tlw eouuty commiilSiollf'rs. As the time fol' election
approaches, a copy of thi" list, aIphabetically arraugerl, is sent to the
aSHessors, copies of which must be by them, ut least as earIJ- as the
20th of AIlg'ust, ('oIl8pieuously posted in eaeh distriet, and one kept by
themseIn's aIso for pubIic im\peetioll; ami npon the personal applica-
tioll nf an.)" pe1'soll, thf'y are to en ter his name upon the list, and assess
bim as ahove stated. This pel'sonul applieation enables tite aRseRsor
to id('nti(v th(' perSOll making sueh elaim, to illquire into itR justice,
illld prepares him to giH' reliable informatioll on the dar of e1ection to
tllC inspectors aJl(I j1HIge, as to whethel' tlw per:-lOn prescnting himself
is tlle sanl(' lwrsoll \VIlO wa" by him assess('d, aHIl other matters perti-
'.lent, amI important to bp ill!] nil'f'd in!o, A frauduIent daimallt wnuld
rJesitat·(' tn present him:-;elf personally to the a;;;sps;;;ol' to make his
tl'autlulellt elaim rOl' ass¡';;sment, 01' to the eleetion board, when his
i\lailllS wonltl he lile"l,V to !JI' expll;;¡,tl (11] JJis heillg' 1'.I)]]ft'lmted with the
assessor. At t1le SnJllü till\p, tlw Iist pla('ed in tIJe halHIs oi' tIte commis-
,.,ioller ato 1east ('ig'ht dayH hpf'or" tIJe eleetioll, al\{l to which he cau make
:10 additions umll'l' seve1'í' plma1ties, (E1pction .LlLWH, 40, RPn. 7;),) makes it
,mposHible for t1w aHSl';;SOJ' tn add an,\' llames to tite list rcmaining in
:lis pOHSf'HHioll, after its completioll ten da~-f; hefore the e1eetion, without
the ep1'taint-y of detpf·tioll, Hhonl11 jnqnil',v he nlll(le allfl tlH> liHts com-
pared,


The township oí' lT nit.\ is t1ivitlcll iuto three eleetio!l distriets, oí' which
YouUgstOWIl is 011(', in whieIJ (listriet TJE'wis liJisamall, t11e assessor of the
~O\m, did not r('¡.;ide, Fl'olll his mvn tf';;tilllon~' (pages ~16-~18) it appears
t.Ilat he made ahont Ol1P 111111dn~r1 a11ll t,,"Plltv-tive additiolllll aSSPHSllH'uts
Lll tlle towIlship in] 808, oí' w]¡ieh nt least tltirty-nine were malle in YOUllgS-
(own üistrid, altltongh, frolll rile testimony 01' ,Jesse ChamberH, CWl,) it
wonld seelll t1la t II t lellst fi ft,Y ll(111i tiollal asset-'smellts we1'e marle i 1l Youngs-
tOWII. 01' tIJe t1lil'ty-11illE' mlrlitioll:ll u,;,;eiismellts t.estified to by hirnself,
~o ,,,ir. thiJ'ty at tllP IIII)J)as!pl'\ 0[' Ñt. \~illeelll HllllllÍLW al t]¡e eOllvent
urar hy, t\H~lItY-l'ig-IIt, I'l'l't:lill\\, of t1lOsl' asspss,,(I fl'OIll tIle monastcry-
aud prolJUhly tlt(' wIwlp IlllIll h('I', amI :1 part al so 01' t11O:>-:(> frúlll the eOll-
n~I1t-,,'pl'(~ aH:-:,I's~('11 ",it]¡Ollt :llIy PPl'SOIl,!l Hpplil'atiOlI, alltl "'ithont any
lmowleL1gl' OH j¡itl part of tlll' 1)f'l'tlUllS ;;n aSS('S5l'tl, 01' ilH]lliry as to their
~'ight to he aSS<lsspt! nI' rD ,ot<>, 'fiJat 1w nll¡](,J',~to()ll that tlw la,\' rnrlllÍl'f\d
a personal llpplicat.iulI to llilll k·tÚl'l· S111·h 1I1111itiOllal ,IS';PS'II1Cllt conld be
:nade by hilll, apppal's fl'OI!L tlle fado ns t{':-::tiíi('(l to by J ollll StCYCWWIl,
i, 107,) Hlul llot eOlltl';lllidl'd, tlwt ]¡p l't'ÚlS,'Ü to a";8(',..,'; 1 YO (,l'ippled sol-
diers withont theil' 1 ll'l'SOll<i 1 apP('~ll'Hll('I', s;lyili!-!, tllar h(~ e0l1lll11ot a:'lsess
tliclIl ulIIess t1w'y ap]JI'aret! pel'';OllHlly,


1'111' tpstilllony o!' tltis lI~";j'';SOI' ftll'tl](·l' slw,,"s tlwt lH· üillllot Ileliver
tll tlH' ('Ollllty (,'OllllUis,:ioH(']':-; a ('('rtiTié'll, 01' HIl,Y, ('opy of the asscssment
¡¡st, illl'lllllillg- tlll'sP <!ll<litiollal :I";"P";SIIII·11t" 1tl:Hh· by h1m, eight days
l)et'oI'P tJl(' s('('oIll1 l'nps¡lay oí' Odohpl', ,(s l'f'ljllil'eü h.l' la \Y, 1101' at, aU
u2¡til aftcr th(' f'1l'etioll, 1t further apjlPill's tItat }I(' üid uot fnrnish 01'
hand OYel' to tlw illíi]lf'dOl's oí' pIp(·tioll iB Younglitowll district any eopy
of t,his Iist 011 the llIoruing 01' tlH~ da,y of ('ketion DI' at any other time.




8 COVOllE VS. FOSTER. ~~ (
1t wunld seelll íÍ'01l1 tIJe testimony of Eismnan, uud nIso of Joseph C~ \


vVest, (;35G,) t1lnt more thall ten (layR before the e1eetioIl the former pnt 1:
up in th(~ tayern of the Iatter, at whiclt general eIedions were helrl in
that district, a papel' purporting to be a list of atlditional aSReRsmellts;
and, sume oí' the JlallWS ueill¡::' founu to ue spelled wrong, he afterwHl'ds
gave 'West a corred cOP,V. This Iast, 11OíH'ver, was more than ten days
uefore th(~ eIeeti ,11, for \Vest sweal'S tllat tlle last llame \mR put OH it by
t11e assessor on the eYelling uf thc e1cn'nt1l day lJetiwe tll(': ele<:tion. This
paper, together with a copy of t11e originallist t'rol1l the COUllt,Y eommissioll'
ers, ",hieh liad been posted at this taveru lllOl'e than thirty da,)'s bef'ol'e the
election~ waR taken frOlll the bar·room "all OH tIte 1l10rIling oí' t,11e day of
electioll by \Vest alllll\IeAtee and tnken illto tlle eleetioll room, mlll, af¡
uppcars frolU the testimony oi' lllellÜlCl'S uf tite buunl, was lH-,eü <Iuri ug
the day as tIle legal assessment list of the üi~triet, and was tite ollIy listo
in tlle hnlHls oí' 1,11e hoard that day.


Strallgely ellongh, this list, whiell, if a legal paper, "Itonld by law hayc
be en presel'ved to be nsed nt the No\'embel' eleetioll, (Electioll La",s, p:
33, seco ,1)1,) disappear", with tIw do~e ot'the eleetion alHllJas 1lC\'cr hren
seen sinee, (348;) a11(l, ef]na])~' strnllgel~', ufter tlle electioll was'on'r ami
his authorit~, in tlle lIlatter WUR :lt HU cud, this as~essor was ag-ain at the
monastery, as apllears frolll tue testiltlOl:y of its ahhot, (~18,) to obtaill
anew the list of additional assPSS!ll('llts, alld nt tite X ovem ber e1eetion
the board W:lR in possessioll oí' a, lif-it \y]¡ieh 1Ill1Rt lmnl beE'1l prepared
ufter tJ¡e October eleetioll allÜ \\'itllOllt :l11thority ot' la\\'. 'rhe eOlltellts
of this papel' Hi-ied ai tlle OctolJt'r p!l'dioll as a Úst 01' additional assess·
ments Tlowltere appenr,;; Imt it l1o('s allPpar tltat it \Vas (~()lIlplailled ot' a¡;¡
not being' full, (347.)


'ro reeapitulatp: rrIte aSi-iessol' a¡.;se,.;sr<l llPl'S()!li:-\ wllo ma(le !lO prr~ollal
application tn Itilll. tOlltraly tD th(~ la\\'j thc llames uf tite pcrsolls ~o
assesscd 1)(' <lid 1I0!: ente' npOll tl\(, li~,t ill ¡lis !loSSCS,;iOll, as l'eqnirc(l by
law, hut UllOIl a fiPpal'ate picte oí' JI,!] H'l', ,,,llidl \\'a", uot a legal asst'ss·
mentí nor did 11(' fnrlli,.;h nlly eopy ot' this to tite cO!luty (~Ollllnis~üoll·
ers at ally time hef'ore tlle electjo]], llOl' to tlte illspector" of electioll 011
01' befol'e 8 o'e1oek in titE' forelloOll uf ilw (lay oí' dedioll, as req uired hy
law. AH these pl'oyisiolls ot' la\\' nn: uot flil'cetory lllcJl'ly, ¡mt lll:tll,
datar,)', aud ent'oreed by SPYcn' pPll:dtiE'i'. (Elpetioll La m" p. 4:?, see.
85.)


But whether tIle HRseS"llHmt mnde by Ei"mnall \Ya~ a legal assessment
01' uot, (an<1 \Ve thiuk !lO leg'al ai:-\SPSi:-\llH'llt \Yas ¡,;!tOWIl to llaye beeulllnde,)
the failnre oí' Eisaman to flll'll¡slt to thE' ills]ll'etori:-\ a ('opy of tite ¡ist hall
the sume t'ffect, so 1'ilr as tltat p!petloll was clJIleel'ue(l, as tllOng'll no
asse8sment ,,11ate\,pr hall lWi'Il11UHk.


The law 01' PeuBsylvania is exp:idL tlI;¡t \\'1U'll the llame of the pel'son
eoming to ,'ote is llot t'oUJl(l 011 tlw li,.;t flll'llislH'tl hy the tOlllllli~si()llel'S
orassessor the hoanl must examiJle him lJIHlel' oatil as to his (lua.lilica·
tions, aud he lIlu~t prove by at le:l,,~ O:LC witlll'~';, who ItlLlSt be a. fJlmli.
Í"led elector, that he has 1'(',.,itlc(l in thn (listl'iet at lpast U'1l da,)'s llext.
il1l111ediately prcceding' tlle <'leetíon. (E,ledioll Iúl \\'S, ;¡;{, Sl'e. ,1~, ~ pa1'.)
553, 580-:-1.) That law t'nl't!tpl' p1'O\'i<l<,,, tlwt ii' all,\' ins¡lPetol' 01' jmlge
shall reccive thc llame oí' any pl'l'Stlll \Y lJO"l~ 1l:lIlW sllall IlOt he retnrlled
on tite list fUl'llished by tite cOllllwissiollás (jI' 1188CSSO/', witltout Ül'st l'eqnirillg'
the e,idence direeted hythead, tite pL'I'SOIl olTt'.I}(lillg' "hall ollcO\1\'ictioll
be fined not le88 tllan íifty 1101' more thau t",'o lnmr1l'ed duliaJ'~. (Elcdioll
Ija\\'s, 41, seco 81.)


The as"essor lmving failetl to fLlmí"lL tlle ills[l('(·tors ",itll any eopy of




COVODE V& FOSTE~ 9
the list of taxables, tlle lJoanl eonld legally reeeive no vote at that elee-
tion, exeept by reqlliring him to be examillecl as to his qualifieatiolls
umler oatlt, amI to f'llrnÍ;sh tlHl further evi(lenee l'eql1ired by the aet.
Nothing of tllis kill(l was (lone, but, iustead, the votes of persons were
rejected lwcause their llames were not fOlllHI OH this papel' taken from
the tavern wall, alld tlwy were permitted to vote becauso their names
were íound thereon. This alone IYe think sllf!ieient to ÍllYalidate tile
election i11 tItat dü,tl'iet.


Bnt tlle (~olldnd of tlte eleetion board \Vas oqna11y blarnewortlty with
that oí the m,sessor. Prom the report which had gone out that an unu-
sually largo numbcl' hai! lwen assessed at the lllolHtstery, and í'rom the
gatIlering of "trallgel's there, it was helievml that impropor Yote8 would
be attempted to be Jlollod, aud a pnrpose seenm to have been íormed to
prevent these votes heing rceeiveü, exeppt UpOll proper examinatioll.
Hut frolll the eOllllnelleement of t11e elcction lllltil aLont eleven o'elock,
durillg wltieh tiltlo the grcater part oí' tIlese votos ,yere polled, chal-
lenges \Yere elltí1'ely disl'oganlt·(l.


,Tc8se Chamber8 "woar8(202) that he eha11enged a 1111111he1' of persolls
froIll tILe monaster.r in tlte t'o1'PlIOOJl, wholll he thought 1l0t qualified, and
that uo aUeutioJl \Vas paiü to 1Ii8 ehallcllge, all(l that he "as told by one
of tIle inspectors of tlle eleetioll to mind llis OWlI busine8s-that they
were attem1iug to that eOlleem. Shallllon Nicel;y (20n) swears that he
8aw eight 01' ten eha11enged, nono of whom wero 8\YOl'lI, aud aH ()r w110m
were penuitte<l to voto; that 0110 persOll from tIle cOllvent, whell ehal-
lenged, took SOllle paper,,; fl'OlIl his pocket anll helel them on the wiudow-
sill with one haml aIHl hi:,; ticket. in tho othel', m](l t.ltat the imlpeetor
took his ticket without HUy examinatioll oí' hi8 papel's. J ohu Stonffer
testifies (2;\0) that he dmllellgeü Olle lllall at the rc(}ucst oí' ,Tesse Cham-
her8, a strangor ",hom he had seen arrh~e at tlle mona8tery the evonillg
before, carpct-bag in halld, (202,) lJllt he was allowed to yote without any
qllestionillg at all. He ehallcllg'ed :,;oon aftn t\Yo lIlüll as noto lming 1'es-·
idents of tIte district, and was ol'dered hy t1l0 inspectors away frolll t.he
windo\\', t.hey sayillg that tlwy wel'e goillg to lnt pe01'le vote there that
da;y as they pleased. He fnrther testifit,s that he !'law frolll fifíy to sixty
challenged dnring the day, most of whom were oí foreign hirth, lmt
who were a110wed to vote ,vithont. 8ltowing auy paperH; that, in the
íorenoon, 011 holding np a bundle of paper8 in an ellvelopt1 they \\'ere'
allowed to vote, and that ",hen ti\(' challenge was on tIle ground of nOl1-
residence 110 evülence at a11 was rm[1til'ed.


A. A. Johm;on p(a) amI 1>. L. Chambel's (1111) al so testify tIlat chal-
lenges wero made amI elltil'Ply tlii'll'egal'ded by the board.


No democrat aPlwars to llave lwün l't;jeeted hy the board that day,
while llearly aU tite aboye witllesses testit:r to tlle llnfail' alld pal't,ial dis-
erimination of t.lle board against their politieal opponents.


From this use of a papér as an asses!'lll1ent. li8t whieIl had no elaim to
such authority, amI the lJlysterious elisappearallce ()f whieh makeH it im-
pos8ible no\\' to determine it8 eharaetel' ()l' Yallle; the partialit;y of a
board which, because an Llemocratic, agaill8t tolle i'lpirit of the law oí'
PenllR.)lv:mia, should have been 1he more careflll oí the rig'hts of the
oppositioll; alld the c1isroganl of ehallenge8, which, with the singular
disregard of his duties shown by 111e aS!'lessor, wa8 the ollly safeguard
oJ:,th.o pm:ity.ot' that oloetiOl~-WP eOll.dude tha~ .t~e entiro pon of that
electíOll dlstnct should be reJected. As the m3¡jol'lty oí llenry D. Fos-
ter at Dun bar TOWIlShip was one hUlldred alld nillety-eight, alld at the


H. Rop. 15--2




10 COVODE VS.FOSTER.
YOUllgstown distriet one hundred and seventy, the fl\icetion of either of
these diRtriets will give a eousideraule majority to ,Tohn Covode.


3. rrile tef'timony of John J. Morris (n4) sho\ys that he \Vas steward of
the ,Fayctte Uounty poor-house, in Sonth Union Township, in 18G8, and
that of the iumates of that poOr-hOUf.1P, Hobert Hose, vVílliam ChOpSOIl,
Houert l\leCarnes, ,Tohn Dinsll1ol'e, lsaiah Uultllllings, ::md Edward
Stewart, who were SPllt to tlle pool'-house fl'om othcl' townshipR than
South Union, vote u in Sonth Ullioll, at the Oetober eleetion, 1868, and
fol' Helll'yD. Foster. -


T11c testimOlly of HarriRon '\Vilson (189) also sIlows that he was stew-
arel of the vVestmorelanu County pool'-house in Hempfield in 18G8, and
that George Haney, IIenry Stoll, .James Cook, Hcul''y Sullenberger,
,T ames .Iolmstoll, Ed ward Laghey, Peter Pattoll, Alexander Cumlllings,
and Diekson Stewal't, WllO were Rellt to the poor-house frolll other town-
ships, yoted at that election in Hompfiold, amI with otIler testimony,
that they yotcd the dernocratic ticket and fol' )11'. Foster.


The testimony further Hllo",s (7;umIell, Hl1) that none of these persons
were assessed upon personal applieation, and also that nOlle of thern
paid the tax npol1 whieh they were pel'lllitted to vote, (1!J2, 27::1,) but
that theil' llames were halldcd to tlle assessol' amI their taxes paid by
an offieial who understood that they would vote, and fol' tIw pnrpose of
enabling them to vote a pal'tieulal' ticket; bot11 assessrneut anü pay-
ment oí' tax being illegal as against the exprcss letter of fhe eleotion laws
of PennsyIvania. (lDleetioll Laws, 24, seo. 13; 40, seo. 75.) But did these
penlOIls aoquire a residenee in tIJe eleetion district where the county-
honRe was situated, within the meaning of tIle law of Peullsylvania,
whioh requin~8 tlmt the yoter sllall llave residecl at least ten lhtys imllle-
diatel.r preoeding the electioll in the di:,;triot whcrc he 011'ers to yote?
We think noto Their reRidellce at this plaoe was not thcir OWIl volun-
tal'yaet, but the act of tho pnulie authorities, who, for reasons of eoon-
Oluyand eonyenienee, sent them he re that they Jnight he supported at
tIte publie expense.


The oomt, in Mmmy 1'8. MeCarty, 2 )111ll., ::107, says, that to divest a
pel'son 01' the charaeter of oitizell oí" a particnlar plaee, "there must be
a remo val with an intention to {ay axíJe tlwt characfcr, alld he must actll
ally join himselj to somo othel' comnmnity." TIte italies are those of the
originall'eport.


So Burrill (Law Dio., tito Hesidence) defilleH residenoe as " tue place
whieh one has made his seat, abode, 01' dwelling." The del'ivation, as weU
as tho ordinary aeepptatioll 01' tlw tel'llJ, denotes the place where the
party has 8eated himsolj, and 11is OWIl choice 01' free will in the matter is
assumed. vVe t.hink this the legal as weH as tIte onlinary meaning' of
the term, and that aeoordillgly tIte soldiel' wIto ocoupies a plaoe at tlle
oommallll of his lllilitary sl1periors, the eriminal who does the same
thing while in oustody in thp handR of the erimillal anthoritieR, and the
pauper who is plaeed amI snpportetl in thp county poo1'-honse at the
publio expense, gains no residellce ill the town by his enforoed stay.
We think therefol'e that thf'se fifteen \'otps should be deduoted fl'OIll the
vote fúr :J-Ir. Foster.


4. Thel'e arp also a Iarge numher of votes cast fol' ~lr. Foster in differ-
ent parts of the distl'ict, the legality of wItiell has beell attaoked in the
evidenoe, on the grounds of aliellage, lunaey, non-residenee, minority,
and non-payment of tax. As to IUllaoy, it was held by the oomt in
Thompson vs. Ewing, 1 Bl'ewstel' l~ep., 104, that it was pl'oper to show
in a oontested election oase that a voter was non compos mentís, and
that without a finding in lunacy. The following is a list of thos~ votes




COVODE VS. FOSTER. 11


the illegality of which, for oue 01' other of the above reasons, seems to
have been established :


Harne. 11'Iace of voting. '1 Gronnd of iIIega]it,y. Evit1ence.
~----- i J&Illes T. Martin . I Dunual'.. ".' ... i ~tinor..................... '1 2í. 301, 310
Patrick cOOley ..... ¡ 110 ____ o _____ 1 Alicll _ _ _ '_1 25,6,7,and2B
f~'; \v~:l'::: ~~ ........ . ... :: I'K¿~~~~;il~;'1;~;'d iú~g~i';~~~~~~~~d 29, 31, 392~O~1:3~~,f1~~
r=w~f¡~~~¡er::I::J~·:·:·:·:·:·:: :::::: : :J~: :::: :::::: :::::::::: :::: :::::::¡ 33, 34, ~~: ~¡; ~d~: ~t: ~~
5;~~r~~r: :1'" :j~::.:::.': : ... ' .. : j~.::.:::::::::::: :.::.::::::.:.:.:i 33~:~~~~~~:~~~\i~
George T. Dawson. _ BrowllRvillp .. _ .. _. NOlL-rpsitleu1, .. _ ...... _ .... __ ... __ .. _! 40,41,43) 319
Connolly Walcott... Faycttc Oity ...... Minor .............................. 1 44
Reason Dean. __ . _ .. ltLellaUcn 'l'owll~hip ", _ .do ... _ .. _ ... ___ ....... _ .. _ .. _ .. ___ 1 47,51, :126
~ha!l1'lil~l~~::::: .~n~~a~ ........ ::::::: . ~l.i(¡~ ............. :::::::::::.:::::::::: :20,21, 24, 2~, 52, 5~\~\g~
Al:fred Lauglwy. _.. Conncllsvillc ____ .. Minor _ _ _ . ___ I 55,67, 6t1;


. John Turner ........... do ....... ...... Alien ...... __ .... ......... .. ........ 55,56, laWH of 1'a. 32
Bobert Thompsoll. Unionborough _ Not six months rcturncd to Stato. 57,58
~geColeman_._. Luzerne_ ... '--.......... do...................... 89
Peter Small ........ Perry...... Lnnatir. .. ......... ........ 92
- llranthaven ....... do ............. , Kon·resident ...... __ ...... .......... n
8&mnel Oglo.-...... Wharton ' Minor...... 95
Charles Lewi ....... SpI'ÍnghilL ....... , .... do... ............ .. 96-97
JolmIWble ........... do ...... ' Alien................. 9í
W. S. Johllson... Uniontown.. ::\olinor................. 59-97
.Urlah Yauger ...... Nort,h Unioll. ~on·rl'sillpnt .. _. 8.1,97-R
JobnS.Ryan ........ Lnionuorol1gh ........ flo. ."... 98


r!!:sc~,~i~m~~J: :~!~ ~ ~:3~ ~:: .. ~ -. ~~~~ ~~ : ~ -:~{~~ ~:~ ~~: ~~ ~ ~~: .~: .. :: ~ ~ ::::. ::::~ g~
Israel Painter """1 Houth IInnt illgdon NOll·rf'sidl~llt........................ 102
Jacob Glunt.. ...... :Franklin .............. do............... ...... ... ....... 104-6
Samuel Patterson ...... do ................. cIo .............................. '. 104-6
Patrick I~Jlneh. __ . . Duubar. . . . . . . .. AliC':u, alld cballcngcd, and not sworn. 21, 25, 109
John Lyons ..... .. .do .... .- ............ do .............. __ ......... 24,23,109,110
George W. Kelley. Salom Alien. ............. . . .. 113
JoaephNa.leigh ..... PPllIl Township .. Lullatic ....... _ .................... 1 11~,16J,274
Jac~b WeIt.",,!...... AlIeghan~ .. N on.payment of tax ... ........ 120,135
DanIel Auheny . . Dougal. ......... "1 N OH resident ... ..... .. . ..... ... 123, 124
David FOIAyth .. East Hnníingdon Minor ......... __ . ~ ........... ... I 171
Daniel:Bowers ...... ¡ NOlth rrIl11tlIl~doll .. do . . ........ ~ ........ . 171,185,11:6
JohnSteiri'. _.... Greengburg' .. Non·rc-sidpnt . ..... ..... 112


,C. M. Robjnson ..... l North Huntillg.dolll. ... do... . ............... ~.. ,..~751~}~9 180
JohnP.I~llJ\k¡c .. I .... do....... . ... rlo. ........ .............. 1,~, ,89,180
Henry Lenhart. .¡ .••. do...... Lunatic. " .. ' 166, 1i5, 176, 1íil--181
Isaac Robim'iOn. . .. (]o... . ... do... ............... .............. 166,175,176,178-181
Daniel Bradley ......... do ...... . . Alíen amI fraudnlent papers. 180-182


......... do. ...... ...... do............ ............... 1~0-182
............ do ................ do . . . 180-182


Yonngstown ~on·r~Ridelü ................. '... 209
.. ¡ :Mount Pleasant. ...... rlo... .............. 221


QU""",,,,:,,:¡;:": ".1'. ;]:L •••••• I ~ ;¡r:~+",i} •••• ·· ."'. m
Cnslo ...... i Alleghanv ........ 1 Non.payment of ta~_............... 242,243


· __ s:[::;I:::::II::: :~~.:::': :.':::::: ·AÚ~~·.·.··.:·.· ................. ::::::::::. 242, ~!~
Thomas MeG;~irt,y.. De~I'ry............. Not ~ix .111011(118 in the State .~ 25~9


'. James S. Has,mger. Fmrflelrl.......... N oll·resHlent..... . ...... ...... ..... 2:19, 260
George WilhOUl< ... 1 Ligolliel"...... .... JHinor. ............... _ ...... - 262-4
Jonas Ricinger ..... Sto Olair .......... NOH·residcnt.... ... ................ 266


· FrankHeiKer ....... 1 Hayne ............ Ali,,11...... ............. I 270
PeterAdams ....... 1 Ulllty ......... , ... ¡ Minor..... ..... ............... 272-3
Charles Wilson ..... RostÍ·am .......... ' .... '[0...... .... 275


· Leamler Oorbctt l .... do .. do ............................. 275
George R. Chalfant'l Uniontown ........ f\ou·resident........................ 57,58;323
George Long. __ .... Rostram .. _'" .... Alíen amI non·resident.............. 172, 274,426
Edward Devlin ......... do ................. do .. '................ . ..... ...... 172,274,426
William F. James .. Sewickly ......... ~on·resi<lent ",,,[ imported voter.... 231,276,234,122,127
John Bo};le ....... "'l'" .do .. : .............. do....... .................. ....... 231,276,234,122,127
Walf;er f,,}{!ehacL .... do ................ do...... ......................... ~~g~~, ~~n~N~
Patnck Haskws ........ do ................. do................................ ""
David Robinson ........ do ................. do..... ........................... 231,276,234,122,127


To these shonld be added one vote for Foster for Congress fonnd in
the State box in Sewicklv Township and counted to him. althou!.!h




12 COVODE VS. FO·STER.


tlwreby the nnmber -of votes for Cougress was made oue greater than
tlle number of names on th8 list, (377.)


Also, one vote fo1' Fo:,;ter in the SOlltlt Huntingdoll Towllsllip found
upon t1le fioor at the close of the connting, a considerable crowd stand-
ing Hr011l1l1, amI counted to Foste1', aItllOugIt tlle1'eby tIte IlUlllber of
votes 1'01' Congress was made (1)e more than the numlJer of llames on
tlle list of voters. These votes, amollllting altogether to seYenty-sevell,
we conclude 8houl<1 lJe deducted frOIll tlte vote fol' Henry D. Fostel', for
the reasons aboye assigned.


5. The eyidellCe also -shows that.Tollll Hal'dy, ofDunbar, (28, ;30,72,73,)
Samnel C. 1\{ycl's, of Penn TOWIlShip, (183, 180,) Daniel Byers, of Hcmp-
fleId, (187-18D,) ancl John M. :JIartin and Audrew B. Onsler, of Latrobe,
(226, 227, 227-H, 282,) amI Salllnel Ke1le1', ofSouth Hlllltingt01I, (102,184,)
qualified voters in tllose towllships, offe1'ed to vote for JoIm Coyode for
Congress, alld that their yotes were impropr1'ly n¡jected, 01', in the case
oí' Sall1uel KellPr, preycntec1 by tltreats of yiolellCe made iu the presence
of the board, and agaillst which it was their dur,y to protect Itim, and
which thpy dill uot !lo.


The resiilt of ou1' examillation and conclnsions is as follows :
The certificates of tbe retul'll judges show 13,807 yotes cast 1'01' Henry


D. Fosim-, aIHI1:3,70fi fol' .Tollll Uoyode, giying the forme1' a majority 01'
41 yotes.


A<lding to the fOl'lller tite three yotes oirpred rOl' Helll'y D. Poster and
illlpropel'ly n~je('Íl'(I, amI to the 1atter t11(' six yotes offered fol' John
Coyode alal impropcrly l'ejected, amI tlle majOl'ity for Henry D. Foster
wOllld he thil'ty-eight.


The yo te at DllnlJar TOWllShip, for member of COllgress, at t11e Octo-
her e]ecüoll, 18ü8, was, (13(j)-
FOl' Helll'y D. Foste]' ____________________________________ 37;; votes
Por John Coyode . __ . ________ . ________ . ___ .. _____ . _ . _ . _ _ 177 "


'rIle votl' at YOllllgstmYll district, at the same eIeetioll, \ras, (145)-
For He1ll'y D. Foster ______________ . _______ .. _________ . _. 280 votes.
11'01' J ohu UOyot!P . __ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 110 "


Suhtractillg' frolll the yote tor JOhll Coyode the twelltyYotes shown
to ha\'e beell improperly cast tor llim, wouId make 1,he lllajority of Henry
D . . Fostel' fifty-(>ight.


But if the yote of DUllbal' TOWllSbip a10ne is rejeeíed, }\[r. Covode is
e1ected hy a lllajority of Ol1e IlUlldl'ed aud fOl'ty votes.


Tf the yo te of YOllngstO\Yll district alone is rejected, he is elected by
a majority of one Itulldred aud twelye Yotes.


lf lIeithl'1' is rqjectcd, hut the panpel' amI other votes rcferred to under
dÍ\'isions three alld folll' are rejectcd, he is elccted by a lllajority of
thil'b--four votes.


If 'the pauper votes are Ilot exelnde(l, lmt only the yotes ullder divi·
sion fimr, he is e1ectecl hy a majo1'it,Y oí' nilleteell Yotes.


If all tü'ose yotes are n;jede(l, as tite cOllllllittee think they shonld be,
tlien John Cm'orle is electecl hy a majority of four hUlldrell amI two Yotes.


"Ve thereforc recollllllelld to tlw UOllse tlte adoptioll of tlte following
l'esolutions:


Resol1:ed, Tbat IIenry D. Fostel' is not entitled to a seat in tltis llOuse
as representati\'e fl'oll1 the twcllty-flrst cOllgressional dü;triet oí' Penn-
sylvílnia.


Resolvecl, That John Covode was duly elected representativo in C01I-
gress from tlte tweuty-fll'st eOllg-ressioual distl'ict of Pelllls.Ylvauia at the
e1ection held the1'eiu ou the 13th day of October, 1868, and that he is
entitled to a seat in this hou&e as such representative.


O




41sT OONGRESS, )
2d Session. J


HOUSg OF REPRESENTATIVES.


• JOIIX COVODB VS. lIEXHY D. FQSTER


{
l1RT'ORT
15, Pt. 2 .


JAlW.l!tY;)7, ] S70.-0nlcrctl to lic OH tlw k.hln ;)Ha he printml.


Mr. RANDALL, fl'Olil tIte C0Il1111ittec ofElections, sllbmittetl t!w follo",ing,
as t1:o


VIE\VB OF THE MINOIUTY.
Mr. HalldalI, on behalf of llimself and ~Iessrs. Barr ami Dox, from


the Committeo oí' Eleotiolls, preselJto.l tilo follo\Ving as tho vicws uf tilo
minorit" el' tlle said eOlllltlittee in tile aboyo caso:


The ¡ln¡]crsigncu, a Illinority of the COllllllittelJ of E1EctiollS, lmve Ilot
Leen able to COIlelll' \\"it11 tilo lllajOl'it,)' of said eomlllittcc in thcir conelu-
siom\ aml rel!OlIllllcrHLttions in tlle coate,;teü elaim COI' a seat in tllis
Rouse hy 1\1eS81's. Henry D. Füster and JOltll Oov(j(h', frolll tlw twenty-
first cOII~TessiOllHl disti'id oí' l)PlIllsylv<Lllia.


Tlw l'l:~t;{Ons for snoh disscnt am ¡;el'oinaftcr gi,'en.
Tite lllajol'ity, in their 1'l:'pu1't, hayo takon oecasioll to gi,'c a fnll 1Iis-


tor,)' of thn prillw facie ense, whielt \Vas (letermined and dispo~ed 01' by
tlw !JOll"O of Hcpl'esl'lItatiw's 011 tlle ~d day of April, l~(m. As suelt
prima Jilti!! titlp' to a seat is Hot llOW undel' l'eyjpw it is llOt deollH'd
neecss<tl'y to follow sueh statl'IllPnt as to s<lid right, t'xelljlt to recog'lIize
tite fad tltat tito mgllllll'llt 01' tite majolity coueetles that tlle prima facie
right to the sellt \Vas \'ested in l1PlII''y D. Foste1'.


'fhe Oommittee oí' Eleetiolltl wa",. by I'l'S~)llltit)ll oí' tite HOltRC, passed
April ~, ISü!), dil'ected to inqnirc illto tlle lIlerits 01' thi" case, amI !lot.er-
mine .\Vllo i~ ellt.itlp!l to l'l'pl'eSt\llt tlw said twenty-l1rst di"tl'Íct in this
l]()l!se. Tite resoiutioll is in the following te1'lllS:


Rc.\Oll'ccl, That thl\ cont.este(¡ el"ctioll ('ase fl'Olll t]w tweuty-first. cougTessionul f1ist.ric1t
of l'euIlH\'lv>tllia !.Ill rCCOlIllllitte¡[ to tlle COllltllitk0 of EbctiollS wir.lI iuscrlleti"ll' to
re[lort ¡¡IIO]] t1111 mel'its of tlw case, wlw is clItitlc,1 to repr"s;~lIt sai.l tlistrict in thi:i
llOllse, with anthority to llmke reglllatiolls to glJveI'Il tite ulOtle of comlndillg tite con-
t.·st, :ttlll takillg tcstilllOlly.


'fhc Honse afterwanl, on tite 5th of April, 18üD, adopted tlle fol1ow-
ing l'egulations for tho COllduct oí' tilo cOlltest, under whieh the daim.
auts llroeceded to takc testillloll,)' :
Re!11~latioll~ fOI" oJnrlllctin] t]lg c,~llte~t a!!rl ta',in.1 fe3tiln9n.y in the oo¡ücHfeil eleolion ca3cfrom


the twellt!J:fiI'Ht cun!Jrcssiunal disldet of l'euII8!Jlvuuiu, to lchic/¡ Jo/m C(JCOdll and Heul'!J V.
FORtCI' are the particH.
Bacll of t.ho claimants shall serve UpOll tllB ot,lwr a notice of tlt3 grounlls on .whilh


he dailllH the seat bet'ol'ü JUllO 1, ldj), >tntl >tu allJWJT to tite llotice of nis 0Pl'.llItlht
u"fo1''' JUIl" %0, ltlci:J.


D:titl (COVt do 31mll ü,lw bis testimony between tlw first ami fifteenth days, inclusive,
(jf .Jldy, Au;..u,', uwl ceptember, 1 :)jJ, allll s,LiLl Fu."J!' s:J.Lil t,,;,J nis GJsti..ll.my llJtlVdJlI
the sixte¡~lI[,h alld ]a::;t d;.t.yH, iueltL'iive, of t.lttl tla;llt~ nlontd~.


Tlw HLltntury pru,-iWII1S l'tlgllbtillg onliu>tl'y 0:1',:8 ot' con test 8:j,1I1 a¿ply to tbis
c~e ~o i~lr a~ tllO tlauu are C{)¡I~l::;teut \vith the~e re "u .. ÜÍOllS.


Alll"stilllOlI)' 8h:l1l 1m tm:lslIlittc-d, U:JLI0¡' Hea], by tilO utlLc:·s lI"fol''' WllOlll t1w slIme
shall b~', ta;~(';I, f.o tIJO el":!'K of tlle 1-tOil~W, at \\'asl!illgtoll):SU <1,.., to lJe re(~t3ived uy.sa,itl
C]etlc bcioj'(' ;J¡" lf,tJ¡ d.,y uf OClül;cr, lbJJ, l)(lt:Jl\J w¡lIdl (.by tll" llo¿ice", all~Wdl'~, "vi-




2 COVODE VI'. FUSTER.
dence, antl exhilJits in the case shall be filml with said Clcrk; flud tlw cl,'rk of the
Committt'i\ of Electiolls shall illllllcdiatcly HJCreafter armllg-e the papers for tlw Pllblio
Pl'inter, and canse the sallle to be printerl befo]'('. tite lst ,by nf NOV01111wT, ltlG9.


The l'rintecl argnl1lents of the claimants shall be filed with tlllJ COllllllittce oi' Elec-
tions 011 tIlA flrst tby of thc ncxt scssioll oi' Congresa.


1'1Ien10re m~olred, That the foregomg reg-nIatiollS of tlH\ Commitke of Elediolls for
condncting the contest amI takillg tl}() testimon)' in tlw eOlltestcd eledioll case fl'OIll tha
twellty-l1rst cOllgressiollal district of Peunsylvallifl be, amI tlte samc herehy are, adopted
by t Ilis l1011se.


Attest:
EDW. ~IcPTIEI{SON, mer/.:.


The testimony taken is voluminous, and full upon 1ll0¡;t oí' tIlo points
in controyersy.


T11e twenty-first congressional distri.ct of Pennsylvania, iR composed
of the counties oí' vVestmoreland, Fayette, am1 Indiana. By the re-
turns of the election held fol' member of Congress, in Oetobe1', 1868, in
saiu distl'iet and State, tIle following result is sllOwn-uoth parties to
tIlis contest agree as to tho correctness oí' said retura by the retura
judges of saiu district, 01' a mfljoritJ' of them.
Yote~.


Rem'y D. Foster had, in vVestmorelanu County, (seo
exhibits, page 145 and page I5~) __ . ___ ... _ ... __ ..... G, 722


Renry D. Foster haO., in Fayettc Uounty, (seo Exhibit Q,
page 153) .... _ ....... _ . ____ .. _ ........ __ ........ _. 4, 70G


Reury D. Foster had, in Indiana County, (see l1}xhibit
0, page 152) _ ...... _______ : ___________ . _________ .. 2, 379


lHakillg a total of, (see Exhibit W, page 1(2) . . . . 13,807
Ami that-


John Covodo had, in \Yestmoreland County ___ . __ .... 5, Hl2
JoIln Covode had, in Fa,rctto County _ .. _ ... ___ . _ . _ .. __ :1,8I!)
John Covode had, in Indiana County __ .. _ ... _ . _ ... _ ... 4,755


Making a total of. ..... __ . _ . _ .. _ . _ ........ _ . . . . 13, 766


Thus giving 1\1r. Foster a majority oC ......... _ .. _ .. _ _ 41


We enter now upon an examination oí' the testimollyall(l tite nrgu-
ment of the majority tbereoll; aIHl, in doillg so, will follow as closoly as
is possible the order as laid down in their reporto .


First. l\fr. Covode asks that 1.11e en tire polI of Dunbar Township, in
the county of FaJ'ette, be excludou, llpon tho lllleged groullds of irregu-
larities by the eleetioll ofticers, alld tbe admission by them of illegal
votes cast for 1\11'. Foster at said polI.


The majori1.y state in substance, in their ropod, that where election
offieers neglect to perform directory requirements of tho law, 01' perform
them in a mistaken manner, provided there is no bad faith OH their part,
amI no harm aecrues, that such neglcot 01' mistako does not warrant the
exclnsion of an en tire polI, unleRs the frauu is to an extent to make the
polI u.ureliable; and that in ¡-mch case the parties should be "10ft to
make sueh proof as tiley may of votes legally cast for tItCIll."


We do not conenr in tMs eonclusion, believing that in 8nc1l case it
should be made the duty of caeh party tú 11 con test, respedi \'t~l.v, to prove
the iIlegal votes cast at sueh po11, alld for whom such i\legal votes were
given. Those not proved to be illegal shonhI stand; that i8 to say, that
sneh poIl be purged of its illegal votes only; t.hoso left to be duIy
connted. The merits oi' a contested election depeIlll U1l011 tlw findillg
out which of the candidatos received tIte greatest uumber 01' legal votes.




COVOD}J VS. FOSTER. 3


The only way to arrive at this is to sbow of the yotes east for each can-
didate those that were illegal. It is at 110 time jllstifiable to tllrow ont
an eutire poll, amI in this way disfranchise the wbole Yotillg popula·
tion of a distl'ict, if it can be pnrged oí' its illegal portion. In this case
tbe testimony is fnll as to DUllbar TOWIIShip, and the ülcgal yotes, by
said testimoll.)', can be readily and conclnsiyely fletermillcd. 'l'his is a
PennsyIvania cas(', amI t11c courts 01' tlwt :::ltatc ha\-c, in aH contestcd
electiolls, held thatimposwibilüy of asccrtailling the trne state of the pon
is the, only grollml for n:iceting it. .To sllow that tIle majority them-
selves are in donht as to tIlc jU8tneRR oí' l'l'jectillg thi8 elltirc poli, they
presellt to thc cOllsidcratioll oí' rhc Honse tlle cOlHlition of tlle poll atter
they have pnrged it oi' al! thc Wcgal yotes al!egcd and proveíl to have
beellcast. ThÍi, lattf'r coursc shoultl comll1Cllcl itselfto yonrjnclgment,
and while being in st1'ict acconlancc with law alld pl'CCCdellt, is, at tIw
same t.ime, a protpetion to file ltollest yoter,; in ever.)' polI.


In this yie\Y we are not without lll:lny saJe prececlent,s. Tlle follow-
ing are sorne of the eitations frolll tIlc rnlings whieh goyern sueh cases
in Pf'llTlRylvania, aml Illany nutborities in eOlltcsted eleetiolls in tlle Con-
gress of tIJc Ullited States.


In Skerrett's case, (3 Pa1'sons, p. r¡OD,) it \Vas decided tltat " for mere
irregularitics and \Vant of cOllfol'llIity to the pl'OVÜÜOllS oY the electioll
law, that are merely direetory, the court, 1'01' t,lmt reason, wiII llOt set
aside tIJe eIection."


In l\fannt's. Cassirly, (Brewster's Heports, p. 3~:) "The entire vote
of a precillet 811OUIduot he njceted Wbel'l' it is possihle to ascertain the
frauclulellt votes."


In Thompson t18. Ewillg, (samc 1'c])o1'ts, p. 107:) ";VIere negleet to
perform directory l'f~qnirclllcllts of the eledioll Iaw, 01' the performance
in a mistakcn manller, where therc is no bad 1aitll, allcl DO harm lws
accrued, ought not to de[i'at thc will of the peopIe of an entire distl'ict."


In \Yp:lVf'.r 1.'8. Oin>n, (same rt'ports, pp. 144,145:) ., Carelcss, igno-
rant, amI even willtnI lIt'gIpct oi' tite direetol'y l'eqnirements oi.' tIle elcc-
tiOIl law call1lot OIwrate to llullify an eIeetioJl."


'l'lte f()llowin~ are somo oí' tlte congressional decisions bearillg UpOIl
tbe same point:


In GOggCll 'l'S. Gilmer, (Contested :Election Cases in CongTCss, 1834
to 1865, p. 70~ twenty-eightll UOllgress, first session:) "Tlte acts of
proper ofticers, acting withín the spbere oi' their duties, must be pre-
sumed to be correct, llnless ShOWll to be otherwise."


In }jittell t'8. UoblJillS, (same, p. ]38, thirty-first OOllgress, first session:)
"The legal presumptioll is always ag-ainst tlle existence of fraud.
NotIling but tlle most ulleqllivocal evidence eall dcstroy the credit of
official returns." Tite report in this case was made by the Hon. vYilliam
Stroug, of Pennsylvania, late of the supreme court of that State, amI a.
gentleman likely to he lIarned by President Grant as an associate jndge
of tlte Supreme Court of the- Ullited States.


In Whyte t's. llarris, (¡;ame, p. 263:) "InspectoI's of an eleetion are
judgcs of tbe qualifications oí' electors, allll ir they eri' without wrong
intellt, tIle general resuIt shall IlOt be aftected." (lUinority Report,
whicIl the Rouse adopted.) .


In Flanders V8. Rahn, (same, p. -:) "That a disregard of :1 mere
direetory provision of the Iaw cannot annnl au eIection carried on with
all tbe essentiaIs of an electioIl, amI with perfect filirness."


In Bruce 'vs. Loan, (same, p. 504:) ., That no one should be vested
with the ¡ight to determine who are and who are not qualified voters




4, COVODE VS. FOSTER.


saye those wllo are by law clothed with, and by law made responsible
for, the proper performance oí' tlmt fluty." .


In l\feIIellrY V8. Yeaman, (same, p. [),jO:) "That occasional irreglllarities
8110n1d llOt, "itiate :m eleetion."


HaYing taken t1lis general vicw, we procepd to pnumerate t110
spreific allegations and complaints made against the Dunuar Town-
ship polI.' ,


\Yilliam Speers was bronght in as un offiepr during tite countillg' of
tIte yotes, aftpr tlH3 ¡lolls were closrd, to take thc ]llace of ]\:fr. Hurst,
t11(' democratic e!prk, who was takell ill. MI'. Speers was not sworn.
Hnrst suusequently Rigned tlle retn1'lls. \Ve do 110t e011Ridpl' that tlle
temporary introdnction 01' lUr. Speers sbouJll hnpair tite yaEdít} of tlle
poJI. He did IlOt fi)f(;e JlÍmsplf in, nor \ras lle ol~ipetecl to hy all,}'. He
pcrí'ormel1 his dut.v ,;-ilh faimess aJl(} proper deeornm; and, wllen
throngh eounting, his tally of votrs eOITCRJlollded ,,,íth the tally kept,
by 1\11'. Collins, the l'('pubIican clerk, ",ho in his tcstimOlly sta tes :


Q. 'Yas anytbing sairl hy nn~-nl('lllher of tlH~ hoar!1 nhont, tlw illl]lOHHihility of his <1is-
<.ohnrging t,hose rlnties withont )('ing s"'orn ~-A. Kot ihat 1 n'lIll'ml>er oí'.


Q. 'Va~ any oh.iedioll lllac10 io 1\11'. 8peers acting as clPrk hy :llly 1ll~lllh"r ()f thll
lJo"rd f-A. 1 don't thillk th~re was.


In Blair V·~. Barrett, (Colltpstc(l Elcetion Cases in COllgI'PS", p. 311-
MI'. Da wes making" tllp rC'port :lrloptec1 by the Honsp:) "Tlle honest
electors sl!olllll I10t he disfrllndliio1p(l an 1l thrir yoiee stifled from a mere
oll1issioll of the officC'rs of Plpction to tíllw the oath oí' offiec.'1


In l\1illikell V8. Fllller, (san1(', p. 176:) "Eleetion offieprs i1Tpgnhlr1.r
cllOsen. As no fl'alHl was al1eg-c(1, the plpdi(ll\ wm; reg-arrlp¡} as yali(1."


In the case of Alderman Boilean in PhilalklpllÍa, (~ Parsolls, p. ;;0:3:)
"It \Vas distinct1y decided by prpsülpl1t jndge, Killg-, tlwt the omi~"ioll
01' a clerk, calIed in ui111cr the eirellmstancps, to qna1if\', is llot "nch an
irl'eg'ularity as should induce tlle eonrt to ~et aSÍfle th(' plp(·.tiolJ."


\Ve thillk '\Ve have 11isposp¡l of this I~OlllplaiTlt RlwI~essflllly.
In the ahsellce of the proller hallot boxe~, it is pron'll that a lwt amI a


eig-al' box wpre nsed to depmlit the yotps in np to el(>\'PI1 o'e1oek a. m.,
"Ilen the ballot hoxrs "'ele brollglH hy tllP llla g-i"tr:lt e, who sllonl(1 Ilaye
bad thcm at hand at the oprlling of the poli, :JI)(l thcn tlle tid:ets were
Ü'ausf'tmed froHl the lJat and eigar box to Ihe propel' hox(ls. n llowhere
:IPIlL'nrs that :In,\' wrollg' was dOUH in thi~ trmmfer. lt \Vas 1101le by tho
tilO illspeetors in tlle presenee of an tho officel's. (p. 17.) The cvi-
dCllce 01' lUr .• Josep11 R Cramer, republican, (p. ;)11,) goes to show
tllat t11e1'(\ was a conspiraey OH tbe part of certain rppnhlitans t,o krpp
these uallot hoxps away, alld thus make it au illega] eleetioll, beeanse of
the use of the hat amI (~igar box. The plaee. 01' eoncealrnellt W:lR knowll
to tllose persons. If tbe fact of the deposit of tiekets in a hat is to he
takeu as a cause fol' rejecting' an entire polJ, then tite same obieetion
wonld app]y against tlle poll in \V1mrton TO\YIlShip, wherp .MI'. Coyode
ha.d a large In;ljority. It does not apprar that any ehange wns mado
dnring' the day fmm hat to ballot box in this townsbip. (See ~fcCart­
nO."'8 testimon,r, p. 813.)


lt is ol~il~cte<l tliat per"olls othCT tIlan the officcrs were allo\\p(l in the
room rlnring' tlteday. Tllis indieates 110 apprarallce 01' attrmpt. af. frand.
If snch was r1osigJl('(l, all })eI'SOllS , ... oI1Jll haw~ heen stlldiolH-ily kppt out.
Byery aet oi' tlHi Oi!l('('l'S ,,,as 0yerlooked dnrillg the entire day hy rnen
{)f huth parties. In í',lI:t, OIlO persoll \l'as presrnt during' the entire day,
'10 J epresent raell ]larty, in t,llt' ea,p:tcity, as it w('re, of watehers. 'fhe
testillloIlyoí' 1\11'. Pope, relln1Jliean ill,;peetnr, amI MI'. Collins, re]mbliean
elerk, estalllisllCs that 110 tllreats >Yero made by any offieer against pero




COVODE VS. FOSTEH. 5
sons ofteriug to vote; tllilt 110 irregu1nritics cxistcd in tlle receptioll of
votes; that lIO yotes were takpIl oí" persons who tlid Ilot uPlwar OH the
list of tuxabIes; that llO pel'80nS \VeTe allowed near tbe ballot boxes
except the otlicers, anfl tllat thpy (1\1e8srs. Pope and CoUins) were not
absent durillg t11e day, exeept tor ~1 mllll1te OI' t",o to utteml to the
duties oí' ll<ttnre. lt jo-; proyell that 1\11'. Ullthrie, who seems to have
been the rppublicall watc]¡pr, was Ol'(lf'n~d out oi' Lhe'room becuuse of
insuIting lallg'nage usetl ugaillst, one of the in~pectors, lmt his plaee was
immediateIy :snpplil'(l hy 1'111'. Hier,;, another lllember of the same polí-
tical sitIe.


Six more tiekets appparell in the box than tllere were llamps on the
list of voterR. Statelllellt ()r tlliH faet \Vas made on the return papers ;
no attempt at eOllcealtnellt. It is 1l0t possib1e to :,;ay for WllOIll ronr of
them yoted; tllf'y (~allllot, thel'efore, be cOLluted as against either. It
has be en Ullifol'lllly hcld hy ('Ol1I'ÜI of Pellllsylnmia that, llnless s]¡own
fol' whOln sndl yotes \,;ere given, it call1lot operate agaillst either
party ill comt. 1'his (lis(Tt'l'Hney can be casilyexpIained. In a larga
distl'ict like Dunbar, pollillg :,;everal hnmlred YOÜ'S, it is Ilot'ullllsual for
tbe del'k:-; to itlaüvprtcnt[y omit the llames 01' some WIIO llluJ-' have.
yoted.


1'hcRe Yoteil \H're eOllIlLed in the V1'esence of the whole hoard, aud
tIle elerks, Olle a repnlllican all<l (Hle a democrat, agreed in t11eir tallies.
It i8 fnrther alleged that a botly of men, say thil'ty in Ilumber, marelted
to the gl'OlltHl W1]('1'8 the elec.tioll ,,,as held. If they did, it is nowhere
ShOWll tltat they were ¡Ilegal voten3. \Vitnessm; for 1\11'. 1<'oste1' provc
thut tltey halted SOllle distallce Ü'01ll tlle pon l!.]](1 went singIy to vote.
1'here is 110t tIte RIightest evitlellee o[ any disorder, threats, 01' menaces
on their part. 1'hese men certainly lmd a right to cOllle there in a peacc·
able allu ol'der1y way. lt is no umumal occurrellce in coulltl'y distriets
for voters to come to tIte pon togetlwr in lurge numbers. Teams íl¿lld
wagons are Gou8bmtIy used to carry voters, exceeding in number that
proved in this ca~e.


lt is assertel1 that lllUC}¡ \\'hiskywas eOllsumed dming the day, which
produeetl 110ise all(} eoufllsioll. This lis 1l0t strauge. It is the custOlll
for otlieers oí' electiollS to !taye food and drillk sellt in the polI-room to
th.em, their party friellds demanding their constant presence to see that
no llnfail'ness is donc. 'l']¡e whi:,;ky seerns to htwe 1>een common prop-
erty, for all eOlltl'ibnted to its purchasc. MI'. l\IeCnllough iR saitl to
haye ueell somflw]¡at afü~cted by whisky at times clnrillg tite day.


In 'l'ltompsoll 1'8. Bwing, 1 Bl'e.wster, p. l~O: ,\ 'l'he mere illtoxicatioll
of au oftict'l' is uot a snftieiell1: reason for rejecting l1 po[1."


Olle hy olle we have (li:,;posell of tIte eompIaillts aud irregularities.
made against this (Dul1bar) tO\Yl1ship pollo Snrely if they canuot stand
singly, tlwy ¡.;houl{l !lO! Iw made (1) }ll'Op each other amI thus have force
eombillcd.


YOUNGSl'OW='< DI8TRWT, WESl':lIORELAND COUNTY.


TIw l't'aSOIlS assiglH~ü hy tlw llwjOi'ity -oí' the comlllittce for the wjec-
tion of tIte YOllllg'stowri poll are llot ~mch. as arE' :,;u~taillcrl by the law
01' judieial decisiollS. To disfrallclIi~e tlle dt.izcns 01' an entire distriet.
becau8e aH a:,;ses:,;or <lid llot llerfol'm all tite dnties illcumbellt upon hilll r
SE'ems to us lO stretch oI' powcr that at any time lWly disfranehise the
people oi' a congressional distriet, 01' abolish E'leetiollS in a State alto-
gclh~ .


The dnty of the assessol' \Vas tú take the 1ist of the taxable inhab-




6 COVODE VS. FOSTER.


itantti of his disti'ict, lllako at Ieast t,,-o copies thereof, antl put ull flaid
lists in two publie pbH~es in tIto distl'iet, OliO of wllieh IIlnst he in t1l('
place of hol(ling tlle general clectioll. rt is adlllitte<1 that thiti was done.
Fm'tller, 1t is made his duty to keep a list of the taxables in his pORses-
SiOll, ¡·nhjed to Íllspoetiou at a11 reasollable times witllOnt dJarg-p. It is
aclmitted that this ,,-as done. Fnrther, Ito is to atteud at what is knowll
m; aH extra W:lSeSRI1H'nt, to be held betwccll tlw 20th <la y oí' Ang-lltit, amI
prior to tea (lays hefOI'e the seeo]}(I Tneselay in Odober, tlle ela:\' of tl[('
eleetioll, amI at such time fHld tIte llames of tllOse qualitietl ,,-110 applied
to he placed 011 tlle list of taxables 01' ,-oter8. lt ¡ti adlllittcd tl1at il1i"
,yas dOlle. He iR tllen l'eqnil'ed to adel tlle llames of all that wel'O extra
assessed to tIte lists that he put np in tlIo two IHllllie places in the diR-
triet. It is admitted tllat thi¡, was <leme. But, tlle Iast l'l'el1lÍl'mIlPllt, ,j. c.,
to makc out dU]llicutcs of t11ese lists, aud file one in tlle county eommis-
sioller's oflice, amI huml tlle otiler to OlW 01' Uw insp('.etors 01' the dec-
tion hefore 8 o'e1oek 011 the lllot'llillg of said eleetioll, ,,;as neglccteel to
be done by t1le assessor. Alld becanse oi" the lIegled oi" thiti olle, all<l
not t11e 1ll0St material rer¡ni1'eIlll'lIt, haying f'llltillc(l 8\'t'1'y otlwr llllty
incnmbent on him, und in so doillg aeting umll'r t110 snlletity of lJis ofli-
cial oat1l, the IlHljority asle 1l0W to r(>jeet this cntire polI.
lf íl1ere hall hecll no oftieial aeí wlmte\"cr perfol'lIwcl 1l,Y tlw aS~(,H¡,or,


neeessar'y to t11e pro})l'!' eomlnct of this eleetion, t111'1I t11e eOll1lllittcp
migltt, \Yitlt some propriety, ask 1'01' tlle l'(~ieetion of tllis pollo In per-
fonning nono oi' his dnties, tho oflicers of the election wonlcllmye bf'ell
compelled to close tlle polls, 01' to llaye proeeede<1 witItont oflieiul knowl-
odgo aH to w1l0 \Yere tIle taxablcs amI ,-ote1'S ot' t11e <liRtriet; e\'('ll thell
we hold tlIat it wonld haye been competent for the oflicers of the elt\(:-
tion to lIa\'e reeein~d tho y01es 01' al! persolls offering to "ote, WllO, npOll
eXHminatioll nnder oath, ,yen' fOllud to luwe tllC COlltititntiollal elllali1iea-
tiOll8 of voten,. Bul; t,}wy w('re plaer<1 in )JO 8n('1I ]l(lRitioll by tlle llegleet
of this assessor. 'l'hey Wl'1'e Ilot witllOnt a l)1'O}IC¡' fJuide 1'01' 11H' ('OIlÜllc1
oí' t11e elcctioll. The assessOl' 11:\11 done eYl'l'~-tJ¡illg th:lt wa:-; m~(;eH~Úl'""
for tIte eOlldnd. 01' llw poll, ('.'{(;('1'1 11t(' Ilulkillg" of thl' t\Hl copÍl-'ti oí' thl'
\"ote1'S allnclrd to; awl w]¡en tllt' l'lt,(:tioll oftiel'l'H i\llllltl tlte''y \\,('1'l' ,,-it]¡-
out their cOP,,", t!H'Y took thl' ori!Jiua! li,.:t, \rith tlw :!(l<litiOlwl llame_o; 01'
t1l0 extra aSS(':-;":Illl'lIt ¡¡elell'(l tlll'l'l'to, fl'OIll tlw l'OOlll uf the ]lllhli!: llOllSl'
,dlere t11e Yoting' ,,-as d011e, Hllel ,rJwl'l', in :H'('o)'(1<1]\('(' \rillt law, the
:tRSCi'iSOl' lllld ¡tInel'el iL :lll(l 1I';('1[ it Ú)l' thl'il' gllÍ<lalll:o r1lll'ing' tIJe l'ketie)ll.
\Vas 1l0t this as J¡ig'h :llltilol'ity as tl)('. ('()py ,yonle1 llan' ]1('Pll 1 ,Val' it
llot highel' antltol'it,Y! Tllp (lile ,;-a~ t11(' or((fillal plllwr, :1ll,,1 tl1e o/ha
t110 mere copy, snl\jeet to al] tl](' (']¡alH'PS oí' ('1'1'01' Ía 1l'allSe1'ihillg-.


That tlle eOllllllitt\,(; ;.;ltouM a~;k rOl' the n:ieetioll oí' tllis poli, Iwcanse
a particular, thollgh R('('Ollelm-y liHt wa~ 110L p1'o<1need 1'01' the l1[-;e oí' thC'
eleetioll of'fiecrs, luok" likc a pretl'xt 1'0\' eloing 1J,Y ül<[il'pdioll w}¡at tlw~'
could uot <lo ¡¡in'ctl), In~1l'ad of l'cpl'ollatillg' tlw t01H1nd of tll(' elee
ti011 offieers in tllis )'ega)'(l, the lll:tjo1'ity 01' tile eOltllllittec Hlloulel COlll-
illeIlu them for t he vroln'ü~ty of theil' eonr¡.:ü in sl'pkillg 1'Ol" alHl llsillg' in
t11e ahsl'llce of' tllü eopy tht' mit_ónal list, frolll \yhicJl the eopy ol1¡.dlt to
!rave lleen mude. In doillg' so they sayee1 tIte Yotel'R oC 1hnt distriet fl'oHl
disfranehiselflellt, alld added to the general retul'll oi' thiti eOllgrPHsional
distriet a towllsbip retlll'll, as ,-aliel and fr('e from unj' intentioll of haua
as tho retura would bUH' l)pen hael it beell llased npon a CO]J.I/ o[ t11e listo
\V l' eOIlsider this ÍlTl'gnlal'ity giyes tlw HouHe "no Ilaíl"s hrcarltlt of' foot-
lIold" to stalld UpOIl to \Yarrallt tl18 rc:ieetioll of this clltire pollo


Bnt, say the lllajority, llearly tltirL,Y-nine llames ",ere addecl to t1le
extra assessment of this dist1'iet \\"110 dicl Ilot pPI'ROllally apply to be




COVODE VS. FOSTER. 7


placedoIl tIle list, and that tllPy voj(,¡l at theelection. Snpposothey did so
vote, (anl1 there is 110 e()lteln~i\-p pl'()()f of this,) there is !lO certainty, as
far as t11e evi<lcllee ~ho\Vs, fo1' whom tltcy yoted. '1'he testimolly further
exhibits that thosl~ ,rIto \\'ere so assessed amI voted, ostablished their
righttovote hy showingthp,Y possessed thr constitntional requisites in the
case of unassesscII n)Ler,~. This was aU that was necessa,ry, whether on
01' off' the list, H(~jcet t,]¡p yotns ofthese pcrsons becausc tltey \Vel'e added
by tho assessor withont theil' personal applieatiol1, but as S0011 as this
is done yon will he COltlllplled to acImit them as the votes of l)e1'sons wIlo
had filled nIl tllp ('on:;;titutional ]'('(l'lirements in {he case of nnassessed
voters.


We hold, therefore, that t1li,., assessment list, mUlle undel' oath, and
derisivelcv tCl'lIlc<l by tIte mnjority repOl't as "this papel' takell frolll a
tayern wall,~' \ya:;; pl'opcl'l,r US(~<l in tho ahsellc(~ oi' tIte copy; that tho
electiotl officers woul(l hayp l!PPll fmbject to censure foI' omitting to use
iti and it~ ll~r ga \Te to tho polI, as an exprpssion o[ tIle popular wi11, tIte
same legal effp(:t, as tlw copy conld haye dOlle, It was au irregularity
that wm; oven'olllo h;\T sl1ustitl1tillg' in tho place of the copy tIle papel'
from whieh tIIf\ eop.\' \Vas tú haye bO{'n lIIade.


Al! tlle citations of la\\' llmI pl'peedellce made in rofcrCTlce to DUllbal'
Towm;hip in this n'pol't llave tite same üm:e a)ld applicability to this,
the Younp;:;;to"'ll üistl'iet, and go to sl10w the i11eg'ality of l'ejecting the
entire poli oi' either.


TIlO force of tll<' stntemeJlt 1hat t]w oftieers of tite electio!l at the
Youngstown <listriet \Yel'O all d:'lllocrats, and that 110 domoel'ats w-ere
chaU!'lngod tIlUt lla,v, is ul'okon W!tPIl tlw fnrther fact is shown tItat at
this poli, as at Dnlllnr Towllship, repnblicaJl watehers were present dur-
ing the cntiro day, and thpü' p]'(~S(,ll(~('. thcl'e was hy thc l'eqnest of the
tlell1oeT'nti(~ eled ion (lftieers. Do(',; this iTlflieale any frmululont purpose
in the eonduet of that p1('(:t iOIl "! Conld an.ythin¡r he ülil'er"?
Ol~jf~r:tion js m:l(lH hy '\11'. UOY4)(In tn thH rcccption of tlle votes at tIle


lIempü{'lrl tli,;tl'i(,t, in \\T('stlllOl'el:llHl County, and South Union Town-
sIlip, in Faydtl' Conllt,\-, (':Ic:t, by 1I('r,,011S ,,-110 wero imtlates of tlw
})oor-ll()11t-le 01' 1IOllC:P (JI' ('lllployment t'Ol' f<:1id n"f<pectiH\ counties. On
wlmt ü'mthle gTol1lHl tllic: o].jpdion i" ma<le \ve al'O llllahle io determine.
'1'lws(, 1IIf'1l ,wew at tlw till1:~ of tllf\ elN:tioll, amI fol' ;n'urs befOl'p, actual
residems of HI,ltlpn('ld :111([ SoutlJ lTllio!l (lic:tl'id", and hall no otho1'
l'esid('JI(~é. Tlw'y \H'n' l't'g-nlarly assos"ed iJl the distl'id:;; in w1lieh their
respotti\t\ ]¡OllSP:"; m'(' loe;lt{'(l, i!eeonlillg to law, anü paid theil' taxt~s, in
pUl'~nnJl('e of tlw :lS,';('''"mellt, to t1le prope'1' oitiepl'. 11' the'ir right to
votei:;; ieste<1·b,\' t11(' eom;ti t.lItion:ü provision amI tlw ads nf assembly,
the.v are relin\'{'{I of ('H'l''v ]1ossib1e objeetioll.


'rIle eOllstitntioll 1.l'ovides as t'nllows:
AH'!', IIJ" SEC, 1. In ,,1,'di(¡llS h,v O", dtizens, ('\-("1'.1' wltit .. f¡-et:llul,ll 01' the ago of


twellty-OlHl Y":1r" h:lyiu,!2: \'('si,l"ü in tllis statn one ,-ear, :Lll<1 in tlw el,'ntioIl district
wlu:l'c he ofkr,; (o ,'ote' tell ,1:"-,, illllll:'lliat,d,v pl'c('~,lilli!: f;lleh t'ledioll, alL,1 wiLhin two
ycan-l paia a RtJ:lÍB 01' Cllllllt,Y tax, ,vhieh "hall havo ht~~ll :1S;;;p.s:-:,üel aL least ten days l)e-
tD!'e tI", 4'1"d.iou, "hall l'l'j "," t he !'ig']¡ ts of all r:kctol'; (JIl L a ei llzen of t he U ui tCfI States
who h:ul l'l'ev¡ollsl,Y b,','u " 'l"alifi'l<l votel' o[ tltis 8tat", amI rm1HlVed therefrolll, and
rdnnw,], and \\'10 "hall h:"-Ill'esi,]",l ¡IL the deDti'l:l ,liRtl'iet antl p:ú,l taxe" as aforosahl,
shall hn entitle4! to vote "flor residiug iu tilO stttt" six lIlouths.


Tite aet of assl'Ulhly of :!d J nl~~, 183fJ, follow'l the con~titntional pro-
vision OH Llw snl~jéet, amI ln lIeither is tltere any pl'opel'ty q llalifieation
roqnired.


In the ea se of this e1ass nf yoters the ohjeetioll is not snstained, we
fin(l, hy any law oí' Pennsylnmia, 1101' is it sustnincd hy the action of
tho IIOllSC of IÜ'presl'lltativos in tbe coiltl'sted electioll case of Koontz




8 COVODI~ VS. FOSTER.


t'8. Coffrotll, thirtictb Congress, first session, (report No. n~, yol. 1, of
Hm!sfl Heports, 18(;5-'66.) In themujority l'eport, wltich wasadopted, amI
ouste<l tile sitting memher, it was held that this kiml of yote coulll "not
be deductcd from the count of the sitting member. Eadl State frames
itH OWIl la \Vil rOl' the Illaintenance a!l(I eare of its pOOl', 1'1w laws pro-
vide protection for the poor, who, 'by rcason oí' age, disense, infirmity 01'
otIler disability,' bccolHe llllahle to \\'Ol'k. \Vith reganl to tite eleetke
f'rane!üse by ¡,;ud!, the laws oí' PcnIlsylVH¡lia are s¡¡cnt, As they are IIot
expressJy depl'ive<l oí' the right, wo canllot soe ,,,hy the nnfortullate,
provided for by the pulllie, nwy not HIte as ir pl'ovületl 1'01' L,)' a parent
01' a son; eertaiuly 110t" \1ntil thc authoritil's of Penllsyl vallia shall have
decided for thelllselves tbe law, fol' whidl Owy have had frerplülltoppOr.-
tunitics. Thel'cfore ,re hcrc lllakp 110 tleduetioll fl'OlIl tlw (:Ollllt oí' the
sitting mPllIuer."


As to the lllnacy votc-four in numbrr-we desire jo say tllat the
cOllstitutiollalreqllirements do 110t set np auy prohibitiOll as agaillst
simple-minded Illen nor lunatics. 'rhe extellt 01' tlw mental im llecility
would seem, iherefol'(', to llave bee!l left to the otlieers of tlw eleetioll to
determine; al\(l upon sneh cxü'nt of \Veak inteIleet H(lmit 01' n:jeet the
vote wheo oftered. As to olle 01' the fotll' yo tes, ie is Jlot S]¡OWIl at an
for wbom he (Slllall) \'ote(1. Tt shonlll, in our jnrlgmellt, thaefoI'P, 110t
be eharged al:' agaillst either the cOlltel:'tant· 01' tllc contestee.


vVith refereuce to tIle individual vote:.; alleged to h;1\'o lleon east foI'
:MI'. Foster UpOll the <1ift'erellt groullds oí' alicnag'e, lunaey, llOn-l'esidence,
minority, amI lIon·paylllent oí' tax, and of whieh a list is fnrnishml u,y
the majority in their report, we ]ll'OpOSC to enter i!lto an examinaüon of
each individual ease so reportcd. '


1st. James T. ~Iartin, oí' Dunuar Township, it is alleged, was a minoro
The testimony oí' Martin himself (see p. 310) shows that 'he \Vas in-
forllled by bis grandülther, who raised him, and who waH prescnt at tho
election and before the board, that he liad eyery l'eaSO!l to llelieve,
both nt the time of the election auu ",hile tbis investig-atioll ",as g-oiug'
on, that he was oyer twenty-olle years oí' age on tho 13th day of Onto-
ber, 1"'6"'; alld furtheI', that his fat.1ter died whon Jle was \"(~ry ,Y0ung,
and his Illother haying remarried, then amI 110W lived in tho State of
Indiana. This yote cIcarlv should be eounletl fo1' 1\11'. Foster.


2d. As to Andrew ,Vórk, a l'Cft'l'ellee to tIte testilllolly of Beatty
(p. 302) wil! show that VV o1'k voted in that township 1'01' forty yeal's,
owned land there, and (loes now, and was assf'ssed amI raid taxes in
that township. His wife \Vas tIead, and he resided with !tis son in Dun-
bar Township at the time oí' the electioll, alld for a considerallle timo prior
thereto.


3d. George F. Dawsoll, of BrOWllSyille, (see p. 310,) t<'stifi(~s that
he returned to l'elllls'ylnUlia in July or August, 1",(;7, aIHIllCyer again
left the State with the intention oí' acquil'ing a rt'sir1t'I!(:(~ elsewhere;
llas remained in Brownsville cyer since, alHl thcrefore Itis yo te should
be counted for l\Ir. Foster.


4th. Connelly ,Vestcott, (see testimoll'y of \Vi11iam Camphell, p.
335,) was born in April, 18±7, aud he was, therefore, uetween tho age
of h'enty-onc amI twellty-two yea!'s in Octoller, 1868. 'rhis faet i8
shown hy tho statelllt'nt of tIle father alld mothcr of tlle yoter to the
witness.


5th. Reason ncall was llorn OH t11e 15th day of Fehrnal'Y, 1847, (see
tcstimony of Gt'orge Dean, the fatber of l{eason, p. 32n,) and llJlOll tlle
testimony of a stranger, it i8 pl'Oposed to l'f'jeet thiR vote agaillst tIlO
testimoIl'y of hi8 father.




COVODE VS. FOSTER. 9
6th. W. S. ,Johm;ton, it is shown by the tt:>stimony of Dr. F. O. Robin-


son, (p. 59,) alld G. vV. K. Minor, (p. 97,) OH the day of the election,
and while being cxamilled by the eleetioll board, repeatedly stated that
"hü;¡ mother liad tolú him he was old cllough to. vote at that olee-
tion." \Vhat better pyidence olle eould have oí' his age, exeept what he
migbt derive from his mother, is ¡IOt kno"'ll by tlle mernbers of the com-
mittee who sign this repol't. \Ve have already rt:>jeeted thp yote of
Samuel Oglp, even UpOIl tlle statement oí' a \vitness írho heard the
mother of the voter state the (late oi' !lis birth to haye been at a time
wheu he could 1I0t !laye been a voter nt the time of tbat election.


7th. Uriah Yeager . .ir., it is sho",n by tlle testimony oí' A. A Boyer,
esq., a witncss í'or 1\11'. COH,tle, (see p. 85,) was a resitlent of tlw dis-
triet of Nortlt Unioll 'rowllship; tllat fL fnll examination was made by
the board as to his right to \'ote thel'e amI at that election, before his
vote was recein'd; it is n Iso in cvÍdellce that t1le SfLm8 witness was in-
formed tlmt he \Vas a repllblican, so tlwt if his yote 'lOas iIlega1, it snrely
shoultlnot be chal'ged against 1Tr. Foster.


8th ami Utll. As to the yotes 01' \Villiam Searigllt aIHl ,James S('arigllt,
botll these g'elltlemen \vere elerks in (Iepartnwuts in the city of \Vash-
inngtoll, antl retul'IIed home, as is done uy en'ry elerk in every depart-
ment here, and their votes shollld llOt hf~ eharget1 by lIfr. Covode Ol' his
counsel against MI'. l<oster, espeeialIy when the fact is, as ,HJ are in-
i'otmed, that tlle S<l1l1(' traill of can; wlúeh carried olle of tIlese gelltle-
men hOIlle also uore A. S. Fullel', es!}., ,,,-ho resides in \Vasl1iugton, und
]\1r. Covode's coullsel in this case, to the same place for the purpose of
voting for lVlr. Covo(le. Tlle Scnl'ightg \vere bol'll ill Unioll Borough,
amlnever voted in aHy othe1' place, alld ir will 1l0t üo to say that their
votes shonld be r~jeetc(l.


10th. Israel Paiuter, .ir., it is testifie(l by O. P. Faltoll, (see p.102,) was
engagcd in \York in VewUlg'o Connty, PennsyIvania, in t11e oil regions,
and for this reasoll the majority ha\Te declucted this vote from 1\11'. Foster,
forgetting that there is no evi<lenco whatever as to how he voted, be-
yonel tbe faet that his nnclc was a demoerat, 01' that he had acquired
a new l'esidence, anrl the~T aIso OIuitte(l to detlnct frolll 1fr. CoyOÜe tbe
votes of A. Q. Oliver anü l\Iorgan B. Oliyer, W!lO were precisely itl the
same couditioll, (see testimoll'y of Severn: pp. 3()0, 3(H,) but wbidl we
do uot w;ject m, agaiusl MI'. Uoyode.


11th alld l~th. Jacoh Clunt and Samnell'atterson are showll by the
tcstimolly oí' ,leremiah lIIertz, (p. 407,) to have reside<l in Fl'anklin
TO\\'IlShip, wherc they wOl'ked f()l' llI<mths 1Iefore tilo elcction; they,yere
single men and meehallics, who wOl'ked wherovcr tlley eonld llud \York;
that they n.ever clnillled auy otlWl' pl:L(~e as tlwir l'csidence, and that ono
of them, in fact, owueü ]ll'opel't.Y in that district assessed against him,
and that both of them \Yere borll ami raised in that towlIship.


1:1th. Jacob \V ciL7.el's vote is l'PjPett'(} UpOll tho testimony of S. P.
FauIk, (pp. l~(), 121,) wllo tcstifies that his vote ,vas abouL beillg cbal-
lenged at t11e presideutial eleetioll for llou-pllympnt of' taxes, w]¡en the
eollector came to the wimIo\\' aJl(I YOll(~ll('d 1'01' the pa~-ment of taxes that
day. It iR IlOt to be pl'esumed frolll snch testimolly tllat tllÍs voter had
not paúl :L tax within two years as required by la\\'. Keither is it to be
presumed tlmt he voted fol' 1\11'. Foster frolll tlle outside appearance of
the ticket. 1t also appear:'> f1'om the same testillloll'y that he has voted
in tItat district for five 01' six yeal's, alld that his vote ,ya s 1l0t challenged
at that eleetioIl.


14th. Daniel Bowers, it is tesLilled by his mother, Bal'bara Bowers,
(p. 185,) OH tlle 14th of .Tuly, 18G9, was twenty-two years of age the




10 COVODE Vi;. FOSTER.
preceding montb, which wonld malee I1im betweell tbe age of twen(v-one
an<l t\Vcnty-two years at the time of tite eIeetion in Ot·tobc¡·, 18G8.
Joseph S!reeley (p_ 372) aIsú testifies that frolll conversatiOll ",ith his
mother, and fi'om an examillutlon 01' a tombstone, Daniel Bowers WUf;'
of age at the time of that election, amI that hp m;sessclI ltim fol' tax
amI eollectell tax from hilll for that war: .


15th .• J01lJ1 Stiers, it is prm"ecl b~, his OWIl tpstilllOIl,)', (p. 172,) alH]
he \Vas called by MI'. Covode himseIf, was a I'csille¡lt of tlle llistriet of
Greensbnrg; then~ in pnrsmtnce 01' his lawflll calling, intp¡Hling to be-
come a resicIellt, ana aetnally such, and 0111,)' prenmled f'l'O!ll Rtill rc·
lmtiuing a resident by tIle faet l11at he eonhl llut procure sllch houso as
suited him.


16th. C. 1\[ Robinsoll is <'1 Ringle man, engagell in lfwl'C'lIandising
ab~)Ut a mile amI a ha11' frolll the residenee of his fathel'. lEs fa,ther
resides in NOl'th Hnntingdoll TOWIlShip, \Ve"ttllol'rla!H1 COlltlty, l'mlll-
sylvallia, where the Yotel', whose yole is ol\iceted to, cast his voto, lmt
his "tore is in Alleghany COllnt-y. He waR bol'll in that township, aud
made his hOllle at his father's 110m"" amI hml IlÍs washing done t.lwro,
aml there is no evidcllee to "how that he ('Yel' yoted in any othel' di,,·
trict tlmll that in whiclt his vote was cast at Ulis eleetioll.


17th. John P. Knnkle, (see his O\VII t.estimouy, p. 4Li, and the teg'ti-
mony of vVillialll Hawk, p. 414,) It iR S110W11 hr liad a l'ight to "ote in
Nortb Huntillgdoll 'l'ow11ship. HiR re:ülIPlwe ,,'H:'; with his lIlothel' in
that tO\Vllship. He \Vas au apprmltiee to leal'll a trade, amI as S0011 as
that apllrenticeship eIllled he retnrned to lüs llomc with hiR monw!', 110t
less tllan fonrweeks tefol'e hjH eledilm. Hawk, in his testimony, is ,-ery
olear and decided UpOIl the pOlnt of l'e"idonce, anclllo pos sitIe objection
can he lll'getl agaiIlst this ,"oto.


18th. Danielllralllf'Y's Yott' is n:iectcd by tIle lIInjority in their repol't
011 tbe gl'OlllHl that he non'!' ","as n citizpu. A l'f'h'l'l'IWP to pagf~ ;~8;~ will
8110w an admission by .1\11'. CO\'l)(1e, t!J,lt the ,"otcr ,vas lIatnralÍí~c(1 Oll
the 28th of J tll,)', 1850, ÍlI tite conrt, oí' eOllllllon pIcas, of B1air CUHnt,""
Pem¡Hyhalli;l, amI tllat Dmliel Bnulley hillls(;{j' <ll'PP;¡¡'pcl all!! 1'l'o¡Jucerl
his certifieate 01' natnrnlizatioll, aJ)!l it WllN ngT(,l'¡l tll{'ll tllat so ti,]' as
the testimolly 01' the lllllll 1\Tllllell, pp. ISO, l.'t!, amI fa];:!']) at Il'yilll',
befOl'e Notar,\" Holü', ,,'onM ]l'<id! o ,le diff(~],{,!lt illj'('!,(~II('(', i8}/Ot to bf
considc/'cd.


19tb ami ::Oth .• Josiah Phmt nlld .Jolm ::UClJtt,\T(', are a1,;0 l'p.iPdpd by
the majol'ity npon tlle gronnd Ulat llH'Y \H']'(~ llOt eitizPlIs, a 1\(1 t.heRe two
votes are deduetell t'I'Olll }f]'. Fostt'l'. "'Ve (U'(' illfol'lncrl, and lIaye cvery
reaSOIl to hl'lien', tbat au adlllissiOlI like that· in tlu) ea se oí' Bradky \VilA
made by J\1r. Co\'ode's eOllllsrl, aJl(1 l'ntel'l'cl hy tlle llotary hefore w]¡OlTl
the testilllouy was taken as totlll'i;e two \"oLes, hut UpOH l'eferrillg to tlle
testímony, we do 110t filld it elllhral~rd ill tlH' repol't. Tlwl'e is Ilot ltow-
ever uny evidence (P\'f'1l llssnmillg that t1le teRtilllony 01' the man Mullell,
pp. 180,182, sllOnhl hayo its full weighL) tlwt either 01' tilese lllell
illegally yoted 01' \Yas llot Prolwrly (llwlitil'l1 liS a \'otel'.


21st. Charles Pelll'ose, it sm'l11s, yotefl in the YOllUgstO\\'llllistl'ict, nnd
it iH urged that his ,"o te shonh1 be deduete!l fl'OllI MI'. Foster. lf hpar-
say evidence is to avail in this cast', then this ,"ote shonhl he rl'jectell ;
but surely, no tribnnal goyerned by any law, willlistrn 1'01' a 1Il0mellt to
the testimoIly of any Ollt' ,rho testines onJy to \Yltat "lome one elsc has
said to him. Cel'taillly this is ouly hearsay tORtimolly, and no COlll't in
chri"tpndolTl will I'eeeive snch testilllony as f:I.'ille¡wc. Seo coutested elec·
tion casps f1'ol11 1834 to 180;); vVhite t:s, Hani", p. 264; Inge.rsolll!S.
Kaylor, p. 34; Blair 1'8. Rarrett, p. ;UG; New Jpl'Rey case, p.24.) IJewis




COVODE VS. FOSTER. 11


Simpson, it is aIleged lJy tile majority repúrt, iR :l. !legro and IlOt tLere-
fore entitled to a YOü>, a!Hl it i8 aIso alleged tlü1t he yoü·d for ::'Irr. Foster.
The evidente sho",s such tú be the faet, :mel, um]er the 1a\\, this vote
cannot be countcrl.


22d. Villcellt NidlOh.:, it i8 testified by Brillker, (p. :?:m,) ,yas a ear-
pet-bagger, :111<1 decIared tlwt he lta<l yoted 1'01' JUl'. Foster. There is no
evidence ",here 01' in what pl'eeillct, he yoted, aJl(I \le apprelwnd tltat it
is not to be assllllwtl that he yoted in Ú!le elistl'iet, \\hen he might Lave
voted in :1ll0t1ler.


23d. rrallcis UnsIo's yote is l'ejeded hy tlL(\ llUljOl'it,r Oll tIte grollmlof
non-paylllent of tax within t\\O ,yem's ])1'ior to thc eleetion hol<1 in Oc-
tober, 18G8; lJut there is not tlw sliglttest eyidencc tltat snch is the
fact. It ,yaS in (,,-iclt>nco (see Fanlk, pp. 242) tlwt he hael paid taxes at
the time of t1l0 Oetober eleetio!l 18GG, amI nolJody \j~retellds to state
that he was 110t regnlal'ly assesse<l after that date, neither is it ShO\VlL
by any oue that .:\11'. Cm;]o did Bot pa.y taxos snhseqllellt to that time,
and ill tIte ahseuce of proof nf tlwt faet 11is yoto shonl<1 110t he deducted
from 1\11'. Foster. OH tlle eOlltrary, Slini),ier, tlw colledor oi' taxes, says
he did pay t'IXOS. (Seepage 380.)


24th. As to .} OltustOll Spronl, the evidelle(~ of l,'aulk (p. 243) does
not estahlish tlte faet tllllt Spronl waf\ (/ypr t\H>llt,r-two ;rears of age at
the OctolJnr e]eetion nf 18G8. He therefore hall u right to yote withont
the lIa~-tllellt oí' fax, and it does 110t follow that, lwcan¡;;e he lmiel taxes
at tlle NOYf'mber p1ection, that ]w lmll IlOt aUaillcd the age oí' twenty-
two ypars hetweell the time of tlw Octoher alld November election.
This IlOt, lJeillg pron,n t1l0 eleeision oftlw hoard if\ (~ollelusin', in tIte ah-
sence oí' allJ' pl'oof of fraud.


25th. Prank JIeiser is ol~je('tecl to OIl tIle gronntl that he did not pro-
duce hi" naturalir.atioll pa¡wrs beforn the e1edioll board. Tf tIlO clccla-
rations of t1l(' yoh'r are to lJf~ r('('C'iYl'd in cyiclence, it will lJe fonnd, lJy
refprenee to tlle Í(>Stilllolly of Thompson, (p. 10G,) that]Je yoted fol' 1\'11'.
-Coyode; antl if ]¡is yote is an ill('~'al yote, it shonld he dedncted frolll
1.11'. Uo,'o(lo ,llld abo aclllptl tn ]\fr. FosÍl'l'.


2Gth. l'elp1' AclalllO:: is oh,iedf'(l io ll~ ;1, millor. Xeither Tt:aae George
(p.272) ]lOl' Hil'alll A. HooJis, (p. 27:3:) ",110 are relied mi in tlús case,
!lroye eOllelntiiYf'l,i" tIte <lg'e oi' tIte \'ote1', ami, in the ah;';(,1Ic;(, of s11e1l
prooC, it ¡ti noí 10 he prNmllle<l t !mt this yote ,ya" illpga1.


27th. Cha1'les ,YilsOll, il, i:,\ Hl!emll hy his motlw!', lUn'. PIcas. \Vilsoll,
(p. 420,) \Yati hol'll OH thl> 10th (1a~' 01' Odolwl', 18±7; mul tIti" (~leetioll
hayillg IIl'PIl hc]cl 011 tlle 1:3tll da,Y of Odollel', lR(j8, no ol:ieetion can
oe lIl:ule to his yol ('.


28th. 1,P:1]lCl<'l' Uorlwtt, it i,; alkg'pd. is a minor, and that faet is at-
telllpted tn be "llOWll by ]¡(>ar";:lY (>,:i<1e{we. }1ou,.;eÍnan so s,,-ear¡;,; hut
sureI,r that ,,,hü:h i" Ilot within ltis knO\\h'eIgf', lmí is oHl,r ¡"tated as
hearsay, is 1l0t tn bc' l'egnnled as (~\'i(lt>m'e; anll tlle cyÍ(lence ofHonse-
lllall (p. 275) shows that ]¡is \'ote ,ras reteiyed without ohjf'dioll.


2Uth. Gl'o1'ge Ch:Jlfallt's yote is att,1!'kecl npOll tIte grollllel th:lt he is
a llotl-residellL Ilis tetit imouy (p. ;~2~~) ('sta lJlishes the faet that he
was a 1'esident oi' Uniellltown; that whilf' he telllllOntl'ily l'(~sid(~d in
Greea UOllllty, he llPyer was assf'sspd in that eOll11t,r; that he was be·
tween the ages of twenty-ollo amI twenty-two years, and all tIle time
when a\Ya~' frOlll Uniolltown he rf'g'arded tbat plaee as 11is 11ome, aUlI so
speuks oi' it in IliR testimonr. He :l1so says that he resides with his
1I10ther in l-:-niontmvll.


30th. George T,ong, it is said, was llot a resüIent of tlle district in
which 11is vote was east, allcl liad never heen naturalized. His testimony




12 COVODE YS. FOSTlm.
(pp. 426, 427) estaulishes that his i'ather was naturalized while he wm;
yet a child-which would also resnlt in his naturalization; aud t!wt he
\Vas a residcllt long prior to tho electioll. Cromuie (p. 172-17:{) testilles
that Long was in thut distriet in September, 1868. .


31st. B(hvarcl Devlin is attaekecl upon lile ground tJmt he i~ an aliell
amI nOll-lU,i(lent; but his right to vote is showll by tlw te8timoll'y of
Long, (pp. 426, 427,) ,ylüeh proves him to te a native-horn CitiZf'll, ami
by Crombie (pp. 172, 173) also as to his re8idellce.


32d, 33d, 34th, ¡)5th,and 36th. \V. F. J olles, .Jolm Hoyle, \Valt!']' :\1<:-
lvliehael, Patrick Hal'killS, and David l{obinson are ollicctl'd to (,:¡<p
Kemp, p. 231) as illegal votcrs;. but in the absenee oi' proof as to the
illegality of tllese voters, and the distl'ict wIterein slwh votes we1'(' cast,
ancl tlle party for whom they were l'eceived, certaillly tlle,)" wonld not he
deducted from 311'. Foster; aml it is shown very deal'l,Y hythe testi1l101l~­
oi' \V. C. Quffey (p. 4UI) that tIte facts asserted by Kemp are llot
true. By the testimony oi' Pelltlel' (p. :m2) it appeal's ihat Kemp had
at one time becn an in11late oí" the pellitentiarlJ, as a aiminflZ. \Vith this
character of witnesses the comlllittee hall better lutye littIe to do.


In addition to tbis it is clclLl'ly ShOWll by tlw tpstilllolJ,V oi' A. B.
McGrew, thc assessor (and a republiean) 01' Sewiekly TowmülÍp, (sce
p. 235,) "that he asscssed 110 lUall unless he SftW hilll 01' had suftieicnt
evidence that he was in thc township," alld by tho testimony of J Ollll
Noreross, the judge, and Caleb Greenawalt, the inspector, both l'Ppubli-
eans, "that ihere were no 'Dotes takell at tlle Sewickly polI from any one
who had not fully complied with the ]aw," (see p. :n6,) amI fnrther,
the testimolly of John 8tam, tbe ot11er inspector, establishcs also tlle
fact that there were no illegal votes polled at that district.


37th. John 'fnrller i8 not sllown to have voted illegally. All t1l0 evi-
dence goes to show that he was a citizell, and whocver attaeks a vote
must prove it to be illegal. He votcd without ehalleng"e, Ulld to require
}fr. Foster to show that TUl'uel' was llaturalizcd, espeeially w11en he is
no longcr a residellt-morc than ayear having gone by since that clce-
tion, and he having removed from the dist1'iet-wollltl he to l'f~qllire sueh
labor as might well il1l1u(~e him to abandon this con test.


38th. Gcorge Colell1un's yote is 1'e,jected beeause he toId Uriah Hig-
genbottom (p. 80) that he hall Hot bccn in tite 8tate fi)!' a llPl'iod oí'
six mOllths prior tu tlmt tIeetioll. If the deelaratiolls of a voter lllade
after the election is oyer are to be rccei\~ed-onl'y, however, in this case
it is hearsay-to defeat au electioll alld overeome a yote, the sooner snch
is declared to he tlJe law the sooner we will know that aH previonsly
aeeepteLl rules of evülcnee are ended.


W C COIleUl' in tile report of thc majority as to tile votes offcl'c<l tu !lit"-
ferent election boards to he cast fuI' the respedive canüidates, but
which \\'ere rejeeted, t11us allowing to ]\11'. Fostl,l' tltree voteR, alld to
MI'. Covode six votes, that \verc refl1sed tn be l'eeeivcd by offieerR oí'
the election.


As to the votes of Patriek Cooley, ::\Iichael Cooloy, John White, Cal~
vin Halfpcnny, Jolm \Vilson, John Cnmlllings, .Jallles CUmll1ingR, Patriek
Lynch, and John LyoJls, of Dunbar TOWllShip, it is scal'eely lleeE'SSury to
speak beyond sa,Ying, that if JOllll n. Smith "is to be belie\'ctl," (as it is
rather naivellJ put by the ll1ajority in their I'eport,) these men were in
that towlIship, as we haye already stated, lawfnlly-in Il11l'suance oi'
thcir lawful calling, and residents thcrein. lf it be lIot improper, it TIlay
not be amiss to state 11c1'e, (sinee MI'. Smith is rdied UpOll to provc a
great many tIlings,) that "i1' Smith is to believed," we must eone1ude
frorn the testimony of MI'. C ollin s, (sec p. 448,) a~ also that 01' SlIlith




COVODE VS. FOSTER. 13
hiruself, (see p. -,) tbat Mr. Smitlt is not to be I'eliecl upon as a wit-
ness. If be proves anything, he proycs that he clid uds whieh were UIl-
lawful; and, to use a mild phrase, that he is a raseal ; aml, such boing the
fact; be is not eredible. ,


Although "\le have not, 1'01' the pmpose of fincling out tlw true l'esults
in tbis case, dedueted eitller of these eight yotes, it is said b:v t1l0 major-
ity that olle vote was fonnd in tite State ballot-box, in Sewiekly 'rown-
ship, tipon which was tIte Ilallle oi' }I1'. Voster; and this ticket, t}¡ey say,


• was in exeess of tite Ilnmbel' of yotes upon the list, nud thnt thereforc
this vote sllOultl he de¡]udpll Ü'Olll }Tl'. Foster. UO\\' SlH'lt eonelusion
can be reaelwd pa¡.;s('s on1' eomprehension. If any on(' e:m (]t'h'rInille
tbat tile vote in exee~s may 1l0t haye just as likely bren east fur 1\11'.
Coyodo as for ~Ir. Fmltf'l', he will }¡an~ sllcceeded bettel' titan can he de-
termined by thosc \y}¡o sip:n this 1'epo1't. So, aIso, ,ritlt ]'('p::ml to Olle
vote in South lIuntingdoll Tmvllship, w11ie11 was fOlmd OH the tloor, allcl
conntel1 for .!VIl'. F()stl~l'.


The folIowillg' statcllH'nt ,,.i1l t'xhibit the llames of tIle YOÜ'l'8 whieh, in
the jlldgmellt oí' the llIinOl'ity, \H'l'P ilIpgall,r cm;t fol' lUl'. Uovodo, the
reaSOllS assigm'll í'or thcir illc,\!:,dity, a refereneo to tlle WitJlt'sses who
t~stify in reganl to rneh, a1ll1 j llP nage UpOll whidl t 11eír !ctitimony is to
be fouud.


First. Isaac Jollllsnll, it is :llkg'ed llpOll tlle part (jf MI'. Fo;;ter, votell
for .MI'. Coyodo, in \\'llal'toll 'l\I\\lIship, oí' whieh IlP \\'as llOt then a 1'e5i-
dellt. He wml a malTi('ll 111:111, :md hj;;; wife, ,,"ith ",110m lit' \Vas then
residing, lived in N O1'tll UnÍon 'l'()\,:llship, amI althong"h he O\Vlled a fal'm
in "'harton, aJl(I O(~casionall'y yjsÍtr([ tlH'rp, his residence luis never
been in that. tO\nlship "inec hi~; lllarriagp, mal his Yute, tlleJ'ufol'f', sltonld
be <ledl1ctcd frolll Mr. Coyode.See testimoll'y of l\IcCartllcy, p. ~n;l; Van
Brt'l/if'n, pp. :)11, :31~,::J:I.)


:';¡] •• James Chornillg-. it ü; ckarly sho\\'n, yotcd :~t tlle elpütioll .in
vVhartoll TO\nl;;llip, al](l ItH' JUl'. Coyodp, amI that. 1w \yas Ilot then a
residl'llt,of tll<it tO\Yllshi]l. Sce t('"tilllOn~" oi' J\íeCartncy, pp. :\1:1-314;
Vatl Bre !lW 11 , pp. :lll-:H::; 1\IcCulloug-h, p. 311. Thü, ,"ote sho111d be
tkdnetc<l fl'olll .Jlr; CoY()(h~,


:Id. Azarialt Hlla\\" is sho\nl by tlle testi1l1ony of J\Id)~)\Yel1 (n. 33)
and- Boyil (p. 331) to lwyo Yotf'!l illega]]y, aud i'ol' 1\11'. Uoyodf'. 11(\ was
tbell a l'psidellt allll hall a falllily l'f'siding in Ohio; "-:lti iu lJnionboro'
olll,\" LllHlt~l' metlical treatmellt, alld had not aequil'ed any resüIpllee in tItis
Sta k


'l'his yote, tIlf'refOl'p, shon1d be l1ednctell from MI'. Coyode.
4th. James Kean was a l'esidt>ilt of Venango COl1nty, Pennsylyania,


and was not entitlf'1l to yote in 'l',rrone TOWIlShip, aJl(I his yote cast in
tbat towllship \Yas tllPref'ore ilIegal. He came ollly to get married at
the timo oi' tlle eleetion and yoted 1'01' M1'. Coyodp, and len tIle day aHer
tlle eleetioll. W'llPll here he eyidelltly <lid Ilot intelld to remain, as is
SllO\V1l by thc testimony of Kean, (p. '309,) wherein he statf's that his
son James had a man in his place while lw was absent i'rolll Vernango
County. This vote, tltf'I'cforl', shoultl 1.Ie dcdnetcd fl'om tlle eount i'or MI'.
(Jovoüe.


ñth. ,To11ll ]\'1:. I,ilrimer, \y]¡o yoted fol' MI', CoY()(le in Sewickly TOWIl-
ship, it is IH'OV(~d hy tlle t('stimOll~" of Colonel :\IeFarlalll', (pp. :373-~)74,)
au Illl¡:](\ oí' the yo ter, resided in thn ('ity of Pittsburg amI llever liad a
rf'sidellCe allywhere in ilmt. tOllgrps"ional di~tl'i(',t.


6th. JolJll 1\'1. Ha;vmak('r moyed to "\Vest VirgillÍfl, was there electe<l a
jnstice of t11e peaee am1 nppointt'¡l postmat'tf'l', amI acted as such af1l\r
beiug duly COllllllissioIleu, aml <lid llOt again return to PennsJ'lyania




14 COYODE VS. FOSl'ER.
until in Junc, 1868, whieh would be only four mOllths prior to tfJe Octo-
ber electioll in that year. 1 t is in evidellce that he votcd 1'01" 1\fr. Coyode
in October; tlJat in Novclllber he oiTered to yote, and his yote was
rejected upon the g'l'ollml that he hadnot, at that tillle, aCf]uil'rd a l'ight
to vote. (Seo testimolly 01' Clark, p.378; Harvcy, p. ~¡7~l.) Of courSQ
tlJis vote :,;llOUld be deducted fmm 1\I1'. Covode.


7th. Frank Rciscr, it appears, yoted for MI'. (joyolle wit]¡out }ll'e-
senting his llatul'alization certificate to the boan1. (See Tholllpson,
p. 10G.) This vote ,is errolleonsly eharged against }Ir. Fostcl' in the
lllqjority rcport, amI has heen dednctt:'¡l fl'ollt hilll. TIHl í'aet shO\\I'; ihat
it should just be rt'Yersed.


8th mHl 9th. vVilliam Hal'tt'Ol'd, alias Fletdlcr, ami .J. D. J)a,-is \'oted
fo!' MI'. Coyode in Knhn':'\lli:'\trict, in UnHy TOWllShi p. Nt'it]¡pl' of tlte:.;e,
Illen were 1'esiclents o[ ilmt distriet, ancl their votes í'honld be <1educted
from MI'. Covoüe. T]¡ey ,yol'l~ mere sqjonruers tILen', on a, Yisit, llot
properly qualified to yote in tlla1, district, uot kllO\m to tho a88cs80r;
hnt olle of thelll \ras assessed lllldel' au aSRulIled lIaIlle; and both 101't
that district tlle Friday after t11e elcction 1'01' the State oí" OlJio. (See
test.imony 01' Bal'lldollar, p. 308.)


10th .. Tacob J ustice. lt is SllOWll by tite ovidence of M. S. Ove1'llOlt,
(see p. 223,) a \Vitucs8 UpOll thc pa1't of 1\11'. Covode, tha1, Jnstice \Vas
in 1,lle wood alld \Villow \Vare business with, HO\ve, Enstou & Co., iu
Philadelpllia, l:'eullsylvania, and had heen ihero llrobably eighteeu
months 01' two years; he was BOt cllgagcd in any husiness in l\lount
Pleasant, was t11cre only occasionalI.yon a visi1" aml yoted in Mount
Pleasant Rorongh at tho Octoher elcction of 1808 for .Tohn Covode fin'
COllgress. T11at he had a legal residen ce in Pbiladelphia, amI \Va:.; a <¡nllli-
fiecl voter there, call1lOt he questioned, alld this vote, the1'efo1'e, s]¡ould
be cleducted from Coyodc.


11th. Lyrnall 13. Shenick also voted in MOUllt Pleasaut Borough 1'01'
M1'. Covode, while it is showll hy tite tt'stirnoIl"; oí' .:\1. S. O\'erholt (p. 22:3)
that he was t11en ellgaged in doillg bw'lÍlless In PhillHlelphia, l:'(~nIlKyl­
vania, with Adamsoll & Fette1's, in tho llotioll busiues:'\, amI had
been so engagcd for, perhap~; ayear lH'e\'Íolls to tltat eleetiou; that he
dicl not own auy property iu J\fOUllt Pleasant; that he \Vas a lwu'l'ir.d
man, and had takl"'l1 up hOllsekeepillg in Philaclelphia. This vote ;,;hould
be deducted from MI'. Coyode.


12th. Judsoll Newmye1' also yoteü fol' 1\11'. Covode in 1\fonnt Pleasant
Borough, although, as is SllOWll by tlw testimony ol'.IVI. S. Ove1'1101t, (p.
223,) 11e was engaged in doing business for Jcsse Lippincott,of Pitts-
bW'g, in the g1'ocery business, aud certaillly he was Ilot a resillent 01'
:Monnt Pleasant Borough. This vote, t11e1'e1'ol'e, slJould he deducted fl'olll
Mr. Covocle.


13th. Dayid K. Faulk, in Alleghl111Y TOWIlShip, yotecl fúr l\fr. Covode,
and, it appears frolll tlle testimony of his b1'other, (pp. 243, 244,) that
fol' four years almost he hall been in Oil City, in VCllHllgO COUllty,
:Pennsylvania, and only came into the district in whieh he yoteü tu:o 01'
three days before the eleetioll. This vote should he deduded 1'rom MI'.
Covode.


14th, 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th, 19th, 20th, alld 21st. John C. Panl, Samuel
lfcCune, \Villiam J . .lVlcCune, Nelson Heury, Melton Bal'tle.y, John
Decker, David Ransom, Ephra.im 'faylor, voted fol' M1'. Covode in Blairs-
ville. It is shown by the testimoll'y of Boyers, (p. 247,) tlle republi-
can c1erk, that he lIever saw Panl before 01' since the election,aml tllat
he left the town 011 the UOOIl train (see p. 248) t1le day upon which
the election was held. :Paul, it is in evidence, is mail agent 011 tite




COVODE VS. FOSTER. 15
Pennsylvania railroad. Samn01 l\{eCllne (see Byers, p. 247) lived at
Lewistown 01' Colll1uoia 01' Port Deposit, and was in an engiueer- corps
there then, amI,)'ot. He eame to Blairsville, it also appears, at 110011 of
eith~r the day oí' the nlectioTl, 01' the day hefore, and went away as soon
as the electioll was o\'er. 'Yilliam J. MeCnne (see Byers, p. 247) is a
brakcmall on a pas;;engel' train lwtweell Pittshnrg añd Altoona, and
eame to Blail'sville cither OH SatnnIay 01' }[onday eycning, previous to
the electioll. He mm allmvcd to yote (soe 13,)'o1's, p. 246) 011 his 0\\'11
oath, and witltont ally other pl'oof oí' l'ct-;itlellce heing reqnired by tlle
bwml, antl Irft BlairsvilIc OH the tlay of tlle electioll. ::VliltOll Bartley
came to Blal'syil1e. (Rt'(l 13,\'e1's, p. 247)" seVPi'al tlays hefore the elee-
tion," alld a1thollgh tlle ~YitJlPss has heell a 1'eíSident of BlairsyilIe ,sinee
1861, he tloes not rpeollect of seeing the ,"ote!' t11ere at any. time exeept
at tIlO eleetioll. NelHOll Henry (see Byel's, p. 248) was mail agellt on
the vYest PCllm;ylvania l'ailroad, ate lJreakfast amI. snpper, amI. had his
loc1gillg's in AlleghallY City, but took lns diuuer in IHain;yillp. He
voted for ]\[1'. Covode, withont Ihe slmdow of l'ight, amI his yote
SllOUld be exelude<l Ú'01ll tlJe eonnt.


Bphmim 'l'a,)'lor (t-;ee Bryers, p . .2,18,) \Vas an engillCel' U]lOIl the
\Yest PellllsylvHnia nlilroml, amI the faets in lliíS case are precisel,\' the
same as in tlle tnse of Henry. "Ye deduet his ,"ote frolll ~1r. COYOlle.


John Decker (see Bl'yers, p. 248,) was time-keepel' at the soda
works in AlIeghany COHnty; "he llHd heen tllCre two years 01' more,
mal ollly reached Blairsville either Satnrclay 01' }lo11day preyious to
the election." Re voted Oll his own oat11, as to his l'esitIenee aul! all, for
MI'. Covode, alld \Ve dl~dnet his vote.


David Hansolll (see Bryers, p. 248,) eame to BlairsvilIe OH the
evening of the eleetioll; he ~\'aS workillg in the railroatl compuny's
shopt-;; harl been ahsellt for a couple of year8. He voted fol' }lr. Co-
vode amI \Ve dednd his vote.


'Ye eannot fail to eOllclude, from tIle evÍflellce pl'esented, that tIlese
pf'l'ROnR \VerlO improperl'y introdueetl into that district for the purpose of
aiding in the election of }lr. Covode.


Other votes are re;jectetl in the same precinet, bnt the foregoing are
the ouly oIles that \Ve feel ealled upon to exclude frolll the eount.


22d. James Boyd, \VIlO votetl fol' MI'. Covode, in Irwinboro, was
not a residellt, as appeal'S by thc testimony of Cort, (p. 387,) \Vho is
very elear that Boyd had BOt livecl in Irwin fúr three 01' four years prior
to that eIection. l\TcQuaüle (pp. ;{S5, 386) testifies that he is ruulling
on the railroad, ancl lies over in Pittshurg, w11crc his residen ce is, ancl
is positive that he had no residen ce in Irwin for at least one year before
the October e1eetio11 of 1868. l:~o'yd hinll,elf (p. 271) says he elaimed
Irwin as a resitlenee, beeanse he had relat-ivcs living there, and had hill1-
self at S0111e prior time lived there; sillee thell had passed through the
borough 011 his train rnnning from Pittshllrg, in Alleghall'y Connty to
Conemaugh, in Cambl'ia COlluty. This vote shoultl be dedueted fi'om the
eount of MI'. Covode.


23d .• John Worthington, who voted for MI'. Covode in German Town-
ship, from the testimony oí' 'rhomas A. McKean, (pp. 2:32,332,342) was
not a residellt in that township. HÜI vote onght, therefore, to he de-
ducted fl'om .i\fr. Covode.


24th. The testimony of .1\11' . .l\1eKean also pro ves that John ConnelIy
votetl fol' MI'. Covode, in Germall 'l'owllship, he Bot having sueh resi-
denee as entitled him to vote in that distriet, 01' any other in the State
of Pennsylvallia. This vote should also be deduded fmm .MI'. Covode.


25th. John Swall proves (p. 3(1) that Rev. W. C. Kaufman's family




16 GOVODE VS. FOSTl~n.
resides in Cham bel'shul'g, rennsyl,ania, whcl'c he ,rould havo heoll
legally cntitIerl to yote; it' so, his Yot(~ was impI'OpeI'ly recciycd in
\Vest Newtoll, \Vcstmor( 1aml Connty. He cou1d BOt llaYC llad snc11
a residellcc in two dilJerent distriots at the samo time as wou1d pntitle
1Iim to yote in either. He yotecl fol' (Joyode, aml shon1d he (lcd lletea
from hi8 polI.


26th. Hev. \Villialll B,ving yoted for Coyode in Frallklin 'l'o\Vllship.
Rifo; right to voto in that COllllty W)lS objeett'll to 011 two gl'olllHIs. lo
That he had 110t 8nch re:,;ülence t11ere as clltitl!:'ll him to vote. 2. That
he hall noto paid a tax as reqnired by law to olltitle ltim to a yoLe. Tite
eyidence of S. J. 1\1illcr (p. ~)~;I) leayc8 t1le qm'8tioll of re:,;itlcllec doubt·
fuI, hut it i8 clear that t11erc was no penlonal tax a:,os('s~c<l on 11im
,vithin two yea1'8, nol' ha<l he paid snelt mx. Oll thi~ gl'Olllld, his yot;p
should be deduetel] frolll ]\fr. Coyorle.


27th. William ,YiIliams, who yoted 1'01' nIr. Coyo(le at Ir",inhoro, it
is clearly pro ved oy Jmnes 1\1. Gnffey (p. 404,) al1el hy Eli l\feCorllliek,
(pp. 388, 389,) inspector" of that eleetioll, voted un framlnlcllt papers,
anu on t11at ground his yote was rt:'jeete(l at Ule N o\,(,ll1lH'l' ('lpetÍon,
the inspector8 oHly ditl:i>!'ing in tlwir evi!1PlwP as to whl'thn 01' HOi.
\Villiallls prodnl'ed the 8ame papnI's nt tlte No\'emhel' elect.lOll as ¡lO rlid
at thc Oetohel' eledioll, amI ia thit~ Williams ltilll8l'lf (see p. 418) eoI'-
roborates MI'. (¡nfie,'. 'Ve lJan'l tlllÜll(~tllü this vot.e frolll tlm eoullt of
.MI'. Co,·ode. "


28th. James l\le\VilJiams, it appi'ar~ :'1'0111 ¡h~\ testimoll'y of Hobert S.
Robinson, (p. 4W,) \'oü,(l t'Ol' (J",'o(ll\ in í>¡'llil TO\VllShip, h(\ tltell he-
ing a l'esidellt oi' tl18 eity OI I':ülalL'lplli:,. '1'úis vote sltould 0<" de-
dlleted from }fr. Co\'011e.


Israel Gintelsbel'g't'l' amI TohhlS Gilltel:,;hel'ger are bot1l pro ved (sen
HOl'l'ell, p.410, antl Bellllett, ¡J. ·lOH,) to han~ votell rOl' .:Irr. Coyode in
Fairfield TO\YIlShip, am] tllat hotÍl :¡re 01' lln';Otllld lllim1. Horrell
(p. 410) does not eOllsitler tht,1tl capabll' of jndgillg' bptlH'ell rigllt allfl
wrong. \Vhile \Ye do 1l0t aeeept tlle cOllelm;ioll of the lllajOl'i ty upon
the objcctioTl to pel'SOIlS 01' ult,;olllld 1Ililld; ,Yd, if tIH'Y ,1m jo df'tlnet
sueh votes from MI'. FO:-ltl'l', llllllllí'stiollabl,v liiw votes sllOll]el lí(~ (11'-
dueted fl'orn 1\'11'. COYOlle.


J. vVei'ley l"ee, it is sl!o"'lt by .l\lillhollallll (p. ,1~()) and I"ntz, (p. 424,)
voted in Hostraver Towllship ti)r :\Ir. CO\'OIIe, amI i8 a Illllatie. His ea~e
is prccisel.v similar to ·tlto"e illllllelliately pl'eeeding thi8, ando even a.
stronger case, his IUllacy bcing' so strongly mal'keü as 1,0 prevcnt him
from even knowing hi~ OW11 ud".


2Dth. J01m Barner yoted at the e1eetion in l?ostraver TOWTlsllip fol'
Covode; he was a foreiglll'r, am] \Ya8 Iloí natUl'alized. He ehlünetl tite
rigbt to yo te OTl the gl'ound, as he allegell, t.lmt !tis f"ther \Va.8 natural·
izetl when he ",as a minor, w1lie1l gayo hilll t.he l'ig!tt oí' citizeIl8!tip.
This wonld be true i1' tite natl1ralization certificate of hi8 father lIad
heen prodnced to the board, hnt it. \Yas noto In t11e absen('c oí' it his
own oath \Yas taken as to the fact; thitl ",as ill1]1ropel' alllI illeg-al. Tlle
fatller himself eould not vote, under the statnte oí' Pel111sylnlllill, OH his
O\\'ll oath that he was naíllrali;r,ed; i t l'l'!}uil'c,; t he produetion ol' t1le cer-
tifieate of nuturalizatioll, exeept wuen he lVa~ a. votel' ill tllo distl'iet for
t.t'11 COTl8pcutiyC years. lf this killd of [ll'ooj' coultlllotaYllil t1lc father,
it is ditlicult to perceive how it conll] avail tlll' SOll. (::lee testillloll'y of
I.JoWI'~', p. 4:3:3, and Housemall, j). 4~[j.) Tllis vote was illlpl'opel'l'y re·
ceivel! aud shonld hc dedlleted fl'olfl 1\1 ... Co\"oI10.


30th. Levi lIalllill \'oh'd in East l\fahoning' 'l'oww;:hip fol' Ur. Co\"()dc.
Tlll\ e\'i(lenee of Ric]¡ardson (p. 43ü) :,01101\'8 that t his lila n ,yas Hot a,
resident oí' that district at that time, aml not entilleu to \'ote therein.




COVODE YS. FOSTER. 17
He had been there but a few uays, and has never been seen there since
the election. This vote we are compelled to ucduct ll'om MI'. Covode.


31st. Wilson l\'liller, it appears from the testimony of BIue, (p. 440,)
and Brady, (p. 440,) voted in Payne Townslüp for Mr. Covode. From
his own declarations it is very clear that he was Jet a minor at the time
of that electioll. Tbis vote we deduct from .:\fr. Covode.


32d. Wm. Butterbaugh voted, it would appenr, at the election in
Green TOWllSbip, when his residellce, as is ShOWll by vVagoner, (p. 444,)
was in Grallt TOWllShip, to w.hich district he had moved in the sprillg
prior to tbat election. He is proved also to haye beell a republican,
and it is not unfair to assume that he yoted for MI'. Covode. ",y e have
deducted this vote from him.


RECAPITULATION.
Foster's majority _____ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - _____ . ______ . __ . ___ . 41
Add illegal votes cast for Covode, as apllf'arR in arguments, not em-


bracillg persons of unROlllld mind, twenty of which are conceded
by the majorit'y report, as per schedule s marked A and B _ _ _ . _ _ 54


Add votes oftered to be cast for 1'oster, lmt illegally rejected by
the election ofticers- - - - - - - - - - ____ . _ .. _____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3


Foster's majority ___ - - - _ .. ___ . _________________________ . . 98
Deduct ilIegal votes cast for Foster, including those votes cast


by lUllatics, .claimed and established by lIH\jority report as
per schedule e _ .. _ .. _ . __________ . _____ . __ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 36


Add votes offcrcd to be eu,'lt for Covode, but illegally rejected
by the election officers. ___ . - ___ . __ . _ . __________________ . 6


Add vote supposed fol' Foster in cxccss of tally list oí' names
in Sewickly Township __ . _____ . _____ . _. _. _____ . _________ . 1


Also one of like chal'acter in South Huntingdon ___ .. _ . __ .. _ 1


. Actual majority for Poster .. _____ . _. _ .. _. _.. 54
If individual cases are to he inquired iuto, and deductions made, less


than this majority upon a fa ir cxamination of the evidence in each case
MI'. Foster cannot have.


If anything more is lleeded in t.11is case, it is to be found in the fact
that at thc same clcction General Hartranft, the l'epublicall candidate fol'
auditor general, received in tIlis district a majority of two hundred. ando
sevellty-nille, aml this Ilotwithstanding the fact that .l\fr. Boyle, the
democratic candidate for that ofilce, was a residcnt of Fayette County,
one of the counties that eompose the district, and ran conRiderably
ahead of his ticket.


The vote fol' auditor general was as f(¡llows :
Indiana County-Hal'tranft. _ . - _. - . _____________ . _ . ____ . _ . ____ 4,842
Fayette COllnty-Hartrauft .. _ . _ . __ . _ ... _________________ . _ _. 3, 745
Westmoreland County-Hal'trallft ________ .. _____ . __ . _____ . _. 5,335


13,922
Indiana County""':Boyle ____ . ____ . _______ . _____ .. _ .. _. _ 2,301
Fayette County-Boyle __ . _ . ________ . ____________ ... _ 4, 773
Westmoreland County-Boylc. _________ . _ .. __ . __ .. __ . _. 6, 569


-- 13,643
Hartranft's majority. _ . _ .. ____ .. _ .. _____ . ___ _ 279
H. Rep. 15, pt. 2--2




18 COVODE VS. FOSTER.
In the same countics-


Foster received ............................ _ . __ ............. 13,807
Covode reccivcd ................... _ . _ ...................... 13,766


Foster's majority ................ _ .......... _ .. _ . . . . . . 41


Still further to illustrate the weakness of Mr. Covode's case, let me
refer you to th~ vote in this district at the election in October, 1869, for
governor:
In Iudiana County-Packer had _ ...... _ ..... _ ......... _ . .. . . .. 2, 062
In Fayette County-Packer had. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. 4,217
In \Vestmoreland County-Packer had ....... , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 6, 195


Total ....................................... : . . . . . . .. 12, 474
In Indiana County-Geary had _ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 4, 003
In Fa;yette Coullty-Geary had. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 3,339
In Westmoreland Coullty-Geary had. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. 4, 853


12,195


Packer's majority..... ................................. 279


SCHEDULE A.
Thc following table exhibits thc votes admitted by the majorityreport


to have been illegally cast _ for lV[r. Covode, which, OH exarnination on
our part, satisfies us are well established by the evidellce :


Name. Place of votillg. IlIcgalíty. Evidence.


FAYETIE COUNTY.


Martin Lutz ................. Uniontown Borough ............ Minor ............ 98,99,328,329,330
Jacob Sandera............... Connellaville ........................ do.... . .... .... 320
Griffith Wells ................ ]<'ayette City .................... ~on·re8ident...... 336


WEBTMORELAND COUNTY.


Andrew Rahl. ............... North Huntington .............. Non·resident .... ..
Jacob Martz ................. Penn Borough ...................... do ........... ..
J. M. Clemento ............... Washington .................... JlUnor .......... ..
AaronJeft'ries ................ North Huntington .............. Non·rcsident .... ..
Bennett Van Kirk ........... Rostravr ........................... do ........... ..
~ili~':nC~~~~:::: ::::::::::: ::::::g~:::: .............. : ::.:::: :::::: . N¿~~:.·: :::::::::
William R. Snyder ........... Bolívar ......................... Votc<l twice ..... ..


INDIANA COUNTY.


John Mullen ................. Saltzb~rr""""'" ............ Minor ........... .
HenryH. Seger .............. North Mahoning ................ Non·payrn'toftax.
John 'Vinebark .................... <lo ......................... Minor .......... ..
George R. Bobler ............. Center Township_.............. Non·resident ..... .
Geor.ge W. Kephart ........ Cherry Hill ...................... Minor ........... .


~::r:~~ ~~~;,;;~::::::::::::: ir¿~~t'~!~~n1~~~~~~:::::::.-.-:::: :g~ .......... ::::::::
David Proctor ............... Greenc ......................... Negro .......... ..
AdamBowers ................ Brush Valley ................... Non·assessment .. .


104, 373, 415
370,383
377,438


416
421,424,433


427
432


417, 444, 445


383
434,446
434,435
437,438
438,439
440,441


441
442,443, 447


442


I
.,




COVODE VS. FOSTER. 19
SCHEDULE B.


The following table exhibits the votes which, in our judgment, the
evidence clearly shows were illegally and improperly cast for l\fr.
Covode, in addition to the twenty shown in Schedule A, and admitted
by the majority in theirreport :


District. Namo of voter. Reason. Eddence.


FAYETl'E COUNTY.


W'harton TOWD.ship ................... . Isaac J ohnson .............. N on·resident.. '313. 313
Do .............................. .


=.:~:~:hli; ::: :::::::: ::::::::::
James Choming ................ do .......... 313,314,311;312
Azariah Shaw .................. do.......... 330,331
James Kean .................... do ..... '"'' 309


WE8TMORELAND COUNTY.


Iilewickly TOWllShip .................. .. .J ohu M. Larimer .............. ,do ........ ..
Frnnklin Township .................... John M. Haymakor ............. do ........ ..


INDIANA COUNTY.


l'ayue TOWllShip ....................... Frank Heiser ................... do ......... .
WESTMORELAND COIDITY.


trDity ~~,,:,:,s~~:. ::::::: :::: :::::: :::::: J. D. Davis ..................... do ......... . 'Vm. Harttord.aliasFlctchcr ..... do ......... .
:Monnt Pleasant Borough .............. .


Do ..................•............
Do ............................. ..


Alleghany Township .................. .


Jacob Justice ................ " .do ........ ..
Lyman B. Sherrick ............. do ......... .


~~~,'hlnl'F~':Ykr.:: ::::::::: ::: :~~::::::::::
INDIANA COUNTY.


lllairsville .............................. John C. Panl. ................... '10 ......... .
Do ............................... Samuell'rlcCune ................. do ........ ..
Do ............................... Wm.J,McCune ................. do ........ ..
Do ............................... Nol"on ITenry ................... do ........ ..
Do ............................... Milton Bartley .................. do ......... .
Do ............................... Jobn Decker .................... do ......... .
Do............................... David Ransom .................. do ......... .
Do ............................... Ephraim Taylor ................. do ......... .


WESTMORELAND COUN1'Y.


374
378,379


106-107


358
358
223
223
223


243,386


247,248
247


247,246
248
247
248
~48
248


Irwin .................................. JamcsBoyd ..................... do .......... 385,386,367,271


FAYETTE COUNTY.


Gei-man Township ..................... J. F. Worthington ............... do ........ ..
Do ............................... .rohuConnelly .................. do ......... .


WESTMORELA).'D CÜUNTY.


WestNcwton .......................... W.C. Kaufman ................. do ........ ..
Penn Township ...... ............ ...... Rev. Wrn. Ewing ................ do ........ ..
Irwin .................................. Wm. Williams .............. Alien ....... ..
Penn Township .............. __ .. __ .... James McWilliarns ......... Non·resident ..
Rostraver Township .. __ ........ ____ ... ,Tohu Bamer .. ____ .. __ __ __ __ Alien ______ ...


L'fDIANA COUNTY.


East Mahoning;. __ ... __ .. ______ ........ Levi Hamlin .... __ ........ __ Non·resident ..


tre: :¡~:::.ah~:::::::::::::::::::::::: ~:'°B~i1~~b~-,;g:i.':::::::::: ~:no;~~¡de;;t::


232, 233, 234
232, 233, 234


361,362
383


388, 418, 404
416


433,425


436
440,440


444




20 COVODE VS. FOSTER.


SCHEDULE O.


The following table will show the votes that, in the judgment of the
minority, are t'rl'oneously deducted by thc majority from .!\ir. Foster, as
stated in their report on page 11 ;


í~O', ______ N_a_m_e_' _____ 1 Place oí voting. Ground of illcgality.
1 .James T. Martill .. _ .. ------ --_ .. _1 DUllbul' - ...... -.... _ .. Minor .... _ .. -_ ..... - ..


~ t:~~:eWF~~~~rs;)~;~:: :::: :~::: ::: -:iil:(~Il'~,~iú~: ::~::::::: _~~d:~~~~~~~::: ~::.:~:".
4 Connclly Westcott _______________ Fayette City __ : _______ Minor ________________ _
5 Reason Dean .. _ .... _ ... _ .. _ .... 0·0 Mena~leIL T())VIlShip ....... do . _ .. _. __ .... _. _ .. I
6 W. S. Jobnson __________ . ________ Union Borougb ___________ do _________ o ______ _
7 -eriah yauger1jr .............. __ . ~orth Uniull .......... Non-rcsident ... ___ ._._ 8 Wm. ScarigbL ___________________ UnionBorougb __________ do __ . _____________ _
9 James Searigbt ______________________ do ______ . __ ._. ___ ._ . ___ do __ ... _____ .. __ . __


10 IsrarlPainter,jr _______________ S.Huntingdon ____________ do ____ __
11 Jaeou mUllt _____________________ Frankliu_ .. _________ . _____ do _ . _. __ .. ________ _
12 Samucl Pattrrson _____ . ______________ do ________ .. __________ do _______________ _
~: ~aCO.l\\i;eitzel.-. -.. - .... _. _._ ... ~}let~lHIY t='"a: -_ .... iil.m.paymenL oftax ...


H ~:~~:.~~~;ti~:~: ~: -:~:::: ~:::: ~ _ ~~i~~~~0~;~~d~:: ~: _ :~~~i~~i:~-~'~~~~::::: ~:-
~~ !1oasi!~~í~~~e}:: ::::: :::::::::::: ::~~ : ::::::: :::::::: :~lid~ :::::::::::::: :::
20 Jobn :llclntyre .. _ .. _____ ... __ .. ___ . _do __ .... _ .... ___ . ___ . __ uo _ ........ _ ... _ .. _


Evidence.


310
302
319
335
326


59,97
85
98
98


102,361
407
407


120,121
185,372


172
416


414.415
383


180, 182
180,182


~~ f~~~~~ ~ti~~~~~~ ~ ::::: ~......... ~~~~.~~t.o.'~~ ~ ~: ~ ~ ~ ~~: ~ .~~~~l~~~i.~~~~~: ~ .. :::::: ...... . 230
~ J~h~~~~ ~~~~';i------:::---.--::.::: ::: ~1.le(f(~~~~: ::::: ::::: _?,:°d;;ay.~_e.~~ ~.f.~~~.::
25 Frank Heisel' __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ }{ayne __ __ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ Alien _ ..... __________ _
26 PeterAdams ................... Lnity ................. 11inor ................ .
27 Charles Wilson ........ _ .. _..... Rostl'aver __ .. _ _ _ _ _. _do .. _. _ ........... .
28 Leander Coruett ___________ .. _. _ _. __ <lo _ .... _ .. _ .. _____ .. __ do _ .... __ ... ___ . _._
29 Georg" Chalfant __ . ________ .. __ "["nion Borongh ____ . _. _ Non-resident _________ _
~~ i~~~!I~d ~~fIi~'::::: ~ ~:::: ~::: ~ ~ ~' ~~~~{~typ.r ........ - .... _ ~~l.idg ~~l_~ _]_l~)~l.-~·e~~(~~~l~
~23 W. F. JOlles .. ____ .. __ . _ .... ______ Sewi"kly_ .... _ .. ______ NOll-l""sidenL ....... __


tTohnRoyle ._ ... _ ... _,, _____ .... _ ... do._ _ .... do ................ .
34 W. MeMicbaeL _ .. ___________________ do ____ .... __ .. _ ... ____ do ____ .. _ .... __ ... _
a5 Pat'k Harkius __ . ____ .. _______ .. _ _ ___ do _ _ ___ do ____ .. _________ __
36 David Robinson ____________ . _________ do __________ .. _______ do _________ .. _____ _
37 Jno_ Turner ..... _ .... _____ ... _ .. _ Conncllsvillc _____ .. __ Alien __________ .. __ ._:


242.380
- 243
106


272,273
420
275
323


172, 426, 427
172, 426, 427


376,419,392,235
41!J, 376, 392, 235
419, 392, 376, 235
41!J, 392, 376, 235
419, 392, 376, 235


38 George Coloman -~~= -~~.:..:..:l~nzerne ~-~:~- _____ I Non-resident_= __ -_----'.-__ _
55,56
8~


As to the vote of Peter Small, an alJegctl lunatic, it is not shown,
even ii' it be concluded that persons of that class are to be excluded from
voting, for whom he yoted, and we cannot dcduct t.his vote from either
of the padies to this contesto


The minol'ity of the COllil1littee of Elections, therefol'e, recommend the
adopt.ion oí' the following resolntion ;


Resolved, That by reason of the foregoing facts, Henry D. Foster is
entitled to represent the twcnt,Y·first congrcssional district oi' Pennsyl·
vania for tbe forty·first Oongress in the House of Representatives of
tbe United States.


, 'C;


<'I~.,.


'"


o


SA~L J. RANDAI,L.
ALBERT G. BURR.
P. 1\1. DOX.




41ST CONGRESS, t HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
2d Session. ~


HEOUGIA ELECTION CAS8S .


.}ANU.\.RY 28, Ul70.-0rdered to he printetl.


{ REPORT No. 16.


Mr. ClIURCIIILL, fl'om the Committee of Elections, made the following


R,EPORT.
The Oomntittee ol Elections, towhom uyere t~letred tite crec7erttials o/ P.


M. B. Yonn.q, Nelson Tílt, llT. P. Edw(trds, ,J. W. Olí/t, 8mnuel F.
Go/}e, and G. H. Prince, claimin.rJ scats as reprcscntati¿'cs ¡roln the State
o/ Georgia, submit tTte following :
In ~overnbe~', 186i, undel' the reconstruction acts of Congress, lllelll


bers of a cOllventioll to forlfl a cOllstitntioll of the ::;tat.e of (}porgia
were eledecl. This ronvention cOllvened on the Dth dav of Decrmbel',
180i, an.! proceeded with tllC onl,\' dnty whieh, under those aets, they
}¡ad to perfonn, amI on tllc 11 th Jfarch, 1868, they atloptc(l a (iOIl"t,i~l1.
tion to be submitted to tIle people under the aets ahoye l'efeITed too


OH the llt.h 01' Mareh, 1808, Congress passed an art, the seeond see·
tiotl of which l'eads as follow.-; :


:-;¡';C. 2. A I/(l 11/1 it flll'tlWI' rllactCll, That· t he eOllst.itut.iollal CUll yentioll of ally of the
State8 melltiolled in the aet~ to \\'lüeh t11i.,; is allll'lHlatory may proyide t11at at the timo
of yotin§.( UPOll the ratiticatioll of tI", CO'lstitntion, tlw regiskre,l yok.rs lllay vote 'llso
fol' mero bers of tl1<' HOllst\ of R"pl'e.slmtat.iyes of tite lTllite<l Sta tes, allll ful' all eledive
officers proyitlml ful' lJy the said eOllstitutioll: allrl the Salll() electioll uffiecl's ",lw "hall
make the retllrI! uf the Yutes cast OH t,lle ratitication 01' rejection of the cOllstltntioll
shall ellumemte ami certi(y the YOtl'8 ea,;t fin' memhel'H of COllgr!'ss.


Unüel' the authority of this .-;eetioll, aIt.hong-It a,nticipating- itto\ pal-5.-;agc,
tIle eonventioll on tIle 10th of 31m'ch, 1868, adopted an ol'dinallCe ,yhich
pI'ovidcd tItat. aH eleetioll shouhl he held, beg-illllillg Oll the 20th oí' Apl'il,
1868, "fol' voting Oll tilo ratification oi' tlw coltstitutioll, amI for goYcl'-
nor, members of the general a~~elllhl'y, repl'eseutatiTes to tIle COllg'l'eSS
oí' the Ullited Htate.-;, alld aU other oftkers to be eleded as proYideü in
the constitutioll." It was further proyidetl "that the persons so elt'cted
shall enter npon tlHl duties of tile seyeral oíllces to which they haye
been l'espectiyely elected, whell antllol'izeü '-;0 to do hy aet.-; oi' Congrc.-;s
01' by the o1'(le1' of tlle general eommalltlillg; amI 81wll contil/ue in o,.tfice
till the regular succelision prol'illecl Jo), a¡ter the year 1868, alld uut.il '-;l1C-
cessors are elected and qnalified; 80 th((t said officers shall eaoh of them
hold their offices as tllOugU tltey wel'e elected on the Tllescla.y after the
first Monday of Noycmber, 1868, 01' elected 01' appoiut.ecl by the general
assembly next t,hereafte1'."


General Meade was fUl'ther 1'equested by tIle same ordillance t.o cause
due rctnrns to be made, alld eertifieates of clectioll to be i.-;sued by the
proper offieers. Uncle1' this ordinanee a11 election was Ileld, begill11ing
on tIte 20th April, 1868, at whieh l'epl'eseutatives in UOllgress were yoted
fol' in tIle seyeral eong1'essional districts, each yotor so yoting deposit-
ing bnta single ballot, 011 whieh was illseribed "for representativc in
Congl'ess," witIl tIle nallle of tIle perSOll for whom he voted. At thi.-;




GEORGIA ELECTION CASES.


time there ¡ras no act 01' COllgress in existeuce, gíVÍllg l'epl'esl:'lltatíon in
COllgress to Gc@rgia, amI thercfore no time when, by tlle terms of tIle
aboye ordinanee, the tcrms of the persons so voted for eould comlllence.


On the 2Jth 01' ,Tune, 1868, COllgress passeu a law which dedal'ed that
Georgia SI ould (lB cntitled ami admittcd to rcpresentatioll in Congress
wIlen the legislature of the State sllould have dnly ratified artic1e fom·
teen o1'the amendments to tIle COIlstitution, and shonld also hayo givcn
thc lt>1sent of the State to eertaia fundamental conditiolls specifie'd in
the aet; and tlle Prcsidellt was required, witIlín ten days after tlw l'el~eipt
01' offieiaI intelligenee of the faet, to ísslle a proelamation announeing
the ratitieation by tho legislature of the foul'teentIl amendmeut.


On the 1st of July, 1868, General Meade issned certificates of electioll
to the several persons w110 had reeeived a ma.iority of yotes for repre·
1'if'lltative in COllgress in their respeeti ve distl'ietH, whidl eeytifieate, fOl"
the first congressional distriet, was in t11e following' form:


HgADQUAUTEHR TrUUD MILITJ.HY DISTRICT,
(GgOH<rIA, FLO]{[IH, A .... D AL\B.L\U.)


Frolll the returllS made to thesc hcadquali.el'8 uy the uoanls of regiHtratioll of tlw elee·
tion held in the St.ate ofGeorgia for civil otlicel's oí' said State, alld fin' Ilwlllbers 01' COll-
gress, uneler the proviHiollS of General Onler No. 40, isslle(l frolll thcRn he,ul'l"art"n;,
which election couuuenced ou tho 20th day o[ April alld eUltt.illlletl fOllr ,bys, il iH hereby
ce:rl~fied that it appí'ars that in sai<l elef,tion ,L ,Y. Clift re('cived a lllajorHy of tite votes
cast 1'01' a 1'eprcselltative to tite CongreHR uf the Unitecl St"Ü('H from the ji/'st COJlgI'C8-
siol/al distdet in said State oí' GE'orgia,


ATLA:"!TA, GA" JI/ly 1, 113613.


GEORGE G. MEADE,
.Jfajol' () en era I U. S. A" Commal/d¡¡¡g,


, TIte eertifieates were similar in form, with changes only 01' the name
of tlle person eertifierl to he eleetell.


l'11e convent.ion adjonrned on thc nth :\Iareh, 1AGS, tite cOllstitntioll
providing tbat tIle general aNilclllbly "llOUlü l11('pt \ritlüll lIilld,r days of
the acliournment of tlle eOlly('ntioll, ¡Illl] alllmally thcrcaftcr OH the see-
oad \Vellnestlay in J anuary, o/' on s/(ch otila dl!y ((S tilo ,l/moral asscmúly
rnight provide. Tllis la~L faet i" illlport<lllt, 8illl:e it has 1>(,I'!l daill1cd
befOl'e tlle eOlllIllittee tltat, mlder tIte eOll"titutioll of (}c()l'g'ia, no eleetioll
for members of Congl'ess could be held ulItil tIlO yeal' lS¡O. Tlw dan se
of the eonstitutioll so referred to is as follo\Y.~-<Il'tide :!, ¡.;eetion 11 :


Tlle electloll of g-o\"(ornor, members of COllgl'CSS, alld the general as-
sembly, after tlle year lS68, shall COllllllelwe OH thp TUf'sday, nfter tlle
first Monday in Non>mbcr, W¡lOS8 otllCJ'/ciso proridel.l uy lale.


Hut this puts no lilllitation \rhaten~r UpOIl tlw power8 of the gelleral
assembly to regulate t.lw tillle anIJ Ü'C1llWIII',y of eledi()II";~ mil], ta ken in
eOllueetion with the general graut 01' po,,"er to the general assclllbly (al'·
tiele 3, seetioll 5,1) to pass aur la", I:Oll~Íi,t,el1t with tlle eom;titlLtioll
they might deem necessary to tlle ,,'el fa re of tlle State, gayo them full
control of the sllbject, alld tIle eOllycnLioll ha\'ing reqnired tite gpueral
¡t;;sembl'y to Illeet within nillf'ty days oí' tlwir OWIl alljolll'IlIlIPIlt., allll al150
Oll tite seeond 1Vednesday of the follo\Ying' ,Jannary, tIte fullest opportl1-
nit,') \Vas given to tbe latter to lH'OYid" hy flll't!JPl' iegislatioll, ifnecI'sHary,
101' the proper representatioll of the State in COllgTC~S,


Ou tlle Rth of July, 1868, tlle general assembly oi' Georgia organiz;ed,
and soon after rati1ied tite fonrteenth alllCll(llllLmt, :;1I(] asscllted to the
fundamental conditions mentioned in tlle flmellllatOl'\' reeollstrnetioll
aet oí' June 25, 1868; alld tlle J:>l'esillellt tlle¡'PllpOII, (~n tite 27th {hl~'
01' Jnly, 1868, issued his pl'oelamatioll oí' the fad oí' slleh ratifieatioll.
TIte memhcl'¡'; eleet frolll Georgia thereupon, ¡in ,¡ nIy, J808, l're~Plttetl




GEORGIA ELECTIO~ CASES. 3


tlteir certificateR of eleetion reeei ved from G ellel'al 1feade, and, so
far as eligible, were thereo!l admittell to scats in the fortieth OOllgress.


Afterwards, In Noycmber, 1868, the governor of the State issued
eommissions to each of these parties, based npon the same eleetioIl, a
copy of whieh is as fol1ows:


* * *


These commissions are now prescntcd to the forty-first Oongress, and
the persons holding thcm daim that, by the eleetion of April 20, 1868,
amI the ordilllwee of the eOllvention 11llllcr whieh that elcetion was held,
they have a right to seats in the forty-first Congress, althongh they have
already by virtne of tho salUe eleetion taken and held seats in the fol'-
tieth OOllgrcRR.


This eOl1lmission, as cvirlcllec of an clection Hndel' the ordinanee in
questioll, is nnauthorizf'd. The ouly person who was authorized by that
orl1illanee to issne eertifieates of election was Gencral Meade. That
ordillftllee was adoptcd by tlle eonvention itself, prior to the adoption of
the constitntion of tlw State, anll is the only law goYel'lling that elec-
tion, amI its force is preseryed by the constitution itself, which provided
(sec. l:!of arto 11) tIlat the ordinallees of the cO!lyelltioll on the sul~iect
of tlÜi\ fil'st eloetioll shouhl haye the foree of la\Ys, until they expired by
theil' OW1) limitation, amI as the orclinanee is nnlimited in this l'espeet
it fullo\YR tlmt tite ollh nllid certifica te oí' deetion umler that onlinance
Iltllst COlttO frOltl Gcne~'al :\Ieade.


Hut by compal'illg tllC eOtlllllission issued by GO\e1'l101' Bullnck wit.h
tIte eertificate oC eledion gi\'cn by Gmte1'al l\feaue, it. lí'ill be seen that
tltp~- relate to the same elcetion, tIte saml' offieer, and the sallle ofliee;
tItat tlte comtlli~sion of GÓYPrltor Dnllock is issued llttller his g'cncral
Po\\,('1' <11t1l dnty to gnlllt eOIl11t1issiolts to perSOllS clected to office in tIte
Sta te ; tltat it cOllfers amI attempts tn c011fer no powers uot alreatly COIt-
ferred by tite certifkah~ oí' f}p!l(~ral ::\le<1110; amI tlwt the rights of the
daimants ,,'hose case" haye beell referred to tho cOllllllittee are the sallle
H:'l tltongh the papel'l'~ ref'l"lTell jo t lH:' eommitt ee haü heea the eertificates
of Gpltpnll J\fe,lIle an<l not tite eOlllmis"iom; of GoYel'nor TIulloek. It iH
a case ot' tlllplieate eredential" to tIte samc iltdiyidual, of whieh tbis
committee JIU n) airead.)' üall mOrfI tltalt (me exalllple.


For tlw trne intel'}ll'etatiolt oY tlwHc papen; ,,-e must look to the la",
of COllgl'eSS amI tlle onlill:lllcc of t11e cOllyentioll of Georgia llJl(lpl' which
tIle eledioll wai'l lwld, ami also to tILe aetion of tIte yoters themsolyes, of
the pen;olls elaiming to han' 1)('en elect!'d, amI to the })l'eyions aetioll oi'
tile lIouse. "VI", slmll tltns asenrtain ,,'hen tllp tel'lll of offiec of these
parties commenecd, for, tllat (ldel'mined, tho laws alld Ooutltitntion of
tite Uniteü States \Vil! determine whell it encIed.


The aet of l\'lal'eh 11, ISG8, anthol'izell the yotcrs of Georgia to yote
f()l' members of thc House of Represt'ntatives, w]lÍeh was done on the
:!Oth of April followillg, WliPll tlwse el:lüwmts \H'l'C oleetcd. On the :?5th
of ,} lIIHl following' COllgn'H" cnaeted tImt GeoJ'gia ShOllld be admitted to
l'epl'osentation in Oongress whell eel'taill eOll<litions were eOlll}llied wit.h,
amI tlmt the aet should take pf1:'eet npOll RlWh eompliallce. Thesc eondi-
tioas were eOlllplierl \Yith in Jnly, 1808, amI thel'enpon Geol'gia beeume
at onee l'lltitled to represelltatioll in UongTe"s, for whieh slw had already
ehosell her l'I\l'I'cseutati\'es. In whut Congl'e,,:.; '\'('1'c they entitled to
take tlleil' seattl UpOll sueh eompliallce'~ Certaillly uot in tIle fOl'ty-first
COltgreRs, ,yhich lYolllllllOt c01lle into existetl('c fol' sen:,ralmollths, aud a
Sl'(\t in wltieh eould llOt allSWl'l' thi:'\ rigltt of Georgia llllller theil' nets to
ill1JJ1ediate n~pl'esl'ntation. It eoulll ol1l,r be the f01'tieth COllgress, thcn




4 GEORGIA ELECTION CASES.
in existen ce, then in session, in fact. To cIaim that a right. of iml1ledi-
ate repl'esentatioll upon tlle happenillg' of a certain event, which was
guaranteed by the Iaw of June 25, 18G8, could be satisfied with, 01' be
intel'preted as referring to a right to a Reat in a fnture Congl'ess, whell
a present Congress was in existence and legislating with resl'eet to the
peopIe to whom this right was conditionally gllaranteed, is ausurd; to
state the proposition is to answer it.


To the same efrect is the ordinance itself, which recites in its pream·
bIe as reasons for its passage "that all civil offieers are onIy provisional
until the State is represented in Congress," and that" tlJe interest oí'
Georgia requires t,hat an civil offices should be filled by loyal citizens,
aeeording to the provisions of the cOIlstitlltlon beillg framed uy this
convention, at the earliest practicable moment."


The objeetof the Iaws of CongreRs of }1areh 11, Junc 25, 1868, as
well as of the ordinanee of the convention, was to pro vidE' for and s~­
cure immediate represelltation, and not flltnre represelltatioll, w1lieh
could be attended to by the legislature whcll the State had fnlly re-
tnrned to ch'il rule. The objeet as well as the term~ of botlt laws alld
ordinanee require us to interpret thern as provi/lillg' only fol' the eleetion
of members of Uongrcss who shonld be members oí' whatevel' Congress
was in existenee, when the right of repreRelltation in CongT6ss "'as re-
stored to G-eorgia. The aetion of the people of Gcorgia, voting at that
election, seems conclusive on this poiuto In aeeordanee with the law
of Congress of Fehruary 28, 18G8, aull of tIte ol'dinFLllCe of their OWIl
convention, they votcd for l'eprcsclltatÍ\'es in Congress, llaming no
Congress as that to whieh they were eleeted, hut lmwing that to be de-
termincd by events.


The action of the persons elected, as well as of the Honse, was in en-
tire harillony with this view. IIllIllediately npoll tIte eOlllp1ianee of
Georgia with tbc reqnircd conditions, tIteir mcmbers prescntcd them-
selves, and the HOLlse received them as l'epresentatinls from that Stat6.


It is too late for these dailllallts to deny tItat, their elÜ(ltion elltitles
them to sit in the forticth COllgl'CSS. Tlleir OWIl aetion has estopped
them from such denial, and unless tItey ean sltow tlwlll~eh'e$ entitled
by the elcction of Apl'il 20, lRGR, to hold ti)r t,,'o tef'lllS, tIIe force of
their eleetion is exhaustecl.


The aetion of the people in voting for them as representatives in Con-
gress, and their certificates of ele0tion as ¡.;ncll representative¡.;, have
been fully answel'ecl by admitting them as sueh representatives to the
fortieth Congress. Nor was it a matte1' of e1loiee with these men
whether they should present thenlRelves fo1' aclmissioll to the fortieth 01'
to the fort,Y·fÜ'st COllgress. By the onlillanep of tlle cOllyention muler
whieh this eleetion was held, and the law of Congress oI' Jnne ~;¡, 18G8,
they were to enter UpOll the dnties of their offiee whellever the State of
Georgia had eomplied with tlte eonditiollS melltioned in thp last mell-
tionecl aet. These eonditions were complied with during thc following
month of ,luly, 1868, and therefore it became tIte duty of these men to
enter upon the cluties of the office to whieh thcy had been ellOsen. This
they dicl, ancl beeame membe1's of the Honse of Representatives of tIle
fortieth Congress, aud aeted as sllch dnring t1le elosing days of the
seeond session of that Congress, and for the rcmainder of the teI'Ill of
its existen ce.


Having taken thcir scats as mcm bers of tlte fortieth Congress, it was
not in the power of the cOllventioll 01' Georgia to extend their term so
as to iuclude the forty-fil'st COIlg'l'ess. The oftiee oI' representative to
the fortieth COllgress is entirely distillct frOll1 that of representatiyc in




"T
ir;'-


GEORGIA ELECTION CASES. 5
the forly-ftrst; Congrcss, and made so by the Uonstitution of the United


i, States.
t:, . It is not pretellded that t11ere was anyt11ing in the conduct of t11e


election of April20, 1868, or in t11e aetioIl oftho voters, ,>;hieh illdieated
a purpose to choose 1'01' more than a single Ooug'1'ess, amI tlle ordiuance


. of tbe convention canllot affect t11e resulto IlIdeed, an exulllination of
< theordinance will show that it was tlle State offieers, am] llot members


,é '~_" :ot'Congress, the duration 01' whose offiees was attempted to be regulated
. ~ ;-by tbat acto .
~::.1lhe conclusion of the committec, therefore, is tliat the force 01' t11e
:,~,election of Apl'il 20, 18GS, was exhausted wheu these gentlemen were
,>admitted membors of the fortieth COllgress, and they thel'efore recom-


::'\fil.end the adoption of the followillg rcsolutiou: .
. ';, :'¡Reso,lved, That the claimants to seats in t1le forty-first Oong1'ess of


{j'tbe United States, from the State of Georgia, Hndel' the eledion held
in tllat State Oll the 20th day of April, lBtiB, are not entitlecl to sneh


,.: ;seats.


H. Rep. 1()--2






41ST CONGRESS, ~ HOUSE ,Ol!' REPRESE~TATIVES.
211 SeS8'¡'on. ,


WAI,LACE VI'. STMPSON.


,r,IXF\RY 28, 1870.-0rderl'd to he printed.


{
' REPOR~'


No. 17.


)Ir. P AINE, frmll the CommiUee of ElcctiOllS, macle the following-


HEPORT.
T/w Committcl' of ElcctiOI/S, to ?('holl/u'as rejared tlw Cllse of A. 8. 'Wltllace


V8. lV. D. Simpson,jrom the /ourt1l congre8sionnl district oj the State oj
Routh Camlina, by vidue (!f t1/C foZlowin!J resolution o/ the House of
Represenfati¡,es, adopted Jamta.ry 25, 18íO-
Re.~olt'f(7, '1'hat tho claims of H. '1'. (A. S.) 'Yallace amI 'VilliallL n. Simpsoll to a seat


in this hOlISA lHl agaill referred tn the Cornmitten of ElncHous, to be examiuell aIHI
reported OH tlw rnorits of tlle case as l'rcsented-


Ueport that the.r have considercd said casc'aud reaffirm their report
made on the 1st day of April, 18ü!), (Heport No. 5, hIt session üll'Íy-first
Congress,) shúwing- that the said Simpson js nnablc tú takc thc oath of
oflice prescribed b.r the act of Jllly 2, 1862; al1d ask to be discharged
from tite fnrther consitleratioIl of tIJe elaim of said Simpson, cxecpt so
far as his allegations ancl proofs may llegative thc elaim of said Wallace
to a ¡;;rat in this honRe.






T'·· ; ':" '~.:.,,:::'. ... ,,;~, 41sT OONGRESS, } HOUSE OF HEPRBSENT ATIVES.
{


HEPOR'l'
No. 18.


1•'.'If./ " ... '., 2d Session. . ;- .. ,)~ , , . . ~.; ~. - ----------- -------- -====~~--~===== NAPOLEON B. GIlJDINGS, [To a~eOIllp:llly 1ill n. R. ::'lo. 100D.]
JANUARY 28, 1870.-0nleretl to he pl'intetl alltll'eeOllllllitted.


Mr. AsPER, from tite COllllllittec Oll J\lilitar.r Affainl, made tite followillg


RE POR re.
'T/t.e Oommittee un JIilita¡,y A.tlcti1'8, to n'1Iom lOas nferrecl tlw clnim of
. Napoleon B. Girldin{fs, fo/' 7JO/Dller taken (tt Santa Pé, Ne1l' Jl1e.l'ico, ú¡


1847, luwing liad the saine wnler eonsitlemtioll, 811bmit the following
report:
It appcars, in 18i7, tlw elaimant was a merchallt at Santa Fé, New


Mexico; that Colonel Stcrliug' Price was in COlnlltaJH1 oí' the Hl'lny oi'
.occupation tllere, and as :'mch issued au 01'(1cr, date<l at tIte headqnarters
of tlle army of New J\lexi(~o, .blllua1'y ~J, 1847, direeting' ull merchants
in Santa Fé, having powcler amI lead, to la bel tlw same and tUl'll the
same oye1' ío the ordlHlllCC officer,\\'ho was direeted to storc thc same ;
and sncll ammllTlitioll eOllld after\\anls onl.)' be drawn out OH a permit
signed by tIte commanding offieer; that the ('laimant, luwing one lmn-
dred amI fOl'ty kegs of po\\'dcr in the pOS808Sio11 of Collml'll and Smith;
that the same was turne(1 over to A_ R_ DyPl', ol'dllanee officer, who ga ve
his receipí therefor, bearillg (laíe ,JanllHl'y 21, 1847, au(1 for one hllmlred
and forty kcgs of powdcl'; tllat thp said deliyer,\- was compulsory, and.
agaillst tlle consellt of the oWller; and that it, was in an ellcmy's COUll-
try, amI in the Opillioll of lllilitary anthorities there at the time there
was a Ilecessity for the onler of Colonel Priee, aud for the storage of the·
powder in the magazine, uuder the coutrol of the commamlant oí' the·


- place.
Thaí afterwards, when }fl'. Cirldings was about io lcaye Santa Fé,


he mrttIe demand rOl' a permit for a re-deliyery oí' the powl1er, buí he was
l'efused sneh order, amI tIlO preRuJIlptioH arü;es that the gOYerlll1lC'nt has.
nsed the powder. The clailllunt, 011 oath, staÜ's that he demanded the
powdcr of the eOIHlIlatHlant, Colonell'rice, auout the 1st oí' March, 1847,
and was refused, mlll eame away ilIllIwdiatel.r aner, alld has never becn
notified whaí disposition has ueen made of it sincc. He sweal'S the
powder \Vas tllc lwst "í'fP powder, each keg cOlltaining twcnty-five
pounds, worth $1 50 per pound.


Under thesc cil'cumstances, yonr committec believe that :Mr. Giddings
has a just claim agaÍlIst tlte gOYel"lllllfmt foI' his powder. The account
for same is as follows: 140 kegs powder, of 20 lbs. caeh, 2,800 lbs.,
which, at $1 ,~o per pOlllld, makes a SUIIl of $4,200; but as tbe clairnant
neyer furllished evidellce to complete his ('Jaim until recently, yonr com-
mittee do not believe that he should be allowcd inÍL'rest.


Your committce rceornmend the passage of tIte aunexed bill, aH of
wmch is respeetfnlly submitted.


J. F. ASPER.


,/




2 NAPO·LEON R. GIDDINGS.


SAVAKNAII, AC'lDREW Uo., )ero., December 1,1851.
DEAR SIR: '1'11e inclosed papers wil\ show that there was taken out


of thc possc:,;:,;iolJ of l't1ess1's. Colhurn & Smith one lmn dred ami forty
kegs 0(" powder helonging to llly8elf. The same was takcn by muer of
COIOllel S. Price, Commandcr at Santa Pé; N. 2\1., and placed iuto t11e
gOYCTllJ1lCnt magaílinc, l!,!1(1 lJeyer l'etnrned to me, 1I0r its valne 01' an,\'
part thereof, and was remaining in said magazine when 11eft tite coun·
try, altllOugh demanded by me before leaying, that 1 might make sorne
disposition of it, alld up to this time has heen au entire loss to lIlyself;
It is against common scnsc, law, and jllstiec, tbat 1 -slloulu losc it, amI
is, in fact, more than 1 am ahle to lose. ]Hy ah:,;mwe to California for
sevcral years has pl'evented me presenting t,11is matter soonel', lmt hope
thc luteness of the date will not haye any infincllce against its aUow·
ance. The tost to lIlysplfwas $1,H50, though waR \Vorth at that time, at
wholesale, $20 pcr keg.The amonnt paitl by IIIC i8 llOt mcntioned in the
receipt from Colbllrn & Smith, the reason is that at the time they were
lal'gely inuebted to myself, amI the pnrcha8e 01' bargaill wa8 tIte original
eost, insurance, earriage, and per cent., anu t11e means of aseertainillg
at the time, the amoullt, was llOt at hand, hut 1 presume it wiU make
no (Iifference in gettillg a settlement.


M1'. Dyer, the ordnmlee officer'8 receipt to myself is imperfeet in 110t
melltioning my name, it was giyell to }IeRsrs. Colburn & Smith for me,
and 1 pl'e8Ume thl'ough rnistake the liante was omitted, yet is good fol'
the one hundred and forty kegs.


Please examine this matter alld see what VOll thillk can be done with
it, and whether 01' not it can be' liqnidated by getting au allowauce by
Uongress or whether the evÍdence is sufficiellt with IDy statement 01'
oath if rcquircd. It wil! aImost be impos8ible fOl' me to proenre an}
other proof without gOillg to Santa Fé, as 1 have written fonr 01' fivc
times withont aeeolIlplishing ltnythillg; twiee to the ordll:lUCe offieer.
Please act in thi8 matter as it were yonr own, amI if this \ViII not do,
let me kllOW what elsc will be rcqnired, aml if this can be mad~ to do,
fix the price yourself. I~et me hear frolll yon oeem'lionally, either bylet-
tp,r 01' cloellments.


Your obedient servallt,
N. TI. GIDDI~GS.


P. S. \Ve have Just hcld a eonnty meeting lUId llomim1teü 'l'. L. Price
for goyernor, alld A. A. King to represent this di8triet in Congress.


N. B. G.
Buchanan for President.
Butlm- fol' Vice President.
PIease get \V. -P. Han to a8si8t yon in this mattel'. 1 would haY(~


written to him but 1 am better aeqnaillted with yOll.
Ron. J OHN S. PHELPS.


SAC'I'l'A 11'É, NEW .:\IEXICO, Jannary :.Jl, 1847.
Receiyed of Napoleon B. Giddillg'S the amount in full for Olle lmudred


and forty kegs of Beitties best powder.
COT,IHJlGf & Sl\'IITH.


The aboye powdcr, belollging to N. B. Gidding8, was taken out of our
possession by order of Col. S. Priee, amI deposited in the magazine at
this place, without the consent of said Gidding8.


COI,BURN & Sl\1TTH.
(Indorsed:) January 17,1854. Referred to Como on Military Affairs·


Mareh 10, 1856. Referred to the COIllIrtittee OH Milital'.)" Affairs.
---o Dec. 15, 1869. Referred to .the Committee on ~filitaI'y Atlairs.




NAPOLEON B. GIDDINGS. 3


Affidavit oi N. B. Gid(Ungs as io Ms claim before Oonunittee on illilitary
A.tfairs.


STATE OF lffmsoulU, Ommty oi A_nürcw, 88 :
Re itremembered, that 011 this, the thirteith day oi" Deeember, A. D.


1869, persollalIy appearcd before me Napoleon TI. Giddillgs, of Savalln~h,
county alHI State at(wcsaid, who beillg by me lluly SWOl'll, aeeording to
law, deposcs and states as follows, to wit: That the one hundl'cd and
forty (140) kegs of powder taken from 11is possession about the tirst day
of January, A. D. 1847, in Santa Fé, New =rlexieo, by Lieutcnant
Dyer, ordnánee offieer, by orllcr of Colonel Sterliug 1'riee, eommandiug
the post, were never retnrned to hiJn; that about the tirRt day oí' .:\lareh,
A. D. 18±7, he demallded said property of Colonel Priee but that said
Price positively refnsed to (leliver it up; that in two (~) 01' three (3) days
thereafter deponent left Santa Fé and returne<l to his home in }lis-
souri, and ha¡, UPVPl' retUl'ued to Santa Fé in N ew J\'Iexieo, alld sinee
which time, deponent has llt·yer boeu llotitied that the property would
be delivered np to him, llor has he ever been notiticd what disposition
was made oi" it; depollent flll'thel' states, that it was the best " fff"
powder, each keg containing tweuty-tive (2.5) poumls, and sneh was
retailing at that time in Santa Fé at one dollar alld tifty cents ($1 50)
pcr ponud. Deponellt bclieves he informed honorable ,J. S. Phelps,
who presented the claim to the IIouse of Representatives for allowanee
that it was worth twellty 01' twenty-fiye dollal's a keg whell takell as
aforesaid.


N. B. GIDDL~GS.
Subscribed to in my preseilce the day alld date aforemelltioned.
"\Vitness my hmltl all(lllotal'ial seal, at office in Savauuah, Missouri.
[SEAL.] WM. C. SJ\HTH,


Notary Publ-ic.
DEcE~rnER 24, 1856.


DEAR SIR: Sillee yonr letter informing me the l'equil'ements of the
committee in relation to my claim, 1 haye written to Oaptain Dyer, WIlO
was the orduanee oftieer at Santa Fé, aud he iuforms me (whieh appears
by tIte inclosetlletter) that, at this time, he does uot recolloet whether 01' not
1 demallded the powder in question. 1 have also sent twice to Santa Fé
to learn what use was made nf it, 1mt as yet ha ve failed to he informed.
Two ye¡trs sinec tho honorable chairman of the eommittee illformed me
that aH they required was to be shown that the property had not been re-
turned, whieh 1 did; amI it does appear to me to be a hardship that 1
should lose my l'ights beeause 1 may not be able to prove what dis
position was made oi" my property .. fler haviug been arrested by force,
and aught tbat 1 know or cOllld know beell appropriate d, lawfully m'
unlawfully. It does occur to me that its appropriation, 01' disposition, is
nothing to me, and should Bot be in the settlemellt of my claims. In
addition to my receipt 1 have established a negative proposition, that
the powder was not retllrned, amI to l'equll'e me fllrthcr tú do something
that possibly 1 cannot do, appoars to be a hardship. If the eommittee
wiU not give me a favorable report from the facts befol'e them, 1 will
have to ask that lt be laid over lmtil 1 make a further effort.


l\íy aeeonnt stands thllS :
140 kegs of powder, at $25 per keg, __ . ____ . ___ . _ .. ___ . _ _ _ _ _ $3, 500
lnterest to 1st January, 1857~ ten years, at 6 per cent. . . . . . . .. 2,100


Total ...... _ . _ ......... _. _ .. _ . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . ...... . 5,600




4 NAPOLEON B. GIDDINGS.


rrbis alllount will not be ha1f l'emuneration fol' my loss at the time
anc1 undel' the cil'eumstanees; double would not more thau be full recom-
pense.


Yonrs respectfully,
N. R. GIDDINGS.


Hon. E. B. OIlAP~IAN.


FORT J-IONROE, VIRGINIA, November 26, 1856.
DEAR SIR: Yours of the 25th of October haR just beeu l'eceived. 1


do IlOt reco]]ect whdhel' yon demamled t11e powdel' in question after it
had been stored in the magazine and before yon left Santa Fé. lt is
like yon may llave done so, amI the fact have eseaped my l'eeolleetioll.


Respectfully, your obediellt servant,


Captain N. E. GWDlNGS.


A. E. DYEH,
Captain 01 Orclnance.


fn thc case of Napo1eol1 B. Giddings, it appcars, that he was a mer-
ehant of Salita Fé, New Mexico. Tbat OIl the 21st of Januar.r, 1847, by
au ol'der issued by C010u(>1 Sterliug P1'iee, then eOIIllllaudillg the anny of
oecupation in N ew ::Uexieo, 1w comllwm1ed aH perSOJlS to deliyer aU gUll-
llowder oyer to the ol'dnallee officer. That, in complianee with this 01'-
der, the petitione1' deliye1'ctl O1'C1' to Captaill A. B. Dyer, of the army,
one hundred amI forty kegs oí' gUllpowtler, on the aboye date. This is
pro\'ed bytbe reeeipt of Uaptaill D'yer. That the deli\'erJ' \Vas a COIl1-
pnlsory one, suggcsted by motives of prndcllee in the mü!t-;t oí' a 11Osti1e
people. .


It does not appear, howcyel', that he m-el' sullsequent1y dernanded res:
titution of the powder; amI he no w claims ]lay fol' the same. N 01' does
he prove its va1ue at the time iL was taken, though he states its va1ue to
be at tIle rate of twcllty-fiye dollars'per keg.


eSpecial Onler~ Xo. 37.]


HEAD-QUAR'I'RRS ARMY IN NEW MEXIeo,
Santa Fé, Janua,t>y 21, 1847.


AH rnerchants in Santa Fé having powder and lead, will imlllediatel~'
have the same labelled alld turucd over to tllC ordnance officer, wIto will
furnish the requiRite storage. The ammunition will be drawn out on
permits signed by tho eomnumding' officer.


STERLING PHICE,
Co{onel (Jo1n1ncwuHng the Anny in New j'flexico.


1 certify the above to be a true copy of special orders No. 37.
R W ALKER, Adjutant.


Reccived, Santa Fé, January 21, 1847, on deposit in the magazine, by
order of Colonel S. Price, one hundl'ed amI forty kegs of powder.


Hon. 13. B. CHAPl\1AN, Washington, D. C.


A. TI. DYER,
Lieutenant 01 Ordnance.




NAPOLEON B. GIDDINGS.


ORDNANCE OFFICE, WASHING'l'ON,
Feb}'Ultry 2, 185,5.


5


Sú~: The ol'dnanee returns of the Santa Fé depot have been examined
froTll the seeonll quarter of 1846, nntil 184U, but no powder, snch as ;you
spoke of Itere, yesterday, eould be found. 1 will write to Captain Dyer,
howeyer, who is now in eommand of Little Roek arsenal, and if any.
thillg of importance should be elieited, 1 will eomllllluicate it to you.


T haye the 1101101' to be, sir, yonr obedient servant,


Ron. N. B. GIDDums,
HOllse o/ Representatires.


A. K. CRAIG,
Cnptain Ordnance.


r~JTTLg RoeK ARSENAL,
February 20,1855.


t:llR: Tile last mail brought your note of tiLe 3d instant, to which 1
hasten to reply.


Tile powclel' "hiel! was takclI out of the posessioll of Colbnrn & Smith,
at Santa I<'é, in JaIwary, 11:\±7, and tleposited in the public magazine by
order of Colone1 Priee, rcmaineu there OH deposit np to the time of my
departure from t:lallta Fé, in Fehrnary, 1848. None of it had been used
for puhlic purposps, aml 1 suppose no part of it has heen so applied nI'
to the present tillll'. ft was turned over by me to m'y Rueeessor, Ord-
nance Sergeallt nTeLnre, as property be10llgillg to ,ron whieh had been
deposited in thc magazine by order of Colone1 Priee.


1 am sir, y(']'~' respp('tfully, &c.,


Hon. X B. (}IDDI"G~,
W((sllil1gfon ('ity.


11. Hpp. lS--'.!


A. B. DYER,
Captain Orduarlce.






,.
41sT (JON~RESS, t


2ll 8es8wn. j
HOGSE OF HErRESENTATIVBS.


líNITED STATES SHI P WYOl\lI~G.
[To aecolllllany bilJ H. R. Xo. 1072,]


{
REPOR'L'
~o.19.


FEBRUARY 2, 1870,-Ref'll'l'cd to the COlluuittee on Xa \'a1 Affair~ an<1 ol'del'eLl to be
l'l'inted,


~Ir. ARCHER, fi:'OlIl tlte COlllmittee on :x antl Affai1's, made tüe follmYillg


REPORT.
That in the ll10nth of .July, 18G3, tIte ,American steamer rembroke


was fired UpO!l in tlw Straitll of Simollolleki, i11 the .JaprLn Spa, by two
ves¡.;els of war, a brig of ten gllns au!! a 1m1'k of t'ight gnns, belollging to
the Ja]lalleSe prillce of ~agato. Commamlcr }IcDongal, then in COUl-
mand of the \Vyomillg, in tIte China ancl .Japan Seaf;, heiug' imfOl'Hled
of thfl attack, ordered tlte yesHcl to sea alld pl'o('('eded to tllC loeality of
the outrage. On tlw 1lI0I'llillg' of thü lGth of .Jnly, he allproached tIle
SIraits of SilllOllo8eki alld npon entering the straitf; he dif;COH'I'ed a
f;tflamel', bark, aml brig of \yar, and aH lw a])1I1'O<lc1l('Ü t1lüll1 and passed
between the brig aud ha1'k, waH fire<l npOll by the yessels aud six hat-
teries on s1101'e. Commauder JHcT>ong'a1 retnrllpd tIw tire at ,,1101't, l'allge,
amI placing 11is yessel in prope1' positicm mailltaiul'c1 t11e figl1t for ahont
an hour. The bojle1'H of the hostile stealller were explorlpd by tile Hhl:'l1
of t11e \Vyoming, anel t11e othel' vessels \\('1'() helÍl'H'(l to be ha!lly disa-
bled, and tIte brig to hn Sillkillg, amI COlllmallder }IeDongal reporletl
that hn had aeeolll]llishcd great dcstrnetioll OH HII01'e. ll,lvillg thus
maintainetl the fight, COllJ1WllHlel' }[d)onpll witlldrc\y from tIle action,
the fire bcing eontillup(1 hy tlle h'lttcries as long a" 1lf' was in rangc. T11e
Wyoming lost fonr lllün kil1ed autl 8eyen WOLUH.h~(l, nr)(l 1'eeeiY('d (~onsid­
erabIe damage in he1' sllloke-stad:, amI tIte rigging aloft was hulled
eleven times, amI sllstaille<l otlH:r in.inl'ies, as palle1's will sl1ow. The
straits were three-q,nartel's of a mi1e wide, with a Htl'Onp: enrrent, antl
the waut of ehart8 g1'eatly illercllsefl the (Iiffienlties of the positioll in
the pre"ence of a mllch snperior force. TIte action waf; lllaintaillell by
Commander MeDougal, hiil officel's atHl IllPlI, with skill alld brayery. In
tIle Japau OommereirLl ~mYs of tllO 2Jth of July, 1863, it is tlnm de-
Rcribed: "The captain, aU his oilicel's ami erew, bella\'e<1 \\'ith the ut-
ltlost eoolness and bravcry. 1'1w \Vyolllillg' waH rnn into the midst of
the enemy's vessels, receiving' antl returnillg' broadsides at pistol range,
flt the smne time sustaining a hot, and eontiuuol1s fire f¡'om the shore
hattcriEs." The commiUeebelieye that UOlllmander JUeDouga1, his oftl-
cers and men, punished the outrage committed upon au AlIlerican Yes-
sel skil1fully and gallantly, aud that theil' (mnduet mltit1es them to the
gratitude of their eountry.


The memorialist asks that there shall be allowed to him, his oftlcers
alHl men, the value of the thl'ee yesse]s, as pl'ize money. Can that be
aUowed ~ The hostilities agaiust onr steame1's alld ships of war were
uot tIte aets of belligerentR, and tberefol'e the claim eannot rest upon
the laws regulating bclligercllt prize 01' bounty. 'Ve were at peaee




2 UNITED STA TES SHIP WYOMING.


with Japan, amI <lid Tlot l'cgard t11e hostilities of the Princc of Nagato
as those of a belligerent. The firing into the Pcm broke and the attack
upon tlw 'Vyoming were piratical acts, and haye becn so treated, both
by the United States and J apall. Prize is allowed in piratical cases,
only ,,'hen tile eraft is captured and condcmned, in which case tIle pro-
ceeds of the capture are eqnally divided between the govcl'Tllnellt alld
tIle captors. In this case there was no capture, although the bencfits
which accrued to our govermnent were infinitely greater than if an ac-
tual ca,ptllre 11acl been made, alld it does not come within the lctter of
1he law. Can the claim tIlen rest upon the equity that the "oflicers and
cl'ew, constrained by a discreet and patriotie seTlse oi' dnty," fought
"thrce piratieal 01' hostile .Japanese vessels," and sunk and dl,,,,troyed
two, alld th[,t the Unitc(l States snbsequelltly justiJied their eonduct,
by eone1udillg a cony(mtion with Japan, whereby s]¡e received a full in-
denmity'e The cOllduet was gallant; it aided to suppress formi<lahle
Ilostilities ti) our eommerce, and eontrihu ted to seclll'Íug t11e cOIi\Tention
of Oetober, 18ü1, whereby au indelUuity was reeeivcd far heyOIul the
injnries done tu the PpIllbroke and \Vyomiug. The sum oí' $ü30,OOO
has he en paiel tu OHr gonmmwnt by Japan, as illdl~mllity, alld is llOW
in l'egistered bond,,;, ¡;;n~ieet to appropriation by COllgl'e;;s. 'l'hn UOJll-
mittcc thillk it pl'opel' tltat prizp 1Il0lH'y be aIlo,ved out of thc lIloney
reeejyetl undel' tlle eOl1yelltiOll.




41sT CONGlmSS, t HOUSE OF ImPRESENl'A'l'lVES.
2d Session. J


EMIL l~UGBR.


• REPORT
I No. 20.


FEBInJAHY:!, 1 t<i l'.- Laid 011 the tallle and ordered to lle Illinted.


Mr. JUDD, from tlle (1olll111ittee OH Foreigll AfTairs, malle the following


REPORT.
The Committcc on l/ol'ci[Jn A.tj'airs, to Iclwm Ice/'e referretZ the memorial and


accompmlJJ1:ny p((pas o/ Emil Ru,r¡cr, pl'qferl'ill[J a claim of tU'o hundrell
tlwllsand doll(r1'8 agaillHt the gm'ernment (!f Denmark, fOl' alleged wrong
done 1cithin tlwt killgdom, bC[Js larre fo I'CpOl't :
l'hat frolll t11e llwlllorial amI accomllanying papen; it appears tlJUt


tIle llw\[\o1'i:llist ,ya8 a eitizen of tite United States, amI a memlJer of the
til'm oí' Ruger & Bl'otlters, oí' Kew York City.


l'hat in estahlishing ~t steamship line hetween ;{ew York and t1le
Baltie tlle fil'ltl failpd in bnsiJlc8s; that 1\1e881'8. Britners & Oo., of Bre·
men, hall a elaim llgainst the tirm of Hnger & Bl'othel's; tha.t in l\Iarch,
18W, tIle memorialist visited Oopenhagen and was tIlere arrested fol'
said deht, llIHlpl' .in(lieial proeess, lmt in pl'ison amI hehI until he COIn-
llromiRed a11(I settled the e1ailll.


It app<'tu'¡;; fl'olll tIIe palw1'8 tllat tl)(\ arr('st amI imprisolllllellt w<,re in
the regular eourse oí' a judicial llroeeediug amI in aecortlallce with tite
laws oí' tite kiJlgdom; tltat UpOIL applicatioll tn the DaniRll go\-el'lllllpnt
for Iris release frolll slleh arrest, the l'cs]lon:-:e \Yas tltat tlle exeentive
gOYernmellt oi' the killgdolll conhl ltot illterfere witll the eonrU:l ¡JI the
a(llllilli"tratioll of jnsti[;p, ,\"]¡Pl1 tlH='Y \\"('re pl'oeeeding regularIy aceord-
iug to tlle laws.


YOUl' COllllllitJee is oi' opinioll that the actioll of the Danish gO\-ern·
ment, in leayj¡lg tIw lIIl'lIIOl'ütlist to defeml hill1Relf in dne course of law,
was the ouly positioll that tIle execntiyc departmcllt of that government
could justly take.


The papers presellte(l :-;how 110 elaill1 01' reasollable pretense for a
claim against that g"tWel'llIllPJlt; amI tIle eOlllluittee asks to be dis-
charged frOIll tite fl1l'tltel' eOllsÍ<!eratioll of the matter.


\




,


\jqnl~


j
j


'yj




41sT CONG;RESS, }
2d Sesswn.


HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.


EXECUTION 01' THE LAWS IN UTAH.
[To accompany bill H. R. No. 1089.J


{
REPORT
No. 21.


l'EBlWARY :3, 1870.-Recornmitted to the Committee on the Territorics and orderetl to
be printetl .


.1\11'. CULLmr, from the Committee on the Territories, made the
follo Will g .


REPORT.
Tlle Oommittee on tite Territories, to ~vh01n tcas 1'eferred House biU No. 696,


"A. bill 'in aid 01 the execution 01 tlte laulS in the Territory o/ Utah, and
for otller ]lur]loses," .have eonsiderell the same, and make tite follOlring
1'eport:


There are hnt few questions illvolved in the bill abont which there
lllay be auy controvcrsy. As to the power of Congress over the Ter-
ritories, tho COllstitntion says that "Congress shall haye power to
dispose oí' alld make aU lleedful ruleR amI regulations respectillg the
territory 01' other property belonging to tho United States." The power
is vested in COllgress by the COllstitutioll to pass s11eh laws governillg
thc Territorics as shall be dcemcd for the best interests of the people.
The right to exercise snch power has never been denicd; though in
thc days of t1le famons Kallsas amI Nebraska bill tlle question of tllll
policyoí' COllgress cxercisillg control over the Territories was donbtffi'r,
amI tlle l'csult of tIte legislation of those days upon the snbject was
to leavc the peopIe (Jf the Territorics free to determine whet11e1' Rlavery,
the qnestion abont which the people of the country were then clivided,
shonld he allo",ed to exist in tlle Territorips 01' noto From tbe earlicst
period of tIte history of OIU legislation in reference to Territories
Congress bas, either by direct legislation 01' by implieation, claimed
the right to control t.Ite legislatioll of t11e Territories. The fact oí'
ownersbip by the goyernment oí' tlle Territories carries witb it lleces-
sarily tbe idea of control. Numerous acts passed by Congress frOID
time to time show the trnth oí' t11e POSitiOll tbat it has the rigbt and
has exercised the power. 'fhe act oí' Congress approvecl July 1, 1836,
declaring tltat acü; oí' territoriallegislatures incorporating banks shonld
have no effect untiI approved 01' conü1'med by (Jonb'Tess, is one instance
oí' the eXel'CiRe of this power. The aet of January 25, 1867, entitled
"An aet to regnlate the elective frallcbise in the Territories of the
United States," which declared that the1'e 8honld be no clenial oi" tbe
elective franehise in any ol' t11e Territories of the United States to any
citizen thereof on account of race, color, 01' previous condition of serv-
itncle, aud that an acts 01' parts oí' acts, eithel' by Congress 01' the
legislat.iye assemblies of said Territories, inconsistellt with the pro-
visions of that act, shonld be null and yoid, is anot1ter instance in which
tlle COIlg'ress of the United States exercised positive cont.rol. The act
ol' }larcb 2, 18(;7, in which it was declared that. the legislative assem-




2 EXECU'PION OF LAWS IN UTAH.


blies of tbe several Territories of tbe Ullited States should not, after
the passage of tbat aet, grallt priva te charters 01' special privileges,
but tbat tbey might, by general incorporation acts, permit perSOlIS to
associate themselves together as bodies corporate, for milling, manu-
facturillg, and otber industrial pursuits, and aIso regulating the juris-
dietion of the local courts in the Territory of Montana, was another
instancc in which Congress claimed and exercised the right to legislate
for the Territories. "ti


Again, the act of Congress approved July 1, 1862, "to punish aml
prevent the practice of polygamy in t,be Territories of the United
States and otller places, and disapproving and annulling cerfain act~
of the Iegislative assembly of the Territory of Utah," by which it was
declared "that every person having a husband 01' wife living, wIto
shall many any otber person, whether married 01' single, in a Territory
of the United States, 01' other place over which the United States haye
exelusive jurisdietion," sha11 be adjudged guilty of bigamy, aud upon
convi,ct4m shall be punished by a fine IIOt exceeding·five lllllldred dol-
lars, 01' lmprisonment not exceeding fiye years, and the second section
of which act annuIs all actsa1Hlla\vs of the 'rerritory of Utah "whieh
establish, maiutain, protect, 01' eountenance the practiee of polygallly,
evasively called spiritual marriage, however disgu-ised by legal 01' eeclesi-
ástieal solemnities, sacrameuts, ceremonies, couseerations, 01' other COll-
trivallces," is still another illstance in whieh Congress has elaimed alld
exereised the right of legislation for the Territories of the United
States. '


The committee might proceed to cite instances almost withont nUTIl-
ber in support of this position, where Congress has exereised this right.
They might also give the opinions of the comts of t11e United States,
showing tbat snch legislation and exereise of power by Congress was
strictly within the pmyiew of the COllstitlltion itsPlf. In 1860, when
the disons8io11 npoll the sllqjeet of slavcry was going on in the Senate
of the Uuited States, that hody having uuder eOllsideration a resolution
relative to the expedieney oi' maintaining the Utah and New l\1exieo
territorial organie aets, so as to dispense with the snbrnission of the
territorial laws to Congress for approval, Senator Green, of JUissonri,
said: "As long as we have tIte aeknowledged power to repeal, as long
as we have the conceded power of amendmcnt, and that Jlower eOIl-
tinues as long as the territorial condition remaius, it i8 useless to stop
to illquire over the construction of a padicular aet that has been passed;
it is idle to specnlate upon the extent of the power that the Territory
may exereise, becallse if we lmye giyen them too mneIt, nI' if they Lave
been a disobedient amI disloyal people, and llave abused their power, nI'
if they have exereised it to the wrongful destruetion of auy individual's
right, then Congress may and onght pl'omptly to illterpose to apply the
necessaI'y correetive. Sueh illterference is botl! a l'ight amI a dnty, of'tt'n
exereised and never denied."


It has always he en the reeognized duty of Congress to c41ntrol the
taxation of property in the Territories, as, for installce, ill the Kansas
amI N ebraska aet, proyided in the following words: "N 01' shall the
propert,y of non-residellts be taxed higher thall the propert,r of resi-
deuts."


The eourts seem to ha,-e settled the qnestion of tIte jurisllicLiou of
Congress over the Territories by decisiom; deelared in 1 Peters, ¡)42-3;
14 Peters, 537; 16 Howard, 194; in the Dred Seott deeision, aud in
varions other decisions, to whieh the eornmittee might refer.


'I'be powerof Congress being conceded, what is pro po sed to be done?
By the bill referred to the cornmittee, it is proposed, in the first plaúe,




EXECUTION OF LA"\VS IN UTAH.


to clothe the eourts of the United States in the Territol'Y of Utah with
sueh power and authol'ity as will enahle tbem and tIte other offiee1's oí'
tIte Territo1'Y to enfo1'ee the laws of the United States already upon the
statute books. It is a well-known faet that the law ofthe lJnited States,
before cited in thi!\ report; approved July 1, 1862, declaring bigamy to


, be a eriminal offense, and providing forthe punishment thereof, while it
has remained upon the 8tatute book now for nearly eight year8, amI
while it is an admitted and avowed faet that the practice of polygamy
has been going on Ín that Territory ever since, and long hefore the
passage of tbat law, yet theI'e nevel' has been a single eonvietion fol' any
violation of the law in the Territory; amI the cvidenee before the
countI'y is, that undel' the present eondition of thmgs, with the law as
it now stallds, a eonviction is a moral impossibility. One of the oqjccts
of this bill is to provide sneh legislation as will enable t1le United Sta tes
courts in that TeI'rito1'V to cnforee that law.


The eommittce }uwe"not deemed it necessal'y to inCHI' the expense of
summoning witnesses from the Territory fol' the purpose oí' provillg
by recent testimony (as might he done) that the praetiee of polygamy
goes on in the faee of and in defianee of the offieel's of the law in the
Te1'rito1'Y, for the fad is admiHed, amI i8 so well known tn all the world
that the1'e can be no question as to the state of thingR existing' the1'o.


To show the, utter inability of the office1's of the law in that Territo1'Y
to enfo1'ce the laws of the U nited StateR, the eommittee have deeme<1 it
proper to gather together a few of the statements that have been mude
upon this point, sorne of them, it is' true, made manJ' years ago, lmt
neverjhelesR Rhowing the RaIlle condition oi' things as i8 8ho\\'ll by testi-
monf'to exist to-day.


On the 30th of l\farch, 1857, tIle Hon. vV. vV. Drummond, then a
judge of t1lat Territory, resigned his office, and gave to tbe goveru-
ment his reasons therefor in the following letter, which has before been
read and referred 1,0 in ddmte upon the subject of what leg'islation
should be enactecl by UOllgress fúr the suppression of the practice oí
polygamy in that 'rerritory :


MARCH :10,1857.
My DEAR Sm: As Ilmve eOIlCllldea to resign the office of justice of the snpreme


conrt of the Territory 01" Ctah, ",hieh positioll 1 aceeptec¡ A. D, 1tl!l4, llnder the ao-
mini~tration of Presillent Pierce, 1 demn it due to the públic to give some of the rIltl-
Bons why 1 do so. In tltc'JirHt place, Brigham Young, the governor of 'Ctah Territory,
is the acknowledged head of the Chl1reh -of J esns Chl'ist of Latter nay Saints, c, "1I-
IDonly calle<l Mormons; an<l aH Huch he:ul, tite Mormons look to hilll, and to him al',;le,
for the law by which they are to be governed. Therefore, no law of Congress is hy
them consiclerecl hinding in any maUller. Seeondly, 1 know that there i, a secrpt oat,h-
bound ol'ganization amollg all the male mmnhers of tbe church to resiHt the la\VR of
tbe eountry, amI to acknowledgT' 110 law save the la\\' of the holy l'nesthood, which
eorneR to tho pl\ople, throngh Brigham Young, l1il'eet from (Jod; he, Young, being the
vicegcrent of God, aul! prophet, vi",: sneeeSRor of Joseph Smith, who \VaR the tounder
of this hliud and treasonable orgoniztüion. Thirdly, 1 am fullyaware that there is a
set of men set apart by apeeial or(ler of the church to tnke both t he lives and l)roperty
of persoua who may IllleRtion tlH\ anthorHy of thA c,hnrch, the ll:11lleS of WhOlll 1 ,vil!
prolllpt1y make knowIl nt a fllt.llre time. FOllrthly, that th(' r('cords, papers, &e., of
thn sllpreme cOllrt have heen (lpstroyel1 by onle1' of the chu1'eh with the di1'e,ct kllowl-
edge aud appro]¡ation of (Jovel'nor B. YOllllg, anrl t.he federal ofticers grossly inslllt.ed
tor prc'8llming to mise a single question ah"llt tite treasollahle ad. Fiíthly, that the
federal oftic('rs of the Territory are eOIl~taut1y insnUed, hamsse<1, amI annoyecl by the
Morrnolls, amI for thí\se insnlts thne is no redress. Sixth, tilat tile fe(leral officera are
daily compelled to hear the pnhlic Illell of the AIllerican go\'cnuucnt tra<lllced, tht'l
chip,f (lxeentivcs of the na1,ion, both living amI rlead, slallllered and abusecl from the
ma~ses as well 3R from the leading members of the chureh, in thp most vulgar, loath-
~O\lle, and wiekerl lIIauner that the evi1 passions of men ean eoneei ve. 1 also charge
flovernor Young with eonstantly interfering with the federal eOlll'ts, clireeting the
grand jnry whom to imlict, and whom not, ana after the juclges chal'ging the grand
jlll'ors as to their duties; that this man Young invariably has sorne mernber oí" the




4 EXECUTION 01<' LA WS IN UTAH.
grand jnry allvised in allvance as to his will in relation to their labora, amI thia charge
t1ms giyen is tho only charge known, obeyetl, or receiyed by all the grand jllrors of
the fed"ral courts of Utah Territory.


While this testilllony of J udge Drummond was given many years
ago, yd it is just as applicable to the presellt eonuitiOll of things in the
Territoryas it was when the lctter was writtell. AH the information
tlmt the cOllllJlittee have been able to obtaill frolll the examination of
witne~ses, from correspondence with elllillellt gentle-'" in the Terri-
tOl"y, 01' from any sourcc whatcver, ostablishes tho fact that, notwith-
standing tho law of 1862 upon the statute-books of tho country de-
claring bigamy 01' polygallly to be a criminal offense, anu providing for
its puuishlllcnt, it is utterly illlpossible for tho courts of the Territory,
however earnest, energetic, and ueterlllined tItey may be, to enforee the
laws of the United States, which it is Illade their dnt;v to enforce.


In 1867 General .]\f. B. Hazen, of the regular arllly of the United
States, wrote a letter to the Hon: Johll Bidwell, of the HOllse oí" l~ep­
rescntatives, (General Hazen having spent n1uch time in the Territory
of Utah,) in which he says, referring to the goYeI'llnWilt of Erigham
Young, in the Territory, that hc would caU thcir govcrnlllcnt a thco-
cratic dcspotism.


"B1'igham Young, 01', as he is called there, President Yonng, is atthehel1d ofehnrch
and state, and is the supreme and absolute ruler III eyerythiug, temporal and spiritual.
The eivil officers of onr government appointed there have 110 powe1' whateyer, and
thnir positions I fOllIlll in the highest llegree contemptible. I eOllyersed freely with
nearly all of them. They \Yere fully eOllscions of their insignificallce. The chnrch,
which is also the state, i8 very cOl1l1'letely organized with as)"st!'m of high eounei!-
llien, bishops, priests, and wl1nlens, that exteIHLs to eve1'y Immlet, controla the aetious
and illlluences the thonghts of eyery ilHliYidllal. From the 1'1I1pit the people are
diI'ected how to sow their c1'op8, !low to woI'ship Gorl, and foI' wllom to vot .. , in the
salIle sermono Im!llicit confid,mce is their first rnle. Brigham Young watches closely all
new-comers until he know8 th .. ir pnrposes." "1 fou1l(1 iu Salt Lake City l1bOllt three ....
hUllllred people whom they tcrmed gentiles, nearly ail tra(le1's. Tbey had estahlished a .,
church, a newspaper, and a school, ana 1 was infonnc(l:tt OHe time that they excl'ted so me I
influence there. But at tbe time of my Yi~it tbey were broken up into seYl·ml tilCtiollS,
prohably brought abont by the ingellllHy of tile MormollR, alHI their illfiuellce was
scarcely perceptible. 1 llotiee since, tltat the MOrlllOnl'hll1'ch ha, prohibite<1 tnute with
thelll, ttwlllegotiations have been begun with them to ~dl evel',ythiug out tu tile )[01'-
mons una leave the country." "Tlw ClIrSPK of Go,l are nvoke,l (\,",;ry HahlJath lIpon the
melllorieH of PI'esidents Polk and I3uehalltlU, awl ThollltlS Belltou, ,\"110m t1wy l'onceiyc
to have heen their special persecutors." Crimes against liS is to thelll ohe<lience. "Origi-
nally polygamy seerned to haye been intro(llH,erl to mor" speedily"popuhLte their Tcrri- 1
tory ,,·ith their own people, and there is a power in this best lIllde1'stood by stmlying
the progress of the early :Nloors in Spaiu, and p:t1'tly from sensual reasolls, thCl'e being
no preventing power." lts effects on cnltivatell soeiety wOllM he to degrade it, espc-
cially the women, but wif,h the pcople of l;tah it appears ollly to retara culture, they
being originally fouud ver'y low in the moral seale. 'Yheney,'l' womell tho1'e lwcollle
sufficiently cnltivated to appreeiate the trne dignity of a lady, they at once rcnOUllCC
polygamy. "'fhe murrler of Doctor HobillSOll oCl:ul'reü while 1 was in Salt Lake Cit.y,
and thl1t of Brassfield sorne time previous. 'fhe1''' is no douht of tlwir mUl'Ilel' from
Mormon church infinenees, although j do llOt helieve hy dire(·t (;()]IlInalHl. Principies
are taught in their chul'chcs which WOllh1 lcad to sllcll lllun1er"." There i8 11 '¡<'pth of
ignorance there that will take many generatiOllS of light to l'each fal' into it. "They
ouly acknow ledge allegianc;c to n8 through proteHt, :Lll(l thell sccondary to their OWIl
government. And they lmte UB with au uucollcealed bittcruess, aUlI eOllstalltly l'ray in
their churches for our dowllfall."


The practice of polygallly was not originalIy oue of the doctrines of
the l\formon church, but,on the contrary, the "Book of JUormoll," and
tbe book called "Doctrine amI Coycnants," cOlltaillillg the creed and (lis-
cípline of tbe Mormon cburch, declareu in direct opposition toit. The
following extract is from the Enok of Mormoll alluded to :


And were it not that I must speak unto you cOlleeruillg a g'rosser crime. my heart
wOllla rejoice. exceedingly, hecause of yon; lmí the word of GoiL Imrdells me beeause of
your grosser crimes. For hehold, thns saith thc Lord, this people begiu to wax in iniquity;
they ullderstanc1 not the Bcriptnres, for they seek to excuse themsel ves in COlllllutting




EXECUTIOX OF LA WS IN UT AH. 5
whore(loms, because oi the thillg-s whieh were writtcn concerlling Dayitl, allÚ Solomon,
his son. Hehold, David and SolomoJl trnly hall many wiyes and eoncubincF, whieh
thing was all abomillatioJl lJcforc IIlC, saith tll() Lord; whercfo1'o, thlls saith tlw Lord,
1 have leel this people forth out of the lawl of Jerusalem, by Ow power of minI' a1'm,
thnt 1 might raise np unto me 3, righteous b1'aneh fmm the fruit of the loius oi' JOHCl'lt;
wherefo1'e, I, the Lord Gud, willuut suffer that this ¡leople shall <10 like unto thpllI of
olel. \Vhereforc, m'y lJrethren, he'1r me, atHl hcarkcu to the word of the Lor<1; fnr there
8hall not any man a,mong )"on lmye saye but one wife; amI concubines he slwll have
nono; filr.I, the Lord, delig-ht!'th in theehastity ofwomen, amI whoredoins al'<' an ahom-
ination before me; thns saith the Lord of Hosts: whercfore this people shall k~('p my
eornrnandmellts, saith tite LOrfl of Hosts, OJ' curseu be the lan<1 for their sak,'~.


And frorn the "Doctrines amI Covonants" the following passagc is
cxtracted: -


Inasmuch as tllis elmrch of Christ has becll rC]J1'oachod with tho criruc of forllioa-
tioll amI pOlygUlliy, we (]f,clam that \Yf' helieve that olle mau ShOllldhaye oue wife, a11(1
one WOlllUU but oue husballd, except, in case of (le:.tth, when either is a1, liberty to Illarry
again.


The practice of polygamy by the }Iorrnon people oí Utah is the
l'esult of a pretended rcyclation of God to Bl'igham Young. T1Iis
practi(~c is abborrcnt to tbe ddlization oí tbe age, and to eycry
Christian nation upon the globe. As has been said, it is 111:111e a
criminal offenso in any of tbe Territorios by tho laws of the Ullited
Statcs. It is also deciared to be a cl'ime in' the District oí Columbia,
over wbicb the Congross oi' t1le United States exereü;es complete jmis·
dietion. As to tbo Distriet of Columbia, tbe act of Congress d(~elares
tbat "whoever shaU be eon vieted of the offellse of bigamy shall be
sentelleed to stl.f'f:er imprisonment and hard labor fo1' the iirst offeIlRe,
for a period of lIOt less than two nor more than soycn years; amI for the
second offense, for a period. of uot less than five nor more than twelve
yea1's."


It is mad.o a criminal offense by every State of the natioual Unioll, as
also by the territoriallegü;latnreR 01' 8wry Territory of the Union exeept
tite Territory of rtah. The committee havo oxamined the statutcs
of the different Sta tes amI TerritorieR, and append he1'ewith extracts
ther8fi~01ll, showing tite aetion of tlw legislative departrnonts ill l'efer-
enco to the erime of bigamy and polygamy.


An eminent professor in the Qlleen's College, Oxford Gniversity, Eng.
land, .Tames Cookson, doclares in a work npon this subject that oí" n11 the
schcmes that have boon cOllullunieatecl to the world within tho cOll1paf>s
of his observation, wbosc declared purpose llas been public happiness
and public utility, neme llave 1Iocn more n'mote i'rolll t1l8 pl'OpORPtl t'ud
than that of 11ygamy. "For," he adds, "if we estimate this practice
by the rules ROUlHl reason, the apparent evils wbich are aml eyer
must be tbe e Iscqnel1COf> of it in the eOllllllOIl course of thing-s, demon·
strate it to be destructive oi' human felicit.y, and therefo1'e no Ü'ielld to
societycan consistently atIyise its intl'odnction. It tends at oneeto open
a door to the licentious gratification of the most uneontrollable lnst amI
tyrannic cruelty; to promote domeRtie quarrels and aU tbe hOl'l'id amI
alarming com;equences of the mOf>t enragetl jealousies, uot to llleution
tho neglect of the educatioll of youth, on which tbe very existen ce and
well-beillg of the statl'l neeeRRarily depelld, with an innumerable train
of other mischiefs, the appendages of those aheady lIwntioued."


Professor Cookson says, wbat is known to be eminently true by the
wholC civilized world, tbat "polygmny iR equally ahhorrent from scrip-
ture, llature and eommon sense. The general tenor of tIle seriptur,e,s
militates against tlle idea of a plurality oí wives. It is illconsistent




6 EXECUTION OF LA WS IN UTAH.
with the strictness of the conjugal union as enjoined and cxemplified by
God himself in his institution of marriage; contrary to all the plain pre-
cepts of the Bible as well as the New Testument, and repugnallt to the
conjugal discipline solelllnly commanded by Ohrist, and particnlarly so
to that illustration of it by his apostle Sto Paul, the descl'iptiou of the
relative duties of husband and wife."


Mr. Cookson agairi says:
That as polygamy is prohibite{l by the divine law, so it i8 also by the policy of


all prndent nations. Indeeu, if we look baek iuto the political hi~tory of ancient
nations, anu titat of tite Orientals in particular, we shall fiud that exeept in a fi¡\\', where the gratification of the most shameful lnst had thc sallctioll of religion,
t e rest nnanimonsly prohibited polygamy by law. * * * It is in the state
as in the well-governed family, the members of whieh are l)OlllHl to conform their gen-
eral behavior to the rules oí" propriety and decency, alld to be inoffcnsive in thcir rc-
spective stations. Commonwealths ate maue np of f>lmilies, and any disordcrs in thé
lesser societies affect the greater. If we wish for pnhlic and private happiness we
must :1void offenses against the duc regulation and domcstie on1er of tlw kingdom.
Then, if a prlrality of wives affects the publie economy, as it certainly doe~, it ought to
be prohibited by the laws of all well-ordered governments for that very reaRon.


That polygamy is contrary to the di vine economy is apparellt from
the very history of the world itself. When God peopled the world the
race began by the creation of Adam and Eve; one man and one woman
were placed in Paradise together. When God peopled the world a
.secoIHl time, after the flood, it was without polygamy.Four men and
four wornen only, who were the wives of ~oah and his three son&, were
commanded to go into the ark, and from them the whole earth waR peo-
pled. Thc actual statistics or cemmses taken, at different periods of
time in the world's history, also show, by the fact that there are more
males than females, that a plurality of wivcs is incollsistellt with the
very nat}ll'e of things. 1t is generally conceded that there are more
males in the world by ahout one-fifth thun females. The United States
ccnsus for 1860 shows a white male population of 13,844,537; females
13,112,Ü34; or 731,603 more white males than females. The same excess
oí" males over the Ilulllher of females ls shown to be the case as regards
the colored and Iudian population of the country.


vVhile the laws of the Gnited States governil1g the District of Colum-
bia amI the Territories provide for tIte punishrnent of the er"ime of higarny
or polygamy, the laws of other countries have also similar punishments.
Blaekstone places polygamy as among the principal offenses against the
due reglllation and domestie order of the kingdom. He says:


The legislator has thought it just to nmkc it a fclony by reason of its being so great
a violation of tile public economy ¡¡ud deccney in a well-oruereu state, for polygamy can
never be endured in any rational civil est,ahlislulHmt. \Vhatever speciou8 reasons may
be urgcd for it by the eastern nutiolls, the foolislmess of it has been fully proved by
lUan y sensible wri terso
. By the laws of Swedcn, al1cient amI moclern, the eonuniRRion of tIte


crime of polygamy is puuiRhed by death. Notwithstanding the testi-
mony of civilizatioIl wIlich is givell agaillst tIle practiee of polygamy as
with one united voice, and that every State aml 'ferritory of the Unioll
has declared with equal unanimity agaillst it, recogniziug it as a crimi-
Ilal otfeuse, yet this bauel of people, origillally organized in Nlissouri,
afterward located in Illil1ois, and fillally in thcir present location in
the Wasatch Valley, in the 'l'erl'itory of Utah, have gone forward and
Ilot only clung to a practice made criminal by the sta tutes of the COUll-
try, but as time has elapsed they haye become more amI more open
and more and more defiant in the praetiee of their iniquities and their
llisregard of the laws of the country. What lS to be done'l Shall tItis
nation, with the light of Ohrist,ianityand ciyilizatioll beamillg upon it,




EXECUTION OF LAWS IN UTAH. 7


guided by which it has placed these laws on its statute books, and with
the sentiment ofits people united against this evil, longer continue to al-
low these people to cloak their iniql1ity undel' the garb of a pretended relig-
ion, and say we will do nothing to eradicate itf The committee believe
the time has come when there should be no more temporizing; t11at there
should be no more delay, but that measures should be taken to thor-
oughly oVf1rthrow and prevent the increase of such crimes. It does not
forget that a provision in the COllstitution declares" that Congress shall
make no Iaw respecting an establishment ofreligion 01' prohibWngthe free
exercise thereof;" nOl' does the committee regard the proposed action on
the part ofCongress bythe passage ofthe bill whieh theypresent as in any
possible way affecting the rights of that people under that provision of
the Constitutioll. The committee expI'essly disclaim any disposition 01'
intention to reeommend anything which will interfere with the proper,
exercise of the religious woI'ship of any people. Still they deny the right
of any pf'ople to organize themselves as a body, styling themselves the
"Latter Day Saints of Jesus Christ," 01' by any other llame, amI under
that pretense commit the gl'ossest crimcs known to tIJe sta tutes of our
country 01' the worhl, claiming that it is a part of tIJeir religious faith.
To admit this would be to admit their right, 01' the right of any other body
of Illell, to violate, umler a similar pretense oí' l'eligious worship, any
law, civil 01' criminal, which has been 01' may be placed on our statute
books for the well-being and protection of societyand the good oroer
and prosperity of the state. The Constitntion was framed by our fathers,
guidecl by the principIes of religious freedom, and its framers never in-
tended to sanction bigamy, polygamy, 01' any other crime. It was made
in tIte earIy days of the republic, when the laws of England which pro-
vided for the pnnishment of bigamy 01' polygamy werc fresh in their
minds. And there can be no possible pretext that because of the por-
vision of the Constitntion referred to, the people of this country have
not the power, the righU'nl power, to crush out that iniquity.


The cornmittee give herewith extraets fl'Olll the laws of nearly all the
States and Territories in relation to the crillle of bigamy ano poly-
gallly:


Statc law8 in relation to bigamy.


MAINE.


Re it e-naeted, ,fe., That if a~y person wit-hin this State, 'being married, shall marry
ally person, t.lle former husballd 01' wife bcing li villg, 01' W Ilo shall contillue to live so
married, and bcillg thereof convicted, sllall be punished by solitary imprisonment for
a term not exceeding three months, and be confinen to hard labor for a term not ex-
ceeding five years: Provided always, That this act ~ha11 not extend to any person whoso
husband 01' wife slla11 be cOlltinually remaining beyond sea by the space of seven years
togetller, 01' whose husband 01' wife Sh'111 ahsent him or hel'self the one f1'Om the other
hy the space of seven years together, the one of them in either case not knowing the
other to be living witllin that time, nor to the wife of any married man who shall will-
ingly absent himselffrom his said wife by the space of seven years together, withont
making suitable provision for her Rupport and maintenance in the mean time, if it
sha11 be in hi8 powcr to do so, nor to any persoll that is 01' sha11 be divofced. (Smith's
Laws of Maine, chapo 10, seco 2.)


NEW HAlIIPSHIRE.


Any person l",ing eOllvictcd ofbigamy in this Stato sha11 be punishcd as in the case
of adulter,'í. (Comp. Stat., 1853, e. 233, s.5 and 6, p. 559.)


If any perRon Rha11 commit the crime of ~nltf\ry, such pf'rsou shall be punished by
imprisonment in the COIUlllon jail not exceetlillg one year, amI fincd llot exceeding five
hUlldred donara. (Compiled Statutes, 1853, chapo 233, see. 1.)




8 EXECUTION OF LA WS IN UTAH.
VERIIIONT.


Persona COllvicted of the crime of polygamy in thiH State Rhall be pllnished by impris-
OIlmellt as in cases of adultery. (Gen'l St,at., 1863, e. 117, s. 5 and 6, p. 687.)


Every person who shall commit the crime of adultery shall be pnuished by impris-
011meut in the State prison not exceeding five years, alld be fined Hot excecdillg oue
t,hOIlSaIul dollars, 01' cithcr of said punishments, at tIlO diseretion of tlle court. (Re-
vised Statn~e8, 1850, chapo 108, see. 1.)


MASSACHUSETTS.


Any person convicted of polygamy in this State 8han be pllnislted by imprisonment
iu the State's prisou not exceeding thrcc yeara, 01' by fine not exceedillg fi ve llUudred
dollara. (Geu'l Stat., 1860, C. 165, S. 4 and 5, p. 817.)


RIIODE ISLAND.


Every per80n convicted of lligamy in thi8 State shan be imprisoncll uot exceeding
five years, nor leas than one year, 01' be fined not exceeding one thousand dolbrs. (Re-
vised Stat., 1857, e. 216, S. 1, p. 542.)


CONNECTICUT.


Every person eonvicted of bigamy in this Stato shall be pnnished by lmIJrisonment
in the Connecticllt State prison, uot less than two years nor more than five yean;.
(Revised Stat., 1866, chapo 7, S. 128, p. 265.)


KEW YORK.


Every person convicted of bigamy in this State shall be puniahed by imprisonment
in a State prison for a term not exceeding five years. (Revised Stat., 1852, arto 2, s. 8
alllI 9, p. 870.)


Every person convictecl of the ;]rime of bigamy in this State shall be pUllishell by
fine uot exceedillg olle tllOusand dollara, and imprisonnH'ut at ltal'd labor for any time
not exceeding ten years, 01' either of them, at the diacretioll of the conrt Iwfore whom
such couvictioll sllall be hado (NixOll'S Digest Laws New Jersey, 1868, V. 194.)


PEKNSYLV ANIA.


Every pRrson eonvicted of bigamy 81la11 be fineel anel scntencell to ulldergo, in the
liko manller, and be coufined, kept to lIard labor, fed ml(l elotlw<l as is hereillafter di-
rected, for any term not exceeding two years. See Penal Laws, XII. (Purdou's Di-
gest, seventh edition, p. 139.)


DELAWARE.


Every persoIl convieted of the crime of bigamy in this State shall be punished by
fine not less than four hnndred nor more than two thouaand do11ara, alllI sha11 he im-
prisoued for not less thau three months nor more than one year. (Revised Code, 1852,
C. 131, 8. 5, p. 485.)


MARYLAND.


Every person c011victed of the crime of bigamy in this State slm11 be punished by a
confinemeut in the penitcntial'Y for a period not lt~ss tha,1l eightl\cll months nor more
than nine years. (Coele .Md., 1860, arto 33, S. 11, p. 207.)


VIHGINIA.


Every person eonvicted of tho orime of bigamy in this State slutll he clmfinetl in the
penitentüu'y 110t les8 than one nor more thall five yea,rs. (Codo Va., 1860, p. 803.)


GEORGIA.


Every pllrson cOllvicted of the crime of bigamy in this Sktte 8ha11 be pUllishcd by
'cOllfillement at labor in the pellitentiary fin' any time not less thall two years nor
'[onger than four years, ancl the second marriage shall be yoid. (Code Geo., 1860, seco
4415, p. 859.)




EXECUTION OF LA WS IN UTAH. 9
FLORIDA.


Every person convictell of the crime of bigamy in this Statc 8ha11 he s~ntcnced to
a fine not exceeding one thousancl dollarR) at the discretion of thc jury. (Dgst. Stat.
Flor.) 1847, c. 7, seco 3, p. 499.)


ALAllAMA.


Every porson convictell of thc erime of bigamy 01' polygamy in this Statc shttll bo
imprisoned in tbo pcnitclltiary not less than two or more than fivo yoars. (Code Ala.,
18,')2, arto 5, s. 3232, p. 58:3.)


MISSISSIPPI.


Every person convicted of the crimc of bigamy in this State 8ha11 l)e illlvrisoncd in
the penitentü1ry not longer than uve years. (Code Miss., sec.11, p. 577.)


LOUISIANA.


Every person convicte<l of the crime of bigamy in this State 8ha11 paya fine not ex-
ceedillg fivA hnnc1red clo11al's, and be imprisoned not exeeeding two years. (Rvsd.
Stat. La.) 1856, S. 17, p. 137.) •


TEXAS.


Evcry porson convictNI of the crilllc of bigamy in this State Rhall 1)0 punishetl by
imprisonment in the peuitentiary for a term not exceeding thl'ec yearB. (Dgst. La"l'ls
Texas, 1866, arto 2015, p. 429.)


ORlO.


Every person convictell of the crime 01' bigamy in thi" State sha11 be imprisoned in
tbe penitenti:try, and kopt at hard labor, not more than Boven years nor less than Olle
ycar. (Rv~d. Stat., 1860, chapo :3:~, s. 7, p. 404.)


INDIANA.


Every perRon cOllvicted of the o1'ime of bigltllly in this State aha11 be imprisOllell in
the State'a prison Hot excec(1ing five 1101' less than two years, to be fincd not excceding;
ono thonsaud dolla,l's, amI be imprisoned in the cOllnty jf1il not lesa thall three nor
more than six months. (Gavin & Hord's Stat. 1nl1., seco 46, p. 452.)


ILLINOI8.


Every person eonvicted of the Cl'ime 01' big-ltrny in this State shan be punished by a
fine not exceerling $1,000, and irnprisoned in the penitentiary not exeeeding two years.
(Rvsd. Stat. m., 1868, divo 11, s. 1(;8, p. 207.)


Im:'<TUCKY.


Every perRon convictell of the crime of bigamy in this State Rhall be confiued in the
penitentiary not loss than three nor more than nine yeara. (Rvsd. Stat., 1852, c. 28,
arto 4, s. 9, p. 249.)


TENXESSEE.


Everyperson convicted 01' the crime of higamy in this State s11a11 he imprisoned in
the penitentiary not less than two llor more tban twenty-one yeara. (Code 'renn.,
1858, C. 8, s. 4839, p. 867.)


:\IICHIGAN.


Every peraon convicted of the crime 01' polygarny in this State ahan be plluished by
imprisonment in the State prison not more than five years, 01' in the conuty jail not
more than oue ;vear, 01' by fine not exceeding fivo hUlldred dollars. (Comp. Laws
Mich., 1857, C. 1R5, s.4, p. 1541.)




10 EXECUTION 01<' LA.WS IN UTAH.
WISCONSIN.


Evcry pcrson convicted of the crimc of polygamy in this State shall be puniahcd by
imprisonment in the State prison not more than four years nor .les s thall two yeara, 01'
hy fine not excee<1ing four hundred dollara nor less than three lmndred dollars. (Rvsd.
Stat. Wis., 1858, c. 170, s. 2, p. 973.)


MINJSESOTA.


Every person convicted of the crime of polygamy in this State sho'!l 1,e pllnished hy
illll'risOlllllel1t in tlle State prison not more thall fOllr yeara llO!' less thall two years, 01'
by fine not exceeding fi ve hundred donara nor less than tllree lmndred dolhtrs. (R.
Stat. Minn., 1866, e.lOO, s. 2, p. 620.)


IOWA.


Every person convicted of the crime of bigamy in this State slla]] be plluisheil by
imprisonlllent in fhe l)ellitentiary not 1ll0l'<\ than fiye p'a!'s,or hy fine not exeeeding
five hundrcd dollars, and illlprisonIllellt in the eOllnty jailnot more thun one year. (R.
Stat. Iowa, 1860, e, 172, s. 4348, p. 744.)


MISSOlCHI.


Every person convicted of the crime of bigamy in this St.ate s]¡all be pnnished by
imprisonment in tlle penitentiary not exceeding five yearA, 01' in a connty jail uot les8
than six months, or by fine not leRS tban five hnndred dollars, 01' hy both a fine not
less than one hundred do11ara and irnprisonment in tbe eonnty jail not leas tban tbl'ee
months. (Genl. Stat. Mo., 1865, c. 206, s.l, p. 815.)


ARKANSAS.


Every person convicted of the crimíl of bigamy in this Statl' 8ho11 he imprisoned in
the jan' and penitentiary honse for a periotl not lesB than three nor more tban Beven
years. (Dgst. Stat. Ark., 1858, c. 51, s.l, p. 367.)


KANSAS.


Evcry persoll cOllvictou of tIte erÍme of bigamy in tbis Statc sha11 be punishcd by
confinement :tnd hanllahor not exeeeding five rears, 01' in tile C01l1lty jail uot less than
six rnonths, 01' by fine not less than five hundl'ed dollars, 01' by hoth a fine HOt les8 than
one hnndred dollars aml imprisonment in the connty jail not less tban tllree rnonths.
(Stat. KansaB, 1855, c. 58, s. 1, p. 282.)


Nl~nRARKA.


Every person convictell of the crime of bi~amy in this State 8ha11 be pnnished by
fine llOt exceeüüJO' one thousand dollars and lmprisonment in the penitentiary not ex-
ceeding two year~. (H. Stat. :Neb., 186G, c.12, s. 130, p. G20.)


XKVADA.


Every person eonvicted of tho crime of bigamy in thia State sha11 be pnnisbed by
a fine not exceeding one thonsunrl do11arE and he imprisoned in tollA tel'l'itoI'Íal prison
llot less than one nor mom tlmn five yeál's. (Stat. Nevutla, 1861, e. 27, B.1:.l7, p. 82.)


OnEGOX.


Every person convicterl of the crime of polygamy in thia State Rhan he pnnished by
imprisonment in the pcnitentiary 1l0t les8 thun OlHl 1101' more tllall ionr years, 01' by
imprisonment in the county jail not less than six months nor more than one year, 01'
by fine nut less thUll three huudred dollar8 nor more than ol\e thon8alld ¡[olJars. (Gen!.
Stat. Oregon, 1864, c. 4i:l, s. 628, p. 558.)


CALIFOllXIA.


Every person convicted of the crime of bigamy in this State s]¡all hA pnnished by
fine not exceeding two thousand dollara aml be imprisoued .i1l tho State l'rison Ilut
more than three years. (Gen!. Stat. Cal., ltl64, cliv.U, 8.121, p. 1519.)




EXECUTION 01<' LAWS IN UTAH. 11
NEW lIlEXICO.


Every per8011 conyicted ofthe. crime of bigamy in this Territory sha11 be imprisoned
not more than seyen years noI' less than two years. (Comp. Stat. N. Mexico, 1865, c. 23,
s. 5, p. 312.)


AHIZONA.


Every pcrson cOIlvi.:íe(l of the erillle of bigallly in this Territory sha11be puuished by
fine not excePlling one tllOusanu dolltlrs and illlprisonment in the eonnty jailllot more
than two ~~ean;. (Ho"e 11'8 Code Arizona, 1865, s. :32, p. 69.)


COLORADO.


Every perso11 c011vietNl of bigamy in this Territory shall be punishcrl by a fine not
excee(ling one thousanü llollars and imprisonIllcnt in the penitentiary not exceeding
two years. . (R. Stat. Col., 1868, s. 122, p. :!21.) ,


MONTANA.


Every persoll eOllvicteü of the erime of bigamy in this Territory shall be puuished
by a fine pot ('xceeLlin:.\· onc thousalld rlollars and imprisonmellt in the territorial prison
not loss tlUlll one year nor more thall fiye years. (Stat. Montana, 18!l6, c. 10, 8.126,
p.208.)


WASHINGTON.


EyeI'Y per~on eouYietc(1 of the erime of polygamy in this Territory sha11 be punished
by imprisollllieut in the penitentiary not more than fonr nor lcss than one yeal' and be
lined in any Rllm not exceeLling live huudrcd rlollars. (Stat. Washington Ter., 1863,
c. 7, H. 120, p. 303.)


1)AKO"l"A.


Every person ('ollyieterl of tIte crimc of polygallly in this Terri.tory shall be punished
by imprisomuent in the territorial prisou not more than four years nor lcss thall two
years, oI' hy fine nut exceerling five Illlndred dollars. (Stat. Dakota, c.lO, p. 76.)


Te8tirnony of R. }{. Ba8kin.


FRIDAY, Januctl'Y 21, 1870,
R. N. R\SKIN sworll allrl cxamined.


By the CH.\IIOUN:
Question. Mr. Ba,kill, pIe ase ten tIte committee., in your own way, a11 yon know in


reference to the cOl1llitiou 01' affairs in tIte Territory of Utah as thcy have beell llnring
your resideu('(' tIH're, amI as tlJey are 1l0W.-Allswcr. 1 have been, for five years past,
a resirlellt of l:t¡lll; to explaill at aU fuUy the eonditiou of affairs there wou!d occupy
sorne time, aUlI (Joyel' a good deal 01' ground.


Q. Of course, we mpun you to I'efer more particularly to the suhjeet of the bill before
the committee, the purpose of whieh is, ii' possible, to enforce tIle laws against the
crime of polH\,umy in that Terrjtory.-A. ] am an attorney, and hayc hall a pretty
extensive pr~ctice in Gtah Territory; 1 ha ve ha<l a grcat rlcal of business, and 1 know
that t.he existing la"" agaiw;t polygamy is perfectly a dead l:etter, by rea.sou ofthe
utter inahility ofthe anthorities, uI1l1el' t.he existing c011dition of affairs and system of
legislation in Utah, to enfOl'ee that la"".


Q. vVhy cau it lIot be cllforccrl1-A. Bemuse yon cau not get a jnry to indiet, no
matter wbat tl18 evideuce may he. In 18(i7, Capt,ain Hooper l)l'esented a memorial to
Congress fmm the L"tah legi~lature a.sking f01" a repeal of the la" against bigamy. In
that memorial the mClllOl"Ínlist,s statell that thcy were exceedingly anxiolls t.o test the
constitutionality of that aet, and had endeavllr"d, in variolls ways, to get it before the
conrts, Imt in vai]}, thc Unitell States couI't.s heing unwilling to cxecute said law. In
onle1" to 8ho,," Iti~ willillguoss to cxeeute said law, J urlge Titus, then United States
judge there, hall a .inry eIllpanneled, and managed to get several Gentiles upon the
jury. ~ly l'l'coll"ction is that the j1l1'y \Vas Coml)Oserl of eleveu Gentiles and thirteen
Mormons. The j 1ll'y, 1 think, "n.s not slllllmoned in accordance with the statute of




12 EXECUTION Ol!' L.A.WS IN UTAH.
Utah regulating their selection in the district conrt, for under that no GCIlWC coula
haye been obtained. Judge TitUA, in clmrging the jury, paill especial attelltioll to said
memorbl, R:Lying that he ",as, amI always had boon, willing aud anxious tn Ree said
law ellforcelllike other laws, lmt that it neyer had llflen done, because no gnmd jury
in the Territory hall eyer indicted any one for yiolation thmeof. 'l'he jmy sat there
day after day allll aid nothing. Various ",itnesses were examincd beforc them, amI,
notwithstanrling it was not,oriollsly known that one of Brigham Youllg's Rlllm had re-.
cently taken a third wife, anll that many others bad recently yiolated the law against
bigamy, yet, at the end of two weeks, they had aecomplished llothillg. The ~oremall
ofthat granfl jl1ry was a member of the territoriallegislature and a signer of the me-
morial. 'fhe great difficulty in the way of theprosecuting attorney is the impoRRibility
ofproving a marriage. Since the passage of the act against higamy, lh .. Monnons
have a(lopted a new arrangement in reference to to these luarriages, so th:¡j, now yon
can find 110 proof of the secon(l 01' any subseque11t marriage. Nothing is kno\YlI olltside
abont thel11, when 01' where 01' by whom they are solemuized. Al! lIlarriages are no",
perforl11ed in the "endowl11ent honse," au([ whateyer transpires tbere is secreto AmI
though ",hCll it is 110ne it is not ke!lt seeret that a marriage has taken placl', ami many
persons are weIl known to have nUlllcrous wives, yet it is impossible jo oMuin ltlly legal
proof. The l11en wbo perform the lllarriage ceremonyare oath-hollllll, amI eVdn if
placcd before a grand jnry on oath, wonld 111 an age to evade it in sorne way. l:1Hler tlle
law of 1862, it is impossible to prove a marriage accordiug to tlw mIes of evidence,
whieh accept no testimony except that of a party who witllcssed tlle soIeulIlization of
it. No liccnse is required heforehand, and uo recorrl, unless it he tt secret olle, kept
afterwards. PrevioltS to the passage of the law of 1862, thero was :t 1'<:001'(1 of rnarri-
ages kepHlytheirbistorian, George J. 8111ith, now secondpresident, SllceeSHor of Heher
Kimhall. This record is douhtless still in existence, and on the occasiOll J spoko of, the
district attorney had hoforo the jury overy l'0rson wholll hc sUPpoMcd couhI lmve pos-
session of it, and tried in eyery way possihle to obtain 80me trace oí" it, hut utterly
failed.


Q. And never did ?-A. AmI nevcr diü. I am satisfic(l that tIte party who formcrly
kept tIte record was before that grand jnry. 1 haye heen informed hy half a dozen men
who Itad apostatized from Morl11onisrn that suoh was the case, ami tlmt they knew it.
And the la w is al ways thus eyaded, makillg the ad of 1862 a deatllctter.


Q. You understand the provisiollS of this bill as proposed by the COlllluittee 1-A.
Yes, sir.


Q. Is it your opinion that 1I1uler this bill tItere will be any difficulty in l'roeuring a
legal cOllviction, if the facts of tIte case would justify it ?-A. None \\'hatever, sir, if it
is aIlowerl to be proven hy the only evidence of which the case is susceptihle, to wit,
the acta alld admissions of the l)arties.


By MI'. H.nJBLl'TO:<f :
Q. Open concubillage '-A. Ycs, sir. The terriiorialleg-islaturc of l~t[tIt Iws ¡¡!lsscd


a law ¡,riVillg the probate courta of Utah concurrent jnrisdiction with the rIiRtriet conrt.
The probatc judges are, in almost every illst:11lCe, scleeterl Ü'om hisllOPS 01' tho l\IOl'lllOn
church, whose knowledge of law is very limited, alld who l'retend to desl'ise la.wyers
and alllegal knowledge. There is a jnry law applying to these prohate courts, per-
lllitting a prohate jlldge to pick np at auy time a granel jnry of fifte!m men. Under
this machinery, whcn a Geutile is brought up, the law works yery VigOl'OllSly. But
another law has heen passed, regnlatiu¡!; the selection of gramI juries in the district
cOllrt, shutting up every ayeUlle by which a competent jury can he obtained. It is pro-
vided that the jury allall be made up from a list of names placed in a hox, f"rom which
twenty-follr names are drawn, as a regular jnry; and, in case the regular jnry ¡¡roye
insufficient, othllrs must be drawn frolll the sallle box; the power of the conrt to fin
the panel with talesmen, in case of tbe graml jnI'Y beillg taken away by said law.
The names in that hox are selected by connty cOlllmissioners, who are gCllCrally bishops
01' officers of the ~Iorl11on church; conseqllently it contains only the U:LmeH of MormonA.


Q. That is in the llistrict court of the Unitell Statcs ?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. And the prohate judge yon speak 01'. amI the jurors, they (the l\lormons) manipn-


late entirely?-A. Of course. '
By the CHAIR~fAN:


Q. Row are the probate jndgcs appointed ?-A. The probate jutlgcs are appointed by
the legislatnre; the legislators get their po sitio n hy election by the people, hut Brigham
Young practically makes the nominatiou.


Q. Anll the people ratify it,f-A. Yes, sir; that is the way of it. I never kne\" a
llle1111lCr of the legislatllre who was not a hishop 01' clse eonneeted with Brigham in
some intimate way.


By MI'. TAFFE:
Q. I was not aware tbat jurors were selectefl in that rnanner in l:tah; it iR uSllally


done hy the lllarshal.-A. That is not the way it is done nnder tIte sttttutc oi" Utah.




EXECUTION OF LA WS IN UTAH. 13
Q. 1 thonght the organic act arrauged aH that.-A. The orgmüc aeí iR silellt on the


qnestion. The law under which the prohat.e court seleds a grand jury ",ould apply
alike to t.he district conrt, if the legislature had IlOt afterwards passed a Iaw providillg
speciaHy tI\() means of selecting jurora in the distrid comt. 'Yith t·he 1'ermission of
the committee, 1 will read a few selectiolls frolll the aet rcgulating the mode oí" proce-
dure in criminal C:1ses.


By Mr. BCCKLEY:
Q. Who puts those names into the uux ?-A. Tllc couuty eourt.
Q. Nut the Luit,,,] States marshal ?-A. No, sir.
Q. Tlle Unitpt! States marshal sumlllons no jnry whatcvcr '-A. No, sir. Tlle United


States starts tilo machinery, hut thfl couuty court cOlltrols it.
By:Mr. PmmROY:


Q. What would be the iIllrnediate dfect of tryiug to enforce tllis law?-A. It would
create conai,ltmlhle temporar.y cxcitement, f10Uhtl"SH; BrighaIl1 YOllng- \Yonlrl oppose it
with a stroug hmul; but when it came to the pinch, 1 do not thinl, 11<' '\\'onl,1 l'''Aort tn
open violente; amI, if he diU, 1 do not think the great maSA of tIle pcople of t]w Tcrri-
tory would haek him.


Q. You thiak he IYon1<1 not Jik" to proyoke a coHision with tlle general gov"rn-
ment.-A. He "\\'onll1 threaten it; he would come to the very yergo of it; then he
would go clown; hu1lt1retl8, ycs, tholls>lnds, won](l (1esert him thc 1ll0lIlcnt he began
any armod npposition. .


Q. 1 shoulrl like to hear yonr opillion as to the effect the lmsRag" of sneh a btw would
produce on thA eOlHlition of socicty there.-A. 1 thin k it woula break u]l tlw conccn-
tratioll of power that at present exists in Utah; Brigham is now as ahsnlute as the
Czar of Rnssia; therc i8 110t :m aet of ihc lcgi~lature whicll, if it is not rliet:tterl by
him, must mect liiA approyal; he controls evcrything, religious alill seeular; the pas-
Bage of sueh a la IV would break nI' n 11 that, of COlll'Se, at the cost of great tcrnporarY
disturhance, unt in a short time that would pass away. •


By MI'. JI,DlIlLBTOX:
Q. ,VIlO is ehief justice in etah now?-A. C. C. ,,'ilson.
Q. WJ14'l'fí from Y-A. Illinois. There i8 a liUle collision just no\\" bdweell the


jll<lges, ¡,(rowlng ont of the 'lllestion of the naturalizatioll of citiz,,"s. T11e great
lllass of the people are forei¡,(ner8, WllO have ncyer heen llaturaJized. This 1'robate
conrt naturalizül-\ citizens. Thc majority of natnralization papers iSSlll\ fWlll that
conrt. "-hel! Jutl¡,(c Titns aB,1 Jnd¡,(e Drake came to the Territory they dccided tha.t
tllO practico oí" polygamy ,yas an illlllloral aet and a crime, and in casp of natnralization
wonld]>ntthe question to the wltllcsses whichtlH' applicant hronght iu ltis behalf, "Do
yon kllo\Y whether he has done anything in violatioIl of tho I:twagainst llOlygam,v P
amI if the r¡ul'stion was answereü in thc af¡lrlllative, they refllsed to nntnralizo him.
,Yhen Jn(lg'4) ,\'ilson camo he too k a difl'ereut Yic\\' of the law; he deei<1ed tlmt a jutlge
had no right to ask any su eh 'luestion. An<lnlllIer 1Iis admillistratioll, whieh eom-
ll1r'lle('<1jnd, after the Jan,l ofliee was opencd, ,,'hich made it <lrsirah1fl for lllauy to get
natnralizatioll ]>"]I"r8, no s[[oh question i8 asked, am1 !'veryhody il'! naturalizcd that
('onws. 'fhe other t\Vo jlldges, ]¡owever, still allhere to the old rule, an<1, w!len aman
comes to he llMuralized, a8k thi8 rlllostion.


By MIt. T.\J.'FE:
Q. Docs Jur1ge ,Yilson haM that it is eOlllpetent for the probate conrt to iSSUA natur-


alization papers Y-A. He dops unt; he has rofusecl to aclmit 1)l'r8on8 tn eitizenship
whose first papers were obtained befare the probare court; and also refusc-d to pcrrnit
persons \yho h:vl be en natllralizecl in that conrt to sit on granel juries.


By tlto CHAIl13fA:\' :
Q. 'Yhat iR the actual, or relativll, nnrnuer of tIlOSO \\'ho are living in practical poly-


gamy f-A. That i8 ditlicult 1,0 t(,ll. .Judgc Titus,who gave sueh matters a great deal
of attention, (1 never, myself, in\'cstigat.ed the matter very t.horonghly,) told me that
he thOllght that not more than one-Ulirrl of the MorIllon popnlation of Utah prac-
ticecl 1'olygamy.


Q. Alld thcolüsÍ!lers ?-Á. Noncof the out81,lers. If aman not a MOl'lllOll 8hould form
that Hort of a rehtion they would S(}OIl ue after hirn 1,0 1'uni6h him fol' se.dnction 01'
lasciYion8 eohabitation.


By ~IH. TAFFF::
Q. He lmd!lo rcwIatiou ~-A. They enforce the law against seduetion aud lascivious


cohahitatioll tlw most rigidlyof any place 1 was over in. That comes of trenching on
the lll'orogatives of the church.


By MIt. PmmllOY:
Q. Row man~- women are tltcrc cOllnected with this matter of polygamy?-A. It




14 EXECUTION OF LAWS IN UTAH.
"\Vould be mere gness-worli: on my part to say; several thousand-two 01' three thousand
ut least.


By Mu. BUCKLEY:
Q. \Vould the fmfo1'cement of tbis 1Iill canse HO violent a (lishuhance of Hociety as to


be the ocea~ion of much sufl'erillg among thc women there ?-A. 1 thillk uot. The
majol'ity oí' thfse women suppo1't themselves now, and many of them 8uppo1't their
husbal](ls as well.


By fhe CHAIRMAN:
Q. A good many oí these wives number two, and f1'om that 011, haye children, haye


they not, f-A. 0, yeso .
Q. \Vhat \Vould be the effect-not thc legal but thepracticaleffect-u]Joll thcse olnl-


dren ?-A. 1 do not think it would produce 80 great a chango as nHlB)' imagine. The
men thp.re do not 8npport their chilaren now by virtue 01' any legal obliga.tion, and 1
do not see how the cnforcelllcnt of this law could rnake any (lifferenee in reg:1l'd to the
moralobligation. 1 do not 8upp08e there is anythillg in t,be law making it a punish-
abIe offense for aman to furnish food an(l clothing to his childl'l>ll, aud, as 1 Haid,
they do not do it now by viI'tuc of ally legal obligation; anrl in many cases, tbey dOll't
do it at al!. The women do that.


By MI'. POMEROY;
Q. \Yh,.t wOllld he the effect to divide the TcrritoI'Y and annex the parts of it to


adjaecllt Territories f-A. That question has heen c011Sidnrf~d Ycry mudl by tllOse
who were al1xions to see this autocratic powor bl'uken up. The objeotiol1 to that is
this; Nature lllakeH the bounrlaries fol' polítical cOlllmunities. In t he case of L'tah,
this is particularly tho fact. This region iR a great basin which will ~OJlle da,)' be
densely inha.hitp([; the soiJ, right in Salt Lnko Y nlley, is the riclll'st in tlle wOl'ld;
bellllllcll in by tnountains, as tlley are, t.he geogra.phy of the conntry np('e~sitates tbat
the people oí' this basin should be oue iu(liviHible eOllllllunity. 1 thillk a didsion
would be unllatllral alld impractica.ble.


By tIle CUAIlDIAN:
Q. EYOIL if that objection did not exisí, wauld it not be more' rlifticnlt to en force


the law, aIter such a divisioll of tbe Terrltory, making it lleCe~"ary for oft'ellders
and witnesses, and aH coneerned, to lIe üraggcll sevcrnl ImUllrcd uLÍles ll,,-a.y, to be
tried in tbe eourts of Colorado 01' ülaho, 01' whatever Territories they might chance to
belong to by sneh anuexat.ion ?-A. 1 think there ,,"ould he 110 .liftienlty in enfore-
ing tlie law in cither case; no dOllht there wonld be great tClllporary cxeitcmcnt.
The eIelllcut" are llOW existing in Hrigham's O\YIl ranks, which, i1' his political powor i8
once broken, wiU accomplish thc destruetion 01' pnlygamy, alld the bier:trehy exbtillg
there.


By }Ir. BUCKLEY:
Q. Are tbe dissensions in the Mormon clllll'ch of wfficÍl'nt magnit1Hlc to rcally weaken


Brigham Yuung's powe1' to any serious extent f-A. Yes, sir; the1'e is -;1 Yery large ele-
ment of (lissatisfaction among them.


Q. The no1'tbern part, where the Josephites liye, is thnt tbickl>" scttled ?-A. No, sir;
it is very sparseIy settled. The Josephites number not more than three Imnrlrerl, 1
5npp08e.


By MI'. HA;\mLETO:N :
Q. What is the nUlllber of the Gentiles in the Territory~-A. ('Olllparatively fel'\"-


not more thall four 01' fiye thollsand,
Q. vVhat i8 the lllunbel' of Mormons in the Territory ?-A. About Ü'01ll ninety to oue


h uuul'ed thousand.
By MI'. POMEROY;


Q. \Vhat proportioll ofthis MOl'lllon population :1re polygamists !-A. Xut moretball
o~e-third ofthe adult population 1 should sa.y, though 1 alllllot sullicicntly acquaillted
wIth th,e lllatter to make lllore tl1:1n a mere guess; 1mt 1 do llot t.hink tI", polyga-
mists amount to a majority; the cenSUH of 1860 showerl a p1'epoll<lenlllce of male }lopu-
lation in sa.id Territory. Spe:1king of the IVOllWll of that ('.oulltr~' ull<ler Briglmm's rule,
he take~ chal'ge not o~lly of tbe laws, amI property, amI marria.ges, hut eYen of the
eou~shlpS of the Terntory; marriages outsirle of the churrh art' wutehfully gnanlf'(l
agallls~; whenever a Gentile begins to ]Jay his a(1I!resses (,0 a }IOl'llWll girl, he is first
admolllshed, by letter 01' otherwise, to cease his nttentiolls; nnd if he still persists, he
sud(l~llly finds hilllself dueked 01' wbippe(l. If the lJnite(l Stntes autho1'ities wonld
exerCIse a fi1'm control tbe1'e, so that snch things wnld be done away , .. ith, a large
Ilumber of Mormon women would marry Gentiles.




EXECUTION OF LAWS IN UTAH. 15
By MI'. BUCKLEY :


Q. They do not love the institlltion so mncb, tbcn ?-A. No, sir; it. i8 largely a matter
ofthe force of circumstallcPs "itn tbem.


Q. Does tbis matter oi proscription extend to tbeir courts Y-A. 1 must do tbem jus-
tice f.o say that the qnestion of religion do es not enter into their conrts, ln ordinary
cases; 1 ba,ve never dekctcd any bias on the part ofjurors there in this l'eBpect, as 1 at
first expected ; 1 llave aplwarecl in cases "here Mormons amI Gentiles wcre opposing
parties in tbe ea se, amI saw, much to my surpl'ise, tbe jury do what was right; but
whenever this relig;ioll, 01' their peculiar institution, polygamy, comes in, then they are
very sensiti ve, aJl(I yon may be very certain w hat wi11 be their decision.


By MI'. DuvAL:
Q. 'But if the condition oí the Mormon womcn is so unplcasaut, as you aescribe it,


bow does it happell tlmt any are brought to acecpt polygamy at 011; why do they 1'e-
main in Utah, and 811hlllit to thia condition oí aff~1ir8 f·-A. The leallers take advantage
oí thei1' reIigiolls prejlHliee,~; the teaehers and bishops urge tholll to entel' into l)olyg-
amy as a religio\ls dllty, amI in most eases they tinally yield to these iufiuences, amI
find, too late, that tllfly have heen aeceived, aml that it iR difficult to psc3I)e.


By the CUAIW1AX :
Q. \Vhat is tilo character oí this godIy HchiHlIl oí whieh y011 ~peak? no the secede1's


renounCA l101ygamy f-A. 1\0, they still hold to polygalIly, but thcy objeet to Brigham's
assumptioll of arhitrar~' power in temporalmatters; they say he has no I'ight to dictate
to tllem what thoy ahall \Vear anf1 with whom they Hhall trafIe.


Q. 1 rec"¡vefl a pal't'r n, dayol' two sillce, frOIll Salt Lake City, eOlltaining an account
,of a large gathering of WOlllell, in one 01' the wards oí' the city, in whieh they vel'y un-
8el118hly declared in favor of polygamy. ])0 y011 know anythin'!; alJont that t-A. No,
1 kllow nothillg ahout it, but it isuot iucredible. A great lIlally womell conld hA fonud
who would do that; SOllle of them from religious convict,ioll, ando some of thOlIl f1'om
policy. Hut, ou the othel' hand, hnnflmolR of WOffiAn w0111f1 hail the passage of this
'hill with joyo AR it nolV i~, Brigham ha~ it fixed so tlmt a womall cannot help herself.
These prohate COUl't,~ hay" lllllimit .. a jnrisflicíion iu ca.ses of clivol'cC amI alimollY. 1
ha\'e kllolVn the fir~t wifo to be tlivoree<1 an<1 cut off from everything, smlÍ forth a.Joue,
hOllleless a11(l penuilesH; an<1, in mauy illstances, being thonsaud~ of' miles a way írom
friends. \Vomellare compe11ed to quietly submit to theil' husbauds taking other wives,
as one oí tlle pl'ovisiollH of the Utah Rt~tt,ntes iR, that the faflt of' parties llOt being able
to live in penco am1 harmony together is sllfficient cnuse 1'01' divoree. ThiR provision,
with a knowledge of tlle l,wt that the probate conrt has jnrisdiction of divorccs, gell-
erally secures snbmiRsiou. In mal1y instances, where a first wifA I('aves her hnsband on
aecollnt of his marrying a H~eOlHI time, slle i8 f'oree<1 by he1' neeeRsitieHto hnmbly retnrn
ane! endure itwithout cOIlll'laint. Somo women, by extrao1'dillary force of wi11, manage
to get along aJone, 01' to escape from the Territory. (l Who applins for the (livorce f-A. Tho husballl1 frequelltly applies for it. How-
ever SUblllisú ve a w ife may have beeu, "lw gencrally hecomes "1'efi'actory" w hen tho hus-
hand takes{l serollf1 \Yifc; ami if he t~tkes a t.hín1 01' a fonrth, ít makes all the others mad.
But hy thrfl:1t,ming t.hmll \Vit.h the application of the l1ivorce htw, aml leaving them in
tho way 1 huye dcscribetl, they are kept pretty well ín the traces.


By MI'. HAMBLl,TON:
Q. \Vhat ",oul.1 be the allegatiou in 811Ch a case ?-A. "That thfl partiAs canllot live


in peace alld harmouy together." Tí they regar<1ed marriage with the. sacl'ellness whicb
they pretclld, of cnlll'Se tlwy never would have passed such a law. Thc law provides
that if the court, upun hearÍng the evidence in the case, finds that it i8 Í,mpossible for
the pnrties to live togetller in harmonyand 11uiHOIl, a tleereo of ~epamtion shall he
gmntetl. This book [mt<'l'rillg to tIte volllme of territorial aets whicll he hcld in bis
hallds] is very poorly indexcd, ami 1 canllot at this momellt Jind the law; hut 1 know
that i8 very noarly a literal flnotation from ít.


Q. \Vhat \Vill be the result to your sudal status aíter your testimony her~ V-A. We11,
1 do not know as they can he any more hostilc towards me thall they are. My clients
have been assassinatetl in the most hl'11talmaIlner. 1 have llecn thl'eatened 'With tbe
same fate time ltlH1 aga.i.I1, but havo survi vc(l so long. 1 wa.s attol'ucy for Dr. Rollinson,
whom thev murdered in cold bJootl-one of the best, men 1 evcl' kllew. He was a thor-
ough and <true Christian, aud tlHl foullfler of the Gentile Sabhat,h-sc}¡ool; elear of the
vices which a.re too common amollg thc mcn who go as pioneers to a llew country. He
JUtd been SUl'gCOll in the army, and c.ame out there amI eRtabliRhfld himself as physi-
dan. NCllr the cityare some m!'.clil~al Hprings-warm spriugs-!I.nd he saw thatthere
was a good pla('e for :1 hospital aIll1 a water·cure establishment, so be took the p1'e-
scrihe(rnlflthoü to secure jJossession of the land snrrounding thmn, am1 commencecL to
improve the land and build a honse. Ris b011se was scarcely ullder headway, whell the




16 EXECUTION OF LAWS IN UTAH.
llmyor, witllOut giving a day's notice, 01' hringing the matter before an,\" eourt, or pUl'-
suing any till'm of law, declarad the building a nuisancc, and issued a warrallt to his
policelllell to abate it, as snch, forthwith. They went out to the springs, tore down the
honsc, and dispersed tllll workmell. The doctor was not a IIIall to yield his rights with-
out a strnggle, alld brought snit to recover his property. He received lllany uumollitions
in the shape úf anonym011s threatelling letters, containing pict.ums of sknll-bones, cof-
tina, &e., hllt he went on. The .defendants in the case filed an answer, to which a de-
lllUlTPr ,,,as intcrposed, which tItreatened to prove fatal to their casc, if sncccssful.
'Yhile thc case was llnder advisemellt, the doctor was callc<l npon by some mall, who
represf'Ilted to hilll that a friend of his had fallen from amule and had broken Itis leg,
anll dosircll his services as snrgeon. The doctor started to go with him, hut had l10t
gOlle more than a block, when he was ~et UpOll by several lllCll who had bCCll waitillg'
for his appoarancc, and was literally cut and shot an to pieeos. He was the worst muti-
lated mun 1 cver saw. No trace was ever found of the perpetrators of the deed. In
fact, no vigil;wt attelllpt was malle to discover them by the Salt Lake City l'olicc; amI
no motive existcdfor said munlcr that was known of,'execpt thc facts 1 have mentioued.
1 havc no doubt whatever that he ",as killclI for the pnrpose of putting an ¡,nd to Gcn-
tile, taking 11l' land. He was a lUan wIto }1aid strict att,ention to his 1msincss. He
llumberAll mally l\Ionnolls alllong !tis patients, and was very Jlopular witIt the mass of
the peoplc.


By one of the commi ttee :
Q. 'Vhere lYas this Robinson fi'om ?-A. Frolll Michigall, 1 believo.


By ~Ir. H.UIBLETON:
Q. Do the Gentiles and );!orlllons generally associat.c togcthcr, or are their circles of


society lwrfeetly (list.inct ?-A. Almo'st entir!'ly (listinct. In relatinn to this Robillson
('ase, which was the 1Il0st flagraut 1 ever kIlow, 1 was talkiug with a gentleman who
llll~ been a MonIlon for a long time. He said to me, "S11pp08e some evening 1 should
be set UpOIl :HuI a~s:tsHillatetl. Brigham will ltlost likely be in the eonntry somewhere,
aUIlllo proof IV ill exist of his complieity in the mattcr, of C0111'Se. Could he he punished,
alld \Y hat \Voulrl 1)(1 the effecí of such an occnrrellCC y" Said 1, "Certainly he cOlllll
not, he punishe(l." "\Vell," sa,irl he, "1 should not 1)e su1'prised if 1 were knockeu tlown
some night amI served like Robinsoll." Said 1, "~r. ---, do yon not know tha,t
tlwre is some 801't of secret organization that strikes in t,hi,~ way at sneh mell as are
oJif,nsiye to thé rnling powcrs '1" Sailj he, "Yes, 1 do know it."


Q. Alltl he WIlS a Morrnoll himself?-A. Yes; he was n Mormon himself. He was
terribly frighkned. 1 kllow of several cases whcre vartics have made fmutlnlcnt dis-
positioll of prolwrty; hut t,he ltlarshal conld never be got to act in thfl eltse. 1 was
going to refer to thc case of Mr. Potter, to sho\V tIte iuactivity of tlw oíllcers whell a
chureh mnrder is committed. This man Potter had apostatizecl frmn the church, ltntl of
canrse ]lPcame o]moxious to the anthorities. HA was arrestf'd on the chnrge of stealing
cattle. "'hile under arrest a l'olicelllan frOlll Salt Lake Cit,y and a lllau b,v the name of
Art Hinklv \vent over to Colville. Thc evidellce showed that on tbe WtW to Colvillo
they stoPlíerl to take a drink, where ot,hers joined them, amI still ot-hers 011 thc road
to Colville, 01' shortly after the~' got therc. Thesc mcn wcnt ovcr ¡tt ten o'c!ock at
llight ta a school-house, where this man Potter und two others were eonnned; they were
in -bed, hnt ",,,re told to get np antl Ilress thAffiselves. One of th(\ thrllc, a young; man by
tiJe llamc (jf 'Valker, inquired what was wantcd of thClll. They replicd by telling him
he hau better go away. He was afraid to go lest they would shoot him. There were
twclve of the crowd, oue of wl10m aetell as c:tptain; Art Hinkly was his llame.
TIte gang startcd off with thei1' prisoners, when Potter said, "Gcntlemeu, whcre are
you going to take nsf" "None of yonr damnerl business," was tlw reply. He s:titl,
Yery lllnch friglttelled, "You are going to take ns ont h"1'e al)([ kill ns!" U]Jon that,
one of thcm síruck him with a gun. He cl'Íed "Munlcr!" whcn tlle otber immediately
tired the whole contents of thfl tlonhle-harreled shot-gun illto him. 'Vnlker \Vas also
firerl at, bnt \\'hen he saw the guu airned at him he instantly dro]JJlPd allll tlw charge
,,'ent ovcr the back of his head, singeing his hair, amI NOtlle st.ray HhotR went into hiR
head. Tlll'y fired again and WOlllHlpd his hand; also the breast of his shirt "'as lmrned.
The othcr Illan \\'ho attcmpted to C~etLpe was pursued aml shot while 8wiulIIliug the
river. 'rhe 11(\rpetrators of this ontrage made excuse that these men were nnder arrest
111ld attempted to escape; bnt tlw tl,st.irnony of those who sa,w the groulld llnll the body
of Pottor was that his throat was cut frolll cal' to ear, and tIte blootl UpOll t.l1C gronml
showed t.hat this hall heen done after the gnn-shot ",oumls had becn givell him ami he
was prostrate npon the gronnd. JlHlge Titus cOlllmitted the perpetnitors of the crime
to the penitentiary, f.o auswer HU illllictment hefore thA granel jllry. The notes of tllO
United States attorney, amI the testimony originally giYell, are iu the hands of SOllle of
the conlluittees. As soon as t]¡e mattel' became pnbJic the Mormon papers all, wif.J¡ one
accord, 1wgan to excuse and explain away the crime, nml tlwre \Vas au evidcut dcsire
upon the part of thc peóvle gcneralIy to throw all conceivable obstaclos in thc \Va.y of
the prosecntioll. The territorialmurshal took tlle accused in eharge to cOllyey tlwm to




EXECUTION 01' LA WS IN UTAII. ]7
the penit(,lltia1',\"; hut 011 aITiying':lt tI", Rnlmrbs of the eity, they tlelihemtely set him
out of tl1<\ \l'n go 11, coo11,1 ,aitl to him, l. "\Ye have no furtller USé 1'01' yO"," lLIH1 (l1'ove
homc. Afte1' J'(·tul'llillg· llOlll" they ,note an insolent llote to .Tlltlgf) Titus, statiug' that
they di(lllOll11'opose to go to tite ]lcllitentia1'j'; that tlleY tlid not Iike tllf) style of living
tLe!'('; tliat tllt' 1'001118 Wl'rc not fllrnisheü satisftletory to tll('}II, &e. Judge Titus tried
in vario"H \\'IWH to have t.lte n1<'11 1L1'rt\ste<]: Imt neycr could <lo it-IHwer <lit] do it. Tlw
lllan, .Joh;] "\\~allccr, 01' whom 1 spoke as e~e:lping on thc occasioll of l'ottel"s assassina~
tion, stopp"'] ahollt the camp fllr a ,,~hile all(] then disappeared; alH1 Ü'Olll that tl,lY to
this has lle\'e1' bee11 hmlI'(1 of.


By a lllcmber of the COllllllitke:
Q. "\VIH\Il was that ?-A. In li-!fii; jnst belore 1 lcft Salt L:lkp, a )"onng man hy the


name of l'hel1l8, a clc1'k in the offiee of t.he territorial sccretury, )11'. ---, was pay-
illg hi8 addresses to the danghtl'l' of ---, a lu'omiJwllt ~l()rlllon. He hull been
alllllollished several times; tlw f"th('r of the yOllllg ludy hall expostnlnted with her,
and urged her not to elleomagc the attelltiollS of this yonug llla.ll; hut the young
couplo were really attadw<l to each othc1', lUal, 11Otwithst:mrling all opposition, were
ellgaged to be lllar1'i(·(l. ])nt Olle on,nillg, while going U)J the street in eompany with
another yOllllg mal!, t\\'o Illl'll caull' out from Hrigham's, am1 two frolll thc opposite siele
oí the str('d, rlos"el ill 111'011 this y011ng lIHl1l antl 11is companion; the latter they told
to leave, aJl(l say llothiug; Hu; formN thoy carric<l to the llul'th sitie of tIle temIlle,and
were opellillg the gate to (ake llim illtO the temple block, whcu he lIl[lfle a tlesperate
effort to eseap"; t!wy hael omittt'<l the l'l'ecautiou of takillg frOlll llim his tire-arms, anu
he urew llis reyolver amI ,11Ot olle of them throllgh; t1e "'ollll<le(l lIlau fell IIpOll the
s}Jot, gwat cOllfll~ioll ellsncu, I1IHl tlw y011l1g mall cscapeu; 1 <¡note from this yonng
manis t.';;tilllOIlY, aH lIear a~ 1 can 1'elllembcr it; 'what tltey intclll1eü to do with him no
Oile knows.


By t 111\ CIL\IR)rAK:
Q. Do 1 IIllíll'J'stall<l you to sny that they llave territorial :lttorneys too, as "\Vell as


territoriallIlarslmb ~-A. Y ('s, sir.
Q. B~' ",hat authority do t}",y "pl'ca1' iu tite l.JuitNI Stat .. s tlisírict cou1'(, f-A. The


wonlillg of the statntt\ hf'al'Íng 111'on tlmt poiut, is (hi,: (relHling frolll the statnte.)
Q. HII tIte 1'ositioll of l~llite(l Htatos Ilistrict attorney is tL lUcre siueeure ?-A. A


strollg f(~t\lillg a]ways spriugs 1I[l ,yhClleyer yon lIIa,!;ee one of these tlnestiolls before 11
l:tah comt; but 1 IWye1' p.mnit the 'lne:stioll of the jnristlietioll of the probate court to
go uneltallt'ugc<l, tllOlIgh it always sti1's tltci1' tCllll'cr; hnt 1 have 11<\\'1'1' hee]) ILhle to
gel tlw qllestion of tite juristlietioll of tite prohate court to the supremc COll1't j'et.


By 111'. T.U'FE:
The organic act is lame tItere, allyhow.


By ~Ir. Cl'LLO~I:
Q. Do yOll thillk tite üepnty Illarsllal~ provided in this bill are lleecssa1'y ~-A. 1 (10


not thillk tI", UJlitetl t-;tak~ llIa·rshal coultl do the lmsilloss aloue; Ü'om one extrelllity
of the Territory to the otller it is fOllr 01' ti\'e llllmlretlmile~.


By 1\11'. TAFFE:
Q. ])0 I 1l1lderstalltl j'ou to say that in the Unitcd States conrt these territorial ofJi~


eers appear íin' the l'rosecntioll 01' deJe.use, as the case lila)' he ~-A. Yes, sir.
Q. AlUI the jutlge rC('()gnüws tllf'lIl as o11icers of llis ('onrt'i-A. Yes, sir; ¡he positioll


is this: In that terri(ory t!ten' 1m' t\Yo eOlllts, tlu; 17uite,1 Sta tes court.alld t.Jll' telTi~
tOl'ial conl't; :l1Id, ther('fon', tltey Imv" t,,~o sNS oí' otlicers. rOl' iustanee, wllen the court
first opellS 11)1, t1w first ",('"k it is a lT¡,ite<l State, ('onrt; afte1' tltat, (he practi<:e lws
heen to a(ljonrn thc Fuit(',l St:ltt·s COllrt, alll1 O)lCll Ul) a territorial court; so tlwre is a
uouhle seí of ottice1's al! throllgh. Kow, tl)(\ positioll 1 havo al\\'a~'H takcll is, that it is
the Ralll" comt, with tlift"'l'I'nt jllris<lictiollS, í,,,leral am] territorial, alHluot a donhle-
llea¡)I:'d conrt; it i8 [\ paran(,l caSt'· to that iu ollr cOllrts, ,,'llere the sallle jlldge exercises
hoth C(J1Il1ll0]) la", amI eltaucery .iuri~,1ietion; hy virlne of tltat dauRe, tlwy hltve two
seb of exe('utiye ofiie('r~, allll clailll to llave t,,'o court,;. 1 ouce objected t,o ti territorilLl
pro, .. cutillg attorlley appearÍllg in n cntaill l'aS(', Imt tlwy brought 111' the seetion
whiel! sayR, "thme shall also he" &('., (rt'a(ling' frOlll tlw statllte.)


In onkr jo fill(l ont the <1util's 01' tite lllarshal nnde)' tlwt sedion, yOlllUuHt go to
tlw org'llIic act 01' Oregou, amI that :let refers to sonw otltf'r act, and after several
U1O),(' r<'Í"rellf:CS, you Ji])ally cOllle ha"!';: to the la", I'rcHel'ibiugtlle dutieH of the marshal
oi' thc HOU(]"'I'I1 tlistrÍt't of Xc", York. That b1'" 11l'e,;erilJes that the 1wlrsltal shal1
eXI"'ute all1Jl·oce.~seH iSHlletl out of the distrid conrt of tite southern district of Now
York.


Ano(llt'r thillg 1 ,,'onl,]li1;:o to Bay: By rf'ft'1'P,llee to Utah statutes yon ",ill fiutlagreat
ll1ally gnllltli to Brigh:nll )"011l1g. For ills(ance, he has heen grnntel1 the control of City
ercr·k Canon. ~·ow, aL t,lw l!ead ot tlwt caflOll is one of the lllost valuable pie ces of


H. Rep. :H--2




18 EXECUTION Ol!' LA WS IN UTAH.
tillluer in the country. Brighmn Raw there W:lS monpy iu lt, and so Recure<l a grallt of
thc ll'gi~la,tllrc givillg him control of itj amI thcu llllilt hilO prcllliscs in sueh :L way aH
to hloe!Gldn it. AlH1now every Illitll who dr:1IVS woo,l fmlll that picc," of tilllJ)('r lllllst
give Brigham a ccrtaiu per ccut. n[ it. In tlJe lakc there are "lllW i"bu,l.o. Thes!'
islands han', ¡",en gT:mtpd, hy the territorial legislatllre, to the chllrdl, to l!,,],Cl' Kim-
hall, :111(1 to vurious otIJer paI'tics. They f()rm Hne pasturage for th"ir ]l('1'(IR. Bnt
shouhl ,wyboc1y else venture to tnrn a hcrd of !llules thcre, their o\Vner wOllld 80011
Hnd hilllsdf ia difficuHy.


Au 'w(. lms heen passed for the [tppoiutrncllt oí' a tcrrit,orial SIllT('yor; u1l(ler the pro-
vi"ioHS of that :let aman cau get a SnrYI'yor to rUll a ch,ull arollllll ,t pi('('" of l,m<1,
amI stiek up stakes at the coruers, and t.heIl that nw,ll has a elailll on that 1and. But,
shonlcl a Gentile attempt, umler the la\Vs of the Unitell :'liates, to (,alce possession of a
piece of ]and thns suryeyed, he wonl<l 800n be tltH'ked or <lri ven oH' in . ~tlllle way.
thongh thcre \Vas no sign of illlprOYem!'nts on tlw hmd. I kIlOW of two lllen, olle a
surgeoll ia the army, named '\Villiamsoll, the other :t licntpll,mt nanw!l nI'O\Yll, WlLO
har! sen'ed f(lr t.hree years. After their dlseharge frolll the serviee, tlwy tooJe up a
piece of land, without a vestige of improyemeut -on it. '\Vhml tlwy llegan to impl'lJve
a.ud lmild, some MormoIls came out alld elalmed the bnd. Licl1t"n'lllt Bl'O\\'ll \Vas a
peacefnl man, although a bru ve olle, amI toM (hese l\Iol'lllons t1m! 11(' ,li,] llOt \\',mt to
intnulc OH ally other porson's c1aim, amI that if the.v woula ,ho\\' hilll th,tt tlu',I' liad
ever takenllp this land, oreolllIlleuced any imprOVelll(;uts llpon it, he \Yonl,1 IllOye hh;
shanty to somA other place. The mCll WClIt a,way. But that, Ilight, :t g"lllg 01' t.wenty
01' thil'ty meu callle aud captnrt'd Browl\ ane! '\VilliulllSOIl. Tlwm ]¡"PP"llp,l t,o he a
tellt ahont thc prelllises, aul! tlw gaug Heizell the two mml, rolle(l th('lll np in tl\l' C>lU-
vas, amI carriefl t1wm to tbe riyer Jonlan. Liellteuant Bl'O\Vn \Vas a VI']',\" ('(jol man,
aue! said," Gcut:lcmell, ~,ll I hayo to say is, ifyon are intelHling to take my 1if", kil1 me
like a mau, and <101l't drowll me like a dog." At this, sorne OlW in tlwermnl n'('oglli~ed
his yoiee, amI steppet! fOJ'\Vard flUj'iIlg," You Call110t ]lut hilu in tlwrtJ j wh .. " Lit'llteTl-
ant Brown \Vas ou tlw .pl'OYost guard, 1 got iIlto a difticlllty \\'it11 Romc soJ¡ji,'J's, \\'11en
Lieutenant Bro\V1l illterfere(l in my hellalf. 1 di<1not kno\\' that this \Vas the Rame
man until I ]ward ]¡illl sreak. Ido llOt "'aIll :tll'y iu.iury <1011e him." SO, OH promising
to leaye tIte cOlllltry, t1w two men \Vere release,1.


About the same time anotlu:1' m:tn took np a pieee of lan(lnear the riyel' Jonlan,
where tbere was not a honse within two miles. SOlllO othcr Imrties tooJe him :11\(1 pnt
him in the riyor. He RW:lm thil riycr, bnt thcy slLOt at him, alHl a hll11d Wt\llt throngh
his lego Theso are oul,v a fe\V instanct'H amoIlg mauy. The faet iR, it iR iUl]ltlssiblc for
a Gentile to pre-elllpt any land in that coulltry, cxcept it be along the liue oi' thc rail-
roa<1.


By }Ir. TAFFE:
Q. Are t.hose Rurveys you speak of without rcgard to tlw govcrnmcnt surYl'ys?-


A. Yes, sir.
Q. Do they survcy lawl tlmt tho gOYCl'l111Hmt has not snrveycd ~-A. O. no; that


country is all sun-eyed.
Q. Is it npOIl surveye<1 lall¡]s that they perfOl'lll thcse outmgcH wlliclt you bave de-


8cribecl ?-A. Yes, sir.
By MI'. PmIEROY:


Q. How muoh land <loes Briglmm Young hol<1 f-A. 1 cannot say l)ositively hol\'
much, bnt seveml tllOlls:m<l acres of tllc ver'y hest of it. He managl\R, oí' COllfse, to
have it takell up in SOlllO othel' porsou's namc, anü hol<1s nl1lch oí' it in trust fur the
ohurch.


By the CHAIR~rAN:
Q. Othcrs take it up aH(l tlollate it to Brig1ta.tn '!-A. Yes, sir. AL (,lle las!' ('on[erence,


last spring, Brigham iast,itnted a new ordcr-tlw or<1"r of Enoeh. E\-cl'ytltillg the
members of this ordcr posse8s lllllst bn ,ll',li<::¡t,,<! to tlw 1,01',1: '11ul Brigh,ull, as trllstee
of the Lord, mnst ltold MIe title. Sinee the orgallizatioll of thi~ 01'<1,·1', lllau,V persolls,
inflnenced by their 1'clig;iouH cOllvi(;tions amI 1111111'1' the IH'l'ssnre brougltt to lwar, de(li-
cated all their propert.Y to the LOl'll-that is, to llrigha1ll YOllllg.


Q. Did yon cver talk with Bl'igham YOllUg y01ll'seln-A. No j lIla\'(' lU'ard him
preach ofton. 1 once hcard hirn make this <leeIaration iu ehurch: He saúl, "Congress
might make as many lttws as they dalllu please agaiust l'olyg:tlll'y, lmt thoy wOllld lmye
as many wives as they please."


By a member of the committec :
Q •. Be didn't say "·damn" 1'ight out in thf~ meetillg, dillIHd-A. Yes, sir.


By Mr. BUCKLEY:
.Q .. Is'~ sufficient powe1' in thc civill:t\Y to cnforce this hill ir it SlHJ1lld pass, 01'


wIll ~t tf~tary torce f-A. I am satisíied that a v<1ry slllall forco at Calllp J)oug-
las \'ion d , eient. 1 do not thillk allV collisioll woul<1 resulto


'\:-
iJ j .",




EXECUTION OF LAWS IN UTAH. 19
By the CHAIRMAN:


Q. You tbink that al! that is wantcel is to give assnrance to Brigham Young that the
Unite(l States govcrnmcnt rncans that tilis work rnnst. stop ?-A. Yes, sir; that is my
idea.. It will donbtless resnlt in 111ne11 t.eIlL]lorary lIist,urbancc, hut 1 1I0 not think
Brigham cares to force n collisioll with the govel'nment.


By Mr. BUCKLEY :
Q. There is no safety there to the lives of Gentiles uvw, as 1 lluderstalld it V-A. No,


sir. Any man who takes a positiyü stand ngainst Brighalll YOUllg can he assassinated
at any time, with impunity.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q •. You have uccn in corrcspollllence with (he Unit0d States district attol'lley in


reference to this bill: what docs he think of it? Docs he thillk he can sllecessflllly
prosecute for thcse Cl'lrnes muler it ?-A. He does.


By Mr. HA:lfllLIlTt)N ;
Q. Who is the rlistrid attorney r-A. Majo!' lIempstead.
Q. What sort of a Illltll is he ?-A. A tille mall, oí' good legal attainmentA, p08sesses


all tbe qnalificat,ions neeessary, eXcflpt, perhapb, bejng a little too cautious.


e




I




41ST CONGRESS, }
2r1 Session.


1l0USE 01<' REl'HESB~TATlVES.
{


REl'OR'l'
21,Pt.2.


IH\ WA IN GTAH.
[To :\('('Ollll'allY bill 11. H. ~o. InSD.]


FEn¡¡CAHY 1eI, 18iO.-On1ercd in be prill,te<l.


AHDITIONAL TESTTi\IONY.


.JOIl;>; P. 'I',\<;(;,\ln ",'onl :lll<l c"alllillc<l,
By thc CIIAIID1.\S:


\VASIIl~GTOX, N1'1'1/({I'!! 11, 1870,


Qllcstioll. 8tate ~'Olll' l'('siLl'>llf'e amI oeellpatioll,-} .. IlS,,"('l'. 1 no,," reside ill tTtah, aIld
am thA United 8tilteH af,S<>RSOI' fol' that T<>rritory; 1 "cnt there in .Tnne last, l!Jl(llutve
he en tlwre sin('c tha!; tillle,


q, T[lis COlllIllitt"c are elulca,vorillg to hccollle acqnainte<l, as fnlIy as possihlc, with
tlw condition of affairs in lTtah, with a vi"w to ,kterlllin,', ',vh:ü ll~gislation shonld be
had, a11(l wonlll be gb,l to Imv" yOll s(a(e, in yOIll' o\\'n ",ay, what yOll kIlo,," of mat-
terH in that Territory,-A. \Vdl, in tI\(' tirst pla('e. 1 may say plainly, that eontirmerl
"Iormons rceogniw :IlH[ oh,,'r\'(' 110 la,," ,>xcept sncll as the~' are eompdlcd to observe.
So far as my 0\\'11 Ilel'artllll'll(, iH cOllc(,l'!w,l, I kllow thnt tbey do not scruple at any
lllC'IllH tlu>y can cont.l'i\~e to <'\':1<le tllfll'Cyenne la,,', 8ix of the aSHistmlt asscs8ors, pre-
\'iOn8 to my going th,m" \",;re ::IIormollH, Arter fnlly in\'l'stig:tting the mattel', 1 was
¡(,reed to cOllelllde tlw,t. these si" assessors nserl pal'tiality in behalf oi' MOl'motls; ] let
thc 111att,>r l'lln nIltill heculllfl thorollghly COllVilll'l'll, an<l then 1 remove<l tl}('m; since
rhat time my flSSCSSlllcnts h'l\'C increascllmore than 01le ILlllldrcd ]ler ccut, Agam: In
.Tnly last, on seeillg tlw dccisioll 01' the COlllmi"iol1cr iú rcganl to the pr0l'erty of a
rdigious so('idy ill Ohio, <lcci<lillg that the inümlle of their chnrch was taxable f()\·
renmue pur])o,es, 1 bec:lllle cOllvince,] that tI\('. :MOl'1110n churoh wonld come lindel' 1ho
,ame rnle; 1 accol'(lingl," wrote to tilo COlllmi,ssirlllCl' ",ith l'Pgarü io the matt~r, ami re-
('civer! fl'Olll hilll illi<tl'll(,tirlllH in lllakt~ thp flSSf'"Slllt>nt ou tllf\ income of the pl'opert.y of
tite CllUl'ch of .T"SIlS Clu'ist oi' Lattt'r-,lay Saiuts, LI'Oll this 1 1l0titiClI nriglHllll YOllng'.
lhl'Ough my assistm,t assnSSfll', ro makn out. H, 1'L'Í[Ll'l1 of the income oí' tIle ehurch, of
the prollt'l't,y (}f \\'h:c!t 11(\ is tl'llstee. In l'OSpOllSf' to th:l.t ]'('(¡nisitioll lln ReIlt lile a R:1I'-
,'astie l'eply, whidlllm\'e llrollghL ",i(\¡ me for Lh" [)([1'[""" of l'lnciug 1hc Illattcr 1>0-
rore t,he COllllnissiolH'l'. YOllllg"S 1l~111lt' is lIot ~ig'll{'d tn it, bnt th(" uf.:Ristnllt aSSeSROI'
mak .. " t.lw "¡¡¡d,,dt whi"h YOH se" attaehell to it. 1 ha,l him (lo it, llecanse 1 know
YOltllg· \y!'ll C!lIHlg:h 10 l'i.!lO":' tIta¡-, h(> \\~ollhl erawl ont 01' t.hn HI~ltt{'r ir he c:uult1.


AlitiDiT :20, 1869.
DEAR 8m: H:willg flll'lli,sl,,',1 Brighalll '{onug, '>S<j" as t.mste,; in (n[s! fol' ¡¡w Clml'eh


(}f Jesns Christ of La-tt"l'-day Saillts, all illt'Oln" I>lall k. in eOlllpliaJ\(,(, \vit.h ~'ou], instruc-
ti0l18 of tbe 17th illstant, on which he \vas 1'('I]I\(·"t,,<1 to Illak" rdnl'll of an the gains,
l'l'oflt,s, all(l illcollle 0[' ,snitl e1Ull'ch, I j'oJ'\\'anl .\Oll llt>rewith a C()I'1'"d C0l'~' 01' th,' reply
l'I'cei vell to tlw ""m,', whirh W:l~ 11:11,,[,,(\ to lile 1',.1' his hook-kec[wl'.


'{om'", YI'I'y \'('~p(','tfllll,",


• ¡Oll:>; 1'. TA{¡(i.\RL E,,'l',
Fuilrd Slftl"8 ,'¡sses"II/'.


1(. V. MOnHIS.
,¡",i'!((lIt ,'¡"""",'OI', Fir,,; J)il'i8io"., Dislriet of ['la/¡ .


l/mili ¡¡"¡glwlft rOI("!! tu lile U"i/"d Sta Ir'" <f88CI<&O/',
AUülJST :!(), ¡tI(i[),


\Ve, tIte gÚ\'l>l'!lIll('llt, of the Cnitftl ~tatt·s, ha ve no kuo\\'ledge of :my such persou as
the trustee 1ll trnst ni' the Clnll'l'!l of .Tesus Christ of Latl¡'r-Ilay S:1Ínts, nol' oí any snch
o\'ganizution as the Cllllrl'll nf .Jesn~ Christ of Lattl'l'-(lay Saint.s. 1f there ever was




• 2 LAWS IN UTAH.
811ch an officer, 01' s1Ioh an orptnization, we, thf' goverlllllf'nt of file Cnitprl States, ha\-o
ohliterated them out of cxistellee by legal enaet.rnpnt.


Approved J uly J, 18G2_


.\FFlD.\\'IT.


• i:-lALT LAKI'; CITY, Augll,i 2:{, ltlfi¡l.
J, Ri(jha1'd Y. :Monis, assiskmt assessor, fi1'st rlivision, rlistrid of Utah, .rlo solernllly


swcar that the aboye commuuicíLt.iou \Vas 1ll11111crl to llle h~- Tbolllas Ellcrheck, hook-
keeper for Brigharn YOllUg, and is, as [ y¡;rily be1icve, in reply to my reqlli1'emeut, aH
1)01' order of John r. Taggart, assessor of internal revr'nne i'or thf' ílisfriet of Utah.


Dated at SaU Lake e ity. Állgnst 17, 1859.


WitllCSS:
EDWIN TAGG.\H.T.


n. Y. l\fOH.mS.


J. r. TAGGAHT,
Unitl'd Statf" .~"8e8"OI', ¡¡i,,/riel oJ Uloj¡.


A~8i8ümt Asse.Y8()}·, FiI·,,1 /)il'i"iol/. IJ¡"t¡·¡ct (~.r (:tal¡.


\Vell, Yonng won1d mnke 110 l'etlll'll, t!1H1 1 wa, fiually i'Ollll'Plletl lo lllake thc aS:;!'8S-
HJellt llly8Clf. ''1'he tlSSeSSlllcllt alllonuts to llcal'ly ~ixty thollsalHl dollars. In resistin~
t.his assessmellt, Young's ouly plea is that what 1 assesse<l was a \'olnlltar~- contrihn-
tiOll. 1 assessed the tithes, "'hich amonnt to two ()l' thl'í'l' lllillionH per annnlll; th.,
actual tithing iB ahout a milliou aud a half. TILO:,c i\IorlllOl:s who have talked with
me since ahont it say that my ass('ssment ,y¡\~ lo\\" fi:,r H368, und that tIte. t.ithings fol'
1869 mIloullt to a gl'cat deal Ilion' than thosr\ of lHf1H; lllally 11el'sons assurc me that.
the tithings for lí::!mJ ,,-ill 1l0t fall sllOrt 01' Lhl'ce lllillioll doll:!1's. They had t'xcellent
Grops last -ytml', alltl tlw clemalld fol' tithing "'as Yery liberaUy responded to.


Q. Wlmt is this tithing, amI ]¡o\y is ir l'airl ~-A. j e:m gi\'t~ yOll a hettel' idea of that
by reading to the COllllllittce HU extrad frolll a ldtl'r of explanat.ion whieh T '\Tote tu
the Commissiollel' HOlllC timl' ago. In tllat 1 said:


"In o,'d,,1' to reath the cOlHlitiUll alltl ('Írelllllstallu's oí-' a11, the syst"lII of tithillg
was divided iuto threc dasse.", ,iI" .protlnee, eash, alHi labor tithill~. TllOS(\ whos"
illcome was dCl'iyed frolll tllP "oiJ, the raisill~ 01' stoek, ami tIte VUl'ÍOIIS SOllrees frolll
which tlJe revmme of tIle t,LrI11e1' jo llsnally olJtained, Y'ere rPfjnired to l'ay olle-teuth 01'
thei1' illCOIllC in produce. ::'Ierelwuts and othns, tll(' t'ourlndillg of WItOHO husiness
requires eash, wel'(\ exppdpr[ to l'''.I" Olll'-tl'llth oi' tlll'Ír illCOllll' iu c,,,h. l\Icehauies amI
lahorers, lJy wllOse practical iugl'müt.\-, staby:n't 'UIllB, ami pers(\Y"l'ing inrlnstl'Y eo]]-
trihutious to the wealth 01' tlll' (,ollntry :\1'" en'1' bdng Ill,ule, wme 1'eq11 il'ed to ]lay aIso,
the former sixty dollam anrl tlw laoter till'Íy dolla1'8 per anlllllll, as lnhOl' tithill~. If lJy
self-denial and exlra toil thc [lllor lllt'ch:!lIie 01' 1:tlJurn sl10111.1 ohtaill fiJl' bis ¡':1Jt~
f(unishecL fanliJ~- a eo\v 01' t\Yo~ :i, fe,,\" elúekplls, :l pi).!.', 01' a ganlun, n tentlt pal't of tIte
blltter ami checse lllarll' Ü'OIl1 t h" co\\", hesir l.·s 0110 d01l;I1':l6 ti t h i llg j')l' ('¡¡eh ca It; lI11e-tellt 11
of the eggtl amI illcrca~e oí' th,! chickells, Ollc-teilllt of tlw illnease of t.he Hwille, besid""
one-tellth oft.lte pork w 11en killeü, a nd oL:e-t('uth ofthe j1J'odu<:e oft he ~anIcn, is tll\lIlandul
hy the watchfnl 1Iis1101', ]¡psirlps th" ]:di01' titlting, which each man is ''''peded to pay,
whetber in COllstal1t employmcnL 01" llO¡, amI, (""'C'l't ln WlllC \-cry cxtraonlillary cases
illdeed, if it is 1l0t pl'Ollll'tly l'airl, it is I'ntered aguil1st j¡illl a:> a Ikbt, anrl he is in 110
l'olite manller ini'onll('(l tltat he O\\-('s tlw amonnt of tllp l'('eol'(l('rl ilHlehte,llll'ss to t11.·
church, alld is expcctl',l to l':llJc..! ¡he s:Dal' witlwut fnrther l'l'Olllj1tillg frolH his cedesi-
astica1 superiors. le matterd l¡ttl,' "'hnt his pecll11inl'y eout1itiun m:ly J)C, Oi' lo whai
SUffCl'Íllg' hi~ famil;) lllay he reünc,.d, hb tithing 1ll1lST !Jo l':1irl."


This lctter was wl'itten to tlw COlllllli,,,ioner in l'Xp1allalioll 01' th" c\Ilulitioll oí' affairs
in rtah, moro partic111al'ly i11 l't,latioll ro tile ass(·"mellt 1 111:1<11: 11]>0'1 tlw cht1rch
iueOlllC. As 1 said hefore, thcse 1'eop1.· \yill scrupl" :tt no meallH tI) I\yade tlw la\\"
nntil they diseover tlwt it ls ng-;til1.~t th(,lll in l'Yel'y l)O~,::;ihlt! I-jhape anü lllH1l1H:r, awl
then they will Hulnnit.


Q. 'Vi~hout resistance }-~\.. 'les, ,ir; with t]¡e <:xCl'l'tioll, 1 think, th:lt an,- );¡\Y
against polygmny wouId he m01'e seriollsly ohj"l'te" to rh,m 11l1ythiug "ls['. llrig]¡allL
said la~t .real' to Senator Tl'nllllml that llO "'onlrl 01)('¿- all t]¡c la,,'s of the p;ovel'1l-
rueut except the law against poly~:uny.


Q. 18 it 01' is it HOt the fact, tllat the aJfuirs 01' th .. Tm'1'ito1'.\' are cUlltrolleLl exclu-
siye]y aml in aU l'espccts hy tlJe Morlllon e1111l'l'h ol'g,mizatioll !-A. Tltey are
elltirely so.


Q. Has there eyer beell, sinee yonr resitlence in thc Territury, auy attt'llljlt oIl.thl'
part of tIte juüges to proscente anybOlly for polygamy!-A. 1\ot sinee 1 have hecIl
tlwre. MI'. Hempstead, tite prosecuting attorué'y, toILl llle that he helrl the gl'3ná jll1'y
fol' oue whole ;vear, pnrlpavoring to procnre an j¡ulictllwnt agaillst somebody ful' \'iola-




LA WS IN UTAII. 3
tion of the law agaillst polygamy, but never succeeded. Although Joseph A. Young
had married MI'. Steinhouse's danghter for his thir(l wife, as was notoriously known
throllghout the Territory, SteinllOuse, when brought bcfore tlw grand jury, swore lle
dicln't know whcther lIis d!mghter was married to Joseph A. Young as his first wife or
noto It is difficult to obtain coml)('t"nt evidencfl, as plural marriages-celeatial mar-
riages-take place in the endo\\'lllcnt llOusc; 1)(,1'801lS marricd out of the endowment
house are marricd ollly j()r time; lmt in the elldowment honse they are married for
time amI for eternity. Tlw wOl1lan receives nothing to show that ahe is married.
1>ivorcc8 are granted ouly hy llrigham Yonug. lIere is a copy of a divorce granted
by llrighalll Young' to Mr8. Lonisa A. CI:;trke. That (hauding the papel' to thc chairman
of the committr.e) CORt I\1rs. Clarkl> tflIl 1I011ar8. Those witlH\s8es whose namea are
attached are ('.}('rks in t.lu, tithing' offict>.


[Copy of divorcc.l


"KIlowal! porSOllS hy Ihese l'rescllts, tlIat we, tIte uudersiglled, Gcorgc Clarkc amI
Louisa A. CIn1'k", hefo1'o lter marriagc to him Louisa Amanda Clarkfl, do hereby mutu-
ally covcuunt, prornise, aud agrec, lo dissolve frolll the relations whiel! llttve hitherto
cxisted betwecn us as lllmballd a1l(1 wife, ana to koep sepamte and apart frolll each
other from this time fOl'th.


"In witncsH whcl'eof we have he1'clluto set Irll!' lwuds. at Balt Lakc City, Utah Terri-
tory, this 29th day of Jnly, A. D. 1"'69.


(Signed) "GEORGE CLARKE.


"In 1'1'e8eu('c of-
"'r. 1{. ELLI(f{BI.:CK .
. , R. H. JI.\XSOK."


her
"LOl'ISA A. + CLAR.KE.


mark.


Q. It has boen stated hef01'c Ihis cOlllulÍt.tec tlmt it m,ell to he the ca",' that di\'ol'ees
were granted by YOlmg ,'nti1'el~', hut that now tlHl parties applicd to thfl pl'obate con1't,
as a matte!' of t01'Ill ?-A. 1 do uot kuow as to that; 1 know Mr8. Clarke tolLlmc that it
was p1'ohibitcIl to g'o illto the COU1'ts for matter, óf lhis sort; that whenever a party
wanted a diyorclé, applicati01I IUHI to h(\ madl\ to Brigllnlll, and t!w applicant l\om1'e11c,1
to pay him ten do11a1'8; :t1Hl if the other Imrly objectcd, antl YOUllg was conYÍneed that
they ollghl. to he scparuted, he siglleü ior thelll. This (exhibiting auothel' papel' to thp
{·.ommitteo) is a I('gac=, rntul'l1, tite firsí evor mafle in that Territory. 'l'hel'c is a list of
tortv-ollc naliles. tite cllilLlrell uf Hober C. Killlbal!; Ite had tifty-four children in al!,
butthil'teell of t1;cm died. 1 have talwn tl10 strong plíysiological gr,mnd-though YOllIlg
!l:1yS 1 "!ifl lilm lwll"-that the Almighty hilllAelf has vroviLlel1 t01' the 111'O\Vlling out oí'
l'0lygalny thI'Ollgh tlle 01H'rat.ioll of Imtnrallaws. 1 base the opinion 011 the fact that
out of (wery hllllllred chilolren horll in polygamy, RCYClIty-fh'c are mal,·s. 1 haye the
statiRtÍl'S oí' two hundrcll amL tifty-sf\yen famiJics-IIlLllIeS just ]lit'ketl u]lhen' and tlwn',
uot selcclcll wilh any l'cfel'enee io lhis qllCStiOIl-alHl in thos(' t,,"o humlred amI fifty-
sen'u families f'ig'hty-threp out oí' eaeh hUII(Ll'ed of tlw ehil(lrf>1l aTe males. The day
lIefore 1 left, Dayill Call1ll:uul, ehi..t· cIPrk of tIte Ziou's Cu-ol'erativI' i\IITcautile Insti-


tutiun, told 'nll' that he had' Jiftl'l'll littl" hoy", Ulule!' el('ye11 yeal'~ of'lge; and six
daughtt']'f;.


Q. This :JIOl'mOll l1l(,l'eantile eo-o]lerativü instilntion; \\'hat HOrt 01' an afl'air iH that '1-
A. 1 hay e llero a ('op~- nl' the clIll,titution an<1 lJ~'-I:n\'s uf that associatioll-tho onl~'
(',opy thut has ('yer been in the lJamls of any Gl'lItill' in tllf) térritOl'y, ()I' out of it,
for that mattt'l'. Tlw quiekf'st \vay to give yOll an ülca of ",haL this association l'oally
is, will be to l'eatl to lit .. ('Ollllllittl'" the 'l'l'e:ulIble and a few extracts fl'Olll this clocn-
ment:


"PrcilJHble. The iuhahitants oí' l~tah, cOIlvince<1 of ti", illll'o!iej' 01' lea ving the tmd"
and commeree of their TClTitor.y tn be COIHll1cted hy strangcrs, lwye resolved, in l)11b-
lic meeting assemhl('(l, to unito in a system oí' co,olwration í'or the transaetion of theil'
OWIl business; and fol' the hdtl'r accol1lJllishmcnt nf t his ]1111'])081', ha ve adopted the
fnllowing constitlltion :


.• , IIOLIXI':,"':-:; '1'0 TH E 1 ... 0]!J).


(, Zio¡¡'8 Co-op(,J'lItirc JlcJ'cl/lllilc JII8Iitlllioll."
Tlw fo11owing extracts fmm the constitntioll lllay be of intcrcst to the comll1ittee :
"SEC. 20. No pel'~Oll 01' pcrsons shall be eligible for llH'mbership, except thoy be 01'


good moral ('haraeter, and have pairl their tithing acconling to tho rules of the Vhurch
of JP,SllS Christ of Latter-day Saints .


• "SEC. 21. 'l'he directors 01' this imtitntion slmll tithe its net profits) prior to al1y




4 LA WS IN UTAH.
tleclaration of <livi<lcwls, aeeonling to the rules of the church, mentioned in tho pre-
ceding section.


SEc.27. 'rhe private proprrty of shareholders 8han Ilot oc he1d sllojeet. to the liahil-
ities of the institntion. .


SECo 2R.·· The seal of this iustitution Hha11 [¡par th,' inseriptioll :


"¡¡OLINE~S 'TO THE LOHD .


• , Z'ion's .J[cTcantil0 Co-opcralü'c 11l8tituNon, 11-ll'9.
"'Vith a be.e-hive and bees iu cente!'."


1 have witll me also au extraet froIll a sermon preaclwd by Bishop 'Yool!ey in rela-
tion to this matter. You \Vil! more fally appreeiate some portions of his remark»
when 1 mention that the bi8hop has a 1:::';;e Atore in the 'rhirteellth wanl. 'rhe exLrncl
reads as fol!ows :


"Bishop Wool!ey preaehed in the 'rhirtcenth wanl meeting-honRe 011 SUllday night"
As the bishop arose to speak, sorne irreverent persons near th" door commcllced guing
out, out this did 1l0t seem to discolllllOse l1im in the lpast; OH the contrlll'y, he seemed
from his llctions t,o be llecustomell to snch pl'oceetlings, for raising his voice he spnkf'
as folIows :


'" 1 will just wait till tbc uneasy 1)c1'80n8 w ho are IWT" go out, amI thell 1 will talk t.o
those who rem¡úll,' 'rhis had the ejféct to qniet the amlience, wheu the bishop pro-
ceeded: '1 do not want auy one to hear what [ have to say unIcss lw want.~ to. I
want to speak to-night on this co·operative 1ll0vemcnt. \Yhen I am walking 11]1
.Main street, J see mUlly of 0111' 1'eo1'le who are aronnd about, [mtl'oniziug th08C anctioll
stores there. 1 see lllally of tlle citizeus of the wa1'(! (the Thi1'teenth) tbere, breaking
their covenunt, and patronizillg thoso mcn \\'110 llr~ llot of ns. 'rhey have llever iltl-
proved a far11l, no1' lmilt a honse, 3lHlnever wonld, if they lived in this Territory fi))'
al! their life. They will take all OU1' Ul(IIH'y out of tlH\ conntry, lllld retnrn nothing for it·,
Now 1 want to t.el! yon that w hell the hisllO]lS took hold of this co-o1'erat.ive Ulovempnt,
they took hold ofit in earnpst.; a1lfl tlley are detprmined tlmt these rules shall ue l'll-
forced. They met agailllnst 'rhursd:,y lligbt, allrl their inst.rueti(lllS are tlmt yon must Ji\'"
up to tho covellallt 01' yonr memuership ccases. You Illust support e:tcll otller, amI lH
ontsiders aloBe.' Pausing:1 lllomellt, !te aclrle(l, '1 wOllltlllOt have \'(JIl pcrsecute thcm,
but let them severely 1tlone. If tlwy Imll only th!l trade whielt l~git.imately belongs
to them, that of their o\Vn kinrl oí' peo[lle, tlwy \Yould SUOll starvo out, :ln(! he ('Olll-
pelled to leave. In tllis w3nl t.1lere is nl11('11 illl'gitilllate tr:ub /-\,oing to them, ",hiel!
Illnst be stoppod. 'YIWll 1 llave becn goiug ll[l ~Iaill Htreet, tbo "trnet "h,;]'e t,lw Gen-
tiles have their stort's, 1 llave Heell lIUWy frOIll thi,'i \\'anl hllyillg <Jf tilOSO \Vlw Ilever
tlid aurllle\-er wil! do us auy gO()!L. 1 tell ~'()n 1I0\\', if it, is I'ontillned in, we shall makc
it a question 01' fellowsl1i]! with ;von; t'or lw \Yho i8 llot fill' us is agaillst 11S, :LIH! lw who
throws his m011ey to these tradel''' throws it H/-\,aillst tite dllll'ch. III OUI' \Yar![ \VI' haye
a gooll store, where l1 tirst-class ass' I'tllH'!lt is al way" O!l hm,(l. T]¡irt,v 0]' forty ~'ears
ago it ,,"ould have becn calletl a lirst-class slorc ior 1he c"uutr,\'. llore \Ye sdl as cheap
aud as good an a1'tiele as can be foun<l in the eity. \Yhen yOll' go lo uut' store fol' an
articJe, if we have not got it, we will go to tIlO f0l111tain·h"a,[ alld get it f,n' you at a
small aclvance OH first costo YOll lunst buy \Vith \lS; fOl' if yon gin, your tratle to our
enelllies, yon throw yonr üdlueuee with tlwm, anrl are oue oi' thelll, alltl llOt in fellow-
shi1' with ns. Yon are !lot j11(lg('H of goods; :¡'Ol1 :ti." liahle t.o he clleatell hy tl1em.
\Yhen yon ouy f! chca]! arLicle of tllCllI, ~'ou will nllü out tlmt yon Imve been el1eate<l,
and that they ha ve made a pront Oll tI\() goods. You will1ind out that ;von eunlrl ha \ e
oongllt oetter goods of us fol' a, less ]ll'icc, TI!ei1' goo¡[s look soft aUll lIice on tJw 0llt-
side, out they ure 1l0t goo(l; they are slwlll~ :\11<1 clll'at~. '\VlICll yon tbillk tlt"y :Ir"
selling goocls to you a.t a saerifiet?, tl1(ly are llHLking hig:her profits thaIl. e\~cr; hjgger
than we do on our regular sale~. ~()W 1 tell you if this tlIing is noto dopp"ll, yon wil1
be reported, and your fel!o\Vsllip will eense. 1 tell you ,\'e are in caraes!, iu tIte IIIattcr.
ancl ifevirlellce ofyour breaking yOll!' con'llant can he hronght against yOll, yOUI' fellow-
ship will Le takcll away. Slleh are tIte instmetiollS í'rom tlle Iwull ol' the d1l1l'<'];,
trnllsmitted in the regular way to tlw hi,ItuIlS, and i'rolll me, as one oi' thon!, tll yOll.'"


Q. 'ro what ext,ent do the MOrillO]} ka¡]('l's snecel'II in l'ractieaIly cnjoróng tbis COlll·
mand tu trade only at }IornlOll sture,s '?-A. TIte COllllll:lW! is f,horollghly "lIfol'''''!1. As
a consequence, within the I:1st ('igltt lHOllths ,sevclltcI:n Geutile ürrlls haye Jef. thc.eit,\,
In ·the town of 'roole, ayear ago, thero \Vere t<'11 ("'lItil" 8ton's, ('udl payillg a special
tax of ten dollars each to the goverUlllcut i 1I0W tItere is only' Olle stor" in the wal'd.
amI that is controlled by the hishop, as 1 ';:lid l¡efore.


Q. 'Yllat proportion of these people are aetnal pulygumi,;ts I-A. 1 hall a polyp;allli~t
in the office with me for some time, and he told me that [,hont seyen mü of twellty of
tite Mormon adult male population were practical polygnmists. MOl'luonislll kael,es
that woman is e:xalted by plural ma,rriage; that ulll""s f\ W(lll1an hccomes 011 c:l.rlh tl1.,




LAWS IN UTAH. 5
wife oí" aman wllO has other wi,es, she will be a servant in the other world; they be-
lieve the next world to be ti physical world, w i th physical enjoymon ts; and that the
pl'opagation of the species will go on in that world as in this.


t),. Suppose thia bill, 01' sorne bill with sllbstantlally the Hame provisions, should pass
Cougress and become alaw, woultl tho officors of the law be abIe to enforce it ?-A. 1 thínk
so. Just now the peopIe are wonderfulIy excited, and playing their usnaI game oi' blllff.
But shou]ü thia hill pass, 1 am confi,lcnt that Rrigham Yonng wouId hfLV8 another reve-
latioll vel'y qnick, eOIlunauding thut poIygamy he done a\\'ay with. 1 bclicve that a
thousaud tl'00p8 sellt out tllere would be tlle best thing that ever oecurre(l. 1 do not
think we no('([ aman to insure tlw sI'cnrity of the Iife 01' property of any Gentilc, hut
a thollsalHl trooJls woulll stl'cllgthcu the backbonc 0(' tho~e disati'ecte(l MOl'lllOUS, But
that wOllld Ilot b" suftieient tó break up tlle system of polygarny; tlH' lpade1's of the
schislll are aH st1'ongly in favor of polygamy as llrigham Young llilllSelf.


Q, SU]I]Jose this bill shoul<11wcome a la\\', makillg poI~'gamy a eriminaI oJTense; what,
wouId be the consequence to tllE' plural wives and theil' ehildren "dIO would be sent
arlrift.?-A. Tbey would be in !lo 11ll1HIred pe1' el'ut. hetter eOlll1itioll tlum they are to-day.
In that case the ",'omen wouId only haye to ,",upl'0rt thernseIves and thei1' children, and
that they!lo now. Not 0111y that, ¡mt in many'cascs tlwy SUppOl't t]¡"ir hnshands too.
T know of caSl'S wlH'l'" lllell h'l\-e marric(l f()l' tite pu1'pose of ha ving women support
them, and II'ho an' so SUppOltl'd by the lahor of tlleir ,,'iYes. Tlle sallle amonnt of labor
011 th,· part of the WOJll('Tl tlmt no\\' slIppo1't t,I\elllscln's anll tlleir hnsballlls \\'ould c('1'-
tainl.,· snpport t,heInseh'es alone if sepal'atetl fl'om th"i1' hnshalllls.


Q. 'Vhat sort oflabor do tlle WOlllen do 'I-A. Mannal bbor-mostly f:¡rming.
«( 1 want yon to giyc tlle worst featnres of tite matter, withont auy palliation. Let


llW givl' yon a case: Herl' is a, man ,yith a hig faI'lll; \\'it1l halfa dozen wives, antl th1'('e
Hmes as llUUly chitaren; that !am1 is alI his pl'Operty; it is his roof t,hat shclters those
",ives amI childl'l'T1; by tlle pnforeellwnt of this law those wives and children are taken
away fmlll Ilim; we nel'd uot t1'o111>le ounich'es ahout him; hut those wiyes ana ohiI-
dreu, ",lmt tire they to do for a honll', a11lI !low are thl'y to get a Ih·ill¡(I-A. In almost
t'yel'y instanec tllat farm ",ill he f'l)!lId to haye 011 it tll1"'" 01' fon1' houses, in which
these wOlllen li ve. -


Q. Rnt wouIdn't he t1l1'1I th"!Il ont '-A. How c'all he tllrn tllmo out; whel'c would
they go to?


Q. Tllat is exact,ly the questioll: where w01lltl Hu'y go to :-A. \Vdl, 1 ('ailllOL hut
helieve t.lw~' ,,"ouM be iu every ('ase just as',,"(']] off as tlle~' ar(, now. Mauy of these
}[oI'mons ha ve come to me an(l saí(l, ,¡ You may llass w[¡at la\\'s ~~011 lll~asf), hut can
never eompcI us to Hit Y t.hat OU1' ",ives are harlots 11llÜ OUI' ehildreu bastards." And
1 helicve tllat thoso who treat tlJes(' wOl1len ",ellnow "'Imlt!not cease to rIeal justly by
the111 after tite passage of this hU!. Th" fad is, if thekf\ HUpe1'nl1memry \Vives am well
tm:1Íe,1 no\\' it i, uot hy virtlH' "f all)~ la\\'. fol' thl' la\\' (lO('H llOt l'e('()¡!;llizf\ tlte;l' l'cla-
t.iollshil'.


By}II'. Bt;('ld.EY:
Q. Do )'on think it ,,<luId J,,, ('''l,,'di''lIt ¡'Ol' tl", l'nitetl ~tate, g'OYCl'IIIl1Cllt to sup-
]Jl'(:~s pol,vgmlly by tor('';, kuowing w1lat )'01l (10 of ti,,' cOI"lirioll of th ... TelTitory ~-A.
Yes, sil'; [ thillk i1. ,\'onl(1. In tlw first place, 1 do 1Iot thiuk tlmt ll\l." force wouM be
requirell. 1 do Hot, helieve. NO fal' as this hi11 is ('onel'met!, 8ho111,] it 1)('('ome a law, that
there eyer w(luld 1lc, twent,y (;ases t.rie<l U1lller it. lH'i'ol'l' the COllrtH. In Iess than six
months afte1' th(' paHsage oi' ti", hi11 tll(' ",hok Lhin¡!; \\'ould 'lnict1~~ clisHolye itsclf away.
Thousands of the womell, ,\'ith llUt OlU' 01' two "lliltlrell. \\'ol1ld talce themselves out of
theTerritory as SOOIl as th(,y ('onl(l get Ollt. Tlu;rn \\'oula 11(: plPllty of othel' casf'sIike
that of the ",ife of Brighalll YOllll¡!;, .ir., who ealllt; to Phila(lelphia to "isit lwr friends,
and explain to thCill the h,'allti"s (lf ~[orm"llism. lmt 1vho llaR ncn'r yt't g'onc hac1e


Q. lt is alleg;ed h(,1'e h~' ROIll(·. that if tlw (jllPstioll of ]Iolygam;l" \\'ere lPit to the
wornen of the TerritoI'Y thpy \"Otll,l yoh' to Hastaill it. 1 ulHlerst¡tl}(l tlm\. tI1(' Mor-
mon leaders are RO ('onf¡',lput ~)f t11iR, tlmt ti hill has 1>e'en introdnced lookin¡!; to tl1(\ en-
franehisemellt of the wonH'T1 ()f tlw Tqritory. Snppose the \\'Ollwn should say, "We
are prosperouH, we :n'(' hap]l~~, ,,'C make' 110 (,())lIl'laint ('OllCl'l'lliug l'olygallly ; why
sllouId the lJnite<l Stutes ¡!;OY('l'IIllIl'llt ülterft'l'e "!" \VllUt :Inp\",'!' wonlrl yOIl make~­
A. 1 should expect them to talk in thnt wny a])(I tn yote in t11at ~way. Tltey will
aImost withont excel'tioll yot,· as Hrig;llllUl YOlmg; ",unt, theJll too Last falI, at a
female relief Rociety nf 'VOlnell, Hrighalll )'onllg hn(] :l \'ot" taken on thh; very question,
Every woman pre~ent TOSí' Yoting in favor of polygalll~~ lJUt, Oile, a ]\frs. Gordoll, an ex-
cellent woman amI au execlleut ~101'1llOll, helieying; in eyerything cOllnect.ed with
Mormonism excepting polygamy. A 1)(\ :M1's. (] on 1011 hays that hefore she got h011le from
that sociahle that eyening, e!{wcn of tllOS0 wOllwn \\'ho yotea iu favor of polygamy told
11e1' that in so yoting thcy feH they had peljure(l t.hemsel ves, amI outraged their o\\'n
feelings. 8he aske(] them why they votcd for pol~'gamy then? Their 1'e1'ly was,
"Sister Gordon, if we had not, whnt would hayp. hp,pn the reslllt?" Thel'e is thewhoIe
thing in a llut-slwll. Tlloy wou1l1 haye llecn excommuuicatcd from tlle church at. the




6 LA WS IN UTAH.
least j aud six years a¡!;o t,hey \volllrl have lost tJwir li ves. They wonld have come uu-
rIel' the "blood atonernent" act,.


By MI'. TAFFE:
Q. Suppose the wornen should aU vote in favor oí' polygamy, would that makc it


1'ight for them to practice it?
By Mr. BUCKLEY:


1 ouly wantetl to Hee how rnueh this statemellt auout the womeu there voting fol' it
amountcd to.


Answer. The inference that, because they 011:'er to gi ve womeu tIlO opportunity 01'
voting, they have any regard for the rights of women, is a delllsion. 1 will give you
a case that carne under my own observation. Rev. MI'. Foote, an Episcopalbn minis-
ter, wanted a woman to help him abont his llOusehold. A Mormon acquaintmlCo said,
" 1 can find you a Mormon woman who wiU come and work for yon; hut you must keep
tho matter as quiet as possihle. ,She is the wife of a }lormon hishop, who hired hm'
out to keep a hoarding-house for another man; she was to receivA $40 a month; at the
end of ten months she had earned $400; he1' llllshand uscd to come np once a month
and take the money that she had earned, anc1 al! he gaye her dnring tltat timn was two
cheap callco dresses. She grew tired of this amI 1eft him." "V(lll, this WÓTlUtIl weut
to work for MI'. Footf'. For sorne timA everything wf'nt along ycry llieely; but one
Satnrday, as t,hey wero sitting at the taulo, the WOIllan started np in terror, saying,
"Mr. Foote, there is my hnsband c0111ing through the gate; 1 will not Rf'(l Ilim;" ami
with that she rushed up stairs. Tlle hishop ref[uested to see his "'¡fe,' if only for a few
llloments; hnt }Ir. Foote refused, unlesa thc woman should agree, amI 8lte wouId llot;
and the husband finally went away. }Ir. Foote then saiel to his wife, "After 1 am gonc
to church this man may come back; if yon seA him cOTlling, loek every door, ane! do
not let him in." Sur e enough, 800n after }Ir, Foote went to church, t)1e TIlan did re-
turno He mpped ane! ponuiled away until he hae! rou8ed the whole neighuorhood, buL
finally left again. Mter MI'. Foote came home froIll clmrch, the hushal!d eame again,
aml this time with anothcr man with him. He saiel to :Mr. Foote, "1 have come for
my \Vife, and lmve hrought an ofiieer with me." 'fhe wife ha.cl again hitl hersclf up
stair8, amI dAclared she wouId not sef\ hf>r hnsband. The men camo in and thI'eatcllerl
to put Foote out of his housc unlcss he would Jlc1'mit them to go UJl afteI' the vmman.
At last Mr. Foote tolel her she .hacI better come do\Vn. tihe came tlown, cryjug. The
husbaml went over ]lear heI', a11(I taIked wit,h her; hut not,hing he eou]d say coultl il1-
uuce her to go with him. At last, he le:llled over and whbJlcred Homething to her. A
look of terror aml clespaiI' eamc ovcr he1' faec; amI tho lmshall(I rC'luestetl MI'. Foote
to 1cave them for a few mOl1w.nts. MI'. \;'oote Raid hA wouhl go "i1' iL "'as Caroline'p,
wish." Carolinc significd hcr !lsscnt, aml Mr. Foote went iuto aH adjoining room. In
less than uve minutes the wom!ln calIle into the room where MI'. FoMe waH, tTu'c\\' he1'
arms arouncl his neek, with a haIf-sllppr(>RRNl cry of despail'ing agoll.Y, ami said, "1111'·.
Footc, 1 will have to go with lnm; he threatcns mc-he threatened to hring tile prcsi-
clent here; I ntli<It [Jo." So she went away with her husband, and from that day to
this that wOlllan hag nev¡;r heen he:Hd fl'Otn. )Ir. Footc has sconl'erl the eonntry to
find somc tracc of he1', unt in ,,:till. Rhe \\:lS t.lw bishop's fifth wife.


By MI'. TAFFE :
Q. Does the husband claim to kllOW llothing a11011t hel' f-A. Noboüy wil! qacstion


him.
Q. 'Vhy not ~-A. He would simply gct fol' allswer, Umt it was nouo of his husiness.


You inquire of a Mormon about his \Vife, a11(l ;ron get yonrself illto trouhle very SOOll.
Brigham YOllng told an official oí' tlle Territory that W11Cll nwn interft;red with thei1'
wives thcy lost thcir lin's by it. 1 do not think it wonM lwail nnytllÍng to make tile
search for that woman.


By MI'. C¡;LLmr:
Q. YOllr imp¡,essiol1 is tha. KIH' haK ¡wen ,li"l"",!'\11 01' [-.\. YI'S; sh" has be"" "killed


to saVA her."
By MI'. TAn']'; :


Q. What is thi8 "blood aton('ment:' of whieh "OH sl'okc >!-A. It is" doctrine of
Mormon theology that there are somc sins tlmt the hlood oí' OUI' c,tviollI' call1lot atone
for; only the blood oI' the individual himself can eowititllte a sUftiCiCllt ato11cIllcllt. 111
that country, whenever a lllan is found with his thI'oat Hiccl)' cut from ear to ear, no
coroner's illqUC8t is lleld, no f[nestion iB asked, no comment is marle; everyhody knows
that the man has suffered thc 10100<1 atonemeut-has lIeen "killed to savc llÍm."


By MI'. BCCKLEY :
Q. Do you think Mormonism call s11stain itse]f when hronght iuto cOllta(,t with


Amf>rican illstitutions, hy mcall8 of railroads, &c. '? lf left alone, will it l10t die out of




LAW~ IN UTAH. 7
itself befóre auvancingo ciYilization f-A: Ko, HiI'; lwcausc the Ieaüers prohibit aS80ci-
ation, so fuI' as possible, het"IVeen their o"IVn people amI the Gentiles, und render it un-
eomfortable ana unsafe fuI' any GcntiIc to be amollg or ncar thcrn. So far as railroaüs
are concerneü, I callnot see as that helps the matter auy. 8evellteen Gentile firrns,
that 1 kllOW of, haye left Salt l,ake City siuce the railro:ul was fiui~hed to that place.


By MI'. CLEVELAXD :
Q. Ho"IV many }IormouR are thcre in SaH Lake City?-A. Twenty 01' twenty-five


thollsallll-nearer tIw forrner Jig·lll'ü tlmll the latter, 1 think:
Q. How mauy in the entire Territory f-A. About a hundred thollsaud, 1 should say,


thongh they cl:lÍlll a mnch larger popnlatiou. George Srnith declares tlw poplllatiull
to he Olle hllnürell and lifty thollsalld; lmt he is the higgest liar in the whole Territory,
and a deüuction of fiftv thousalHl fi·Olll his Rtatemel1t is a Ycry mo(lemte allowancf'.


Q. Is he allymlatiOll to .Toe Smith '?-A. Not at :tll. no is tirst eoullselOl" to Brigham
Young, allll aa ntter1y nuscrup1110us mano There is no llonht in the worlrl bnt that he
was tIte prime mover in the }lonntain :\Tead(n, lllaR~nerp. To illnstrate tbe way they


. discourage Gentile illuuigrati"ll iuto tIte Territory: Thcre is no qllcs(ion ofthe faet that
tlle Tcrritory i8 exceedillg1~~ l"ich in mineral resonrces, ~·et it is ntterIy impossihle fOl"
Gentiles ta get in and open IIp thos,' ¡Hin,·s . .If a Gnutile comes into tbe 10Wl'!" portion
of the Territon', in the Jir,t place they el!:lrge hilll fonr or Ü\'C prices fUl" tlw COlllmOll
Ileccsw.tries ol" lit,·. TIwll he is ermllpea amI-harasscll in en'l'y IlOssible way. Charges
arJ trnmped np, on whi,·h h" i.s ll1'<lllght hefo!'e tite eccl,'siastical COUl"ts, for tllPir l'l"ohate
(:onrts are lIothillg d~l'. 111 sllOrt, tlte~· IlCH'r ka\<;:\ C;t'lItik jlllwllf~P, 1111til in oue way
Oi" nnntllC'r he is ÜriYPll out of t1w Tl'rrHor.\~.


By ~lr. IkcKLEY:
Q. 1'un sePIll to atta eh li!tle ill11'0rt:llt<:<' to tlw,",,' seltislll,: :1,' '1 ,li,;iuü·gmriug- foree.-


A. O:J!y so fal' as tlte.,· kllll lo ereate ,Iissai ist"a,·tiol!.
By }Ir. CLEYEL,\XU:


(¿. Do )"on tbink the }lOl"llHlllS ,yill iig-ltt !-.\. ::\"ot n hit oí" ir.
Q. If thesc strÍngent. lnws ar .. l'asS(·d. antl aH art('l1ll't llUHle to l"Xeellte t11em, do yon


anticipate auy resistan"e Y-A. Perlwps in SOllle of the relllote portiolls oftbo Territorr
tlwre winl,,; a f"w ll1idllight assassillations, 01' ROnle suclt de:nonstratioLH'. Un1; if they
kpew tltere was :1 rl'giuH'llt-I üou·t kuow l.mt 1 ltlight saya l'Olupany-of Unite<1
States soldiers within a hundl'erlllliks of them. tllt,." wonM not rais!' a J¡¡uul.


({. H:tn; rlwy a lil'e-arm 1ll:111llt"adory :-.-\. I h:1Y\' 1wal",1 it so allege<1, lJllt 1 kno;\"
Ilolhillg alJOllt ir.


By Cllr. ('I·U.\I\I :
<'r Mr. Bea,lle, \\"110 \\"a.'; ('xlllllille!l by Hit' e'1I11111itt"c .\"esl'·I"(I:1.\', said he ,lid 1lnt he-


lieve there were OH'r ('ight thon'aIlIllllell in thc T,'rritory capable of pert()l'ming mili-
tary (Inty; wbat 110 :rOll think in reg-anl to t11at snbjHJ "!-A. 1 think Beadle is nght.


Q. Ha,·" yon eHr "ollsnlll'<l witlt ~Ir.lI"ll'l"I,'a,1, i11(\ (Tuite¡] States distl"ict attomey,
in l'cferem·c to tltis hill, aml as to ,,·het11er Iw('onld eufo]"c" it, if passefl f-A. Y,''', sir; he
tltinks ther(\ won1l1 he]jo tronble in tlle worl<l in I'nforcing it. He thinks, as we aH do,
tltat the oul.\' \\"ay lo aeeolllpliRh llllythillg i, lo disfraudlise these l'eoplc so long as
t,hey Iw.rsi'Rt in 0l)('n violation ()f th" la\\" a11(1 d,·Jiance of tite govcrnlllcllt; and when
they exhihit a willillglle~s to cOlulnd thclllseln's as go()(l eitizells sbouhl, let them be
reinsta,ted. 1 wa~ gnillg- to a,ld tbat tllC makillg- uf tltat, assessmpnt on t.ho r<eycnn<es of
t.he chnrch nred tlt" ~lOl"lllOn heart wOllllcrfnlJy. Colon!'1 'Vin(ler r('ll1arkcIl to me,
"Doctor, Id me gin' yOH :1 lirtl" gt'ntle warning·. 1'on h:t,l hett.er dri\"('. sln'S in your
opposition to :MorIlluui,m. The eye~ of thi~ pl'ol'k are on yOll; amI yon llave pl'ohahly
heard of the fato of those \yho haYt·. O1'jiUK('¡l }IormOllislll J,,·n'toí')re." ),[y 1'1Irp08e here
now i8 t.o COllSHH with th,· r()mll1iR~ionPl' in reg:)]·'¡ to thi." :1l],1 other lllatters eOllllected
with the ren'nll'" ,,1' ela}, T,·ni10lY.


J. H. BI·;ADL¡';~ examine,!.
By the CIUUDUX :


Qnestion. Cllr. Beml1ps.l'kw;,· ,taIL' :loHr l'esitll'lll·".-~\.lfS\\"t·r. :\1)" l'r(,sfOllt residellce is
Corinne, l:tah j 1 was editor "f tIw Hel'ortPI". t.he neIltile papel' lJlluIished ut Coriune i
I have liyed there sine., thc lllitl,ll" 01" last Xl'ril j hd')f(' that 1 ]iyed for eight months
in Salt Lake City.


Q. The Commhtce OH tlte TerritorieslJ:"·c 110W l1ml!·r ,·onsidemtioll a hi11 in reJatioH to
L"tah; they are desirons of learnillg" a11 thcy can 01' the cOlHlition of affaiI's in that Te.rri-
tory; they wOH](l he gola(l to lutyt' ;Ion 8tatt' :lll~-thiJlg )"011 m:1y l{!loW npoll that pomt,
01' pcrtillcnt to the gt'lleral Huhject, of the hill, ,,'hieh, 1 heliev<e, yon llave read.-Á. YeH
sir; 1 examillcd the hill when it ,,·as flrst ]lrilltel1, allll again last evening anu this
morning' ,'ry ca .. eftllly. 1 regar<1 the 11ill n~ compn'hell{ling a1l thnt is witilin the




8 LA WS IN UT AH.


power of tIlO legislativo department in connection with tIlO 8ulJject. If unyt1üng more
18 nccessary, it is tho actioll of the executive brallch oi' th0 government. 'rhe portionR
ofthe hill which struck me as bcing particlllarly appropriate, mal illdeed neeessary, are,
íirst, that wbich limits tlw power of the probate eomts; second, that ,.-hieh 11u11i-
fics their present RyHtem of voting; third, that whieh gives additiollal power to tlw
Unitefl State8 marshal. These are the featnres which 1 lutve pal'ticlllarl~- tI wdt UpOIl
in llly correspondellce al1(l editorial manugelllellt as editor oí' a Gent,ile papel' in U tah.


Q. I thin k Rome one Raill you wcre a lawyer.-A. Yes, si ,.; heforn gning west 1
pradice<11aw in Evausville, Indiana.


Q. 'Vill yon state to the eomrnittee thc scnt.üncnts of the peo1'le of Utah towaríl tlw
Ullited States govcrumcllt and its eitizens, so far as )'on have ohserv~d durillg yOllr
Htay in Utah.-A. Tbe sentiments of a large proportion of thclU are t,hOSt1 01'-either
active 01' passive llOstilit.y to the govcrnlllcnt. \Vith most of th"m it is a l'lLssive hOH-
tility; not the vindictivc hate of the rebels, but something of that l1:LSÚye sort of hOll-
tility which we ascribe to the High Chnrch party iu Englam1. Tlicro are three princi-
pal canses for this hostility. First, the lIatiolüllity 01' the people-stlwn-eighths of
thcm heing foreigll. At a rough estima te, I should say that tlll1 popnhttioll of l-talt
rnight be elassified, as regards nationality, ahollt as follows: Froll1 Gn1at Britain, Eng-
land, Scotland, anrl 'Vales-one-half; frOlll Scanclinavia, S\\'e,len, ~or\Yay, an<l Dl'll-
mark-one-third; ten or fiftccn cach from France, ItaIy, allrl other cOllntrie,s in RlIuthcru
Europe; a few Orielltals; twenty or thirty Sandwich IslalHlcrs; alld a fe\\' American,,_
The Americans, again, may he divided iuto two clusses: The olflest cOllvI>rts, original
:Mormons, converted by Joc Smith aud his co-laborers, amI who are nlO~tly frOlll Nell'
Ellgluntl, New York, and PellllHylvallia; aUfl t-helatercollvcrb, lllost,ly fmm t11 .. Eonth-
:;\lississippi and the Cal'Olinas-poor whitcs, "fiu·-tlowncrs," ¡¡ salld-hill,mi," ,; lllutl-sills,"
as they were fOl'mcrly cullcd. 'l'he foreigners couItl not he cXIlPctetl to have uuy lOH'
for our institutions as the resnlt of Morlllon teachillgs ulld inlluences, alld thoSf' arn tlH'
onlyones fLat arepermitteü to reaeh thcm. They were formed into groups befurelc~wiug
the Oltl \Vorld, and put under the control ofa 1\1ormou dller hefore tlwy start. 'l'his samIO
organization is kept up acroBA tlltl oeean, amI aftcr reaching our shorf's, across thc
country; so that they do not COIllC in contact with the American people. Su all their
impression8 oí American characte1' und institutiolls are Iwcessarily only those received
from the Morrnonleaflers; and these are, 1 may say, I think, wit1lOnt a sillgle exce1'tioll
those of bitter hOHtility to the United States. 1t is tme they hoast loU!lly of theil'
"loyalty," hut lct the govcrnniellt send out there a jn,lge who refuscs to he !\ tool of
Brigham YOUllg, and yon can soon 8pe "'hat it aU alllolluts too The1'fl is allother fact.,
which creates a more active hostility. The :Mormon church starte,l ont as a church oí'
Millenarians. ,Toe Smith aud Sidncy Rigdon at first preaehé,l }lillcuariall doetrines--'-
that is, that "the last days are at hand;" in fad, thc.\' at first arloptecl thc llame of
"Last-day" Saints-afterwanls dmllge(l to " Latter-day ,. Sait'lts. Thpy now teneh that
shortly-in a very few yeuTH, at the íilrthest-there wiU he n cOlllplete d,'structiOlI, 1I0t ,
of tIre \Vorld, lmt of this goYernlllt'llt. Antl tbe grcat, proplll'l'.\', to ,,-hicJ¡ :1l! others are,
subordinate, is that delivereLl hy Joscph Smith, on tl1(\ \lStb of ])CCCIllJH'l'. H);l2, nlUl til .. 't
pnhlishe,l in thc Rcer-a }Iormon pcrioLlipal at. ,Yashillgtoll--in April, lti,,4:


"Veril~-, thus sait11 t11" Lord eOllcerlling th¡> wars that \Vil! shortl~- ('''llle tu pass,
beginning:tt the rehcllion 01' 80nt11 Carolina, ,,-hieh wil! c\'cntllally tl'nninate in the
tleath aral miser.\' 01' lllally sonl". The tlays \Vil! come that \Va!', \Viii ¡'é 110luelI out
upon allllations, hegÍlll1ing at that place; 101' behold tlt(>. sonthern Rtate~ ~hall be di-
yided against t,he 1l0l'therll States; amI tltp Ronthe!'ll Stat.e~ will cal! npon otlw.r Il:t-
tions-even the llation oí' Great Hritain, as it is eal!ed; anfl the~- ~ha11 also cal! UjlOIl
other natinllS to defelHl theIn agaillst oiher !lations; all,1 tll1l8 W:11' Rhall1J" poured out
npon al! nat.Íons. Awl iL ,hall COllle to pass, aft,,!' llIall,\' <1aYH, slayCS shall riso IIp
against their musters,w110 shall bf' mal'shaletl aml tliscil'lilled for war. AmI it, \Vil,
come to pass, a180, th((f fhe rflnnant /fIlie/¡ are Ir,ft of fhe land" sIlall lllur~J¡,ll themseh-es
ami 8ha11 becollle \'xceelling allgr:" and slwll yex the Gentiles ",ilh a 80re vexntion.
And thus, with the swonl ami by bloo(lHhetl, the illhabitants of tlw eartlt shallmourn :
and witlí famine amI plaglw ,tllll earLhqllakes, alHl th~ thnmler of heanm, amI tlw
fierce :inrI vivitllightnillg, aIso, shall tlle inhabitclllt" of thc carth he made to tt,t'l the
wrath antl intlignatioll antl chasü'ning hallllof 0111' Almighty (lod; until tIte COIlSlllll-
mation dec1'eed ltath madi, :m elHl of all natinns; that t.he ery of tlw saillt~ aud of tltn
lJlootl of tho saillt,; "hall cease to come nI' iuto tlw ea1''; of the Lord oi' Ea haoth frolll the
oarth to he uvcngcd 01' their ('nemi"s. ,Yhcl'ef()re stand ye in holy pla,'ps, an,l be not
lIloved"until the day of tlw Lon1 eOrIle; fol' heholtl it eonwt,h fjnit-kly. saith the Lord.
Amen.'


:Mol'lllon theolog;v tcaches tlmt, in nt'~Ortlallee witlLl,his great prol'l",ej', tite Ulliteü
States goverl1luent is vf,ry 800U to he <lestroyed. 'rhen> h:we !Jecn, I SllppOSC, tml


.', 'l'hp lrH1iant'l.




LA WS IN UTAH. 9
thou8and cOlluuentaries made 11p0I1 that tcvclatioll. \Yheu t,he rebellioll broke out, the
~lormolls sl1pposed the appoillte,l time had come; hnt as that ended suddenly, they
now contend that it must soon break out agaill alid tlesulate the country until there
ahall be sevcn womell to one man; anrl then the new killgdotll 8haU be set up, aud the
saints, 'Í. c., of comse the UormOIlH, tltke possession of the "'holo eountry. It wiU be
readily understood how constantlypreaching that these tllÍllgS were 80011 to oeenr would
make thcm const:mtly long fOI" that timo to come. The leaders never wenry of por-
traying amI denouneing the Unitell States gOYf\rnment and 1leople. It i8 aUnousense
to pretcIH1loyalty to institntion" amI to a gOI"l'l"lll!WIlt that they prophesy. nnd dtlsire,
a1l(1 expcct, to see sllOrtl:y don" a\yny with.


Anot,her reason, more elIectivc Lhan aU el~e in 1'romotillg actin' hostility among the
i\Iorlllolls towanl the Ullitc!l ~tatcs ~o,'ernlllellt alHi pcoplf', i, t(l\lllll in the history of
the cllurch as tlwy llnderst,antl it, ns bid down in thcir book~, alit! as taught b~' the'ir
leaders. They are tau~ht that, frolll tI\() Yery heginning of the chnrch's cxistence tlw
saiuts have been persecnted, amI lllurtlercd, alHl cruelly treatcd, :nHl aH retlresH anll
jnsticc denied thelll, amI all for no otlH,r rp[1son pxcept thcir religioll. I haye hcard
Georgf' A. 8mith rchearse the ]¡istor~c of tlw dmreh not I('Sil tban a ¡[OZPll times; 1 have
seen tite tabernaclc erow¡[ct! \vith teu thonsand peoplc, all \Vl"ought up to SUdl a furor
of excitemClü ul, the recital of the ontrng-ns thnt tbc saints had sllftáell. that it wuuhl
seelll positively dangerolls fin' a Gentil,' to lle thc]"f'. It Ü, a part of tlw policy of tlw
lcadcm to kecl' tho pco]l1<- in a statn of COllst¡\llt ltostility to th(' g')\"'!'llTlll'llt a1ll11'eople
of tbe Gnited Stat .. ,. • .


By }Ir. }Ioom: :
Q. l'rom ~'onr statclllelil, ['hen, wonhl Sl'"m ro ¡". a btndieÜ otT'ol't OH t,!w part of the


:.\formoTl lenderR to ]lr~y,,"t th .. ir 1'"o1'le frolll eOllling in l"outact wHh onr l,cople ~-A.
Certaillly there b. A lll:lll w]¡o hall long l)("cn a Morlllon. hut nftcl'wanl apostatizcd,
told me thnt in t"olllillg 1'rolll l;llglaIlIl by Hw 0111 ronk, fl'Olll Liye1'pool to New 01'-
leaü,. a])(l fl"Olll tlw!"e to Hannihal City, that on reaehillg the railroad tlll-y were put ill
separate cars-cattle ears-:11ld toM to han, 11(1 cOIlunuuication whatever with the


'l'eople along tlwir routc; rhat thcy were in a eonntry whfm' persons knoWIl to be
,. ,aiuts" \VeTe munl(,l'('(I; ami r-onse'lu811tly they musl ilot "n'u let the people know
they were Mormous. 01' ellurs8, u1l(1P1' 8neh cirClllllstances, they coul<l han' no oppor-
tunity of learning tilo trnth reganlillg our in"titut,ion8 :md our lwoplp. lt wOlllrl be
~~lIllost impossible for an eastl"rn lllall to ulltlerstalHl how a foreiguer could gd to thl'
(;enter of OUT country amI kllow so littlf', about it. 1 have asked ·not less U1:111 fifty in-
telligent Mormons wlmt rout<- tlll'y came to rcach Salt L:tkí' City; amI 1 (lo uot recol-
lcet lllOnl than two among thClll aU that conlt! gi YC lile the nallll' of a single tOWll
alollg the route. A party ,'ame oye!" frolll ¡':nglaml in lHG8, 01W of WhOlll droye a tealll
with me acros~ tilO PlaillS; he ellulll reeolleet the namé' of OIlC placl' in New York
"'tate; he r('lllcmher(:,l ir particularl.', hceallse there the eam lJl'okc clown. ana the
passcugers ,,·erc wühout i"o()II fi)!' a da~' Ol" t\\'O, <lnd were 1'nrnishcd with provisions by
tite peoplp. It was, amI is ('\C"U to this lat", dny,:1 rmhjeet of ama7.pment to him that
'GelltHe~' ,yonld glyn ;) stttlTillg' lrHUl ::lnything tu (:ai. As IrclIlal'keLl, tIle "TOIlg~, antl
lUun1ers. amI religious lH'l'SP('uüon" ,,'Ideh th".'" sa,\' lUtve he en inflicté·d upon them by
tbe peopl(1 of the (Tllit(",l SLalc~, flll"lli"h the staple oí" S<1l"lllOns an¡[ tpacltillg~ hy the lead-
ers of the chnreh. AllIlllnfortllllfltdr. upon thi" OlU' point Un'l"(' i,; l!lore harnlUny of
feelill~ lLmong the )'fOl"lnOllS than OH :my otlH"1·. Th(> Rcellsallts. tb ... Josephites, mul
others, who haye' ahandonerl Brighalll loullg. aud repllIliatml lIlally of hi" te:whíngs,
~careely sePIlI to han. att.:lin,·¡] to an~· 1wtt"l' kno\v]('(l!!'p of th" U"ntik,.


By thl' CILUH~U:\ :
Q. TI) rctllrn to this 1uatkr of ti,,· prol>ar .. jlld.l{'·" ,,'hu are tln'r" :>ll1t by ,dlUlll are


they appointccl f-c"\,. Th(· orgfllJÍt" :tul 01" l:tah is \"e1'.'" loosel.\' worllPII to start with.
The puwers üonferrcd hy it,; pl"Oyisions :n'" expressl'¡l in hlllgllag'(' at OHee imlefinite
:!Ud ambip;nous, as if on plUpO"l' to allow of a lIlischieyous latitudl' uf coustrnction.
It provideR for botll distrier amI prolmte ,',onl'ts, amI Hays that tI\[) prohatf' conrts may
h:.ve "such jnristlietion as lllay he IJl'psl"ribetl h,\' la w:' AmI the legi~latnl'e lm~ giVCll
to the prohatc eourt,s complete jlll'isl1idioll (JI' n11 lIIatt.f'rf\, ciyil allll criminal; it has
eoncnr1'e11t jllrisüiction "Hh (he conrt" of thc Huite,l StateH, a1111 in mat,tel"R relating
to divorce allll alimony, exdu"iye jllrisdidion. All(l tlllLS the la ws al"e matle subscrvicnt
to the rlemallds of tlmt pern,rt,c,1 scxualislll ,y¡'ich lo, the basis ní" J\formonislll; aud the
result i8 that, claimingo to huId tbe maniag" rl'latioll so H'lllarkahly "acrell, there are
more divorees in Utah than in fll1y othcr comlllllnity ni" the salllc nlllllhcr of pcopleany
\yhere else in the Lllitc(l Htates. TI", '''1118e8 of diyoref' are HO lIllTlIerOllS amI so trivial
that it i8 no woiHler tbey llo uot, wish tlwm 10 come hefon' tlw lTllitel1 States conrts.
IIere it is that tlw ciYiljnris(liction iutcrlocks, as it ,yerp, "HIt tIte ccclcsiastical jnris-
diction. \VIWll a divorco is procllre¡[, th" sealing JIlaniage, which takes place in the
"endowment honse," i8 lirst dissolvell; thell a llivol"ce is ohtailllld, aeeorllingto law, in
tIte prohat.t\ eOllrts. For many yeal"S, Brigham divorccd whornsocver he pleasell, on his
()wn lllotioll, \vithont al1~' lH\Y at all, on payrrwnt of a tpn-dolla.r feo. He hoasted to hi8




10 LAWS IN UTAH.
cougregatiou, in one of his sermons, that he "made euough by thüil' damned foolish-
1IeS8 in such matters to keep him in spending mOI\ey."


. Q. He wonlll not swear that way, in hi8 serrnon, would he ?-A. 0, yes; that isn't
cousidered swearing among the Mormons; nothing is regarded as HWflaring hy thern
unIess the name of God is uacd. Hut, as 1 was about to Bay, of late years it has been
considcrüd l)est to pay sorne attention to the forms of law; and 1IOW, although partií's
must first he divorced in this ecclesiastical way, they are afterwanl divorced accord-
ing to law in the probate courts. Of course, these l)robate courts lIever opposc Brig-
ham's wishes. And thllS is presented a most remarkable anomalyinlegislaíion-a com-
mnnity with uo marriage aet, hut with an aet providing fol' divoree; with no proYisioll
for tlw rccording of rnarriages, but with reeords for the dissolutioll of marriages.


Q. But is tbere no record kept of these eeelesiastical marriageR 1-A. If thf'1'!' iR, it
iH not known to Gentiles. It is hinted that t1H\re is snch a reeonl; ttllll ut oue tin1\'.
threc or four years ago, the Morrnons, 01' sorne of theJl1, saÍll tilo;\' \vonltl produce.that
record; but it has never yet heen produced, as any ofticer knows ot". 'VJwneyer l'a1'tipq
c1esire to be ., sealecl" for tilllt\ ami eternity, it is done in the cnc!owmpllt. Il(!llse. if tlle
parties can roaeh Salt Lakc City. 'Vlmt transpires in that emlOWlllcllt hou,~c Yery
rcw women know ulltil they are marriecl ; it is very rarely t1mt a woman CW\l' elltcrs ir
llntil the oceasion of her m a.rriage ; one of these was l\Irs. Sarah A. C'arlllic:llael.


Q. \Yhat is the endowlIlent honse !-A. 'rhe emlowmellt llOnso iR 11 largo arlo])" build-
ing, near the northwest corner of Temple block, iuto whic11!lo "lll'ofillH' Gentil .. " can
Aver ent!';]'; it i8 sacred and secreto As to wlmt OCCU1'8 t,hP1't'ill, tht·1't\ :11''' thrce w1'itten
aecounts: One by Elde1' .John HYIle",jr., who pl'each .. <l Morlllollism t"or six 'y"ars in
Englalld; on returning to t:tah, and obsenoing t11e })metical workings nf tlll' illiltitU-
tion ut home whieh lw hall hepn· promnlgating ahroatl it was lllore thnu ]¡t' couhl
endure. He wa~ seut Oll a rnissioll, all(l :lpo~tatize(l lIS SOOIl as as he \Vas safel~o out 01'
the Te1'ritory. Anot11er acconnt is by ~fr" ~Ia1'ietta Y. Smitb, danghtt,l' of SilflS ('01'ey,
ofHornell~vine, New York. T1Ic t1lirtl is by a bay \\"hose llame 1 <lo llot 110W rccollcct.
Tbese writtcn accounts differ a liUle as reganls thc details of the ceremony. The prin-
eipal portion of it consists of a granll tlralna, 1'8p1'e8cnting the ..reation of tlw \yorl<l,
·aud of Aclam amI Eye in the garrlen of Eden; thc t"mptatioll of the serpcllt; tho fal1,
nnd rnan's condition afteI' the fall; the cOlltest alllollg tite üiffercllt scds in the \Vor1<l,
and the error8 of the sects; and hore comes in the 1101y priesthootl: Peter aud .T ames
aml.John deseend. mal anoiut Joc Slllith amI others to be tl1<\i1' snceessors; thell the candi-
dates are initiatccl into tIJe four.01',ler8 oft.he priestho()ll. In 1'efnellce to t11e ceremollyoí"
initiation tbere is sornc difforcllcc in tlw accj)llnt~, probab1y tlltl cerenLOllies haye varied
in different cases; hut as to the 1,cnalties fol' violation of th·.' <Jaths of tlle onlers ther!)
is no di~agIfement. VOl' 11,<; vÍ(,lation oí" thf' oath of (ílle ouler. jhe penalty is to have
the throat cut frolll cal' io cal'; of a SCClllltl, tu have tlw howds slit ael"Oss; of:], thin1,
tn have the hlood spilt upon the grol1nd; ofthf' ¡()lJrth. to haYt' tIJe heal't tura out, &c.
Thcsc sccret ouths seem to exm':ÍRe lL ft'arfnl powel' OVI'i" aU MOl"llIOIl'; ('ven apostate
l\Iormous, when far ont of the rcach 01' the ,,11nrc11, a11l1 ",hel"" its pellalti(,,, (,(,l'tainly
need not he feared. 8('8111 to hesitak to slleak of th"lll.


Q. Have yon st:{tell to t1w "ollllllittee ;,·!to these l'l'ulmte jlltlge~ \Vere, ami !to\\' tlwy
were ch08en f-A. 1 statctl in part wlmt the jndiciar:> aet provitl!'tl; it also ]ll'ovides
that the probate judges sllall he appointetl by tlle territorial legislature, instead of
being electecl hy du, }1eople; this IlWflnS, l'ractiean~o, an appointmcnt hy BrighaIll
Young; thc rno~t l'rOmillcllt eltlel' 01' bisho]l in cach county is generaJly selectetl; in
our county the probate is Elias Smith, a ~lorlllo11 elder,;11I nl,l Englisl11llan, with ,Ix
wives; two oí" them his nicces, his hrothf'r', ,Ja,nght"l"s.


By Mr. BecKLEY:
Q. 18 it C0ll1rn011 alllong tIle ~IOl'lllOm' 1'01' mania.gf's to take )llace betwecll per80118 so


ueur of kin ?-A. 'Yell, not cornlllon; lmt ollfticicntly frCtlnent tI) .'sta hlish it aH ti !a\y-
fuI custorn; 1 kllOW one case whcrc a lllUll lIla1'rietl his halt~sistt'r; tllt' lIlarriage oí'
consins is very eommoll; hut theso, what \Vi'. wnnltl eall inccstnolHl marriagtó"OeC11r
mostly in t,he sonthern settlements, where tlw ]leople nro' lllOl'" henightetl; Brigham
Hays that this is a part of the questioll of incest llpOll whit:ll no elear llght has
as yet been given; but that his p1'ejlltlif>.·S prf'Yent 11illl fl'OIll pmeticing it; S1.one8-
honse says, "The prejndices of rhe 01<1 world dillg abnnt ns yct; lmt WhPll t11c clJildr~n
nf the third gencmtion 01" polygamists lwye 1'<' a 1',]11' 11 ma,tnriry thCll yOIL \\'il! ha.n· In
these valleys the trne fce1ing ofpatriarehal lil'"."


By )11'. CVLLO:lI:
Q. Ahont these judges \Vho are }[ol'lllon bishops; ill what e:;[.Ílllation :lm t hey heltl


by tho ~fOl'nlOnS; am t11cy lookcd upou ltlainl,)' as jmlges, 01' as hishops ~-A. As
bishops rather than as judges; fol' illstance, s111'p08e a (liffimllty f.o m'iso between two
Mormons; they go before oue of these ju,lgps, hllt they caU it gOillg hefo1'c the hisho}l,
l1ml Buch it pmetically is, for t11c lJuestion is decitled hy 11im ill his ecclesiustical
cJapaeity, and jf all appeal js taken, it js not to any superior eourt kllO\Y1l to OUl' laws,
hnt, t·o the }IoI'mon high cOllncil; lmll t,he 11nal al)1''':l1 i8 frolll thl' ]lÍg11 ('Olmeil to tlw




LA\VS IN UTAR. 11
tirst presidellcy; in hUIHIl'eus of miles of tmvel tbrollgb tbe Territory yon willnowhere
hcar of a judge makíng a decision, it is ltlways tile bishop; lmtin cases between Gentiles,
01' between a Gentile aUlI a Mormon, thcn tbis oillccr acts in the capacity of judge.


Q. Insuch a case, wherc a Gelltile amI a ~Iormon are concerned, do these judges gen-
.,rally render an impartíal deeision, or (lo they decide in favor of their own people?-
A. \Vell, 1 will do out' bisllOp-wc call him "our bishop" in accorclance wIt,h the
universal custurn-the credit to say that, where no special interests of his religion are
involved, be generally t!ops f'nhstallHal jllstiroc. He knows nothing of law; hnt in
onlinary (lases, whell not im;trudetl ])y tite" cOllncil," he will ll~e his hest ,inclgrnent,
aua gellerally (lo ncarly right.


By 31r. BeCKLEY :
Q. 'rhen thoy are regarded as )[orlllon P(''']¡,Sillstical offiem's, ratlwr thall as officers of


the civil law f-A. Always ~o l'egar(letl. By tlw clmrch theyare cOllsiclerec1 and all-
.lresscd cxclnsively as bisllOp~; amI ,ve Geutiles, whcn in court befol'e thcm, while we
address the presi.ling otncer aH ,¡ j1ll1ge," we fl'd that. 110 is a bisllOp. In conve1'satioll
with a ]ll'ullliuCllt llliuiskr rct'cutly, I illustrated the cOllllition of affairs in Ftah in this
way: SUl'l'ose that in the State of IllüüLlla tlte ~Iet]¡odists, (1 referrell to the ~letho­
,lists becHnse my friPll'[ was :lo prf'acher of tltat dellollliuatioll, amI to lndiann !wcause
that was his r('sitkuce, alHI fonllcrly miue; S\lppo~e that in the State of Illdütnl1 the
31cthodists were more ll11mel'OnS thall aU aU othc1' tlenolllillutions, so llumerous as to
olltllumher tlw 1ll(,mlwr"llÍp of all otbpl' (]l'nominatiollS togethel', by thirty to one,
(that is abont tlw ]Il'O]lortiOll of ::IIonnous 10 Gl'ntile, in Ctah;) snppose tltat iustead
of heillg a~ enlightenetl aud intellip;"nt as tllf'Y are tbey were a~ beuighted aud ignor-
ant aH the masaes oí' the )foI'lllons are, amI, Iike tlw MOl'mon,;, follo\Ytlrl blin(l1y the
tlictation of their hishop; supposc tbey sllOultl elccL the bi.~hop of their church to be
g-ovcrllor of the Statc; aml for lientellallt goVel'llOl' the omeer in the ehul'elt ucarest
rlte hishop in l'[llIk; tOl' tbe UPl1<'1' honse nI' tlw l"gislntnri', shoul(l elect prominent
pl'esidillg d,lers; fol' tIte lo\Yel' !tO\lse, otllcl' [H'csi.lillg clücrs 01' le8~ prominellce; for
,illdges of the conrts, shnuld elcct the leadillg circllit preachers; fol' county ofticel's,


, loeall'l'eachc1's, &e" ,10\\"11 to the lmvpst tO\Yllshíp oftlcers. Xobotly llot a )Iethodist
conM he elcdcrl to ally ofiü'c of ",!tatevc!' p;rade; no other ticket would be in the
tielll; the clml'ch woult1 dil'eet tlle 11eol'1e to yote that ticket, ami in cas(\ of rcfnsa.l
wonld cut thfilll off as apostntes. It will at Olwe 11(\ seen tita!' tite wIlOle Stat.e would
he elltil'ely ill tll() llamls of the ::IfetllOdists; tite la\\'8 cnarted wouId he bascd, not
llpOll the Constitntion of the l~nitptl States, bnt upon the )lethoüist discipline; and
"tllel' tlcllolllinatiOlls-Baptists, l'rC'sbytc1'i:ms, &e,-wonld stand as lll11ch elt:mceof ob-
taining jllstice a,~ Sampsoll a])lOllg tlll' Philistiucs. l\OW, iustoad 01' )Iethodists say
3Ionllolls, HIl(l illS1ea(1 .. 1' IlltlialJa ,ay l~tah, mHl ~"Ull wiUltavc SOlllC cOllll'rehen8ion of
t1:ccontlitiou of aft,tirs in tllat 'l\>lTitory.


By ::111', CCLum :
(¿. \Vhat pro]l0nion (lf tl\(\]I,·,,[>le of l:tah arl' l'0lyg:llnists ',-A. In reganl to tllat


mat.t.nr 1 shall he (:olllllPlle(1 t .. rliífel' ,vith otlters \'Cito llave testifictl llpOll tlw snbject.
111m (luite coufitlellt tbat no!. oyer OIH>úxth 0[' the :ullllt male ]lopulatiotl of Utah are
polygamists. 01' COIUS'" !llOré \yonl<,'n are polygalllists, pl'actically, tban men, S0ll10
large estimatcR al' .. llla(l() as to tlw nlllllIH\l' of ]>ol'ygamists; but as the 1l11111bers of the
sexes are e(jual in Ctab, it is lII:111it(~~tly Ílupossible fol' eyel'yho(]y to haye moro thall
one wife.


Q. How lllally of tboS!' nol. l'radkally ]lolygalllist,.; arc in S~'lllpHthy \\'itÍ! ir !-A. 1
think about olle-h:tlf the t:lltire poplllatiou.


Q. What is tlw l'lltirc l'0l'll]atioll oI' the 'rel'l'itory!-A. 1 ha\"" matle a c:upfnl e~ti­
mate of the towns :loS fal' ,011th as Ftlhnol'l', au(l n]) t!te t'eyier Hivel', :lUtl llave com-
pared my own f'stilltn,tes ,,"itlt th" statelllcn!s of (rayl'lcrs J'nl'thl'l' sonth, and 1 think
the population is from uinety to "'j(' lUllltlrcLl t]¡OllS<llHl. 1 do not hl'liey" it wonld
reach a hnndred thonsallll.


Q. What propol'tion of tlws(' :11'(' Gt"lltiles?-A. Whell I !eH 'C"tah there were Yery
nearly t.hree thonsaml. In Sa]t Lake City (!tere Wl'l'e, last wiuter, eight hnnr[retl re8-
i<lent Gentiles, I maele np that list fmlll t.he snhscription list oí' tIlO Dnily Re-
porter, froIll the 1'011 oI t.be )[:lSOllÍe aud 0(1<\ Fellow lodges, frolll the TOll of t.he
Hebrew Benevolellt Soeiel.y, frOlll the list uf cOllllllUnil'ants of the Gentile church,
(Episcopal,) from the list of thl' Ul'lltile 8111](lao" 8chools auü day ScllOUls, aml similar
rccords; besides heing personall)" ac.qnaillte<l with Ilearly 01' quite eyery Olle oí' them.


Q. It has becll argneü by SOIllO IH'\\'sl'npcrs, amI by otllf'rs, that any law which
might be passetl by Congress, tlle l'1'fect 01' w hieh slwulü be the tlestruction 01' pre-
vention of tite system of pOlygUlll;>", wOlll,l pl'oüu~e grcat distress, partieularly among
the womcn. \Vhat (lo you thillk ill regarll to that matter t-11. No sneh statement
was ever made by auy OIlC acqllainted with the cOlHlition of altair8 in Utah, I,think.
'ro l1ny one wllo hall ever livcd t.llere snch a (jnestion would be simply surprising.
'rile women SUpp01't themselves now, anl1 ill lII1111y cases support their hushands too.




12 LAWS IN UTAH.
Certainlya law releasing th8m from thcir husbands conhl not make thcir cunditiou
any wor8e. A large mnjority-I have no hesitation in saying five-sixths-of the
women in polygarny 8upport themselves by their own labor. I could mention the
llames of lcading amI well-kllown M.ormons, whosc wives kccp millincry shups, board-
ing houses, &c .. or do weaving amI spinning for a living. Country bishops gencrally
have three wives, by which Illeuns a very convenient and ecol\omic:tl ¡livision of lahor
i8 ~eCllre¡l. Oue acts as housekeopcr, tho sccolHl i8 ganlener, while the thinl doe~ the
spinuiug, wcaying, and washing for the famil.\'.


By Mr. DevAL:
Q. If JlOl~'gaIlly were let alone, ami l'ermitted t,n eonti1ll1(' without r('strnining inftn-


erIces, wOllld it gradnally die OlÜ, or would it hecollle worse fl'ol!l yeal' to year 1-A.
It wo11](1 dOllbtless become'(\onstantly wor8e, if "wit'wut restraining inftllences;" hut
rcstraiuing illfiuences are at worle The most hopefnl fllatnre of the ,v]¡olo alt'air, in
my judgment. i8 in the fact that neady all tlle yOllllg gil'l~, t]¡osc just gro",ing up iuto
wOlllanhood, are opposed to l)oIygnmy. Aud I belie\'e tlmt eyen if the enitell StatcN
goverument should do nothing specifically against polygamy. hnt 8illl]11y give a sort of
sauction to tllis amI other disillt,egmting fol'ccs, the 'lUeSÚOll ofpo1yg'lllllY wonlt1 by all<l
hy settle itseIf, ami the risillg generation SIOllgh it off in t,hp ('O"l'~(' ofth .. llcxt t",(mt~- Ol'
tbirt,r years.


By Mr. Bl:CIU.EY:
Q. It is allego.d, am1 with snme dpgme of force, that ]>ojygnBl)' \Vill enl'" Ítsf,lf, if


simply let alone; tllnt with the opcning n]) of railroads, alld the ,ettling' of the COlllltr.\
around them, thOSfl people wi1l he broilght into eontrad with American institntioll',
and polygallly aIllI its kindre(l abnminations gradnally f:ule a",ay hdOl't' the :Hh':tlW"-
ment of n higher civi1i,mtioll. 'V1Ult is yOllr opiniou UpOll that point'!-A. H lleH'!'
would, so long as sllch ahsolut" power is left, in the hands of tho 1I0l'moll hiurarchy.
They could allllost cOlllpletely nulli(v all1.hese OlltRÍlle inrlneuces, and perpetUltte polyg-
amy indefinitely. Bllt if yon eau in any 'Uly ]Jreak tho power of the :\-lorInon hierarehy,
even though yon Rhould decide to lIlalee 110 emsalle a~ainst poly¡.ramy itse1f, I think
these disintegrating iuftnell(;¡'S won1,1 tu' 81lftieÍfmt to Ilest.rny jt, in twenty 01' thirt~'
years.


. By Mr. DUVAI.:
Q. To what extont i, ]\fonnonism iW'r""sing h~- the aeee,~sion 01' new COllverts '1-1\.


Not nearly to so great au extent as thcy daim. TIH' adtlitiollR for lh'(· yf'al's past. hav"
llumbered from Olle 1,0 three thollsan,1 a vear-llhm, woBten, :llHl ehil(lren. '1'0 halanee
that, howeyer, therc has hel'1l eOllsitler:t1',le :mostacy: S" thi· illereil'" has not ueen yen-
great, after all. ' . ,


By Mr. CULL03r:
Q. 18 the increase of t.ho l'op)llation hy hirths largor, in prol'ortion lo the pOl'ulatioll.


than it is in the States '/-A. No, sir; 1 think nut so largO' in l'rol'Ortioll 1,0 tlw lllllnhcl'
ofwomen. 1 kno\\' the medieo-theologialls among the ;\Inrmous elailll that pOlllllatioll
increases lIlueh fast.er IllHler tlH'ir systmn, hnt fL'Olll tlw testimolly oí' ulIbillsed physi-
cians, and of ohl women, who are pretty apt to kno,," th,' faet in l'elatioll to sllch mat-
te1'8, 1 think the eOJltrary. Yon S('I', tho qucstion is not,yhether one man will lmve
more children with fiye \Viyes, ¡mt whethfol' e:wh of titos,· wi"os has more children thau
she would with a llushand of her o,,"n. The hisllOP of Provost has ¡¡ve wi"es, and noto
a single child. As a ~elleral t,hillg', 1 do llol, think t,]mt tite ",iycs, in hOllseholds wllere
polygllmy is practiced, a,-erage as )llrl1ly chihlren as tlw on1inary WOBlell of our agri-
cnltural cOlllmunities. '1'0 t.his, ho,,"(\\'or, Hclwr C. KiBlhall SCClIlPÜ tn he an excel'-
tiOll, and Brigham YOUllg likewls('. Kimhall ha'] twcnt~'-two \\'in'.8 in:tU; lit his
dcath he left eight,epn widm'rs, elpyen ()f ,,,hom still l't'sitl" ill ltis hlock-he had in aU
forty-onc children. Yet it is uot ullI'l'asollahle to slll'lH>sO' that oí' those twellty-t\\'O
wives. oue-haIf, at Icast, shonld he chiltl-bcaring' womeu-fol' ,,,110m fOl't,y-olle ehildrl'u
would he l1 811Jall allowance. 'VJ¡ell H"lwr Kimbal! ,yaH livillg;, it ll~ed to be lloted as
a curiolls fact that therc were in Salt Lake eil,y Ihc Illcn ,,,ith an ~g~regate of R"Vellt~'
wives :lnr! one hundred and fiüy childrpll. Tlw 1Iisho]> of tite "':11'11 in which lli\'(''¡
has thirty c1li1dren liviug, al1ll t\Yf'nty Ü,':\(1. Anotlwr 1>i:-;IIO]I, ",ith six Ul' eight ",i\'('s,
has se\'enteell children bnl'Íed in a ro\V, aml the longest grave is Ilot m'er t,'Jlr f"nt.


Q. Wh~t is the population oí' Salt Lake Cit:,- 'I-A. J ,,]¡oul(1 Hny a little les,.; than
eighteel1 thollHand.


Q. Ho'\'\' many of tho uinety 01' oue hnlldrell IhollSH1H1 J\Iormons-that, 1 belieye, iR
what yon estimate the populatioll of Utah to be-arc tlcpendent fol' tlwir sllpport ell-
tircly upon the labor of their llauds, aml not llpon th,' re\'emH~H of the chnrch, 01' UpOIl
t,heir counectioll with the hcads of tlle chllrch I-A. Xoarl.y al!; tlJe remaÍlH1er wonM
cOllstitute so small a proportion as 1I0t to he apprcciah1e in a I'Ollitico-eeollomieal poiut
of yiew. The farllls in DI,ah are generally small, ]>til'ticlllarly Íu tIte llort.!Jt'rIl Hottle-




LAWS IN UTAH. 13
lllent~-sa'y frolll fiye to twellty acreR; the latter i8 regardecl as qnit,e a large farm.
Artificial irrigation i8 Ileeessar~' in that conlltry, and, with their awkward system ot'
irrigatlon, twerüy acres is about as Illuch as one man can attend to properly. As a result
of this system of small farms, the l\!orlllons naturally settle in comlllunities. The
whole Territory i8 diyidel1 iuto wards; amI the cellter of each settlement is so thick
as almost to amoullt to a yillage. Eaeh of the warc18 has an illcorporatcd government,
with a maJ'or and ot he1' city officers; alld ha~ abo an ceclesiaBt,ieal organization, whose
anthority extemls oyer tLll the adjacent cuuntry. The peoplc farlll these slllall patehes
of whieh 1 have spukell, and liye UpOll the proce~clR, hesitles paying one-tellth to the
",hureh. The great ltIajority lmve hut one wife. Living iu that country is tulerably
('heap. Tite regioll is peculial'ly auapteu to grazing. Utah can turn out tlle finest beet'
",atUc in thc world. "Wheat, 1'ye, harley, lllllllpkillS, earrots, an(l turnips fionrish pa1'-
ticularly ,,-el1; bnt tl)r Inc1i,m corn the cliIllate is a litUo tuo cou1. Illlphco cano gro\YH
luxu1'iahtl.v wItere thcre iH \lO alkali in tbe soil, a1l<l is la1'gely cnltivatetl till' tlle mo-
lasscs obtaillell fmm it.


Q. Yon sl'eak oí' breaking the politieal ]Jowcr uf l'olygamy. This bill, whieh tlw
eomrnittee Ittwe agrced tn reeollunem] to fhe Hons,', Ilisfranchises-cnts off from tlw
right to hold office, 01' to vot(', 01' to pre-mnpt laml-all persuns actualIy living in aIld
practicing polygmny. \Voulü yOll, 01' uoL, l'ega1'd that as bciug au cffective me,1,ns of
hrcaking the political ]1O\w1' oí' l\iOl'lllOlliSIll '?-A. ASSlll'edly,I shonl,l. Tite most im-
portant t hings to lo" d01W a.re tlle remuval of powel' ihlln tlw prohatc court8, tlle dis-
franchisfilltent oí' thm'e ¡!;nilty of polygall1'y, auu the giYillg tlle United Sta tes marshal
thc power to puforce tlHl decl'l'l's (lf tite di8trict court. This w(lUld complctely 1l"str(lY
tIle llOlitical !'O\Yc\, of tIw ~Iol'lnon hierarehy eyerywh,'re norfll oi' Salt Lake City, ane!
1 think in San Lake Cit,y, too. Dut W]¡Pll yOll pass the cañun oft,he .JonJau, 1'rolll tllen'
'IJUth, throllg-h what is kno",,, :" tI", "hlack ('ountry," it w01l1,l he moro difficnlt to
rarr;v- the€8 nleaSnl't~R into f·fft-'("t.


By .NIr. 'r.~FFE :
(l. In TTtah, do as lH:tlly (']¡ildrcll livc tllul gro\\' to a<luIt age as in cOIllIIlnuities


",here polyg-tlIlly does llot prcn¡j11~A. Xo, (,Ti<lently uot; not .WI1U aCflorcling to t,hf'i\'
o\Vn statistics. Bnt 1 \\'onM uot he IllHlül'Htood as attribllting t!lis cntirely tu pol~'g­
:!luy. 1t i8 lal'gely the 1'esn11, 01' theil' f;lllatici,m, 01' "reliauce-on-j,tith c1octoring;"
theil' p;eucral prejndicc against the llwtlieal proü,ssioll. antl praetice of re8oI'ting to
tllei\' }lriests iust"ad, to lo" cnr,'tt 1>,\" tlw layillg OH of IWllds. NeitlJcr kIlOWÜIg' nol'
pradidllg :lIIy phy~i()l()gicaJ 01' hyg'ienic Ia\\-S, diseas.·s :JJ1(1 denr.l1s are very fi'e'lllen't,
l'spcclal1y runUllg' ehildl't:Jl.


Q. HaYA yOll ('\"('!' heanl Brig'ham YOUllg l'1'eaeh 'I-A. 1 havo, frcllllClltly.
(~. Dül you ('\"('1' hea1' hillL l'pj(.l' (o tlw govcl'JIltlent of the United 8tate8, 01' to any


allcllll'(,on itN [lart to cllforce tlte la\y 01' 1.';0:! t-A. l do llot think [ ever llear,I hitll
l'pfl'r to that law sl'ceijj(::'¡I~". 1 have ú""jlwntly hean11lim reter to tite goverlllllcnt of
thA t~Ilitec1 8tate"; 1 ]¡pan[ hilll ,lo sume t:tl! s\\'e:uiug, once, i1\ tllat cOllllectioll; he
\Vas giviug- a l'!'vicw nI the jndgps that, IUltl he"ll s8nt ont. to Utall, H" ll!1gan at ,Judge
Bruchlls, nppointed hy 1'1'('8ide1\t Fillmo1'(' in 18,)0, lIUÜ eUl'8eu thcm rcgltlarlya]](l in
orc1er down to thc prcseut (iul!'.


Q. Titen tlJere iN 110 cOllceallllPut (lU tl!!'ir pal't that tlley consider tho law of IR!);! a
.leacl1etter, amI that, they have 110 ,lisposHion nol' illteutiou (o obey it f~A. None what-
ever; 011 tite "Olltrary, IlW) ol"'lll~ put it at de/lance; tIlPY ~ay it is 1111constitntional;
thl)y say thl1 Constitntioll gnamnü'cs to th~lll a 10e,,1 t< n' 11 1 of governTlwnt; whatever
hears hanl OH tlH'lll tIte;.' cal! lln(,ollstitutiollal; t.h"y regan1 as h1W whatever is cxpc-
.liont, and dellOlllll'e as illp¡!;tll \\' ltatever tite,) do not choos., tn olley. Tlte authority of
'tbe chllrch is rmramollnt; tbat tlte~" openly avo,\".


By MI'. BCCKLEY:
Q. You 8p"al, oi' the ]w'-"ssity of 11l·.'aki11¡!; tl1" p()liti",al pO\\""1' of the :\lol'mon leaders:


lmt can we strike 'lt tl!:tf. l'olitieal powel' \\'ithont la~'il1g ol1rsPl ves UJlell to the cbarge of
l'e1'secuting the pcople 1'01' tlJeir rdigiuns faith ?-A. \Vith tl!e mOre fmmtical portion-
one-half the peopll', amI 1,,"rhal" IIlOre-yoll C01\ Id llot; they ,,"unid l'egard any actiou
as illegal ",hiel! shoHltl intnrf"re \vit.h polygalllY. Do HUt unuerstau,l me as c1aillling
that the goud ell'eets ()i' Ihis ¡>in wonl.l be lll:"lc Illanitest immediately. 1 have uo
doubt there wonI<l he a yl'al' 01' t\\'o oi' g!'lIeml ('onfl1siol1 tlll,lnncerta.inty. Hnt what
1 say iB, uo elass of C()l1l1ll1lnit.\· ne("] sn1r .. ['. bo far a;; sl1ftel'illg i~ cOllcerllcu, there
('ould not but be, it beelllS to llle les, snij'el'ing than HU""; the WOI1len who would cease
tI) be regardCll as \Vives nn<1e1' the nl'l'rations of the la\\' ,yonld ollly lla.ve tn snpport
theIUselvc8 amI tIteir cltihlrell, all<l tlmt (hey llt,,"e to do now; tho tithing system
",ouId be allOlishecl; the people \,"onld be permitted to tl'ade whereyer they chose,
hnyillg wherevel' tllcy cOHM buy cheapest, aml selling whereve1' they conld sell to the
lJ!!st al!valltagc. The polygall1ists generally, I duubt Ilut, would shortly I'ccelvc a rey-
.. Iation commawlil1g tltem to seek sume lle\," horne, alld wunld lcave in largo numhers,
:lud their places lw snpp1ied with Gentiles.




14 LAWS IN UTAH.
Q. 'Where would the MOl'lnons go to ·f-A. To Arizolla; it nllly not be generally


known, but it is a fitct, that the Mormons now OWII an entire county ill Arizona.
Q. If they should determine to leave Utah on aCl'ount of the actiou of the Unitcd


States govel'11ment, would thcy stop agaill ill8itle of the United Statea ?-A. They
would í'or some yeara; they couId not leave immcdiately. It i8 noticen.ble that the
Mormons have heen constan tI Y establishing their outposts fal't.her antl farthc1' sonth,
until they 110W reaoh nearly to Sonora, in Northern ~iexieo. Al1d tllese Mormon set-
tlements f'xtend in a hand, llOt over iifty miles wide anJ'whe1'e, al1d in most placeR noto
ove1' ten miles wide; thA whol" eonstitnting a so1't of an arc fol' five Inmd1'eu miles.
Commenicing at 11aladc Cit" in Southcrn Idaho, we pass through Oneida, Ben.r Lakn
Valley, Cache Valley, Bear Riye1' Valley, Sult Lakp Valley-in which 1 include tho
fa1'ms along the eastern shore of Salt Lake-J ordal1 Valley, forty miles long, cxtending
to Proyo, alll1 tha 1Jtah Lakc district. There a ncw point of departnre might he taken ;
that brings n8 to Mount Nebo, sixty 01' seventy miles from Salt LakH City, anu acros~
the big dividH; WH then IlURS Payson, POl1fltown, L!~ Van, Chiekcll Creek, and SaH
Creek, to Fillmore, tho old capital. Hcre again wo lllight take a new point of df;-
parture; Seyier Riyer runs through Sontheasteru Utah, aud has some small settlementH
along its course; fro111 Fillmore, sonth, yon pass Sto George, 'Yashingtou, Harmon;v,
Cedar City, Santa Clara, aud Mountain Mcadows, whieh hrings yon to tho Great
Descrt; erossing the desert you haye a little settlemeut on the Hio Vir¡.,';n, ana lInother
on the Big Mnddy-which are 1'ea11y in Southeastern ~(wa!la. llelo,," .tlH'so 1-hcre are
a few <1etaehed settlemcnts, extelllliug iuto Arizolla. The ",hol" COllstitntes a belt of
settlements ofnot less than fh'c hU1l(1rc<1 aud fin,\' llJiles in lellgth.


lly}lr. (;1:1.1.0)1 :
Q. The bill before the eOllllllittec contains a sectionllrOvidillg fol' a systelll of pl'O-


ceedings in conrt for the cOIHlmnnution and saje of llroperty belongiug to }lo1'mons who
sha11 be convietcd of ]lolygamy antl scnt to the IJCnitcntia1'Y, 01' 8hal1111ove away, leav-
ing their wives and children without support-tht" property to be soltl for tlJe SUppOl'!
of the women and chilclrf'll. IR it yonr opinioll that thel'c would be really an~· neceK-
sity for that so1't of a l'rovisio11 i11 the biU '!-A. 1 do uoí. k110,," that 1 am quite denr 011
that poiut. It i8 tlonbtfn1 I\'hether occa~ioll would oftell arise for the cnforcclllent of
that provision of the bill. ','o cOllvey to the eOlllll1itt.ee my iücns on this subject, it
woultl be lleecssary to prefaee thClll ,vith a lellgthy explanation oi' the ma1llwr in whiell
thcse family matters are mllllagetl in rtah. Ulll,'ss the hnshnJl(l iR a hotel-kccpcr, as 1
llave before describc,l, tlle wives gellcrn11~-liYe in ditt"rellt placeR. eaeh Oll a liale patch
of grountl, a few acres; fi:Olll this slle ohtaills her O"'ll living: lmt it i8 not he1's; no
menus for a wOlllall's SllppOl't arc 1'1'0virl(',l, wlwtller tlH' lmsh:llHl h .. living 01' tleal1; tlle
right of dower, &.c., are things l1llknown to ,r01'Il1011 la,,-.
B~- MI'. T.\.FFE:


Q. Snppose u womannullTirs, "ho 11 pt, l1'<l lH'l' ll1:lITi:lgi' hall I'rol'crty in 11 .. 1' O"'ll
1'ight; tlo 1 nntlerstanrl that sl!e loses tlw right lO lhat prul'l'i'ty W!Wll Hlw ma1'l'ies ?-A.
1 cannot givo yOLL thc exaet won1ing' of tlle law npoll tb:1t point. The practioe is f()r
the chu1'ch antllorities to take tilo maUAr in h"l1,l an!! RAttle it; atH1 whcn a llUlll dies,
theydivir1e the propert,V np, giving so mudl 10 o:1oh \Vidow. 1 do not nndf'rstalld that
anYI)rovision i8 malle fol' auy legal procceLling8 in rcfel'f'nce to the case. A easeofthis
kind has ariseu with OHr ne\\" asses~or. Heber 1(imhall, Oll his death, left sOlllcthiug
to each of his r'hilr1rf\ll; the assessor clairuct1 the rig;ht 10 tax as legrtcies all the lw.-
quests, except thm;e to tl)(~ chilr1ren of ihc li1'st wife; tllis of cour~e, tlw chuI'ch l'csistetl,
am1 t11c qncstion has bcen re[crred tn the ren'lllW rl"partment; thc ücciúon of the
department in regarrl ro the matter, J have llot lcarnea.


Q. What do Ton thiuk as to the possibility of enJ'ol'cilJg the proYisiollS of a law lik,·
that proposcc1 by the conullitLcc -/ Do you nnticipatf' a r"sistanee whidl ,,",lUId .result
in bloodshed, 01' a general war ~-A. 1 tina that tlle i!lea prcntils larg'f'ly in the 8tate~.
nt least 1 haye soell it ~et fOl'th iu tlw editoriah oí' leading 11ow8pal)(,1'8, tllat mly attem!lt
to cnforcc such a la.w woull1 precipitatc a fnriol1R ami üesolatillg \Yal' in UÜLIl. Om'
pa.pel' says it would require a stan!ling :tnll;\" 01' forty thonsn1H1 sol!liers to enforce it.
No,," it i8 barely possiblc that hy selHlillg' out thl'ee hundrerl men mul lettiug tIte Mor-
mons dcstroy them, and follow t11em np hy thl'c" hnnrll'e!llllo1'c aull lcttillg thelll lw.
dest1'oyed, and so on, yon might manage to aggl'llvatc a disturbancc into SOmtltlrillg
like military pl'oportiolls. llut let tlw gOVCl'lllllent talce the initiative mH1 send out
two thousand men, placing, say six lnúl(ll'eü at Ca.llll' Douglas, antl thrcc 01' four hun-
d1'ed each at each place wllere a rlistriet COlll't is hdd, and hvo 01' three hnndre!l at
Proyo, Ogden, and llrigham City, am1 1 Y\"olllü Jlledge llly life almost tila t there nevel'
wonld 1)e a particlc of troublc.


Q. vYhat do yon cOllsider the actual military strength of tIte }lormolls i-A. lf Brig-
halll Youug were given full aud fail' warllillg, say six 01' eight weeks' time, he might
be uhle to muster eight thousaud men capuble of holding a musket. 1 have scen tIl<o
taheruaele as fnU as it could hold, ana it wi11 holLl about tC'[[ thol1salJ(l people, hut 1




LAWR IN IJTAH. 15
lIaye never scell tho t,imc whcn a rq,imcut 01" able-bodied llWll could be got out of it.
Of the eight thousand nWIl whom J lU!YA melltioned, th8 Americans aud lUost of the
foreigllers living in amI ncur 8alt Lakc City, huye ~()[ue skill in the use of arms; but
as for the rest, a heterogclleous assemblage of Swedes, Danes, Norwcgialls, "\Vclsh, &c.,
the mOf/l of them there were together, the "asier tlwy cOllld he whipped. Give me
011r old regimellts, tlw FOllrtecnth amI Thirty-first Indiana, and I will take the con-
tmct to whip al! tIte mea Brighum Young can brin)!; iuto the j1<-J,1.






·n 8T CONGRR8S, ¡
:2d Session. f


HOUSE 011' HEPRESENTA'nVES.


LA WS IN U'l'AH.
[To accompally lJill n. R. No. 10S0.J


:\LUWH 10, li"70.-0nlcred to be prin(c,1.


ADDlTIO~AL TESTnIO~Y.


{
HEPORT
21,pt.3.


\Y.\SHI:>;GTO:'{, Ftl)}'l/(//'.'f28, 1870.
FP..\.\'I'LIX HEAD SWOl'U :lna ex:ullilH:(L


By the L:IIAIR1UX:
QneRtiou. State yonr resiclcllce alHl oecu1mtioll.-Answer. 1 r<,side in Kelloslla, \ViR-


cOllsill; 1 was appointed snperilltelldent of Inrlian affairs in Utah five ycars ago, aud
,in ce then have spcnt t1w most of my time in that Territor,Y.


Q. \Vlten were ~'ou last in Utall ?-A. I left, thflrfl about a, 1l10nth ago.
Q. By whom wem yon appointed superintcudcnt of IJl(lian affairs 'i-A. I was at nrst


acting snperilltclllleut in the fa11 of ¡¡"(jG, lmt ,,'as appointed BuperinteIH1ent in 1t1nG., 1
was appointed by President Jollllson.


Q. State to t11e committee wlmtever you may know iu rega,r,[ to lllatters in Ut:lh, iu
your own >Ya.v.-A. Dnrillg the time 1 have been iu Utah I h:we tr:tveletl abollt thé
eouutrya gooa íleal, :llill atu ]11'obabl"' as ,vi<lt'ly aC'1llainted 'lB auy Gentile who was
ever in tJl() Territol'Y. 1 llave lookcd oyer thc testimouy ginm hy previous wilucsses
hefon" this COllllllittce, aUll I think then', fII'I' seyeral points iu whir.ll tlwy haye bUeu
lUto errors; perhaps uot intcutionally. Iu the JirRt place, iu regard to the statements
relative to th" pl'ohate conrts, I thiuk the ,,'itnesses are, all of tltem, entirely in error
lIpon that poi lit. 'fIw pl'obatc comt i8 eutirely a distiuct thillg from what i8 or(liuarily
"¡¡okeu of as tlwlJishop's court. The prollate conrts have jnrisdiction of almost every-
tlling. ,\Yhat is llsually known as the llishop's ellllrt iu no ",ay couíliets wi}h them.
Onc of the le:ulillg t"aellings of i\1ol'l1lo11islll is, that brethren shonltl uot g() to law
with hrethrt'll; tluet they ollght to settle theil' disputes withont resort to litigation; so
whell auy mattel' oí" disagrel'ment comes lll', iuste:ul of going to law, t1lC~' go before
tlle llÍshop oí" tlu,ir war,l. Tht'l'e are twenty 13isholm iu Salt Lake City-lJlle to each
wanl; au,1 olle 01' two in eaell tOWll throngltollt the Territory. As 1 ,,'llS saying, oue of
the partics will go 13"to1'e tlte bishop llm1 J1lake comp1aint; npoa ihis the lJisltop will
s,'ud tor tl1<' ot1H'r party to COllle heü)l'o him; both l'artif" then appcar ",itlt thei1'
re8pective ",itncsses; tlw bishop lH'ars ",hat they have to sa,\', :u](l givf's his decislou,
withont l'espcd to Ja,w 01' p1'ecer1ellt-a sort of \\'i1<1 e'111ity, that iR generan:; llot far
from justo In lliuety-niup cases ollt of a hnu(lrel1 the ]Jarties are satis/lea. At the
same time, there is no bill(liug legal foree in the <lecision of tlle bishop; it i8 more of
the nature of an al'bitratioll. After that" 01' bcf()re, either p:~rty cau go befor .. a .instico
of the pellee, 01' otller civil COlll't, amI scek his rcmedy at t11e h:l1lds oí" tIte law. 01', OH
the other ha11(l, he can ll]J]Jeal to the hoal'([ of llishops; but this is 110t a legal tribuual,
1101' dothey pretelld to so reganl it. It lS Sillll'ly t!Leir "'ly of settling their little lwighbor-
hoo(l disputes, withollt resort to litigation. Almost, all tIlA rases ,,,hieh in onr ronntry
would be lll'onght lJCfore a justice of t1lfi peaee, in Utah "lIllle hefor~ the bisho].ls. Bnt
eases that, adse between two Geutiles, 01' lJetwpcn a Gentile aml a :'Uormon, come before
the probate eourt. T1le probate judges are 1l0t geuerally hishops; thl'Y are, howevér,
generaUy Mormons; uot always, fol' clll(lgc Carter,:tt FOl't Brü[gt'r, ",as a Geutile; and
was electe(l lllany times. L:aptaiu Hooper this 1l10rning hallclcd me a papel' showing
that of twellty prohate jlHlges in the 'ferritory ouly three were lJisllOp~; 1 presume
tlLey were aU Mormons. '


Q. As a matter of fact, tho.)' are al1 ]il'ominent )10r1110ll', are they uot ?-.\. 1 believe
theyare.


Q. Am1mauy oí thcm have a llllllllwl' of ",ives, have tlH'Y llotf-A. I know that
~ollle of them htwe. Jndge Smith, probate ju(lge of tlle COllllty where 1 nsed to live,
has nve 01' six; so 1 have heard, at lcast.


o Q. Are auy of them marricü to llear relative" !-A. 1 have he¡m! that two 01' Jllclge
Smith's wives were sisters, lmt thcy were not, so fal' as 1 know, bIno,] re1atiolls of his.


Q. You do not k110W of auy of them nmrrying their own half-sisters f-A. No, sir.
Q. W1mt is the PO[l1lhtiOIl of Utah t-A. I shonld say 801llething oyer f\ InllHlre<l




2 LA \VS IN lTTAIl.
thOlUlallll. The .:\10rlllons claim eonsiderahly more, huí, 1 tllial. ihat i:., Ilot far from th,'
COTl'Cet fIgure.


Q. \VllUt proportioll of these "re living in actual villlatioll ()r th" law of 1862, pro-
hioit.ing polygamy ?-A. 1 8houl(1 say tllat from otH:-~eveuth tu olle-llmth of tIlO adlllt
males haye m-ore tll"n .me wife.


Hy ~Ir. BUCKLEY:
Q. YOtl say that not more than oue-se\'enth to OlHl-Ífmtll oí" tite a<llllt llllLles muollg


tilo Mormons are practical polygmnists, living with more titan out' IVife; ho\V is it with
the rest-are thoy oelievors iu it? 18 polygamyan üssfmtia1 art,icle oí" the MormoIl
faitIt ?-A. Those who do not practice, still heliev.~ it is rigltt fOl" them to do so. Thc~'
may not themselves desire more than OllU wife, 01' may not he in a posit,ion to snpport
more tlmn oue; but tItcoret,ieally they sustain th8 inst,itl1tioll.


Q. \Vbat 1 want to get at is this: If we 1l1l<1ertake to destroy polygl1tur, will tllll~1'
of tIw :\IOl;.m<?nR who have b.ut OH? wif{~ fu,:l tht~t .we ar? "~,l'lmging '~11'¡ l'erSecntill:,!
them oy stItklllg at au essenLml artlde of fllmr rehgJOus faIth!-A. 1 tlllul. they wOllld,
They take tbe position that tlle l"cYf\1atioll of Go(l, throngh ,Jo. :'.mith, ia a consist,cnt
wholf\; llml tlmt polygamy is one of ita vital doctrine".


Q. You judgc that from Ouc-scyentlt to one-tenth of tIw people are li\~i\Jg in titl'
actual practice of lJOlygamy1-A. That is ahont the proportiou, 1 s]¡ouhl sayo H is ell-
tirely a matter of estimate aUIl eonjecture, of eOUl'se. In Salt Laico City fu]] olle-tifth
of the mel!', old enough to oc marricd, have ·more th::m one wife; hut titerfl is II lllU(']¡
larger percentage oí" polygamists tllere thall in thfl COllntry lJack. In some of the farm-
ing J'f\gions, very few have more thau Olle ",ife. Ta]¡en altogdher 1 8hon1.1 Hay that
outside of SalL Lake City not more than onc ill te]] 01' OIW in twe1\-" haillllore thall 011"
wife. <


Q. How do those \VIto are liviug iu tho adual practice of ]lolygamy preten(l t,o jllRtify
themselv(;s in thu face oí" the law of 18G2 '!-A. They takc tite positiou tlmt the law i~
uneollstitutional. Tlley cIaim that thc Constitntioll of thc Unite(l States ¡,(uaralltel\f.
religious fl'eeilom; that polygallly is au essential part of their J'eligions fait,h, and ('011-
se'luently t,hat auy interfcrcnce with it iil a dired yi01ation of tllll Constitntioll.


By ~Ir. CULLm[:
Q. Haye Ton oyer eouyCl"sccl with tlle pl'ominent Mor1l1()l1s as to ,yhat ("ourse tht'y


would purslle in case there sItould he au attempt maüe to enforec the authorit,y of the
govcrnlUent-whethcl' they ,,-on1(l snhmit or make a forciblc resistance '!-A. Some {jf
the people say they woulü fight sOOllcr than giyc np polygamy; L do not know as 1
have heanl ally of thu hishops 01' probate jlldges express thcmselves on that point. 1
have hcard Brigham YOllng Bay lw wOllld never obey thc la\\' unlesa it \Vas delOided to
be constitutioual lJy tIlO Supremo Court of tbe t:'nited Btates.


Q. Dill he say he would ohey the Iaw)f tlle SupremA Conrt sllOul(l (leci,le it Lo oe COll-
st~tutional f-A. He always f\Xpr'~RHe(l his confidcuce tlwt if lJl'llllght befol'n the high.('r
courts it would he deelaret1 ulIconst!tlltiollal.


By Mr. BGCI'Lgy:
Q. Is tItcro not a partyamoug thc ~Iol'mons who <lo uot helie\"e in polygamy'!-A.


Yes, sir; there is one considerahle sect, thc Josephites, who elaim that Joseph Bmith
uever received an)" J'Avelation cOlUlllalllling }lolygalUy. Two of Jo. Smitll's sons eanw
to Salt Lake City last summer aml wcut to pl'eaching anol made so me converts; they
elaimcü tlmt their Üttller never oelieve(l in 01" lHaetieed polygamy. There was an
argumcnt ou that point whil(1 1 was in 8alt Lake City. Anuther Smith-I foI'get hi"
first name-he is a son of Jo. Slllith's orother, and one of the tWl'lve MOl'lllOn apostles-
discusscd this question with the yOllng Smiths, aBd, to dindl tIJc qIlCSt-iOll, rcad ti¡;,
affidavits of tlYelve women now living in Sltlt Lttke City, wllo s\Yore that they \Ver.'
.fo. Smith's wives. This rather worsted the Smith boys. Tlwy.lia uot mise auy iSSllt'-
with Brigham exeept onthat one point of polygamy.


By ~Ir. BC'CKLEY:
Q. To what extent is the sehislU :llllOUg thc ~lorlllons \\"eakeniug Briro'ham's po\\"or 1-


A. 1 think that, in time, if no olltside pressnre interycnes to compe a union amoll~
thClll, it will oecome so serious as to split thn cllnr("h to llÍeces, ltH lem1em, Gol1h,',
Ln.wreuce, and Kelsey, are among the nlOst iutelligeut aml intincntial mell in Utah,
'l'hey have estaolished a papo1'--


Q. Yes; but their papel' stiJ] sUP110rts polygallly,-A. lt aeknowle<1gcs tIte l'evelatiolL
in regard to polygamy, 1mt claims that tlle revelaiÍoll has heen llliúnterpreted. 1 hall
a long convel'sation with .:\1r. Godhc ou ihat Ycry point. HiR itlea is that the lllaniagp
referretl to in that revelation is entirely a spiritna1 atl'air--nothing ('arnal ahollt it.


By MI'. HAMBLETOK:
Q. Has thcro not oeen an eleetion l'l'cently, ",hiell ~ho\Vctl tlw adhel'cuts of tll;" sed


to he Yery few in number?-A. There "'aH au P1t'I·tiOlI in \dlieh Lawrollce was a eall-
.lidate in opposition to Wells f()l" lllayor oí" Salt Lak .. City; ]1(', rel'CiH:ü ;¿!)4 votes out




LA WS IN UTAH. 3
,le tlle whole llullluer casto Bnt tllen, tllis HchiNm is yonng, amI, eonsidering thc length
nf time since its origin, it ha' molde remarkaule progress. It has a umch larger number
nf adherents in Sttlt Lake Citv thttll tlmt vote wnnl(l imlicate, amI has branchcs in
almost an parts of the Territol'Y' 'fhe fnnc1ltIllcutal poiut of difference bet,veen them
is on tlle f[uestion ofllnion of clmrelt and state. Brigham ha,s illsistClI tlLltt tlle churcll
anthorities have the right to did"te in temporal ma.tters, regarding husiness and tmc1e,
&.c. Goc1be and Lawrcllcc and thcir fadiou aeknowle<lge the snprema.cy 01' the churc11
in spiritual matters, Imt not in temporal. ~early aH thc business ILIen s~'mpathize with
the new movement-the meu of w"altll, position, amI intel!igence. In t'otlYCrSaÜOll
\\'it,h Godbe aUll Lawrcncc, s]Jeakiu~\ uf this hil!, the Ia.tt,pr R3Í1I-all(l he. iR a very fail'
ana candill man-tllat the ]'esuIt oí ally snch legislatioll, 01' of au} legi"lation whieh
,'oul(l he eonsidel'etlllufrien(lly an(1 oppressive, wonhl he to weaken their part,\', and to
heal np tho schisllllllore thall llllything else that eOlll<l l)()~Rihl.v lw dOllP-\YOnh! raiso
,t Ime and cry und Imite al! Mormona iil def,'nse of thei!" institntioll<.


By MI'. Pom·;noy:
ll. 1)0 Hrigllam YOllng alHl lIia pady daim t11e right jo exen'isc cOlltrol in tempo-


ral mattcrs"I-A, Ycs, sir. 'fhe iuangnration of wha1. is kllown as tlle co-operative
lllovement lHUl mnch to do witll gi \'iug rise to this sdlislll. Brigham aIHI tlwehnreh
leaders Ilevised tlw plan of IUl\"illg a sillglp, ,;torc, ant! cOllll'cHing aH lile ]Jeople to trade
rhore, But this 1ll0VClllcnt "'as 1'1'1'.'" 11111'0l'nlar, mlll arouaerl a powerfnl opposition.


Q. Hnve any Gentile hnsill("" llH'll ldt fhe T<'l'ritory reeently ~-A. Yes, some Jew
hOllses hn"" left. (Tlley cal! tlte Je\\"s "Gent,iles" in that eOllntr'y.)


Q. Nobody clse ?-A. 1 ¡lo un1. rccollect 01' all~'; lmt there may have beell. Business
has been exc('('(lingIy üall in Salt I,ake City of bt,,; a gool1 many of the Mormon mcr-
,h:mts ha.yc gOlH) to Ogdeu, amI other ]loiuts 011 tlJe liue uf the railro:Hl. Speaking of
rhis co-uperative lllOvemcnt, thf're is one point more dwelt upou ll~' BrighnLll Young
than uny other, \\'hieh has llUt heeu :HI\"crtcIl to, as 1 """, hy fin)' of the other witnesses.
He úrges it npon tlle Mormolls npon lhe groaml that it. is fuI' their intel'l'st to keep
money in tlle Teuitory. H has been cnstomary fol' outsiders to go there, start a stme,
,lo a he:wy husiness i()l' a ,,"hile, malee lllonpy, aml lean~, ta.king it witll tlWlll, hy thut
:"('aus keeping tlw Territory impoYl'l"isherl. I heanl Brighalll YUUllg lllake use ofthis
lHnstration in OJ\(! of his serlllons, anrl it is tite great ])oint ma¡]e hy tlle lHormoulead-
('l'~. He saicl: "Hcl'c are t,,"O lllcrdmllts, living side by sil1p, onCl a.J\lormon amI the
"ther a. (t,mtil,·. Each Ilocs a large husincss, alltl eaeh accuUluIatl's a lllllHlrpt! thonsnnd
,lollars. 'fhe Mormou lllerchallt expemls his eapital in huilding up honses, thns fu1'-
nishes homcs fur llc\\'-colllers, giYing f;lllployment to the pOOl' working-men una n<lll-
illg to the ]ll'osperity of the 'Territor~". The Gentile takes the 1ll01l(~y which he ha,~
aeculllulate(l amI I':luios it ont of the Tt'rritory, alld it gaes to builrl np Chicago,o1'
some castern oÍ(y, and tlnls strcllgtlH'1l8 t11" ¡mmls 01' fhei!' enemies."


q. 1 f tlmt co-olwratin', 1ll0n'lIlcut ~\'ere fnlly earriel1 into efrect. wonlll it han, a ten-
<lcney to l{(,p]l Gelltil(\s ont of the Territory f-A, I (,Ilink it wonl,l,


Q. Doc, Brighnm YOUllg aeknowle(I¡:(1~ any temporal power snperior to !lis OWll in
rhe managenwnt of lhe alf"irs of that TClTitory ?-A. No, sir. lIis theory is that the
<:hul'ch is slll)J·"lllC. H" claims that tlleirs is a rC]lllblicnu SyStClll ()I' go\'erlllllcnt. 'fhe
leallers are' decte(l ever\" six montlts.


Q. ]s Brigham Yonng" dedc<l e\'<:ry six JIlo11ths ?-A. Yes, sir.
By Mr. C¡'LJ.m¡ :


Q. 1 see it sktte<l that the .l\1onnon omissari¡;s am !leing sent fnrther sonth to look
np n new loration.-A. No, sir. Th('~" are, howeve.r, exteudillg t heir settIements suuth-
ward. 'fheir llObhy is tI) become a self-supporting cOlllmllllity, amI as au important
step toward this tltey wallt to raisA "otton and make their o\Vn IOlo1.h, so tlH'Y are
t'xtendiug their'settlemcllts sontlnnml to tIte Hio Virgin ltlHl.Mn(hly Hivers, where they
t.]lÍnk cotton rano he raisell. In readillg the testimouy of thc otllOr witucsses hefore this
<:ommittee 1 llotiee that thel'e is 011" point whieh tlley (10 not seelll to fnl!y understa.nd;
rhat is, in reganl to lIlfil'riagn amI divorce a.moug the Mormons. 'rile Mormou theory is
that the first maniage, as with liS, is :1 civil eontract; hut after-marriages are nn eecle-
,instical matter, 1'alid simply hy reasan of chu1'eh onlinances. \Vhell aman desires to
"htain a. tlivorce from his tirst wife, as tlmt is a civil cont1':wt, he speks a relf'ase through
¡he civil conrts aul! applies to t.hc prohate CUllrt fol' :t l1ivoree; hut to he divorced from
a 8('co11(1 wife, 01' any utltel' exeept the first, as the marriage W<lS an ecclesiastieal nmtter,
]¡I, goes hefore the .clmreh nnthorities to obtain a,(!ivo1'ce; hy them the rite is celebrated,
all(l they unly can nllllUI it. Auother fact tllC pre\"Íons witllCS~CS RceIll to haye not
fnlly lÍuderstooll: I l'der to the matter of gr,111t8 01' lnud to the chnreh. dignitaries.
Timber Ís very scar('c in tuat f'Olllltry aml ditticult to get ,tt. It grow,~ allllost ('.ntircly
OIt tlte HUlllIllÍtS of the mOllllÜlius tive nl" six t.honsanll feet ahoye file 1'alleYR. It often
<'''8tS from tcu to finy thonsand Ilol!ars to lllake a ruad up a caiíUll to reach the timber.
Tlwy have a nsag" that auy person 01' associatioll of per"ms cOllstrnetillg snch a ronLl
,hall ha"" a rigllt to ('(jlltrol it, ,uul f"olli'ct toll to partíal1y reimhnrse them fOl' thcir




4 LA WS IN lJTAII.
('XpellSe~ in lllaking tlle road. Brigham Young has lllaLle sllch a roaü thl'ough 1,:",
propert-yaml 11P City Crcpk <:afion, at an expense oí' at least thirty thOllS¡lIHI dollar-,
Ho exacts as toll onc-thinl of tlw woO!l tlmt is drawu over it. 1 havo Imown Gnll-
tiles to lJUi!ü roads to timber am1 chargc tol! in tIJe same way. They do uot exact tI",
t01l, uor does Brigham, becuuse oí' auy daim to tlle timbor, hut to pay them fill' huil,]-
ing tl1<l 1'0:1([ aud keeplllg it in repair.


Q. llan° :ron uny idea of the :1ggregate amount 01' tithes 1mid to Brigham YOilng'
yearly r-A, ::"ío very accurate idea. There i8 but a small proportion of tühes paiel in
money; it iR mostly in kind. I tried ouce, for my own satisfaetiou, to íigllre out wlwt. H
onght to ue. As a uasis ofealculation, I took the taxablo valne of the property in t11c
Territon'; it. i8 assessed at about ten am1" halfmillions of dolJa,rs. This assessment \Ya,
by the loc'al authOl,ities, for ]llllvoses of territorial taxatiOll. Tllis was a ;vear 01' two ago,
lf we estill1at~ t1le increase ofvalue of the property of the Territory at ten per cent. P(,1'
annUll1, and t1Jat a tenth of that ineJ'ease goes to the churc1l, that would make a revenm'
of over a liumlred thouslLml Llol!ars ayear. llut not one-íifth part of that is paid in
111oIley. The tithing is eollectetl by the bisholm, who are tlle secular oJ1ieers in eaeh
locality, amI i8 like\\'ise disbursed by the bi8110p8. Tbe tithing i8 not aU coUeeted; som,·
refnse entirely to payo There iH no way to compe1 t.lleir paymeut by auy legal proeesH,
As a general thing, how8ver, men ,,'ho claim to he iu good and regular standing in tlw
church, anc1 elesire to ue so reganled, l)ay thei1' tit.hes promptly, ~ne thing that iJl-
creases the general willingness ol' tlle I,eople to pay t]wir tithiug i8 tlw fact t.hat man,\'
of thelll have been b1'ought to that COUllÍl'y, amI often assiste(11Weunial'ily aftcr thei1'
arriyal there, by the church.


Q. Wlmt disposition is m'l!le of tllese titiles '?-A. They are uscd for building pub]i"
hou8cs of worsllip; for the snpport of tho pOOl'; for bringing pOOl' peoplo Ü'om Eurol'"
to America, &c. The titbing is not. used for tbo support of schools.


Q. They have schools in Utah, I suppose f-A. 0, yes, sir; in consideration of t]w
llowncss of tlle country, and tlle. pove1't,)' of tilo people, they have very goo¡} ScllOOb:
there are t\Yenty school-houses in t:lalt Lake City.


Q. \Vhat sc11oo1-hooks do tbey use f-A. Tho onlinary tcxt-books; Ido not kno\Y that
I can specify them; I 1'elllelllher they use ,\VilSOll'S series 01' school-rearlers, I should say
their school8 are about 011 a par with orelil)ary distriet schools in the States. Then'
are schools not only in t:lalt Lake Cit.y, hut 111 nearly all t11e settlemellt.s. The adult,
have abont. the same education as onlinary cmigrants frolll the British Islanels and other
foreign couutl'ies to Alllerica; a good lllany of them cannot 1'(':1(1 01' write; tlw maRse"
are 1'3.ther lower in the seale of intelligence gellerally tllan in most l):uts of the 'Cnito.¡
States; a smaller percclltage of tlH'm are ,,'pl! e!ll1ea.tcd. Auont t.hl'cc-fourths of tlll'
:MOl'm011 populatio11 are foreigncrs-mostl,Y frOlll tl", Britisll Islancls,lmt sonw frolll
Deumark, Sweden, and Norway.


By MI'. \V.ua.:
Q. lIow do tlle sexos compare as to lllllllucrH ?-A. Tlle I,,,,L censns sho\\'t'<l a slight


preponderan ce of lllall's; aud I presl1llle the pl'ol'ortion is ahout the S:UlIll now aH tlWlI,
The proportion of women to men i~ Illlwll larg~r in Ctah tllan in ally other 01' tllc '1'1'1'-
ritories. The mell who go to lTtah gellcrally take thcir fillllilics; amI some. Sillgk
\VOlncn are fOUllU alnong' thc ellligl'u,llt:s.


Q. ,\Yhat is there in the MOl'mOll doctrine to attraet. womml to üllligratc t.lwre t b
tllt're anything in polyg:lm~' for a WOlllan to :Hlmirc-A. That has al \\ ars hecn a my'-
ter)' to lile; nothiug bu t t1w lllOSt bliud rc1igious zcal amI devotion can account for it,
I haye asked a great mall)' :young women whether tlu;y conld he Hatisfied with that
sort of a Jife. Tbeir allS\"")' has always bf\en, in snhsümce, that iL \\'as a mattel' ot'
religiolls üuty. '\Vlten almshulHl takes :lnolllcr wifr., the fi]'~t one reganls it as a gric\'oll'
burden, OIle of their sc\'crest ullc1 hcaviest erosses; Imt. tlwJ1, this iR a worltl 01' triab
amI tl'ibulations, and if tlwy elHlnre them nwekly :tml ullcoJlil'laillillgl~·, tllcir 1'(m'a1'l1
wiU be so Illuch the greater in the woda to come.


Q. Are there lUan)' MorlUons in Nevada, allel tllOSt' othl'r \\'esteru Territories f-A. 1"
Nevada there are some, lmt Ilot m:Hl)'. They did COllllllOllce 'l sdtlpment ]1oa1' Carson
City; buttltere was 8ueh an influx ofmincrs that they aU left. ln .1daho anl1 Arizolla
there aro a good many Mormons. In Calif,)rnia there are (Inite a nlUnlJer, lmt they arto
mostl.v Josephites-anti-polygamists.


Q. Are there any othel' faets 01' suggestlolls yOll wonl<l mentio]], in eOlllu'ction with
Utah, 01' the bill for its governlllent uo\\' llluler COl "itlf'ratiou '?-A. Thero is one poim
on which 1 shouhl not agrec with 1,lw grmt]emen who ha\'tl h,,\'ctofo1'e te"t,jti~(] before
this committee; that is, in reg':tl'll to the inseclll'ity of tlw propel'tyaml liyes of th,'
Gentiles in 'Ltah. DUl'ing al! the time I han) livctl tlll'l'l', 1 "an1 f..Jt as ]lel'fectly sat"
as in any part ofthe coulltry-safe1' t"an in any of tl\e lllillin¡!.' Tcrritori,·s ,uljoining H,
In all those new Territories there are !llore 01' less l'ollgllH an<1rc]lrohat,,"; llllt fewcr JlI
Utah, and fewer illstauces of lIlurder aIul othe1' aets of reclclesH I'l'illl(" tlmn in :tny otlle1
of t he new Territories.


Q. lt-l it safe for a ntan to l)}'paeh agaill~,t :\lOl'lnOlli~l11 and polyg:ully :llllOllg 01('111!-




LAWS IN liTAH. 5
A. 0, ye~, sir. Tlwre i~ a Uunlile clmrch in Salt Lake City, amI has bcell foI' lliany
¿-cars. At fil'st it was a Congl'egatiollal churelJ, but 110W it, is Episcopalian. TlJey usell
to preaeh vpryvigol'ousl~' ag-ainst polygmny. The Mormons often invite Gentile preach-
ers to preacll hdhcir tabernaele.


Q. "Ctah has uow poplllation euough to cntitlc l,cl' to atlwissio11 as a Statc, Congres~
must aet in the llIattcr, and that 800n. 'Ye must eithel' admit her, 01' insist that 8h8
has ROllle r:1<1ioal wrong; and if we acknovdedge the Intter, consistency demands that
\Ve shonld ermUcate it. lTu(l¡>r tIwse cirCllmstauces, woultl ,vou allmit Utah as a 8tate,
witbout fil'st sccnring thc c1cstl'nction 01' ]Jolygamy '/-A. 1 helieve that 1101ygamy wouhl
1lerish of itself. in a 81101'1 time, iflet alOJll' .
• Q. Bllt polygamy iSlIOIl' in fnU ""ay there; aul[ if Utah ~houl<1 JJOW t!clllanü alImi,-
8ion as a. Statf\, "'(luId :you adlllit her, 01' iirst cnr1eavor to r1cstroy polygamy ?-A. 1
should be in í':tyo1' of admitLing he1', llwlieyc that polygamy would he soone1' eradi-
ea,tcd h" kinr1 trpatlll"llt th:lll b~' :my "OUI',,(> ()f legiMlatioll wltielt thcy "un clairu j,;
oppre8si Yf'.
n~' 311'. CCLJ.ü~1 :


Q. Do rou thiuk that any actiou OH t!te part oí' thc gO\-C1'J1I1Il'lIt \dii<:h shoulü rCHull
in pntting lt Ht0l' to 1'0Iygallly ('ould I'ightfitlly be reganlc<1 as O]l}ll'CHHiye, wliCn \V.\
have hall a law, declarillg pol~-gallly a crillle, U]lOIl our statute-b00ks for tbe last cight
years !-A. T ,lo uot think t11e law against pOl~"gallly is wrollg--


Q. Rnt, to (,nculc tltat law would be wrong-is that it. ?-A. 1 think it wou1d be ycr)'
diftiClllt to Ü'ame auy legislatioll to affeet that Illattel', without beillg opprcssive. t:lueb
a law would be iu the positiou of thc fugitivc slaye law in the northern 8tates hefor!'
the "al'. EverybO!ly cOlJSidcl'cd thc law to he wrong, so nobody wouId obey it, aIlll
,lisobnlicnee to it eonld llot he JHlllishe,l. As EdlllUlHI Dnrkc said, "It is <lifficult to
illdict a whole C0Jl1l1l1l11itv," (t. So yon think that aiLY actiuJl 011 onl' pmt looki,llg to tlle fillforeemellt (Jf t11at law
wonhll>e wroug'?-A. 1 tlo not tbink it won~<1 he wrong, if th('rc \\"ere any ,,"ay of ae-
complishing it \Yithout violat,iug the l"ight of trial by jury.


(). But. i1' it cou1<1 be aecolll}llishcd, )"ou thillk it wonld hA I'ight "?-A. Yes, sir j as 1
~aid before, 1 \\'01ü,1 he in J;WOl' of pnU,ing a stop to polygallly if it conltl he donc eo]]-
"istent with tI", Constit.ntiou alHI tIJe right of trial by jnry.


Q. Huí i1' it couIrl J!ot be done in that way, do ;ron think it 'Hml<l be Wl'oug to break
it u]l by fOl'cef-_\. 1 c\'rtainl.y think it ,,-oul(] he hall l'olicyj it \\'ould resnlt in enol'-
mOlls expeIlS", ill a gT('nt <1"al of ill-feeling if nOL dcstruction of lií'e, amI uot aCCOlll-
plish the I'esnlt. ,my 'luiekel" UOl" so <[uiekl;,- as a lLlore consiclerato COlU'se. 1 do not su,\'
it \Yould be "Tong, lmt 1 ('ertainIy thÍlLk it \Yonl,l he injnrlicious. Tltc 1¡cst thing to he
,lone wirh that Syst"lLl is t,) Id it alout', aIllI it will <lic out of itself.


Q. SO it. \Vas s,i¡,l t\\'outy-fiyc ycars ago, aLHI.Y~t it is 110\\' stl'oug(>1' than cYer.-A. llut~
tllORt) t\n'nty-fi\'c ~'eal\'l (ll(' 31m'JllOl', JLay" l'PlllailLP([ eompletdy isolakd frOIU tIto ~·est.
of mallkillll; now, the raill'oatl has hrou~ht tlLellL iuto l'OnLaet with the l"iyilizf'd wOl'ld
out.sitle, and nf'W agl'uciNI ",iU he bl"Ought 10 uperntl' llpOll tht'llI. This Yt'l''y s<"lti"lll i,~
t11e result uf cOlllpll'(,iug the railro,ul thrnll.g-h rhat T('l'l'itol'~'.


By :lrl'. 1',nIEIWY:
Q. 1 U1l(kl'~toor1 ~'un to ,ay that. on a"('01ll,t of thi~ l'o-o]>t'ratin: 11JO\'Cllll'llt thc 01'11-


tiles were llloyillg Ollt ?-A. \Yell. l)t'rl",ps a rew, but mnny more are lH'ing hronght iUj
110t so lll:tlly iuto Balt Lakc City as i11tO tIte tO\\'llK along the lino ,lit tite railroad, but


.. tbey will hayc \lU ¡1H'il' intlnencl' in eltunging tl,(' tOIl." (Jf 1'1l1,Jic scutimellt in tl)(\ Tpl'-
l'itory.


By :111'. 'YAIW:
Q. lf l.:tah shonlrl I,,' ad'LLitte<1 as a 8tatt\, this MonuolL el('meut wll1dd huye sllpremo


control, so far as 11mBhers are eOIlCl'l'11etl, \nlllld the~< llot ·?-A. C!'rt:tinly.
Q. Thcn they cunltl lllaJee snclt la\ys as tlll'yehosl\ tn protl'ct tlwir own "dolllesti"


institutions," coul<l thi'~' llot ?-A. T "uppose RO.


\\'.\~I"XUTOX, D. e" i'l·brual'!! 2i', li'71J.
A LEXANlmH MA.lüll HWOl"U :nlll examine.!.


By tbe CHAIRMAX:
Qllestion. MI'. Major, l)lease tell thc cOlUmittp(', in ~'our OWlL "'''y, allythiug that you


lllay kIlOW in rcgard to tllc eomlitioll of aftilirs ilL L'tah.-AllHwer. 1 um not a resident
of Utah j 1 am campCfI at Soda t:lpl'Íngs, in the Territory 01' Malto; 1 am engagell in the
Jumhf\l' 11llSinessj 1 have heen :tlllOUg tho Mormou l,eollle a gl'cat. <leal cver sillce the
fall of 1858; 1 was raised in Jackson Count~<, ~lissollri, whore tite l\IOl'lllOn cburch first
.reorganized after goíng Westj 1 remainc,1 there uutil tito.)' \Yere broJeen 11P and driven
away fl'om the l'l:w.,,; 1 l'erhaps know as lLlUCh .in refereuce to their condition and feel-
illgS as aH.)' ontsi,ltor iLJ Alllcriea, amI have be en fnllyac<[uaintetl wit.h theil' history,




G LAWS IN UTAH.
except dnring the t.ime they were ~t N~nvoo. \Vhen tlHly first emigrat.ed to 8aIt Lake
City they commencell tradillg with me, lmyillg stock to carry them acrOHS the plain~.
1 was acquaintcd with the leading Mormons, however, before they ev!)r weut to BaH
L~ke City.


Q. Do yon kuow Brigham Y oung ?-A. Y cs, sir.
Q. Hav" yon ever conversed with him with reference to his feeling's towarrl the. gov-


ernment of the United States ?-A. 1 heard him say tlmt he hal1no llnfrieIl(]ly fepling~
towarl1 the United States government, except because it illterferell with the l\fonnons,
un account of their religion. 1 told him it was not ou accouut of thcir religiou, but OH
account of their, 1 was going to say "polygamy," but he took fhe words nnt of my
mouth. He said he would sooner have beeu in his wiudiug-sheet than to ha ve haü
that commandment come, but that the will of the Lord mn-st be üone. This waH all
that was saill about matters hetween him and the Unitell State,R. 1 have se en him
since the enactmcnt ofthc law of 1862, hut have never hal1l111y eOIlversatiun "ith hilJl
npon thnt subject.


Q. \Vhat proportion of the people of Utah arl' acinal polygamists f-A. T llen'r \Yas
at any pains to make auy aceurate estimate. If 1 was going to gness, 1 shoultl glles~
from one-tenth to one-t,,"elfth, perhnps not lllore than one-JiftecnLh, of ¡,he a<1nlt lllale
population.


Q. \Vhat proportioll of the menare lll:trrietl at aH ?-A, Allllost all tlw men of t'''enty-
tlve years of age and overo There are fcwcr unuUlnied a(]ult~ tllIlOUg' tIte ~Iorlllolls thull
among 11S, Sorne of the men do not want hut on8 wife; SOllle oí" th"lIl do, but are not
iu a cOlldition to support more tlmn olle, 01" evell one. ::\I'l1lY mf'll wlto woul,] like to
have more than one cannot get any. The same reasoI1S tLal 0l'erak ""LOllg' as to p1"e-
vent ~'oaug llleIl fi-om finding wives exist in Utal~, •


Q. Suppose that thc govcrlllueut shoulü aüopt snoh llleasures as wonll] pnt a s10p jo
the practice of polygamy, would the ::\formolls sulJl1lit, or wOll1l1 lhey resist by force;
alld if polygamy were abolishetl, in ,yhnt eOllfIition wonld the peoplc ¡,!\ leH ~-A, Yon
iuterrogate me now upon a poJnt npo11 ,vhiell I feel veI'y illeompetent to l·xpress an
opinion. In my opinion it woulll depe1ll1 ver~' llluch npnn the mauner i11 ,yhich Sl1ch
legislation were proceetletl with, as to ,.hethel' they '''OH Id l'esist it 01' noto In the 'nrst
place, 1 am vcry thorougLly impressetl with tlHl convictioll that these l)(,o1'le are n,.~
sincere in thei1' religious views as Hlly class of l'cople 1 ever was ncqllaintel1 with. 'fhe
~Iormons, the womell as w(']] as the mell, llOt only those who have a 1,lnrality oí" \Yives,
lmt those wIto have hut 011(; \Vife, 01' leven nonr, n,t all, most sinr,!1rely belicvc that Jo,
8mith did get a revelntion ü'om thc Allllighty fOl" me11 to tnke spiritlml\vives.


Q. COlll11 they he made in any way to desist from the violation oi" the law of 18m
prohibiting polygamy, exeept by f()l'eing them to do 80-t'or instuncll, by l'OIIVid.illg'
them in the courts amI semling thelll to the l'ellitenti:lr~', or by the preseuce of military
powed-A. Either of these thillgS \,oulll hreak up 1,0Iygamy, alld l'robaldy hl'l'ak nl'
the entire l\Iormon COlllllluuiLy with it.


Q. \Vhat have yon to say in reference tn the ~afety of per'lons a11(1. pl"0l'l'rty oí" thas""
who are not 1I101"1n0118 in Utah ~-A. ,Vell, sOl1le pprRolls get territiel[ and thiuk their
lives are in danger, but 1 feel as snfe iu Salt Lake City aH aBy place i11 tllO \\01'1(1.


By Mr. l'o;ymnoy:
Q. In view of the fact that but olle-tenth Ol" one-twelfLh of the meu in Utah haye


more than one wife, üo you eonsider it likely that any law against polygamy would
break up and destroy the entÍl"o Mormon settlement. ?-A. Ycs, Hir; most aRSl1l"edl~'. It
should he unrlerstooll that the influeutialmcu aro tho ouly rneu that cau live in polyg-
amy-thc mcn who have the energy and the brains alld the business habits 10 Illake
money and acquire a positiol1, so as to become desÍl"ahle fo1' more than one wife to aeeept
:L9 a husband. My opinion that tho attclIlpt to euforee Hueh a law wouM result in
brcakiug up the entire Mormon commnnity is based Up011 this fact: that the lIIea who
are polygamists, auü who woulü be priueipaHy affected by snch al:tw, arc the men who
exercise a eontrolling infinence in the COlIllllllllity. TIte \Voliten, cv,m tllOse who liv<l
as we üo, OIle wife witL one llllsband, are aH strong pol~'gaLl\ists as anybo(]y dso.


ByMr. WAIlD:
Q. How long does it take a woman to chango he¡- eutire natnre in that rf'spect?-


A. \Vell,really-r never m,tde the calculation; hut ,\'on are acquaintctl with what \Ve
call the 8isters oí' Charity; tLey are, Y~ry many of them, Yery fine women, of superior
talents, and high religious zeal; tItey 1'osse88 tite Sltme emotions and affections as ot11er
women, hut, for tLe sake of their religion they f'orego their homes am1 society aud all of
what are ordinarily eonsiüered 1,he pleasures of life, confiuing themselves in gloomy
J'ctrcats, away from aU .society, to spcmI their lives in cont1'ilmting to the needy 01'
waitillg upou the sick, hecanse they deem it to be thcir üuty, aull believe it wil! result
in a higher felicity iu anotLer worlll. The women in Utah, as a general rule, are just
as SlIlart amI intelligent as these; tIteir rcligious impulses am jUHt as high, alld their
eonvict.iollS just as silleere. 'J'hey do not embrace polygalll'y heeallse iltey ehoose it, hnt




LA WS IN TJT AH. 7
bceanf,e they helí(,ve ít iH their daty and \\'ill rcsult in a hígher fclicity to thClll in tlw
worltl to come. 1 ,,'a~ 01lC dar introc1ncerl to a party of polygarnist mothers and daugh-
terR. [(!1wstiOlH'd tlw young ladies npon this point, asking thclll if they would just as
¡'oon take 111' WiUl sOIlle ol<[ !Dan witll a number of wives alreadyas to marry 30me
YOUllg nHtn llllinrUlllbel'cd. Tlwil' answer was to tite dfed that they were ready to do
their dutv.
(~. ,Yh;m a fir~t. wife filllh hel"sclf supcrscc1c(l by other wiyes, do yon hclievc that her


eOllscicllce alHI jndgment actllally assellt to this doétl'ine of polygamr?-A. Ido.
By )11'. BVCI\LEY:


Q. Tlteydoitfwlllrtscnseofduty?-A. Yes,sil'j tllltyisallthattheylookto. Tlwyarn-
tallght thrtt tho raisinp; of childrmt is 'YOman'8 dflstiny; when slle rlo('s tllat in a lauda-
ble aml lrtwful way shn is fillillg her proper sphere. The Monnon ,,-01118n do not exped
to h:we tIw cutire devotioll and ajfection of on(\ lllan; that is not their intl'lltioll Wll('ll
they lIJarr.)'.


By Mr. Cl'LLO~1 :
Q. ;;:J¡" 1III(l"r~ta!ld, ft'olll the lJl'gillllillg', t!tpn, thnt s!tl' i, to 1", olllya fraetioll of a


",iit, !
By ~lr. ,V_\IW :


'l_ If thl'Síl WíyeH ]¡ay() :<0 stl'()]lP; :\ :<ensc of dnty, is it, not Hlanderolls LO'l':uLl thelll tu
,'~Y that if this law of lB6j¡ is euforcel1 ancl they are released from thei!' !tusbalH1s they
wܡ 10('0111e prostitlltes or anything of that kiria '! If this hw were enforced, have vi"
Ilot a right, to hope that tllese ladies wiII lire virtuons lives ami seek to rnakc an honest
!i\-ing ~-A. Cert,:únl.y, sir, so fal" as they can; but a law 1Yhieh, if enforec,l, !'l'llnees tl",
\Vire to tlle ('onclition of a comlllOll woman--


By MI'. B¡:CKLEY:
(¿. :\'0; not a commO!l 'YOlllan, lmt silllplyan llllllHllTied wOlllan.-A. n is a n',,:.'


.1l'liea.t,· ,[uestioll, gelltlelllen.
By ::\rr. CrrLl.ml :


Q. ::\11'. )fajor, ther" is a la", ll]lon t!w ,tatule-hook of the HIlite.! SlatcH üeclarillg
higamy to he a crimc; in yOllr j utlp;mcnt, onght that law t.o rClllain on the statnte-hook
01' to 1", repealed: ami if it remain,onght it to continue a ¡]ead letter, or ought tlw
gov~rnl1lellt to nnforce it'I-A. vVel!, 1 must say 1 do not cOllsirler that it i8!t Yery wholc-
,~.)[l", thillg for !t COmllllll1it.y to have la\VS cllacted and uot to enforce them. Tf l ha"
the adminü;tration of tlwlaw myselt~ with my knowledge of the COIHlítioll of ajfairs ill
lTtah,I cert:tinly 8honl,1 1l0t mal", any attompt to enforce tlle present la",. 1 would
('ither rejleal tite law 01' wait tilI somo other time bcforc attclIll'til1g to cnf(n·ce it.


By )1r. ,VARII:
Q. 18 not tlw populatioll of etah 110\\' large cllough lo ontitIc it to admission as :l.


Stltte !-A. It is.
Q. 11' the illhabitants ;;!tonl-} elaim arlmission as a State, what ,,"onlll yOll do ?-A. 1


w0111<1 :!,llllit thmn.
Q. With pOlygUllLyf-A. YC', sir; ,vitl! polygamy. 1 wonltllet a lmnrlrerl thonsawl


polygarnists COlllA in contact with forty millions of lWOl)lc elaüning, at lcast, to pos-
:<e88 a highflr civilization. They are payiug their taxes; they are behaving themselvf1~
in a11 respects, excc]lt as rcganls polygal1ly, as '''1'11 as any other cOlUmunity witltin
our boundary. If the govcrnment shouhl p;et into trouhlc, :llld sIIonltl can upon thClll
for troops, 1 have !lO <!ollht they wonM fnrllish tltelll.


Q. Row ll1auy troups did they fUrIlish tilo goYcl"mnent dnring tlle rebellioll ?-A. We
never asked them for nuy.


Q. Row many diol tlwy flll'ni~h tite other side?-A. Kouc, that 1 kuow or. 1 never
heard of a Morlllon goillg to \yar on cithcr sitle.


By MI'. BlTKLl'Y:
Q. MI'. Read has testifH'tl that, in lJtah, tite State. is placer! hf'lwath the eltul'eh; that


the government is ecclesirtstic rathcl' than ciyil; wouM you adl1lit a Territory, ane! per-
mit that conclition of things to contiuuo f-A. 1 do llot thiuk that Brighrtm feels hilU-
seIf to be supreme over the govcrnment, cxcept so far [lS chureh affairs are concerned-
affairs thrtt (lo uot come into couftict with the organic law of tllc Territory.


Q. 1 ullclerstaur! that Brigham YOllug cow,iüers himself tite head of thf1 church, and
the controIler of civil afhürs as wen as ecclesiastica I j wouM yon be willing for that
form of government to continue in any State of this lJllion ?-A. 1 llncle!'stand that to
apply to t,lw HettleIlwllt of t.lwir own affairH, ami not to l11atters that wouId be within
t he province of State legislatioll. Tltero is no controversy hetweell the Mormons and
the p;ovcrnment, cxcept on this OIle f[uestion of llolygamy. The lllen ami women thero
have gro\Y1l 111' in [lolyp;amy--




LAWS DI UTAH.


By )11', C,'LLmI:
(2, \Vell, wo do not P1'OPO,O to kill tll'>lll, lmt we do lJi'Opos!' tn :;top polygam:., jf 1Y'~


<,an,-A. TJwy wonl,¡ cel'tainly cOIlHidel' it aH oppresHing allll p01'S""lIting them for t!wir
l'üJigioll.


Q. Nutwilhstalllling, it would only he tite enf(,rcement uf tIlO la\\' 01' 18G2,-A, Ye"
sir; 1 recollect that lasto Angust 01' Spptpll1ber 1 was, in convol'satiol\ with Ollll of tllo,il'
l'resi<lents, (they have Mlree presitlents.) Seycral cuugressmell Ita,l heell tltel''' reecutly
"ll un exelll'sion, There was considerahle discnssion reganling tite dillicnlties hetween
t.he 1lI0l'mous antl tlle goverllmellt. These }eatling ~lorlllons allntlll.1 to tilA oppre88ioll
rlwy had Cllllul'OU frolll tho governll1cnt, allll frulll the Gcntilo worlu. 1 said, "Gontle·
men, yon onght not to complain of tiloso persecntiolls. fi)r yon aekuo1Ylc,lgc that tlley
haye done a grcat deal to lmiltl you Ul'." He hall adlllitk,l tlmt tltey had, hnt,that,
llotwithstanding tlle beuefits which hall rcsllltetl. h(1 tllOught IlOllC tite hettcr oí' their
pcrsecntors, 1 stat,efl, 1 bolievo, my iirni eOllviction that life amll'l'Operty were a~ safp
in Utah as in any other COlllUlllllity in the enion. ] hay;) b"pn in that pOllntry mne]¡
with hcrds of stock, anu lllcn attcm1ing thOlll; autl thc ~fonnons nover trollhll'll me,
1101' did 1 evel' kllOW of auy Mormon interference, except whell tIH'~' burnctl tlH' traillR
allll took oft' tho stock, to ,lef,'at tite r",'prlllllpllt'R obje('t in gntl illg tlter,'.


By MI', \V.UlTl:
~, Diu yon e\Cer hear of any lllUl'uers in tltat Territory '?-A, 0, y", •.
~. Do you not believe that DI', Robillson was lIlunlered ~-A. Y(,S; 1 hal'c 1'C;(,011 to


[¡eheve so,
Q. Do you noL rcganl that as tilo reslllt of ~IorIllUll intcrferellce ?-A, \\'ell, 1 eanl10t


sa,y. 1 novel' heard of any investigation oí' the snbject, Tite pcople olltsitle Hay it wa~
the Morlllon8 who did it, al1d the ~Iormous say th<ly di<l !loto


Q. Yon have al ways had friell(lly rclations witll tite ~Iunllons ~-A. Yt's, ~il'; 1 ha ve
alwaY8 hatl pleasul1t relations with them,


Q. YOll have rather agreetl with them npon l1wHe matters?-A. \YeIl,I have nev<'l'
litado it a point to donouncc thcir rcligioll.


Q. Yon prohahly snstail1oc1 vulnahle busiIlC~S relations wit.1t thcm?-A, 1 hay e tra<1etl
witll them, sir, to au extent of llUurlrefls of tltonsan<ls of dollal's.


Q. YOUl' vic\vs \Yero [lS wel! knuwn tu thelll as tltey no\\' an' to tlli8 eOllllllittl'c'!-A,
Yes, sir; of conr8e, my views \n're knowll to tlwlIl.


By ~lr, ILI.:lIBLETo:\ :
(l· Yon have expressetl yonr opjniolls of polyg:\JIl)' to thom !-A. In (,oll\'01'8atio11 w¡11t


thom 1 llave asked their vi"w;,; amI r('aSOllS, alld have ])('V(,1' qlla.rrl'le,11"itll tlH>m 01'
abnsed them. 1 hayo toId thelll tltat if it hall heen 1'('v,.al".1 to t!JI'llI, jt was, of l'Ollrse.
a matter which 1 had no means 01' knowing. ' . '


Q. And did nut ]>1'0])08e to iuterf,>nl with '1-.\, 01' ,'0111'8(', 1 <li,l lJOt, ]>1'Op08" jo illte>
j'>1'e with thf'lIl .•




41ST CONGRESS,} nOUSE Ol!' IWPRESENTATIVES.
2d Session. {


REPORT
No. 22.


-_._--
_._~-- .-~:::- ~--_-:-=---=-.::-_--_. __ . __ c.


VAK WYCK VS. GREENE.


l"EBIWARY :1, 1870.-Lai<1 Oil the tahle an<l ordere(l to he pl'intetl.


}fr. R R. BU'I'L1<JR, from the COlllmittee of Elections, made tIle following


REPORT.
Tite Connnittee of Elections, to whom W((S referred the case of contest from


lite eleventh distrü:t of tite 8tate.ol New York, to '/Vit, C liarles H. Van
Wyck vs. George W. Greene, pl"esenteil the follolVing report :
The majority for the eOlltestee as l'eturned is three llUudreu aUI!


twenty-three. The contestant gave notice of his intentioll to contest
as l'equireu by law, and in said llotice he specified upon whut he relipd
and expected to provc. Contestallt charges fnmd ami illegality in
issuing naturalization papers, aucl illegal yoting, ami that the board oí'
inspection of registry aml éIection actecl unlawfully aml frauclulently.
The contestee clenics aU the allegatiolls, and in his answcr chargcs
íi:aud and ilIegality in issuillg' naturalizatioll papers in the illterest oí'
cOlltestaut, amI ilIegal YOtillg, alld the use of money to llire amI hrib!.'
voters hy contestant ancl his í'l'iends, but admits that the lluturalization
mentioned was irregul:lr.


'flte first to determine is, was the lIatllralization of foreig1wrs, as
~hOW11 hy the !ll'Oof, who participated in said electioll, done in compli-
:lllee with tlle laws of' the Unite<l Statei:l antl the State of Kcw York,
alld can we giye jt our sanetioll~ Tllc la\\" as dccided by tbe suprt'IlW.
court oi' tIte State oí' Nf\w York, (see BarboUl'~s Heports, Vol. XVIII,
page 444.) In that case tlle COlll't sai<l the power8 llpOIl courts in ad·
mitting aliens to tlle rights of citizellslJip are jmIicial alld 1l0t minis·
terial or elerieal, amI eOllSe(111eutly call11ot be delt'gated to the c101'k8,
and must be examined by the con1't iti:le1f. A11 examination must 1)('
made in eaeh ease sníliciellt to satist:r tlw cou)'t of the faets upon whieh
tbe applicatioll is basClI, amI n]loll whieh it lIIust fail if uot prOYt'1l tn
t11e satisfaetioll of the eourt. The eonrt, in the same case, adds: "'l'hp
practico of clerles oí' eOlll'ts in issnillg cprtiílcates of eitizenship withont
any application beillg ma(le to thc conrt, alHI on proof of residellce only,
is au abuse which lleeds be corrected." lIow utterly disregurded was
this deeision of tIte highest eonrt in the State in tIte llatnralizatioll 01'
foreigners in tIte cleventh distriet oí' the Statp, where tlle cleeision \Vas
matIe. By referencc to Sehednles n, e, D, anu li', bt'g'illning at pag-c
1;~3 of the printcu evidrnce, it will he ,,('eH that in the months of Sep·
tplllber alld October, 18G8, tlw two months preceding the election in
the aforesaid distrid, there were lIatmalizptl eight hundred person8
in oue county, to wit" Ornng-e. Contestee admits that there \Yere llatn·
r(llize<l in said county oí' Orallge, it lwillg' olle of tbn eounties compo8·
ing said eleventh eongl'eSSiOlWI llistriet, in the ;year 18G8, üight hundrt'd
alld thirty·tive persons, (see his bl'ief, page 4, at the top.) Conteste ..
sta tes that tlw answer to tllP Illlltllwl' 1"0 Ilatnralized i8 pxceedillgl~'




2 VAN WYCK VS. GREENE.
plain, as one-third of that number carne from counties outside of í5ai!I
district, and to sustain his statement he refers to the testimony of
Louis Ouddeback and King Chandler, on pages 188 amI ]89, printed
~~~ ,


On looking to the proof as per Schedules B, 0, D, aud :1<', \Ve find that
Cuddeback only issued about two hundred of the certificates of citizen
ship, and out of eight hundred and thirty-five issued in said county oí' •
Orange, consequently he did not oceupy the position to certi(y satisfac-
torily on that point, as three-fourths of said eight huudred and thirty-
five had recejved thei1' papers from his deputies and Rpecial deputies,
and at various places. Another excuse is given by the conteste e foI'
the large number naturalized in said county during tlle J"ear of 1868. That
is, that it was the first presidential election sin ce the rebellion, and that
during the rebellion that foreigners would uot file tlteil' deelarations of
intention to become citizens to avoid the draft, and tLut naturalizatioll
was during the war to a considerable extent suspended. Thf~re might
be something in tllat statement; but as a historienl fact we know that
in the year 1866, more thun ayear after the snrrender of the rehel
armies, New York elected a governor, members to the State legislature,
and memhers to the fortieth Congress, and the con test hetween Governor
Fenton and Mayor Hoffman was bitter and excited, and durillg that
year the usual num ber only were na.tlll'alized, to wit: from fifty to one
hundred. But in two months eight hundred foreigners are as by magie
changed from aliens to citizens of the United States, ready and tlllXiOUfl
to contribute their mite to thp party who put in motion tlle easy-going
machinery that so suddenly ami conveniently made them eitizens. By
referenee to Sehedules B, e, D, and F, it will be s('en tbat the llame of
Patriek O'Brion is put down as a witncss for forty-sevcll pel'sons to ob-
tain their naturalization papers. The evidence diseloses the fad tbat
there are four Patrick O'Brions, amI they are aU SWOI'll as to their heing
witnesses as aforesaid. Patriek No. 1 (see page 26) was a witlless fol'
three. Patrick No. 2 (page 18) was not :t \Vitness fol' any one. Patriek
No. 3, a witness fol' one, (pageR 30, 31,) aneI Pl1trick No. 4 fOI" oue. So
fort.y-two are disclaimed by the Patriek O'Brions. The pl'Oof fídly and
satisfactorily establiRhes the faet that the elerks amI deputics issuc(l
naturalization papers at various places othcr tha.n in eourt. Louis
Cuddeback swears (see page 188) that at one court he appointf',d four-
deputies to make out natul'alization papers, and that they operated in a
jury-room, amI that he (Cuddeback) made it a rule to visit said jury-
room amI see how thcy were getting along, and to see tbat they djd it
right. That on that occasion he was m, aml in gOillg to tIte water-
.closet he would caU in as he went hy the jury-room; and that tIle jndgc
took no part in the business, (see page 192, at the top.) Owen J)il1e;r
swears that he received his papers at the engine-house, and that there
were one hundred otherR there who were brought up from the eoal doek
in wagon s, (see page 2í.) J¡ewis E. Carr, on page 94, swears to tho
manner of proceeding in llaturalization cases in Newhurg, in Haicl dis-
trict in October, ]868.


Ll<JWIS E. CARR sworn for ~fr. Van \Vyck:
Question. \Vhere do you reside ?-Answer. Port .Jan1,.
Q. Wha,t i8 your occupation f-A. Lawyer.
Q. \Vas you present at the COllrt in Septembcrallll Octoh",r wbilc per~UllH were bcin¡¡


naturalized !-A. 1 was at the eourt in Newburg in SepternlJcr, mul at Goshen in 0("-
tober.


Q. Tell us what you saw as to the mode allllmalllH'r of natllralizing.-A. 1 tbink th"
,'lOllrt opened at Newburg about 11 0'c10ck a. m. Thcr(' werc many t,here to be nntn-




V.AN WYCK VS. GREEKE.


mlizcd. Tho confusion bccmnc 80 great that the clerk gave notice tIJat MI'. S. E. Dim-
mick woulfl go in tile petit jnry room amI issue papcrs there. MI'. Dimmick thcn left
the court-room, amI a great numbcr followed him. The crowd continued great, and
the clerk said MI'. ,Y. J. Dickson wouId go down in the grand jury room and issua
papers therc; he lcft the conrt-room amI a portion of thc crowd followed him. The
derk continue!! isauing papcra at the deRk t')l' some time, and a very little husineslI
was being done by the court; amI at about haIf-past 12 the judge camc down from hill
desk and wbi8pcrcd to the clerk that if be didn't sce him t,here the court was open all
tbe same. He tben took lús hat amlleft the court-room, and did not return until some
time past 2 o'elock. 800n after that MI'. Dickson rctnrned to the court-room, took his seat
inBide the llar, and commenced issuing papers thcrc. Tlwy continued issning papera
until after two o'clock, until abont all in the conrt-room had got their papers. Tha~
was about all 1 saw at Newburg; them werc, 1 tbought, dl1ring tbe time 1 was there,
abont one hl1ndrell naf,nralü~ed.


Q. Did the judge takc any part in the naturalization in any way Y-A. No.
Q. Yon say yon was l'resent at GOSIICIl; how was natlll'alization oyer thore 7-1..


T bere waB a Bpecüü terlll of tb.; /'Olluty COllrt held at GOShCll, and tbey were naturaliz-
ing people there; 1 was prCscllt,.


Q. How was it done there f-A. The cIcrk iHsned papers in the conrt-roolll, and MI'.
Elliot, tbe deputy elerk, issued fhem lIOWll stairs in the 8bcriff'~ room.


On page 3ü we haye the evidellce of George H. Clark as to Schedule
U; al so the time and illegal TIlallller in whieh tIte clerk Cuddeback did
business, to wit:


GEOI!ng H. CLAUl' S'YorJl 1'01' }lr. Vml "\Vydc:
Qnestion. Whcre do yon rCHilh, ?-AnHwer. 1\ewlmrg.
Q. What i8 yrmr profession ?-A. Law,Yer.
Q. Did :ron visit tluí rlerk'R ofti('c of this connty ; and ir so, wlwn f-.A. In the IllontJI


oi' Octobcr last, I thillk
Q. Fo1' what lJllrpose 'I-A. To examine t.he recor<l :lf! to fhe natnralization papen<


grallted at COllnty conrt in Newlmrg, in same and previous month.
Q. Did you examino rcconl an<l get cOI.ies of Rame ?-.A. Yeso
(~. Have :ron those copies with you 1-A. I believe I have.
(~. Will yon state whaí facts yon ohtained '/-A. First,I found lllell natnralized llpOIt


tbcir first palwr~. They wen' signed hy diffel'ent clerks, Cuddeback, Dick8()l1, Dim-
mick, Shaw, MillF;pan¡!;h. Next, the time WhCll each got first papers, and the clerk who
~igned tlwlll. l'ínxt, wlwll secoJl(1 papers were obtained, and clel'k who signed them;
:11111 witnesses to se~oIHl papera. 1 í')[llld in the case of l'atrick Flynn, who ohtainell
11i8 first papers, in Fcbrnary, 1866, tlmt his HCCOIul papers were obtained Septembcr 28,
1868, signed lJy L. Curldcbnck, without a witness. In case of .James Gorman, first
papAra ohtainecl Oetoher :n, 18G<i, at Ntlw Jersey, StOllt, clerk; sccond papers obtained
:-<cptcrnhcr 28, 1868, signed hy L. Cwl<lüback. Uohert MacFarlan obtained first paper~
Octoher 23, 18(iG, :md RI'"oJIII pall!'T'S tlcptemher :lO, 1868; Iast papenl signed by W. T.
Sbaw, as sp"dal deputy dl'rk.


Q. Does thc papel' SllOWIl yon contaill the mUlleS, together with the kind of informa-
tion ;ron haye atatell, of all tite llersons w hieh the county records show were natnralized
on preseutatioIl of Jirst papers at ~OUllty eonrt in Xewhnrg, in SClltember amI October
last Y-A. To the best oí' my beJief it does.


(Mr. Van 'Yyrk OfterA t.he papel' spoken of in evidenec. Objected to on the grol1nd
that it i8 Bot a c('rtifierl or exemplified eopy of t,he record of which it pnrports to giVfl
information, amI that it is impropero Ueeeived, :tnd marked Schedule B.)


Q. Dirl yon ascel'tain from the record s the names of othcr persons natnralized at same
court Y-A. 1 did; they purportell to he perRona natnralized on the gronnd tlmt they
were umler eightcen years of age when they e¡tme to this coulltry j 1 fonml t.he llamll
of the derk who signed the sl'paratc papers, the dates WhCIl obtainetl, antl the namll
oí' the witnesR.


(Paper sho",n witncss.)
Q. ])ocs the papel' contain al! tile iuformation whicb yon obtained fmm the records a~


10 that elasa of persons at the Newhnrg court Y-A. 1 believe it does.
(Papel' oft'eretI in evidence. Ohjectell to on Rame gronnds as Jast ahov('. Receive{j


a,nd markell Sehellnle C.)
Q. Fltatc any other faet )'011 oht:1Ínell whidl appears on Schedule C.-A. 1 fOllnd that


'JIÜ of the numbel' naturalized nndcr eightccll, the greater portion of t.he applicantB
;l1ld witneRRI'R Hignc(l thl'ir names hy making their marks; no resi(lcnce given ofnatu-
l'alized persons.


Q. From the Haid reeonls did 'yOIl obtain any information as to another elas8 01' per-
"<)I1H natnralizell at the same court. !-A. 1 did.


Q. Sta te it.-A. TlJose that were oht:tÍned on the purported grollnd that they had
he"n in tllP lllilital'y srni('p of the Unitcd Fltatt:A, 1 obtain~d the Dame :wd residence




4 VAN WYCK V& GREEXE.
oí" tho ill!1ividual natnraliwd, the ,lato or ]¡iK pap"\"o, :llH1 111(". !lalll" or IJj(' j']"':, O"
uC}Juty who siglled them.


(Paper shown witues~.)
Q. Doca this paper contaill that infol"lllatioll !-A. 1 bdkve it. üo,·s.
(l'rouucm1-objected to as beforc-and markc(1 Schedule D.)
Q. 'tV prc these reconls furuis]¡eü )'OU by the C01Ulty clm'k in tllfl ("'()llllty .. J,,"k·s oniel' ~­


A. Yes; aud told me by llÍlll to be the complete list of t]u\ nalll!\H of tite p"rsolls natural-
izc<1 at thc COllUty COll1't in Newbnrg, hclr1 in months of Sept"lllhcr :tUll (leto],"]" laHt.


Cross-examined:
Q. IIow many pcrsons appear to ha"f\ becnllatllraliw,! oi' th .. e1ass stat .. ,¡ ill S"lIt'lluk


H ?-A. About uinety.
The testimOnYOll the subject oí' naturalizatioll is very full, mul clearl~'


establishes the fact that the la\\' was totally disregarded amI frauds per-
petrated. The clerk, amI an his deputies, regular amI special, were delll-
ocrats, and worked in the interest of their political fÍ'iellcls. lt.further
appears from the evidence tlmt, before the said election, public attclltion
was directed to the frauds practiced in obtainillg naturalizatioll papen;
in saiel countyoí Orange, aml tItat tIte distriet attomey malle an e1fort
to have the matter invcstigated by a grand jury of tIte connt~c; aml tllat
after the subject had been bcforc tIlo grand jnry sm'eral days thefore-
lIlan notified the distriet attorllcy that he would not ud 011 the eases.
and had destroyed a part of t11e testimony takel1 befo re tIJe .inr;v, amI
wonld not surrender the same to tllc district attomey, m; the law directs.
And the facts and einmmstanel's warrant tlw assertioll that t11e demo-
cratic judge winked at tIle :;;allle. Hee tlw eyitle¡we on pages 41 amI 4~.
as follows:


Q. 'Vas gcneral att-eutioll eall,·,] lo (,]P('lio" aud natuntlization fI":t1H¡" in thi" l\OHlIl.I-
a11(1 your v{a1'd bf\forH "l,·,·ti01l '


(Objeetel1 to.)
A. There W118.
Q. 'Vas any iuvestigatiou matico ,yitlt tll" vi,·w oí" tls"ertailling H],'gal allll fl"allüllkm


Ilatnra!b:ation lJapers anl1 illegal yot,·s on 111<\ regist!"y li8tH; if so, whell, am1 where.
and l,y wholll '! Stat" fhlly.-A. The ou]y illY(,8tigalioll 1 kllow 01' "'as an iuvestigation
hefore the granel jnry 011 eomplaiuts agaillst parti('8 wllo"o llames appcare,l as wit-
nesses for various l,ersons in ohtaillillg theirunturalizat.ioll pape!"s. 1 was at that tim('
distriet uttOrIlI'y of tho eoullty, am1 ~nhp(l'jlae,l tho derk (ji" tlll' e01111ty, who aPlwan·rl
aud produced befor" tlle grmHI .inry tite afti,ladts UpOll \vhif"J¡ ('('rtifieates of llatllrali-
zatiou hall hCCll granted. OH tlUJt examillat ion 1 ~nbp(]'llaC(1 hcfore tlw :1;1"all(l jll!"~­
thc nffidavits UpOH \y!tich ccrtitieatl's uf llaturulizatiolJ had b('('n granÍ<·'1. On tlwt
examinatioll 1 suhp/puaed l)('fOl"() the grall,ljnry lllally men ",IIOSI' ,·crtili"at.es lw,l h('t'n
grantotl hut a short tilllt' l)l"(;vious hy tb· "lcrk o[ this ('-ollnty a}}(l t1"lllltieR. j'\ow r ti"
Tlot kllOW that 1 should state "hat took pl:we (lll tllt\ ",alllinatioll of thes,; l\l('n hd·u¡·,·
tho granel jury, lwcanse 1 waH distriet att()I'I}(·~'.


(Mr. Greene ohj" .. l'Ís to wituess disdosillg :llly of tlto ('stilllOl1y giYl'1l 1wt()f(' tI\(' gralHl
jury by witnesscs Hubl'(cuac,!lJl'[o!"e thl'lll ou thiH (Ji" any oth .. r suhjcct, for 1110 1"PllSOIlS
tlmt]m was thc prose(,llting attornpy 01' the '·01111t:.', adillg olllei:Llly; that the miuute"
of t.IHl grau,! jury are Hw l'rol'"rty oí" tlit, gnlll<1 jlli"y lllltil <1elivcrct! ll]l to tlw !lnw>-
eutillg offieer, and t,hat Ihe gil-illg oí" ,-,,}(-h t"stillHlJIY is to ("ontran'll(' amI d~f .. at th,·
whole obj"d of gralltl jnries; and ;'gain, t h:lt t h" Illillllt('S j]u·lIIs"h,·, :11-" 11", 11('.,1 ,,,- i-
,[enco of tlw t.estilllouy t"kcn l)('f()["(\ tI,,· gr:tlllljnry.


V{itIlCSS Atate., minutes are not in l'xistl'w·c.
~11". Oreenc asks that tlw ",ir.Uf·SS lH' n\qllir('¡J to stat" the 'Utll"'(' oj" !ti, i"i,mllati""


aH to the 1l011-cxistence of tlw lllinlli<'s; allt1 l\itJu"'s aus,yerH: :\Iy inj()I"IIl:ltion j, d,'-
rived fi-om a conimunieatioll llla<l.· h~' tJw g-nlll,ljlJl'~- in 01'('11 ("Ollrt jo tlw "Ollrt prior t"
th"ir disclwrge.


:\Ir. 'VilkinH for :\11'.-":111 "'Y"_k, insish Oll tlu· witn"" l'rlJ(·(·"tlitJi~.
~Ir. Grcene objeds.
The register rnl"H that- he canllot n'qllij'(' witn,·ss to di"']"s,, IcslinllJlly t:¡j"'1J ¡'''¡-nr¡'


-rhe gralld jnry while he 1\:lS ,1islriel- tlttOrlH'y; hal, ir tl", "it}} ... ", ]l1(':l"'" h .. ,':ln
pmeeed.)


On(\ witness was snhpn·n:H'<l :Igainst I'atri"k O'Jlri"l!. Tlw atli,]a vil, on ,y}¡i,.!t 1,,·
~ot bis papors·,vcl'C Hhowu t.o hÍlll, :-;jglled h,Y Patril'k CfBril'll, hy lllaking h1S llunk.
'l'his witness was the per~Oll llutnraliz,;,1.


The aftid:lvit siglled hy hilll jlu!"l'ortnü to ,!Jo\\" I}(\ (,:JUJ(' to Ihi, "olJlll!".\' 1m,I('1" "igh-
leell ~'eai's nf age. His Py¡,lélll'" "-:1" th:1t ¡\l' 'Ya, ],pj,n'('1J jltirty :llltl I"Ol"ty Y"ar, .. f




VAN WYCK VS. GREEJ\E. 5
,,~e w11ol1 he ('ame 1",1'(', o,. ()hler~I dOIl't, n'll\cllIhcr tlw ('xad age; that hA !lid not
know ] 'atriek O'Bri"ll ; j hat 1,,' r1i<1 110t kllOW who he was, "'hile tbe affidavit signed by
I'atrick O'lIriell to Hllch pap('r,~ plll'pol'tetl to Hhow that he hall lmown this witnesB fol'
the last ftve ycam, amI jltat lw cmne to this COllntr,Y 1<11(1<-1' eightccn ycars of age.


Th,'r,', w,>re oth('r l':lItiOR wllo ha,[ oht"ine<! natnralization whose ",itncsses Oll oh-
taining Hnch eertiJkatcH were Pat.riek O'Bricll, ,yhich cerhftcateR were obtained 011 tho
gronnd tl1at tia'.,' nrri\e,[ in thiH cOllntr,V lI",ler cighLcell year, of age, huI; ,,'ho tpstified
¡",fore the g'1':llld j1l1'~- tbey ,,-ere on,r "ighte,'n ycal's of agc whL'n tho.)' camo to this
;'ounÍlT.


ThiH' t(,Htilllon;> waH iakl'lI l,~' jlJe d,'l'lc of tlt(' gralltl .illry, all<l 1 think 1 condnMed
tlle exnmination ()]' tl](> g'l'"nt.,l' ]lart, 01' il.


This exaltllllatioll 1'all :tlOIl~ lhrongh h,-o 01' tltI'ce <la'y~, and jn~t lwfó1'(\ the grand
jnl'y w(:re lll'ing' tlisclt:Il';2;l'<l 1 ,,,as illflJI'IlIerl 1>y the foreman, in response to an inqniry
1 made, tllat they!lid Ilot ]ll'OpORI: to :Jd n)lon tiloso caRes. 1 t.heu uskcdthe clerk of
the grallll .inl',\' 1'''1' tlw lIlilllltcH oí' tll<' evidellee giY(,1l hcti)J'¡; R1H'b granel jnr~", m)(1 wa~
informed l,'y M1', Tllm""s ChrYHtie, the foreman, llmt a portioll of the evülenee ha(}
iJecn (]estro,Y('(l. 1 jol<l him 1 th(,ll ,,"ant",1 th(>, balance oí' tlt" cvidcuce; t,hat it was
nsnal amI clIstolllar,\' fe,,' gT:UlII .inrie;; tI) le:tve \Vith the (list.rict attOl'lley :dl cvidenco
tUkCll hdill'o thelll, ,·,hetEer illclicill\r'l}(H WCl'() [oullIl Or uot, amI 1 nevPr kacw of au
exceptjon lll'illg m:lfk in this "ollntr.,o t.o that rllle an<1 cnstOJu.


MI'. Ch1'ystil' snitl ]Ie \\'"nl<! Ilot g'in\ t,llIllH 11)) to n1<\ lllllPSS lw ha<l too 1 t.old him 1
shonld n]l]ll~' tn tlw eOllrt L,)l' ills(nll'Liolls as Lo what ShOlll<l lw done, Ho had tilo snh-
!,wuas that 1 )¡:t<1 iS;;111"[ rol' tI!' f;nh]l(P1willg oí' theso ,,'itlwsseH. He at ¡¡rsL refnsed to
give th" Wll)Hl'lllIH lJ:lek t,. lll('. 1 tol<! hilll th(\~O we1''' Illy prolll'!'ty; tltat they lmd hccll
l'rtll1'lw(l tu llH~ 11.Y th(' oJ'tlt,(,]" . ...:. t-:!'l'Yillt-:; tilenl, :\11<1 thOi-¡fl oHü'(-'l's ,,~olll(l t'XIlI'ct that 1
"oul(1 !toIIl ilH'lll '" 111\- Y011C'!((']'" ir 1 ,E,[ Jlot ,[!'!iyor thelll lJaek io UH:Ill. After somo
WOI'(1s 1 got tll(' sllhpll:II:I~.


Judg<\.1. F. lIa"lI:tnl was i)¡:'ll ho]¡lij,,~ tlJ(' ('i!'('uit ,'ourt allll conrt of oyer amI termi-
Jll'r. A few llIi1l11i-('s aftn!' ltly "ollvl'rS:lti(1II witl! Ml'.l'lIrys! ie, tIlO fOI'C1rmn of the gran<t
.in]')" eallll' illto eOllrt, presente(1 th,'ir illdictnll'lltR, :llH[ illí'01'lllCt! tlw conrt ihey h'Hl no
fllltll/:I' hnsillL'''. 1 tlll'll s[,Ii"d jo tI le, "ollrt, ill tlH'IH'l';;('llC" of tlle gralll[ jl1ry, t.hat
sllch gralHl jlll'y 1',,1'II;;C([ to gi\'Il 1110 (1,,' ,'.,·i,klleL' takml I)('[ore ihelll; jh"t, tlwy had
di'stl'o~Tt'(l a portiolL (ir ii, :1,"; ih('y hall infol'llU'tt llW, and \\TC'l'l' gOl11g- t.o dcstroy und
tlm;;¡lI:lH',I to ¡¡('Htro,- tIt" halan¡-('.


1 ,Yill hen' ":1)' i!l;lt "\11', l'llrysl il' infol'!lw,l HI!' tltat tt,(,y \n'l'(' going' to ,kHtrOY tito
i,,-idelle,'. hcJ,,1'1' lll('\' ,\">llt inio i11,' ""m'i;-¡'oOiI!.


1 tlH'n too k lile ,,¡'<"iioll oí' the la\\' rdatillg' 10 ¡!;l':tlld jllrj¡'R, :JlH[ .Jllrlg<' Harlla1'([ saiel
h() woul<lread ih,'m tI", jll'oyi"iow, 01' 1111> htll~ al'l'lit"a]'k to tl,i" qUl'slioll, lmt, tlHtt 110
lIa<l_ }}fI pO\\'t'l' io (lol11}H'I tlu' !-',T:lll<1.iUl'y to gin' Hit' the 11lllllltt'N.


U" th"ll 1'0:1<1 tll"lil t]", "",·t ion "f 1 1", J:¡ \\', aH ¡"llow,,:
•. Tlw l'evÍ~('(l :-:t:1111V' 1'1'(I\'id(':~ t11:d: c>'Yl'l';lc gralHl jlll'y lnay :I},poÍllt 0IW oi" tIleir 1111111-


],"1' to 1,,\ a ekrJ. tJ¡,'u'of, JI' l'],(''''''l'Y'' lllilll!t<'S uf tb('il' l'1'Ol·",,{lin~s alla of tlle eviclcllce
gh"'1l h.'¡ill'" tll"III, !,-hi,.]1 millul,'", ~k¡]l 1", <kliHl'('<l to tll,' (li"trict attorney oí' tho
l'tllI!l1.y, wlwll :-:0 din'('f('fl by tlw. gl'H1lfl .iu!'.'"."


AH"" he halll ... :"l i]¡"nl tI", la\\', T ohj('l'ted to jliH ili",ehar¡óng' thellllllltil they ~houlU
ad 111'011 111<: «lleKtioll, allll ddr'l'Illill" wltd)¡(']' tlle derk oí' tlll\ grulHI jnry 01" myseIf
,honl,¡ have tb" (,lIsto,[~" "I'ti", minllteR. Ifo sai(l to them: "Gelltlcuwll, yOHlIlay just
as well meet jhi" i''''l: lIU\\'. ,"OH 11:[(1 hdter I'dirl' to yOllr room milI disl'0se of this
InattCl' 01' (ltl~Htioll. Bi.'fol't'. ;roll p:o L ,,\'i11 agailL I'P~tc1 1.0 yon tlw l:ny;" alld he again
f,,[\tl ov,'!' to lhelll t h(' s"etioll :1 hoy(' :,tat",!.


The grall'[jnry ,venL tluWII to th" 1"00111, ,\'e!'(' gOl'" abnllt fin' minuteR, retnrned into
the eonrt.-TOoBl, :111<1 illfol'lIH'tl i]¡,', "')!!l't, tllar tl(('~' h:((1 yot"d 01' agre('¡] to deHt.roy tho
minutes, al1l1 tlwy hall ,]¡-sf 1'O}"('d tlwBl,


The eonrt tIlen ,1isehargT,[1 he gl':l 1I,ljlll'.\',
1 stat.ed'to the fO!'L'lllall am[ tll<' 1'00li'l, hotl], that ,¡JI [ ,,,k,,t! ,,-as tbat tllcy should


(,ither allow t!H'- ,'kl'].;: 01' t1l" gnllld jnl'~' 01' Ill'ysdf iu kCl'p t,1I,' lllillnt"s, so thl1t they
might he founa artel'\\'anls if lI«'~' \\'(']'); ,,-an(el!: alllll fnri ht'l' staletl that [he statutu
reqllirell ~hem to h" l'r,',,'ry,,¡j 'lI1l111ot (le"i ror'>'1.


Thosc- minutes 1 I1evt'l' fi:tW ;¡f"ten\':mb, :llIrl KII[11"",'<1 llwy wel'(l tle~tl'oy",<l aH stateu
by t,lw ¡(,reman ni" tI\(' gT:\iI<l.illl',\'.
(Thi~ eOllrt was 1I(,ld in tlw I'it,\ or ]\"wl>Ul'g', Odober \li!, lk<ic-', afk1" the rf'gist.ration


lI:lIt eOBlml'll{'(',l, amI 1Iefo[(', il,,: ('¡"dioll. amI aftel' i]¡(' l101dillg of tJlO COllllty court
rd\'rretl to, ai: whie!t such lal'ge wttlll':iliz:ltion ,,-a,; hall.)


Tlw Ilatnmli~,ttioll cst3,bli~hea hy thl' fOl'cg"oiup,' eyielenco was in the
intcrest of tht, eontcstep. It fmtltel' appl'ar¡; from tite evidmwe of .Joseph
Crawford, a witnctltl ofl'cred by t}lC eolltpstce, that a clerk, who was en"
gaged in thc llatnralihatioll lmsülctltl .iust lwforc tlw eleeíion of 1868,
llroposrd 10 fm'lIislt \yitness 0ig'hi IUllIdrpd 01' 011e thOlltl3,nd natnrali~a-




6 VAN WYCK VS. GREENE.
tion pape1's at a discount, provided they were for democrats. See his
testimony, pages 158 and 169, as foUows:


Qnestion. 'Vllere did they get their papel'~; at whieh place? -Answer. 1 call't tell
which court tltey got them in.


Q. In which of these plaees did they receive their 1'a1'e1'8, in Contpr stroet 01' tho
eornol' of Chambers and Center streets ?-A. 1 don't klWW whoro t1wy ~ot them; they
got them themselves.
(~. Did you 1l0t see naturalization11apeI;.S hamled theso llI"n in 011(' o]' the otlw[' 01' tIte'


l,la.ces mentioned by yon f-A. 1 rlid noto
Q. Did ;ron say to .James Fitzgibbons that he coultl ).(0 up town OH hllsineRR, if lw


wantcd to that day, and that his papers would be got for lIim '?-A. Not to lOj' 1'ocollec-
tion.


Q. What part did you tako in assisting UleSO mCll to got their papera, any othel' than
what yon ha\'e stated 1-1'.. 1 camo down here to Goshen, 011 t1w 19th of Odoucr, with
ten men, to help to get them their IHLperR. 1 weut up, and the court-room looke!l to
me like a democratie machine. 1 workell HOlllC time to g'ot thesc 1ll0n through. MI'. L.
Clark waa in the cOllrt-roolll; he was getting up all the papers that thero wero in th8
room that were democrats; stood tltp.re with them in his haml at tho derk's desk, hehi1ll1
the clerks, amI 1 waited for a long time to get a challce for these lllcn ; final1y 1 Hlippcd
the papera to OIlC of the cOllstable's hands-don't know his nallle-acting thcre; he pnt
tholll on the c1erk's desk, and after a while 1 got them through. 1 thell carne .low]l
stairs; 1 fonnd George }lillsJlangh sitting at this tab1c in thi" room; he had a lot of
papers uefore hilll. 1 then went to thc sheriff's room-1ittle room Oll other side; there
fonnd th<lm Illaking out papers there. 1 wcnt to Now York, as uefore stated, and weut
into this place at the comer of Cantel' and Chambers streets. 1 fonnd 1 ",as in the
wroIlg place. 1 then went to Center sh'eet democratic heaü'lllarters; thero 1 found men
who took charge ofthf'se men that 1 took down, 01' went down with me, und put thom
through. 1 also sawthe dcrk of the conrt; he ofI'erecl to fnrnish me eigllt lmndred 01'
one thousaml papers at a discOUllt. 1 tola him T lived in thc upper lJart of the city, anü
he told me to come clown in the lllornillg alld giyc him tbo names, ancl he wOllld fumish
me the papers the next morning, but 1 diu not go. 1 heliove that iR aH.


Q. How did you get these t",o papers !-A. Through thi~ dcul(Icratic. elerk oí the
court.


Q. How do you know he i~ ~l uemocraL f-1'.. He tolü me he W~H, aIl(l tlmt llll woulcl
1l0t give me one for $200 for auy other purpose than a (lmnoerat. 1 tol<1 him 1 was a
demoera t.
T~at witness was offered by contestee, ami thereby advt'l'tised to be


trnthful.
The contestee charge,.,-; that persons were illegally llaturalized in the


interest of the contestallt, amI on pago 14 of his brief gives tho naIlles
of the witnesses to establisb the fact. It appears fi:'om the evidence that
sorne sixteen persons were takcn to New York and naturalized,and, it
is reasonablo to suppose, in the interest of the contestant. Of that
number sorne of them did not vote, as appears frol1l the evidence of
James Fitzgibbons, page 32, relating that he was one of the sixteen,
and voted the democratic ticket.. Patrick Tyrell, page 19, obtainpd
papers, but did not vote. Two papers were, in addition, brought from
New York by Young or Orawford. The contestee states in his briof that,
in addition to these aboye namcd, one Anthony Gallani voted on bogus
naturalization papers, but in looking to his evidence, as cited by con-
testee, he denies to have been OIle 01' the sixteen taken to New York,
and was entitled to his papers if th(' proceedings had been regular.
Conteste e, at same page, eites lIeman T,ewis as an illegal yote1', when
the proof fully shows he was leg-ally naturalized, ami had aU tho other
qualifications of a yote1', (see his tcstimoIly, pages 11;4- and 165.) 0011-
testee states on page 18 oi' his b1'ief that A llgnstus Klemans, J OhIl D.
Van Vooris, George Lipp, JOllll Hyners, Jolm 1,. I,ohin, vVilliam Hall,
.John J. Basem, jr., Clodius Burard, Edwlml }laekey, JOhll P. Duhoins,
and ThoIllas Uise voted without heing entitled the1'eto, and cites to
prove the sarne the testimony of vVilliam Avery, pagos 220, 221, amI
222. On examination of tlle same we find no proof to show that Van
Vooris wasnot entitled to vote; but the proof shows that Klemans was




y AN WYCK YS. GREENE. 7


not elltitlod to \'OÍ('. ::-lallle witIteSR swears that George Li.pp was enti-
tIoa to yote, as he W;\i'i a Roldim', auJ tbat .Jo11n HynerR waR uot a voter
in tho place he voterl, amI that ,Tolm L. Ijobin was not a yo ter, ana that
,;aid William Hall vote([ tlu' aemoeratic ticket; aIRO, witness proves that
.Iolm .T. B:u;em was a ckrk at Xew York; aIRo, tltat CIodins Burard
was not a voter, amI that Bdward l\1acke~-, .101m 1'. Dubins, and Thomas
l:ice lived nt "\VestPoint. 't']¡c Cl'Ol'R-pxamination of tlle witnesses is
not VC'I'y satiRfactory abont Ronw of tILose who, he statcs, werc BOt CIl-
titled to vote, lmt take it to be trne as stated, aud it shows that nine out
of the eleycn were not t'ntitlod to yote, amI 011t' of tltat lllllllb(~r yoted
the den]()(~ratie tickl't. ConteRtce sta tes also in ltis brief, page 18, that
David 8. H¡tllley, .John F. J\1illel', ,101m Fritz, Charles n. Van \Vyck,
.Josepll H()(lgers, and Hobert Barton wcrc not entitlcd to yote, amI yoted
the repuhIican tickct; anü cites, to proye thc l"ame, the testimony of
Andre\\' ,T, nell, pages7R alHl 7!) of tllc l'chlltting' testilllony, and evi-
41ence of vVilliam ,Tordan, pagos 10, 11, and 12, same cyidence. Tlle
proof i8 Tlot Ra tisfadory, hut tends to show that Illost of those persons,
except General Van "\Vyek, ,,"ore in governmcnt employmout ut \Vash-
iJlgton, amI went home to yote, and were duly illter1'ogated at the polls.
Tlle proof sho,,"s that General Yan Wyck yoted at the same preeillct
whe1'e he has always \'ote<1.


Uontostee fllrther states in ]¡is b1'ief that tIte testimony shows that
Charles U. Yan \Vyck, on eIection day and tbe lllornillg following', de-
dared that he ,,"ould haye tlHí Reat 01' the Sittillg member if he was
beaten scyen hundred; that lw woul<l con test the same, and he would
get tlle seat; thus pr~iudging and presuming that the eOllllllittee and
tite HouRe wOllld do whateyer he lIlight, 1'01' his personal adyancement,
l'equire of th~m, whcther sustaincd by the testimony 01' noto \Vhen we
look to tile p1'oof, we find that it did not warrant that 1'emarkable state-
ment oi' contm;tee. TJet tlle witnes8 speak 1'01' hilllself:
QUe.~tiOIl. Dia 1 Hay :Lllythiu¡!; aoollt fralldlllellt 01' illegal voting wheu 1 spoke to yon


abont contl'stin¡!; tlw (,1 "etion ?-Answer. 1 thillk ron did.
Q. What did L say 1-:\. Ithink yonrremarks-wemsomething like this: "That ifwe


<litl IlOt lH\:tt yon by lllOnl tlulIl 900 01" 1,000 yon wOllltl con test tlle eleetioll, as yon
thought \VC w(,nl gOillg lo gct mOl"e frauduleut yotes than that."


Q. -'Vas anything Raid ahout tl1\\ character of tlwsc frandnlent votes ?-Á. 1 should
tbink noto


Tite cvidenee as to the illegal yoting of Andrew Schultz, Ahram
Bowlc, Ijyman P. 13rowll, .Jacoh R Schulti, Bently King, and Hollock
Titus, iR 1l0t Ratisfactory, (Ree the testimoll'y of Hobert B. Kiug, pages
227 aIH1228.) 'rhe proof shows that \Vhitncy Wood yoted thc republi-
can ticket, alld was 1l0t entitled to vote. The proof also shows, page
177, that Hugh J\filliken amI Iliram Comfort yoted thc republican
ticket, and they were illegal yoters. ,Tohn Sanders also yoted, and was
not elltitled, (see pageR. 1!)(j aIH11!)7.) \Villiam Taylor yoted illegalIy
the 1'epubliean ticket, (see pago 200.) Contestee says on page 1!) oí' his
1)rief, that D. F. Toz;e1' yotml illegally, but thc wibwss says he don't
know wbethl"r he yoted 01' not. .James Cranc also "\'ote41 the repllhlican
ticket and was not a legal yoter. The conteste e, on pago 20 of his brief,
gives the nameR oí' eigbt ]WrROllS \VIto, he RayR, yotel1 the republican
ticket amI were lIot entitled to "\'ote, aml cites t1le test.imolly of David
(}, Star, (pages 127, 128, and 12!) i) bnt 011 pa,ge ]29 witlless states that
he dirl not see them yot", llor kllows how tlH'y (lid yote. .J ames Ross
amI Charles Newman yotrd tlle repllbliean tieket and ,,"ere 1l0t eutitled
to yote, (see Patrick O'Collller's depositioll, page 15 of the rcbuttillg'
testimoll'y.) Contestep i'itates t1le cyidence oí' Charles C. Dell, to show
rllat two eolo1' .. 41 llIPIl yoted who had 1l0t the p1'opertJ' quülifieationR




8 VAX WYCK Yil. GREENE.


required l\y thc law1'\ o[ Ne\\' York, buí, he don't kuow hOl\' tIwy yoted.
Thus it is plain Ü'om the evidencc that illegal yotes were poned fOl' botl!
('ontestee a¡¡tI oOlltestallt. The next question that presellts itsclf is, fOl"
"hom (lid t11e persons· yott', that yoted npOIl the illegal natnralümtioll
papen;, amI "ho "ere disqnalificd othel'wise, and "llcther t11e e1eetiOlI
inslWelOl'S condncted tho election in snoh a malmer as to allthol'Íze aIHl
jústJf\ t]¡c eOllllllittee in disregardillg the yote of c(,1'taill wHnls amI clis-
tricts in said congressionaI district. If tIle eigM lllllldl'ed and t]¡irt~-­
Hn> f()l'eigllers ,,-ho. "ere llatnralized (as admitted by the contestee) Ül
Orang" UOllnt-y, in the 'year 1868, by tIle cIe11l0cl'atic del'k and hi1'\ delll-
oeratic deputi('s, are heItl to hayo been nnlawflll, amI they yoteü in t1w
interest 01' the part,)' that eOlltrollecl tIle con n'lIipllt madlinel''y for na tu·
ralization, it. wiU g-ivü the eontestant several lnm<ll'c!l majol'ity, afte!'
deductillg all fonnd to be illegal, [01' hitll. .


In the city of Newlmrg-, Fil'st \Van1, .lessl'ü i\lc1'it, a ,ritlH'ss on pag('~
48, 49, and [JO, states that 110 yoted illegally, ami that numhel' was
only a part in his opinioll \1'110 RO voted at sai<l pl'Ceilld. la lookillg to
1Iis testimony, he proves that Sehedule A, page 4S, colltaim; 140 who
yoted i1legally. The names are ginm, amI by lookillg to Schedule e,
pages 135, 1:.W, 137, 1:38, 139, 140, au<ll.lJ, RCn~ltt.y-1i\'ü oC iheRo nallle1'\
will be foum1, "hich estabIishe¡; beyond nny question that llllmbel' as
being illegal; tIle "itness sta tes that a bout l<cYenty yoted on these
papers"anü when thf' list is examineü allcl compare<l with Schedule e,
\Ve nnd. that there were 1'\eyenty-five, ,yltieh shows that this witn('ss is
quite accurate in his reeollectioll. Also, OH page ;')1, same witlless pre-
sents a list of tltirty-OllC wIlo voted at flaid precillct illegally; eigIlt of
that number is to be fonnd on Se]¡edllle e, which added to tite senmty-
five makes eighty-th1'ee wlto yoted, illegally, the delll()(~r~ttie tieket; and
tIle same "itness testifies that he was 'Yell aer¡uailltl'd witlr the yoter1'\
of the distríd, amI that bis l¡sts contaill OlW ltUlHlred nncl Heventy-one
who voted, alld illegally. .Jo1m JI. Drakc, a witlless 1'01' eonte~tallt,
begins his eviclence 011 llage 3U aud eOlldnr1e~ 011 pagc .1 . .:t., and ~,oI'rob­
orates amI stmllgtheus tIte eyic1elwe oi' 1\le1'it, iu fhe lIUmbl'I' oí' illegal
votes cast in said distriet, amI pIaees tIlO lllllll !Jer of llPI'sOlls ,dIO yoted
OIl taking the general oatlt at olle llUlH11'ed amI tifty; ¡mt his testilllony
on tIlat particlllar point is llOt so ¡;atisfaetol',V as .i\IerriWs, 1'01' i\Icrritt
s"ea!'s he was \Vell acquaiuted witIl the yotl'1'S of the distTict, aml that.
the lists he presenterl coataius tIte Wllllf>S 01' those \VIlo yoted illegally .
.A.nd the contcstee presellts no cYÍt1e!lee to (1isproY(~ Hw fad, amI tIle
committee ílllcl1'\ that at said distriet olle hundred amI forty yoted f'or
mmtestee who were not entitled to yott'. 'rlte tOWIl 01' IIall1ptonburg
next claims the attention of the cOllllllittel', amI frOIll tIte evidence of
,} ames H. ,Tackson, pago 61, it ap]lpars ihat tIle illSpcctOI'¡; refnsed to
comply with thc ]aw in plltting the pl'climiwll',V oath to tltose chal-
lenged, and from t11p evi<lenco of l1enr~- I~eollanl, pago mI, tllPy per-
sistea in violating tlte eIeetion la\\-, until olle lnllldred :111d sixt,y-two
]md voted, out of a poll or t,,-o llUllclr('(1 aJl(l HeYPllty-OI)(·. Donbtless
the dernoeratie inspeetors kuow tiJa!' a11 hall yoted w110 wouM be pro-
hibited by the pre1iminary oath, anll w]¡ell the OIlP hllndred alld sixt~-­
two voters applied to yotp, they beealllC' YPl'y llllleh in úlYor of cOlllpl,Y-
ing with tite la,\'. TIte testimoll'y h; H'l'Y sati:,;fadol'Y as 10 tIte uulawfnl
miscondllct of the inspector;;, hut llot so sa LiH['adory ¡t¡; to the Tlullil)('!'
of illegal votes polled; but tIte best j)l'oof pla{'('s th(~ 11llll1bpI' at twenty-
eighL, (1'\e0 page (j;).) 'l'iw tpstilll;my b::-lIl'illg OH this distrid ii; to be
fonnrl fl'orn page 00 to (¡5. Tite ('lJllchwt oi' ¡Ile' illspPetOl'fl at tlw 1ir~t;
clish'i(·t ofGoslwll was yer~- unbneomillg' llll'lI, di¡.;(~l¡al'ging a Jluhlw




y AN WYCK VS. C'REENE. 9


duty, and tlley \\'P1'e ai<leü :lIld elleour:1!l;ed b.\"' tLosp WllO knew better,
amI should han' endeaH)]'cd to llLJllold and stlRtaill the law, ratIter tban
('Ileourage and adyi/;e to "iolation oí' tIte same. Dayid Hcdfield, a wit-
!\e,,~, who ,,'as an jll.~pectDr oí' the elpctj()]l in flai<l district, but who was
ill a mitlOl'ityand was (~olllpell('¡1 to snhlllit to :lo majority, presellts a
lamentable statl' oi' facts, (s('e 11i8 testimony, c0Il1111encillg' Oll page 87.)
Fl'Oll1 his jpstilllOIly, Cml y \'f)tpd OH illegal papers for illO emd PRtee. As
to the partinl alHl llnlawfnl 1l1'Oceedillgs and illega] yoting', he iR
strengtltelle<l all(l ('oITollol'atl'd by tlw testimony oí" ,JeTr,\- :11apeR, Oll
pagCfl 78, 7D, alHl 80, a!Hl of H(~Ill',\' C. ])lIl'.\'ea, OH pagefl SI. alld 84-; m:
the witnessl's rlitfel' as to the 1Il11111H'1', thp ('omntittee plaees t,Jle number
at ten, thp lo\Yest tigUl'('.


TIte proof afl to tlw fimt ¡1 i"t1'i('t 01' Kt'\Ylllll'g' will 11(' fOl!Jl(l OH page;;
;).3,34. ;¡;¡. m,,1 ;W. Dani('l rr. \\'c('<1 swear:,; tllHt he had rcsided in thc
Ilistriét aÚotlt thi1't.r-dght ,Ycm;;, and lmc\y most of tite yoterR, amI that
lllOn'. thau llitwt('Ptl yotpü on i11eg:11 pape]'s tlw (lcl\louati(; tid::et. 1\ t
tlw .Fourth ,,'nl'll oi' N('wlml'g, TltOIllH;; Booth, a ,,'itIlCS,;, swears 011
pages ;)7 amI 38 t ltat he lwd l'(';;idpri il1 ;;:riel wan1 0"1'1' tl1i1'to" ycar¡.;, aIla
lmew tite yotl·s of tlte Nallle, a11(1 tltat fifty-olle or fifty-two yotcd ilIe-
gaIly the lIeI!locrMie ticket, and ilwre iN no ('"ideuee to relHlt tIte ¡.;ame.
_H tite S"cond \vanl oí" N ew1nl1'g, 'l'ltomas JUeAlles, 011 pagPN '1-;1, 4o, amI
,ti, swearfl that he Itas liyed ia ¡.;aid wanl fifteen yenrs, Hlld knowil t1H'
yotCI'il, alld attelldetl said wanl as au illNpedor, alld tltat fifty voted ou
illf'ga1 papers 1'01' the üCllIo('ra('y. JIe swears froIn a list he had in his
posse:,;"ioll. :No eyidcnce :lpp('nrs to l'f'llllt the smne. A1so at tIte Thin1
'lY<ll'd 01' ;.r('wbn1'g', Oll pngp~ eH alHi 43, ,101m ()ol'\rill, an inspector oí'
l'egistl'y aIHl ('leetio!l il1 :';:lill w:mI, had lin'tI in tlt(' wanl llcarl'y two
.ycal's, amI in tIte eH,y t1tirty .\'('a1's; klll'W lIlost oi' tlIl' yoh']'s, aml tllat
nine or ten yotpü f()r tlw (lt'lI1oerae.v OH illegal pape!'s. ::\'0 ]'cbnt.tillg"
cyidenee appeal'S in tlt(' reco1'<1. AIso the 1lr"t di;,;triet oí' ;.row'Vind-
sor, on pages 57 allü [j8, ,r. J)p "'ít (; \\' alsh s\vears hf' l'p;.;i(le<1 in Raid
üistritt fift.\' years; that. folll' yot('(l fol' t110 üeJllo('raey 011 tIlOse illegal
papers, aml tll('se llallleS ¡¡ppeal' 011 Sclwdlllp C. As to tite ilIegal ,'oting
at Chl'Stf'l', (on pagp,; US a\l(l (;!I,) ,,'ilii:iln King' s\Y('ar;; that he has re-
:,;i.}('d in :,;aül .1isüiet t\n'llty-th'e Ol' tbirty yr'ar", alHl kllf'W tite yoters
generaIl)', :md t1lat t\\,('I\'(; yot<'d, OH ill('gal papen.:, tlH' <1pllloeratic
tiekl't. This is ('Ol'ohOl'atp(1 hy Jlm:tl'll, Dnr1al1d, and Postl'l', 011 page
fin, amI by Vail, OH ]lag'o 70. At tIte s('conü cljstriet of OOSlWlI, (01' Mape's
Comer,) OH page 8(i, ,Jolm K:ty:tllallgh s\\,('ar;; that tf'Il yoted tlle demo-
eratin ticket OI! illeg:ll p:lper:-;, milI giyc;; their l1lull{'f;. A 1:';0 at J fighland
:\1ills, tOWII of :!\Iolll'Oe, png('s 1:!3 aud l~G, Saullwl H. 'Yeeks, a witness,
swearR that he has l'psidpü tll('l'(~ fol'ty-otl(' ye:11':';, alld attell(h~(1 t.lte elee·
rioll in sai.d district a:-.: an inspector, aml that. tltirt('('1l yot('.l OH illega1
papers, the demoeratie ti(·kl't. .A.Iso ut ilw tO\nI oí' :JIOlll'OP, di¡,ürict one,
OH page l~G, Hobe!'t ~\shlllall s\wars tllat J1(\ has l'c:,;üled in said dis-
tl'iet forty year:,;, alld att,'lllkd ih(' ('le('1 ion aR :lll ÍIts[leetor, and that
th('re were frOIIl twplyc to hn'Ht,\- Yot('(1 011 illegal papt'rs; :lIld two de-
sprU'I'S-OIlC yot.ed thp republie:1lI ticket. The eOllllllittée phlCf'd t.he
1Il11111H'r at tltirtel'll ,,'ho \oled illpg·ally ni(' IlplllO('l'atie ticket. AIso at
}liddldoWll, in iltf' tOWll 01' ,\\'a11kil1, ,loseph Cm\yfol'(1, a \Yitnt'Rfl, calleel
l)~· eOlltesÜ't', swmus that he allll Cololl<'l Yonng' stood behind the in-
";1}('ct01"~, amI Lhat fl'Olll sixty to "('\PHiy }lí'l'SOllN l'l'gist(,l'ed 011 papei'fl
olllaillc<! at Xcw Yo!'k, amI t]¡at they took :t JIlCIIlOralldulll of the flameo
. \1so S:tlll(' witlless swears that forly \y('l'f' l'ngist(,],<'lt OIt Ol'ange Oounty
]HlJ)(~]'I', makillg OHe IIlUId!'!'.1 by t1)(' 10west figures. Same witnefls sweal'S
,llat tltcs(' P('l'¡';OIlS lIe\'l'l' weut arter l lIcit· - papC'I'N lIor \vent off their




10 y AN WYCK VS. GREENE.
work. (See testimony, pages Hil and 162.) H. B. Young, a witness for
eontestee, swears, on page 186, tilat sixty·four voted on the New York
papers, amI aU on the Orange County papers, the democratic ticket.
AIso at the first district of Oocheeton, Sllllivan Connty, Gideon \Yales,
on page 107, swears that he has lived there since 1852, amI that
twenty·six voted at that distriet, and gives their nHlllPE> aE> ver Schedule
(J; but witness eannot state how they voted. Tlle laws were violated and
tlisregarded by the inspectol's of the eleetioll .. AH three of ·the inspeet·
ors were democrats, alld one of them not legally appoilltpd. \Yhil(> the
proof shows no increase in the popülation, tilere \vas a gaill oí' more
than fifty votes in said elistriet fol' the democraey, amI the republieans
polled their usual rate, amI but Olle conclusioll can be arrived at from
the faets in the case, that t-he twentY·Rix illegal votes-if not more-
voted the demoeratic ticket. In Lumberland distriet, Osear hunbert,
on page 116, swears that he has alwa~·slived in said distriet, amI thatthrcc
porsons voted illegalIy the demoeratie tieket. 'l'lte inRpectOl's ,,'ere all
tlemocrats, and showed mnch partiality, amI the delllocrats forllled a ring
aronnd, so that no one conld chal1ellge tile voten" alld the vote was
largcly increaRed for the delllocracy, while tlwr(\ wm;; 110 ¡Herease in the
population, or falliug off of the repul)lican vote. Also at POl't ,Jervis,
town of Deerpark, third district, G. F. Vinall, a witneRs, (on pago 97,)
swcars he has reRided in said diRtrict six ycars; that POl't ,Tervis is an
incorporated yillage; that six persOIlH yoted who \Vere not on the regis·
try, five voting the demoeratic, one the repnhlicall ticket, which,
after taking tho ono republican yote frolll the fiye democratic votes,
leaves fonr illegal votes for the tlernoeraey. Same witness, on salllO
pago, testifies to four more votes polIed for thc democnlcy on illegal
papers, signed by Jarvis, alld particular attention is called to the evidenco
on page 7:3, so as to 8how tho charactcr of the papers signed by Jar·
vis. Also said evidenee, on page 73, discloses further and other natnral·
ization frauds. Thus it will be scen frolll the foregoing evidence, thU3
,~t the aforesaid districts the contestee reccivcd fonr hundred and ninety·
¡¡lix illega! votes, as folIows:
l!'irst ward, Newburg ......................................... .
Town of HaIlll'tonbnrg ....................................... .
First district, Goshen ................................•........
First district, N e w burg ....................................... .
Second ward, Newburg ....................................... .
'rhird ward, Newburg ....................................... .
Fourth ward, Newbnrg ....................................... .
l!~irst district, Now Windsor ................................... .
Chester ..................................................... .
Second district, Goshen ....................................... .
Highland Mills .............................................. .
Town of Monroe, firRt elistrict ............ _ .................. - ..
:Middletown, WallkilL ................................. _ ....... .
First distriet, Oochecton _ . _ . . . .. ........ ... . . . .. ........ . .... .
Lumberland ................................................. .
Port ,J ervis. . . . . . . . .. .................. . .................... .


140
28
10
19
50


9
50
4


12
10
13
V~


100
2fi


Total .................................................. 49G


By taking the majority of eontest,ee, whieh was three hundred alld
tweníy·three, from the fonr hundred amI ninety·six illegal votes polled
ti)}' him, anel it gives the eonteRtant a majority of olle 11l111dred aml




VAN \VYCK VS. GREEISE. 11


sevellty-thl'ee. Tlle (\OllteRtce charges that there were illegal votes
polled for contestant, ,,-hich was fOH]](1 to he true. Twenfy voted on
Poughkeepsie papen;, (see tlle evídence of \Yilson, on page 217;) also
two on New York papeni, amI twelve otherR, (Ree pageR 8 and n of this
report,) lllakíng in the aggregate thirty-four; by taking that number
from tlle oIle hnndred a1l(1 RPYeIü.)'-thl'pp, it leaves a majority fol' con-
testant of one lmndred aneI thil'ty-uinc.


Eut the proof diseloses otller <amI furt.her fraudl'l; aud it i8 safe to
ínfer tllat out of more Hum eight hundrecl perl'lons uaturalized as afore--
said, withill two months preeeding flll unusually excited con test fol' Presi-
(leut, go,-ernol', and membcl's of UOllgress, to say nothing of the other
offices that were to he filled, that said perso11S yoted, and voted fol' con-
testee. Alld while it is trne that the pl'oof shows that sorne few pel'SOllS
voted 011 lilce ilIegal papel's fol' the c011test<1llt, amI sorne few othel'wisC'
illegal votes were poll!~(l fol' him, the proof is oH'n,helllling lo show that
if none lmll voted onl.)' tllose entitleü to do so by la,w, the contestant'R
lllajol'ity would lIaye hcell seyeral lnmul'ed. While t11e COilllllittee
shouId be .,,10"" to tIn'Ow out the whole vote 01' a wal'd ol' distriet, neyer-
theless, if tho facts and circuIllstallcC's show that the inspectors of the
registl'Y and eIeetioll knowing-ly produced frands, ami yiolated the
election la,ws, and permitted illegal yotillg, ami the polls ean't be purged,
tlle whole vote should he tltro\Yl1 out. Does the pl'oceeding at the fil'st
ward of Newbul'g justi{y tIlo vote being throwIl O\lt~ Jolm H. Dl'ake,
a witlless, testifies on page :m as füllows :


JOHN H. DIUKE sworn for 1\11'. Van \V,rek:
Question. \Vhero did you resido last Noyomber t-~\llSWl'l'. In First wan1 of' eity of


}\ewbllrg, ami hayo resided thel'o Hinco 1846 with cxceptioll of about six yca1'8.
Q. Was you:m inspeet.or at.last eleetion in Fi1'st warrl ?-A. Yeso
Q. PIease state aU that. tonJe placo at elcction on that <lay.-A. Irnmerliat.ely after tI",


"pening nf the po1l8 one of Ute lllen offering to yote \Vas citaUenged. 1 askeu to han'
tite p1'elimiuary oath administered to llilll; the other two inspectors ref'use(I to hay('
tho preliminary oath put; thoy put to him what is known, 1 8UppOSO, as tho general
oath from tho registry la \L 1 objccted t() that, and sent and got a copy of the electiol\
law in which werA tiHl oatita, which law ana its forms they refused to use, and insistc(l
npon amI did use the gcnm'al oatit. 'I'llere were about forty men challen¡¡;ed one after
tlle other. I requested that the Vl'pliminal'Y oath sl1ollI<l be put Lo cacll of these lllon;
tlle other two illRpeet.ors refllHed to aIlow it to be put except in one instance. In thi:<
I\xcepteu caSl' 1 went 011 tn examine tlle ;,otel', followin¡¡; the qUflstiollS put down in
tho eleetion law; tho other two ÍllHlwctors informed llÍm tllat he nec(1 uot answcr the
(lllcstioIlS, autl to paRS on, amI l'eceiveu hia ballots. 1 thou said t.o tIlo otller tW('
inspectors that it wouhl be uHel(\~s for me to object 01' to ask to put the preliminar,.
oath to auy mau chaUeuged if tltey were going to oyerrule it, and that we !tau bettcr
settle the Ijuestion then, amI 1 titeu a~ked them that tlHly consent to put tite prelimi-
nary oath to any lIian that shonld be ehallengcd, amI titey gave me to nnderst:1nd that
thoy would not do it, yer,') plainly. 1 tlum told them that I protesteu against their
l·nling. and 1 wanted thera to recollect it. The preIi)ninal'y oat!t wa8 pul, once aftcl'
that. in tite aftcl'noon, to aman wl!OH(\ name, lthillk, waH \Villiams, who testified that
ho was at work at the coal do ('k ; tImt his t,unily lived somcwherc in Hlator County; 1
thiuk Romlout. He went a shol't distanc!' from the polls, and Mr. \Vilson, one of the
inspectors, called him haek, told him !te was eatitIed to a votA; 80me onc furnislled him
with a 1'011 of tickets, marketl aH t,!tr, demoeratie tickets, and he yoted. IlIlmelliately
after the polla opened, and tlw 19th voter OH the poll-list, a \nan voted nuder the name
of Rernard Lyuch, frolll tlollth \Yater s(,reet. Quite a long timo afterward Bernard
Lyuch appearnd. There WUH but ono R,>rnal'd Lynch npon the rcgistl'y, aad on oxam-
ination it was fOllllU that thut 1l:UlH', had becn votptl npo]}. 'I'he other two inspectors,
how/,yer, decidcd to l'ccoivc :md ditll'ecf'iyo the vote (jf Bcrnanl Lynch, No. 2, which
\Vas Illarked on the outsido as dcmo('ratic tiekets; 1 dou't kllow what was illside. 1
have examinc<l the poll-list and 1 have lWi'1l uuahl" to tinrl the name of Bernard
Lynch upon it, exccpt the OllA yoting thc 19th lIlan. 1 fiad the 2418t voter upon
the poll-list iR pllt down as TholllltS LYll('h; tlmt the til'st llamo had heen erused aml
t he w01'(I TllOlJIas writtrm over it" amI tlwre are tmees still upon tite poll-list of
rhe first llame that !t:ul IJ('<1n wl'ittf'a thnc. amI it. looks to hase hppn the namo of RN'-
Il,ml eras(>(1. TllP TI is 'lui[," olistineL There Wf're two Patrick O'Brialls OH the check-




12 VAN WYCK VS. GREENE.
-list, anll fom ll!uJer tlw llauw of Patrick O'Erian vot.etl; tllere ueinl-( hut two 011 tl1"


l"el-(istry. Tilo,)! aro Tlumbered.on t.1Hl }loll-list as f);!, :{47, 455, a1HI fill". The elerk,
ne-yer gayo me any intilllation that tlw 1hinl Illllll voting a~ Patriek O'Erian was not
upon t11(' (']¡eck-li,t, and 1 only discovcred it by comparing the check-list \Vith tlH'
poll-list. ,,'hen tito fOUl'th l'atrick O'Brim} eanl<' t.o vMe, ho,,-(w('r, tbo eIorks iJl-
tormed 118 that tho llame hall hoen yotod OH; tIlO other two inspeet-ol's, however,
dccitletl to l'cceiyc, and did l'eeCiH', tlle halIots of said Patrick O'Erian, No. 4, in
whidL 1 then anc1 thcre ohjcctcd, alld thoso hallots \Yere mark('t! 011 tho' ontside domo-
,·ratic. Atkr tlw polls \Vere elosotl, \Ve eouLl'arc(l t,llC clerk',; polI-lists, alHl Jinding thCllL
to a¡!;l'ce, \\'e ulllocked the first hox, t urne<l tho ltaJlots out on tI 'e tahle mlll fonncl al'
,'xce,s ofhallots, 1 think, to the nmnher ofkn OH'}' thn nlllnlH'r ]lUt. down on the !IOll-
l;,;t" amI put tlw hallots ¡mek in tho box agaill. Tile otILer t,,,"o ins]leel.ors tkcidc,l that
one 01' tlwm should draw out the snrplus hallnt,; he di,l <lmw thmll ont-tlrcw out all
th(' rcpuhlicalls uut ono 01' two-and aft,'r h;wing drawn th"lIl out thcy "','l"('. ¡\,·stroyetl.
1 will llore stato thero \Vas lLO difficllHy in telling, ÚOlLl tll(' tonel!, tlte (litt'cn'uct1
hct,,"ecn the c1Clllocratic andl'epnhlican hallot,. After tlw dcstrnetiull of Llll:se hallob
the remaiuing hallots were eOllntell, allll after eOllllt.ill¡!; thenL tlw ]"('su]t "'as pnbliely
,ledaretl. TIJO secoll(l uox \yas then tUl'llctl out, eout:tining the Stat.P. j,ickd. antl ]
thiuk Lito excess oi' hallots in tltat hox oycr mul ahoye t1w uUlllhel' OB the I'ull-list waH
"ip;ht 01' tt'n-I think tcn. They \wrn all put llacle in tlw hux; th" ntlH'r t\\'o inspcdor,
deeitlo(l that olle oí" tlwm shoul(l draw out the snrplns h,tllot", TIl<''y ,Irew ont all t1to
lmllot.s ill cxccss-all re¡mblieau except, O!le ur t\\'o-an,1 ,1"H(royed t!ten!. Aner t,llat,
the remaining ballot, ",ere conllted, Anor th(·y \\,('I'e eOlllltc,1 tl1<' l"'sult \Vas Pllblicly
.lcclared. TiLe thinl hox \Yas til('ll tnrne<lnl', contaiuin:; as",'mbly l>allotH, 'tlul w!ten \y"
"ame to COUllt over those lmllots \I'e i'JUllll \\'e liad tc:n mon: tltcrc tlulIL tIJt'l'ull-li.st called
for.\Ve then conclntlcd to P;lJ haek antll'e-l'Xallline the 1'o11-li8t, amI "' .. iÚllnd that hoth
dcrks had made a lllistakc often ,"otes in a(ldiu:;. "'c had tom IIp the sllrplus hallot.,
and hatl taken llO account 01' thcm. 'Ve t!ten consult .. c1 mi to w!tat was l'('st lo <10, all(1
after a. consllltation the otho1' Í\'I"O decide(] to ad,] to tho eonnt. so lIlllny of eaeh kind of
ha11ot, tIlO ",!tole Humher eqnal to tlw wrl'lns. 1 objedeü to a11 this OH tho ¡!;rouml tha1.
tito rcsult had becll Pllhliely t1eclflrctl aIHI tho lJallots tlcslroy .. d. Thl'y then :uldeil 011
the amollnt theya110wed (In ea eh si,lo to the s<,yeral e,müiflat.Ps, 'fhc t\\'o othel' ill-
~pActors \Vere (lemo(,1'at8, antllllnü .. rstootl amI IIdie,,(;ü hotll tlte t:!('l'ks to he' '¡';JllOcrats.


Said ward g:we a ma,iOl'ity of 131 fol' eOlltest!'('. .Also, by examining
thc proof, it will be seen that the illspedors of t1lc eleetioll rcferrcd to
put the pl'elilllinary oath to pmsons dlallpllg('(l, ami lIKcd tlw general
oath, aH in (Urcet violation of t1le Rtatnte i 11 KllC1l ('aRP ma<le amI ])1'0-
vided.


Theillspeetors of the eleetion at t11c town of 1 Iarllptonlmrg acte¡] unJaw-
fully and coi.'rnpUy .


• James R. Jaeksoll testified as follO\n; on tllt' eondnd oi' t1l(' P}pdioll
inspectors at said district:


.T.nms H. JACK60X S\YOl'Il for Mr. Van \Vyck:
QnestioIl \\'11<'1'0 <lo yOll reside ~-Alls\\'er. TO\Yll of HallLl'tonhul"g.
Q. How long haye :yOll l"('sidcd thnt'.!-A. Almost t,w"nty-tltn'(' years; \yaS UOI'll


there.
Q. Diel yOll attend last presi,lf'ntial ('I"etion, nlL,l in ,vhat capacity 't-A. Y"", sir; a~


illHpeetor of dection. .
Q. Did :yon also a1,te1ll1 at, tho I'e¡.dstmtioll ?-~\. Ycs, Hir; as '111H'lllh('r of t-h" board.
Q. State wh:1t took place "t 1'egist.ration at yOllT 1>0,,1'Il.-/l.. The 1i1's(. day wo nU1(lo


out a !le\Y l'egisíry hy (,oJlyinp; frolll the l'('gistI'Y of tI .... :\"(;a1' l>"fo1"·.
Q, 'Yere lUan y !le\\" names pUL uu tlw l'egisÍl'y laNt fall!
(Ohjectcd to í"or reason tll:1t t1l,,1'(, iR 110 e\'Ílknce to shO\\' that tI", 1'e¡!;iRtry list of laHt


i'nll 01' iho dcction preyious are 10Rt 01' tlestroy("¡; tlwt they 'Ir(, ilw J)(':;1, t'vitlenel' 01'
what was done 1>y the inspcctor,,;.)


A. Yes, sir; quite a nUlllllcI'; from thirt~' tn fin.v; proha¡'l~' Jll{)T'<'.
Q. 'V crclllost oftl.Lese men st,range1'H in yonrto\v1I '{-:\. "\ large llllllllwl'\n,n·. str:Lllg"""


to me.
Q. Do ;ron know t.110 \'ote1'8 i1l that tOIVn gell(']'ally '1-,\. A majol'ity (lf tlu'rn.
Q. Is it a :illlall, compaet, antl agricnltllral tO\\'1l '!-A, Vt'H, sir.
Q. Diel you object to uny of t],('8(' IllPU beill¡!; l'egisten',l ?-A. Yes, sil". (l. 'Vhat let! :yon to ohject t-A, 1 \Yas letl to l,dien, that tlley J¡;ul not 11,,"11 in t.hi,


('Ollllt1'y long cllough, and that tlwy It'Hl got t1l"i,. l'apel's fmlll No\Y York \yithout p;Oillg
aftel' t ]¡PIll.


Q. Did 1ho H!en protlnce lUHl NhoY\' their ]lap"l's C!_~\, YeN, sil",
q. "'('n' the, SWOl'lL ?-A. No, sir; t.Itey wOllltlnot. 111> H\YOl'n.




VAN WYCK VS. GREENE. 13
Q. lli<1 Uw I'Pgistral' ask to haye them ~w()1'lI '!-A. 1 askclI to have thclllswol'll.
Q. What lIid tilO other l'egi,,,lral's ,lo f-A. They Rai,l 1 conltl swear them if 1 was a


mind too 1 tried to adlllinister the oath to them; th"y \\'OUlll not swear, au,l 1 tohl
thom they could not he regiRteretl, ami t!wn tite other mClllberH of the board said their
llames must he Imt lIown 011 the rcgistry, heeause theHo llWll hall thcir papera, and
t,lH\ir llames shoultl be and ",ere registcred.
(~. Dirl any of thcs" men lllake any statenwnts, not 1l1llIer uath, as to how IOllg they


hall heen in this eountl'y'/-A. 1 asked one lIlan llOW long Iw harl hcen herp, amI he said
I'onr yeara ami two mOlltlls. It was ?lbthcw Gil!. -
<~. Was he I"'gistered ~-A. Yes, sir; amI aftorwal'd voted. (l. Who hall Oliver 1'. Colmnan's llanw registeretl '?-"\. 1 dou't relllemlwl'; proba!.>l:¡-


OllO of tite otlw!' registrar:;; MI'. Bootll, he hnll a list of llames to put dowll.
Q. \Vltat are the nllnl('S :11,,1 politicos of the otlH'r registrars alld iUH]Jeeto],H 01' your


hoard f-A. Dayiü II. ]lootlt ami Jobul'. Mouell, dCllIocrats, and myself, a r(,pllblican.
lloth of tlle clerks \Vere dCll1oerats.


Q. Dill thia Colmnall vote Oll clr,ction rla~·?-A. Ytls.
Q. Was he ehallcllgt,tl ?-A. Y!'H, Hil', lw \Vas, amI took th", prelimillnr,- oatlL
Q. What <lid 111' say!
(Objected to.)
A. He HWO!'() he liad bceu nl Elmira loug ellollgh to gain a residcn(:" th"n'; ha,] yote,1


tbere, amI I)(>"n iu tilia ('ounty about t\Vo montllA. Elíuira i8 in Cltclllllng COllnly. Hfl
was told he could vot .. all H hoyo congresslll"n hy David Booth, one 01' t.!w iuspector!!.
TIle challellge waH withdrawu, anrl immedlatel.v rClL"wcd, alHl he tllon too];: the general
oath allrl yot.<·,1 both the Statu aful electoral ticket; l)art 01" tho State, I snpposr,; r rlid
not s~" hiH til:k .. t at all.
(~. The ticket~ were fohlcll t-A. Ycs. (J. \'ihat ticlwt rlid Ite ,"ote1-A. 1 )enlOl'rati,,; (,]", delllocmlí .. :l1l,ln'llllhliean t Í<'kt,t~


"oul<1 easily lw .liRtingniHhe(1.
(~. \Vas he challcng-ea hy repnll1ieanH '1-.\. Yc~.
<l. \Yherü ,li,1 the uaturali7,¡Ltion papers USl'll iu :rour tO\nl pUl'jlOl.'t to 1", í'SIH'd I-A.


!'Ollle würe fl'Olll conrts in ]\ew York, otherH fl'Olll e()llrts iu Goshen.
Q. Ahout hu\\' lllally New York llaP('l'H 'I-A. Frolll ten lo twent)'. (l. Ahont !lo\\' many (lORltl'll pap"l'S I-A. ¡.'ml1t (·i,!.?;ltt to tifteell, oI' ;¡hout tl,,'J'<\; !ltay


1, .. lllore or less.
(~. 'Vere these UWll ehallengell!
(Oh.iecter] to, fol' reasons ahoye giV"ll.)
_\. YeN, sir; (luite a Humh,,!' of tltem. (l. State what, w3s aune iu tite matler 01' puttlug lh~, pl'clilllill:tl'y O:t.tlt.-,\. \\'ltl'll


the first natnraliu'd citizen \YaH "haliPuged the ehail'man uf tite hoard, WIIO \YaS a ,lemo-
('['at, put the g/·.lleral oath tirst. J askl'll wlty!te r]i,lllot put tllO ]m,limiwlry onth. H"
,¡¡id that it wasll't lH'e(,~Hur~', 1,,,canse the "¡tallell,~'e1'S \yere Bot, thel'C to \yithdrt\w tlH'
..Jwllenge. 1 askeü tltl'lIl to Imt th,\ lm'¡¡minal'Y oath, awl lbe hOllnl }'(·fusctl. Tito
at!entioll (jf tl1l\ hoanl \\"IS calle,l to tite law that thr: pl'eliminary oath lllust h" put,
aJl(1 they 1'1'i'nsed in the j'lIrelloou to put tlw prPlimiuary oatlt. In tlw ai'tnl'llOOIl tite
l'J'f\liluillal'y oath was put, aud 1 r[1lestíollr,,1 tll<, ehall"llgell Yotl'rs nuder t Iw prel imillary
oath, awl sometittws tlt,'y auswel'etl, alJ(l HOlllotimes "YlId",1 tlll' '[llC'stioll. Th,;,Y ,li<lu't
refuse to :tllswer, lmt tlw hoara oyet'l'uk<1 my '[lles!iolls uIHI \\'ouh1n'l' ,dlow tI\(' wit-
lleSH"~ to ans\\'l'l'. Tlw \)0:11'(\ OH'l'I'Uil'1l thf' ,[upstiou "how IOllg han' yon ht'pu iu tltis
couutl'y," "bd'oro ,,-ltat eOUlt t!wy got tI",ir pape!'s ;., aud th" iusl','ctol's OY!'ITule<l th"
last qllestioll, ],"cause they sai,l it. (,oulllll'l he 1':\:1,,'deLl thal the~' "onId r"lIlem1wl'
lll;forewhat (:Ol1l't 01' OftiCf'l'S tlt,·y got tlt"il' p:lpl'l'';. Th,'y "lI1üÍllllp,l lo put tllt' )ll'dimi-
ua1'y oath, hut, ruktl out tite 'llH'stious. (l. Ditl oue ut,m ",tat" ,dll'r" h" ,li,l ,~,·t his l"'l"'r,,?- \. Ow' Il!:lll ,,,i,I !t" ,~ot !tÍ-.
pap"!'s at Gm,!tell; th;ü 111\ pi(',ke,l tlu' P"P(']" 111' ou th .. str""t O!W IIlol'lling.
(~. },fter tltís utalllll:lIl .. this ,tat"lIH'ut, lI':ts ltis \-Ok ]'(·(,"ÍI- .. t1 '-.\. Y,'.-;. sil'; IJI',look


t ht' gmleral oath all(] yoll."],
(~. Díll I'atrír:k ]\os('orill yotl' !-,\. YI',-;.
(~. \Yltere tlitl h" gd.lti~ p:l()('I'S 1-_\. 11" \\'HS ('hall,·ng,,·tl 011 (·I,-t:tio!! ']",\-. al,,1 took


[ln'li1ninary oath, alltl [o","ore 11(' got ]Iis lnqH'l's in X.,\\' York. Oetolw]" 21, t ~¡)~. J a~kctl
]Iim iflw \\'ent hímsl'if hefo!'e tlw ('0111'1. Ir" ,mi,l h .. mad,' an al'l'lieat.ion fo]' tlll'lll,
:\,((11 aske<l him hnw IOllg 11(\ lt'lIl 111'I'u iu Ilti,,; I'Ollutr.\C, :11111 this '111('stion \YHS 0\'(,.1'-
rnl",/,
(~. \Vas Oelol)('l' 21,1",6<', tlw ,Iat,~ oC 111(' )i,'1V York pap"I',: 11",,1 "t yOlll' pol\',?-


A. Yes, sir; th" Jllo¡;l, ofthem; r think 11"001' thn,,' O¡]"'I'S }¡:t!l otltf'" ,lat,·s. H \Yas
'(('ar that tiull'.


[11 that tlist.riet the (:lllltestee'i'l lll~\iOl'ity \Ya" Olle llUudn'tl aml fin".
The iUi'lpector,'1 01' the rlrdioll :lt t]¡n 1iriit di"triet or OO"lWll waii ilIrgal.
pm'tia 1. ~1I](1 COl'I'llpt.




14 VAN WYCK VS. GRJ<~ENE.


David Redfield, a witness, testjtied as follmvs, ollllages 26 and 2í
DAVID RgJ»)f)¡':LI> s"Worn tor Mr. Van vVyek:
Question. 'Where do you reside f-Answer. In GOShCll.
Q. How long llave you lived tbere 1-A. Over torty .rcars.
Q. Did y011 attend the eledíoll last fa11, and in what capacity Y-A. Yc.~; 11.8 l~ rCIlllh-


lican ill~peetor of eleetion, ami was one of the omtrd of regisimtiou.
Q. Do yon lmo"W the voters in yonr electioll district No. l~-A. Yes, sir; very gen-


.>rallv.
Q. ··Were Illell who hall naturalization l'aperH iSSllCd lasi fa11l'ut npon the registry ,-


J... Yeso
Q. ALout how lUally ?-A. To the oest ofmy lmowledge, ahont fort"·.
Q. Did they show their lmpers ?-A. Yeso
Q. "Yhere did thcir papers purport to be issuerl f.,-A. A portioll from Xew York, signe(1


hy Charles E. Locw-half, say-and halanre from Orange COUllty.
Q. Did these men vote at yonr poH at thc last general elcction ?-A. VeR, with but


few exceptions.
Q. vYhat tieket dia t.llCy yote t-A. 1 suppoRe tho demoel'atie ticket. 1 jmlge frOIll


the roen who brought them np, the label on 1he ticket, amI kind of papel'.
Q. PIease tell n8 what took place, and in its order, as to challcnges amI allegerl


illegal voting ~-A. In thc first place thero was a ma11 plr. Drake) caIlle up ;md ofi"ered
his vote; the vote was ohjected to on the groulld ihai he was 1l0t registered. MI'.
Drake's naIlle was npon 1.he poll-list oi' the year bef()l'e. "y e left. it off the I1CW on6
because durillg the yeal' he ha<1 left UORhl'n and gono to reside in New Jersey. '1'h"
whole board concurred in that view. He elaimed that he llar! Bot gi\'eu n]) his resi-
llenee in Gosheu. TIte board detcnninerl the ad of ll'aving him oft· was wrong, ami
the hoard eoneludcrl to receive the vot", after rny protesto TIlO vote was receive'd, hut
his llame was not put on the registry listo His llame 'was llOt 011 tho Tegistry listo 1
llave the registry list with me. Thi, is Hot tho original list kept at the po11s, but a
copy compared in tho board, which I lmow to 1.J() correct. The list copied from \Vas
used in the hoard. Aman came, that I ennnot rcmember hi8 na me, "With a paper, upon
its ütce regular. J think it was 0110 of the Cl(ew York papPTH. He was challenge(l by
Hon. A. El. Murmy, HpOll thc gronnd that he 11ml not boen in the connt1'y five yearH.


1:'"]1011 administering the preliminary oath he ackllowledged h" hall beell in the eountr~'
les s than five years. His vote \Vas rejected. }lagh McGnire olI'erea to vote; was chal-
lenged. The preliruillll1'Y oath was adlllini~tPI'ed to llilll; he sworc he had llfwer beclI
llefore an)" comt to receiye his papers, aml that the,)' hall Leen Rent to him. Bis voto
was rejeeíed. 80me one I'lse CHIlle np amI OtfNNI a papel'. 111'. Greell camo up anct
~tated to t·he board that they had 110 right to institute this investigatioll as to th~
papers; that the porson olfering the vote shollld dl'.malld ami take the general oath
ami therellpou tlH\ hoard lllUst rcecivc the yotp. .MI'. Millspaugh also mlule a stMe-
lIleut t.o the same offect 1.0 the board. There "'as a disCllSÚOIl in the hoard as to tlw
proprict.y of dispensing with the prellminary oatll. I o!¡j(>cted to dispcnsing withit
upon grounds we hall a Tight in all cases to put it. TIte majority 01' tho board 0'-"1'-
rule!! me, aud dceidecl that in all eaRPS wheI'e 011". came up who was registered, Dlld
with papers regular on their faee, if he dcmanded tlle general oath wo mn~t administer
it and Teceivc tho votl'. 1 l'l'otcsted 011 grouuds t-hat lL preliminary oath was reqllired,
or might. be put, ana a~ked that they roconl my protC'st. Snhsequellt. to that, in cvery
case where persons oftering to YOtl', al! votes \Vere received without allowing the p1'e-
llmina~' oath to be puto In tIte case of all thf>Re npwly rmtllmlized voters they wen>
challenged, hut the preliminar,)' oa.th was not allo\\'ed to be, 1101' W:lR it, puto I pro-
testea gOllcrally agaillst this cour~e, bllt to no "frect. After 1 malle the protest th"
votes were reeeived without thc preliminary oath having bpell put 01' taken. 1 tol!l
the board several times that 1 l'rotested to tlmt maUller 01' 1>11si11<·S8.


Q. "Yas Schedule.E prcspnted the1'o that day ·?-A. Therp was a papel' read, a.nd I
think it was 8chedul" .E.


<¿ • .Eit.her on registration 01' ehedioll day dia yOH not.i(·,· "ny natllralil,ution papel"
}lrollllCC!l withollt-a.nydatd-A. Yes; one.


Q. "Yhel'e from ~-A. It was frolll Kew York.
Q. Do ~·on kllOW ~Ir. Tompkills, that keq.s a hotel at Jl1alws'K ('OCJWT, at. Goshen t-


A. Y,'s.


'fhe testimoll:y of .Jesse S . .l\Iapes gocs fnl'thpl". to show the iUega1it'y
of the electioll in said distriet .


.JESSE S. ~fAPES SWOl'll for ~Ir. Van ""\Yyek :
t¿nestioll. 'Where do you residp 'I-AnswPl'. Yillage 01' (;osltt'lI, firNt ,liKtl'ict.
Q. IIo\\" long ha\-c you Tcsided theref-A. ALout t\Yo yearK.
(~. nid ~-on attend t-here at the last l))'esi.lential ('leetioIl ?-A. Y"H; tluring a.l! tlw


'¡ay.




VAN \vYCK VS. GREENE.


(~. In what capacity ?-A. Repllblican cllallcnger.
Q. Haa yon a challenge list f-A. I hud.
Q. Did yon keep a record ofwhat took placll that dayV-A. I flid.


15


Q. \Vho were the board of inspectors ?-A. llclIjamin F. Edsall amI \Villiam C. Lit-
tle, democrats, and David Redfield, republicano


Q. Please tell U8 from yOllr recollection, 01' memorandum, what took place, and the
order.-A. Victor M. Drake appeared and offered his vote; was ehallellged on account
ofnon-residence and not being registered.


(Mr. Mills objects to aU evidence ahont challenges, on the g1'onlHl that the official
record of thesé challengcs must he produced instead of the recollectioll of the witnesB.)


Q. \Vas his nUll)e on the registryf-A. It was noto
Q. What was (]011e ?-A. The majorit-y of the board, EdsaU anfl Little, flecided t<'l


register him alld allow him to vote; 1 thi11k MI'. Redfieltl objeeted; his ballot was
taken.


Q. Did you see the ticket he voted f
(Answer o hjectcd to.)
A. 1 <lid; it had the democmtic lleading; MI'. Drake is a democmt. Jolm 1<'01'd W!lI<


11ext challengcd, 011 the grouIHl that he had frallllulent pape1'R. MI'. George VV. MilIs-
paugh 'told him to take thc general oath, and the board rcceived hia vote; MI'. RedHeld
objecting, upon the grollnd {hat he was not alJowed to have the pI'eliminary oath to b ..
put j MI'. Rcdfid!! wanted to put it. Hugh McGllire was next challenged, on the grouml
that he alBo hall fi'alldulent papcrs. MI'. Millspaugh told him to take the general oath.
MI'. Rcdfidd insiHted on his taldng the preliminaI'Y outh. He too k the general oath, and
then, after some debate, the prelimina1'Y oath was administ.ered. He was asked b;f
Mr. l{edtield, "'Where <lid yon get yonr papers f" Ilis answer was," 1 got my first
papeI's in New York." "\VheI'e did you get your second papers f" "1 got them here:'
.' Di<l yOll apply to the eonrt in perHon for them?" "No; they wcre brought to me on
the railroad." Ris vote was rejcctcd. Edwal'll Kam's vote was next challellged,on
the gronnd of fI'alldlllent papers. 'rhe hoard ueeided to put the pI'elimina1'Y oath. He
was askcd by MI'. Redfieltl, "\Vhem tlill ~'Oll get yon1' papers?" Answercd," 1 got
them here." "Dia you apply to the COUl't in verson for them 1" "No; they werll
j.rought to lile." MI'. .i\1illspangh then arose and made a speech in a 101ld voiee; said
he was ther" to pl'otcct tItesc lrislulICIl frolll U nion Leaglles; that this was no inquisi-
tion; \Ve could go before the graml jnry jf we wunted to; amI produced and read fI'oTIl
a printecl circular, IHl1'porting to he the opinioll of the atto!'l1cy general, that no boar<1
had any rig'llt to put ally oath ¡mt the general oat.h, if the part.y should elect tlmt oatll.
He handp([ the circular to MI'. Edsall, WhCll lw rcacl it aloud, and, after sorne consulta-
tion with the other democratic member, announced tbat no more pI'eliminary oat11~
should he put; t.hat if thcsc IIIcn took t.lw rPRponsihility of taking the general oath, th&
hoard would take aH snc11 votes. '1'he lIlan took the general oatll, amI the board took
hi8 hallots. ~I1'. Rcdfi(,J¡1 call,',1 their attentioll to tlle fact that the man admitted nn-
d('1' oath he !lid lIot npl'Jy in pcrson for his papeI's. John Sauntry was next ehallenged,
upon the ¡!;rounds oí' í'mudulellt paper8. Mr. }fillspaugh advised Ilim to take th"
¡.(cneral oath, and told tIte hoanl to administer the general oath. MI'. Re(lfie](l objeeted,
daiming tbe right to giyc the prelirninary oath, amI dnring the dehate that followed,
}Ir. Redtiel<1 asked Sauntry ií' he applicd to t11" cOllrt i11 person, amI he replied, "No.
they were hroug11t to me;" ¡tUll ~Ir. Millspangh said, "Don't answeI' 11im." The genllral
oath ",as atlmillistne<1 amI vote aeeeptcd. MI'. Retlfield protested. Roger Carrigan
was lIext ('hal!enge(1 on th" ground oí' framlnlcnt papcrs. Mr_ Redfield demanded tha
preliminary oath j the board refnsed to pnt it 01' allow any qnestionR to 1le asked
him. 'The yote was takell, mHI Mr.l1edfiel(1 proteRtfl(l. James Ryan was next ehal-
lenged 011 Rame gronntl. Tlw board refilsed t,o put pI'elimillary oath 01' allow any ques-
tions to he askml, MI'. Retltield ohjccting; the vote wa8 taken. Miehael Bnms was
next challenged upon same grolllld~. The man who emploYfl(l him, 01' had a short
time previouA, told me he had only been thrcc years in the count,ry. No questio11S were
allowedto be a.sked hi\ll. He took g<meral oMh, amI tlle board tookhis vote. Redfield
.lemanded the prelimillaD' oath. Patrick Cal!ahan was next challenged upon same
gronnds, and same proeeeflingR took plaee as i11 the Ryan case. Thomas Kain was next
ehallengetl. \Ve had hcell iuformed that he had never declare(l his intentionR, and
that his fiüher had never been natumliz('<l, 01' ho received a certificate of citizenship.
He took the general Oltth, and his vote was admittet1.


Q. Did tho~e men whose numeS yon haye ginn vote the democratic ticket!
(AlIswer ohJeeted to)
A. '1'0 the best of my kl1owlfl([g(\ they di <l. 1 couId, by the IlCadings, easily distin.-


g-lliHh thll ,lift"renee hetW(,<lll replIblicañ a11(1 <lemocratic tickets.
Q. I~ MI'. Georgü W. Millspangh a leading flemocrat in that town aml this county '-


.\. He IS.
Q. Is GOHhe11 an inCOr]lOrated village t-A. It is.
(~. Di,l men votc in that district last fal! who got natnralization papera at Goslw1J


01' N"whnrg ?-A. 1 prPAnme they did. -







tu VA~ WYCK VS. GREENE.
Q. Were there othf,r llOW voters at tlJat tiJlIP hesilles those yOIl h:wIl Hwntionetl .~-


A. 1 helieve tlwre were.
(Papel' ShOWll wHlless.)
Q. 18 this papel' the circular ~Ir. 1fillspangh reatl f-A. 1 hdieye it iH.
(Introclucecl, marked schedule E.)
'rhe ma.jority for contestee in that distriet was one hUllured ancl twenty-


uine.
Themajorityfor contestee in thetilree last mentioned districts, to wit:


First ward, N ewburg, tOWll ofHamptoll burg, allcl first district Goshell, was
threehundred and sixty-five. Thecommittee areofopinion thattheirregu·
larities and misconduct of the illspeetors of the election at said distriets
were sufficient to throw out the entire vote 01' saiel districts, but do not
reeommend the same, as the contcstant did not speeifically deman(l the
same in his llotice to cOlltestee. In a11 ofsaicl precinct.s actual fraudulent
voting was p1'oven; miscondnct, illegality, amI pal'tia1ity of inspectors, all
go to prove that the a11egations of cOlltestant were true that a conspi-
racy was formed to issue naturalization pape1'S, au(I to prevent a judicial
investigation of the fraucls amI to prevent an illves.tigation of tlw
nUllly wrongs perpetrated by tile frieuds of con testee. Therefol'e, tlw
rommittee recommends the adoption of the following reRolutiollS:


Re8olverl, That the Ron. George 'V. Greene is not entitIed to a seat as a
repreRclltative in the fody·llrst Congress from te elevellth distriet
the State 01' New York.


Re8oz,¿'cd, That the Hon. Charles n. Van vVyek is entitlell to his seat,
as a repreRentative in the forty-first UOllgress from the eleventh distriet
of the Atate of New York .




41sT CONGRESS, }
2d. Session.


HOGSB 01" HEPRESENTATIVES.


VAN ,"YYCK VS. Gln~EXB.


{
REPOR'I'
22, pt. 2.


FEBlWARY :~, 1870.-Laid on thA t.abIe and orderefl t.o be printed,


1\f1'. BURR, fÍ'om the Comrnittee of Electiolls, presented the following


VIE\VS OF THE J\:IINORITY.
The report of the rnnjority oC the eOllllIlittee is erroneous both in its


conclnsions of fact and its applieation oi' law. Tts statement of facts i8
based Oll a .,ti~l inYestig'at~on oí' ~)lle side ouI,r. The .un~upported
guess oI' supposltlOn of one wltlless lS aeecpted a;; establIshlllg a fact,
notwithstanding a fair erOSS-l'xmnÍl1<1tion of tlle same witness may show
him to be without personal knowledge in tIte pI'emises, and notwith-
standing his gness 01' snpposition may he tlil'edly contrudieted by nu-
lUerous witnesses on the otller sirle, testif,ring of fads within t11eir own
kuowledg'e. \Vith this general f'tab~lUelJt let U/o1 eousider the testirnony
on the several points on whieh the majority base tlwir reporto


Of these the first is tlle chnl'ge of Ü'nnduIent naturalization. lt was
holdly ehargpd by eontef'tant in bis brief that a eomfl)irae,r existed
throllg'hont the State of New York to secure thonsallds of votes to the
demoeratie party by tÍ'auc1ulellt pnpers to perSOIlS 1I0t leganyentitled
to them; and tlIat this eOllspiraey, with the attorney general of the
Stnte at its head, was tleyelopt'd in the eongl'üssional distriet composed
of Or[lllge alld Slllliy~tn Coullties, allc1 that by its procurement about
eight humlre<l il1pgal yotps \n're polll'tl foI' (3l't'enc hy parties not en-
titled to llatnralizatioll. But tlle testimony of' IA:,wis Cuddehack, (pages
188-'!),) alld oí' A. K. Uhandler, (page 233,) Hhows that at least olle-third
of this nllmbel' eallle fl'om eoullties outside of the district in question,
leavillg, in round numhers, Jü() as the naturalization of the district for
t11e year. Admitting this to be in excpss of tIle vote oí' former naturali-
zation, is it not within the knowledge of aH that thronghout the Ullion
there was an exeess of' the Hum bers naturalized oye1' any í'ornlPr yea1'
sínce 18GO ~ 1'he reason i¡.; plaill. The sitting mem ber, in his brief,
furnishes that reason in tIle followillg language, quoted f'rom his brief:


l<'rom the year lR60 up to the :real' 1S(jS natllralization in the. eIeventh distriet, as
elsewhcl'e, aImoHt CeaHe(1. TIw wal' J¡,\ing still going on at the pl'esiftential eIection in
1864, those entitled to c"rtilicate~ of lIatnraIümtioll lIot ouly refrained frOIll taking
them, but concealed the fact. that the.y hml eVer deebred any illteutious, And 1868
was the first presülenti:t1 eleetio1l haü si 1lee the war eeased, and the reserve of eight
years was brought out in 1868,


But the faet stands out elear as testirnony can make it, that tbe roen
so branded wholesale as w1'ongfully holding papers were, with very few
exceptions, entitled to certifica tes oí' natlll'alization. A" eOllspíracy"
to seeure certifieates fOl' those legally entitled to them wouId he sense-
less, amI is IlOt eharged. On the cOlltrary, the theory of the eontestant
is, tIlat it was a eonspiracy to procure eertificates for parties not legally
entitled; and to S]IOW that tlIey were not entitled, eontestant COill-
menced the examination of these newly uaturalized citizcns, (pages 22-




2 VAN WYCK VS. GREENE.


30,) l1mll1ftor being questioned, twenty-six of them deyeloped the faot
that each one of them was legalIy entitled to papers. At this poillt he
dismissed tlle remainder, SOIlle of whom were afterwan. examillell b¡
contesteo, 111ld aU were shown to be lf>gaUy entitled to naturalization
papers.


13nt it is furlher urged that aU tIte certificates issu'ed in this dü;trict
were void for want oi' (~(mf(ll'lllity to law in the llIode of procedure by
the officers issuiug them. It is eharged tl1at tltey were granted and
issued irregularly; some ~while tIJe judge was not present; somo in a
jnry l'oom Ileal' t11e f'ourt-roOlll, ami that lIIany were signed by spedal
deputy cIerks, appointed by the regular cIerk withont authority oi' law.
It can hanlly be questioned that the eoullty court of Orange County
was eompetent in law to issne eertifieates oí' naturalizatioll. In its or-
ganization it fulfills all t11e legal requirements to give it jurisdietioIl OYf>l'
the subject of naturalizations. It is a court of reeord; has a clerk, ami
a seal, and has eommOll law jurisdiet,ion. This court, ~with otlters 01'
similar grade throughollt the State of New York, has been accustomcd,
from Hs first orgallizatioll,under whornso(wer lllight fOl' the time being
preside oyer it, to examine applicants amI gr:\IIt em'tifieates oi' llaturali-
zatioll. But it may be said "it is not t11e power but the abuse of it
against whieh we eOlllplain." Let us thell consiller the irregularities
charged in its proceedings; keeping in lllind t1le legal propositioll that
aU oftieers oí' the law are to be presnmell to llave acted properly until
the contrary is ln'oven; amI as a l'f>snlt that eaeh particular eertificate
issuell by a court of competent jurisdiction must be j)l'esnmed, if regu-
lar in form and duly tf>sted, to he truthful in statement until it shall
have been sueccssfulIy illlpeached. The first inegnlarit.y, as eharged, is
that certifieatf\s 01' naturalizntioll were issned by the clerks in absence
of thecourt; amI, 15('('011(1, certificates wel'e signed <and sealed by "special
depnties," appointed by t11e cll'rk without due authority.


In aIl",yer to tIte fil'st objeetion, it might be sl1ggested that it does
not come witll good grHee fl'oltl tllOse wIIO haye, in rarliAr days alld
when t11e court \Vas diíferelltly cOllstitnted, sanctioued tJle practice now
under review, to make the 1irst complaints. But as to facts: This
court is composed of three jlHlg('s \Vito eOJl(lnet its busilless. lt hm; a
cle1'k, (Lewis Cnc1deback,) alld a regular deputy, (Charles G. Elliott.)
The authority oí' tllese t\\'o to sign :11Hl seal slleh certificates in propel'
cast's is not, as we undel'stallll, ehallenged by any one. Before con-
sidering, tlIen, tile rights oí' special deputies to so eertify,_ us dispose
of a great portion oi' the qnestioll ulHler disenssioll by referring to the
testimony oí' the clerk, Cuddebaek, on page lSD, printed reeord :


Q. At tho court held in Gnshen iu Oetobnl' last, wel'e UWl'é naturalization ~ertificates
grallted 01' sigl1ell to any persou 01' pcrsons by auy persoll ueside yonrselt; 01' by your
rógnla,r deputy, Charles G. Elliott '1


(This questioll objeeted to.)
A. ThAre "\Vere 1l01le signed by any Olle except myself alld him.
Q. Dill you gntnt any certificatA of natnrali¡mtioll, at the (,ou1't held at GORheu iB


Octoue1' lasí, to any applicant Ulltil he aud his witlless hall taken tlle oatbs 1'equirc(t
by law to Autitle him to such certificMe t


(Objected to.)
A. 1 did noto
As aH the eertificaíes bearing on this <}Ut'stion ana issned in this dis-


triet were issued at lIewburg aud (Jos]¡ell, tlH\ ahoye testimolly Sf'ttlf'S
the question of speeial depnties as to Goshl'n, amI it on1y remaimJ to in-
vestigate the case in reference to Newlmrg.


At tIle eou1't, when held hen" the elel'k was al':sistel1 hy ,Y .• T. Diek·
son, regularly appointed alld sworu as a depnt.)', in Febrnar,r, 18GB.
StilI, the clerical force being illsutlleiellt, umler salleiioll oí' tlle courts,




VAN WYCK VS. GREENE. 3


)1:r. Dimmiek ",as appointed. Afterward DicksOll and Dimmiek left
OH busincss, ami 1\11'. J\1illspangh and .:\11'. Shaw werc appointed. Eaeh
of these deputies was appoilltpd in writing and oath frIecl with elerk,
and eaeh was SWOI'll t,o the tlne performance of hilO dutiP8. Each ofthem
did sign eertifieateR of naturaIizatioll, hut we need Ilot inyestigate their
right to do so, inaslllueh atl at aH the districts these eertifieatetl, ",hen
presented, were either rethsed~y tlle hoard of reg-istry, 01' challenged
before and rejected by the b.l oi' illspeetors sitting as jnclges oí" plec-
tions. 'Ve llave been llualJle to find a siugle instanee ",here the holder
of a eertificate of natnralization, issupd hy OIle of theso special deputies,
was perrnitted to vote. lIeury C. l\lillspangh, one of these deputies, a
residellt of ~ewbUl'g, who attemled the polls aU day, was placed on the
sbtlld as a witness l/y 1\11'. Van vV,Yck, aud when qllestionecl, allswel'ecl
as follows:


Q. How many papers ,lid yon sigll V-A. FOl'ty-two.
Q. 1Vcl'c they grallted to :1lly ]1(,1'KOll l1nl,,~s the.y took tI1\) Oltth reqnin,fl by la\'\' '1-,1.


No, sir.
Q. W~re there any pallf\l'S grallted to any persons that were llot entitlc(l to hnv"


thcm ?-A. Not to llly kllowledg('.
Q. 1Vt1re the a!li(bl'its 01' oatlt8 the~' took r('<td over to thc parties befor" amI when


they wel'e sworn ~-A. Yes, sir. .
Q. Do .)"Oll kno,," oí' any pt'rson Yotillg npon the lJaI/ers m:ule O1Ü by yon ~-A. ~o,


sir.
Tho same statement is ee1'tified b.\T seyeral other witnesses as to othe1'


poBs.
'Ve next conside1' the charge of issnillg papers when 110t in the pres-


ence of the cou1't. Ün one ()e(~aSiOlI it is statecl tllat "while llatnraliza-
tion was gOillg 011, ami near dinner time, ,J udge George took bis hat say-
ing, 'eollsider me p1'esen1" 1 will he baek soon,' and was gOIle sorne
time, du1'ing ",hieh tilo eOlll't, proceededjust as thongh he were present."
Snppose tlwt to he trne; his assoeiates eOl1stitnted a quorum, aTld the
court \Vas actually and legall'y in sl'ssioll. The right oí' the majority oí"
a eourt to aet can !lO more ho c¡uestiolled thall can the rig'ht oI' the ma-
jority of a eOnllllittee oí" this JlOnsl', exeellt it lJe showil that the law
creating such coure l'('quil'ed the presellee of all, amI entire ullanilllit.Y in
its proeeediugs. lt is dmrgcd fnrthpl' tllat Oll Olle oceasioll certiticates
were issuecl by the dnIy authorizet1 c1el'k, in a jUl'y-roolll of the eonrt-
house alld llOt in the p1'eSI'II('e of tIJe eOlll't. The explallation to this
perverted stMernt'lIt is, that the citizrm\ of Newbnrg, on ol1e oeeasion,
requested ofthe eourt leave to use tlle eonrt-l'oom fotO a railroacI meet·
ing; yieIding to 1hat 1'ecjllest, the comt ad.ioul'IlecI to meet in the eVfm-
ing in the jUl'y-roolll, amI díd 80 '1IIect, and dnring the whoIe e\Tening a
majorityoí' tlle rnclIlucl'S or the eourt, were present with the regular
clerk. This is well settled by t11e tpstilltOny of vV. J. Dickson already
cited. '


In determilling the right to a seat herp, \Ve will, therefore, eonsider
onIy the questiolls innJlyed so fal' as l'elates to tile majOl'ity, whieheve1'
way it may be, of "otes "IJieh eaullot be qnestionccl. \Ve undel'stand,
howüver, that the lIlajority oí' tlle eOllllllittee, while not diredIy de(~laI'­
iug, do illtünate that the w!tole natnralizatioll of tlw í'all of 18ÜS is
fraudlllellt amI yoid. 'l'lH'y aSSllme tlle illegality oí' t,llC wllOle uatural-
izatioll, aud Ihen a8SUltle tha! all holc1ing certificates, (jf whatevel'
chal'acü~l', yott'd; and la~t oi' aH, a~Slllll(' that all sueh natul'alized parties
H¡tt'd t'Ol' tIle eOlltpstee; amI olltllese í hl'('é i'il1ccéi'isi ye yiolellt a~sulllp­
tiollS the.Y eOll(']lllle that )lr. \Tall \Y,Yck \Vas eJedel]. He1'e is theil'
StI'OlIgf~st p)'o(~l contaiul'll in thdl' l'epol't, i'rom whieb \YO qnote in theil'
0"'1l lallguage:


It is safe t() infel' tlwt out of more thall AOO l'cn\OllS naturalized as aforesaid, \Yithill




4 VA~ WYCK VS. GREEl\'E.
t,YO months of au llummally excit .. <l contest for Pre~iclel,lt, governor, (111r1 mcmbers of
Congl'C"H, tn say ILn(,hiug of the other offices that were to he fil1erl, that said pe1'solls
yoted, (1l\rl votlld for con testee.


n is fa ir to "infer" t11at said pe1'son8 voted and yoted f\n' eOTlteHtee,
say the majority of the eOllllnittC"e. 18 a seat in Uongress to be disposed
of on an inference? vVe had supposed that something in the natnre of
proo/ was required to annnl a certificate iI,;sned by State anthoI'lt,v ex-
p1'essillg the "ish of the people of a given tlistriet; lmt the majol'ity of
the UommitteB of Eleetion;.; stand in the pOflition, by t1leir 1'('port, 01' ask-
ing this house to chargc eight hundred illegal voteH to eOllte:-¡tpc 011 a
more inference of their OWIl, (,ntil'ely outside of, and nnsupport('d by, the
proofs in tlle case! vVonld they ask tllis honse to "illfcr" tmelt eOlldi-
tiOIl of faets if they eould show proof all(l thereby eOllyillee ,( With the
r<'ma1'k that aU votes sllOnld he l'/'garded as legal I1l1til othe1'",ise snffi-
eientIy pl'oven, wc pass from the "eigIlt hUll<l1'e(l IWI'SOllS naturalized as
afol'csaid" to consider ol~jpetiolls rai",ed to \Vhole 1'etnrus oí' tO\rns and
dist1'icts, as al",o to individual votes.


\Ve are nrst ealled UpOll to consider ol~jedi()ns to tht' TPtnrllS from tue
First ward of the eity of Newlml'g. Agaillst tlle Ir'gality of tlle eleetion
in this \yanl it is nrgt'd that the inspeetors failed amI ref'nsprI to admiu-
ister the "prelimillary oath," 1mt tIJut tlle,)' a(hllinisten~(l tlw "gelleral
oath" in aH eases of ehalh~llgp. To prove this refereJwe is made to the
testimony of ,Tohn H. Drake, .Jes,:e }If:'rrit, and ,J, C. Barr. The c1'oss-
exalllillation of ench 01' these redncl's his tpstilllOlly tn the grade of mere
hea1'say, amI against all tlH'ir statements affecting t11is poll \Ve place tlie
teHtirnol1y of Patriek Brennall, page ~()(); ,1. R Dieksoll, 207; Nicholas
vVilsOll, 217; amI a repllbli(~all, named D. H. Merritt, 214-. If human tes-
timolly can establish anything, ~\Ye submit that the testimol1Y 01' those
mell fnlly establishe8 the fairnes8 and legality of thc eleetiol\ ill t11is
ward.


In Hamptollbnrg, cvery foreign~borll voter showed his eertitieate of
natJll'alizatioIl 1>e1'o1'o beillg I'rgistel'ed. TI}(~ only eomplaint of pllpcrs
urged here in cOllnedion with that poll is agaillst tllose issned at New-
burg; but inasulllch as tlL(~ witlle~ses rOl' ITl1'. Van \Vyek all arlrllit (see
J a(~kson, (2) that all tille' P"I)('l's pn'sente(l Ol' use,1 thcre were signed lJy
eithe1' elerk 01' his regular ,klmty, amI that 110lle ofl'el'ed to regü;ter or
vote OH papers signed by aTly speeial depnty, we submit tllat tbere is no
legal objeetion to any 8nell papers, or to those voting on them.


The Seeond wanl of ~ewbllrg is aS8ftulted Oll the te8timony of
l\fcAllis, \\110 tells of i1lpgal 1'egistr<ltioTl, as hejndged, aTHl the men he
thought illegaUy rcgistpred are, by tlle majority ofthe eommittel:', eharged
to )11'. Greelle as so m:111y illpgal votes tast fOl' him, where:1s the ('I'OSS-
examination of this same witlles8 sho\\'s no iJ)"gal votes. vVe quote
froIn his cross-exalllination, (page 47,) as follows:


Q. Abont how rna,ny "~(',1'e rf'¡!;i,tl·l't;rl 011 paper~ gr'llltl'([ Iast fall, 011 thA first dayf-
A. 1 shonltl thiuk ahout JiUy. 'fhe!"e "'ere Illore regiskreü tlic Jirst day thall ill al1 the
other days put togetlier.


Q. Yon didn't, after tlw fi1'st day, rpgiRtl~r ,my rllle who prPRfmtNl paperA wit,hout ex-
amination, ltu(l not thel1, llull'sS ]¡is eX"lIlillatioll :;ho\YI'(l hilll (1) be clltitlc(l to l'l'gistry f-
A. No, 110t unless the pap"rs sigllel1 hy Dicksoll \.e1'1' illegal.


Q. Did you, evell thongh tlw ]ltlpl'r IYn~Rigllf;fl by ]lieksoll, if his examillation 8howeu
him not legally elltitlllu to hi, papers '?-A. Xo.


Q. 'Veril aH the lllell who \Yere registcretl OH l"¡pcrs lastütll challcngcrl ?-A. 1 think
thel' \Vere. Q. The preliminary and general oath hoth ;)(lministere(l wlien there was any ques-
tio!l ahout legality ~-A. 1 thi¡¡k it \Vas.


Q. Did you permit anybody to vote ",hose examillatioll 8110\:.,1 eitlwr thnt llf\ waR
uot elltitled to his paper8 or that he ",as !lot entit],,!l to y()t~A. 1 tlidj there wa,~
one man, Cornelius Kcclcr; that is aU 1 remernbcr iu rny \Yard.




VAN WYCK VS. GREENE. 5
The ,indges of election in this ,,,arel were republicans, as shown in his


teRtimoll'y. Botl! tlte p1'plillliIlur'y and general oath were put; only one
man deemerl ilIegal by tllat board yoted, and for w110m is not stated.
Yet the tOlIllHittl'e ask the IIouse to t1lrowout fift,V yotcs from MI'.
Greelle 011 tho )llere fad so Hlally regiRtered aud were afterward refused
a vote OH tite mere ground that they wore "naturalized lastfall at Now-
burg." Tite only tlteo1'y by whiel! ,re can avoid the conclu8ion that the
majority are blindly..seeking to acc01l1plish a coveted rcsult in this case,
regardlcss of law ami fuct, is, that tItey ha \'e lleyer read the testimony,
but han~ cho:,;on to ado}lt as true, without inycstigation, the points Il1lHlc
in (~olltt'stallt's bripf.


In the 'l'hil'd ,nml oí' Newbllrg, t]le majol'it,Y RUy it is pro ven by,Tollll
Corwin tl!at" nino 01' ten yoted for 1,110 dellJooracy OH illegal papors."
Corwin Rays ])0 i:meh thing·. De say:'l llllle 01' ten yoted " who got natnr-
alizatioll papPl's la"t ülll." 111 !lis eross-~xalllillHtioll lit' snyR tlHl board
rt>jeeted pa]lt'l'H ",iglled by tlle spería] depnties bnt aceepted those issued
by t,he derk ami his regnlar delHlty. Tite board in this ,ya1'd were 1'e-
publican"" amI whptIwl' they w('re l'i¡(·ht. Ol' wrollg in I't'jpd.ÍlIg papel'R
issned hy "speeial depnties" t11('re is certainly no legal reason against
thp!r aec~ptallee oi' otllers in I'Pg'lllar form ailtl l'f'gnlarly iSimed.


Thc m ajOl'ity sayas to Fonrth \Vanl of ~e,dmrg', tba1, Thomas H.
Booth swears that " fifty-olle 01' fifty-two Yott'ü illegally the demooratio
tic:kpt," alld adds "thel'e i" no e\-idenc:e to l'plmt tIte same." Taken to-
gether, tilo fnll testilllouy of tllis ,ritlless noeds no n;lmttaJ. He says
only that fifty-olJe 01' fifty-two yoted OH papers pl'ocnl'ed last faH a1, }I ew-
burg; alld in speakill,((' oí' their being ehallellged he answers questions
on (,l'Oss-eXamillatioll, (pago ;~H,) as t'ollows: '


Qn,·stioll. Have yO\l ally papel' 011 ",hieh ,Y0n took uo\\'u tlw SWOl'n stalcment of ally
01' "itbe!' of the,;e nWll.-Allswer. Yeso


Q. Cau yun pro,ln"" iti-A. Yes; r h,lH~ a HlClllO!'éUllllllll of tlH\ affidayits takell at
the tillll' by (,he cJel'k, 1\1 ... Ball, ill lhe I)['('~ell('e of (he h"llnl [tIullhc ]ICl'SOll s\Yeal'iug;
'l'illlothy ¡{,yall H;vore he wa" 5:l ~-C'ars 01,[; heen in the county 10 01' 1:1 years; cleelared
iutelltioll t,o 1>"('0111(':1 citizeu 4 :\,<':11'8 ago :Ill'[ got his paperR:¿ ~'('ars :1140. .James 'V,celsh
goL papen;:¿ yeal's las(, .Janllary. \rilliallllkgall, 46 .\-ean, olt[; 6 yean.; in tllÍs country,
gOÍ TIrst papl'l's in OetolJt'.r, ld(it;. \Yillialll Karho~', (i years in this conntry; got al!
papen; last (,oHrt; 11011'1-, kllo-w if 11(', wa" IllHI,·1' lrl Y"'lI'H of '114" whell he ('allle. l'atl~ck
NOl'tou, auolü ;1;) yl'al'~ 01<1; C:llIlU lWl'e allOul 1:{ Yl".lf,-'; a~ü; gut! llrst. papers before nn.;t
ill'aft; got, last, pa]lprH this fal!. \\'illi:llll.J. 1\lak .. , horll ltl4;¿; l)<;e11 ill cOlllltry siJl(,e
1r'00. .J Ollll Qlligk~', ,10 y"al's "Ii[ ; 1(; y,':m; in C01llltl'~- ; got pap<'l's 6 yeal's ago. Allgust
'V. }<'iHher ('ame to (his COlllltry \\-I¡eH 15 ~car8 oltl. Pat. Ke('hu, GO yeal'~ old, llatllral-
ized, ;¿ yl':1I'S ])"t\\-(lt'n TI!',t :Imll",!', ]I:1]l"r~. D'llli,,1 HY'lll HWOl'tl 5" yearH of ag!',; heca
in ('onutr,\' sine,' .Tulle, ltl5~; t!ee!a!'ct! illt"lltioll ::Ilal'ch, ltlliG, Lewi, I'~U'a,part did llot
vote:" TllotllaH Hynll ErWOl'e he lad\:Pll G IlloJltht:i of hl'ing 1d ~y('ars of age ,vlHm he eaU1B
to this country. 1 don't, ,wt\ tlla,t E,lw:ll'tl 1{~"1Il \\'aH <:hall"ng(\¡l. Lawl'euce Garriga.n
llaturalizell, 46 ye:1l'8 "I,I ; lJeclI ill eou Ilt!'y:20 yeal'H; got, iirst p~tper over 4 ,\'e:11'8 ago. 1
don't se" that El!\VlIl'd C"I>lWIl, Bryan Fitzlwtriel{, Ol' Ca\',wallgh, were challL'l1g"'!.


Q. These paperH fl'OIll \vllieh yon :n'" h:stif.l'ing ,"'(\ ti\(' s:¡,¡nll th:tt were uHLtle at thc
time an<l read allda]JIIl'(l\,,,t!b~' im;p('('tol's a,; corl'eet.-A. Yeso


Q. Tlwy contaill tile llallleS (Jf all ]l(,I''''()lJ~ 'WCll'Il 01' challengecl.-A. Yes; an(II have
no donbL of the correctuüHS of the Htatellll'ut., amI 1 haYIl given a corred minute of the
testimnuy ta.ken.


This testimony shows tha1, when the witness is brought to tIle record
made by himself, only tltil'teon \\'el'e elmllellg-ecl, of w110m one did uot
vote at aH, and wo submit 1,hat the statements oí' tho twelvo who voted,
as ShOWH iu 1,he reconl presented by the witnoss, show that a11 were
entitled to yotc>, with the pos¡.;ihle cxeeptioll of \Villiam Km'hoy. .A.d-
mittiug' his yote illegal, alld tho list of illegal yotes charged by tIle ma-
jorit.v d wiudles from fifty-one to OIU! by t1teil' O\\'li witlless. 'Ve llave only
to add that at tllP poJls in this mml 1,wo of the threo insprl\Í,ors (judges)
wen' J'l'pU bliealls, as were also two 01' the three elerks, and we are througIl
with that wanl.




6 VAN WYCK VS. GREENE.


As to ~ew \Vindsor, the witness (Walsh) says that aU newly-natu-
rallzed ,'oters were challenged, alld noue al!ow('(l to vote mdess their
examillation uueler oath showed them elearly ellt,itI(~d. He shows that
the fOllr votes proposetl by the majority to be thro\V1l out were ne,-er
east at aU. He is tile witness cited by the m:\jority to Rustaill tlwir
proposition. ''Ve can only cOHelude that tltey did !lot read his e1'OSS-
exmnillutioll at al!.


The only objeetion urged to the Chester pon is that twelve Illell \'oted
the1'e \Vilo" got tIleir pape1'R last fall." Tt is !lot pronm thatthere ",ere
more tIlan three sneh Yotes; but the number is not material uuless ille-
gality be shown. It is uot proyen how these mell Yott'd.


At Mapes's Corner, aeeOl'ding to the testilllolly of Kayallaug-h, (page
8ü,) seven men illegaUy got papen;, aUll pel'ltnlls that is true. But he
eannot say they yoted, 01' lJOw. He sayR, in ammpl' to the qnestion,
"did tlleRe llH'll vote?" "I Rnppose they did." 'Ve suhmit, as he \Vas
neither an inspector nor ehallenger, and <loes not even sa.y thal, lH~ waR
at the polls at aH, sueh testilllolly ShOltld be reeein~(l with g'l'eat eau-
tion. If thpse men rlirl vote, tIte faet is sus('eptible of betth proo1' tllan
this. The indeceut aml uncalled-for profallity lual'killg' his t(;StiIllOlly
would readil,r excuse dcccllt men fL'olll S"aIlIlÍllg it auy fnrthcl'.


In Highlaml Mills, tOWH oí' l\Ionroe, tIte majority throwout tltirteell
as YOtillg OH "illegal papers." Uf ihesp mell olll,\' t",o had bePII regis-
tered 011 any papers, amI the ",itlless to ,,,110111 tIJe Illlljol'ity l'efer (vVeeks,


, pages 121'í-ü) says the relllaillillg ele,'en were llOt on tlle registry, lmt
"proved tltemselves entitled 10 Rufl'rage by tite p1'o<ludiotl of their
papel's aud the oath of a househoIder 1'esident of the distriet OH eleetion
das," whieh is in exact Hl~cordallce with the laws of New York rHating
to voter8 omiUed Ü'OIll the l'egistry. 'rlte llHljority of tite eleetion board
at tItis tOWll was republiean.


In the town oí' l\Ionroe, diRtrict one, t.Ite majority eharge .:\lr. Grflt'ue
witit tltirteell illpga!. Tltis is a repetition of the eaRe 01' persolls "natn-
l'alized last fal!." '1'¡H'Y \rere examined hy a re¡mhliean hoard oi' eIeetion
offiecrs, p1'oved title to tlle fnulthü,e by theil' oat!ts l'('spedi vely, a" also
by a househohlel', allcl hayillg satisfie.l the l'epnhlieml hmml of their
right, ditl vote.


In Cheste!' the majorit;r daim 10 thro\\' out t\yeh'e votes for Greene Oll
Sltllle groullds as ahoye.


At JHiddletowll, in the tOWll of Wallkill, tIte majority propose to throw
out one hundred demoeratie voteR 011 tlle testitllOIlY of Urawtol'd au!!
Young. Al! examination of C1'a"fonl's testimolly \\'ill sIlow that~his
statements abollt Yoting are mere heul'say_ He krWW8 llothing abont it.
He Rays that some sixty Ol' seventr Illllllt'S were 011 the l'Pgistry. as hav-
ing papers f1'om New York, alld he iuqnired oí' otl1e1's amI eould not find
out that such men had been to N e\V Y Ol'k aL aIl. Ht':ll'say agaill. lf it
werc true tIJat lItell hol.ling sneh llHlwr,.; Ita.l 1Iot hecn in per"on to the
points where thcy were i,;sned, why <lid llOt the contestnllt produee "it-
llesses knowillg tlle fuet themsel n~s, amlllot depelld OH a parti"31l fl'ielld
to gather up the heal'f>ay oí' a town ?lId parade it as a reason foI' (lisfran-
ehising sixty or seventy Yote1's. The l'pcord cOllvicts tití" same Uraw-
ford, who was a member oí' the l'(~l'llhlieal1 (~ollllIlit.ten OH IUlfuralizatioll
in '\Tallkill, of haYi!lg knowillgly aided in proeul'ing f'randulellt papers
for repu blieans, of whieh lllore hereaft el'. Youug's testimony adds fort,Y to
tite list of naturalized votprs-that lllllllbc'r, he think", haYing pl'esented
Ol'allge County papers. On eross-cxamination \Yitness says whe1l lllen
were ehalIenged they took bot11 oatltR, alHI ean 0l11,Y ~ssert with eertaillty
to Itimself three illegal demoeratie votes, aml admit" tltat t11e1'e WílS sorne
illegaI yoting done by republieans, but does llOt know t11e llurnber.




VAN WYCK VS. GREENE. 7


Fl'om the polIs at the fi1'st l1istrict of Cochecto11, contesta11t seeks to
throw out tweuty-¡ÜX Yot8s as having illwrally voted for Mr. Greelle, and
the majority of the committee yield to his reqllest. \Vitnesses swear
that twenty-six voted, as shown by the list, whom they did uot kllOW.
For instance, they say t1le list eopied for them by tite radical ele1'k shows
aman to have voted llallled Willer; another, Farker; another, Kain, &c.
By lookiug at testimony of S. T. Pendell (page 1:3, additional record) it
will be seen, on examination of t11e original poll-lists, Sl1OW8, hy o1'der
and numoer of llames on tlte copy, \Viller should 11aye been :Vliller, Far-
ker was written by t1l8 ig:norarnns instea<l of Parker, alld he very con-
scientiously transformed Rain into Kain, preparatory to making a list of
twenty-six illegal voters. E\-ery name oí' the \Vhole num ber is ShOWIl
by Pendell and Jolm Haring, (page :n, additiollal testimolly;) a11 were
legal voters. Sorne were democrars and some repnblieans, yet ~cou are
urged to throw out just twenty-six \-Ot88 from Greenc's list on t11e mere
inference that an error might han~ exil'ited to that extent. vVe hardly
kIlOW which is most snrprising, the skill of the clerk, \Vard, in prepar-
ing tbis list oí' tWPllty-six ltallle~", 01' t]¡e readiness with which the ma;jority
of the cOllllnittee llave been led to indorse his lla(l spelling' alld worse
conducto Still another eharg'e is malle against this poIl with the inten-
tiOll of throw'illg out the entire vote. A ,vitlless was prmlneed by con-
tcstant to prove a conyersation between himself and one of tlH~ illspec·
tors, Pe ter Tlleis, ",herein he sa,)'s 'rheis elaimecl to have chaIlged num-
hers of tiekets wllile reepiying- thcm fi'om votL~rs and puttillg' them in
the boxes. The witness says he did not believe this at the time. We
appellll the testimony of 'i'heiR himsplf, which, we suppose, was nevCl'
rea(l by t11c Im~jority, else they eertainl~c wonl(l not pl'opose, on su eh
trivial suggestioll, to disfranehise the voters of au en tire tOWlI.


PETER THEIS Rworn fol' )11'. Ul'l\~lle:
(Ohjccted to by contcsÍl\llt for l'easons hf'retofore statef1.)
QucstiOll. Do yOlllive iu tlle tO\Yll of Coehedon ?-Auswcr. Yes, sir.
Q. 'Vere ,ron inspector of ell'etion tlu",,, at tlle la"t general election ~-A. y~s, sir.
Q. Do yon know C"lrlllcl I1l1cklYf'll TyJr.d-A. Yes, sir; 1 kuow the man by that


llame.
Q. Yon kllow him to be a republican 'I-A. Yes, sil'.
Q. Dill yon "ver state to him, o!' to any one ill his pl'eSellee, that you lmd ehallged ally


l>allots, alld snbstitnte<l othcrH in their plaees, that were voted 01' offercd at that electioll
in yOUI' district f-A. No, sir.


Q. Did yon ('VA!' make any Rnch clmnges "?-A. No, sir.
Q. Do you kno\\" of auy sllch lun-ing bcen malle I-A. Kot to my knowledge.
Q. Did )"on have, on tlw (lay of cl,'dion 01' lhe rlay t()llowing, ,t conversation with S.


F. Peudell, in ,,,hich yon hoth were hoOl"ling, 01' spcaking in a hoasting and jocnla-r man-
ller, oi' yonr labora at thc eleetioll; ami if so, st,ü,e what that eouversation was f-A. 'vVe
\Vere boastillg. Mr. Pcnrlell was boastillg what work hA had done. 1 gness 1 asketl
him fol' a set of t,ickda to vote; this was Oll elediou <lay, tlllll after he had hauded me
the same 1 tolcl him 11<\ lllight givc llle all them tickets a11(1 1 W(luld put tllem in, and
that would save hilll tl,e Úonhl". He gOlve lllf1 ROlll"; how mally 1 ÜOtl't kuow; may
be a set OI' t\Yo; 1 e:m't, tdl. 1 yote,l Ol1t, of tlwm onc sd lIlyself, amI that \Vas all the
tielects 1 put, in. 1 ,I011't relllclIllwr tlmt llwrc was anythillg more,; 1 cannot tell.


Q. YOll say t]¡ey were th" nnly ti"kds :'in" p"t in, exc"pt what other people voted,
yon aeti11g as illspeetol'.-A. Yes, sil'; that wa" all .


. A t Port J ervi8, Deerpark, the majority of committee charge six votes
as i1legal, alld iní'pr that the.y \-oted í'or Gl'eene. Their OWIl witness,
VinaH, admits tlmt oue prob¡tbly yoted the republican ticket, and that
aH the remaining flve too k both oaths, proyed their right, and yoted.
The sum of their offellse was, fIJey helcl papers iS8ued that fall, and
thongh issued in New York, alHl bearing t11e signature of tlle elerk of
a comt of recorü, and tlle seal of that court, it fs "inferred;' that the,y
were illegal.




8 VAN WYCK VS. GREEKE.
At t11e first district of Goshen a few names ,vere registered on newly


issued papers. Redfield's testimony is relied on by contestant tn throw
out forty votes as having been illegally given for Mr. Gret'lle. 'rhe
claÍTn to tlmt number is based simply on tbe fad that Hedfield says
forty mon wel'e ehallenged there that day, anLl finally voted. Of course
he, like others, is ready t,o úlfer that. these men were illegal voters, aIld
that they voted the demoeratie ticket. He disdoses, OH eross-exalllina-
tion, that sneh eonelusioIl is a lllere inference; bnt an aual.YHis oí' Jhe
forty shows that scvcntl'ell oí' them were republicans ehallcnged for
minol'ity, betting on elections, &c., aml that ten more were negro es,
chal1enged as not being owners of real estate oí' valnc of $2.-¡O, leaving
only thirteell of thc forty who may luwe voted the democratlc ticket;
and we e1aim that no one of these thirtcen yotes is Sl1O\\'11 to be illegal.
We quote from testÍmolly of HOll. G. W. l\fillspaugh :


Q. Yon were jJrcscnt at amI about the polls 011 tlHl election (by at the last general
electioll in the bt distriet 01' the town of Go~hen ~-A. 1 waH tbcre the wholn of the
day, with the excf\ption of ahout t\Venty rnillut.e" in tlle aftel'l1oon, about three o'clock,
when 1 went fiJI' a lunch.


Q. Do .rou kno\V al! w110 were ehallengf\<l on tl1at lla.y uy 1JOth parties! amI if 80,
state the llUlllhtll' challeuge<l, amI auy facts COllnectetl ,vith tht1 lllatter 01' tllOsc chal-
lenges.-A. 1 was aL the ¡mil allllost the \Vllol" of th(· <laya" lt challenger of tlw d(,lllo-
cratic party, alltl saw, pel'haps, llillf\-tf,ntllso1' thc votcrs who vott"¡ in tlH' 1st dedion
district yot,e, and voters ,,-ere challellged, their lwnl!'S wm'e takcn Ul'0ll a papel'
by OIle of the clerkH oí' electiou, antl which pa}WT cOlltailling tbe mUlles of the person8
challellged i8 IlOW on file in tlle tmYIl clerk's office 01' the tO\V1l oí' Goshen j the tO\\"1l
clerk's officc is kept in my offiee; that list cOllta,ins tlH\ llalles of auout forty who were
cllulleIlgccl j 1 Imve exumined the list upDa two oecasioIls amI nmc1e a copy of it; that is
aLout Lhc n11muer, to myrecolleetioll, that was chaUcnp;e(1 in thlLt district last fall j in
that list of ehalleng'flfl yoters is the naulCS of ten negro yi,ters who yotell at that el'>fltion ;
in aU thoso cases tIte genoral oath was put to them aH required by lltw; in the list of
fort.y challenged voters 1 think there are scvellteen of tIlem wllo votpt! the repuLlicall
ticket; a gl'eat many of them 1 challeugec1 myself, ROlnc for ueing umler agf\, anc1
somA for lletting 011 election, amI in each case tlle I'l'elimilH1r'y oath \Vas pnt to thcm;
othcl' nWll who had Leen challenge(l hy file opposite pm'ty, ,vilos" llallles are containerl
in this list, Wflm legal YoteI'S in the tO\\'Il, to my k11O\vle<ige, amllmrl boen previous to
that elt'ctioll. Auout three o'dock in the aftpl'IlOOll, ",IJile takillg rny lunch, 1 \Vas scnt
for by thc board of inspectors :ln(] aske(1 uy them whether l' lll:tu ,dIO cmue here 1111<101'
a,ge, Lut hac1110t been five yeal'~ in Ihe C011utry, hall a. l'ight to YoÍ<'. I tol<l tlJ('lIlIte
hac1 noto This man's llame ~YllO had olf"]',,,l to vote, 1 t hink, \ns \):11:,-,1 l(]lo\\' was Daly,
and is thc oue spoken of by }Jr. I{e(1fiPI,1 iu his testilllony. }Ir. Hedlield is mistaken
as to the time he ojfel'etl to vote; 1 kilO\\' it \Yas in tIte afternoon ¡'pcanse 1 \Ya,:; taking
my lunch when t,he board scnt fi)]' lile; in his <::lHe t110 ]¡oard pnt tllc l'l'climinal'Y oath
to him; ",hCll the yoter dernan<le(l the ]ll'elimillary oath it was ml!ninistere(l by Olle
of tIlo iuspeetors in all cases; amI whell a per,wll oífcl'iug to vote was challenge<1,
demanrled thA geuual oath, it was administeretl to hilll hy oue of the inspeetOl's,
instead of tho preliminary o:ttll ; in Honw caBOS the ellllllellW'j' insi,~ted on tIle prelimi-
nary oath, amI it was not aümillislcretl by th" itmpectol's; 1 s!lnnld thillk there was
1ess than ten of t.lleHe cases; 1 think fmm this st,atenw,nt in the elerk's ot!Í<'e it 'yas
a!lout ten, alld that is my recollefltion of it.


Having now finishcd the l'eview of charges of wholesale illt'gal \'oting,
we Can attelltion to a comparisoll of the votes oi' this distl'ict, 80 thr as
we can reach it, fl'Olll 1860 LO 1869. This \\e do to show tbat there ji>
no foree in the suggcstioll that tlle incrcased vote is indicative 01' fmml.
From statistics we eompile as follows :


YEAR. HRP1JBLICAX.


1860._ .. ___ , .... _ ..... _ ...... Van Wvck
1862_ .. __ . _____ ..... __ . _" ... ,' Fullertim,._. _. __ .. __ ,


~~iL::::::::::::::::::::::: ¡ ~~~r~~~~:::::::


I
::\0. YOTES. I


I
DE~lOCnATTG.


B,311 . Sto .T"]lll _ .. _ .. ' __ ..
~ O"> ' \\,. t· 1\
j. :"'.~:;"'.' I ,~n ,1(' ( ...•••••..••• 9, j.3b "l1lTIPlt! ..... _ .•.....


10,174 Antle1'8on .... ". '.' ..
11, ~9l:\ G rePTlfl. ..... __ ••.. __ .


);'0. VOTES.


~. Hi3
u! :i'.¿(}
[1, H7n
D, fI:j;{


11,620




VAN WYCK VS. GREENE. 9
From the above lists the inerease of votes [rom 1860 to 1864 (presi-


dential electiom;) was three thon¡.;and tw-o hUlldl'ea amI thirty-eight,
while the in crease from 1864 to 1868 (presidential) was tItree thousand
ana six. But if eOllJparison be eItallenged uetweeu biennial eleetions,
see vote of Sullivan COllnty, whel'e contestant charges most illC'gal yoting
in 1868, and D. G. Starr, au intelligent witness sworn for MI'. Van 'Yyek,
says (page 1~!)) that tIte deIllo(~l'atie illel'eaSe in that eoullty in ]868,
over the yote of 1866, wa:,; one hundreu and twellty-nine; l'epubliean
iucrease in same pel'iocl was three hUlldrecl aud twentJ·-two.


'Ye have notthe data to estahlish a comparison in Orange bctwecn
the sarue two years, 1866 alld 1868, but a eomparison between 1867 in
that county, (about wbich no eomplaint ,,"al' made,) and 1868, shows
abollt the samc resulto If ally fnrther explanatioll oí" wby this illcl'casc
in Greene's voté ovar former cunuidate:-,; fol' COllgress on tbe saIlle ticket,
it may be found in tilo fhct that ~Ir. Van "W'yck, fmm personal UlIpOpU-
larity 01' otIter personal cause, ran uehind hilo; ticket at a great majority
of tIte polls in the district. In Orange Couuty alone he was two hun-
drod and thil'ty-two behina Oeller::!l Ol'ant's elpctOl's.W e appelld :-,;ome
testímony from republicHn yotel'S OH this subject :


DAIN A. STEVE::-iS sworn fol' MI'. Greelle:
Question. Are yon uy l'I'ofcssion aml praetiee a lawycr ?-Answer. Yeso
Q. 'Vhere do yon reside ?-A. Thinl \\"ard, city oi' Xewlmrg.
Q. Ditl yon vote in tlwt \Varrl at tlw last gmH'ral el""tion ?-A. Y (;s.
Q. Are yon a re¡mblieall f-A. Yeso
Q. Who did yo 11 votef(Jl' for memuer of Congress ?-A. 1 voted for George 'V. Gr(;011e .


. Q. IIo\\" did yon come to vote for him ?-A. Becanse 1 thonght he \Vas tlw IllOSt
proper person, mlll 1 consitlerctl hilll Illnch the ucst lllan 01' thc t\Yo.


Tno)L\s KIMBALL RW01'11 for }Ir. Gr!~"lle:
Qnestion. 'Vhcrc do ,\'OU rcsiüc ?-Aus\Vcr. Third wanl, city of Ncwhurg.
Q. 'Vhat is yonr business !-A. LllItlher hnsiness.
Q. Row lOllg have yon beCIl cllgagctl in that uuúncss in Ncwburg f-A. Ahont
~ev~nteen 01' eigltteen ~Teal's.


Q. Yon are a, n'lmhlieall.-A. Yeso
Q. Do you klloIV of ti l'cpuuliean WllO hatl thc l'epnbliean ticket with }Ir. Van 'Vyck's


name erased f-A. Yeso
Q. A1JOut how lllaHy ?-A. Fl'Olll tWfmty to tWPllty-fin) 1 know.
Q. Do yon kllOIV ",hdh('1' 01' Ilot UHy ~lleh jjekeL \\a8 votcd ?-A. Ycs, 1 Imow of one


,;nch; T volea it Illyself. [had, in m;v opinioH, good l" .. a80n8 f01" doiug so; T diel not
thillk Mr. Van 'Yyck to be 11 \\'orthy mpresPlltarive of rqlUblican principIes or an hun-
est nmll.


Cross-eXltrnillCd :
Q. Do yon kHO\V whether any of the twent;v 01' tWf'nty-five.tiekf'ts yon haYA spoken


of was votetl witlt bllt yonr texcept.ioll f-A. 1 tlon't kll0W of it to be a fact, lmt ol1ly
of the promise of tlte partic" to vote tllcm.


Q. Can yOll name the parties yon gnve them to ?-A. 1 prefer not to do so at presel).t.
TlIOMAS KIMBALL.


IIENRY M. CO:;;o.¡J:J.LY sworu for }Ir. Greeno:
Qnestion. You are a la"'yer l'esitlillg iu tltc city of Ncwburg f-Auswcr. Yes, aud


live in the Third ward.
Q. IIow long have yon resi!lecl in the eit,y of Kewbnrgf-A. Abont sevente"n 01"


,·ighteen years ..
Q. Dill yon vote ltt last general clcction in the Third ward f-A. 1 did.
Q. You afe a repnblican ulld a Ill!>mber of thc rellllblieall partyi'-A. Yeso
Q. ])0 y011 know of ally rcpnhlieall~ in the city uf Newhurg who voted against


Charle;; R. Van Wyck at Jast election fúr congressman !-A. Yeso
Q. Statc as llCal' as yun can abont the numbel" in yOllT wartl.-A. 1 know of bctween


thirty and forty.
Cross-pxamiuCll :


Q. YOll were forrnerly an officcr in tllC Fifty-sixth regirncllt New York yolunteers.
Can yon nume any of the tltirty 01' forty men you speak of!-A. Yes, 1 can name some
of the thirty 01' forty.




10 VAN WYCK VS. GREENE.
Q. Will yon name tbem ?-A. Yes, if I am oblíged too 1 am wi1liug to state any-


tbiug 1 done myself, hllt 1 don't want to expose any one else.
Q. Do you kuow, of yonr owu kuowledge, that thil'ty 01' fOl'ty T('.pnhlifouns living in


the Third warel who voted against Charles H. Van \Vyck aR lllelllbel' of Congre~s at t4e
lnst general election ?-A. Ido.


Q. Kow will yon give 118 the gronnc1s of your knowledge'-A. At that eledion 1
:lctt,e] as elerk nt thA polls, and parti<mla,dy nDt.iced the split republican tickets on cou-
gresslllell, nllll there W'ere at least that llnmber of re¡mblicau tiekcts with MI'. Van
\Vyck's llam" erasec1, and in the majority of cases thc name of 1\11'. Greene written
thereon.


Q. Can ron statetbc lllajority of the splits fol' Mr, Greene ?-A. Abont two-thirds of
them; 1 tllink they were over forty.


Re-(lirect :
Q. \Vho was the colonel ofthe fifty-sixth regiment when yon wns in the service ?-Á.


Chnrles H. Van '\Vyek.
Q. In what c:1p:1city wcrc .von in that rcgiment ?-A. 1 cnlisted as second lieutenant.
Q. How long were :;,on in tlle service '!-A. FrOlll Septeml)(;r, lH(j1, until 1ith }larch,


1865.
Q. '\Vhat rank tlid you hoM whcn disrhargcd V-A. Brevet lientenant colono1.
Q. On whose staff were yon ?-A. General Jordan's. 1 was in Fifty-sixth regiment


until Octoher, 18fl;¿.
HENRY M. CONNELLY.


ISAAC M. MARTIN sworn [01' Mr. Grcono:
Question. In what wanI of the city of Newbnrg do yon reside ?-Answer. Thin!.
Q. IIow long have yon resided in Ke",lmrg ~-A. Allmy life, with the oxception of


seven years.
q,. Yon nre n repnhlican llnd a membcr ofthe repnhliean party ?-A. Yeso
Q. Did yon vote iu the Thinl wanI at the laHt, general eleetion ?-A. Yeso
Q. Do you know of any republican who yototl in thnt wanl tlmt voted against General


Van \Vyck at Jast election Jor member of Congrcss ?-A. Yeso •
Q. Dia yon vote for him ?-A. 1 voted for George VV. GreOlle for eongréssman.
Q. Can y011 statf' abont how many republicnns voted against Mr. Van Wyck in the


Third waM f-A. 1 think scvcntecll.
Q. Sta te, ifyou have no objeetiollH) how yon eame to vote against. General Van '\Yyck.-


A. I would mther not answer.
Cl'oss-oxaIllination :


Q. \Vere you a lllelllber of tIle FiftY-Hixth H'giIllent Now York voluntecrs f-A. No.
Q. Can yon name the repllhlicalls \Vho n'(cd agaiust Mr. Van '\Yyek in the Third wanl Y


-Á. I can, hnt r elon't want to ,lo it.
Q. Do yon kIlOW, of yOIl!' owu kuowle,lg(', that sevcllteell l'epltl.lictlllS H.f,rtl in the


Thil'd ward at last general election against Van '\Vyck fol' congressman '!-A. Yes, sir.
Q. \Vhat is the gro!lll(l of you!' lmo\Yledge Y-A. in cOlllparing tickets before VOtillg


aml fixillg tickcts for othcrs to vote.
FrOlll the foregoing résull1e it will appear that if every vote cast for


}ir. Gl'eene, and aroulld which HUy degree of legal doubt has been cast,
were deducted froID his side, it would not affect his right to a spat, lmt
would only reduce hi¡; majority frolll 3:!3 down to about 250, leaving
him still with eleal' title to the certificate and the seat. We have pro-
ceeded on the theory that except where otherwise shown, eonrts alld
eleetioll officel'¡; are presullwd to llave acted regularly, and that in ap-
proaching the ballot-box to review thc votes, eaeh shonld be regarded
as sacred untíl successfully impeached by COll1pctcnt te"timolly. \Ve
Hppend a list of cases presenting legal que¡;tion¡; illvolved in the case as
prcscntcd:


New Jersey cases, page 2,1, Contested Electiolls; BOttSl'8. ,Jones, page
74, Oonte¡;ted Eleetious; Bellllett 1;8. ChaplllHll, page :!04, Contesíed Elec-
tions; 'Vhyte ·VS. Harris, page 263, Uontesteü Elcetiolls; McHenrYI'8.
Yeaman, page 551, Contested ElN:tions; vVright I'S. Fuller, page 155,
Contested EIections; Goggin liS. GiImcr, page 71, Contested Elections ;
and cases therein cited. '




VAN WYCK VS. GREENE. 11
TIlE OTIIER SIDE.


Having now, as we tbink, fairly disp08ed of the charges against the
yotes received by Mr. Ul'eene, shall we glance very bl'idiy at the rpcord
oí' the contestantf Shall we ask whether he comes into this eontest
with clear reeol'd, and seeks admission to this hall wit,h purP hands?
Let the record answer. Tbat record shows a s,lstematic plan to secnre
llaturalizatioll of republicall foreigners, regardless of right to papen,
Hnd reckless of the maIlIler oí' ohtainiug them. ,Toseph Cl'a\yfonl, here-
tofore referred to, and JI. TI. Young, two active ,yorkingrepllblicans of
the village of l\1iddIetowlI, where coutestallt thell 8ticid, were tbe com-
mittee on natnralizatioll fOl' tIte repubIieall e111b of the tOWIl of \Vallkill
in 18ü8; money \Vas proyidecl for the pnrpose of procnring' the natural-
izatioll of persolls; somc pen\ons were throllglt thelllnaturalized by tbe
eonrts of Orange COUllty ; in the month of Oetoher, ,Tohn Hnrst) after
consulting witlt ancl arrangillg with tite COllllllittee, Cra\Yford amI
Yonllg, UpOll the assurallee that aU per80lls WhOlll lIe \Youid gathel' to-
gether at tlle railway statioll in MiddIetowu, on a mornillg nllllled,
should be taken to N e\Y York, and should ha ,'e their naturalization
pape!'s obtaincd for them, did gather some sixteen 01' SÜYCnteml per-
sons, who were, aceording to promise, taken to ~ew York City-a. part
by Ora wüml amI a part by YOUIlg'; the fal'e of part paiel and the natu-
ralization papers for all ])nrehased at two dollars apieee. These llleu
were takell first to tIle republican headquarters in Chambers st1'eet fúr
natul'aIization, titen iuto tlle dplll()(~l'atie lwa<lqual'ter8, tlH~1l baúk to the


.l'epnbliean llea(l(]uurters, wlwl'c they fina]]y ha<l their papen; hauded
them; not haying been illto COUl't, been s\YOrll, or lIad any witnesses.


'1'110 testimony further shows that these mell were brought back, Hnd
that some of them votetl, and voted the l'epubliean ticket; that 1\-f1'.
Crawford obtained other llaturaliílation eel'tifieates, with tIle se al of the
eOlll't amI tlle sigllatUI'f~, Ol' pl'etel\(lo(1 signatllre, of the e10rk attaeited;
that subsequent,ly two pape1's of thi8 kiml, with the name8 of Patrick
T,Yrell and William Sonth \\'e11, wel'e left nt the bl'ewery, in 1\1iddletowll,
of OgdeIl & Robol'tSOll, tlle latter being an aetive republicall; that T,y-
re]] aud Southwell reeeived these papers, and that Southwell voted,
and voted the republican ticket, lmt that Tyre]] <lid not vote,


n further appearí:l that MI'. Herlllon B. Youug was a challenger at
the 1)011s in tlle village of lUiddleto"n, where most 01' tltese persons
voted, lmt did not ehallenge thAln; that at tIte time MI'. Yonng was
counected with the internal revenue busineí:ls of that cOllgressional
district.


MI'. Cmwfonl admits ll(' bronght from New York two such eertifieates
as were left at the bre\Yery, with the exception that no name was titen
fined in. How Illany more he bronght, 01' what \Vas done wit.h thcm,
it ollght not to be diffiéult to gue8s in parto


In addition to the persons aboye W1IllC'd are Anthony Galbullia, of
~liddletown, who liad bOgllS papers and yoted the republican ticket,
(pages 162,163,) amI John ,Yatson, of Midclletown, wlIo had not been in
this country two years. He was OIle oí' tite sixteen or seventeen taken
to New York by YOUIIg' amI Om"ford, (pages 163, 164.) AIso, Hcrmall
Lesscr, (pages 164, 165.)


City of Newburg.-The testimony of Alexallder Darmgh,page 215;
'Villiam.T. Dickson, pages 230,231; Nieholas ,'~ilson, rages 217,218;
Charles M. Rideliek, page 150, &c.; "William Jacksoll, page 226; JOhll
Cllmberledge, page 22U; Robel't Leach, pago 239, and ot,hers, show and
establish these faets, viz:


That the countyclerk and county judge at Poughkeepsie, in Dutchess




12 VAN WYCK VS. GREENE.
County, are republicans; that in the month of October, 1868, just
prior to the general eleetion, numerous batehes of pel'sons from New-
burg City were taken to POllghkecpsie to be natul'alized, alld <lid ob-
tain llaturalization eertificates and retlll'll to the city of N ewburg ana
yote tlw rl'publicau ticket in the :-.fovember electioll of 1868.


That they were taken 01' accompanied there, and the fares amI ex-
penses oi' part of them paid by active leadillg republicall politieiaus ;
that their papers, produeed on the examination, purported to be issued
out of the supreme eourt, while, in Ütct, there was no supreme court
sitting at Poughkeepsie at the time the certificates pnrported to be
issned.


And further, that a11 of t,hesc several batel!es of persons werc pre-
tended to be naturalized in the eounty clerk's ofliee at ronghkeepsie,
without the presenee of any eonrt 01' judge Ol' jnr,r, uIld that no appliea-
tions "ere filed in said clerk's oflice.


Tltat one 'l'homas R Glassey, proven not to be a resident of N"ew-
burg then, and never in the reeolleetion of the living, SWOl'e as a
witness for thirty-three persons; this ,,-as one batch.


ACCOmpl111ying Geol'ge \V. U nuel'hill, a prolllillcnt repllbliean politi-
cían of the city oi' Newburgh, was ttnothel' bateh of Hixü~en tlllls
pretendedly natl1ralized. (See the eyidence of J ohn Cumberlodgc, page
229.)


Aecompanying Aloxamler Dal'ragh, anothel' pl'ominent amI aeti\'e
repuhlican politician of Newbnrg City, were seven 01' eight thus pre-
tendedly natllralized at POllghkeepsie. (See his testimony, pages 215
amI216.)


Aeeompanying Thomas Ray, another republican, there was a hatch
thus fraudulent,IYJlatnralizell. (See ltis testimony 011 pag'es 208, 209.)
There were various other batehes thus fraudlllclltlv naturalize.1 at
Poughkeepsie, as is ShOWIl by tIte testimoIl'y of Nieholiís \Yilson, (pages
217,218.) The persons he testifies YoÜ'd in tlte Fin,t wal'd oí' tite ei1y
of N ewburg, and OIl ronghkeepsie papers, Ilot being ineluded HlllOUg
the names given hy the otl1e1' witnesses.


The testimony of Robert Leaeh, tlle fm'PlwUl of tlw \YashingLon I1'oll
\Vorks in the eity of Newlmrg, shows that franrlnlent natnmlizatioIl
papers were handed to the llleIl in said works by one Jack Lewis, an
actiye republiean.


The testimony of Charles M. Reclelick (pago 150) shows that this
same Jaek TJewis, on the .Friday immediately preceding eleetion, gave
to him, Redeliek, in an envelope, ono of tltese bogus Poughkeepsie
naturalizatioll eel'tificates, and that he, on the following rrues(lay, Yotel1
on such papel', and voted the l'epuhlimLll ticket, he still being f11l <'Ilien.


The testimolly of! William Jaekson (page 226) slLOws that olle oí'
these bogus Poughkeepsie naturalization certifieates was left at hi8
honse in his absenee, amI that he voted 011 that papel', alld yoteu the
whole republican ticket.


The testimony of Nieholas vYilson, Ol1e of the inspectors of election
in the First ward of the eity oi' ~ewh1ll'g, ¡.;hOW8 (pages 217 aud 218)
that the following named persons, anll some ten 01' tweJve more, \,(lted
in that ward at the eleetioIl in Novembel', 1868, on these bogns Pough-
keepsie llaturalization certifieates and voted the rcpublican tieket,
viz: UhaI'les M. Redeliek, Henry Baumall, Jolm Guthrie, Monis J. Kee-
nan, John Cumberledge, vVilliarn .Jacksoll, Richard Gamel, Hich-
ard Parrott, sr., Richard rarrott, .ir., and Frank Sadler. 'l'he testi-
mOIly of otIter witnesses discloses the faet that thel'e werc persolH; in
every ward in the eity who voted OH tllese bogus Poughkeepsie natural-




VAN WYCK VS. GREENE. 13
i7-ation eertifieates; so as to leave no donbt but t1le1'e was a general and
systematized business earried on suceessfuUy in the Poughkeepsie
bogus pape1's.


Tite republicaT1S have control of aU hut tIle First ward in the eity;
detectioll was, therefore, made more difficult, as well as the aetllal
proof. Hut Hufficient is t'hown to proye that it existed in each and an
the wards of t11e eity, and that wholly amI solely in the interest uf the
repuhlieau party.


IlIegalities 01' irregularities on uoth sides, tIle sitting memuer should
retaill his seat.


Now, as to the proof of those WIlO voted the repuulican tielmt who
had lIot tllc legal right to \'ote.


The testimolly oí "William A very (pages 2Z0, 221, aud 222) shows
that t11e íollowing naIlled persons \""oted, WithOllt legal right, the repnb-
lican ticket, yiz :


Augustus KIeemans, Jolm D. Van Vorhies, George Lipp, Johll By-
ners, .John Ij. Lobin, \Villiam Hall, Johll .J. Basew, .ir., Clodims Rirranl,
Edward Thackery, Jolm P. Dubois, and Thomas Risc.


And the testÍlnolly of Amh'ew.J. Dell (pages 7, 8, and 9 oí reuut-
ting testimony) shows, with t11e testimolly of \Villiam Jordall, (pages
10,11, ami 1:J of rebutting testimolW,) that the followillg persons yoted
the republican ticket WIWll 1Iot legally elltitlell to vote, viz :


Davi<l S. Holle,Y, John F. Miner, Jolm Fritz, Charles H. Van \Vyck y
Joscph Rodgers, amI Rouert Barloll.


Their testirno!ly furt,ht>r SllOW"', that the eontestant, Charles H. Van
\V.\'(~k, O!l eleetioIl day, and t11e morning following, declared that he
"ould have the seat of the sitting mcmber ir he \Vas beaten Sfwen hnn ..
dred; tllat he would eontest tIte same, amI t11at he wonld gct the S€at;
thu!'l pn:judging aud preiiuming that the committee and tIJe House
wonld do whatever he might, for his personal adntncement, requim oí
them, whether sustaiued uy tile testimony 01' noto


Tlle testimony of Bobert E. l{iug, (pp. 227 and 228,) shmys that
Andrew Sdmltz, Abl'am Rowle, r,Ylllan P. Rrown, .Jacob l{. Sclmltz,
Bently King, amI I1allock 'ritus, yoted the repuuliean ticket in 1868,
"ithout tIJe legal I'igbt to vote at aH.


Tite, testimony oí" Alouzo Smith, (pp. 155 and 156,) shOlYS that
Whitney "\Vood voted the repuulican ticket, without any legal l'ight to
vote at all.


The testimony of Hngh J\filliken, (p. 162,) shows that he yoted t11e
republican ticket, without any legalright to vote.


The testiltlony of vYilliam Titus, one oí the inspeetors of election in
the town of Montgomery, shows (p. 17/) that Hugh Millikeu and Hil'am
Comfort yoted the republiean ticket, ,,,ithout any legal right to vote.


'l'ile testimony oí Jolm Sallders, (pp. 1!J6 and 197,) shows the same
thing with reference to himself, antl that on the pl'Omise of severaI
aetiye and leading rcpublicans to give him a pair of OOots, (which they
gaye him,) and of protectlOn from the consequences of yoting, he voted
the republican ticket; ami \Vas by the same rcpublicans advi!'led to run
away when subpwnaed in this eontest as a witness.


The testilllony of John Steadworthy, (p. 200,) shows tlmt "\Villiam
Taylor yoted the republicall tieket ,vithont any legal right to vote.


The testimony of RImore Earle, (pp. 201 and 20!3,) shows the same
thing with reíerellce to D. F. Lozier.


The testimony of D. K. Lynch, (p. 202,) shows the same thing with
reference to Benjamin Gray.




14 VAN WYCK VS. GREENE.
The oddenee of .Tolm Ooffey, (p. 203,) shows the same thing with


referenee to James Orowe.
Tile mitlellee of William n. Uptigrove, (pp. 222 and 223,) silows the


same thillg with rcferenee to himself.
The testimony of David G. Starr, (pp. 127, 128, 12\), and 130,) shows


th3t Ohal'les O. Hohnes, ,Tohn Sextoll, .Maitland Royce, Alfred Un del'-
hill, Nelsoll Howland, Andrcw J. Holmes, .James Simpsoll, Nchemiah
Lord, and David Holley, votecl the republieall ticket, having no legal
right to yote at tho pollH whol'e thoy voted.


TIIC testimolly of Patl'iek Oon11cr, (p. 1.5 of relmtting t('stilllOl1y,)
shows that James Ross and Charles Newlllan voted the repnlJliean
ticket, haYÍng 110 legal right to yote at all.


TIle eyidenee of Charles G. DiII, (p. 23 rebutting testimolly,) shows
the same thillg with rererence to James H. ,J ohnsoll and ,J ameH Gale,
oolorod Yoters.


Tlle testimolly of many other witnesses, too llUmerouH to melltion,
shows t11e sallle thing in allllOst en'ry oleetion distriot in tIle congress-
ional dü;triet.


For proo1' we refer to, first, tlle testimony of ,Toseph Cra wf()rd, pp.
157-'8, &c.; Herman B. YOllng, p. 184; John Hurst, p. 168; EcIward
Southwell, p. 24 supo tes.; vVilliam Sontbwell, p_ --; George Biggs,
p. 172; Patrick Tyrell, p. 19 rebuto fes.; ,J olm vVatson, p. 1UU; James
FitzgilJbom;, p. 32 roh. tes.; Thomas Bntcller, p. 32 reb. tes.


'Ve aIlude now to faets disclosed in the record, m; to whieh \Ye feel
tbat tIte cOll1mittee ami tlJe Honse shoulcl express their disappl'ohaticHl,
however unpleasallt snch dnty. ,y e refer to tIle corrnpt use of lllouey
to secure the ele(~ti()n oí' a eaudidate, t,llat eanditlate heing tIte eontest-
ant in this case. Thc attcll1pt is SllOWll to have been ronde in variolls
parts oí' tile distriet by friellds of MI'. Van vVyek, to demoralize the
votcrs of the distriet, amI llervort tIlo tOlle of pu blie scntimellt by the
direet purehase of votes. Standing ofters, in <lifferent places, of from
foUl' to teu doUars per vote, are SllOWll io llave heen madefor votes for
MI'. Van vVyck, allCI snpplies foI' family use, sneh as tlonr, hoots,
hats, coal, &c., were distributed witlt a hlyish llau(} as the consid-
eratioll oi' so mally expeeíed votes. On this subjeet we l'efer to tlle fol
lowing list of witnesses :


,TaIlles E. Post, page 192; J esse R. W ooc1, pages 183, 184; George H.
Price, pages 11, 12, relmtting testimony; Ira S. Ula,WSOll, pages 3, 4, 5,
rebutting testirnony; n. A. vVadswortll, pages 198, 199; Patrick Con-
Dar, page 1.5; Rverett L. Hnlse, page 187; ,Tames O'Connor, pages 182,
183; Jetter oí' J. F. Baile.y, page 240; William D. Hall, pagos 22;1, 226;
Grant B. l\1arvill, page U oí' rebutting testilllony; 1'eter Belcher, pages
192, 193; vVilliam H. Kirby, pages 17,5, 17(); Silas H. (Jase, page 181 ;
J ohll 1\1yer8, pages Hi3, 1G4 j Renben C . .Miller, page 1()5.


This system oí' eorl'uption in Ampl'iean polities is becoming too com-
mon, and whcthcr by tlle one 01' the otIler politieal party \ViII pave
tlJe way fOl' utter political demoralization. lf persisteu in and conntc-
naneed by the HOllse, oftiees will SOOI1 be sold as lllerelJalldi~e, ami tIle
price reeeived will be the price of American liberty aml inclclwlldellee.
vYit110nt classit~'illg amI numhering tile lpgal or illegal votes, \Ve have,
as \Ve claim, shown 0lear1y tJmt wIthout eharging illegal votes to tlle
eontestant we are justitied III tite conelusioll that MI'. Greene jUí:ltl,Y amI
lt'gally holds his soat as tlle repl'eselltatiyc~ of the di~trid in C)upstioIl.
Consicler tlle illegal votps OH papers framlnlently proenred by the t'rieuds
o[Van vVyck, ii:Olll New York and l'oughkeepsie, amI ,,~e HnlmlÍt that




VAN WYCK VS. GREENE. 15
the roajority returned froro MI'. Greene is vel'y roaterially inc1'cased.
\Ve therefore of/:'e1' to the HOURe the following :


Rcsolved, Tbat ROll. George vV. Gl'eene was legally elccted to the
forty-first Congress, and p1'operly holds his seat as represelltative frOlll
the eleventh cOllgressiollal distriet 01' N ew York.


o


ALBERT G. B"CRR,
SA1WIJ J. HA.KDALL,
P. 1\1. DOX.






HS'l' COKGRESS, t lIOUSE o],' H,EPRESENTATIVES.
2d Session. , {


' REPOR'l'
No. 23.


STBAlIBOATS AND OTIlER VESSBLS OW~ED l~ 'rHE l~OYAL
STATES.


FlmHt:AI:Y 4. 18iO.-Ordereü to be printe<l alul r¡·(:oIllIllitted.


Mr. POLAND, t'l'Om tlle COll1l1littee on Revisioll ot' the LaWH, made tItE'
folIowing


H ~J P O RT.
Tite Colltlllittee on tIte Hecision of the LlUCS o/ the Uuiterl Sta tes, tOlc1w1n


IC(IS rcferred a C01I1J1lllllication froln the Scc/'cta¡,y of fhe l'reasury" rel-
ative to steamboats lIIul other 'ci'ssels ownerl in tite {oyal 8tates, and taken
by the f/01'e/,/unent 'witlwnt the cO/lsenf of the Oll'llm's, during the 1('ar, an,1
8uggesting tltat thc joint ¡-ello/ution (?f' Decembcl' 2;;, 18tm, upon t!tat 8ub-
jeet be re[lealed 01' lIwdifieil, 1/((/'c lUIr! tlll: Sl(Jl/e linda ('lIJlsirlerrrtioll, 01/(1
report thereon ((,~ follO/cs :
'rIle joint l'eHolllt.ioll oí' l)¡~(·.t'lIlbel' 2;), 18G!), 1l10tlitiPH nlllllimit8 tll(' atí


01' :Februray In, 18G7.
The last-Iulmp(1 act, :l8 eOIlHtl'lle(1 by Attol'llt'y General 8taubel'Y, }l1'0-


hihits aH d!'partmellts of tIte goyernment. frolll makin g any settlement
01' paymellt fo!' pl'opmty, 01' the llSP oí' pl'opel't.y, taken by the lIlilit~l'y
:111t1lorities fol' tlw nHl'· oí' tIte mmy, dlll'ilIg the late \Var, in any State
whiclt passed an ol'dinallee of ser:essioll, or \Vas deela1'ed in iusllrrectioll
by tIJe prodamatioll of Jnly 1, ISIi2, withont n~ganl to the loyalty 01'
di810yalty of the o\Vuer, 01' 1Iis resi(lence in a loyal 01' disloyal State; 01'
whethe1' t1l0 property \Vas takeIl by eontrad Ol' agaiust the will of thp
owner, 01' the mannel' in whieh tIle }ll'operty ('ame to te witilill retel ter-
ritol'y. The joint. l'esolntioIl oí' D('(~eIl1 bel' 2;;, 1860, Illodilles the act oi'
Februar.') lU, 1807, to this f'xtcnt: where ste:nllhoat8 heloIlging to loyal
men, l'osiding in 10,val State8, were tnkell illto tIte rehel States hy tile
goYcrnmcllt iUwIf, hy contmet with t1lf' O\VIIers, 01' takE'1l tbere hy tbe
owners tIlf'lllSelVl'8 by tite license amI )lprmi8Hion oí' tlH' government,
amI heing' tlms lawfull.v thcl'e \Vere illlpl'csst'd into Lhe transportatioll
service 01' the army alld.lo8t the]'eill, to allowelaillls therefor to be pre-
sented t.o, a.j}(l Hc,ttletl hy, the aecoullting otrict'l's of the goyerument, in the
;.;ame mauner they were prior to sai<l ad oí' HW7, HIHlllnaftt'ded thereby.
Prior to the act oí' .J nIy +, 1tiG+, Slleh elaim8 migltt ha ye 1Ieell prosecnted
against the goVel'1l111ent in the COlll't or Claims, buL that :let too k away
tite jnrisdiction of that eomt on'r all !'laims foI' 11l'Op(,l'ty !Ip]ll'o]lI'iated,
dmnaged Ol' dl'Htroyed by the army 01' navy llll1'illg tlle war, and this
\l'ithont l'egard to the residrncp oí' tlH' ()\\,IlPI', his lo.yaIt,\" 01' disloyalty,
01' whethel' takell in a loyal 01' t1ü,loyal Statc, Provision waH made in
the sanw ad fi)!' the allowallce by tlle Qllurtermustcr's and Subsistence
Del'artmellts for sllppIies fllI'lliHl!e(1 to the arlll~' by loyalmcn, living in
loyal Sta tes. Claims of tIte chnrader now uuder eonsideration eontiu-
lled to be HettIed np to the passage oí' tlw aet 01' Febl'uary In, 1867, h~·
t1tp ar('onuting offi('PI's oí' the govC'rnment, and the ('ommittee are in




2 VES~ELH OWNED IN THE LOYA\. STATES.


fOl'Jlwd, to ~()]ll(, I'xtellt, nftpl'ward, ulltil the prollllllgatioll of AttOl'lley
General Stanbpl'Y'i'i opinion of February 4, l8GR. Whetlwl' the "ie"
takell by the Attol'lley General oí' the true legal effept of that aet lw
teehnieally tOl'1'Pet 01' llot, the eommittt'e fi]}(1 no oCl'a~ioll to exprei'iS HU
opinion. \Yhether the elass oí" cases now exeepted out of the aet of
Fdn'nm'~~ lU, 18G7, by the .ioint 1'esolutioll ill qnestioll, "'e1'e literally amI
tcc1111íeall~" eOH'1'cd hy that aet, amI t1wi!' s0ttlemcllt aml payment. pro-
híbited by it, it ii; c-lear that tlle~~ were IlOt witllin the pnrpose ana
sl'irit of that la\\", alla WP1"(' 1Iot of 111(' ('lass tllat att was (lpsigll('ll to pro-
hibit.


N oue of the legislatioll oí" Cougl'ess UpOll tlw slll!ipd oí' payillg 01' 110t
payillg fOl' propprt~" takell for tlw llse oí' the army, has, as tllt' eOll1mittoc
suppose, ceen aesigllcd to be in dü;reganl of tllF eOllstitntiollal proyision
that " priyate propf'l"t~" sltall llot 1lP takell f()]' pnhlie ni'ie \Yithout jnst
compen satioll."


During' thp <,xisteuee oí" t.Ite war it \Yas illlpossihle rOl" tIw ('OH!'! 01'
Olaims, 01' any goyernmcntal (lepartment, (o be allowed to adjudicat('
claillls against the go\"el"lllllellt arisillg ill that portioll uf 11le eouutr}
whieIt was in armpd hostilityagaim;t it. It was impossihlp tlwn to
determine wi111 any eertaillh~ wbether the elaimHllti; ,,"ere í"rieJl(l:'i 01' foes;
wheUlPl" they hall ~üdcd in liringiug" the grpat calalllit,y UpOll the eonut!',)',
01' whether t!ley were inlloeeut snfferers hy il. TlJe eomlition oí" thing"s
also prevented the aseertaillluellt of all faets Jl('eessary to a safe aml
propt'r adjllstn1l'lIt. Hillee the "lose of the war UOllgl'ess has hitherto
refuseu to allow :1n.\" 01' its tribunals to han' jnrislliction to al10w claims
for property takell fol' the use of t1lp arllly ill the disloyal States, wher('
the OWlwrs continu('d p('rsollally loyal to the gOYernmellt. \VIH'tllt'r pa~"~
llIcnt of sneh e1aim~ ("au jnstly aml ('(Hlstitntionall-y 1m withheJd by tI\('
governmellt, upon tite g'ronnd that all persolls residing ,,'ithin tIte insul'-
reetiowlry Htatlls ,yere in a legal sells\' pulllie eJ1(~lIlips, iR a question tIte
t:ommittee han' no oceasiOlI to ente]' npon in this conneetioll.


The cOlllmitteo are satislied that the olllissioll of COllgres~ t1tns fa!" to
makc auy proyisioll for the sl'ttlt'ment rill(l payuH'llt oí" slwh elaims, has
not been OH the ground oí" ally general acquieil('('llc(' in tlle gro1UHI oí'
object.ioll abm"e refelTpd to, lmt 011 other grollllds ,dwll~-. The magui-
tude oí the war, and its long eontinnallcc, eansell illlllwlIse waste aud
destrnctioll of prolwrty, hoth oi" lo~"al and disloyal o,,"ners. Sueh 108SCS
1.ho go\"crnmont iil nndt'r no obligatioll to pay, amI (·al1l101. pay, aml tlw
sufferers, whether friends 01' enemies oí' the goYel'llment, must paeh hem-
his part oí the Jos s, as if canst'd hy fin' Ol" tlood.


If tile gOYC1'lllUellt could he held respollsible for tho (lired loss amI
destruction causeü hy the war, they ,yould hf~ ('<Illall~" liable fOl" the -¡I/di-
rect-the Josses by derangements in bm;iness, &(:. lt is ofhm diHicnlt
to determine whetltl'l" property taken hy an arlll'y in its course i8 all
appropriation for publie use, 01" mert' wastt' alld (}pstructioll of war.
)Iany cases of the Jatter charader coul<l easilr be com"ertell iuto tht'
fornler by a skillful, illterested elaimam, ,Yith tIlP aill of sympathizing
íriends nnd neighbors for witnesses.


An objeetion, proha bly still more pott'nt, to 01Jening the doo!' topayllH'llt
oí" elaims of even Joyal men, who were residents in disloyal eOllllIlunities.
is the danger that thereby tlle g'ovcrllllleut \\'onld be subjeeíed to pay
mauy where the claimauts were reall,Y nnworthy aml disloyal, aull \Yen'
really abettors instearl of sufferers in the rebellion. Experienee lms
aIread:') ShO\Yll that every man who ,ras rt'sidell1. in the Soutb WllO
was Iloí engaged in active armed hostility against the goyernment, <,all
ea8ily 111'oye llirnself to have bepIl a goo<l l'niOIl man; amI mally wllo




VESSELS OWNED IN THE LOYAL STATES. 3
did actively support the rebellion, establish very respectable eharaetel's
J or loyalty, on the g'rol1nd that their disloyul uds were caused by coer-
don 01' duress.


The committec hclieve these considerations to han' heen mainlv
operative with Uongress, althongh tlw doctrine that true Union meJi,
residing in tIle Sonth, whose propcrty was appropriated to thc usc·of
the army, llave no legal 01' just cJailll to be compensated therefor, has its
.-mpporters. 'l'lle class of cases fol' wllich tile joint l'e¡.¡olutiOl1 in que¡.¡-
"ion pl'Ovides, aro open to none of thesc objections. In a ccrtain sen so,
these boats are taken in States dcelared to br in insurrection, lmt ne-
eessarily it musí be in t11oso p01'tiol1s oí' tllcm that Wl'rp in our militar."
of:cupatiol1.


In orde!' to jnst.ify a RPttlemellt 01' paymcnt, it. must be shoWI1 tltat t1le
ycssel carne into snch insurl'eetiolUU'V Sta te either un del' a direC't con-
::raet with, amI in the service of, tllc·govl'rnment, 01' tItat it waR takeu
there by thn permissioll an<l authority of t11e goYel'll1l1ent.


It must ulso be s110wn that tIlc vessel was impreRRed l!lto tho goYern-
ment sel'yiee b,r proper military authority.


X OW, aU theso matters are snoh as Ttlust neeesRarily appenr by pnblie,
aut11elltie, doeumcntary ovidoneo, und as ]jttle dan gel' oí' fahm and fraud-
nlcnt elaims can he apprehended as of auy class of claims whieh can b'p
made against tbe goYermnent. Tite Secretary suggests that, in t11e
COUl'se oí' proeeeding by tlle aeColl11ting offieers of the goyprnment, theil'
meallS oí' detormining the loyalty of tlle owners amI the yalne of tlwc
vesRels are insuflleient. As already sai(l, tlw owner must be a resident
oí' a Joyal State, 01' hiR elaim cauuot be allowed; 11is ypssel lllURt haye
gone frolll a loyal Stato by eontrad with or pfH'lnissioll from t110 govern-
mento lf tIte yeRsel bad heen imprpssed into serviee \\'itbin tbe limÍts
uf a 10,yal State, tlle elailll wouId not have come under the exelnsioll
ortbe ad ofl867.


Hut wonld 110t t1l0 q ul'Rtiol1R of the loyalty of tItc OWllel' and thp vahw
nf 1.ho vesscl han~ heen preeisely the salllP, and dptermined UpOtl exactly
,ho samo eltamdPl' oí' proof, in tile oue case as tlle othPr~ lt is preeisel.v
the samo mode of proeeedillg, and UpOIl tite same charneta!' of proof,
tha1. is applied to all claims made befon' tIw aeeounting officers oí' tbe
g'overnment. Tlw ad of 18±U, in providillg for tlle settlement oi' thi"
elass of claims, arising' in tlw "'Val' Dppurtulf'nt, provides that t11e See-
retary oi' ",Yar Hllall establish rules to go,ern their allowanee. These
mIes are very striet in theÍl' eharactel', and if ObSelTl'd, (and it is lIot
Ruggested that they huyc not heün,) a false elaim eould hanlly be al-
\owed, except npon falR!' aml fraudulent official reports. T:-pon a careful
eonsidera1.ion oí" tItis whole slll\it·et, thp eonunit,tee are unanimously 01'
opinion that thp diflieulties suggcHted by tlle Secretary, in his eomlHuni-
eation, have no more OI' hettol' applieatioll to the eases coyered by thi"
joint resolutioll tilan 1.0 all claims settled in tItc departments, and that
if Yl1lid, thi" whole !110(lp oí' Rettlillg go\rernment liabilities shonld hp
abandolled.
It i" Rllggcstcd by the Secretary tha1. a la w he passed sending aU tlleso


easpfo1 pending in the departwPllt to t11e COllrt of Claims to be there liti-
;.:ated, wllere the govertunent can apppear in dne form as a litigant.


It should be horne in mind tllat Congress took away the juriRdictioll
of the Court of Claims oyer these cases long bet~)re it did tbat of thp
departments.


110st of t.lwse cases wel'e presen1.ed tn tIte department, and aU the proof~
jll'eparod amI tiled, while the department had fllU jurisdiction to settle
aun ndjust them.




4 VESSELS OWNED IN "fIlE LOYAL STAl'ES.


J\fany of these callell occmrecl more than six years and an of them at
least five years ago.


AH of them have ucen pencling a long time in t11e departments, and
ever.y possible opportnnity has been aft'orded thfl officers of t11e govern-
ment- t,o examine into the question of the loyalty of tlle o\Vners, 01' any
othe1' questioll affecting their right to be paid. If this has uot been
done, it is still opeu for the Secretary oí' \Var, in whose departmcnt thcse
claims originatell, to direct that the mtse bc reheard by t11e accollnting
officúrs, and to flll'llish any Ile\V facts bearillg upon the cat>e.


Under these cireumsta,neet>, an!l aftel' the weal''y !lelay thcse elaiml11lts
lIaye endured, to turll them ove1' to take their places at the foot 01' t11e
ealender of the Conrt oC Claims fol' a fn~,'Ül litigatiou, \Ve fpe} wouM bc-a
moekery of justiee.


In conside1'ing thit> suuject at tIte time the original joint l'esolution
was before lIS, and upon tltis 1'pcoIlsid(>ration oi' t-hc t>ubjcct, the com-
mittee ha\-e h,td occasioll to look iuto some 01' the cases pending in t111:'
department. So faI' as the particular f<lds haye thm; come to ns, the
eases spcm to bc lI10st merito1'ions und justo If the ofticers of tite govern·
ment kno\V a-ny illtirmity in un'y of t1lelll tlw,V han:\ yet an Oppol'tunity
to make it appear hefore the aceol1nting offiecrs, and it has llOt bccn
sug-gestcd that thcy ever intentionally errecl agaillst tIte goverllluent.


'rhe Secretary in his eomlluUlication st~ttes that he has suspended adion
in_ these eases, to await tite l'csnlt of a rcconsideration by Congress.


lt emmot be cloubted hut that the ~eeretarv of the T1'easUl'v has 01'-
dered sueh suspensioll upon the sincerc helipf tJtat snch I'ccOlIt>ideration
was ncccssary, alld such suspellsioll llroper.


UpOll a most Cal'eflll reeollsideratioll of the t>ul~jeet the eommittee arp
unallimousl.y of opinion tltat the jOillt resolntion t>honM uot be repealed.
allcl needs no modifieation.


U pon what preci8c grmu)(l oí' authorit,Y thc ~ecretrtry has dircctecl a
t>uspensioll of proeeedings ullllel' it the eommittee are Ilot infOl'llled.
These claims arose in the \Var DeparttllflIlt, alltl ir the Spcretary ni' \Val'
shall he dissatisfied wit1l t1lc findings of tIte ae('oulltiug officeri'l in any oí
the cases, he can direct a rehearing .


. This ü; the exteut of antllOrit,Y of aH'y lwad of (]f'partmellt ove1' these
aecountingoftieC1'8, as the committcl' ulHlerstalld the aet of March 30, 18ü8.


The committee therefore ask to bl' diseharged Ü'om the fnrthel' (~(m­
sideration (lf saiü ('omnmnieation. fllHl that tbe same be laid upon the
tab1e. '




41sT CONGRESS,} IIOUSE OF REPUESENTATIVES.
2d Session.


mUHAIU) M. GImEN,
1 '1'0 :\I'eOJIlI"llly lJill H. R. 1\0.11·","'.1


FEllHCATIY 11, 1870.-0nlcl'ed to 1)(' ¡ll·inkl!.


{
REPORT.
No. 24.


1\lr. HALE, fi'om tIlO COJllmittoe on Naval Affair:'!, ma!le tho following'


RJ1JPOR rr.
Tite C01mníttee O'n Naval A.t!lcirs ltavillfJ Iwd under cOllsideratio¡¿ tite peti-


tion of Rieh(lI'll Jf. Orcen, for c()}n]Jen,~(/t¡()n for tlw use of his patent-
Tight ú¿ tlte llavy yards of the l.'nited 8tatcs, make theJ()llolCing repo/'t.-
Tho invontion of Raid (}reen iR oí' a machine í'or hf~lldillg chaill oaulp


linkR alHl taclde hooks by prpssnro instcad of by blow8 with a haDllller.
The advalltages are:
1. Ulliformity of shape, whielt COUI<lIlOt he attaillcd by thp ohl motltod.
2. Less liability of hrcakillg' the fibre of tIto Ü'Oll, on account of tIte


equal strain in lWIHUng.
3. Gl'cat savillg in lahor, it heing s1town by actual use that tItis ma-


chine will bend as many Iinks in a day with the labor of thl'ee men, as
six mell, of mom mec1tanical skill than the thl'ee re(luil'ed to work tIle
machine, can bend in tIle sanw time with sledge8.


'l'he saving 01' labor in bending tackIe hooks is Il1l1ch greater, this
machine being' elpablfl oí' tUl'nÍlIg out more Lhall two hUlldred in one
<lay, at a cOBt 1'01' lallO]' of llillü dollar:'!, ,,-hile by the Hse of' hmnmel's
only twellty (~an be bent in one dayat a cost of seven dollal'S' fifty eeuts.
Considel'ing the ltmount of \york now being done and to be done, boLh
in tlte manúfacturillg of c¡tules a11(1 tlwkle hooks, a Yer.v largo saying
conM he maüe to the g'OW'1'lll1lPllt lJ,\- the pnrehase of this maehine 1'01'
the snm appl'Olll·iatf'll.






41sT UONGnESS, }
'Jd 8es.\'ioll.
UOlJ~g OF HBPHr~l::lgSl'AT1 VBS. j HEPOH'r


¡ ~o. 25.


WILLIA:\l CONBLLY.
lTo aeCOIll]lltlly LilJ H. R. 1'10. llíl9.J


FEllI;LIHY 11, 1I'líO.-Ol'dered to be printe<l.


:\11'. GILFILLAN, from tlle COlUmittec OIl Rcvolntionary Pensions and
the 'Val' of 1812, made the following


REPORT.
T he Committee on Rewlutionary Pensions muZ the 1Var of 1812, to whom


was referrecl tite petition of llTilliam Conelly, praying Congress jor relief,
bey lcave to report:


That tite memorialist, 'Yilliam Conclly, havlng by competent evi-
dence showll that tIte property aud services fúr which he asks pay were
du)y furuished fol' tllO berwfit 01', all<l i)l eompli:uwe with tlle orders of
t11c duly authorizell agent of thc United States; aud that snch propert,y
was a total 10ss to 8aid UOllelly in consequence of and by virtue of tlle
mlthority of tIte UIlite!! Statos, by eausing tlle same to be delivered at
a point relldering tIle same valneless, exeept for army purposes, amI
,,-]úch i8, in the jlldgmel1t 01' tILe eOllllUittee, an equitable delivery of the
pl'opert-y, :11'; tlle propprjy wail SCllt, where Ilil'ected.


The cOll1lllittee fnrtltl'r Rtatc that the storehonse built at petitíoller's
printte rxpeIlRc was in flllJilllllcnt of tIte rrC]lliremcnts oí' t1le Ul1ited
Sta tes, and not ¡JI any mmlller his OWll ucuefit.


Tlle committee therefore report t11e aeeompallying bill and reeowmend
its passagc.






41ST CONGRESS,} HOGtlE OF REPREtlENTATIVES.
'2d &8I1ion.


UONTl{AU'r WI'rH CONGHESSIONAL GLOBE.


{
REPORT
No. 26.


FEB1WAIlY 12, 1!l7D.-Laid on the table and ordered to be printed.


Mr. LAFLIN, from tlte COUllllittee on Printing, made the foIlowing


REPORT.
Tite Cormnittee on PrinUng,in reply to the following resoltttion adopted by


the house, 'viz: "Resolved, That the Cormnittee on Printing be directed to
report to this house a copy of the contmct under which the Congressional
Globe is notO published," begs leave to report, by memorandum marked
., A," a copy of sa'Íd contracto


TREAS"GRY DEPARTMENT,
COll1pti'ollC/"s' OjJice, Febrttm'y 11, 1870.


SIR: I llave the honor to inclose lterewith a copy of the coIitract
between ]}Iessrs. Riyes & Bailey and .Jolm D. Defrees, late Oongres.
siollal PI'inteI', foI' I'eporting amI printing the debates of OongI'ess in
the Congressional Globe, as reqnested by ,ron.


Yery respeetfully, yours,
R. W. TAYLER, Comptroller.


Ron. A. n. LAFLIN,
Houlie of Repl'esentatircs.


A.
[eopyoí' eontruct wit-h COllgTf"S~ional Globe, April15, 1869.]


"\Yhereas John D. Defrees, Congressional Printer, has been duIy authorized by the
.Joint Committee on Printing of the Congress of the United States to contract with
Franklin Rivea amI Georgo A. Bailey fol' l'epol'ting anO. publishing the debates and
pl'oceedings of the forty·til'st Congresa, in accol'dance with a cel'tain proposition sub-
mitted by the said Rives & Bailey, Ilated March 25, A. D. 1869, with certain addi-
tional provisions re'luil'ell by thc said joiut cOUlmittee, a11 of which are fuUy stated in
tLe comract hereinafter sct fortL: .:'íow, therefore, this agreement, entered into this
fonrteenth day of April, in the yeal' eighteen hnndred and Sixty·nine, by and between
Franklin Rívea and Gcorl!:e A. Bailey, of tite city of "\Yashington, District of Columbia,
of the tirst part, ancl the Ullited Sta tes of America, by John D. Defrecs, their Congres-
,ümal Printer, acting nnder a11(l by vil'tuA of the anthority aforesaid, of the second
part, witucsseth: That the saiel pal'ties of the first part, for and in consideration of the
Illoney hel'einafter agrecfl to he paid uuto them, do hereby covenant and agree with
the said party of the second part, as fo11ows, viz:


First. To report promptly, b.y a corps of compotont reporters sufficient for that pur-
pose, the debates un(1 proceedings of each h0118e of Congress, for andduring the sessions
of the forty·firat Congresa; and that tlle said reporters, and their associates, for the
Senate s11a11 be snch persons only as shall be approvcd in writing by the Senate Com-
rnittee 011 Printing, and those for the House of Representativcs such onIy as shall be
approved in writing by the Honse Committee on Printing; and that any failure or
r"fusal to fnIfill thcse provisions shall, at the option of Congress, work a forfeiture by
'iaid Riv~s & Ba,iley of all rights nnder this contracto




2 CONTRACT WI'fH CO~GI{ESSIONAL GLOllE.


Second. That they \Vill l'u\)Ii.~h the tle\)ates in the Daily mohe, llRing the same kiudR
of type amI tlm Hame quality of palwr as are now use,l in tlmL puhlicatioll, at. ten dol-
lar8 anll thirty C('llt" per COlUUlIl, "ud will issue it in Hl'aSOll to be seut from 'Va~hingtolt
by tlle earlit'Ht. Illails leaviug on the Illoruiug of its ]lllblieation, when the mattt,r ,hall
not excr· .. d tíÜ·y ('olmllllH; am[ ,ylltell the matter shall exce('rlJifty eOllltllll:-l the publica-
tion of sneh t'xeess lllay be Ileferred until the Haid partiAs nf the first part, nsillg al!
due diligenct',shallliud its pllblieation practicable. And the Illlhlicatioll 01' n1l ,,[,,>eches
uot aetually !lelivered in eitlwr honse may he ,leferrl·tl nmil thei1' pllblicatioll Hlmll llOt
extend the measure of the work boyond tilo HaiLl fifí)" COllllllllH, tilO coluullls to b~ of
tlle same length and ,Yirlth as tllose in the pre,~ent isslle of the Daily Gloh". Said rate
per column ,hal! cover al! charges, not ollly fOl' thp, mattel' ser iu ]¡nwier f YI'e, uut also
for tlle more costly matt!'r set iu lloupareil, anLl aU tabular work, ah", set in llonpa.reil,
aud al! corrections and altemtioll~ in matter pnt in t.\'p".


'fhird. 'fhey shal! furnisll two copies oí' the ])ail~' Glohe to pach lllembcl' of tlle
Senate and House of Represelltatiyes at llIle cellt per page till' "'H:h nnpy, which eharge
shall al so coyer aU expenses for mailing hotl! thi, i,slle ami slleh copies of tlle 'luarto
issue as lllemlJers lllay dcsirc mailerl.


Pourtll. 'flley shall trallsfer the procee,lings a1l(1 ,lolJat.c:s from tlle [)ail.\' Glohe into
quarto form in pages of the size oí' tire prest'nt i"ue 01' tlle Congl'essional Olobc aud
appellrlix, alld prillt tlle sallle ou papel' of tI", '<llIlM weigltt ami 'jualit,l' as ihut no\V
llsed for tllat publicat.ioll, at t,,·o lllill~ ]'e1' page, tlw 11Illll[,,'r ()f c:opies nf the quart"
issue not to be less tha.n that heretoflJl'e supplied to Cougress fol' its lllclllh,·1's.


Fifth. Tlley shall furnish au ample iutlex to t.he 'lúa1'to editiOll, the ehargt's for
which sllall be tlle salllP as those aboye lwnw!l rOl' tlle 1'1'lwee,liugs anrl 11"I>"t(·".


Sixth. 1.'hey shaU print. th" laws passed hy Congress in the sallle IllHlllH'l' as tlle pro-
eeedings and debates, altll al, lhe sallle rates.


Seventh. 'riley sltall fllrllish storage, free of cltaq.(l', for I,he printed sh('ets fol' SllClt
reasollable time as the Congressioual Printer ma~' rlesin', FILo sltaU giye duplicate re-
ceipts therefol', ut snrh t.imes as lIlay ]w rt"luired by t,he parties of tlw tirst parto


AmI the Unitefl 8tate8 of Alllt'J'ica, by J"hn D. Defrees, tlleir Congrcssiollal Priuter,
actillg un.ler :m!l by Yil'tlle of tbA :ll1thol'ity afon'snirl, ,10 lte1'eby agree with the said
parties 01' the first part to pay the1ll 1'01' Ihe ,,·ol'k Ilereinhefol'f\ Ap(~"iti"rl to he done ut
the respeetivc rates herr,tofore llamed, the accounts for reporlill!; an!l priutillg the
prOCee(lillg~ tLl1!1 llehate8 iu t.lw D:tily Glohe to [)p, paid lIlontllly, ,ttld the aceounls 1'01'
tlle quarto .. tlitiou to be paid for as the \\"o1'k progl'esstcs, :it the l''''llW~t of the partie8
oí' the tin,t part.


All }tc!:onnts arisillg umler this agreelllPllt for \York done fol' tlle Sena te are to be
audited amI pai!l fol' by its Secrdary; allll lIte ;¡CCOUllts for \York ([one fi)]' t.lw HonRe
of Representntives are t,o he andite!l n11(IIHJÍ,1 for hy tlle Clerk tlw1'eof.


In tcstirnony w!tereof tlw parties aforesaül have hel'f'llnto set their ltanlls antl alUxe,1
their 8ea18, OIl this 14th day of April, A. D. 186!1.


FJUu'{KLIN RIVES.
GEORC;E A. HAILEY.


[SEAL. ]
[~EAL.J


JOH:\' D. DEFREES, [SEAL.]
COllgl'eBsional PI'inler,for al1fl il1 behalf (Jf the Uniterl States of ..Jrnel'ica.


o




418'1.' COC'rG-RESS,} HOmiE OF RErRESE~TATIVES.
2cZ Session. .


CAPITOL nbrLDINGS IN TERIUTORlES.


F¡WHUARY lG, lR70.-0r(leret1 t(l he prilItctl.


{ REPORT No. 27.


MI'. POlImROY, fl'Om t1le Committee on the TerritorÍ('s, malle the following


REPORT.
LTo :tl"Collll'l1ny 13ill H. R. ~(). J:2,,}J.]


'l'he Committee on tlll' l'erritories lo wllOm /CIlB referl'erl bill H. R. (j87, en-
titled '" A bill to sct asirle ccrfuin proececls fl'om 'internal revenue, for the
crecf'ion of capitol builüingsin tlle Territo}'ies nf Arizo'lla, lJakotah,
Idaho, .JIontana, 1l'ashin.lJtou, I/nd 1Vymning." 7w/'(' 7wrl tlte same ?Huler
consillemüo1t, mul ¡,cport :


Knowing mid t'eelillg in fnll 8.nnpat1JY witll the (lesire 01' a large lIUl,-
jority oL' tite Ilollse, alHl of tltis eommittee, to cxercise the st1'ictest eCOll-
omy in t11e expemlitnres oí tl](\ pnhli<~ 1II0lH~yS, it has been with much
l'eluctance tlmt tite committee, feelillg fo1'ccd hy the fucts dcveloped by
tlle in \-estigation 01' t1le mel'its oí' file bill, haye felt constrained to auopt
tIte cone1nsiolls plllbraeed in the following" l'E'port.


A glance at t11(' ~H'ts oí' COllgres!'; ll}1on this snbjcet mn~t COl1vÍlwo any
one tlmt thpl'e has lwen no nl1ifOl'IIl rlll\' regal'dil1g: t11e e1'E'ction of public.
buildings in t1le 'L'l'l'l'itories, pxcept!';o far n" contiJlned llppropl'iatlons
recognizeu the l1nty uf tlJe gl'lll:'nll government to erect tlle~c lmildings.


The amonl1t of appl'opriations 1'01' thi¡.; PlIl'!)()SP, and t11e time alllllwl11-
n('r of making" them, ¡.;eem to hnyc lWt~n gon·mé¡1 by 110 p1'ecc(lel1t, and
tn ha\"e follow('d no ¡::ettled C01l1'';f1 01' actioll. In the act of 1854, estab-
lü;hing territorial governll1entil fi)!' Kam,¡lil l\1J(1 Neh1'llska, it wail pro-
vided that t1le1'e shonld lHJ appropriatE'd, as liad been enstomal'y for
territorial goyernments, a ~nflieient alllollllt fOl' public bnildings and
libral'Y at tlte Reat oC govcl'nment, llot {'xeee(1ing SlllllS 11eretofore appl'o-
priated. Tlw1'e \Vas aftenral'f1 apl'l'opriated by differellt nets $5.),000
for publie lmildings in Nebra,;]nl~ all(l $;>0,0001'01' Kan8Hs.


In thc act of lH50, p~tabli8hillg territorial gOYemmcllts 1'01' Ctah and
New Mexico, there was a11 all]l1'OpI'iatioll jo paeh 01' $:.w,OOO fol' puhlie
huildings aud $5,000 101' library. Thc ap]ll'Opl'iatiOlI8 haye sillce heen
inCl'eased until tbcy han\ re:whed $130,OUO 1'Ol" public buildings in New
::\Iexieo, and $20,000 auditiolla1 toI' a penitentiary. FOl'ty-nnl thollsand
<lollars has sillee breu aplll'Ojl1'iated fol' a pellitcntiary in Utah.


]'he act, of lH4H, fo1' t11e g"OH'l"llllIPllt 01' tlle Territol'Y 01' JUiuuesota,
appl'opriated 8~O,OOO rOl' pnhlie bnil(lillgs, <11)(1 thi8 alllount \Vas aiter-
w:u'd ÜH'l'PHse<l hy appro¡Jl'iatiOll" until it reaehed )jWO,OOO to1' public


bllildillgS ami $20,0001"01' a ppllitplltiary. By <leí. of .:\Iay, 1838, estab-
lishing territorial gon'rnment ful' IO\YH, $:20,000 \Ya" :tllpropriated fol'
thc ercetioll of pnhlú, huildiug¡.;. In 18t!, $15,000 more was appropri-
ated to complete the ]Jellitentiary, an(l t.lle aet pl'oYillp(l tllat no further
w01'k 01' ulat,erial is hel'e[¡v authorized to he dOlle 01' fnrni"be<1 foI' the
eompldioll 01" s:¡i<l pPllitl:"utiary ,Hl t]¡e ti¡ith oi' flltnre appropriatiolls hy




2 CAPITOL BITILDINGS r;-.;- TEUIUTORIE8.


COlJgre:;s, 1mt tlle "amo js expressly prollihited; 1mt in 18'i5, fiyc :wc-
tions of ]alld were granted to finish t11e publie building¡.;.


"By the ad oí' J liBe, 1836, admitting Al'kansas into tll(' Ullion, th'c
bectioll1\ 01' InlH1, in wlditioll to ten hefore grantctl, ,,'ere appl'opriuted
fol' pnhIie lmiltlings at Little Roek.


Enongll eyidenée Las been giyen, ,,-e tLillk, to SIlOW that whiJo OOll-
gn'ss has "l,,"ays roeognizerl its dnty to proYi(10 [JubIie bnildings fol' tIte
Tel'l'itol'ie,.:, t11e amollat 01' those appl'opl'iatiolls seeBH; to han~ 1!PPll
larp;ely llevelJdent upon tlle wants, intlncnee mal l'el'i)isü~ll('~' of those
askillg rOl' thelll.


TlJe original apPl'opl'iatiulls made to .Arkam;<ls, Iowa, }eIiunesota, New
3Iexico, ami Utah, wonld scem to indicate that COIlgress regarued
$20,000 in llloney 01' lands as a suiliciellt amount fol' capitol bnilding's,
hut additionaI appl'opriatiolls hayo mude the amount gi\'P1I for that
purpose yal'y fl'olll $20,000 to $1:30,000.


By t1le act oí' J\larch, 18G., eOllgres;,; appropriated 830,000 f()l' ('apitol
buildings in '\VasllÍngtoll TerI'itor~', making in aH $:JiJ,OOO appropriated
fOl' fLat purpOSt' in that Territory, aml $20,000 for a pellitelltiar'y, pro-
yiding' in the same act t1lat this all10unt shonld finbh the building:.;.
Thil'ty·fi.Ye thonsalHl dollan; mny theret'ore he cOllflidere<l a;;; tIte :IIllOUilt
,,'hiel~ COllgn'"". at that tinw, e;mflidel'e(l1111 mleqnatc approprinti\lll fOl'
this pmpose.


As thÜi, 11O"'(,\(,l'. ",ato; in 18.j., ~'hell lmiJding couId 1w <1Olte elleapel'
tllall it {',IJI nt thi" tillll', the eommittee thillk that an approprintioll oí'
8-!O,000 to ('¡¡eh nf tlw Tel'l'itories '\'onld be a l'easnllable, amI ut the
same till1e alllpk :llllOllnt foI' the pnr]losf' fo1' ",hiel! it is l'e(luired.


Tho!'e Sl'ems to ]¡aye het'll 1111 pstabli:,;lwrI I'nlefl as to tlle tilllP whell
thetie appropI'intiOlw sltonlü be mmle, based upon the JlUmlwr 01' illl!<l bi-
tallts 01' it" lwnr 01' remote prOiilwdi' oí' ,Hlmissioll into thc rllioll, Tlte
aplll'opria tion" ¡()l' K:lIlsa" alal -X ehra"l;:n ,,'('re mnlle in 1:);:;;i. 1mt a SltOlt
time pl'pYÍon:.; to t]¡('i1' nclmi"sioll iuto the l: lIioll; ",hile tlw TIl'"t app1'o-
pl'iatiolls fol' -Xc\\' -:\fexi.'o amI L:tah \\'('1'e mH(1e iJI l.'),iO, for 'Yashillgtoll
in lS.) •. ¡mil ('olora<lo ill UW-±. It ,yonld ,.,('cm reamllahll' to "nllpose th:lt
\rIWH COllg1'CSS (lecml'd a Tt'lTitoQ' 01' i'Ullief'llt illlllOl'tauep to l'eqnil'e th('
estahlishment of n tel'l'itOl'ial gOyeJ'!llI]('llt, it had nt thc same time mlmit-
ted its duty to pred r¡w lH'C'eSSal'y 1mildÍllgi:i to ellahle tIte oHieers (lf lt;;;
creatiOlI to di~dlarg(' their appropriaie dntie¡.;.


By tIte :1C't oC ISO. ~ appl'opl'iating' mOll('Y for j)puitelltial'ies iH tItesp
Tenitol'Íps. ('OlI~Tt'SS fllll~' l'eeognized its obli;;'atiolli:i to thell1, ami tll:1 t
tIle time hml alTiyed whell tlley "hon1<1 be disclwl'ged.


'\YaiilJillgtoH 1\'l'l'itol'Y, as has hl'ell seen, has receiyed an Hl1l)l'ujJl'ia,
tiOll 01' ::;::3."),000 fOl' capitol lmildillgs, amI the hm appl'opl'iatillg ~:3ü,\lOO
IH'oyided that tllt' Ulnoullt tlH'H llppropl'iatod should be dccll1l'd sntti,
eiellt to ll11ish tlWlll. Thl'il' acceptnnee oí' this al1propriation nlHlel' thnt
la" shonld eonclude rIle people oi' that Tf'l'l'ito1'Y agaillst ,lll¿' f1ll'tht'l' ap,
propriations from Con~Tess, amI ·tIle eOH1mittee ,,'ould ree0l11lllcll(1 that
llothing lllorp JlP gi\'ell 1i.n' pnblic buildings in that Tenitory.


So far as the eommittee hnn'lwen uhIe to as('el'taill, Dakota, ~\.l'iZ()J~;l.
Idaho, Montana, and ,\r,yollling. hayo llCYCr rcceÍ\-ed auy appropriatioL:,;
fol' the erectioll oí' eapitol buildings, und YOLU' eOllllllittee ,,"onltl ther,~,
10rc recommelld that 840,000 eadl he approllriatetl 1'01' the creetioll
of capitol lmiklillgs in ea eh oí' thoi:ie Territories, alld tilat no laml Oi'
money be hel't'after nppropl'iated to eithp1' oí' saitl Tel'l'itories f()]' th:lt
purpose.


lt was a quest.ioll iu the mincIs oí' the COllllllittee ,yltethcr thi:,; llloue~'
shonld be appl'opriated direct from t11e treasnr~', OJ' the lll'ocecd" oí tIte




CAPITOL BUILDINGS IN TERRITORIES. 3
iuternalreveuue oí' tlJe yarious Territories be set m:ide túr tLut purpose,
m, provided by tlJe hil!.


Tile actioll oí' Congrp¡;g lH'retofore would justity the adoptioll oí' either
method. An aet passed January 22, 1867, devotes the proceeds of the
internal reVE'llUe 01' tIle Territories for the years 1866, ] 867, alld 1868 for
rIle erectioll of penitentiaries, provided file amonnt shall IlOt exeeed
;:120,000 for 'Washington, and $40,000 cach for Ncbraska, Colorado,
ldaho, Montana, Arizona, alld Dakoía. The committee can see no
valid oQjeetions to appropriatillg the re,ennes in this maIlner; whiIe
it, is evidently attended with less troubIe amI eX]WllSe to the go,ern-
mellt than a tlil'eet appl'opriation from the treasnry, which wonld in-
voIve tIte trallsmission amI returu 01' t11e revcnne 1'1'om the Territories
and bacl;:. The appropriatiolls by tile aet 01' 1867 gaw to t11e aboye
'rerritories $40,000 eaeh fol' penitentiaries. Add 840,000 1'01' eapitol
lmildings, amI we have a total of $80,000 approp1'iated tú1' publie build-
illgS in ea eh of those Territories. 'Ve filHl by examinaiion that while
Oregoll, N e\\' l\Iexieo, amI J\[illne~ota receiV"ed approp1'iatiolls in exeess
of $SO,OOO fol' tIle í-lamc pU1'poses, 1owa, Al'kansas, LTtah, Washington,
Kansas, and Nebraska recein'41 mnch less tItan that amount, amI t1lis
1:'> anot1ll'1' l'eaSOll with yonr cOlllmittee fol' beIiC\"illg' t11at $-!O,OOO i8 aH
rill1t should LX' giyen to thcse TCl'l'itoril's in addition to what they llave
alrl'ady roceiyed 1'01' t1ll' pnrpo,;es l1allll'd.


The g<we1'lllllellt is now paying' alluualJy in l':ldl of t11o"e Territories
ftom $G,OÜO to $10.000 1'01' t11(' l't'llt 01' lmihlillgs in w11ich to traní-laet t11e
r:ul1lic 1msineí-ll'l. \\'onM it 110t he mueh more in aec()l'(lauct' wit11 a wise
;'l'.onomy to appropl'iate a snfficiellt ::Hnount to ered t11ese huih1illgS
t ~lall to pa~' frOlll fift('('ll to t\n'llty·fjye ]lel' ('e11t. yearly 01' the wIlOle
en% in obtailling tClllp01'al'y a('eomlllollations .~


BelieYillg, t IIl'l'l'fol'l', tlJat tlw f'l'PetiOll of these lmillling's j,.; a \lut,\" in-
('unllleut 111H)ll t1[(' gnYl'l'llJll('nt, tltnt a neglect ro proYi4le ti)]' t11I'i1' ('011-
,",tnlction aí tItis tillll' \\"onld 1w n wnsteful (~eOllollly a1141 ulIjnRt to the
]wop1(, of tll1' 'j'('lTitm'ie", tll\' .'Ollllllith'p 'yon1i1 l'pC'ollltlll'lul t1l1' :H'tOlll-
¡;<illyillg' bill ns a Ó<llb,~titnk f'1l'tlH' I~l'i.,-;'illa\ Hwl1H:OlillllPiltl its paó<sag-e.






41sT CONGRESS,} ROUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
2d Session. { No. 28.


CAUSES OF TRE REDUCTION OF AMERICAN TONNAGE.
[To accompany bills H. R. No. 1261 and 1262]


FEDRUARY 17, 18iO.-Ordcred to be printed.


Mr. LYNCH, from the Committee on the causes oí t11e reduction of
American tonnage, made the following


REPORT.
TIte seleet committee appointed by resolution 01 the House 01 Representa·


tives JJfa.rch 22, 1869, "fo inquire into and report at the next session o}
Oongress the canses 01 the great reduction nI American tonna.ge cngaged
in the loreign carrying trade, and the great d(;pre.~sitm 01 the navigation
interests olthe country, (¡.nd also fo repot·t what measures are necessary to
increase our oceantonnage, revÍl'e ow' navigaUon interests, and regain lor
our country the position it once held among the nations as a greal marí-
time power," have considered the subject relertcd to it, and agreed to the
lollowing report :


Your committee, in prosecuting it::; inquíries, have, during the recess of
Congress, beld sessions at tbe citíes of New York, Pbíladelpbia, Boston,
and Portland, receíving tbe statements of merchants, shíp-builders, shíp-
owners, and insurance agents; gentlemen baving practical knowledge
alld experience relating to tbe matter under investigation. Tbe ship-
owners associations of New York, Pbiladelpbia, and Maine, and tbe
board of trade of Boston were represented at tbe sessions of tbe com-
mittee, alld presellted the views of these various associatiolls. IJike
illformatioll and evidellce llave been rcceived in the sessions oí the com-
mittee held at the capito1 during tbe present session of Congress.
Circular letters have heen addressed to gentlemen engaged in the
various brallches of bnsiness connected with the shipping interests,
requesting a statement of their views on the subject under inqu~ry,
and also to American consu1s at tbe principal ports of foreigll countnes,
asking them to furnish informatio:l iu regard to the condition of tha
mercantile marine of thosc countries.


The evidence elicited by tbese various modes of inquiry will be found
under t11e head of testimolly takell by the Special Committee on Naví-
gation Interests, and appended to this reporto _


Tbe committee would call special attelltion to the exhaustlve paper
furnished through the State Department by our consu1 at London, Ron.
Freemall R. Morse, alld also to the tables of statistics prepared for tIte




II NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


eommittee by l\fr. F. A. W'alker, Deputy Special Commissioner of the
Revenue, and by .Joseplt ~immo, jr., of tne Treasury Departmellt, who
has made the cOlldition 01' our shipping interest a su~ject of special
attention.


THE DECLINE IN AlIIERICAN OCEAN TONNAGR.


In order ful1y to compreheud the extent of the decadellce of American
shipping ancl the causes which have operatcd to produce that
decadence, we must ascertain the points at whieh the prosperity of this
interest culminated, and trace it thence back to the source of that pros-
perity, alld forw~1rd to the prcsent time of docay. It is obvious that
whatever causes may have cxisted prior to the commencement of the
late rebelliou tencling to produce the present condition of our shipping,
t!J.eir effects did not become manifest until that periodo Previously therc
was a gradual, steady, and healthy inerease of our occan tonnage, :fiuc-
tuating with ,the·:fiuetnations of business, but constantly gaining nntil
the year 186l.


The increase oi' our tonnagc cngaged in the i'oreign carrying trade
from 1R.30 to 1840, was about sixty per eent.; from 1840 to 1850, seventy-
five per cent.; from 1850 to 1860, sixty per cent. This latter is the first
clecade in which we fiud any reliable statistics of the registered tonnage
of Great Britaill, to enuble us to institute a comparisoll between it and
our own. In this decade the tonnage of Great Britain, employed exclu·
sively in the foreign trade of that country, inereasecl about forty per
cent. Our own tonnago engaged in the foreign carrying trade, reaehed
itR highest point in 1861, being that year 2,G42,()28 tons, while that of
Great Brita,in was at the same time .3,179,68.3 tons, giving l1S the second
place in rallk among nations in the extent of our ocean tonnage, while
we "ere the aeknbwledged superior of an in .the proficieney wbieh we
hac1 attained in the science of naval architectllre and in tIte effieiency of
our mercantile marine.


n is difficult to realize that our couutry, whieh in little more than
half a centnry cnding in 1860, had reaehec1 the very forernost mnk of
mari time nations, has in lesB than a decade lost ha]f its rnerchant shipping
and an its rnaritime prestage, anc1 that we now stand debating whether
we shall without a strúggle yield all, and becornethe mere comrnercialde-
pendeucy of the nation for whose ac1vantage we have been thuB spoiled
and reduced.


FroIll lS()l to 18GG ourtonnage engaged in the foreigu tracle clecreased
from 2,642,628 tons to 1, 4!.12, !.I26 tons, a 10ss of 1, 14!.1, 902 tons, 01' more
than 43 per cent., wltile Great Britain, in the same time, gained 986,715
tous, 01' more thau .30 per cent. Evell this statemeut does uot show the
fnll extent of our relative loss as compared with Great Britaill, a
\-e1'Y large percentage of the increase of the Iatter in tonuage
having been made iu steamers, oue ton of whiclt elass of ves seIs is equal
in efficieney toat least three tons of sail vessels, while by substitllting




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. !Ir


largely iron for wood, as building material, a still further advantage
was gained. over us in her much ¡arger class of iron vessels, doubly
as durable as those of wood. . The increase of the steam tonnage
of "Great Britain duriug the period allnded to, was 275,988 tons, making
an addition in efficiency over our ,sailing ships of' at least 500,000 tons.
So that, taking into account the durability and efficiency of the ton-
nage added b~T Gl'eat Britain to hel' merchant marine from 18GO to 1866,
it w~)Uld probably equal an illcrease of 50 per cent. 01' sail vessels.


RISE AND FALL OF THE 1\1ERCANTILE ~'lARINE.


TIte following tables of statistics present a more forcible statement of
the rise and faH of our mercantile marine, and furnish a more striking
illustration tIte effeet oí' the wal' upon our OWIl shippillg and that of
Great Bl'itain, engaged in foreign commerce, than any other language
than that of figures can furnish.
Table showing the tonnago óf United State8 anel Bl'itish j'egistcl'e4 j'088018 employed in tl!efol'eign


trade of eaeh eountl'!}, !lul'ing tlw yeal'8, j'cspcctil'ely, 1830, 1840, 1850, auel from 1860 fo
1868, holl! inclusive.


I
Great Britain."


I Unitetl Statcs. --------------------


I
In the foreign trutle. Partly in horno und parto


Year. I Iy in foreign trade.
1, Registereu l-;egiS~'~I-I- Tot~ reg-. ---;egit5te~:t1-1 ~~~:~~d Total reg- Regis"cl TIfg'd I Total'
I sail. steam., istered. sail. .team. istercd. sail. steam.1 reg·td.


_, __ ... '. _________ 1 ___ . _________ 1 ______ , __ _


18301 575,0:,61 1,4191 576,475 ............ 1 .. ···· .. ·· .............................. 1 ...... ..
1840 : 893, 610 4. 155 , 8!i!), 765 ........... '1 . . . . . .. ... ............ .. _ .. _ ....... _ ' ......... .
1850 1,540,769 I 44,429 1,585, ¡!iR 2,143, 234


1


45, 18612' 188, 120 222, :141 5,298 I 227, fiJO
1860' 2,448.941 97,296 2,546,237 2,804, filO 277,437 3, OS2, 047 226,556 29,803 256,359
1861 2,540,020 102,608 2,642,628 2,866,218 313,465 3,179,683 219,522 24-,924 i 244,446
1862 2,177,253 113,998 2,291,251 2,993.696 1 328,310 3,322,006 246,479 29,463 '1 275,942
1863 1,892,899 133,215 2,026,114 3,-246,526' 371,201 3,617,727 284,413 33,547 317,960
1864 1,475,376' 106,519 1,581,895 3" ;¡~2, 24, 2, 4,,6,241 3,988,483 268,1% 36'9441305'069
186~ 1, 5U4, 575; 98, 008 1, 602, 583 3. 629, 023' 523,69B 4, 152, 721 282,295 43, ~25 325, 520
1866 1,294,637' 198,289 1,492.926 3,612,9731 553,425 4,166,398 278,167, 47,194 3%,361
1867 1. 369, 917! 198, 115 1. 568, 0~2 ~, liH, 6621 608, 232 4, ~49, S94 19'1, 846 '1 :íO, IlOl 250, 047
1868 I 1, 343, 703 I 221, 939 1, 565, 732 3, 6'16, 150 619, 199 4, 265, 319 210, 921 1 52, 150 I 293,071


* NOTE.-ThiA table incJutles Chanllel'Island vessels bnt not those of thc British plantations. Tho
borne trade signifies on the coasts of thc Uniteil KillgllolIl1 01' to 1)orts hetween tbe limits of the rivcr
Elbe and Erest. The foreign trade signities to ports beyond such Jimits.


Registered tonnage of U nited States, 1860 .. _ .... _ . __ .. _ .. 2, 546, 237
Registered tonnage of Gl'eat Britain (exclusive of colonial) _. 3,082,047


TotaL ____ . _ . ____ . _ .. _ _ _. _ ..... _ ... _ .. _ . _ . _ . __ .. _ 5, 628, 284
-----


---


Registel'ed tonnage of United States, 1868 _. __ ... _. _ .. _. __ 1,505,732
Registered tonnage of Great Rritain, 1868 ... _ . __ . __ .. _ ... 4,265,349


TotaL __ . _ .. _ . _ ... _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ . _ . _ .. _____ . .. . __ . .. 5,771, 081
If to this we add, fol' increase in steam tonnage _ . _ . __ ... _ 500, 000


6,271,081
-----


It will be observed that notwithstanding the check cansed by the
war upon the pl'oductiou of the cl'ops of the South, which furnished so




IV NAVIGATION ·INTERESTS.


arge a percentage of our exports, the aggregate tonnage of the United
States and Great Britain engaged in the foreign carrying trade has
increased about 14 per cent., while from the position of nQarly an
equal in tonnage with that nation, our own tonnage had d windled to
less than one·third ofthat of Great Brifain.


The change of the business furnished by our own country in exports
and imports from American to foreign vessels is still more striking, as
will be shown by the tollowing table :
Atable 8howi-n,g the amount of American and foreign tonnage entercd the ports of t1,uJ Unitcd


Statcs fmm forcign conntries. in 1830, 1840, 1850, and from 1860 to 186lJ. both inclusive.


Fiscal year8. American ton-
nage,


Foreign ton·
nage.


American in ex-
ceS8 oí foreign


tOlluage.


Foreign in ex-
cese of Amer-
ican tODnuge.


----------1-----1---------·--1-----
18:JO ................................. .
1840 ................................. .
1850 ................................. .
lB60 ................................. .
1861 ................................. .
1862 ................................. .
186.1 ................................. .
1864 ................................ ..
1865 •••.•••..•••••.•••.•••.••••••.•••.
1866 .••••••••••••••••••.•••••••••••••.
1867 ................................. .
1868 ................................. .
1&i9 ••••• , ........................... .


967,227
1,576,946
2,573.016
5,921.285
5,023,917
'5,117,685
4,614.698
3 066 434 ~ 943: 661
3,372,060
3, 455, 052
3.550,550
3,402,668


131,900
712,:l63


1 775 fi23
2: 353; 911
2,217,554
2,245,278
2,640,378
3,471,2lU
3,2\6,967
4,410.424
4,318,673
4,495,465
5,347,694


VALUE OF TONNAGE.


835,327 ............... .
864,583 ............... .
797, :393 ........•••.....


3. 5ti7, 3741 ..••••....•..••.
2,806.36.1 ............... .
2,872,407 .•.•.••.•••.••.
1,974,320 .• 0_. ___ .... _ .. __ ...


............. "'1 404,785


................... 273,3U6


.•••••.•....•... 1,038,364


::::::::::::::::\ 1,~!1m
The estimated value of the tonnage of the United States engaged in


the foreign carrying trade was, in 1861, $108,347,748; the estimated gross
yearly earnings of which was 33;\- per cent., or $36,115,916. In 1869,
the estimated value of the same tonnage was $70,488,945, alld thc esti·
mated earnings, $23,496,315; a net loss in yearly earning of tbis inter·
est, of $12,619,601. (Table No. XIV oí' the Appendix.)


The increase in gross earnings oÍ' this class of tonnage from 1850 to
1860, $14,719,397, or 73 per cent. Taking the same rat,io of increase
from 1860 to 1869, .say 65 per cent., and we should have, in 1869,
$57,417,643. The actual amount of gross earnings is $23,496,315, 01' a
net annual loss, in consequence of the decline of our ocean commerce,
of $33,921,328.


Add to these the table showing the relative proportion iu value of the
imports and exports by American and foreign vessels to and from tbe
United States, (table No. XV in Appendix,) and we have a complete
epitome oí the deplorable condition to which .our shipping interests has
bcen reduced. The following, from the table referred to, shows the total
foreign commel'ceofthe United States in 1850,1855,1860,1865, aml1869 :


Fiscal year.


1850 .....•.•••.....•••..........................
1855 ..•.•...•.•••......••.......•.......•...•...
1860 •.•...•........••.•••••...........•..••.....
1865 ••••••••••••••....•••••....••...•••.••......
1869 ........................................... .


Exports fLIld im-
ports in Amer·
ican "\essels.


$239. 272, Q84
405, 485, 462
507,247,757
167,402,872
289, 950, 272


Export. and im·
port. in foro
eign vcssels.


$90, 746. 954
131, 139, 904
255, 040, 793
437,010,124
58G, 492.012


TotaL


$~~O, 037, 038
~36, 625, 3fi6
762, 288, 550
604. 412, 996
876, 44~, 284




NAVIGATION INTERESTS .. v


It will be seen by the foregoing that in 1850, 75 per cent. of our total
exports and imports were shipped in Americau vesselil. In 1855, 75 per
cent. in American, and 25 per cent. in foreign vessels. In 1869, 34 per
cent. in American to 66 per cent. in foreign vessels. Our exports haye
doubled since 1853, while the percentage carried in American vessels
has fallen from 67 per cent. to 34 per cent.


CouId there . be a more striking refutation of the assumption that
the revival of our shipping will follow the increase of onr exports,
than is furnished by the statistics referred too The increase of our ex-
ports will only furnish an increased business to foreign ships unless we
put our own vessels in a position to compete with them on equal terms,


. It is estimated that more than 60 per cent. of the registered tonnage of
the United States is engaged in the carrying trade between foreign
countries, on long routes carrying the bulky cheap freights, while, as has
been shown by the foregoing table, oUl' own exports and imports are
passing in foreign bottoms, the freights going to enrich our commer-
cial rivals, and toswell the foreign balances against us, which must be
settled in gold.


VALUE OF Il\IPORTS.


The following are the values of imports into the district of New York
during the fiscal year ending J une 30, 1869, with estimated propor-
tion in sailing and steam vessels: '
Total value of imports ...... _ ...... , $295,137,415
Of which estimated proportion in sail-


ing vessels .. _ . . . . .. .. . . . . ... .... 57,867,025, or 1916l011f per cent.
Proportion in steam yesscls. _ . , .. _ .' 237, 270,390, 01' 80/';030 per c.ent.


TotaL ...... _ .......... _...... 295, 137, 415


Estimated proportion in American
steamers ........ _ .. _. _ .... _. _. __ . 35,441,606


Estimated proportion in foreign steam-
ers.............................. 201,828,784


Total in steamers ... __ ........ '.. 237,270,390
Or nearly seventy per cent. oí ihe imports at the great commercial city
of the country in foreign steamers.


There are now running regularly, to and from New York, 89 foreign
steamships, thc aggregate tonnage of which is 205,338 tons. The iu-
crease in this class of vessels, since 1860, has been 47 ships, 139,605 tons,
or more than two hundred per cent., and tIte number is constantly
augmenting to meet the increased demands of business. (See table
XXV in Appendix.)


Estimating the freights paid at eight per cent. of the value of the
cargoes and we have Itere paid to foreign carriers of goods to a single




VI NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


port, in round numbers, sixteen millions of dollars, while the amoullt
puid on outward c¡trgoes willprobably reach half that sum, makillg a
grand totaloi' twenty-four million dollars annuaIly drawn from our own
people to support the steamships of foreign nations, which steamships
cOIlstitute the naval reserve of those powers.


STEAJiSHIP LIXES.


At present the whole tendency of the freighting business of tIte
world is to seek direc.t routes, and by steam communication, to combine
mail and passenger witb merchandise trausportation. The long and
tedions voyages around capes are avoided by connecting oceans either
by ship canals or railways. TIte advantage of this chango. in tIte mode
of transportation, in addition to that oi' carrying passengcrs and mails,
is that it i'urnishes a way busiooss tItat canItot be commanded by saH
vessels which can ouly carry advantageously between two points.


Great Britain availing Ilerseli' of tIte use of steam has obtained con-
trol oi' tIle chie±" oi' these direct lines of ocean communication, amI in
doing so has occupied tIte sIlortest routes and tIlose wIlich, witIlout
loss of time or distance, afiord the most points to touch and tap the
trade belonging to tItem.


Between America, N ortIl and SoutIt, sIle has nine direct lines. Two
carry the. mails between tIle United States, British America, aud
England. Both lines start i'rom Liverpool, touch at Queenstown, and
saíl direct to New York. One, however, calls at Halifax.To feed these
lines the Cunard Company run a line i'rom Halifax to Nassau, which is
subsidized. There are also "way" steamers, if we may call them so,
between Halifax and Newfoundland, the Bahamas and New York.
ThePe is a line between Liverpool, New Orleans, and Balizo..


TIlree lines sail direct from Southampton to the Gulf of Mexico.
One to Tampico, lVlexico, another to Aspinwall, the third runs to
Puerto Cabello, in Venezuclla.


There are also three lines saíl for the Atlantic coast Qf South America.
One to Brazil, stopping at Rio de Janeiro, after calling at the lead-
ing ports to the north; another makes Buenos Ayres its stopping place.
ThB third runs to Montevideo. These lines sail i'rom Falmouth and
Southampton direct, taking the shortest route across.


Panama is the starting point fol' four lines of British steamers. One
down the Pacific coast of South America to Valparaiso, touching at
an the chiefports. Another tothe leading places in Central America. A
third is a localline runniug to neigIlboring pOilltS, and the i'ourth direct
to Wellillgtou, New Zealand, cOllllectillg with an Australian lino. to
Sydney amll\-Ielbourne.


There are two lines along' the_ West eoast of Africa, both-startillg from
Southamptoll, one goiug to and from the Cape of Good Hope, touchillg'
at St. Helena alld Ascension, the other tapping the coast, from Cape
Sto Vincent, Portugal, to Sierre Leone and other points.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. VII


Besidesanumberofshort routes conuccting different points, the greatest
line of aH is that of the Peninsula and Oriental Mail Steamship Com-
pany. Its point of departure is Southampton. From that port their ves-
seIs go to Gibraltar,through the Mediterranean,touching at different
points, as l\falta, &c.~ to Port Said, through the canal, the Red Sea, acl'oss
the Arabian Sea, to Bombay and CeyIon. At the latter place a line rl1us
to ~-\.ustralia; there connecting with a line already mentioned, running
fromPanama, andthus making the circle complete. The general route of .
the steamel's takes in all the Ieading Indian ports, also Singapore,
Penang, Hong Kong, and Shanghai. By foHowing the indicated routcs
it will be at once Reen that they leave out only two principal regions;
Pacific North Ameriea and the lower portions of the ludian Archi-
pelago. For the latter, shol't routes from point to point are being
ol'ganized, while it is understood that this gl'eat company pl'opose to
nIlite the British steam marine at either end of onr continental railroad
systcm, by establishing a competing line with the Pacific l\fail Steamship
Company from Shanghai to San Francisco. This will inevitably be fol-
lowed by another line from San Francisco to Panama. This extension
of lines of steamers has been pl'ocurcd mainly by means ofliberal subsi-
dies paid by the British and French governments for carrying the mails.


For the postal service they perform Great Bl'itain pays to twelve of
hel' principal mail steamship companies, in the fOl'm of an anmU11 ~mb­
sidy, J;;n03,750, 01' $4,392,244, besides the amonnts collected for postage
oyer from other principal routes and a nl1mber of connecting lines,
amounting to enough more to make tbe en tire payments at least
$5,1')00,000. Of this large sum about $2,000,000 is paid to the lines cou-
necting with tho Ameri'can Continents.


The French government i8 oven more li¡;eral than that of Great Britain,
and the effect of their policy is seen in the establishment of severallines
of the finest equipped steamships afloat, even rivalling the bost British
lines. ~ The French government pays several million dollars annually to
these lines. The French Transatlantic Company run three lines-to
New York, to the West Indies amI Vera Cruz, and to Gaudaloupe and
Aspinwall. It receives all the money paid for postage and a direct ano
nual subsidy of $1,000,000. Besides these amonnts, the Fronch govern·
ment loaned it $5,000,000 for ten years withont interost, }Vhich is being
returned by the withholding ten per cent. of the postage paid. The
subsidies to the other steamship lines are on the same scale, having re-
ceived a loan as part of their capital, and aH are paid the amounts col-
lected on mail matter which they carry.


Other chief lines start from l\farseilles and run to the varióus l\fedit-
erranean ports, the French colonies of Algiers; and one of tho finest
appointed lines in the world, Méssageries lmperiale, runs direct to Alex-
andria and Port Said, through the Suez Canal, llown tho Red Sea,
communicating with the French colonies off the east coast of Africa, anll
thence to the leading ports in t,he Indian Seas direct to the two 01' three




VIII NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


poínts which yet remain in French possession, theuce to Saigoon in
Oambodia'or Cochin China. The present terminus is Shanghai.


By means of these lines France is tapping the chief sources of COID-
mercial prosperity: North America, the West Indies and Central Amel'i-
ca, Africa, and Fa1'ther Asia.


The1'e are besides the great lines indicated others which are also ex-
tending rapidly. From Hamburg and B1'emen there arefinely-appointed
transatlantie lines, which receive aid in heavy charges for ca1'rying mail
matter from Great Britain and the United States, besides dil'ect aid from
the North German government. Austria and Italy both have lines sail-
ing f1'om Trieste and Vienua, and ca1'rying the mails for Mediterranean
ports. One 01' both these lines are pushing towárd India and China.
Holland has a regular line to and from her East Indian colonies,
and Spain one also to the Phillipine Islands. All these govern-
ments see the advantages derived from development of the "through
route" steamship system. Even Japan, just wakingup to the influences
of Western material progress, is encouragingthe formationof a mercan-
tile steam marine, and owns and employs in her own waters, and in
trade with China, twenty first-class steamers, paying liberally íor the
transportation of the mails between her oWn ports and islands.


In striking cont1'ast with the activity displayed by foreign nations, is
the want of it manifested by our own. During the ye,ar ending J une 30,
1869, there was paid by the United States, for oceanmail service,
$1,101,674, of which amount $336,163 was paid to foreign companies.


We have but two Hnes of mail steamers mnning on the Atlantic.
One, monthly, mns to Rio de Janeiro from New York, stopping at
St. Thomas and Pernambuco, the other, Pacific l\fail, from New York to
Aspinwall, making weekly trips. On tbe Pacific side we have :t'rom
Panama, one line to San Francisco, and from there to Yokohama, and
Shanghai. From the same port there is a semi-monthly Hne to Hono-
lulu, Sandwich Islauds, one to Vancouver's Island, carrying the mails
to Oregon, British Columbia, and the Puget Sound country, and one,
semi-monthly, to Mazatlan, l\fexico. In aH not more than thirty steam-
ships are employed in this service, of which the Pacific Mail have
fourteen. The British Peninsula and Oriental Compally alone employ
forty-nine large vessels, forty-six of which aremail carriers for the East
and Australia.


Thus it appears that our sbipping has declined absolutely and rela-
tively with that of other nations; that not only tha carl'ying trade be·
tween foreign nations, but between OUl' own and forcign countries; tbe
business fUl'llished by OUl' expol'ts and imports is being transfel'l'ed to
foreign bottoms; aud last, and most impol'tant of aH to OUl' prestige as
a maritime nation and OUl' iufluence in tbe affail's of the world, that we
have allowed othel' nations to possess themselves of tbe most important
lines of steam navigation connecting distant parts of the globe. _


In consequence 01' this decline of our shipping the business of ship-




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. IX


building in the United States is at the present time at a complete stand-
still. Tho yards are ernpty, the worklllen out of elllployment, and what
capital has survivctl the wrcck of' disastcI' is either idle 01' turned ti:> other
channeIs.


CAUSES OF DECLINE.


It has been urged by sorne that this depression of ournavigation
interests is tho result of general canses, snch as an oyer-production of
tonnage and a depression in the business of the world.


Uut snch causes, if existing, wonId be temporary in their operation.
If the shipping of t,he world were temporarily in excess oC the business
of tlle world, thc eqnilihrium wonld soon be restored by tite natural de-
crease of ships amI the cver-advancing increase of cOllllllereüll business.
Tlle period of prosperity wonld, as it always has, specdiIy follow that oi
depl'ession. The facts stated, however, show a decline of out' navigMion
interests 1'1llllling through a decade-a period too 10llg to be affectod b;r
a mere tlt~pressioll of business or any over-pl'oductioll oí' tOTll1age.


l\[oreoH'l', tite (leelille has been wholly in the sllipping of tlle United
States. ""\Vhile that of otller natiolls has bcen depressed from thc canses
allndcd to, there has l10t only boen no absolute decllne, but, as has been
shown, a constant increase in tonnage and in the efficiellcy of tlleir \'OS-
seIs. In 18G8, thero "ere built on tho Clyue alone Ul7 yessols, of HiU,571
tons, mor .. than one-half of whicl! were 8tearners. The total of tonnage
hnilt and registcred in tIle United Kingdolll in 1868 \Vas 31O,Ul7 tons-
a larger amollat than was bnilt ill an;)' Olle year prior to 18G3.


lt is ohyiom; frOlll the foregoillg that the causes operatillg to produce
tIle presellt condition of tIle lluyigatioll illterest are special-such as
affect American tOllllagoc only-alHI, as you!' COlllIllittl'c belieye, lllay be
roadily asccrtailled.


The stpad,)' increase of our shipping engaged in tIle foreign tralle np
to tll(~ eOlllmellcement of the rebelliou, uud the suddell anll rapid de-
cline frolll t11at point, leads directly t6 the conclusioll thnt its dccadence
is attribntable mainly, if not solely, to illcidents of t118 wal'. A.~cording
to the best available \lata, !)1(),4(j(j tous of American shippillg dis-
appearec1 from Ollr li8ts dming tlte relK'lliOll. Of this amount, 110,103
tonE> WCl'P dp¡.;t1'oycd by allglo-eonfederate pirates, while 8O::~,303 t011S
were either sohIto foreigners 01' passed llomillally into their hands and
obtainel1 t11e pl'otcetion of thl'ir íiag8_ Hel'e was an actual 108s to tIle
pl"Íyate OWllers of lcss than fiyü per ecut., amI a loss to the uation of
about thil'ty-seven per cent. of tho total of American tonnage engaged in
the fmeiga carl'ying trade. Tho 10s8 oí' this amount of tounago would not
of itsel±' huye produced suclt disastl'ons results as ,,-e Itan~ seen had
uot the yalne of what remainell beell yil'tually destroyed by the peril in
wIlich it was placed from English lliratioal vessels sailing nndel' tIte
confetlerate flag. Tlle risk of sailing lindel' thc American íiag was so




x NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


great as to divert a large share of the carr,Ying trade into foreign
bottoms, principally those of Great Britain.


That changes which have occurreel in naval arelliteeturc ancl in the
materials of which ships are now being cOllstrncted opcrated anterior
to the rebellion, anel tended to produce a revolution in the shippiug of
thc worlel, is uneloubtedly true. 1rou, as a building material for sltips
was fast superseding wood, anel screw steamers were, as we haye said,
crowding out sail vessels on an oeean rontes where tlte carr,Ying of paso
sengers and mails conlel be combined with the general freighting busi·
ness. But it by no means follows that this reyoIution in the charactel'
of the mercautile marine ofthe world wouId, if peace hall contilmed, have
preyented us from maintailliug with foreign nations our relativo posi·
tion as a great maritime power. Our people, with their sllgacity,
enterprise, and aptitude for mercantile and mechallical pursnits, ,vould
doubtless have percei\Ted amI availed themselves of the advantages
resulting from t11is progress in nautical mechanics.


Having invented tIle steamship and first navigatcd the ocean witlt
this class of vessels, and taken the lead of aH nations in tIle scienC(~ of
naval architecture, wc should, it may he saJe to assurne, have hoM onr
way against the worId in competing for supremacy on tIle ooeall, had
not our attention been diverted f'rom the pursuits of peace to tlle pre·
servation of our national existence.


The war not only clepriyed us of the advantages resulting from tIti;;;
challge in the charadar of cOTllmercial yessels and the currents of tra(le
affected tltereby, hut gaye an impetus to aH business conuected with
ocean naYigatioll, in the Ilands oí' our great eommerciztl riyal, alJ(I au
advantage over 11S, that hut for the war she would not llave possessecl.
The business thm; diverted into new chaullcls could uot be illlmedi·
ately regaincd by American yessels eyen nndcr the most ülVorable eir·
cUTJ1stauces. But the disastrous efreets of the wal' did not cease with
the return of peace. They were rat.her aggravated by the bnrdens of
taxation which tlle war had left imposed upon aU the industries of lhe
country, hut which operated with peculiar 11ardship upon this particular
interest, inasmuch as it is suhjected to the unrestl'ieted competition of
untaxed foreign riyals, and this competition must be met not only at
horne in our own ports, but in al! parts of the world.


In a con test so unequal there can he but olle result, and that is tlle
total 108S of our foreign oarrying tralle amI tho destruction of our mer-
chant marine. Under snch eomIitions as these it i8 as irnposslble to I'e-
vive our shipping interests, nnaidctl by the government, as it wouId be
to build up our rnanufaeturing intercsts by imposing a heavy tax UpOIl
all raw materials, and at the same time adrnitting aU manufactured ar-
ticles free of ·duty.
l~El\1EDIES.


The fact that our oommerce is rapidly disappearing from the ocean
has been mathematically dernonstratcd. Thecauses whieh have brought




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. XI


it to this comlition can be traccd with cOllsiderable certainty, but the
remedy for tIle ovil, the meallS best calculated to restore it, are more
difficult to diseovel' and apply.


TIle eommiitce, iJl cndcavol'ing to fincl the best metIlod of remedying
.the evil, luwe cOllsidereü the following pl'oposeü plans of legislation in
l'elatioll tltercto, which luwe been ul'ged ul'0n its attention and re-
ceived its eareflll considcration:


1. Thc 1'cadmis:,;ion of the vessels which sought the protcetioll of a
foreign flag dn1'ing the war to American registry.


2. TIlc lllodification of our navigation laws so as to admit foreign-
built vessels to American registry, either free oí' duty 01' on payment of
a 1ll0deraLe duty on the tonnage of sueh vessels.


3. TIle allowallee of a drawbaek on illlported material whieh is used
in tlw eOllstl'netion of vesscls, 01' an equivalcnt to thc drawback wherc
Amcriean lllatcrials are used.


4. PCl'llIissioll ta withdraw frOlll bond stores to be consumed by
vessels on voyagcs to foreign ports.


5. Exemptiolls of tonnagc frolll an taxes other than by thc federal
governlllent. Alld


6. The grauting of sueh gOYerllmellt aid, by \VaY of postage on mails
aad by subsidies, as will insure tlle establishment of lines of Allliriean
oeean stcamers to the principal 1'oreign pOl'h; 01' the wol'ld, thcl'eby
enabling our eitizells to partieipate in the profits of the tmue ereatetl
by SLlCh lines.


REGIS1'RAl'ION OF FOREIGN-BUILT SHIPS.


Your eommittee are of OpiRioll t hat the readlllission to American
rcgistry oi' ye:,;sel:,; plaeed nndel' f()l'eigll flag:,; dnring the rebelliou is
against soullll publie poliey. 'fo allow citizcn:,; to avail themsclyes oí' a11
the advautages eonfcrreu by ou1' govcrnlllcut during peaee, al1d escape
an the risks of snpportillg it durillg war, by plaeillg their property
at sueIt times nuder tIte proteetion of 'a 1'oreigll gOYerumellt, would be a
dangerouR preeedent to establish. l\Iost of the vessels \Vhich ehanged
tlleir nationality \Vere plaeed nuder the flag oí' a llation that, unuer tite
guise 01' neutrality, was making war upon our eOIDmel'Ce for the benefit
oi' its OWIl. They idelltified their illterest \Vith thoso of our enemy, amI
obtailled an the advan!agos l'esultil1g from sueh eonnectioa; to readmit
them now to the same prhile. aeeórded to yessels wllieh adhered to
the flag and fortunes oi' tite eountry through aU tIte pcrils and under
aU the disadvulltages incident to the \Var, wonld be to elleonragedesert\ün
in times when the eountry most needed the aid of its citizens.


Tlw argument in favor 01' the poliay of admitting foreigll-built vessels
to Americall registl'y is based upon thc assumptioll that the change
wltich has taken plaee iu the ehal'aetel' oY commereial vessels from wood
to iron, amI frolll saíl to stcam vessels, has given to 1'oreign nations, par-




XII NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


ticularly to Great Rritain, such advantages in regard to tlle cheap con·
struction of f,his lutter cluss of vessels, as to make it impossible [al' us to
compete with her; and that we are reduced to tlle alternativo of oit11e1'
purchasing onr ships of her 01' of sUl'rendering to her t11e carrJ'ing tralle.
n is fnrther nrged that this trade contributes so greatly to tIte \ycaltb
of a nation that we should secure it, by purchasing and sailing' foreign.
built ships; to which end it is necessary that aH restrictiolls to tlw
purchase of such ships should be removed froIll our statutes.


The opposite policy of allowing only American·built vesscls tlHl prh'i-
lege of the American :flag and register was adopted aí the formation of
the government, and has heen unif()l'rnly adhered to sillce, modified only
by the act of December 2:3, 1852, which permits fOl'eign vessels wrecked
in tIle waters of the United States, amI repaired in our ports, tite repairs
amollnLÍng to two-thirds of the valne, to take out an American register.
The best pl'oof of the wisdom of tIlis poliey is the rapid alld uninterrupted
progress whieh we attained as a commercial nation under its opera"tÍons.
Great Britain beeame the first mari time nation of the world muler a like
policy, wItich she never relaxed until her merchant marine was strength_
er:.ed heyond danger.


In ünler tü llnderstand and appreciate the praetical operation of the
policy of admitting foreign-built ships to American regist1'Y, and its
effects upon the national wealth, we must conside1' somewhat in <letail
the manllel' in which thoshipping of a conntry-and pa1'ticularly that of
ou1' üwn-is built up alld maintained. The shippillg of tIte Ullited States
has nm'er been built, alld only to a limited extellt has it UCCll owned, by
capitalists, hut by men of moderate means, the lUlllbe1'man, t110 mcchanic,
the ship-maste1', and the merchant, ('aeh having an intel'est in the pro-
ductioll, tho sailing, aml tIle freight of the ship, illdepelldellt of the
profits to he directly deriyed fmm its f'al'llÍngs.


TIle lumberman to"make a ma1'ket 1'01' his timber, tbe mechanic to ob·
tain employment in cOllstruetillg, the ship-clmlllllel' for sale of his goods
in fUl'llishing, the ship-master to obtain business in his profession, amI
tho mercIlant to secure the cOlllmissions resulting fl'om tlle managclllent
of the husiness, allllllite in building, owning, and sailing yessels. -To
use the exp1'essiou of M1'. Loring, a practical ship-carpeuter, largely in-
terested in building ami ownillg vessels, wIto testificd hefore the com-
mittee at Portlallll: "The whole parish are often illterested in building
and owning vessels."


This associated ef/:'ort not onI;y supplies the capital but tIte practical
knowledge and expel'Íenee to const1'uct and mauagc 1his des(~riptioll ot
property successfully, and also flll'uishes au incentive to prodnce it far
greater than tItat of mere interest on investment of capital alone.


By purchasing our ships in foreign countries we tralls/:'er HOt only all
the labor necessary to COIlStruCt them, frolll the taking of the timber
frolJl tlle forests, and the ore fi'om tIte mines, to the launehillg of tIte
ship, but also all the business of fUl'1lishing the ontfits aml sllllplies í()r




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. XIII


the Yoyage. It is estimated t11at more than sixty per cent. of the tOll-
nage of theUnited Sta tes engagecl in the foreign earrying trade is en-
gaged in freighting between the ports of foreign countries, and many of
these vessels never return arter sailing from om' ports, 'Yhat advan-
tage would it be to our country to have the real 01' nominal ownership
oí' this class 01' vessels, built, fitted, manned, and provisiolled fi)!' their
Yoyage in a foreigll port, touehing ouly at the ports of t1le l;-nited States
to obtaill an American register, amI thcll pursuing t11eir voyage, per-
haps never to return ~ If snch yessels were 1'eal1y wlLOlly owned in the
United States it eould be of no advantage to us.


It would not be tonnage, tlle p1'oduction of which wonhl Hid in furn-
ishing profitable employment to American mechanics allcl American
agricultllraIists amI 11elp to in crease our national wealth. It would not
multipIy comfortable cottages no1' create thriving villages of inclnstrious
workmen arouncl busy American ship-yards in time 01' peace. It wouId
be simply tIle investment 01' American capital in pl'operty out 01' the
country, the dividend 1'rom whiclt ouly wouId be retnrned to uso It
would give no strellgth in time 01' war. Representing capital aIone, it
would pm'tako of the timülity of capital, and whenever danger threat-
ened, seek sa1'ety nnde1' a neutml 01' hostile flag.


Still t'urther, we cannot 1)]lild up a truly .A merican merehant marine
in a foreign eoulltry, fol' the reason that tIle conntries in which wc bnild
,\"iIl have eycry advantage OYC1' us in competillg 1'01' the car1'ying trade
which is to sustain sueh a marine. First, in tIte proJlts of the business
of 1milding and fitting ont the vessels. Sceolld, in the command of
eheap capita1. Third, in combilling tho building, owning, amI manging
interests, which can only be donc in the cOLlntry where the shipping is
built. And fourth, in the p1'estige snch countries would obtaill by fUl'll-
ishing the yessels whieh Americans wouId own, and also those which
\Yere to ComI)ete 1'01' the business with American-owned vessels. Fur-
thermore, it is not probable that American capital wouhl be sent to
Europc to build ships with whicIl to compete on cqnal terms fo1' busi-
ness with tho ships of those w110 build for tuem, nnless these forcign-
built vessels were allowed to participato in OUl' coasting trade-a chango
ir}, our polic,}' which would not onlyentirely destl'Oy e\'ery braneh of
lllochanicaI iudustry in tho United States dependcnt upon ship-builcling,
but would ruin the presont owne1's 01' coasting vessols. It would be ad-
mitting to the enjoyrnent 01' American business foreigners who pay uo
taxes to the American government, and who, by virtue oí' that exemp-
tion, wouId be onabled to driye American tax-payers out oí' employment.


TIte policy oí' admitting foreigll-built ships tú American register, on
paymcllt of a duty, has aIso been urgetl. The committee cannot recom-
mend such legislation, for whatevel' duty might be so imposed, would
operate only to tIle advantage 01' tbc foreigll ship-owller, with whom the
American purchasel' and owner oí' such foreign-bnilt Rhips wOllld have
to compete. lf we were to adrnit foreign-built shins to Americau re gis-




XIV NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


ter at aU, it wonld be witlt tIte view of ellablillg our ship-owllers to
supply themselves with vessels at a rate as low as that paid by foreign
competitors. An American ship-owner must in snch case be uble to
plll'dmse as eheap as the foreigner, 01' he must obtaill better s11ip:,;;
otherwise he is tleprived of that equality of ability to compete, which
i8 au essential quality of the Sllceess uesired by those wll0 engage in
the carrying trade of the world. The statement is in itself a 8utlicient
allSWel' to the proposition.


But there are other objeetions more weighty t11an t1108e referred to,
that should prevent the adoption of either poliey. They wouM d(~pri,'e
us of the mechanieal skill requisite to build ou1' na,'Y in time of war, 01'
oblige us to maintain it at great expen;:;e eonneeted with the govem-
ment works in time of peace, and would also compel the maintenallce
of a large naval force entirely usele8s as a peaetl establishment, but
necessary to preserve anddefend the national hono!" alHI inte1'osts in case
they were meuaced. It would be humiliating, iudee(l, to cvcry American
to see Great Britain cmployed antl paid by us to build shipping to replaee
that which she so efl'eetivcly aided to destroy during the rebe11ion. Tf we
adopt a poliey that will admit of sueh results, that nation eould ",eH
afford to pay our most extravagant demands upon her for damages in-
flietecl by the cruisers which from her ports made war upon our com-
merce üuring the rebellion.


Every eonsitlcratioll, whethcr of interest 01' of natioual pritle, impels
us to build upon our own soil t11e ships whieh are to bear the flag of our
cOllntry to an quarters of the globe.


This result can only be accomplished by atlopting a poliey as liberal
and enlightened as that of the nations with wilkh we are to compete for
the earrying trade of the world, ",hich nations are now in possessioIl of
the field.


TIlose nations admit an the material entering into the eonstruetion of
vessels free of duty; they also anow thc witht1rawal fl'om bond of all
stOI'C'S used on the Yoyagc of a ship sailing to a foreig'u port, the same
as though such stores were exported; and they pay liberally to steamers
for carrying the mails, and thus establish lines to all parts of the world.


SUBSIDIES TO STEAllISRIPS.


The subsidies paid by Great Britain and Franee to establish theit
steamship lines, and fol' the promotioll oí' their general shipping interests,
are returned to them many fold b;y t11c natiolls tlmt pursue a more narrow
and short-sighted policy. It is the Ullitecl States that supports the foreigll
steamships which l'un to aml from her ports, by the mail, passenger; amI
fl'eigLt money which she pays to them, rathel' thun to establish lilles of
her OWI1. \Vorse still, while we carefully scrutinize everyappropriatioll
for our own navy, we pay annually lllore to support this most etlicient
arm of the navy uf Great Britain thau is asked for the support oí' onr
OWIl.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. xv


The testimony taken by the eommittee is nearly nnanimous that by
offering to our eitizens the same eneouragement and protection as is
afforded byother commercial nations totheir citizens, ou1' shipping can be
bnilt and lines of ocean steamers establisbed as fast as the requirements
of busi'ness dema.wl, and tlmt tbere would be a present demand for ships
if they conld be eheaply supplied.


Tbat althougb the cost oí iron and some othel' material s would be
higher by tIle amount paid 1'01' freight, and the wages of lahor are altlo
higher witlt us tltan in Europe, yet we should have au advalltage in t1le
eost oí timber, a largo amount of whieh is used, even in t,]¡e eOlltltruetion
of iron yessels; and t1lat t1le higher rates raid fin' American labor
would be more tIlall eounterbalanccd by its grcater effieieney amI skill.
This leads us tú the difficult questioll, as to tIle methods in which gov-
ernment shall clldeavor to extend its aid to oul' deca~'ing mt,-igation
intel'ests. YourcolllmiLtee, afterthe mostcrtrefuldelibel'ation, illlpressefl
with the great impol'tm;we of rcstoring our eommercial marine, not
only as a meuns of inereasing t11e national wealth in time of peace, but
al so as one of the most effieient agencies for national defence in time
01' I>ar, respectfully recommend t11e followillg measures as calcula.ted to
promote tlle desired object:


Pirst. The l'emission 01' tho duties imposefl upon t1le raw material
entering jato the cOllstruetion oí yessels alld steamers, limiting the
amount to tlle millimum of duties per ton colleeted on the material
requiretl for ce1'tain classes of vestlels; and where American iron is used
in the construction 01' iron vessels, an amonnt per ton equivalent to the
dnties on a like amonnt {¡f imported ra w material s, limiting tlle amonnt
to he paid.


Sccand. That all stores to be nscd by vessels sailing to foreign po1'ts
may be taken in bonel free of duty; aneI


Third. Further to encourage iuvestment in shipping, aml to extend
the aid to ships already built, and whieh haye been s~tiled during and
since t11e rebellion at great disadntntage, allowing to aH sail ves seIs
aml to aH steamers rnnning- to tite Britislt N ortlt American Provinces,
one dollar amI fifty cents per ton; 011 steamers to European po1'ts; four
doIlars per ton; and on aIl other steamers rtlnning to foreign ports,
three dolla1's per ton.


In view of the faet that the tax npon tonnage cannot be removed
without relieving the vessels of alI foreign llations of the same, while no
snch exemption is extended to American ycssels in foreign ports, and in
view of the further fact that the shipping interest {jf the country is to
I'eeeiye some relief by the passage of the proposed measures, the com-
mittee recommend only the removal of all tonnage, harbo!', pilotage,
and othe1' like taxes imposed upon shippillg by State amI municipal
authority, (mosí of \vhich taxes have been doclared by tho Supreme Court
nnconstitutional,) and the readjustment of the present tax upon tounage,
so tllat it will fall more equitably upon the different elasses of vossels




XVI NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


affected thereby. The amount which will be received from this source
is estimated by the committee to be more than three million dollars peI
annum, and will to that extent contribute to the relief ,,"hich is proposcd
to be granted in aid of the shippillg interest of the ullited States. FOl
the 'purpose of carrying out the foregoing recommendations, your como
mitteo report herewith two bills for consideration.


In reporting the bi1ls referred to, ;yOUl' committee are hopeful that in
casc of their adoption the shippillg illterests of the conntry rúay dcrin
yer,r considerable relief: Tllat they will fully meet the expectatiolls 01
the laL'ge class of our citizens COllllccted witll this illterest the,r do llOt
expect. N Ol' ha ye tlley fuU confidonce that tlle result will be the speedy
restoration of onr lost commerce.


Timc will be required to organize the capital and labor neccssary to
embark extensiycly in the business of constrncting iron sail and stcam·
ships; and still greate1' inducemel1ts must be offered to insure the estab·
lishment of lines oí' American ocean steamers \vl.IÍcll will relieve us from
our present llluniliatillg and disgraceful dependency upon foreiguers.


It is lmt a few days since that on1' goyernment was reminde<l by the
managers of the English lines of steamers, tite lnman and Cunard, of
the disgraceful fact, that not a siug-Ie merc]¡ant steaI;¡er beul'iug the
American flag now crossed thc Atlantic, and that we were elltirely de·
pendent upon them foI' the transportation oí' our rnails, which they carry
under temporary arrangements, to be terminated at their pleasure.
'Vhile our governlllent has witit lavish liberality, in subsidies of lands
amI money, aided in extending rail ways through the \Vest, and have
appropriated laI'ge SUlllS fol' the improvelllcllt of interior water eommu·
nications, our oceall navigation has been left withollt either Hid 01' pro·
tection. The prosperity of the eoulltry in time of pl'l1ce, as well as its
security in time of wa1', i::l largelj' dependent upon an efliciellt merchaut
marine, alJ(1 it is worthy of tlle consideratioll of Cougress whether by
granting such aid a::l will ::ll'Clll'e tIte building up of a large part of this
marine, in swift ocean steamcrs, readily convertiblc illto cl'Uisers in time
of \Var, we are uot providing a most econolllical and eflicient llleans oí
naval defense. lt was stated by Admiral Porte!', before this committee,
that with a few sucit shil's convel'ted into war yessels at the breaking
out of the rebenion, snch a bloclmde oí' the southel'Il coast eould huve
been established as would have prevented the rebels from ::lending out
a pound of eotton 01' obtaining supplies 01' lllUllitiollS of war, and the
rebellion would have beeu strallgled almost at its bil'tit. "Yho can com-
pute the loss in lives and in mOlley cOllsequeut upon the want of a few
such ships"?


It is evident that our f\ltnre wars with any of the great Jlowers must
be upon the oocan, and with an euellly that must cross tite ocean to attack
us, and whose vulnerable point to assail is the population aml wealth
which he has seattered on every sea.


Great Britain has, as we have seeu, adoptc(l the poliey of subsidizing




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. XVII


her lines of ocean steamers, and the resnlt is that she has doubled the
efficiency of her navy, and at tbe same time added immensely to her
national wealtb. Tbese subsidized sbips are subjeet at aH times to the
demands of tbe government. Our government has no sueh source to
draw from, and must consequently depend entirely upon a navy sup-
ported in peace, to be available in war.


It wonld even be a matter of cconomy if our governmcnt shonhl
bnild vessels adapted to tbe uses of comlllerce in time of peace, aud
readily convertible into fighting ships in time of war, giving the free
use of snch ships in time of pcaee to merchants who would take ca re oi
and nse them nntil required for tbe national defense. Under such cir-
cnillstances the governmcnt would be relieved of tho cost of takillg carc
of the ships when not rcquircd for the public scrvice, and the national
wealth would be increased by their use for mercantile purposes. As
the government can have the control of such vessels WbCll llecdcd, by
paying only a small p~rcentage of their cost, is it not clearly a lllatte1'
01' econOln,y aIHI sound public policy to legislatc with a view to such rc-
sults?


Tbe policy he1'e suggested, in regard to extending govermuent aid
to establish lines of stcamcrs, should be entered upon only after such
ca1'eful amI UlOrough cOllsideration oi' the whole snbject as wil1 lead to
tbe adoption of a comprebensive systelll tbat will be permanent in its
ebaracter and certain to secnre tbe desired 1'esults.


Yonr cornrnittee have only had time to eonside1' the general question
relating to navigation interests, and leave tltis particular branch of tlte
subject to be reported upon after considering fuBor the various bills re-
lating thereto refened to them by tbe IIouse.


OUR RIVER AND RAILWAY NAVIGATIOX.


The vast llavigable rivers and extensivo lines of railway of our coun-
try are so intimately cOllllected with the subjects oí' ocean steam navi-
gation that your committee cannot refrain fl'Olll aHuding to tbem in con-
cluding tbis reporto


Thc continental position and geographical features of this rcpublic,
lying in tbe direct ronte between Europe aJal Asia, wasbed on eitber
shore b? the two great oceans oi' the worId, anel interlaced with a vast
net-work of interior navigable waters, afl'ords in itself the grandest of
all possible incentives toward determining the grantillg of 8uch legiti-
mate aid as may be accorded in tlle eftort to revive our shipping in ter-
ests, as well as to achieve that supreme maritime leadership to which
\Ve may reasonably aspire. \


Out' natural advantages are stiU furtlwr aided hy the artificial means
which scientific and material entorpriso has atlorded througb the devel-
opment oí' the railroad system, ospecialIy oi' those great lines which
connect t11e Atlantic anO. the Pacific, and which, witb thei1' branches,


U-NI




XVIII NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


are to intersect the whole territory between those oceans. They ar~
like so many mighty rivers, furnishing capacity fór uulimited transporta-
tion.


Themail route from London to Eastern Asia lies across the American
continent, and passengers and valuable freights such as the trade of
China and .Japan provides will pass over the same lines. Yokohama,
tIte principal port in .Tapan, and Shanghai and Hong Kong, in China,
are an nearer in time and distance to London via New York and San
Francisco than via the newly opene9- route of the Suez Cana1.


The following comparative distances between London amI New York
alld some of the principal ports of Eastern Asia illnstrate the advall-
tages of our positioll:
London to Yokohama (Japan) "ia Suez Canal ______ .. ___ .... _.
I..¡ondon to Yokohama (Japan) "ia New York and San Francisco
New York to Yokohama (Japan) via Pacific railroad and San


Francisco _ .................. _ ........... _ ....... ___ .... _ .
San Francisco to Yokohama (J apan) per steamer ___ .. __ . ___ . _
London to Shanghai via Suez Canal. ............ _ .. ___ ...... .
New York to Shanghai via Paeifie railroad and San Francisco ..
San Francisco to Shanghai por steamer _ _ _ _ _ _ .. , ______ .. - - __ .
Chicago to Yokohama _____ ....... _ ......... ____ .. _______ .. __
St. Louis about same distance as Chicago.


11,509
10,000


7,520
4,520


10,469
8,555
5,555
6,900


Nothing in the future is more certain than that the foreign importa-
tions of the --yv est are to be made directly to her chief commercial
cities, and distributed therefrom as they now are from the ports
of the seaboard. The railways which are to supply them in part
are but in their infancy, and by means of improvements yet to bc
introdnced may ere long be able to compete successfully with steam
transportation by water. Through such improvements, the routes across
our continent, already the most direct, may become the cheapest routes
from London to China and Japan. Between the western termini of these
routes and the lands that are washed by the Pacific and lndian Oceans,
nature has provided free of cost a great highway, which we have only
to occupy with veIticles of transportation. No Illountain barriers are to
be scaled 01' leveled to reach thern.


Those ARiatic countries are teeming with a husy, iudustrious popula-
tion, skilled in the mechanic arts, and adepts in the seience of agricul-
ture. Abounding in wealth, with extensive internal, and little externa!
commerce, their trade has been the prize for ",hich all commercial
nations have 1'01' centuries contended. The trade 01' the more important
of these conntrieR, India, China, amI Japan, Great Britain now draws to
hel'self, and distributes again from her stores to the rest of the world.


The silver products of the mines of Ame~ica make nearly the circuit
of the world to reach, vía Great Britain, the countries of the East,
while the products of those countries come back to America by the same
circuitou8 ronte.




9l'AVIGATlaN INTERESTS. XIX


These far Eastern countríes arR at 0111' very doors; their relatious with
ns more friendly tlJan with any other uatiou; their trade is at our com-
mand, ir \Ye wiJI lmt stretch forth our halld amI iake it.


Tlle adnllltages to result frOll1 tbe revÍ\Tal of OUl' comme1'ce aud navi-
!,;,;¡tion, amI e8]leeially from our obtaining p08session of tite Pacific traJe,
are cOllfined to no one Redíon of the c011ntr.'), vyith the Sandwich
hIulHls in on1' pORsessioll, amI hy the adoption of a ",ise aud liberal
eOlnmercial poliey, \Ve can control tbe trade of Easit'rn Asia amI tbe
COlllllJe1'Ce of tIle Pacific, alld pom tbeir ,yealtb llil'eetly iuto the ...-ulley
of the l\1iSSiRSippi, which is to be tbe center of populatiou in the future
01' ou1' eountry. Chicago, Sí. LouiR; ~llld ot1le!' cities of the vVest are,
as we have r-;aill, to beeOllle pods of ent1'Y, amI dist1'ibutors of the pro-
ducís of Asia as \Yell as oí' Europe. Thus, the great vVest has the samo
intereRt in l'e\-iving and maintaining the oepan eommeree of ou1' country
under tIlO AllH'rican flag that the Atlalttie Sta tos hmTe in opening up
intemal liHos 01' e O Ullll I:\l'ep , wlwther by t11e huilding of g1'eat línes 01'
raihr<lY, 01' hy tlw jll1pron'ment of lake 01' rÍ\Te1' mwigatioll.


Shall ,,'e, aJte1' haying pxpendccl lllillions in ollening tlJis opportunity
(jf eOlltl'oling- the commeree 01' fhe \rcrIel by uniting tLe t",o great oeeans
tÍlat waslJ t11e oppositc sho1'08 of the cOlltinollt-after astonishing tho
\\'ol'ld by om encrgy unu WÜiclolll in ea1'l'ying t,hl'ollgh slleh a gigantic
eOlllll1C'TCinl Cllü'l'pl'ise whill' ill aH anned stl'nggle for ll:1tional exis-
tClJee-surpl>isc it still more by onr snpineness aJ¿d folly in negleeting
tu <ly;¡il onrselyes of tIJe gl'cater adV<111tages whiell unture has opened to
llS witLout oost '1


.JOEN LYKCJI.
J AS. B UFFIKGTON.
CADWALADEH C. WASHBURN.
GlT1ES W. HOl'OIlKISS.
])A~'L .J. ]}fORRELL.
I1ERVEY C. CALKIN.
BHAt-,?'lTS \VELLS.


. ,


1\11'. LYNCH, from tlle Seled COllllllitt¡~(\ 011 the Causes of the Reduction
oí' Allle1'ic<l1l 'l'ollllagc, l'cported tIJe I'ollowing hill :


A DILL to revinl tlH\ ll:lvig:ltiull llml COllllllcreilll illtl'rests of tIJe Ullited States.


\Vhcrcas tLo rnere:mtile lJJ:U'ÜIC 01' tIlO COllutr.y ,yas llCHl'ly destroyed
dlll'illg' tllO late l'ebellion ill eOllsef]uellce oi' tIte illubility of the govern-
!lIl'llt tu proteet it; aud llO''', ",hile bearing its share oí' tuxation, has no
,meh Vl'oteet.ioll hUIll fim·ign cOlll])ctition as is aífonled to ot her gJ:eat
lIational illtel'ests and iJl(lustries, amI is tllerefore steudiIy declining;
<1[1(1 whereas the restoratioll oí' ünr eomrnereialmurine, coustituting as
it does, Olle oi' tlw lJj()st eflieiellt means oí' defense in time of war, is of




xx NA VIGATION IN'fERESTS.


grcat national importanco and essontial to the ma1ntcnanco of onr posi-
tion as a first-elass power: Th~refore,


IJeit c¡¡acted by the Senate and HOllse (!f Hepn;sentati¡:cs (ir tl/C Unitell
8tlltes lit Amaiea ,in Congre88 ftsse1l1úleil, 'rlwt 11]>011 all impOl'tL'd lmll bor,
timbel', 11omp, ::Uanila, amI cumposiiioll mMnl, alHI upon iron not ael-
vanced boyond platos, rotI llars amI bolt~, \dlich may be used anl!
wrought up into tIlo construetioil of "toam, 01' sail yessels built in tlH'
UnitetI States, whet11er fOl' tlte ]¡nll, l'iggillg 01' oqlli])]llent, or mac11inery
of suc11 vesseli'l, there shall be allowe~ amI paid by tite Aeereiary of tlw
Treasury, umlcr suc11 rcgulatiom; as he may presc~rihC', a (ll'llwlxwk
cqual to tite duties whidl rnay haye heell paid OH Sl1elt material:
Providec7, Tllat tl1e alllollllt of snc1t drawback slwl] not exeecrl 011
woodon vessels, eight dollar:,; por ton; Oll 11'011 vessels, twehe dollar:,;
per ton; OIl vessels kllOWll as compositc, that is, "pss!'!s cOlllposed of
iron framos aud wooden planldng alld sheathing, ten dollar,,,; pm' ton; ou
wooden stealllel'S, te1l tlollars per ton; on cornposite titemuc!'s, cOllll'mwd
of iron frames and woodon planking, twelve dollars l>P1' tOIl; Otl inm
t'.teumers, fifteen dollars per ton: ,An(l prvrided furtltc/', 'ritat \Y]1l'1'l~
American material is used iu tho coutiüuetiol1 of inm 01' compo:,;ite ves-
seIs 01' steame1's, the1'e shall be allowed amI puid, as aforcsaid, HU allloullt
equivalent to the duties illlposed 011 similar articles of foreign mauufac-
ture when irnported, tho full al!O\yallCe onAmeriean aud foreigu mate·
rials uot to excccd the amounts per ton, 011 ycssels oí' eacit dass re-
¡.¡pectivcly, hereinbefore specified.


SEO. 2. And beitfurther euactcd, That a11 ship storos and coal, to ue
used anel consumed by any ,essel ou its Yoyage fl'Omally port of tlte
United States to ally Joreigu pOlt, ltt:ly, in such qnalltity amI uuder snch
regulations as the Secretal'.)' (Jf the T1'easUl'y uwy pl'üllcl'ibe, be takeu ÍlJ
whole packages in bond, aud <lispos(~rl oí' for sl1C1l lJur]JOses, fi'ec (Ji" iw
port and internal duty and tax.


SEO. 3. Ancl be it fU'I't7wr cnacted, Tltat tite owuel' oí' any Americutl
registered sail 01' stearn vessel which shall be cngaged for moro than six
months in the year in the carrying trade between Amcrican and foreign
ports,or botween the ports of foreign countrics, shall, at the elld oí' eacll
fiscalycar in w11ich such vessel has becIl so ellgaged, bo paül hy t1le
collector of the port where snclt ycssel is l'Pgisb~re(l, ll]lOll oxlliuiting
satisfactory evidellce, in form to be prescribpü hy the Secretar.)'- of the
TreaslU'y, that Sl1cit vcsscI hall ·lJeen so engaged, UpOll oYer.)' sail yesscl,
one dollar aml fift,y cents 1'01' each registereü ton; amI upon eYer.)'
steamer running to aud from the ports of tho Nortit AlllprÍeall Pro,iucl',
one dollar alld fifty CC'1Its 1'01' eaeh registered ton; anll UpOll en~l'y
steamer l'unning to and from auy Enl'Olleall port, four (lollar<, for eaeh
registerod ton; and upon 0VPl'y steamer I'Ullllillg. to aud from all o1hel'
foreign ports, three dollars t\)r eacit rpgistpl'ed tOllo




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. XXI


Yr. LYNCH, from the Select Committee on the Canses of the Reductioll
of American Tonnage,reported the following bi1l :


A BILL imposing tonnagc duties, aml for other purposes.


Be it cllaeted by the Senate and House of Represeiltat-ivc,~ of the United
States of Ameriea ,in Oongress assemblerl, 'rlmt in lieu of an duties on
tonnage IlOW imposed by law, a duty of thirty cents per ton is hereby
imposed on aH ships, vessels, 01' steamers entercd in the United States;
lmt the,receipts 01' vessels paying snch tax shall not be snbjeet to the
tax provided in section one llUudred and tltree of an act approved June
thirty, eighteen hundred and sixty-fonr, nor by any act amendatory
thereof: Provirlerl, That no ship, vessel, 01' steamer having a license to
trade between different district of the "Cnited States, or to carry on the
ban]" whale, 01' otber fisheries, and no vessel 01' steamer to 01' from any
port 01' place in Mexico, 01' from any port 01' place south of J\Iexieo, down
to and including Aspinwall and Panama, 01' from any port 01' place in
the British Provinces o1'North America, 01' the West India Islands, and
employed regularly in these trades and no others, shall be required to
pay the tonnage tax contemplated by this act more tban once in eacb
fiscal year.


SECo 2. Anll be it fu~·ther enaeted, That no barbor dues, pilotage fees,
01' othe1' taxes on imports levied, or pretended to be levied, on the ton-
Ilage, mercbandise, t1'ade, impo1'ts, or cargoesof any vessel, by virtue
of tbe autho1'ity 01' any State 01' municipal government, except wbarfage,
pierage, amI doekage, shall be eolleeted; and tbe eoHection 01', 01' ato
tempt to eolleet tbe same, 01' any portion tbe1'eof, shall be a penal oftcllse,
to be punished as hereafter provided.


SECo 3. And be it further enacterl, 'l'hat any perSOll wbo, by virtue of
any authority 01' pretended authority derived under any State 01' mu-
nicipal governmcllt, sball collect any sucb illegal tax, fees, or dues, 01'
sball attempt to colleet the same, shall, upon the eonviction oi' eaeh
offense, be fined in a sum not exeeedillg one bundred dollars 1'01' each
offense, tbe amount 01' wbieb fine shall be paid into tbe Treasury oí' the
United States to the credit of tbe judiciary fund, aneI he sball furtber be
liable to paya Sllm not exceeding <louble tbe amount 01' tbe illegal taxes,
fees, 01' dues thus collected, 01' attempted to be cOlleeted, one-half to be
paid to the informer, and the otber to be placed to the credit 01' the ap-
propriation for light-houses.


SECo 4. And be it flJJrther enacted, That any captain or master of a ves-
seJ, 01' any otbe1' person beil1g tbe duly autborizeel agent of any vessel,
line of vessels, 01' tral1sportation company, wbo sball pay, with or with-
out pro test, any sneh illegal taxes, fees, 01' dnes as are probibited by
tbis act, may recover tbe sum from the person eollecting the same by
action in appropriate forrn in tbe district court of the United States,of
the district wbere the eollection was maele, and the courts of the Unitecl
States shaU have full jurisdiction in aH enses a1'ising un del' this acto


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N AVIGATION INTERESTS.


l'ESl'IMONY TAKEN BY TrIE COl\fMITTEE.


Nmv YORK, Ocfober 14-, 1869.
l'he cornmittee met in a room in the cnstolll-house.
Prescllt: The ehail'Itlan, 1\lessrs. Bnffinton, Morren, 'Vells, Ca kin,


and Holman.
The elwirlllan stated tbe objeets for whieh the committee was ap-


poillted, and said tlwt he ]¡~\(l heen llo1,ified that eOllllllittees bad heeIl
appoillted bj- theSIJip-owllers' alld Ship-bnilders' XssoeiatioIls, of New
York, to present the vipws of those associations, and that 1,he eom-
nlÍttee wouId now be pIca sed to hear from the :K ew York assoeiations.


l'he New YOl'k Ship-owners' Association was represented by J\lessrs.
Gustavus A. Brca, Edwanl Hillckell, Ambl'ose Suow, .James ,V. EIwell,
William Nelson, jr., and AllstOll 'VilsOll.


MI'. HI:I'íClm~, as oue of the representatives of the New York Ship-
owners' Assoeiation, statml that thcre were OlW hundred and eighty
members 011 the rolls 01' that assoeiatioll, am1 that almost every man
owning a ship in the (~ity of New York was rep1'esented by the associa-
tion. The lllatter before the eommittee hall heen discussed by that
associatiou, ami it believed tllat tltel'c was but one salvation for the
shippillg trade, amI that that eonsiRte(l in Cougress permittillg the pur-
ehase of sllÍ})s wllel'e they conld be bOllght cheapest.. He thongbt that,
with one OI' two exeeptious, tbat. was t,lJe unanimous opinion of the sbip-
O\YllerS of ~ew York. The ship-bniJders of' J\Iaiue woul<l present their
o\YII views 01' the caReo The ship-ownel's saw no otber means of cOlllpet-
illg with 1'orcign nations ful' tIte (~al'l''yillg trade unless they couId buy
tlleir ships in tite sallle lllal'ket. The cost oi' sailing-ships, after the;y
ca me un del' tIte American 1lag, wouId be greater than their cost wouId
be to foreign ship-owners; lmt it \Vas lJelieved that the ship-owne1's of
America hall sufficient energy, enterprise, am1 ability to overcollle that
difference, jllSt as tIte ship-builders of 1\laille thonght that they eouId
overcome the diffeTenec in the cost of labor, &e., if the materiaIs tbat
entered iuto the building oi' thpir shipR were free of duty. The ship-own-
crs of New York were 1'or buyillg their tools where they could buy them
cheapest, beca use a ship was lmt a tool, and it was tite only tool that
was prohibited fl'om being impOI'ted. As to the amount of dnty that
was to be paid on impo1'teel ships, that wouM be a question for Con-
gress to decide. They elaimed as carriers.tltat they ought to have the
l'ight, if tIte earryillg trade of tite COllntry was oí' an;}" advantage, to
buy their tools wherever they could buy them cheapest. EngIand had
bought her ships here when she conlel not bnild them so cheaply he1'-
self; bnt Bnglaml was now lmilding iron ships, and France and Ger-
many and Belgium were bu,ying their ships in England. Before the
Hrench had entered lnto t.his commeree the1'e were sixteen reg'ular
packets rUllning fmm New York, which sailpd as regularly as the day of
sailing came round, whether they were full 01' not full. But what
was the case now? The honse which he (MI'. Hincken) represented was




2 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


thc ,sole Rurviyor of four similar honses, and it was reduced to- two
Hhips. 'rhe trade oí" .France llad gone into foreign stoumel's. And why ~
Becanse American honses could uot llUy and sail fon;ign-lmilt yeRsels.
Cortainly, tIley llligllt go to Bug1and anel buy Rteamers aud ruu tIlcm
unelcr tho English flag; but he askcd that t1l0se Yf~sselR Rhould be al-
loweü to run under tho American flag, if tllere was any national im-
portmwe aUached to the fact t11at 111e cal'rying trade of t11e countr:r
shonld he done under the Amerioan flag.


l'he CHAlR}}UN. Cannot Rhips be built in the United States as
cheaply as in Enrope, provided the materials used in the construction
are obtaincd free of dutyf •


1\11'. HINCKEN. 1 only know by what our ship-builders say-that, if
thoy had the materia1s duty freo, tIloy wou1d compete with the cheaper
labor 011 tho other side; but they could not compete with the gl'eatel'
cost of the materials. 1 am to1d that England allows drawbacks on
eYerything that f'HterR into tlle constl'uction of sllips, amI 1 klloW that
she does upon ship stores. lf 1 tako a cask of sugar ont oí' tho CUStOlll-
house in thiR eity, it will cost fiyc 01' six dollars t<)l' enRtom-houtlo fees
besides tho (luty, whe1'eas iu Englanel such storcs aro admittetl frce of
duty and of fees; so that thitl operatps n~r'y ll1uch against American nav-
igation interests. Tllere is no proyision fol' so pl'ovisioning ships under
OHr revcnuo ]aws.


1\11'. A:i\IBR08E SNOW, aIso reprcscnting tlH' N ew York Shipowners~ Atl-
sociation, said that, as to tho matter of cost of lmilding ships, that
coulel be yery well explaillecl by the gelltlemen who 'would come bct'ore
the committee as builders, lmt that he alld th(~ gentlemen with him, rep-
resenting tbo Ship-ownel's' Association, eontillcd thcmselyes simpl,y to
the difticulties that they met in t1le proseeution 01' their business. Tlley
were preparctl to am;wer all'y questions tllat might be pnt to them in
that conneetion.


The ()HAIR:JIAN said that he had HHked the last quetltion hecanse he
supposcd tltat t11e gentlemell who \\'ero mernlw]'s oí' t1le Sllip-owners'
Association knew tIto rc]atiye eost 01' lmilcling' ycsseIs on both sidcs oí'
the Athmtie.


l\-fr. SKOW rCll1arked tltat t1lev \Yere aH morc 01' IcsH fallliliar with it.
but that the.r wero dispotled ü~ conJino themselycs to tlle difficnltie~
which they had. to coutend with atl ship-OWllertl, aud to the condition oí'
t11e ship-owning intcrest. lt was ve1'.r apparellt tllat the foreigner was
taking away that trade, alld they hael cast ahout to see where t1l0 troub1e
layo They conltl see tlmt t11e1'e ,vas no way fo1' them to compet.e with
the foreigner, unless they ,yen' ahle tn buy ships as ehoapIy as tOl'eigllers
bought tlll'm, alld they had settlf'd clown 011 the propm;itioll tllat a free
nayigat.ion la"" tlimilal' to t1le la,y passed in EIIglaml HOlllfl twellt:y yems
ago, was what would relieyc tlle ship-owners of t110 1;nitcd Statetl. It
seemed rathcl' paradoxical that tIlO ship-mnwl' \\'110 ",as interested in
protection shonltl at the same time he in favor of f'n'e Ü'ntle. '[he s11ip-
owncrs 01' the Lllited States haclllow t11e ,,'holo eoastillg traLle, alld yet
they asked fOl: ti'ee traele in their shillS. Tt lIlight S¡:Plllllatllral for them
to oppose free trade, hut they did not; they fouml that eyer,r llation in
the worlll was encouraging free trade in shillS; tIley 101l11d that all
nations had been foreed, Jrolll olle cause or allotltCl'~ to reeognize tItar
theil' intorests la;y in that SOl't oí' free hade. The ship-o"'Ilers of N e'y
York had had a great dealof discnsHion 011 t11e tlllhjed, alld the,)' hall
COllle to the conclnsioll that a free llayigation Iaw, similar to tIte lal\
passed in England some t,vellty ,wars ago, \\'oulel relim-e the shippinp;
illterest more than ,any other tlting. 1f Amel'ieml sltip-lmiIUers' eonhl




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 3


('01111)('to \Vit h foreigl1 ship-bni1ders Hpon the allo\vance of a drawhack,
t11('n t11e free llayigation law \vhieh t11e Sllip-owllers adyocated would 1Iot
hurt tite 8hip-bnilclPl's. Tlw fJUeShOll ,vas llnt so llllWh olle of building
\roodell 811ips in ~IaiTle as it ,,'as a (jHeHtioTl of oeeupying the ocean
routes, which he compared to railroad routes. The route oí' the l'enin-
Hular ami Oriental StcamsItip COmpall,Y, whidl Rtarted frOIll South-
mnpton, touching at ::Uarseillcs, and \V11ieh weut from Marseillt's to Alex-
andria, then across the Ist11mus of Suez, tIten dOlVll tIle Hed Sl'a. and to
Hong Kong, alHI from Hong Kong aeross to San FraIwisco, alld from
San Franeisco to Panama, alld tllen baek to Southampton, makillg a
complete cireuit of the world, ll1ight be considcl'ed as a raiII'oaü traek
rOllnd tlle world. That compall'y \\'aR puttillg 011 .inst as mally steamers
as eould be employed in t1le trarle, and was tllus absol'bing the trade.
As American ship-o\Vners conld not build RhipH to compete ",it11 sneh
companies, they held tltat free tl'a(le ill t'ihips shonld be muele tlte law, so
that tlH~y eonl(} huy sltips w1lerc they eonld buy them eheapest. Au-
other line of ships, starting- f'l'OlU Sonthalllptoll and tOUelJiIlg' at Ronü'anx
aud tIte Canal'} !HhUlllt'i, gOillg' tlH'lIee to Va1paraiso, Wlt:3 taking posses-
8iOll oí' t]lOse lIH'lIlH'S of tTa<1('. 'Ihis was alllloRt 1ikf' laying a raill'oad
traek aCl'(lSS a eontinent. Ülwe a l'ailrOlHl track \Vas laül to San Fran-
cisco, there waR llOt ally gl'eat eIl(~ouragemeut towanl laying anothel'
raill'OlHl traek near it. TIte Xew York Rhip-O\YIlPl'R were Rilllplyat'iking-
for a la", to enable them to o(~cnpy, :IR it wpre, railroad tracks a.crORS thp
AUalltie ()¡;eall, amI tlwy h,Hl settled do\Yn to tl1(' helief tIta! the ollly
l'diet' whieh tlley Rhouh1 mil;: frolll COllgTet'iS \Yas tIte pat'isag(' of a f'rep
IJayigationlaw. He remembered n'I'Y \Vell tlle l'aRsage 01' a. similar Iaw
in Bngland R01tH\ twcnty yeal'S ago. He reeollected Yel'y weH tIJe diR-
ens"ioll 011 that law. The ship-o\yuillg mtel'eRt had oppose(1 it Yel',}" mucho
They liad said that BnglalHl, of aU other nations, sItonld keep tIte ship-
ping tralle to IIc'l'se1f. 8he had !ter co10nies then tile RHUle aH she 11,1(1
1I0\Y, amI. eoultl build eIH'np ships. SliP had a \'el'~~ large eolonial trade,
alld tIle l~llglish gO\"('I'lIlllellt OIH'llCd tll(\ w!lole of that trade to competi-
tiOll. AlI(l ;ret, during' tite twenty years sinee tllPll, tIte BIIglish t'ihipping'
trade had illereased ellOl'lUOlli;l,Y, so that tllat nasigatioll law pl'oYed to
he Olle ot' tIte lIlost lwuüÍieia1 llIeasures of legislatioll. 'If Great Bl'itaill
\\~el'e to do witl\ t11is countr,\- what tltis eOlllltry WHR doiug with her, aud
refuse to Ameriealls a pmti(~ipatiou in her colclllial trade, American Hhip
O\YIlel'S wonld hf~ ohligt'd to put a lal'ge portioll of the ships the,y 1I0\Y
011'11 muler t]¡c British flag, in order to get employlllPllt for th('lIl. TIte
eonelnsioll tlmt AmericHlI Rhip-O\\"llPl'H hall ('OIIl(~ to waH, thnt uneondi-
tional free tnulc in shipH \ras what tltey mnst han'.


::\1r. }\[ORRELL. Do yon nol thillk it ])pttpl' tl1"t we t'iIlOllhl, if ]lossihIe,
]¡uild OUl' ships in tltis tOlUltl',\" ?


:\11'. SNO,Y. \\' e h,\\-e thollg'ht ot' that a g'oOlI üeal, an<l thpl'e are mallY
gent1emen, particnlarly ship~lmihlers, wh('; PlltpI'taill that opinioll. '


::\11'. 1\lORI{ELL. \ViU i1not ill tlw end he likely to prodllee tllf' Sl1ll1Ü
I'PRult as it prodnced in EnglaIHI, nalllely, huilLl tlp au intt'I'est whieh
will cyentnally dlPRllen i he eost oí' ships '! The proposition seems to me,
so tar, rather hem,fjeial to ElIglish :'\ltip-buildert'i and Bllg1ish interest,;
UWll ill tilYOl' oí' American iutprests amI AnlPriean Rllip-hnildlel'S.


MI'; Sso\\'. 1f AUlPl'ieall ships üonl(l 1)(' lmilt ehea])er than ElIglish
ship:'\, WP adluit tlwt tltat wonl(llJl' a ltelp. vVp aIso tltillk that a honded
,,~al'('.lIOl18e syHtem, RncIJ as j ]¡Py ha \'e in Bngland, wonld be of mlleh
adyuntage to liS. Prior to tlll' W,\l', ,Hlld ptÍor to having any interna1
l'P\'PllUe tax: llpon Olll' goods. \\"(' <lid uot {ee] the want of a bonded ware-
honse s.ystelll: 11llt nO\\~ ,,'e (lo. I l' a sltip is taking among her stores a




4 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


barrel of whisky, for inRtallee, instead of bnying it here out of bond,
at cost price and free of duty, she haR to go to Englalld aml buy it
there; because there she can get it free of dnty and hCl:e Rhe cannot.
In England, aU ships going abroad takc their stores out oí' ]xmd free oí'
duty, which lcssens very much the cost of the outfit of thc ship. Rere
there is no snch provision, and we nred it very mucho \Ve have thought
tbat Rueh a Rj'stem might he inanguratcd here with a grf'at de al of profit.
Thc tradc of ship-chandlcrs in this city has heen alll10st ruincd by the
difi'erence between the two conníries. H ,yonlU take four hUlldred :mil-
ing Rhips of one thousalld ton~ eaeh to do tIte work whiel! tlie EUl'opean
linm; of steamers to 1.his port now do; and tllose stealllcrs 1m.Y notlting
here except their fresh stores. They lmy in thcir own ports mu' pro-
duds whieh go f'rom llere aLroad, heeause they get tllPlll elwapcr than
they can get them here. It will be Reell that thü laws goyerning our
commeree in thiR respeet require Ulnditieation. They rrquire flrst-elnRs
talent to be brought to their examillatioll, alld tlte.\- l'equire completE'
modification. It is the dei"ect in our laws that is pntting ns l¡rhind othe1'
nations in the eal'l'ying tralle. A fe\\' yenrs ago American ships al\\'ay~,
got tile preference in fine goods í1nd fabrics goiug tn thp Bast i hut no\\"
Ameriean ships get no fine goods for tl'rJ(h'; tht'y get llothing but tbe
eoarsest artieles. In 1~llg1and, ship-bnildillgilas Leen so mudl illlpron'tl
that England is no\\' a first-elass natioll in tbe earI'ying tl'adt'. Hereto-
fore, in the cotton ports, onr sllips ahrays got onc-sixteenth of a pelll1y
per pOllnd more than English ships did; but no\\' we do IlOt get any
such preferellce.


MI'. MOR,RELL. That is to 1w attrilnltpd to the introductioll of stemll.
is it not "? .


MI'. S]\"ow. No, sir; it iR to he attributed to the improYement thatthe
English have made in the building of theil' ships. Frolll beillg a first-
class ealT.)"ing natioll we haye beeome a 8\,(:01[(1 Ol' third-elass earryillg'
natioll.


The CIIAm~IA~ remarked to Mr. Sllmy that he supposed that in tIte
matter nf ship storeR tbe disadY311tage Iras OIH\ more to the general trade
than to sItip-owners espccially.


MI'. WELLí:l iUQuired as to the relatiye cost of iroIl fihipfi amI wooden
1Iips.


:J'Ir. BUETT, one of tIte cOll1Jllittee of the :New York Ship-owllers' Asso-
ciatioll, 1'I:'marked tltat he fOUlld tbat q uestion anR\Yered in tIle N ew York
Times of tltis lllorning, in a letter fi'olll a eorrespondent, who was sent
to Europe for the pur110se of inquiring into the sltip-building husiness.
He (JUl'. Brett,) l'ead a portion 01' tlle Ietter, and asked tltat it be illcor-
porated in the proceedings of thc COllllllittee.


As the author of this letter waR not hefore tIte committee, it was not
deemed pro])cr to intro<luce au anollymous paprl' illto t1Je reporto


MI'. HnCImx replied that it affeetcd :-hip-owllers al so, aud tllí1t ii'
the dis1mrsemellt bills oí' foreign ships at this port ",ere eXal1lilled it
wouId be seen that their c1ishuI'SeIllents for s1lip stores were t'olltined to
articles of positiye neeessity. Ship-owllers woulcl huy ,yhereyer they
found stores tite eheapesf..


The CHAIRMAN. The point is, wltether an AnwI'icnll master provision-
ng his ship in a foreign port is placed npon the sallle footing as the


masters of vessels belonging f.o that llatioll"1
MI'. HINCKEK replied that he was. American ship-masters bought


their ship stores abroad on tbe sallle terlllS as foreign Rhip-masters. In
regard to the building oí' irOIl ships in this eountry, he l'emarkcd that it
would BOt do to suppose that they couId be built here at first as good




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 5
ulld as cheap as they wero now built 11pon the Clyde. The first building
of them hore would neeessarily be an oxporiment, and very few ship-
owners wore willing' to try that experimento


MI'. MORRELL. Do yon 1Iot eonsider it an ad'Tantage that we should
acquire t11e skill and facility to huild iron sllips hc!'c'l


MI'. IIINCKEN. Certainly.
]\-[1'. lVIORRELL. "\Yould it not be bettor foI' ns to so legislate as to make


t11at possible, mtller fIJan to (lri ve our ship-owners abroad to obtain
~hips ~


MI'. HI)l"CKEN. 1 belie,-e it would be much bettor if we could so legis-
lato th&t ships eonld be built llere; hut it would take four 01' flvo yoar:;;
to aoquiro that facility in lmilding' iroll ships aH cheap and as good as
thoy are no", built on the Clyde, and tlmt poI'iod of fonr 01' flve yea!':;;
lllight be H'l'Y fat·al to the interests of eommeI'ce in tIJis eonntry.


MI'. llRE'l'T read a 10ttor whieh ht' hall reeeived sorne time sinee from a
very intelligeut ¡;;hip-master, and whieh haLl beon rocL'ntly pllblislled in
tho Journal of COlnmerep, of New York.


1'he lettor is as follows :
~hN FRANCIRCO, S¡;ptem/¡e¡' 10, 1869.


])EAn Sm: As an 01<1 frieJHl. I takc ¡he lilH'rty of writiup; yon a few lines in regard
to a matt-el' in ",hi('h 1 kllOW ~-nll t.nke fl. ,lt\"p illtm','st-thnt is, 0111' "shippillg."
1 see that tho 811ip-o",n('1'''' Soeiety oí' New York, 01' ,yhich ~-Oll are!l ]lromincut member,
llave made II IllOYl'l1lPllt, ,yhich I hopi' ",i!llead to the repenl of the navigation 1aws;
hn'\'H so ltuciel1t that t,h(, f'u-fanw<! "o](I(~"t inha bit:ll1t" 1101'S not remember when thoy
,,-ere ma.(],'. Th~t. 0111' shippiug- interest has (kdined no oue will rleny. The canse,
Illost aseribo to t1w wal'; but 1 do not thillk this a corred assllmption. The wal' 1
consider an aeeessary after ihe faet oulr. The lIlaiu eanse ful' the tleclillC of 0111' ship-
ping illtcrcst 1 ascribe to the wordillg- o[ our reciprocity treatips amI the existenoe of
onr navip;ation htws. l\Iany years ap;n Cougre8s passed all act admit.t.ing int.o onr ports,
on the sanlf\ t('l'lllS as Americau \'l'ssels, tlle vesseJs of aH fOl'eip;u natiuus that would
extpnll to UB t.he HalllC privileg-e in their [>0I"t8. By the wonliup;of these treaties fureigll
nations are allowetl to bring illtO 0111' ports, on ]'('dprocn1 tPT11lR with an Alllprican ves-
sel, all v('sse1s sailing umlel' their Hag. Now the Alllerican is uot al10wecl uy his p;ov-
el'lllnent to hoisL [.]l(' Vuitetl Surtes tlag on any but an American-built 811ip, amI af thp
prcscut da~- all fOl'eign llat.iolls al10w their sl1hject.s t.o nationali7.e vPssR1s without
regard t.o ",1)(>1'<, they are built, w1wtllcr at hOllle Ol' in ti fOl'eigll eouutry; amI these vcs-
seIs cau then entel' a Lnited States l'0rt ou the 8ame t.erms as au Amel'ican-unilt. vessel.
If ,,-hen t.hese treatil's \vero marl" onr diplolliat8 har! und.:rstood t.ho ma.ttl'l' in hand,
t1w.y won](l have ('ousidereü that as the American ilag conld only be hoisterl (lep;all~-)
ou an Amerieall Iwttom, so lllUSt recipl'ocity exact the same. of the fOl'eiguer, and on1y
tho"e foreigu veHs(·ls be adlllitt.,<t to recipl'ocity t,hat were [milt in tlH' cOllutry of the
flag- under \yhich tltey sailullo


As the caSl' llrnv stand~ tlH'. HalIl hlll'gel' can go t.o Eng];\1lrl 01' Scot1anrl, huy fl. Rtt\amer,
put hel' Ul14ler the NOl'th Ckrman flag. anll rlln her bctwcell ally fUl'eigu port amI uny
port in tire Uuited Statcs wilh aU the privilpp;es oí' anrl in ofrect as an American vesse!.
This wlth tire consent of our OWIl gOVCl'lllllellt. At the same t.illle t.he Anwl'ican is uol
allowerl by his laws to pnrelwse this ste:unel'aurl Iroist oul",r the Ameril:au flag And
en'll gives the IImlluurger furt,hcl' cllconrap;ement hy p;ivinp; him 1.he Enropeán mails
to carry fi'01ll (lur COUlltl'y. Hm'" we sel' onr gOYt'1'1l1Iwnt,.by its laws and nets, eneOlU-
aging foreigners, tn tIlle rldriuwut oí' its o\\'n cítizeus. 1 snppose !JO one will dispute at
ihis time that Íl'Oll steamcrs arc mnch uC'tter than those bnilt oi' woorl, for ocean navi-
g-atioll, as rep;ards stl'enp;th, spe"d, capa(,ü.y, anel economy. 'l'he hig11 cost. of irou
st,'anwrs nnll v('ssels in t1l .. l;uiÍl,,1 litates llreclnrles out' building tlWlIl, amI if noí- al-
lowed b'y unr g-overlllneut lo l'nrehase thPlll abroad, we must p;o ,vithout í-hem allrl see
al] foreign-cal'rying tmde pass out ()f ouI' hamls. i-;hip-owllers can, an<llravp the right
to, demaarl of OlU' goVel'Ulllent tlrat, they be placer! uy our la \Ya 011 the sUllle equalií-y as
the f(lreip;w'l', nr else that the recipl'oeity law, be repealed, anrll10 v'lssel oI' fl.ny natíoll
01' flag h" a1low('(1 to cOlrle into onr pOl'ts OH t.el'lns of reciprocity, unless it be those
uuiit in tire r.:ollutr'y of thc flag uuü"r w lrich thcy s~ül. Allllost all the iron steamers or
sailing' vesst'ls are built in Ul'eat Britain; they can 11('. bllilt. mllch cheaper there thau
in any otlwr (,Ollutl''y. A first-claR~ iron ship, t.o elass Al fOl' twenty years, with an
East IUllia. untlH, \\']Jich iuellHlcs t·\\'o sllit.s of sail" thr('e bower ehains and anchor8,
ami in fact ever,Ythillg' bdonging to tlw ship, exeept pI'ovisions ana cabin storcs, can
he lmiJt. for JO 14 108. pel' ton l'f\gist.er, anrl gnarantee<l to Cltrry une alltl a half tons weight
pe!' register ton; lLlso to atta in a Rpl'ell oi' twcl ve kllots. Thc Íllsurance on suoh a ship




6 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
ont to CaI~ntt:t anü baek is two amI a half per ccnt. T lmow ron are fully aware of
t,h" mhauta,.u:e of iron in the constrnctioll of ships, amI 1 lllercJy mention the ahoye as
f[tds that há.vt' come uuüel' IlIy own ohservation. Thel''' iR :lllotlter lIIatter 1 woulll
WiHIt tI) caU to yon!' notice. Last surnmer Mr. Sewan1 lllaLle an arrallgel1lent with
Great Britain wherehy vessels 111lf1er that fla.g couId ellter at tlw cu,tOln-hollse in the
Unite([ Stat.es u11(le1' theil' English regiHter amI not he rmneaslll'ed, American ships to
eut.er tlte Pllstoms in England under tlwir Alllerie'H] regisler. This is anot.lwr example
of tlw ~ll1al'tness of 0111' diplo1nats. Now, in Enghwd :unerieall ships ahnost invariahl~­
measul'ü less than thcy do (hollestly) at horneo For ülstallee, the ~()l'way, that 1 no,,"
cOI1l111alltl, measnres in Enghnd 1,Ofol3 tons; Unitecl States register says 2,107 tOllS, a
,lifft'.renee of 124 tonR. By thü; American register now doek ,hu,s, pilotage, stcalll hire,
&c., are puül, alld our government, in its great desire to u'ciprocate with fOl'eign na.-
tions, ohliges me to pay the ahoye <Iues OH 124 tous more t11:1n 1 ong!Jt 01' would,
llrOyide<l the ahoye ttT'l'angmncllt hallllot hC<'11 111 ,ul". 'l'he Ne Plns l~It.ra, tha! 1 com-
llla.lldecl hefore this ship, was 1,5:14 tOUR American 1l1ll11,450 English; and, if nfleessary"
1 conl,1 give you maur other instanees of thc samo kind. 1 cOlllpbine,1 to the Eng1ish
offieials, hut thcy to1cl TIle to go to my owu gnvemment; H was it tltat malle the
armngement. To that 1 conld make 110 rep1)'. 1 \Vas rcall,\' in hopes tlutt when we got
a !lew Se.c.retary of State it \YOlll<l he one \,110 kllew how to make a lJargain, ancl who
would get. value equal to what he gaYe. Oí' Hamiltoll Fish 1 hayo BoL lllllClt hopeo
All our laws relating to semnell abroad wallt reYi8illg as (hey llOW stand. UOIlRuls can
,lo as they pIpase, anrl Hhip-lllw.;ters are obligeLI to suhmit.


Excuse this, if llllillteresting, for the gO(),r of the cause.
,Vith many mgar,l~, 1 remaiu youm, truly,


J. T. \VOODBERRY.
G. A. B., Esq.


The CHAIR::.vrAN. It has been a question with sorne whether 'we really
sail our vessch; as ehcaply as f()I'eiga YPRsels are saBed, on aeeount of
our higher-priced provisions and highor wages to ofticers and meno 1
want to get at tlle Yiews of ~-ou, gelltlcmen, as to whctItor we ·do not
really stand on tIte same footing with fOl'eign vessels in that rcgard, as
\Ve have tlle privilege of buying at foreign }1orts, amI as fmeiga vessels
are snll.icct to tho sarne disachautagcs as American vesscls ill lmyillg at
American 13orts; in other words, whetlw]' that thing does not equalize
itself, and w11etlle1' we do not really proyision our vcsse1s m; (~l1caply as
torcigners provision theil's; and abm, whether we do not rnnn them
uearly as eheaply as they do, ,ye havillg tIle privilege of manuing our
vessPls with 1'oreign erews to a certaill extellt t11e same HR tIwy lHtve.


Ml'. SNOW. vVhen 0111' vessels are in t he ~;ame t1'ade as f()],l'ign yessds,
of course we bave tbe same thcilities in tllORP I'Pspects. If a foreign YCS-
sel was ill our port bound frolll he re 1,0 an English 1'01'1" she would haye
no ath-antage which onr vl'ssels would not have; lmt if Wl' are fitting
out a ship to go frolll here to the BaRt IlHlies, we call1lot take out of
bond, duty frec, the ship storeR that we want for tuat Yoyage, but we
have to par internal revenne tax npon thcm; whereas an Ellglish ship
gOillg' to the .East ludies wouId provision l!ersl'lf !In!)' free.


Tho errA TR1\IAK. SnppoRP, f(ll' illstunce, that an American 1iUf\ of Rtoam-
ers 01' of sailingvessels wore rnnning hetween lJÍvc1'pool and ~c\y York,
with an English line mnIling alongside of it, would uoí both huy thoíl'
sto1'cs in Ellglaml at tlle same rates")


MI'. S.:'oIOW. Certainly.
MI'. CHAIR:;.\IAK. And both ,yould buy OH this side at tlw same rates?
MI'. SNOW. Uertainh-, .
The CIIAIRJiAN. The yessels of both lines are aRsmnod to be in p01't


amI out 01' provisiollS the same number of timos. Are th0,Y not,.there-
fore, reaUy equal in rcspcet to tite purehaRe of ship stores, oxeept in
their firRt outüt '!


J\b-. S"XOW. 1 13rcsmue so.
The CUAIRMAN. Then the eost of proviRiollS is, in the long I'un, no


greater to an American vessel thall to an :E1lglislt vessel '1




NAVIGATION I~TERESTS. 7


:Jfr. SNOW. Tltat iti RO WhCll theJ' are tradiug betweell here alld Eng-
laild, but it is 110t SO wlwlL tllPy al'e trading lH'tween Itere allíll{io ,Ta-
lleiro, 01' Bneuoó> Ayres, 01' Havalla. The vC88el8 that get their stores
he re tIo not grt thmn free or dllty, whereas the English vessels going to
those ports get théÍr sto1'08 free of duty. r gTant you that when tmding
directly to England, American vessels wouId be on tIte same footing
p1'ecisdy as Bngli8lt n'8sels.


'l'he CUAIKl\IA:'l. Bnt the foreign and American ves8e1s t11¡tt pursue
t11e sallle trade stanrl 011 preciRely the same footing ~


:Jl1'. SNo\Y. Preei8ely; if Ellgli8h s11ip8 wel'C l'uIIning from here to
Havaua, tiley wouId be on the saltle footing preeisely as Americall 8hip"
in the sume trade. AR to ship-Imihling, capital is being diverted from
that branch of industry to "ometlting t'l8e. Take au eastel'U Rhip-build-
ing tOWIl where the ¡¡copIe haye been in tIto halJit of inv08ting their
capital in ships. Tlwy nlHI now that i.hat lJnsineRs baR become uure-
munerative, an<l Iittlt> by littIe, a8 tIwir ships are sold off, theil' capital
iR divertt'rl iuto ó>ollletllÍllg dse, amI the tOWll eeases ultimately to be tt
8hip-o\nlillg' t.O\vu. Th('n~ are to\YllS in l\faille tltat have ceased to be
ship-owning tO\\"11S in cOllseqnence of the depression in COlllmC1'ce.
,Vhen .r0u do 110t protect tIJe ship-o\VlIt'r, tIte RhifJ-lJuilde1' haR ÚO market,
anrl tho lllatter of nrst impol'tance is to lllakp a lIIal'ket. lf .ron want
to protect t11e shiJl-bnilder~, there mnst he somcbody fo1' them to seU too
.No\V, if aH the eapital i~ !ll'iYPll out of tltat husiness a!l(I di verted into
otlle1' channel", most of tilo ]1eop1e engag'etl in ship-hniIding will in ten
.years haye g'onc out 01' thp bnsineils ~ tho father will die alld the son s
,vill IlOt be bnmght IIp ill it. lf it i" a matter oi' illlportnnce that on1'
commerce s1la11 be retained, something 11111St be (lone ti)l' tlm1, pnrpm;e
soollc1' tllan it can be done lJy 1.11e means of grantillg drawbacks to the
lmil(lers.


Tlle ClIAlR}IA~. If .ron 1m.)' yon1' ships as eheap, can .r0u sail them
in ('olllpetitioll witlL forpign ship-ownel's '?


::\11'. S~ow. I thin!;: \Ve ('.Hn; tl1('1'e is no <1on11t of it; hut if we wallt
to rHn a, line of iitemncrs betweell here :md Englalld, in competition with
t1te Ellglish, ,YO lllll"t IJ:ln~ Yéssels fu]]} pqnal to theirs in eYPl''y respeet.
'rhey reeently bnilt 1,\\"0 steallWl'S in nosto11 whie1t cos1. fonrteen hundred
thOl~salld (loiIal's. 0ne of them wellt oue yoyage, alld the otIler lIever
has bepll lit O\elL. Oll(~ of tIw o\YllP1'8 talkl'll ",ith me tüe otltel' das abou1.
buyiug' tlloO\e ship8 at six 11111lüred tltollsalld ,<lolJars. He said to me that
if 1 wonld take> a hale illterest iu t ltem, he wOHlel talce tho otiler half,
a,lId r eonlll k("(~p 1,110 ltlílllagelllellt of t1tem [lJl(1 l'un t1telll in tite Li \,pr-
pool trade. Now that seemeü lo be a Yery good opening, the ships
being c!walllll' tli:11l ElIgli~lt ship~; lmt 1 nmture to say tllat you cannot
l'un those ships uy the 8ü1e of 1,110 existing liuos of steamshillO\, beeanse
yon would han: to eontewl wit.h all tIte mIyerse illtlnellees that would
he b1'ought to heal' hy 1,1te nr"t-d¡ISS il'on ships in that trade. 'rhat is
tIlO position we are hronght too Thel't' is !lO use in looking at it in any
other way.


The CHAIRlVIAN. COllhl not t1tat llP OTl aecol1llt of the wallt of adap-
tation of those shillS to that partielllar business 1!


]\fr. S~ow. 'rhey are Yery tiue wooden Rllips; bnt tllose fo1'eign ships
oceupy the g1'oul1d. YOll call1lOt, for inO\tanee, pnt allothe1' line of rail-
l'Oad along8üle of the Paeifie raill'oarl after tlle presellt line has got the
sta1't. Any other eompally goiug in would llave to llleet with so many
disadY<1l1tages, as wonhl be l'llinons to them.


The CHAm~IAN. You IDcall that a l'egnlarly cRtablif\hed line has
advalltages Y




8 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


MI". SNOW. Ym;, it has all the adyantages. But what 1 wish to im-
press upon the milld of the comlllittee is, that we are Ietting foreign
ship-owllers take possessioll oí' aH those l'Outes, amI that when once the,)'
have posses:,;ion, we cannot, even though we ma,\' get vessels as eheap
or eheaper thall theirs, cut inside of them with auy prospect of succéss,


TlJe CHAIR}IÁX. Does that appl,V to the general freighting businesfi
as "ell as to estabIished Hnes oí steamers ?


MI'. SNOW. K ot so much; but a general. revolutioll in busine:,;s has
been goillg on, aud we are being rnn out of the business. vVe are sail-
ing wooden sl1ips, and cannot participate Ül the business oí' l'ulluillg
iron ships.


1\1r. M.ORRELL. ~4..re these Boston ships unfit to enter iuto competi-
tion with foreign vessels?


1\11'. SNOW. vVe bllild tlte fillest woodell yessels. vVhen the Uunard
folks withdrew their lille to Boston, tlte Boston people felt a gre:lt deal
of pride in having a line of their O\YlI, amI they lmilt tllose two ships,
hoping to get a suhsicly from thc goYerumellt, aud intending to buiIcl
other ships, and to have a suceessfnlline.


MI'. VVELLS. Are not tlte BllgliHh steamers that are running hore
mostly subsidized hy the English gOYeI'lIment"?


1\11'. SNOW. X o, sir; the1'e are a few lilles :,;uhsidized hy tlJe goYe1'n-
mento Speaking oí' subsidiPH, OIl1' ship-owners, as a rule, would oppose
with an thei1' inftlle!lec any snbsidy, because it would be building up
the interests of a few to t11e prejudice oí' a gl'cat mauy. Iu England
they have subsidized steamers, and the l'csnlt has been, perhaps, up to
this time, profitabIe; hut subsidieH would not he favol'ed by the ship-
owning interest in this coun!ry.


l'he CUA IRYIA?<. 1 nnderstand yon to giye it as your opinioll, that Ül
the general freighting business, ir an Amcl'ieall ship-ownel' conld pl'OCllrp
his ships as cheapl~' as tllc foreign ship-owners procure theirs, he couId
run t11em i1l compctition ,,'ith foreigners, except in regard to thosE'
established lines "?


:;VIr. SNOW. 1 would no! imlivi(lnally go so far as to say what we couId
do in tlmt way; but aner aU t11e discussion that we ha v-e had on tlle snb-
ject, we have come to the cOllelusioll that ií' tllere is ltllything tImt will
lJelp us, thiH oue thillg is what will llelp ns, nanwly, giving 11S the henefit
of Ü'ee trade in ships. 1 do not believe that ship-owners gellerally
elailll 1,0 be sure t1lat tllat would relieve thelll entirüly. It is possiblc
that fhe foreiguer, having still ot11e1' adnmtages, may do better than \Ve
ean do, but we llave faíth to suppoHe that \Ve shouId eompete snecess-
fully with t()reigners ill that trade. \Yp want 11 law giving lIS t1le pl'ivi-
lege of purchasing where \Ve can pnrchase ehea,pest. There is no oth€'r
natioll in the \\'o1'Id tbat üoes not }lul'dwsp ships \\'he1'ever sh(~ can pUl'-
chase them to file hest adnl11tage.


1\11'. 'VELLS. Do you belieye that a drawback of the slllaU dntyoí'
twellty per eent. or ten }lP1' eent. Oll llIaterials euterillg' iuto ship-huihÍillg'
wonld rellledv the evil f


1\11'. S:-¡ow." 1 thínk it ",ould helI>o
MI'. BRETT expl'üssed the belief that i1' American ship-owl1ers eoultl


procure their yessels as cheaply as 1'oreigne1's do t.hey eould compete
. successfullj' with any foreign lineo Although it eost more to sail Ameri-
can vesse]s, still, the superiority of the Allleriean ship-masters was
more than an equivalent for thM. He lllentiolletl the caseof au Am;tl'iau
vessel whieh reeelltly aI'l'iyed at this port, taking one hundred and
twellty-uine days to come from Bordeaux. She was mallued by Austrians,
who received only $8 a lllonth, her captaill reeeivillg ollly $40 a moutlt;




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 9
t


whereaR Ameriean creWR reeeiyed fí.·01ll $25 to $30 a month, and an
Ameríean ellptaín from $125 to $150 a montll. But with all that differ-
euce in the cost of l'Unning, he'believed that the American vesseIs could
compete ,rith foreign veRseIs, on account of the greater activityand
intelligencp of the Yankce officers aml seamen.


TheCHAllnlA.N. Let me ask you if that same superiority is not mani-
fl'stf'"tl by American meellanieR and \Vorkmen?
~1r. BUETT replied that it waR. He said tlmt mcchanics íu thü:; country


now demaIllled five dolhu;s a day for their labor, whereas in England
they obtaíncd onIy fiye shillings stcrling a day; alld }Ie thought that,
having to pay five dollars u day for skilled workmen in the building of
ships, American shíp-lmilders could HOt successflllly compete with Eng-
lish ship-builders. That \Vas t11e l'l'aSOlI wh,r the Ship-OWllel'R' ASRocia-
tiOTl asked t11c priyilcg-e of lmying vesscls wherc t11cy con1d lmy thcm
cheapest, and of huving 8nch vessels, when purc11ased, uavigated uuder
the Americall tiag.


The CHAIR1\fAN. "\Vhat I want to get at is whcther, althongh American
labor costs more thall fmeign labor, its greater efficiency !loes 1l0t ovel'-
COIlle tlw diffel'cnee in tllP rate of wages.


MI'. BRE'!''!'. Om' labor is no better, so far as mechanica1 skill aud
\York are cOllcerued, than it is in Ellgland.


The CUAIR)IAN. But do not our workmen aecomplish more in the same
tinte. '


J\I1'. BRE'!'T. No; Ellg1ish laborers do more work. They work a greater
JIlllIlbcl' of honrs, and do mnch more labor in a da;y than the meehanies
in our yanls do, beeause OU1' worlcmen are so independent that unless the
hoss allows them all thc priyileges whieh tltey deman!!, they immediatel.y
knock off \Vork aml go to some other ;yard; and the demand for skilled
labor in tltis country is so gl'eat tIlat we cannot suecessfully compete
with England.


)'11'. :l\TORRELL. Is that the case in the sIlip-building busiuess '?
:NIr. Bm';T'!'. It is.
:VII'. :Y10RRELL. Then T wonld iufer from that that the ship-building


business is uot so Yery muclt deprcssed.
lIr. BRET'!'. So tÍtr as titi;;; <:it,r is cOI1(',e1'nc<1,ou1' ship-workmell de-


llland t1le ;;;a,me rate of wages that they did during tIle war.
MI'. HAY DEN, of Bath, Maine, l'cprl'scuting tIte ship-building interest


of J\:Iaine, addressed the eOlllll1it,tee in refercllce to fhe questíoll of ob-
taining sltip stores free of c1uty, and as to whether that privilege was
reeíprocal between other natiolls alld ourR. So far as the direct trade
between this conntryand England was concemed, he admitted that the
advantageH were reciproca1, bui. sIloweu that in regard to the trade from
New Orleans, Sav:tIlnah, K01'Í()lk, amI 01her sontherll p01'ts, t1le advan-
tages were Ilot reciprocal. American yessels going to those ports had to
pay dut,r upon all their stores, whereas British \-essels going to British
ports hall their stOl'es free of duty, and came directl,r into eompctition
wit11 Amerícan yessels for tlle freights from those port8. The adyantage,
thcrefore, was evidently with the foreign vessels, <lud against Ameriean
vessels. So it was wlth the tmtle to Cuba, allu the \Vest Indies, South
Ampl'iea, all(l aH over the world, except in the direet line frolll this country
to Ellglall(l.


MI'. -BRET'l' read to tlw committec a rcsolution which be hall submitted
last en'ning' to tIle Ship-owlIers' Assoeiatioll, alld whie11 it had been
thought prudellt to la,)' over fin' the presento The resolution is as fo1-
lows:


Re8o/¡'cd, That thl' COllllllittl·(\ of thiR as,~oocintion appointea to confer with thc con-
gressional COIllIllittee on COIllIllcrce ana Navigation be instructcd to expresa the views




10 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
of this associatioll as flesil'ing for American ritizens the right 01' purchasi n¡:; vesHP1 pl'llp-
erty in ,mI part of tl!e "'orld wlicre they may !inrI it most nrlvantageolls to !lo ';0, "liiel!
ves.,d 01' "coRds, \\'hCll so pllrehased, shan lw c.\iltitled to an the pri"ileges of Unitetl
States l'egistry.


)fr. J\fORRELL. Can ,ron tell how much moro pcr ton it c08ts to buiId
au iron ship llere than it cost!' to build one in EngIand ~


::rIl'. SNO\\'. Iron ships aro now bui1t in Englaud, cIas!'ed A :No. 1, for
from ;t:12 lOs. to ;t:14 a ton. Steamers wilJ cost about ;t:20 a tOllo


MI'. \VRLLS. '''Imt do they cost in this country!
]\11'. Sxow. There have been vel'y few iron ships bnilt llere, and 1 do


not kllowwhat they cost. The ship-builders wiU be abIe to answel' tbat
qnestion.


J\'Ir. 'VELLS. '''hat does it cost to build wooden ships here ?
]\'fr. S:xow. \VOOdell ships, cIassed A No. 1 for auout nille yeal's, are


costing now abont $RO iu (mrreney per ton .
.MI'. ERE'l''l'. These questions are answered in the eornnH111ieatioll from


the Journaloi" COllimel'ee, to which I .bave alreatly dil'eett'tl the atten-
of the committee.


MI'. SNOW remarked, in speaking of iron ships, that un American ship
captain had ltlelltiolled to him tlw other day tlw casl' oí' t11e iroll ship
Richard Cobden, which had bl'en bniIt about thirty years ago, and whieh
had been registered in EngIand somo time sillce fol' ten years longer,
rnakillg he!' da ssifieation run for forty years. He llleutiOlwd in that
conneetion that the life of a \YOOtlPIl !'ltip is usually considcred as ten
years, although by extensiye repairs thl'y are sometimes made to last
twenty years.


The CHAIUj)IAN. llave you ever got any proposals from American iron
ship-lmildl'rs, so as to know what iron ships coultl lw lmilt here for'~


1Vfr. S.No\\'. X o, sir; I UlllllOt prppared to say what they can be llUiít for
here. 'f11('re is ollly one yanl in this COlllltry that builds iron ships that
1 kllow of; tlmt is tlw yard oí" Harlau & IIollillgs,,"ol'th, in 'Vilmington,
Delaware. 1 unclerstand that thf\,Y wOllhl contract to ¡mil(l iron ships
OH I~lIg1ish spe(·Hll'ations ut the same price as tIw.)' are lmilt in EnglmHl.


MI'. BRBTT. TIlllt has been rUl1lored hel'e for some tillle. l/ut I l1mler-
stand it has lleyer becn canieel oat. 1 lluderstand that t'hey did bllÍId
oue irOll sllip, tIte Costa Rica, for the PanHtIli1 HaiIroad Comlmny.


Mr. MORRELL. How does the ship COlll]larr with forPign·builtiroll
ships '?


A MEJIRER OF THE SHIP-OWNERS' ASSOCIATION. She went down to
Aspinwall, amI was wrccke(l "'itllin three Illonths after he1' aniyal.


Tbe UHAIR:iIAN umlerstood that tht'l'e ",as one Americall-1111ilt iroll sail-
ing ship in t,11is port now .


.1.\-11'. SKOW had heard of it, bnt did not lmow thc partienlars. Eut if
it were a faet that American lmihIers call hllild iron ships as ehraply as
tbe English can, that was no al'gnmeu t, against free trade in ships, be-
cause that fact wouId be all the more in tbeir favor. If American bnild-
e1's C~ln build as clteaply as English bnihlers can, '\Ye should not go abroad
to get ships, 011 ly in sueh measure as our 0\Y1l lmilders callIlot snpply
them fast enough.


The comUlitteo frolll the Ship-owners' Assoeiatioll thereupon, hayillg
submitted their views, withtll'ew frQUl t11e committee room. .


1\11'. ,J OHN HAYDEX, ofEath, reprt'selltillg the Ship-builders' Associutioll
ofl\'Iaine, rcmarked tbat he liad llOW very Iittlc interest, in ship-bniltling,
as, owing to tbe efrect of the 1'rese11t la \Vil l1pon that traüe, he had grad-
nally goi out oí" it, so that the pOilition whiel! he took u])on t,ho snbjeet be
took upon national considerations, not on personal eonsideratiolls. If tue




NAVIGATION INTEREBTS. 11
(Iisabilities that wero now illlposf'd upon American shippiug', aml whiell
preyonted thc building of shillS in this eoulltQ~ as eheap as tho,)' eonld
!Je !Juilt in other countries, \Hll'O l'elllOyed, ttlfl sltip~lmil<lillg trad(~ would
be revived in a ver,)' short timo, amI ships would !Jo !Juilt in this eoulltry
as cheaply as in any otllor eOUll tr.r; instoad oí' Ameriealls gOillg' abroad
to !Juy sllips tlw people of ot11el' countl'ies wOllhl !Je eoming here to buy
them, as tlwy did !Joforo the \Var. He rcganIod tIlo remedy proposed
by the :Xcw York Ship-owners' ARsociation as one whieh would he l1is-
astrous to tho ship-buildillg intel'est. Hp i1rgued tlwt ii' tlw goYorn-
mont shouId take tho present l)Urden off Ameriean ship-bnilders, alld
still should alJow them 110 time in üll tIte yoid existinA' ill UHj Anwrieml
shippillg traüo, but wouId give tIte sltip-ownel's time to fill np that YO id
with the refuse ships ofEnrope, American ship-yards \VouId be rendered
inactivo for aU timo to come. But i1' a little time were aUowed (two 01'
three ,rears wonld be suffieü~lIt in his t'stilllatioll to give AlIlerieall ship-
builders all tlw start thoy wanteü) they couId fill thís void that lIad
lwon ereated, and thillgS would go OH as slllOotbly as before. Why !lid
Great Britain OW11 sllch a largo am0l1llt oi' sItippillg as she 110W owned ~
lt \Vas becan"e, (l11rillg the late cOllte:-;t in tlús country, American ships
liad beea sold to Bngland. He hilllspIi' h:Hl gOlle oyer to ElIglaml amI
soId two 0(' his sltip::<. Eugl:lIId ltad t1tns ii1lcd 11]) her t,rade, while
Americalls hall Leen acpIetillg' thoil's; be:-;ides that, the extra .cost oi'
ship-Luilding' in this countl'y ,ras lIOW so grpat as allllost, llOt quite,
to anllihilate AlIIerie:lIl ship-bllilding. The R1'itish kept Oll building,
alld now they ha(l fonr 01' five times tite tOllnage engnged in fIJe fiJl'f'ign
eal'l'ying trullo that AmerÍealls hado 'l'lw l'plUf'd,Y fin' t1le·evi1 was to
remove tlloso diRabilitieR. He snggested that a eertain amouut per ton,
the exaet fignres to bo obtained by estimates,shollld !Je allO\\"(~d as a
dmw!Jaek upon every yessel lmilt in tItis COUlItry, m; an .eqnivalellt for
tho dl1t,Y paitl 011 tIte eopper, iron, cordage, sail-eloth, &c., usod in hor
eOllstrnetioll. He thonght that \\"ith these allowances AlIlericall ship-
buildC'l's eould c01l1pNn \ritlt f()]'pigll nations. He put tItis O!l high
natioual gro11luIs. H \Yas of tlte ntmost impoltance thatthe eouutry
sltonld he in a positíoll, in l"PganL to 11\'1" 1I1Pre~l1ltilc mal'ill(', to deter
otIle1' nations fl'Olll going to war IYitIt lt('I\ ff she llnt lterself in that
posi1ioll she w0l11tl insnre peace, alld thereby preyent the eost oí' \Yar.
It was incnmbcnt Oll tbis coulltr'y to 1m Y(1 a large I1wrcallti1c marine,
and t,o have American sailors to m:l1l her shillS, amI to have skilled
rneehanies of eyery kilH1 on hand; amI a1l tbis eonlcl llot hp spcm·pd if
the ship-buildillg illterost was allríwed to deeny. He eOllsilkl'ed that if
the (lthe1' course were to be ado]>te(1, llame1y, tlle course pro])osrd by
the New York Ship-owllrrs' Assoeiatio!l, tLJe IlIpehanies skilk(1 in ship-
building' wouId either loave tbat lmsilless mHl tnrn to some other !Jranch
of industry, 01" mHll(l ¡ean~ the cOUlltry amI go where tIley eonld ]>rofit-
ably pllrsuo their business, amI tlwt, eOllseq llpntly, in tlll' time of emer-
genc;r, we wonhlllot ha\'p skilI,,(1 meehallies to oxtompo)'ize a defensive
01' offensive fipet. Ho held that it \Yas of yast illl])ortallee that this
C'ountry shon1d rdain tbe carryillg trade alld tIte pl'ofits arisil1g there-
fl'om.


nI1'. 'VELLS. What do yon propose ?
1\11'. HA YDEN. 1 propose tho allo\\'allee of dl':'wbacks OH the amoulIt


of materials nsed in ship-huil(1illg. T thínk that nothillg else wonld be
1'equüüÍl~. IA.\t us havo this and \Ve can lmiId ships as eheaply as other
llations can. The ship-o\Vners oi' New YOl'k, \VIlO haye one particular
yiew of the (lUestioll, \Vould be in a very short time satisfied, because
thillgs would roturn to tho cOlldition they were in ten years aguo They




12 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


woulcl have no more cause of eomplaint than they had then. It is not
neeessary that we s]¡ould always lUHTe a Havy OH hand, but it is lleceR-
Hury that we should ahvays haYl-\ skilled meehanies to eonstruet a naYy.


}\!fr. HOL}IAN illquiretl oí' MI'. Ha;rden as to the extellt to whieh Great
I~ritaill had.beeH engaged in the purchase of .American vessels before
the war.


}\!fr. HA YDE::>I said tlmt he was not able to state that detinikly, lmt he
hall tweIl in ports of Great Britain and oí' the Contincnt, and had seen a
g'l'eat many ships, whieh he kllew to be Atneriean-built ships, uudel' the
flags of foreigll natiolls. Still he would not state iu what llroportioll
otIler nations were purchasers of Alllt'rican ships.


1Ir. HOV.\IAN inquired to 110W late a date eitizells of other llatiollS had
been purehaserH oí' American-bnilt ships.
~1r. HAYDEN replied that tite last (me he had himself soId in Englalld


\Vas sold in 18G4.
:!VII'. HOL}IAN illquired whether ships had been lmilt in the United


Sta tes for foreign eapitalists npoJl contracts.
MI'. llAYDE::>I replied that he did not tbillk they ",ere, except in some


few in~taIlees. The rnle gelleI'ally \Vas to Hend thcm abl'oad with freight,
oi' ill ballast.


1\11'. IIOLlvrAK illquircd whether U)1 to 18{jO wooelell sLips had been built
as eheaply in tbc l:rnited States as iu EngIand 01' OH tbe Continent.


1\[1'. HAYDEX. Undoubtedly; amI they could be solel so af> to compete
with foreigll-built yessels .


.;\'11'. HOUTA?\". Labor was higher in the United States ~
MI'. HAYDE::>I. YeR, sil' .
.:.\fr. HOLlIIAN_ Bllt materials were cheaper"?
M!'. HAYDE?\". 1 do 110t kllow that; 1mt persons wIlo have seen OUl'


mechanies at work in this eountry, and ha\'e seell medmnies at work in
othe1' cOllntries, cannot hel}) apprp(~iating thc VHHt difterence there is be-
tweell them. On tItÍs poillt ::\11'. Haydell proceeded to giye SOJlle illus-
trations.


:.\lr. vVELLS. Is the skiU of American laborerR so muchsnperior to
that of English laborel's"1


MI'. HAYD}'?\". r wiII not sayas to England. 1'11e illnstration r have
givell had 1'eference to Franee.


MI'. HOL1iIAN. YOLll' theory is that American labor, considering its
quality, is llCtllUlly eheaper than fOI'eign lahor '?


MI'. HAYDEN. Exactly so.
}\fr. HOL}IAN. And yon think that if drawbacks were allowed 011 mate-


rials ente1'ing' into tl;e eonstruction of ships, ships conld be built as
eheaply in thís country as ahrOíuH


.MI'. HAYDE::>I. 1 haye no donbt of it.
MI'. HOLJHN. Supposing that poliny were adopte!l, 1Iow many ycús


\Vonld be reqllisite to eonstruet any considerable llumber of ships so as
to materially increasp onr mercantile marine?


MI'. HAYDRN. So far as \YOOdell ships are c()]]cerned, a good tleal might
be done in Olle :real'; but 1 (~all't sayas to iron ships. !ron ships have
beeu laid and construetl'd in this conlltr,r-in Boston alHl in Wilming-
ton-alld I cannot entertain a douht that, if dile cnconragement were
given, the building of iron ships here would succeed as weIl as in an.y
other nation.


MI'. HOL1I1AN. Suppose that the poliey woro adopted of allowing Amer-
ican registrations to foreigll-bllilt vesseIs, either withollt tIte pa,)'mellt of
auy dllt.V, 01' \vitIt t11e payment of a small dufy, imposell UpOIl the ton-
llage; aud suppose at the same time tbat a drawback ",ere allowed upon




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 13


the materials entering into thc conl'.truetion of ships in this c:mfltry,
what would be tIJe efteet of that poliey on the shipping interest of the
couutI'y'? .


MI'. HAYDEN. Thc il1lmelliate effeet would be that the 8h1pS already
bui1t lJy other nations ,,"onId flow in llerc at firl'.t amI fill the yoid so HR
to depl:ive onr meehanies of the opportunity to do so.


MI'. HOLMAN. Snpposc that sneh vesselR HR were p~ll'chase.d abroad
were exc]uded timn the eoastwise trade, and that AmerIcan·bmlt ves8els
had the cxelnsive eoastwise tradc¡ how \Voultl that 1l01ie~' affect both tlle
eommeree 01' tIte eonntry ami the ship-building illtere¡.;t 1


MI'. HA YDEN. In I'eferenee to the eoastwise tralle, 1 do not think that
we derive an.y advantage now í"rolll the diserimination in onr favor. vVhat
American who is eoneerncd in shipping at aH, and who \Vishes to invcst
money in it, wonId illvest his money in eoastillg vesse]s rathcr than in
foreign trading ve¡';Rels'! Wlmt little oí" tIte foreign trade \Ve have is
better to us than t]w eoasting trade" so that 1 do uot see any ol~jcction
at aU to remoYÍng altogetl1eri he re~tridiolls on thc eoastwise trade.


1\1r. l\fOIWELL. - 11'. tite fOl'eign tradc lletter than the coastillg tralle"1
::VII'. HA YDEX. Thcre is more m011ey made out 01' it.
1\11'. :\IOIWELL. The eoaRtmg tralle is cntirely in our OW11 hands"1
=VII'. HAYDEK. Yes; lmt that is a tra(le whieh requires but little capi-


tal, amI the competition is already complete, so that there is no room
for foreigner8 to get i!lto tl1at trade.


MI'. HOL3IAK. Bnt by perseYerillg in that poli(~y somo encouragemellt
and proteetioll would be fnrnished to ship·hnildcrs.


::VII'. HA YDEN. Let t11e \Vholo lIlattcr rcmaill as it is fOl' a few ycars,
(ill my jnrlgmellt thrcc ;years ",ould be Rllftieiont,) and let American
ship-Imilclers be allowed drawbaekR OH tIto materials, and then 1 shall
be perfeetIy willing, as olle intcrested in shipping aml as a eitizen of tbe
¡; lliü~d Sta tes, to repeal aU navigntion la \Vs, amI to make them just as
tIlo British navigation la\VR now are. Bl1t if we admitted freo trade in
shipR nt Ollte, tIte l'f'f'cet wou]d be to erowrl in aH tho refuse veRsels of
foreig-n natiolls, so tltat it \"ouId take somo time before \\'e eOll]d have
anything to do. lt. wonM he a hlow to ship-buihlillg worse than any-
thing that \\'e haTe yct reeeiwd.


MI'. HOL::\IAN. Can those inferior yesse]s eompete with the foreign
lines aIready estah]iRhell ?


l\1r. HAYDEN. Of eon1'se we would Wallt equally good yesse]s to eOlll-
pete with them. The BritiRh haye t1l0 whole run llOW.


l\fr. HOUIAN. AR to thc ordinary earr.)illg t.radc, would uot the pref-
erenc,e be given to, and a lowe1' rute of immra11ce requir\'ü 011, the supe-
rior vesseH As a eommercial adycnture, would there be ally advan-
tage in purchasing thos!' inferior foreign-Imilt yessels?


1\11'. HAYDEN. ~o; but a great llIally ,,"ouId be brollght in for genera]
business. In rett\rence to t11e ]etter published in the .Toul'IIal oí' Com-
lllt)ree, to which the attt'ntion of the ('Ollllllittee has been ealled to-day,
it was written by a gont~emall of Sall Franeiseo, amI it is not IJeCessary,
1 presume, to say anytluug about it, ueeause the testilllony amounts to
lJothing. He says tl1at iron ships cau he built ut .e14 lOs. u tOIl; but 1
mn vcry ineredulous on that lloint, as 1 thillk it eosts very lllueh more.
Any letter written in that way is a Yery ]oose kind of eyidenee.


=VIl'. HOLJ\fAK. Do yon know ho\V long it is sinee ally European nation
has imp()Rerl restrictioIlR Oll the gralltillg of registers to foreign·built
yeRReIR enteI'ÍlIg into their eommel'eia] marine '?


}fr. HAYDEN. 1 do 1l0t reeolleet, myself, except by what has been al-




14 NAVIGATION INTERESTS,
ready statcd hel'tí as to Great Rritain, \Vhic11 removed such rcstrictions
about twcllty yenrs ago.


J\fr. HOLJfAÑ. Has any nation, withill the last t",enty ,vears, allheI'erl
to that poliey?


J\1r. HAYDEN. 1 (lo 1I0t know ¡ T Call110t testif~' 011 that poiut.
}[r. HOL)IA~. You spoke of tlle illlpOl'taucc oí protecting the sItip.


building illterest, as a national measure, OH accoullt 01' the neeessity of
heil1g prepared for emergcncies in case of \yar. How tilr has the expe-
riellce of tItis conntry, say frolll the beginning of the war of 1812 up to
this time, demollstrated tlle faeilities oí' improvising an effeetiv-e navy
for \Val' purpoRes out of thc commercial navy oí' the country ~


Mr. HAYDEN. 1 snppose 1 kno", no more on that point than any othel'
perSOll¡ hut 1 suppm,e it will be eonceded by every oue tlmt \Ve wcre in
a g'ood eondition at thc begillning 01' the late \\'ar. A t the begillnillg' of
the \Val' of 1812 we were uot in so good a eondition, beeanse the emha1'g(!
had almost annihilated our shipping intel'est.


MI'. HOL:VIAN. In a nationa1 point of vie\\' ,ronr argnment would be in
referenoe to tlle facilities f()l' hnil(lini.:- ships for \\'aI' }lUl'pOS("s.


MI'. HAYDEN. Exadly ¡ alld to tIle advHutaget-1 ",1Ii,,11 the coulltry
would luLYC fl'Olll the ea1'l'ying trade.


J\1r. HOL:VIAN. 'Yon]¡l uot that result follow as \Yell fl'om American
eitizew; being' the mntert-1 of foreign-hullt ve:;;sels '1


MI'. HAYDEN. Yes, sir; lmlloulJ-tedly.
:Jlr. HOL:'\rAN. So that tlw othe1' is the real aclV<lntage i'01' encoul'aging


tlmt particular illtlustry?
1\11'. lIAYDB~. Yes, sil'. Jt will lJe recollected tIlat in the wal' oi' 181:!


the frigate whidl too!c t1l(' principal part in the aetion 011 Lake Erie
was built in eighteell days fl'olll t he tillle that her kpd was laitl. If \Ye
had not Ilad slúiled meehanies, sneh a thiug could uot llave lJcen done.


MI'. P. l\L 'YE'I')[()R,E, 01' Xew York Cit.y, made SOIllP l'elllal'ks to tIle
committee in refereuee to a pl'oposition whieh hall hcell made by 11im
during tIte late civil \\'a1', to selld ont privatec1's agaillst BritiRh COIll-
meree, and said that i1' tilat hall hepn done Hl'itü,ll 1'01111111'1'(:(' \yonld llave
been swept f1'o111 the seaH to :t gTt'ater ('xtt'llt ('V('ll than thc ,\mcricall
eOlnmer('.(~ hall h.'ell. He alt;o ad\Tocated t11e H1IbsidiúlIg of AIIlCl'ie:lIl
lincs oi' steamships, giyillg sOlJle facts in l'erl'n'IJ(~e io fOl'II1Pl' tmbsiüies
to tIle CollinR linp, amI to tIJe two lilles O\\"lIctl hy MI'. Law and MI'.
A I'lpin wall. He dceJared hi" belü>f that w!teneyel' the United States
govcrnmellt \yould l'estore t11(' sysh'lll oí' givillg' a, l'eaSOllllhle sllhsidy to
mail steftlIlel'S on tl1(' oeean, ir ,y01l1<1 be a halljl'v day for the eOll1l1lerce
oi' the eountr,Y. AlIlel'ieans to-day could 1I0t ¡l,euü a letter to any natiOlI
in Europe without hil'ill o' n fOl'ei O'Jl tlt('amN tu ('¡jlTY it. He did 1l0t
think t.hat el'editahk to tlw intelligenee, t1le I'ntel'p~'ise, 01' tIJe publ¡e
spirit oí' the eountry. He gayc an illn¡.;ll'Mioll or the injlll'Y to tlJe
Ameriean trade with Cllüla, elllHeÚ hy tl1(' llCC('ssity ot' OU1' scnding',
some yenrs sílice, Alllcl'ieaJl letters destilled to Chilla thl'ough the Ellg-
lish mails .


.1\11'. \VELLS inqnired w}¡ethl'l' t1lC1'e ,,-as llot aH A mcrjeall linc snhsicl-
ized to Hio Jaueiro, alld oue to Hong-Kong.


Mr. 'VE'L'j)IüRE replied tlmt that was so, ¡mt tltat it was a n~ry small
affair. and that whell thc eOllllll(Tte 01:' tIle llatioll iR Rpoken of it is uot
Soutl; American eOll1llleree, bui tlH' Athllltic COllllller('(\ fllat iR JlWHnt.


J\11'. WELLS ÍlHluil'erl whetllt'l' those snh~;i(l1es di<l llot opera te bcuefi-
I;ially to tlw trade betwecll this counti'v alld S()nth Allleriea.


::\ll'. 'VE'.nIOlt}~ replied tIlat tIle.' di<i, 1I11Ü that lw "llOllld uot like to
live to see tlw day wlten tlley wouhl he ,,'ithdra\nl; lmt that \Vas oul,\'




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 15


Olle point in t1le coItlmon system of commerce. He beIieved that a mail
line OH the oüeun eould not be supported by the mere earrying of mails
and passengers, but tIJat there must be sllbsidie8, and that tlle United
States gOY6.rnmellt conld well afford to give subsidies.


MI'. HOLl\IAN inqnil'ed whether there had not been mally successfnl
American lines prior to 1860 that were not snbsiUized.


1\'11'. VYETMORE repIied that if there lIad been he was not acqnaillted
with them. The Collins Iille had had a suhsidy oi' $385,000, Mr. Law's
line a snbsidy of $290,000, and MI'. AspinwalFs line a subsidy of
$199000. M;. HOL1iAN. These lines were in the direet trade with .Enrope"?


MI'. -VYET11ORE. Yes, sir.
MI'. HOLMAN. Had we auy subsidized line to South America prior to


1860 .~
MI'. WETl\lORE. No, sir; nOlle to Sonth America, nor was there any


subsidy to any line Oll the Pacific Ocean. 1 think that Lhe granting of
a subsidy to the Paeitic .Mail Steams]lÍp Company was a beneficial pnb-
líe measuro. i think that that company haR 1~()ll1ll1itted the same ümlt
that MI'. Collins eOllllllitted, in making its sbips too costl.r; in other
wol'ds, 1 tllink that there has be en a Wl1nt of econollly in the manage-
illellt of the eoncern.
~lr. ~. G. HlOHRORN, president of the :Maine Ship,owners' Assoeiation,


next iH1tlressed the eommittee. He said that tlte ship-mmers of Maine
simply askedthe cOillmittee to l'eeommenll snch measures of reIief as
would unfett(~r that interest, and brillg baek t11e mereantile marine of
the eOl1ntry to jts former position. Up to lS()O tlle .:\laÍllC ship-bnilders
eonstructed sailiugo ships f()r Englaud eheaper than the English eould
build tltem, but llnder the disabilities \vhich the ship-buildillg ültere8t
was now laborillg nuder, that trade liad Jangllished. The repre.'lentittives
of that trade asked this cOIl1mittee to recomll1end to Congre8s the passage
oí' Rlleh laws as wonld fllCilitate their efforts in building up eOI1UIleree,
and sneh as are gr<lnt¡>ll to tIle 8ame interests in other eOllllllereial nations.
A ship I10W C08tS sixt,r 01' sevcnty dollars a tOll 1milt in this cOHntry,
whereas in tlle Proyince¡.; it ollly eo:,;ts forty-fiye 01' fifty dollars a ton,
alld tlle two slüpR whell aftoat were brought iuto cOlllpetition with eaeh
othe1'. He 8poke oí' the illlportance oi' ha\'ing a lIlerchant marine that
c011hl, in case of emergency, he usell for tIle defense of the sea-eoast, and
remarked that durillg tlJe late eiyil "mI' a single British gllllboat eould
have destl'oyell all t110 towns llpon the Pellobseot Ray alld alollg the
coast oí' J\laille, whel'eas ir tIte govcl'Illllellt hall authorized ü to be done,
the people oi' l\lailll' eould have created a fioating defense in t11ree weeks
that would have defied attack frolIl abroad. He spoke of the COIlllllaIHler
of tllo Kearsarge hayillg lwell éllneated in the rnercantile marine in Bos-
ton, anel saiü that tllllugh an al'my nüght be extemporized in thl'ee 01'
f()Ur lIlonth8, sailors cOllld not be extelllpol'ized in that way. He H8ked
that the ship-building trade be nufettered, and titat it have the oppor-
tnnity to use iron a,ud coal alld wood alld all other materials as cheaply
as it ean procure thern, alld thel'e wonlcl tIten be no fe al' nf fOl'eign eOlIl-
petitioll, and there ,,"oul.1 be, in a timo of uational peril, 11 floet ancl sail-
o1's ready to defend the count1'Y. If t11e rnel'cantile marine were increased,
tIle slJips of the navy, wIlieh wel'e llOW mailltained at gl'eat e08t, eould
1w bronp:ht llOllW, aul! t1te C0111me1'CO oí' the eOlllltl'y would be hetter p1'o-
teded t hrongJl the eYÍdence of the stl'ength amI }lower and eivilization
oí' the cOlllltry, manifested hy the fteets of the Alllel'iean mercantile
marine. He lUldel'stood that there \Yere to-day in the port of New York
fiOlHe sixty barks, fort.Y-three of them beillg foreign yesseh" aud only




16 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


seventeen American vessels. Those vessels "\Vere principally engaged in
carrying westeTll grain to Europcan markets; aud lle showed how it was
to the interest of the 'lestern producer to han, his grain seut to the mar-
ket in American bottoms rather tban in foreign bottOlllS. Valuable as
\Vas the guano of the Chirwha, Islawl:", the t~al'ryiltgof tlmt guano 'las
of more value, so that if Peru continued to own tllose islam1s, and if
Americans owned all the shipping engaged in the transportation of the
guano, they 'louId get more "alue out oí' it thau Peru ",onld. The East
India trade was now being carricd on aImost entirely by foreigllers. He
had beeu iuformed recently by an iutelligent American master that in
his voyage to and frOlIl Yokohallla he had ollIy spoken t",o American
vessels. It was of yast importaneG that this natioll s1l0nllI llave as mueh
of that business as it eould possibIy have. As to the illquiry ",hether
Americans conId compete 'lith foreigllers in t11e sailing of vessels, he
thought that they eouId. American masters and seamen were imperio!'
to foreigners. He reIated an instancé of the master oí' a small yessel
of six hundred 01' seven hnndred tons 'lhich ",as l;ying t':ome tillle siuce
at Boston, there being lying on the other side of tIle wharf at tlle same
time a British irou ship whieh was UIHlerstoOlI as a fourtePIl-knot ship
and 01' about one thousand fiye hUlldrrd tons. Thcv werE' hoth bound
for Melbourne. The merchants of Boston were j¡~yited to put thcir
cargoes into the iron ship, lwcause she ",oulcl he at Melboume before the
wooden ::;hip. Bnt t11e young American mat':tcr (who luuI come to bim
a bareí'ootecl boy some fifteen 01' eighteen years before) said that he
would do the best he couIrI to get tItCI'C bcfore tIJe ot11e1', ancl the result
was that he delivered his cargo seyenteen days before the irou ship
arrivetl, so that the 13oston mel'cllants \VIlo shipped by his YCt':scI had
saved more than tlle cost of the freight in havillg tIteir merchandise
arriye tirt':t at Melbourne. The sarue principIe oí' America,n superiority
Iteld trne in the Elle of ship-lnúl(ling. At': to the qllestioll oí' labor, labor
was no\\' in excess in Enrope, and the ship-1milders there did uot use
machinery to the same extellt as the sltip-Jmilder:-; 1Iere did. He Ilid Ilot
like to be oyer-sangnine, 1mt lw bl'1icvcü tlwt if tue ship-blliIders of
Portland couId not learn to bnild an iro11 s}¡ip in t,,'o .rem·s tlle.)' 1V0uld
haye forgoUen their skill. '1'hey only wanted two 01' tIn'ce ,Yüars, amI
they wonld thcn take care oí' the ~hip-lmiI(1ing' iuteret':t.


::\'11'. \VELLS inquired 110w }lr. Hichborn proposcil to rcmedy the evil.
"Vas it In- drawbacks"¡


]\fr. Hi(JHBOR~. Yes, sir; 'le want a drawback on the articIes entering
into the construetion of shipí'. He did not 'lallt to antagollize tlw iuter-
ests oi' Peunt':ylnmia 01' ully other illterest; lmt ¡.;illlply asked that if it
took one thousand doIlars to pay the duty Oll iron ellteriug iuto the
COIlstructioIl of ships, that duty should be refl1nded whether the il'on
was procnred 1'1'0111 abroad 01' from Penllsyh'allia. He spokc· of the
Euglish illsnrance companies combining agaillst the .AmerÍ(~tUl shipping
interest, by requiriug a prelllimIl of Ü'OIll eight to ten por efmt. UpOIl
American WOOdCll yet':sels to Caleutta, mHl I'üqnj¡'ing oul,)' two amI a half
per cent. upon Euglish iron vessels. ",VItereas if he \Yere to decide which
style of yessel was the most (~Olllpeü'llt to take a cargo to Ca1elltta, he
would t':ay that the wooden vesseI \Vas at least as competent as t11e other.
IIe did not believe that the time had eome for t11e end of wooden ships,
01' for tlle disappeara.nce of sailillg ships. Ships 01' wood amI ships of
iron would both be continuec1, pro¡ll'lled by steam amI propelled by
sails. The t':hip-building illterest of .:Uaille eal1ed upon Congl'ess simply
to unfetter it in the matter of t':hip-hnillling, amI it would tllen meet all
the demands upon it.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 17


:MI'. HOL~IAN inquired what the present eondition of ship-building in
Maine was?


MI'. HICHBORN replied tlwt it was a great deal depresseu now, owing
to the faet that the late war had tronble(1 the exchange of the world, ami
that a very lal'ge amount of shipping had been trallsferred, together with
tIle faet tltat more iron vessels were being lmilt now.


MI'. HOLllUN inquired whether any iron ves seIs had yet been built in
the Provinces ~


::\11'. HICHllOR::'f repliell that very few, if any, hall been.
The CUAIRi\IAN illquired whether the yards whel'e the governulf'ut iron-


cIad Yessels had bcen built Wl:'l'e pl'cpal'ed to lmihl InPl'cantile iron vesseIs,
and whether the same killd of work amI maehinery would allswer for
both elasses ~ L


MI'. HICHBORN replierl that at aU evellts tIte same kind of workmen
would answer, amI tlmt the diffe1'ence between the two elasses was
about the saIlHi as tIte c1ifl.'erenee between the building oí' steamsItips
and of sailing-ships. There was a Yery fine yard in WiImington, Dela-
wal'e, f()l' the bnilding of iron vessels, and such vessels eould easily be
lmilt in ]\fairH'; if they eonhlluwe tIte iron in Maine as ehcap as tbey
had it Oll the Cly<le. American meehanics ,yonld simply need the time
to Ie~tm llOW to 1'i"et, alld they would get Ollt 01' fOllr duys' labor as
lUnch as they wonhl g-et out of six days on the Clydc. He wonl<1 say to
his X ew York friellds that both the ship-owning and ship-bnilding illtel'ests
were aiming at tlte sume su~ieet, hut in a different direetion. They both
wallted eheap ships, and the ship-builders of this eonntry \\onhl sllpply
thelll if Congress \Vould only ullburden the ship-building interest.


J\lr. HOLJ\IAN. If yon are nllowed (hawhaeks on the materials C'utel'illg
iuto the eonstruetion of ships, what is gnilled in a llatiollal pOillt of
yil:'w hetwl:'cn tIte hl1iIfling of ships he1'e undthe pnl'ehasc of ships
ahroad.? 1s there anything- dse g-aincd tIlan the vaIne of the labor
which goes into the eonstrnetioll of the ship?


]\11'. HICHBORN. Ycs, sir. Fil'st we ha,~e onr ship-yards keJlt intaet
in case of the emel'gene;v of ,yar with a foreign eountry, ami that 1 thin:k;
a ycry essential poillt. Seeondly, we huye our sailors trained and formed;
bnt if we g-et our shillS abl'olt(l, we will g-et onr sailors there too, and
they wiU be men on whom we would haye no eIaim, amI who wonId
have no Iove fol' this eoulltry in ease of dan gel'. Perhaps a great Illuny
of tbe masteI'S al so wonhl be frolll Euro})I:', and tltey wonld be 1Il1:'T1 wllo
would have no Iove for our flag and no dispositioll to spl'ead our eivili-
zation and sentiments.


MI'. HOLJ\IAN. Up to 1860 liad the ship-bnildillg interest of ~faine
steadily increaseu froll1 tlle time it COlllUlellced~


MI'. HICHnoRN. Yes, sir; n'l'y steatlily. You will ullderstalld me to
admit that it had its illtermittellt spells.


:1\11'. HOLJ\fAK. 'Vas it greater in 185U and 1860 than it had been pre-
yionsIy ~


MI'. ·HICHBORN. 1 do I10t think that it was. Our g-reat ship-bnilding
ycars were 1852,1853, 1RM. They WPl'e wltllting- sllÍps on tbe other side,
alld they diseovered that we couId build them Yel'y eheaply, and we did
build for ollI'seIyes aml for the world.


l\1r. HOUIAN. Betweell 1R4R aml1RGO was any Iarge number of vessels
built in Maine on eontracts with foreign eapitaIists '?


1\11'. HJCHBORK. Not extensively so. Our people constructed ships
and sent them abI'oad, Rome in ballast and SOIlle with freight, and
tllere tllPy were soldo There \Vere, howeyer, somo bnilt on cQptraet;


2NI




18 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
but yet we did not g'et aeqnainted with each othcr enongh to go into
that busiuess extensively.


:ftIl'. HOU,JAN. ,Yhat 'is the preseut condition of the ship-building
interest in ~Iaine ~ .


),fl'. HICHllORN. At this time 1 should think that about three-fifths
of our ordilla!'y capital is at :work. The inqniry Illay be made, 110w \','e
can do so mnch wOl'k as that mider the circulllstances '? The answer is
that those towns of ours which have been m,ed for ship-building' have
that business as a specialty and have notlIing cIse 1j'ult tlwy e:m do.
The people who haye followed it understalld it aBd undcrstalld nothing
elsc; and they are now building morc than they can afl'ord to do, simply
because thc workmen must haye sOI¡¡ething. to d.o, and they ll11u;t haye
:,;ome emplo.yment tbenmelves. 1 bl11lt rt Slllp tlns .yenr, and 1 callnot get
85 per ecnt. of what it costo The ships IlOW heing built in Maine will
not seU for more tlUlll 85 or UO per eent. oí" their costo


The CHAIRMAN. vVhat are the rates that al'e Vaid now to mechanics
in ship·lmilding '1


MI'. HICHllORN. From $2 to $2 50 a dav for sldIled nH'chanics and
ship-cal'peuters. 1 haye not paid oyer $2' 50, aIHl1 lJave had a great
many nt $2.


MI'. CALKIN. '\Vhnt were t11e wages before the war?
)11'. HIOHBOR:N. 1 am quite certaill that in 1 Sii4 1 h:we paid $3 50.
The CnAIRl\fAN. Is not t.lw deereaf'e in \Vagos in consequenee of t1le


depre;;sion in business, and is not labor as lo\\' in that branch 01' business
as it was oefore tlle \Var'~


MI'. HICHllORN. Yes, sir; \Ve haye two applicants for labor where we
can onI.r elllploy oue.


MI'. CALKIN. Do yon know allytltillg" ahout t1le priee of labor oi' machin-
isís, as to how it rates now in eomparison with what it did beiore tlle
war'?


MI'. HICIIllORN. 1 think that a gooll maehinist to-day gets from $3 50
tú $4 a day. 1 feU in this moming with a friend of mine who wa!lted
some stone-cutters to sellü to Maine, and the mall with whom lHJ was
talkillg toltl him ~at if Ile cou1d Jlot gi ve 1ll0l'e than $4 a day he !lced llOt
seek any here, be use tlwy ",ere getting $·1 ¡JO a day hel'e, amI yet our
very best mecham s in s1lip.yal'ds can only get $J 50 a day.


The CHAIRr.1AN. Then 1 understaJl(l .ron that in regard to labor yon
can build ships as cheaply now in eUl'rencj' as yon couId before the war
in golel?


MI'. HICHBORN. Certaillly we can. In 1854 1 bave paiel $3 50 in gold
to the sallle mea that 1 rtm 1l0\V paying" $J 1)0 rt day in cllrrelley; bllt
that was in an emergeney.


Tbe CllAIRl\IAl'<. How did the average rate of \Vages t11en compare
with the present rate of wages'~
~1r. HICHBORN. My judgtllent \Yould be that it wonld uot vary twenty-


five cents to-day from the average for ten .rears before the war.
MI'. CALKIN remarked that in New York good ma.ehinists could be ha!!


for $2 a da.y, on aeeount of the depression in business.
MI'. BUFFIN'l'Ol'< remarked that in his city (Fall Uiver, ),Iassac1111setts)


good machinists received $3 50 a day, and that there \Vas plenty of work
for them.


MI'. CALKIN said that MI'. Roach was hiring them in this city at $2 a
day.


MI'. BUFFINTON remarked that house-carpellt.ers in .B'all River received
thirty-lhe cents .an hom, and that common dirt-diggcl's in tIte strcet
got $2 50 a day.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 19
)Ir. \VELLS inquired from 1fr. Hichborn what amount per ton should


he allowed for dut,Y in tIle shape of drawbacks.
]\[r. HWHI30R='< rpplied that the estimate was about $8 per ton upon


wooden yessüls.
MI'. WELLS inquired what it wou1d he OH iron Yes8els.
MI'. HWHRORK replied that it would he something more-perhaps $10


01' $12 a ton.
The CHAIR~fAN. Is that for the hhll aIone '1
MI'. HIOHnoRN. ~o, sir; it is for the 1mB and spars and rigging.
l\Ir. MORRELL. Do .r0u think that a bOllllt,)' equal to $10 01' $12 a ton


OH ¡ron vessels, amI $8 a ton OH womlell vesse1s, would put ,)'ou on an
equality with foreign ship-lmihlers ~


1\lr. llICunORN. Yes, i'lir; 1 am cIearl.)' of the opinioH that $8 :lo ton
wouIel do it on wooden yessels, lmt 1 am not so cIeaI' as to iron vesseIs.


Tite CUAIR::\'IAN. If that is the case, wh,Y is tllere so mncll diffeI'enee
between tlle eo~t of bnilding in tlle Pro\·üw.es and in Maine.


MI'. HWHRORN. The ships in the Provinees are llOt so well eonstructed
as ours are, thongh they will get the same rate as we do tIIl'ongh English
honses. The'y lllake ships entirely of sprnee, "'hieh is a light alld cheap
quality of timber. If we bnilt ours of spruce we could huil!! them at $8
or $10 a ton lesR; but \Ve use oak amI hanl pille amI hackmataek. 1
had a yeRsel of ti n~ hnlldred tons at Bostou, and OH t11e other side of her
was a British yessel built entireIJ' 01' s]Jl'uee illside am1 ontsi<1e. :My
,'esseI wm; disehal'ging sngan; at ¡¡erhaps $H; or $20 expense of eooper-
age on he1' ('argo, wltt'l'eas thc otlte1' yessel was also diseharging sugar
at $200 OI' $300 expense of eooperage, amI yon eould llave Rerllped np
eart-loads of sugar. 1 think my n~ssd had twice the strcngth of the
otller. Slle cost $20 or $30 more per ton.


In eonelusion MI'. Hiehhorn pxtelHled an illyitation to the cornmittee
to YÍ:üt Portlalld in tlle pnrsmmee of its iuvestigation.


J\f r. \YETJIORE addressed tlle eommittee in defense of \\"om1en H'sscIs
as against iroIt yessels. He ])('liew'd that if a eareful caleulatioll were
malle it would be found that f1'om t\\'o to three iroll-built steamers were
wrecked off X ewfollwlJand fol' tlw OIle \\'OO(leIl steall1el' that \Vas wrecked
tl1ore. He spoke of A(lmiral Farragnt haying putthe bow of the wooden
fl'igate Hmtford dead UpOll the iron rarn in 1:Iobile Harbor; and ahont
the Star of tho \Vest, aIso a woodeIl Yf>sseI, pIaeing herself aIongsido of
Fort Sumter amI brillging baek her flag in safety. He heliend that
the publie interest of tIte coulltry reqnired that its eOIllmerce SllOUld be
extended whereYf>r it {'ould he (lone withont illfringing upon any of the
gI'eat principIes of tlle Constitution.


The committee adjouI'lled till tO-lllOl'1'OW, Oetober 15.
~EW YORK, October 15,1869.


The c0111mittee met at 10 o'cloek a. m. Present, the chairman, and
Messrs. Morrell, Holman, Calkin, Butlillt.on, ami \Vells.


]\fr. A. C. Sl'I:.\1ERS add1'essed the committee .. He said that he was in-
t.f'I'ested in seeing ships huilt amI run under tlle American flag, wllich
was not done uow to any extellt. If there \Vere the sallle laws OH the
subjeet of sllipping in this country as tllo1'e were in other countries Ihe
result woultl he t}¡e same-the growth of American shipping and COIll-
tnerce. He ullde1'stood tIle Iaw of Bngland to be, that all materials
entering iuto the construction of a shi}) \Vere free of duty, and that aU
stores slluseqnent1y put into he1' were aIso free of duty. \Vitb such a
1aw in this cOllntry ships could be built aud run in competitiou with auy
natiou. Amerieans were superior in the arts of ship·building and navi-




20 KAVIGATION INTERESTS.


gation to the French, Gcrmans, amI Spanianls, al1u "Were certainly equal
to the English. Labor cost more here, but it was also wort,1t llIore, in
consequence of tlte superior illtelligcJlce of American meehanies; so that
if the dut¿, were taken off materiaIs a sllip would llOt cost anJ' more llcrE'
than in Bllglund. The tax sl1ou1<l cOllle off iron llseü in tlle cOllstl'uetion
01' iroll ships.


J\Ir. MORRELL remarkeu that thcre was not much tax 1l0'" oJllIlanufae-
tured irOlI, except tlle mereantile tax.


1\11'. STIJHERS replied tllat that was one oí the taxes ,,,hiel! he ,,-islled to
see takell off. Ships couId be built here now eIH'aper than was gCIlE'I'a11y
supposed. He had notieed tltat it hall bccn stated yésterday before tIte
eOlnmittee that iron steamers eOllld not, for t11e present, he lmilt herE' as
"eH as they wel'e abI'oad. He dill uot agree to t1tat. Dnring thc late
war iron steamers hau been bnilt for tlle goYermnellt U1HI('r his g('n('ral
snperilltendence, anel ~Ir. Rowlaml, now presE'nt, Itad lmilt as good i1'01l
ships as ever ltad becn bnilt.


)fr.lVIoRRELL inquired wltether it wonld not lH~ d('sirablE' to use Ameri-
can materials in the ('ollstl'uetioll oí' sl1ips whell tlte.r could te got as cheap
as foreign materials.


:MI'. STDIERS replied tbat American iron was 111lH~11 lwtter t1l<111 ElIg-
1ish iron. Shippers aJld shippillg mcr('hallts alwa;ys paid a lligher priee
fól' American iron tban for Bnglish iron.


J\Tr, l\foRRELL inquired \\l1et1.e1' it \\'OIlI(lllot lw hetter tn allow a dl'HW-
back on iron equi\~alent to tlle dllt.r, so as to a110w the ship-builclel' to
use Alllel'ican iron. .


lVIr. STDmRS replicd that it would, and that ship-buiIders wouId
aIways preíer American iron OH accoullt 01' its superiorit,\'. lf it were
made free it wouId eorne to tlmt. At, iirst EIIglish iron might l.H'
imported, bnt builders would SOOIl come r0l111d to American iron.
Re haü heen goYel'nm(,lIt inspeeto1' of the irOlI-e1ads, ",hiell Ilall bt'('1I
constrncted um1cl' his supervi"ioll, in yarious parts oí t11e eountrr.
The ma('hinery for goyernment iron-clads amI for iron mercalltile ye8sel"
W~IS just tlw samp. 'rile arlllatnn~ of fIle ü'oJ\-I'lH(l" woul.1 he IIt'Hvicr,
but tlle construction of tIte lmll" wouId be tlJe same, Vessels with irOIl
hu11s had teen built for tIJe gon'rlllllellt al, l'ortland, Bostol1, Ne\\"
York, Jel';.;ey CitYi G1'c(,I1point, CIte;;tc1', 'YilmillgtoTl, Baltimore, Pitts-
bnrg, Cincinnati, and Sto Louis. He had beE'n abroad, and hall seen
IlOthiug there to sllqmss tite Ameriean iron work. The iron heI'e \Va;;
better than is malle in Enrope, aml, therefore, tIte ships were better.
TheHe iron-clads liad beell to sea, and hall pOUIHIE'd on sHnd-1Jauks, amI
not a hole had bcen made in Olle of tllcm. Amcrieans had llot to Il'arn
how to build iro11 sllips. TheJ~ lmew to-day how to do it. Give thE'lIl a
ellance amI the.)' woul.l lmilü fieets of tla·lII. As to the low imml'arH:e
on English iron sl1ips, the immrauee would be equally low on iron sIli])s
1milt here. TIle latesf works on naval arehiteetul'c were obtained and
stndied in this eoulltl''y, so tllllt Ameriean ship-1.mildel's knpw all that
English ship-builders were doillg, alld would uot produee \York inferior
to the English work.


The CHAlR~IAN. Do I unden;tand ~-ou as sa.ring that tlle difi'crence is
simply the differenee in duties on llIatprials, alld that in aH other respects
we can compete with fOl'l'ig-n ship-hnilderst


MI'. S'l'I.iHERS. Yes, sir; decilledly.
Tlle CHAIRMAN. How ,,"ould YOH oycreomc tItc difi'crcnee in tIte cosí


of ]abor~ •
MI'. STD1ERS. The labor here is \\"01'tli more. Yon ('an get more out


of an American mcehanic ihan you can out of an English meehanic.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 21
The OHAIR:\IAN. Is t!tero moro machillery used here ~
}fr. STnmRS. K o, sir. "Ve use similar machinory. In a great many
cas~s we haye more ingenious al'l'angements for saying labor; but more
attelltioll lms becn paid to that in England reeently than used to be.
In 18.34, when I was in England, tlteir ships were, as a rule, inferior to
OUI'S in K ew York; lmt now, T think, tbey are ratIler superior, because
we llaYO had so much discouragement, awl haye lJecn running down.


The OHAIRj}[AN. Do the bnildt'l's of wooden ships adapt thcmsehes
readily to tite building oí iron ships'?


MI'. S'I'nfEgS. Yes, sir. The chango is very simple.}ly opinion is,
that when iron s11ips come to be made bere, it will be found that the
bnilders are tIlose who haye been huildillg' wooden ships. It requires
only a differcnt arrangemcnt of materials, which is very easily leamed.
In fact, tIle art oí' ship· building is simple if you ulldel'stand mrntl archi-
teeture, ami that tlle \Yoodell ship-lmildors ulldel'stand. I haye seen
men acting' as commOll lahorers, carr.rillg iron about, alld lJaTo secn
them in six. monthr; afterwards drhing rivds, which is tlle most partic-
ular thing. If ;you lun-e tlw IH~ad man right the labor part is easily
Iearned, as is pro\"ed by tllo uuilding of aU tllese irol! ships all o\-er the
f'ountry. Of course the knowleflge how to direct all to be doue requires
a lahor of years; but, afh~r tIte ]llans and specifieations are comploted,
tlte other parts of tIlO \York are easy.


Jlr. l\fOlmELL. 1 suppose yon would apprehend no diffieulty in S\lp-
plying the dOlllall(l for all tIte iron ships needed if ;yon woro sure of tbe
demaml after tho s1lips wpre uuilt ,)


1\11'. Sn:mms. I would Ul'lH'elJellcl 110 difficulty at all.
-;\Ir. }IOlmELL. Tltat \Vas proved by tilo ahility to supply the demand


tluring the waI' ~
:\[r. STlj}mRs. Yes, sir. That is the uest proof of it. MI'. Fox, the


Assistant Secretar,\' of the ~av'y, cOlllplained to me that tIte SOllth was
building sllips faster than \Ve \Yero. 1 said, "Yes; hut w1l01l the ships
meeí, what hocoll1oS of tIle soutlH'rll shipr; 'q "Ve not onl.r bl1ild a
Ill1111her of r;llips, bnt \VO hllild goocl s1li1's."


:\11'. UORRELL. \Vlwt yon waut is to l¡p scemed posscssion of the
Amerieau market for silips 1


}\fr. Sl'IJ.\IEW~. "Ve want to he on a par with Ellg-lishmell. That is
aH.


1\I1'.1\1oRRELL. Yon woulcl llfefpl' to he aule to use American mate-
l'ials ~


}\fr. S'l'IMEHS. Yes, sir; they are bf'tter. Ameriean iron \vi1l always
comrna,nd a hetter price th:lIl gllglish iron. It is wOl'th more.


l\fr. IIoLl\rAN. The yessels built hy Lite g'ovt'rnment during tIle war
would be too costly for eommel'eial pnrposes el


l\fr. S'l'nfERS. Tlwil' eost ,yas not on aeeoullt of their being govern-
mcnt vessels, buí on aeconnt of tIte distnrhcd condition of labor and
finan ces. The,y were mado aHer tlle rnles of building iro11 yessels.


l\fr. IIOLYrAN. But a eapitaIist conld lIot tltillk oí' expending an;ything
near tIJe alllount oi' ltloney for a ship 1'01' commercial business that the
gOH~rnmellt did for its ves,,;els.


1\fr. S l'DIEl{S. No; lmt he wouId haye equal1y good vessels. The
difference is that labor now is elleaper, and material s are eheaper, and
tIte fiwmees are in a betteI' state. The machinefy for huilding iron
ships is simple.


MI'. HOU1AN. Your experience only goes to the question of tlle pmc-
ticability of building sllch yessels in this eonutry.


MI'. STIl\IERS. I know the cost of all tile yessels that we were buil~-




22 N AVIGATION INTERESTS.
ing tIlen. 1 saw 110W tIley were heing huilt. 1 saw how the process
was CaI'l'ü'd on, and how it was eaI'l'ied on aumad, The proccsses are
quite similar,exeept that an American workman will alwaJ's get off
more "orle


]\:11'. HOL}IAN. 1 ulldel'stand yon to sa;}' that, with l'elief froID the }lay-
llient of taxes, internal aml external, on the materials elltering iuto the
coustrllction of ships, they could be lmilt in this eonntry, of wood 01' of
iron, so as to compete with foreign llllilders?


MI'. STUIERS. Yes, sir; lmt titen 1 also wallt the infhLCPlllput 01' letting
an stores ue put Oll board ship free oí' dut,Y. That wonld he lIn addi,
tional imlncemellt to bniltl ships, because it woum afford profits.


MI'. HOL}IAN. Is that the practice of all eOlIlmereial natiollS?
1\11'. S'l'BIERS. It is tIle practiee of ElIglaml. A Jmssenger on board


a Cnnard steamcr gcts his bottle of champagne fOl' tlm-~e shillillgM;
whereas on an American ship he has to pay tlm'c m' fOl1r dollars filI' it.


]\'[1'. HOL}IAK. 1)oes that poliey of furnishing'. goods from bOllcled
warehouses extencl any fnrther than Great B1'itain ~


Mr, S'l'DIEI~S. 1 do not know. T llotiee, ]¡oW('H'r, tItat other conti-
nental nations are a(lopting' tlle liueral polie'y oí' ElIghUld ÜI referenee
to ships. Ships that are bllilt in Englalld am Í1uported iuto Fl'HIWf',
Hermau'y, and otltf' l' eountrit,s, amI entel' iuto llayigation undel' tlleir
laws.


1\fr. IIOUIAN. Tllat is the poliey of aU the cOlllll1el'eial continental
powers.


]\:11'. STDIERS. 1 understand tbat it is.
}lr. HOL}IAK. TIlPre is no g'onmllllent exeept onrs that prohibits tlte


sailing llnfler its registe1' amI flag of yes8els built in foreigll eOlllltrieí'.
}Ir. S'1'DIEUS. 1 do not know 01' aHY.
Mr. HOL}IAN. Sllppose tllut sllip-hlliltlers were allowed a drawback


of duties, internal amI externa], 011 aH lIIaterials f'nterillg into tIte pon-
strnetion 01' ships, what 'Yfmltl hp tite gaill to tlle e01ll1try hetweeu that
poliey aUfI the policy oi' lettillg our IllÜl'ellallt:s uu.)! thejr ships ah1'oad?


l\Ir, STnmRS. 1 thillk our shi])s ,yonId pay l>etter pl'ofit t]¡an Englislt
shi])s would. :l\-ly opinioll is that the Auwl'Í(,:llI sltip will eum lIlouey
v,llere t11e English ship will be silllllly payillg expenses. Thüre are
tedlllieal 1'eaSOlIS wli:r 1 thillk that is so. Tlte ves8el that is eOIlstructed
llere is owned here, aud our people lIlake tllE' proíit resultillg from ruu,
ning her.


JUl'. HOUIAN. 'w ouId 110t that result follow if the s]¡ip were built
abroad amI owne<l 11e1'e JI


MI'. STDIERS. y cs, cxcept that if we lmild our own ycsseIs we will
make more money tItan hy lm.)'ing fm'pigll vessels. Ours are more profit-
able vessels to runo 'Yt' have a]wavs led all ot1101' natiolls in the
constrnctiOll of ships, bot11 naya] and'mereantile. Tite FrPllch yessl'ls
useel to be superior to tIte English, hut the F1'PlIdl ltad not the aptit1!(l¡,
io1' going to sea that t])(' Ellglisli liad, amI tliey \Yero eOllsequentJy
driven froro the sea uy tlle Ellglisll.


MI'. MOHRELL. 18 tllere Ilot allot]u'l' aIul a ltiglwl' reason fol' lmil.ling'
OUl' OWIl ships-a1Hl t1lat is that >Ye muy be aole to snppI.r oul' nav,)' in
time of neeel ?


MI'. S'l'HIERS. Yes, tllat iM a fllrthel' eonsitleration ,,-lIieh slionJd be
kept in yicw by stateslllell, Dnl'ing the ,yar we derÍ\'etl great ad\'an-
tage from the fact that onr people ,yere nblp to f:Ollstraet sftips.


3'11'. TIOUfAN. Vessels purell:lse(l 11 uraad by Amerieans wOllld be
likely to he manned by AlIIpriean eitizells. '


MI'. S'l'BrEUS. If yon buy a ship abroa<l ;ron wonId be wr.r apt tú llut




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 23
people aboard of ber thc1'e. Ships 1l0W are owned bere, as nearly as
tlley can be owned, running nndel' tlle Americ,m flag, that are com-
mandcd ami m<1l111ed lJy Ellglisllmell.


:MI'. HOL:i\fAN. Sailol's are adrnitted to vessels without l'egard to na-
tionality.


:Ml'. S'l'llVIEHS. Yes, sir. 1 thiuk it has hoen always so. 1 never beard
of any restrictioTls on that account either as to officers 01' crews.


The CnAllUfAN. IlJelieve that a oertaiu pI'oportion of the erew has
to be Amel'ü~an.


MI'. STIl\IERS. Perhaps so. 1 do not lmow ahont that.
:MI'. IIOLlVIAN. Tllen yonr vicw of t1le matter is, that the adv:1ntage to


lJe gailled hy tite Unitod Sta tes from relieving ship-huihIel's of t110 duty
011 materh~ls is that resllltillg to lahor fro!l1 tite construction of t11p
vessel here, and that of keepillg np ouI' ship-.raI'ds witIl a view to au:r
natiollal exigency tbat may occur, and also tIle faet tllat :rou think ouI'
ships are bpttpI' tllall fOl'eign-lmilt ships.


:MI'. S 'l'DIER 8. Yeso Thesc are the aclvantages that 1 bad in my miud.
:MI'. HOL}fAN. '1'akinp; the preseut eOllditiou oi' onr eommerce into con-


sideration, wouId t11e ad vantages to labor 1'esulting fi'olll the eOllstruetion
of \'essd1'l 1Ie1'e cOllJJtervaIue the advantageR of aHowing' our merehants ,
to huy tlwir ships abroad ami h:we them registc1'ed here, thus stimulat-
ing our commeree Ílllmctliately? In other wonls, whieh wOllld employ
t1le largPRt Illllllhe1' oí' persons'l


lVfr. STDIEUS. I SUppORP tlwt the building of ships he1'e woulcl. 1
Rhould like to Ree tlw wllole tlling left free-tn Ree tlle duties taken off:"
materials entering' iuto tIle eonstrndiolL of ships, and then to let our
lllerehants go and buy Rhips abroad if they chose. I think tbat vel'y
few wouId huy their ships abroad.
~lr. JIOL}IAN.' Ami Alllel'icitu commel'ce and ship-bnilding would be


promotecl to a large extent '1
~1:r. STnIEUS. Yos, sir. In tIte first year,l1O donbt, there would be


qnito a munber oí' ships hougltt abroml; hut merdututs wOllld soon find
out that tlle.}' eonl(l tlo bdte!' here. The comparisoll wouId be in favor of
oLlr sllips. AmI after fhe 111'8t .real', 1 tllink there would be few ships
pnreha~ed ab1'oad hy om sltip-owners.


:JIr. HOL}IAN. Then :rou thillk that tllp trne p¡J(l wonld be obtailled by
allowillg foreign-built vessels rmrdtaseü by Ameriean eitizülIs to obtain
American registers, a11(1, at the smne ti me, by l'emoYing aH tluties frOlll
the materials entering iuto tlJe constructioll oí" ships here.


:MI'. STTlVIERS. Yes, sir.
1\1:1'. HOUlAN. You think that both these plans would imp1'oye our


commeree "1 .
~II'. STHIERS. Yes, sir.
1Ir. IloL}UN.' 'Yithont auy injul'Y to tlw ship-bnilder?
lUr. STIJHERS. Yes, sir. 1 do 1I0t think he wonld suffer at all. 1 mn


interested in it lllyselt", bocanse 1 am a ship engilleer.
:MI'. HOL}IAN.W ould :ron make auy distinctioll between ve8süls built


abroad amI those built aÍ: llome as to 'tbeir right to cllgage iu the coast-
wise trade?


nII'. S l'Il\fEU S. 1 wonld t11row the eoastwise tracle open to aH ships
ulldpr tJ¡e Ameriean flag, whl:'l'l~ver they were built.


1\f1'. HIClIllORN, oí' Maine, rcmarkcd that It seemed to have be en the
scntimeut of those who had appearCll before the cOllllllittee ym,terday
that, even witb a remission of (lnties, iron ships eould Tlot be construeted
llere at once to compete with tllose built OH the OIyde 01' the Tyne, but




24 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


that it wouId requive two 01' three years for the American iron ship-
builders to get l'eady.


MI'. STDIERS replied that Americalls could proceed at once in the COll-
struetiou of il'on ships. There wero soveral estahlishmellts ready 1l0W
to go right altead aud build iron ships, and largo lIumuel's of ¡,mch ships
eould be supplieel in tho first year. He tllOught that they coultl be pro-
dneed herA quieker than they could be proenred abroad.


1Ir. J\fORRELL. Do you tllink that if you liad a dcmalHl fol' iron ships
at tIlis time you would be able to lmild them of American materials as
qnil~kly as you conlel by irnportiug t11c matel'ials?


111'. STBIERS. Yes, sir. "y e llave rolliug milIs that are llrepared to
1'011 su eh iron if tIlAy onIy gct the 01'(1(>1'.


1fr. MORRELL. You founel no troubIe during the wal' in snpplying tlle
demand after a few months "1


1\11'. STDIEllS. No, sir. The mills sprung np to meet the demando I
superintendCll the eonstruetion ni' OUl' fil'st iron vessel, the little Monitor,
and we got the iron f1'om Baltimore fol' the armature. lt was supposed
at that time that it could not be obtained anywh(:re (>lse; hnt just as
soon as more vessels wel'e wanted tlle w1101e coulltry was really to sup-
ply the a1'tiele.


]\:11'. MORRELL. lf the dutv on iron ,,-ere 1'emitted m)(l there were no
p1'ovision made for tIte use ot' AUlPrican iron OH our ships, <lo yon supo
pose that t110se AmericaulllilIs eOllld li\-ef Do you IlOt suppose tltat
all the Alllerican yessp]s ,,-ouId be bnilt of foreign matel'ials'~


MI'. STDIERS. It is impossible to say how cheaply the American mills
coulfl produce tlle al'ticle. My Opillioll is that t1ley would soon come to
the point of prodncing it as elwaply as it could be illlporte<l.


MI'. IIOL~IA='f. 'Vere aIl t110se monitol's and iron vessels built of
AmericHll iron t


MI'. STll\mlU:l. Yes, sir. AlI of tItei1' Íron was rol1ed llere. T11el'e
never was a ponnd of English iron impol'ted for tlle P1ll'posP.


1\11'. ]\IoHRELL. You experiem:e<lllO 11'on01e in gettillg anythillg ,ron
wanted of American manufacture wl)('1] yon ,,-ere ahl(e tn giye the onled


"JIr. Sn:m:ms. ·N o, sil'; llot at aIl. This eOl1lltry ean pl'()(lnee uuything'
required for ships. There ,ras COlllllctitioll througllOut 1'01' t11e supp1yillg
of these things.


1\11'. "VELLS. 'Vhat material nsed in 111e c011struction of a ship is not
l11'otlnced in this eouJltry'~


:YIr. STnIEUS. I belieye ,,-e impOl't .l\lanila hemp; but that is a very
smal1 mattl'l', partienlarl,r in steamships. ::\fost of the ships lmilt here-
after will be, 1 think, iron steamers. 'fhat is the ten<leucy.


]\:lr. "VELLS. Then the drnwbaek ,,"ould be principaUy OH il'on and on
the stores that go i!lto the ship arter its constrnctiou'?


1\11'. S'fDIERS. Yes, sir.
MI'. HOLJ\lAN. ,,'{ere any new na;vy yanls estabTishcc1 during the wa.r?
MI'. STIl\1ERS. No, sil'. AH tIlose yessels wpro lmilt in prinlte yanls.


Tllere we1'e naval stations established, bui 110t what we nnden,talld as
llavy yards. Those at Cincinllati amI Sto Lonit\ amI other poillts were
just imp1'ovised ship-,Yanls. JUl'. Howlancl, who bnilt tlw flrst monitor
for us, had already a ship-,Ya1'd. .


.:\1:r. WELLS. The iron vesscls at Sto Lonis were built on tlle openIeYee~
1\11'. STIl\1ERS. Yes, sir.
:VII'. HOLMAN. AH that was needecl to secure tIte prompt construction


of vessels fol' the gover11ment was to llave tlle skilIed WOI'kmell·~
:VIr. STDlERS. Yes, sir. The ()])ly diffienlty abont skilled worl;:men


was the needs of the army. Many of them were drafted i11tO tilo arwy,




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 25
and employers had to look around alld make tllem out of common labor-
en~, which the.y soou did. At prescllt we could 110t ll<l,ve any such diffi-
CHIt". ]\Ú. HOL]IAN. Any man skilled in iron-work can readily be trailled in
tbat kiud of \York '1


:\11'. STDIEns. Certainly, sir. The head man, of course, wants to
uul1erstand naval architeeture. ""Ve have men enough in tItE' eountry to
buil(1 hUll(lretls of iron ships very soon.


Tite CUAIR;\IAN. vVere 1I0t a majority of tIte iro,l1-clad government
ves¡;;els bllilt at private yard,,~


::\11'. S'l'DIlms. Yes, sir; aU having iron hul1s were. We did not
attempt iron hulls at the nuvy yards. 1\11'. Fox askecl me how long it
woulcl take to build tllPlII at tite mn-y yard". 1 told 111m that it would
probably take a eonplc of years; am1 tIlat, therefore, we must lmild them
at private yards. A few il'oll-]llated vc¡.;¡.;els, witb wooden hulls, were
built in tite uav} ~"ul'(l,,: lmt t,]w iron ve"sels proper wcre bnilt in privute
yards. T went illto a sltip-yard on the river Cl.yde. It had been a
meadow eightl'cll ll10nths lwfol'c, ul](l yet they had alrpady launched
fourteen sltips Ü'Olll it; so that yon see it does not take long to establish
an ¡ron ship-lmilrling yan1.


1\11', HOLJIAN. ln ease 01' PIllPrg'plt(T, "on1<1 t11ere be uny difficulty in
cOlIsíl'lletillg' any 1ll11ll ber of yessels tüat lllight be required, with a rea-
sOllalJle degree of llrolll]ltlless"1


:JIr. Sl'uIEns. No, sil'. T really think we eould get tIle vessels more
promptly tllall by going alJroad for them.


JUl'. UALKIN. Are the1'e 110t C(mCNllS in vVilming'toll, New York, aml
Roston, that would be pl'Ppared at once to build iron steamers?


:JIl'. STDtRRS. Yes, sil'. At ,Yilmingtoll, DeIaware, Cllpster, Penusyl-
vania, Philadclphia, l'\f ew Y ork, a mi BostOIl, they ean go 1'ight to work
nt once, as SOOll as tlley get eOlltracts; yon would see the riyeters at
work III a weck.


:JIr. :JIommLL. Tlle diftienlty is the want of demalld, ratIle1' than of
nlPallS to snpply it, ?


]\JI'. S'l'DIERS. Tlw ,rant oí' <1elllHnd is the entire diffieulty. That is
why 1 waut to se!' sltip-lJnildillg elleonraged 1wrc by the withdrawal of
cluties.


"JIr. CALKIN. Do .ron not think that the talpnt of this count1'y in the
,,-ay of lmil(lillg iroll slli])s is cqnal to that of Eul'opp?


1Ir. STDIERS. Ycs, sir. ,Vp hllild hetter shi]Js than they build abroad;
ships that earu more mOlley. r refe1' to iron ships, as wen as wooden
ones.


l\fr. T. F. ROWLAND lIf~xt ml(lressed tIle eommittee. TIe said tltat he
was the proprieíor 01' t]¡e Continelltal ship-yarfl at Greellpoint, Brook-
lyll. That .rard \Vas establi"hp<l i1l lR:')!)-abont two years before the
\Val' broke out. Prcvioni5 to tIlo \Val' he had onl" built some t11ree 01'
four iron vessels there-eoasters rUlluillg' between New Orleans and 1\10-
hile, amI one 01' two 1'01' the SOllud tra<le. After the breakillg out of the
\Val' Captain ]jriesson took a cOlltraet to lmil<1 what was afterward
ealled the Monitor, aud as 11p pIr. Rowlaud) was the only man in the
"business in New York, Captain Bl'icssoll applied to him to do the work.
That vessel was built in jnst one hllUdre(l and one days from the da;v
she \Vas started. SIte happcllel1 to be sueeessful, ancl the government
wanted some more oi' tlte sallle kind, and Capta in :E.riesson got a con-
tract to buil<1 six, somewhat larger. Tltere were only twelve months
allowed to bllild the whole six. Captain Briesson sent for 11im, and he
told Captain Eriesson that he would undertake th1'ee of them. He sub-




26 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
sequently became sick, aud his foreman called to see 11im, amI proposed
that if he should get ten per eent. of the profits he wouId staYi ot11erwise
he would strike. He (MI'. Rowland) told 11im to strike and to clear out;
and hc cleared out the whole tribe oi' workmen who had been with him
two 01' three ,)'ears. After elearillg' out thc wholc party of experts, he
weut tú wOl'k and laid the keels of the Passaie, ::VIolltauk, and Uatskill.
Not aman struek a blow npon them who hall ever strnek a blow on au
iron ship before. He huilt those yessels with honse-builders, molders,
amI :lll kinds of meehauies. There were no ship-earpellters a Ulong- tItem.
Mr. Radger, a house-cal'penter in Kew York, helped him a good deal.
Mr. Badger's business lIad giycn out, ami he had a gooelnumbel' of Gel'-
mall mcchanics-g'ooel feUows-with whom tIte \York ",mi (Ione and t1le
ycssels got out. 'rhe other three, whiclt were lmilt in "Yilmington, Del-
aware, came out after his. Atter that the gOYernmcllt lmu giYfm orders
for two large monitors, the Didator amI Puritan, :\iHI he (:VIr. Rowland)
took the Puritano Hc thought IlC would send to Englaud for sOllle work-
men, and he got elCyell 01' them frolll the Tylle, agTeeing to pay tlwm
two dollars a (lay. Tllese men staiellmt tIlrce weeks with him. They wert>
not worth their two dollars a day, amI t110y cleared out. He was betier
without them tItan with them. He built tlle PUl'it:lII mul laullched her,
and he helieved that there 1le\'cr \Vas a piece oí iron '1'ork done to excel
the ,york on her. He diclnot know the cause of the present decline in
the shipping intrrests. Dlll'illg fhe last ;real', at least once a wcek, 11('
hacl made propositions to build iron sailing vessols at not oxceeding
ten per eent. in curreney oye1' their eOtlf OH the otlJel' side; but
people did IlOt want ships. JUl'. Low hall sellt for him, ancl he hall malle
dmwÍllgs aud a contract to lmild a s11ip fol' the China tmde, but jllSt
then the recent trouhles in vVaU street ocenrrml, amI COlltlcquently the
ship luul not been hnilt. He hao offcred to lmilcl 11el' as cheap as she
eonlel be got in Euglaud. He ha<l seen by the papel' to-da,y that lYfr.
]~o\v haü stated beforc thc committee yestel'Clay that they !lid llOt know
how to bnild iron ships in this couutr.r. He himself, howe,~er, had built
a goocl many. The Alllerieans ",ere a peculim' people, lmt the Bnglitlh
"ere still morcpecnliar. The Ellglish lleYer lcarncd allyt1lillg with-
out immediately rUlluil1g to some prillting ofliee and pllblishillg it all.
The Yallkee IlPver did tllat; lmt he lmew enongh to l'e:ul np and keep
posted. The Yankee thus had the benefit of his own experience allel of
the Englishmau's too, and liad seuse ellough to pide out the good ami
to thl'oW away the bat!o Thc iron plalling machine, w11ic1l had long- bcen
in use here, had only recentl.r been adopted by the ElIglish; aud that
was OIle reaSOIl why thcy werp dOÍllg hettel' work. Hut ,)'et the Ellgli;.;h
conld uot build a ship mnch cheaper thau Americans conld. 11'011 sailing
ships cost about ;;e1(j stel'ling pe!' ton, and steallLers froUl ;;e22 to ;;eJ4.


It was ill Bng-land as here. Onc cOllld get a ye;.;sel for almost any
priee. The idea of usiug English iron \Vas allmoonshille. Ships coulcl
not be built in this country of English iron, but the American iron
would hano, to be rollcel to order, for by tIle timc that iron eonld be
procurcd from England rolled to order, tÍle Yallkee wonld wallt 1Iis ship
launched. Dnrillg the Wal' t1le Passaic lIad come into N ew York wallt-
ing sorne repairs done. He had gone iuto J)'Ir. vYells'iS store with an order
for ahout thirty plates of iron, saying that it was life alld death to haye
them; that the yessel \Vas in the dock, and that tIloy mnst be got. Afr.
"VeUs hadn't them iu the store, hut said he would hayo them rolled.
This was ahout eight o'elo(~k in tite HlOl'ning, al\(l tite same eveniug a
cart drove iuto his yard with one load of that iron, which had been rolle,1
iu Jersey Oity, sheared and elelivered at Gl'ecllpoint, and the rest oí' it




NAVIGATIO~ INTERESTS. 27
carne the next day. Tí it had been necessary to seIHI to Englancl for a
lot of iron, he would have had to wait a long while to get it, alld price
was no object in such a case as that. AU that he had e",er seen of Eug-
lish iron was perhaps thirty 01' forty per cent. poorer than American
iron in reg'ard to its ductility and strength.


.Nlr. l\IoRRELL. Do yon 1Iot thillk that tllOse Englis11 s11ips that are
built so cheaply are built of iron tha't is vastly inferior to ~~lllerican
iron, ami that it is an ullfair competition for American builders to he
brought ilito contad witll tlH~1l1 f
~fr. ROWLAND. The kind of iron that 1 haye seen from England is


mighty pOOl' stui'f.
The CHAm~fAN. Do IlOt the inSllrance companies in Enrope discrimi-


nate agaiust a pOOl' quality of iron in ships ?
MI'. HOWLAND. No, sir. Acconlillg to 1110yds' regnlations a eedaill


weight of ir'OH per ton measnrement must be put iuto a ship. That iron
must hav-e l1 strellgtlt of t,yenty thousallll pounds to tlle Sfluare inch,
and there i8 no difterence uUHle. lf we put illto 0111' ships iroll of OIle
huudred thousalHl pounds to the square inch, we would haye to put in
t11e same weight of iron as iI' it was olll,r twont,r thousall(l pounds to
the sqnal'e ineJ¡. Until tltat l'egulation of Lloytl:s' is changed, 1 do not
see how we can eutel' into COlllIH'tition ,yith tlle English. 1 willmake a
contraet to huild au iroll ship at leRs thall they can produce it in Eng-
la/)(l, if n>ganl is liad to tlle strength of the i1'OIl, uot to its ,yeight.


The CHAmD1AN. Yon would use a lighter flllalit,r of iron aud get
the same strength '?


::\11'. HOWLAND. Yes, sir. 1 wonhl use not more titan fixe-eig11tllS t11e
weíght of iro11 amI get greater strellgth. 1 do llOt propORe to huild a
ship out of Englü.,h irOll. 1 wonld ratltor leaye the business. 1 conld
not do it.


The CHAIR}IAN. Yonl' experiellcP in il'on ship-hnil(ling was (Iuring
the war, ,dlCn you >Yere obliged to haye eycl',Ytbing at once, without
auy reganl to its eORt. 1'lw olll,r ([nestioll is whetlwl' yOH could afford
to pnrsuo that mode of tloillg lmsilless in regartl to me1'cantile ships?


1\11'. ROWLAND. You could not bnild sllips oi' au,r magnitllde without
ol'del'illg the Ü'OIl roIlpd at tlle lIIill amI eut to sltape. Yon call1lOt
afl'onl to lmye it roIlcd except on pattern, because if ;you had afterwards
to cut it illto sbape ,\'on couId llOt stand the ,yaste.


Tite CHAllt}IAN. \Youl(l lIot tite iron he aU of a certain shape, amI
if the business werc pll1'sned ,yould 110t the result be to come down to
those certain sltapcs aud certaill siz.e~, and to ha \'e them illlported and
kept OH handt


MI'. ROWLAND. Xo, sir, 1 think noto
Tile CHAIKIIAX. If yon were building Reycral thousand-toll ships,


wouId you llOt necessarily build thelll on the salllC model, so as to haye the
patterns alld sizeK o[ plates alike; in othel' \YOI'ds, would yOllllOt follow
the Illode oi' huilding them aH pl'ctty mueh in tlle same way ~


:1\11'. HÜWLAI\D. 1 luwc beca an eugiueel' for ahout twenty-two years.
lt is ahout that Iength oi' time sillcP 1 first, startetl in the building oí'
locolllotive amI marine engilles. Our marine engines that go to sea,
and that aU look aIike to t1le e.re oí' a Iaylllall, do lle\'el'theless differ
from eacll otIwr. 1 tlo not recollect makillg two engines that wero pre-
cisely alike. 'Ve are always makillg alterations alld what we call im-
proyeuwnts, though tlwy are ollly sometimes imprO\'ements. [neyer
hllilt t",o Cllgines preciselyalike. 1 built tllree ships for the govern-
mellt, all appal'elltly alilee; hut ii' .ron callle to llleasllre them, you would
filld tltem entirely dift·el'ent.




28 NAVIGA'I'ION IN'I'ERES'I'S.
The OHAIR:\I.A.N. Do 1 ullderstand you that the plates ,are necessarBy


cut to shape?
MI'. ROWLAND. They are cut to shape. ·We generally allow a baH


incb for the cdges and usc the shears.
MI'. J\IORRELL. You order the pI ates to be cut to pattern ?
MI'. HOWLAND. Yes, sir.
MI'. J\fORRET"L. And the rolling mills cut the plates to pattern ~
}fr. ROWLAND. Yes; and a half incl! is allowed fol' irregllla1'ity in


the shearing. That makes a "aste of a quarter of one per cent.,
"hercas if you order platcs promiscnously, there will be a waste of íive
per cent. and tIle labor of cutting, amI 110 ship-buildel' con1d stand any-
t11iug like that.


TIle OnAIRl\I.A.N. What; in your opillion, is the remedy for the 1'ros-
ent depressed eondition of the ship-bnilding illteL'est ?


1\'[1'. ROWLAND. That is a pretty hard qnestion to answer.
The OHÁIR}IAN. 'Vhat would be requisite in onler to revive the ship-


building lnterest ~
MI'. ROWLAND. Taking the flutr off iroll lIIight 1Ie1p ns some. Tt


would make those Pellllsy1vania peop1e eome clown in tIlei1' prices, a11(1
then, instead of building ships at tbe sallle p1'iees 01' at greater pri~es
than they are built in EllglmHl, 1 think \Ye eon1d lmihl th('Tll ten per
cent. eheaper. It looks to me like a lack of enterprise all10ng our mer-
chants. 'Yhen an Ellglishman makes tlü'ee or four ppr Ct'ut. on the
capital invested, he is quite well satisfietl; lmt our pcoplc do nnt look at
it in that light.


The OHAIR}IAC'<. Do yon llot lmow that Amcrieans are negotiating
to buy s11ips in England, amI are sailing them under foreign ílags, in
conseqnence of their inability to procnre yessels here at clteaper l'ates "1


.1Ir. HOWLAND. K o, sir; T do not kllow that.
MI'. BUFFINTON. Do 1 ullderstalld ,you to "ay that. yon are preparecl


to-day to build an ir/m sbip as dw:tply as it can bc lmilt in Burope'!
.1\11'. HOWLAND. T said T wonl<l do it at a <liftel'ence of not exeeeding


tcn per cent. over the cost in Ellgland. On a largp spm~ifieatioll 1 wOldd
build a ship 1'01' Ipss rnoney. 1 .Io not wallt anything' lmt tlw cCllltrad.


1\11'. RUFFIKTON. You would lmild a ship as good, in y01.lr opinion,
as it could be obtailled abroad for tlw sallle 1ll0lWyl


MI'. HOWLAND. Ycs, sir.
MI'. 'YELLS. But uuder Lloyd's reglllatiolls it would cost J'ou ten per


cent. more "1
.1\11'. ROWLAND. Yes, sir.
MI'. BUB.FINTON. Then if tha,t statement is corred, it is not tIle duty


on the iron and on the materials that go iuto ships that causes tIte
depression in the trade'~


MI'. ROWLAND. 1 think not, m,yself; bnt r wallt the !lnty ta1Hm off
iron, so as that we can bnild ships ullder Lloyds' rule and build thcm as
they are built in Englalld .


.1\11'. ]\foRRELL. \Yould you not cOllsider it rather a disastcI' than an
advantage if by legislation you compclled tlle iron masters of this conn-
try, in order to compete with English m<tnufactlll'el's, to reduce tIle
standard of their qna1ity of iron '?


1\11'. ROWLAND. 1 do not want it reduced any more than it is now.
Our American iron is pOOl' enongh now, to say nothing of tIlo Rnglish
iroll. The trouble i8 that we do not always get the PellIlsylvallia iL'OIl
when we think we do. At tIte present time there are tour thousand tOIlS
of scrap iron in port here, which will be rolled and sold for American
plate iron.




N AVIGATION INTERESTS. 29
~Ir. MORRELL. If ~'on waut plates rolled to specificatioIl, yon must


have American hloom i1'oll, amI can affonl to pa.y more for it; but if
you compel Ameriean iron mastel'S to seU their iron as cheapI'y as for-
eigll iron iH Hold, .\,ou will break do",n the business ~


}Ir. ROWLA)¡D. 1 do lIot know. 1 haye got an idea that iron masters
Iike to maIre a great deal of manes.


MI'. MORRELL. TItere is prohably sonw 1ll0IH~y made in the business;
but there are rolling mills that are standing idle now for want of orden;.
The best mill in the Uuited Sta tes to-day, amI the one most a ble to maIre
tllOse plates, is comparatiyely ¡¡lle, 11m; not madI' money, and has not
declaredadividell(l. 1 refer to Abbott's, at Baltimore. "Ve waut to saye
this work to our owu eOl1l1tr.r. vVe do not wallt extreme profits, but
simply to be ahle to l'arn inte1'cst OH tite capital invested.


:MI'. ROWLAND. It seems to me that if we were to go abroaü to buy
OIl1' yeSSelR, awl if English vessets \rere allcmed to come he1'e on the
í'mme basis as AlIlPl'icall y('sseIs, Anlt'rican capitalists would cease to be.
iut~rested ill comlllerce on tlle seas, aud \Yonld put their lJlone.r in rail-
roads, HO that \Hl would IOS(l ou!' eoastillg trade also. If that kind of
polic.y is )lUl'Slled it seems to me that. we llIight as \Yell g'ive up onr ship-
yanls altugether. The ship-YHnlH amI ship llleehllllies of the cOllntry
mm;t tw taken eal'e of. History says that the time has been whcn the
_Ellgli;,;h would not sell ns veHsels. Thnt may be again. "y e had better
he rcad.)' to do OUl' work at hOllHl. "YitllOut Imo\Villg 11111e11 of tilo policy
of the gove!'mnellt, it Sl'ems to me that if the goVel'llmcllt should giye
up aIl its navy yanls amI SllOUld have its shipH outHide, it would be het-
ter fol' thS gOYernlllellt in case oí' lln ülIIergeney. The nrLYY yanls were
1l0t \\'ort1l tIJe room thc~' took during the \Yar. They lIeyer built an iron-
clad durillg tilo war. The governltwllt liad to take fol' that ]111rpose to
pOOl' fello\Ys like Jl1'yself. As to tIle cost of maehinery here, that can be
eonstructed b,r tlw lIol'se-po\H'1' 10r tlle same 1ll01le,r aH iH pni<1 in Ellgland.
:;VII'. DeI:Ullate1' amI :J1r. Hoach, oi' tIte }lorgall 1ron vVorks, wouId take a
contract to-da\' to do it. .


Mr. IIOL:\IAN. Tlte_1 :ron are ille1ined to attl'ibute the decline in our
ship-owlling amI ship-l;niltli11g COllllllerce to the fact that Ame1'iean eapi,
talists are not satisfied with the slllall rate oí' illtel'Pst tbat English capi-
talii5ts are satisne<l \l'ith '!


:JIr. HOWLAND. Yes, sir. There is to-day, in our port, an iron s11ip
that was bnilt in vVillllingtoll, Dda \\are, aud she lies here \yithout any
bmüncss. 1 do 110t k110W Wl1Y it is. She has been here tbree 01' tour
weeks, amI ther-e is no business to be fouml that wouId ¡¡ay lwr. She is
a ship oí' eight hundred tOllS, as sple1Hlid a yessel as eyer elltered tIle
port of NewYork. Tltere is apparelltly no business for her. She hes
at the dock puying whal'fage, waiting 1'01' freight, ] snppose.


:MI'. JVrORRl~LL. Do yon llot thillk that there are Cel'taill eom binatiolls
of great shipping lines to diYert fl'eigltt iulo tlle cltauueIs in wltich these
fOl'pign yesseIs are ehiefty elllployed ?


}Ir. HOWLAKD. N o; 1 glless that lllerehants go where they can get
things clleapest. These Ellglishl11Pll carry fOl' less llloney than we do.
'flwy are satisfied witIt less profit UpOIl their inyestments.


MI'. 'YELLS. Is it your opillion that tlle allowillg of drawhacks on the
matel'iaIs lIsed in ship-lmildillg wonld faci1itate anü enconrage the build-
ing 01' ships here't


1\11'. RO\\'LAND. It would make a ship cost fonl'Íeen 01' fifteen dollars a
ton less, and that \Yould lId]! us some; there is no doubt of it.


1\11'. CALKIN. You spoke of buildiug ships of a lighter cIass of iron,




30 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
müng a better qua lit y, of eourse not giving so great a \íeight. PIease
to state that again.


J\lr. ROWLAND. All ineh squarc bar of English iron is supposcll to
hang up 20~000 poullds without breaking. 1 sllppose t11at \Yould be the
test of a bar of English iron. A bar of Amm'ieiLll iron of the saine size
woulel be eonsidered ruther pOOl' if it dielnot holel up 40,000 llounds.


1\11' . .YIOUUELL. 'fIle average is (¡O,OOO pounds ~
MI'. ROWLAND. Yes, sir. The Abbott Uompall'y irOl! ,vill carry 40,000


pounds sure. Under Llo,rels' rules we are bound to put quite as mueh
(Jf that 40,000 poulllls iron into a ship as au Englislunall puts in of the
20,000 ponnds iron. Thc OTlC costs abont t\Yo amI a half ccnts a pOllnd
in gold, and we pay from four and a half to fiye eents a pound in eur-
rellcy, so that really our iron floes not eost a g1'eat deal more than theirs,
if yon take it by the real yalue. Hut if yon take it by the thiekness,
they ean beat us to death. But w11ere we do beat theln iR in our labor.
TItey pa.r a grcat dealless for labor than \YC do; but ,ve domore in onc
day than they do, and what we lose in iron we gaill in labor.


1\fr. HOr.:VfAN. Do .r0u pl'etpnd to say that tIte ElIglish eapitalist is
satisfied with less profit alld a less rate of illterest, as \Yell on tilo build-
ing as on the earnillgs of ships"?


Mr. ROWLAND. 1 tlünk so.
~Ir. IlOL~IAN. Alld ;ron attrilmte tllC decline in ship-building and Ín


Alllel'iean eommerce Iargel,y to tlmt fact?
MI'. ROWLAND. 1 think that the Alllerieall people g-ot pretty weH


discouraged during the wal' by having their yessels taken away, and
they w('nt illto othe1' speeulatiolls in wlüeh there is a gI'pat deal more
gain with less risk.


MI'. HOULAN. Speakillg' of Llo.rds' reglllation in regard to the weight
ofil'oll in ships, t1H!t has only referenee to the illsnralJce~


J\Ir. l~OWLAND. That is all; but the illsuranee oí" a ship is the life of
her. If we eanuot iusure onr ships then~ iH uo UHe in building' them.


MI'. IlOL~lAN. 1'0 what extent does that rnle aeí '?
MI'. ROWLAND. lt acts tlle world overo An American ship to-day


would llot pass Lloytls' ml1stcl'. To-c1ay thel'(~ are AIlIPri<~all vesspls in
Ohilla lying np fol' want of trade, while there is fl'eight waitillg for Eng-
lish vcssels built under Llovds' rule.
~[r. IlOL31AN. English vcssels as \YeIl as American yessels are insnred


here in the saIlle way ~
MI'. ROWLAND. Yes, sir.
Mr. MOURELL. 'Vonld it not be an advantage to American commcrce


ii' our merehants eonld establish something like Lloyds rpgulatiol1s here"?
}fr. ROWLAND. Yes, sir; amI if we cOllld make Euglishmen eomc


under it at tItis end oí' the l'oute, it wonld hurí. them so me ; there is no
douht of ji.


}fr. MülwELL. Is it not time that we, as a nation, ShOllld establish
our OWll registratioll of ships ~ .


MI'. ROWLA~D. Yes, sir.
~lr. HOL)'l:AN. lIow long has t,his eyil l)pen felt?
MI'. ROWLAND. It is about twelve years since Lloyd's rule was origi-


nally established. Fonr yeal's ago, arter the Royal Oharter and other
vessels were lost, they weut to work and got nI> a new set of rules
requiring more iron than before, aud the inspectioll sin ce then has be en
llore rigid than it was before.


1\Ir. HOLl\'l:AN. Has this qnestion eyer been a sllhject of diplomacy
between this government and the English governlTlent~


MI'. ROWLAND. N ot that 1 am aware of. I do uot know than any




NAVIGATION I¡;¡-TERESTS. 31
effort was ever made by the Unite<l States b relieve American ship-
o\Ynt'rs from the effect of the EngIisll rule in reference to insurance.
'j'his rule has exü,ted ever since iron ycssels have lwen in voglle.


Mr. Tl. A. SjlIITlI, of the Continental Iron-works, New York, llext ad-
(lressed the committee. lIe said that there appeared to be a discrepancy
hetween the ship-owners an!l ship-buihlel's. Tlle ship-owner wanted his
ship free; but ir absolute free trade in ships \Yere cstablished, he helieved
that t1le sllip-huildel' could uot keep his business goiug. Thel'e shonld
be .absolute and unconditiOIlal free tracle fo1' a]] or fo1' none. If the
ll1allufactu1'ing interests of t]¡e eoulltr'y \Yere to lJe p1'oteeted, the ship-
huilding inte1'est shoul<l he pl'Oted!'(l. As to allowillg iron ships lmilt
in England to lJe brought in here dnty free, alHI to rnn nuder an Ameri-
can registration, it ",oul(l simply allloullt not oHIy to allowing English
iron to come in duty free, hut al so to allo",illg Ellglish labor to come in.
dut,Y free. He had hcen at some little pains ",ithin the last day 01' two
to ascertain the cost oí' a tllOnSau(Hon Íl'01l sailing-ship, built in N ew
York, to cOlllply with L1oyds' speeifieatioll, amI fiUeo out rcady for sea,
excepting stores. It "'onlc1 cost $121,000. The sallle ycssel woulc1 be
lmilt in England at ;Blü per ton, \yhich, flllowing' clll'reney amI ex-
challge to he at $1 40, would make it cost in our currency very nearly
$116,tHlO. That would lJc a little oye1' 4,000 less tllílll tIte American-
hnilt Rltip, anü tllat showecl ahont tlle extcnt of the relief that American
ship-buil<1crs \Yantcd. TIte dnty on iron ayeragcd about thirty·fi ve per
ceut. Tlle duty OH the iron in sllch a ship ",ould be about $21,000; so
tlll1t if t11at duty were takcn off, it would give t11e American builder an
adnl1ltage of between $lü,OOO flJl(l $17,000.


::vrr. }10RRELL. You mean ponnd for pound of iron, making the Ameri-
can ship of the same weight as t11(\ Bllglish ?


l\Ir. S:\H'l'H. Exaetly. As to tlle qnestioll of steam, they are paying in
England from ;B45 to ;B30 p<'l' horsc-pO\yer. At that rate Ameriean
pngines eould be lJuilt at good profit, though not English engines, per-
haps.


1ft" lVloRRELL. Docs t,]lat ine1lHle the boiler, &c. ~
1\11'. S:m'l'H. Yes; it iuehulcs tlt0 p.ngillc c:ompletc, rCfldy to propel tbe


ship. The Pac:ifi<: 1\Iail Htl'arnsItip UOll1pan'y is running its ships with a
cOllsumption of about forty tons ot coal a day, amI makillg bet,,-een
eleven and thirtoon kllots. Thpy am ahont rhl'ee-thousand-ton ships.
'rhe Olyde-bnilt steamers, I belieyp, are nsillg from fift.y to seventy tons
of coal per twellt.y-four hours, aud are making about the same rate of
speed.


The CIIAIR]\IA~. The Pacific }\fail Compan'y's ships are American-
huilt~


1\f1'. S~[ITII. Yes; they are Amcrican-huilt, amI with American engines;
tlle,V are hllilt. of wood; thpy are I10t as goo<1 sItips as the Clyde or Tyne
lmilt vessels; tlmt is, thcy are not snch sbape1y sl1ips, hut their engines
appcar to be superior.


The CIIAIR~IAN. Do 1 understand yon to say that American engines
can be bnilt as cheapIy llere as in Ellgland ~


111'. SJ'IITH. Yes, sir.
The (JIIAIR~IA~. The diffcrenee, then, is only in tIle hull of the vesse11
Mr. SJfITII. The differenee would not hc even in tlle hull if we could


put in American ifon aeeording to its real merits. They build ships in
J<~nglalld of steel 01' semi-steel; it is 110t a very good material-it is 1'ather
treacherous; but where the'y have built those ships and shown a tensile
strength of sixty 01' seventy pounds to the square inch, a rednction has
been allowed in their scantling; if that same 1'eduction could he allowed




32 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
to Arnel'ican-lmilt ships, that would snstain frOIIl one-third to one-half
more tensile strength thall the English iron, tllen tlle ell11allced eost of
the American iron would be made up practieally to tlle builder alld the
owner of tIte ship. If we had an American insurer as 1'eIialJIe all OH'r
tlle worlcl as Lloyds, then we sl10uld haye no difficulty in the matter.


lUr. BUFFINTO:N. Has thel'e been any recent irnprovemeuts in steam-
enA'inesJ


:.\11'. SlI'II'l'H. Yes, sÍr; a good many.
]\fr. RCFFINTON. 1 snppose yon Imow the maellinery amI engines of


the Old Colony, the Newport, tlle Proyidence amI the Bl'istol steam-
boats '? -


lUr. S:mTH. Yes, sir.
~fr. BU.F.FHíTON. Do yon lmow that the Proyidence and t11e B1'istol


consume in a trip frolll ten to fifteen tons less coal tllall the other t\\"o
boats, while tlley are 111ueh lurger l)onts .~


]\fr. S:\HTH. 1 do not kllow that; 1 have no illforlllation on t11e suh-
ject.


::\"11'. BUF:B'INTON. If it is so, it is not tlle result of the model of the
boats?


1\11'. SlIlITII. Xo, sir; the Old Colony ancl t1le New Hedford are as goocf
models of hoats as t11e Bristol al\(l t1le Proyidence; if that is tlw fad, it
arises frolll the construetion of tlle motiye power, eithe1' in the engines
01' in the furuaee.


lUr. vVILLTA;\fS, of the firrn of 'Yilliams & Gllion, ship-owners, next
addressecl the committee. He said that the great <liftielllty in the way
of our IHtyigation was, he snpposed, pretty apparellt. The l~llglish had
got the tools to work with amI \Ve had llot; aud the El1g1ish were rnn-
Iling away with our business. The Ellglish had stal'tcd with iron steamers
years ago, ha<l followed it np, aneI had a1'1'iyed at a A'reat degl'ee of 11('1'-
fection. The Americalls hall uot done so; the'y were jnst making a COlll-
mencement, he Illight sayo Tlwre were ypry few iroll yessels lJuilt 11e1'e ;
he beIieycd that there was 01l1j' one s<jnal'e-l'igge(l iron sailillg yessel
built here, aud that oue was bnilt reeeutly. Iron yessels, beth of steam
alld of saíl po\\'C1', \H'l'P gplwrall.r :1 PJ)l'o\"CÜ hy shippers. They were
much the superior elass of yesseJs; nnderwl'iters WOHM illSll1'e tlWIll at
much less rates, aml oí" eourse tLat was operating against \Yooden yes-
seIs and against the Amel'ieall sllipping illtl'1'pst. That was the whoJe
thing, and the question, he supposed, was 110w to overeome that diffi-
culty.


The CrrAuDIAN. Hase .ron haLl yesse1s llllllt in BngIand·~
1\11'. 'VILLIA:lIS. Yes, sÜ;.
The CHAIR:lIAN. Have ~-on made aTly cOlnparison as to thp cost of


building on eaelt side·~ Have you got any p1'oposals from parties llere
to build iron ships ~


MI'. 'VILLIA:ns. 1 cannot say that we Imw~ had proposals. ''1r e llave
had specificatiolls malle ont, amI sorne approximat.ioll to the cost ..


The CHAIR:\IAN. 1)0 .ron regarcl tIte clifiim'llee in tbe cost between
American and Bnglish lJuilt ships as beinA' the maln (Iiflinllt.r in the
way~
~fr. VVILLIAlIfS. 1 do not know what. the (Iim.'renee is; buL, of course,


that is a very i.mportant poiut. Bnt we haye llOt. been prepal'ClI lIere to
lmild iron sbips; we hase had no wOl'ks here to eute1' OH that large husi-
ness of building iron steamers of two thonsalHl tons amI npward. vVe
have not had experieuce in it to do it to a large extent on an eeonomi-
cal basis. During the wal' a great lIlally iron vessels were built here;




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 33
hut 1 do not think that they would meet the eeonomical wants of our
commcrcial intcrcsts. o


The ClIAIR}IA~. How mally English ships have ;you running in your
line 'l


MI'. VVILLIAJIS. \ve have six running now.
The CnAIRJIAN. What is about the cost per ton of that class of ves-


¡.;eh; in ElIgland "1
:Mr. VVILLlA.31S. They are not all the same price. They cost perhaps,


Oll the average, about .e22 01' .e23 per ton. 'l'heyare three thou¡.;and
ton shi!1H, ¡.;óme a little Iess and sorne a little more. They are iron pro-
pe11ers running from two thousand eight huudred to three thousalld five
llUlldred tons. That price includes all the outfit of the ship ready for
sea.


The CnAIRJIAN. Do yon kuow whether the English haye any advan-
tage over ourselves in the sailing of their vesseIs outside of the govern-
ment sllbsidy?
~lr. VVILLIAJIS. 1 think they haye. 1 think that generally they man


their ships more economically. 1 do not know that there is any princi·
pIe which shows that that Hhould be ¡.;o, except simpIy that we have not
had the experience. We have a great many American sailing ships,
but not Hteamers, engagetl in the foreign trade.Saíling between Liver-
pool aud New York, the trade that we are cngaged in, the foreign ves-
Hrl would- have no advantage oyer the American in regard to fueI,
aIthough yon get fue! illElIgland cheaper than yon get it her8. Bnt
when vesseIs are sailing from both ports their facilities for getting cheap


. fhel are the samc. 1 think that the officcrs and crews oí" English ships
gCllemIl,r saíl at less rates. 1 think it is certainly so at present, and
has be en so up to this time.


The CRAnulAN. Do you otllcer and man yOUl' yesseIs prillcipaIly with
E¡1'glishmen ~ .


MI'. VVILLLDIS. :\fainly so. 'Ve havc a great many Americans.
TIlc CUAIRYIAN. Ahollt the same proportion of Americans, 1 suppose,


as there would be of EllgIishmcn in an American ship .~
MI'. VVILLIAYIS. Yes, sil'.
The CnAIRj\fAK. Bnt the ehanwtcr of the yesseI and crew is English T
::'111'. vVILLIAMS. Yes, sir; necessarily so. .
;Ur. CALKIN. The1'e is alHO au advantage in being able to buy yonr


liqnors and sto1'os in bon(1 OH the other si de '/
MI'. 'VILLIAi\ni. There is a yery great advantage in tIlat; butthat ad-


vantage wo would luwe with an American yessel as weIl as with an
Ellglish vessel.


Mr. 'VELLS. The English government giyes you tbe same advantage
in that respoct nnder tIte AlIlerieall flag as UIH1er tIte English flag'l


MI'. vVILLIAl'llS. PreciseIy. There is no distinction at aH. vVe go in
there with AIllerican ships, and \Ve take our stores out oí" hond dnt,r
free.


The CRAIR::.\IAN. 1 nnderstand, then, that yOUl' yesseIs are suhstan-
tiaUy English yessels '!


.:\'11'. vVILLIAl\1tl. Yes, sir; we haye nothing but American captains.
The ClIAIRYIAN. WouId IlOt the effect of building OUl' vessels in Great


Britain be, in the onlinary COlU'se oi' business, to have them substan-
tially English vesseIs, mallned, officered, alld fitted out-would it not
substantially transfer the business, except as to the ownersbip, to Great
Britain"!


Mr. VVILLIAJ.\IS. 0, no; tbat wonld not be so. If we put tbem under
the American :flag of course we should be suhject to United States Iaws,


3NI




34 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
and eouId not haye a foreign crew. We might, perhaps, han 1<Jnglish
engilleers; but as to ofticers, captains, and mateR, thny Rhonld be Ameri-
canso 1 think tltat this thing is aU in a Ilut-Rhell. vYhat we are Reeing
now \!aR as appal'ent to me fifteen years ago as it is to-day. I saw Hlat we
were goillg to lose our eommerce simply frolll the effect of the advan-
tage which Grcat Britain had over us in the lmiIdillg of iron steamers.
They had seen the advantage of those steamers before we (lid, and had
facilities for building them, amI pressed the bURinesR altead.


The CnAIRYIAN. Did that advantagc becomo manifest befm·e the com-
mellcelllent oí'- the war? -


Mr. vYILLIAYfS. It was manifest to me fifteen years ago.
The CnAIRJ\1AN. "Then did it deyelop itself?
M1". WILLIAY1:';. lt liad commenced to de,-elop itself in 1858. 1 went


to England exp1'essIy for tlUlt pn1'pose¡ seeing íhat we conl!! not get
American iron vessels 11e1'e, and could not get foreign iron vessels n'gis-
tered nnder the American flag. The wal' only hurried on the develop-
mento


1\11'. VYELLS. From your experience, what remedy oi" legislation would
yon recollllllend? .
. MI'. VVILLIAYIS. I am, myself, a free-trade mano I go tor fi-ee sliips.


That po1i(~y \Voulc1 eertainly han') sa\-ed our cOlllrnerce to a YW',Y gl'eat
degroe, if it hall beon adopte(l fifteen years aguo


MI'. VVELLS. That polioy was adoptecl in Gel'many and Frallce as wen
as in I~ng-]and '1


MI'. VYILLIAYIS. Ycs, sir.
MI'. VYELLS. As 1 unde1'stand, they buy thei1' ships wherever they


can get thcm cheapest, and rlm them lUuler their OWll flag "!
Mr. VYILLIAMS. Yes, sir. J10st of the vessels in tIto F1'CllCh amI


Bremen Iines haye been lmilt in EllgIand.
MI'. VVELLS. Are aU the lines of steamers betweell this port and tlle


ports of Great 13ritaill subsidizrd lines?
Mr. vYrLLIAJIs. No, sil'; the only subsidizerl lines are themail lines.


T11e Cllllarders run two boats a ","eek. One of them is snbsidized and
the other noto The Inmans run olle boat weekly Itere, wItich is· ;;nbs1-
dized, and ono forrllightly, by way of Halifilx, wllielt i;; snbsidized; but a
large part oí' tlle tonnage is uot subsidized.


MI'. ROBLAN. vVhat restrietiOlli; are imposed upon a foreigner in Rrlg-
land as to obtaining a registry on a vesse! wll¡eh he pureltased there '1
Can he hold the title himself aud obtain t11e registration '!


MI'. VVILLIAYlS. 1 apprehend noto '
1\11'. IIOL~IAN. The title of the yessel must be in a Bl'itish citizen?
MI'. VYILLIAMS. Yes, sil'; 1 thillk so.
Mr. HOLJ\IAN. The fact of a foroigner heing an owner constitutes no


impedimeIit to obtaining t11e registration ~
MI'. VYILLIA"'IS. 1 reallv eanllot answer as to that. As re~ards oul'


own case, wo are onlY p~lrt ownors. ·vYe are sharcholders in'~ ari incor-
porated compan,}.


The CHAIRl\IAN. Have not these lines be en established under sub-
sidies ~


MI'. VYILLIAniS. No, sir; the largeRt amount of tonnago bctween hore
and Liverpool has never been subsidized. One hoat ea eh weel\: of the
Cunard line alld one of the Inmau line are subsidizetl; bnt tIte Inmun
line ran for a dozen years witllOnt beillg Ruhsidizeil. It is only rt'centlr,
witbin ayear 01' two, tbat they g'ot that contraet. 'rIte (Junard freight
line, and the N atiollalline, amI our line, have neyer heon subsidized.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 35
Mr. VVELLS . .Are not the Fnmeh anu Gerruull steamers that run to


this port snusidir,cd ~
::\'lr. VVILLIA31S. YeR, sir; they havemail contracts; theyan get more


01' leRR eompensation from tIteir O\\'Il govel'lltueuts, and somc of them
fl'om our goverument, for tlle mails that they carry; and they get Rome
frorn the llritiRh governruent for the letters that tiley carry to Englaud.
Vessels stopping at Southampton ami Plymouth get a CCl'taill portioll of
themail monev.


MI'. HOLl'rIAN. Is there lWy eoltnnereial nation exeept ours that illquires
iuto the faet of where a yessel is cOllRtrneted, for determining the ques-
tion as to grallting registration '1


Mr. VVILLIA].IS. Y('s, sir; 1 presume that, tlwy all do. In Rnglanu
transfers are made witilont impediment; but in France there is a duty
of, 1 think, ten per eent. imposed on foreign-buiIt shipR.


J\fr. HOLl\rAN. Is thel'c a duty imposcd by most other nations~
MI'. "\VILLIAsIS. 1 am not aclvised as to that.
Mr. NELSON, a melllber of tlJe Sltip-ownel's' Association of Kw.v York,


next addresscd the committee. He tbought that the question before
the committee was OIle whieh cOllcf>rned the wbole ,eountry, not OIle
partic~uJar portion of it. AH ,,·ere directJy iIlterested in this matter of
ship-bllil!1ing. Ship-owne1's were clogged and dragged down by what
he eOIl"idered au ohsolete all(l a fossil law-a law 'irhich comp!'lled them
to bny thcir vessels in this eOlllltry alone. It \Vas a law copied, he
thought, from the enaetmentR of the time of Crornwell, aud yet the
American govel'lllllent was still stieking to that old law. Our eOlllmer-
cial rintl, Grcat Britain, had knowIl the effect of that law and had twice
altered it, the Iast time in 1854. In tbat yeal' the Alllel'iean tOllnage
was 5,100,000 tons, equal to that of Grcat Britain; unt uow what was
it·~ It had declinecl witllin the last ten .rears ilfty per cent., whereas
the tonnage tlf ]<}ngland h:HI inereasetl to ahont 7/500,000 tOIlS. The
whole tonllage of the worl<1, outside that of Great Britain, was some-
thillg like 9,800,000 tOUR. Deduding fl'olll that all the river tonuage
and lake tonnage, fishillg boats aml cllnal-boats, amI reducÍtlg it down
to oeean tonnage, it would be fOllnd that the tonnage of Great Britain
at this day was eqnal to that of tbe rest of t,lle worhl. The business of
entering alld clearing fl'om British ports had so increased that statistics
showecl that they earried laRt J"em' frolll sixty to Reventy per cent. 01' the
whole lmsilless, while all othel' eonnt.l'ies earrieu only about thirt.y-three
per cent. 'l'hey were all seeking abollt to find where the trouble lay,
ancl it was a ray of liglit to see tIte appoilltmellt of this committee.
They had nearlJT given up eyery hope; hut they now trusted that this
committee wOllId make such a report and would so sift the .thing clown
as to find a solntion of the trouhle.


There were three importallt things necessary to increase American
tonnage: first, the vessels; seeond, marine illsul'ance; third, negotia-
uility, bascu uoth on the vessel and on marine insurance. They first
wanted to get the vesseli;, but American capital was now inyested in
IanrIs, llOl1ses, bond s, amI all other interests that gi,Te a better return
than sllipping gives. He wOllld leaye it to any Rhip-owner in Ncw York
and vieinity to say whether OI" not the owning of tonnage, for the last
tlú'ee yeal's had not been a grievons thing' to his poeket. The knowl-
edgethat a lUan was keeping race-horses woulcl probably not help his
character aR a business man, 1mt l'eally tlJe eharacter of owning ships
was abont equal to that. After the Crimean war he had hceIl in Lonclon
and he found the docks there fnll of t.ransports, vessels that were ownecl
by doctor s, clergyrncn, ladies, bishops, apothecarics, till-smiths, and aU




36 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
classes of the community. Every one ownerl a little piece, and lllany of
them made largc fortunes during the war; but sincc tho war had closed
they were very glad to get rid of their vesse]s. He had sccn some very
fine boats there for sale, and thought it wouId be a good thing if they
could be bought and owned here; but the co11ector at N ew York informed
him that they could not be owned and registered here. He hall asked
the collector whether he could not own them amI put them under some-
bodyelse's name. The collector said: "1\11'. Nelson, if yon can swear
that no person except a citi:r,en of the United States owns them, 01' is
directly 01' indirectly interested in thcir profits, you can take them."
He (1\11'. Nelson) had, therefore, to drop that idea, and he prcSrimed that
there were others at the samc time wIlling to do the same thing. Bnt
the Germans saw the chance, bought two 01' three of those boats, fitted
them up as passengcr boats and sent them to this country as a nuc]ens
for new lines, and they had now grown into extensive steamship lines.
Gentlemen had said that the English people were eontented with less-
profit than Americans would bc. He <lid not arlmit tha!, that was so;
they werc not contented with small profits. Sorne years ago the Anchor
line to Glasgow consisted of one solitary ship, and now that same line
had thirty steamers, all built out of tbe profits of their business. To this
day the Oh in aman was operating under the same navigation law that he
was operating undcr thirty centuries ago, and the Americam; were just
following that example, wanting to shnt out everything. TIe did not
think that that was'a proper mode to pllrsue. Ir naturc had placed iron
and coal and a superabundant popnlatioll in one portion of thc world,
enabling iron vessels to be bnilt cheaper than clsewhere, Americans
should take advantagc of that amI buy their vessels wherc theyeould
get them eheapest. MI'. l~ow]and had said that he eoulcl build an iron
vessel within ten per ecnt. as eheap as it can be built in Oreat Britain,
and yet fOl' two ,rears he had been tr;ying to get an order alld coald not
get onc. That gentleman thought that Amcrican eapitalists wanted
more retnrn for their mouey than the Englishmen did, amI that,. there-
fOl'e, they would not invest in ships; lmt surely tile bUfliness of N ew
York was open to the capita.Iists of the whoIe wOl'ld on the otller side of
the water. TIowever, they had the business so nice]y digcstcd and RO
nicely arranged that capita1ists werc always ready to come forward and
advance money upon any steamship lineo Bnt what was the case here'~
Thore was no securitv to be had OH woodell vessels. "\Y ooden vessels
had had their day. In Maine, to be sure, there had heen considerable
money made in the building of wooden vessels; but they had lost a gTeat
many such vessels. The loss from 1854 to 1858 had beell one thousand
two hnndred, and the loss foI' the last five years was about one thousand
eight hundred. Many gelltlemcn OH the conllllittee wero prolmbly not
familiar with the ship-owning interests. Tí \Vas absolutely ridicuIons
for aman to spend his time now in going' arouncl among capitalists and
so1iciting them to invest money in ships. An old ship-owner had said to
him a day 01' two ago, that a lIlan who would invest money in ships here
was dcemed a lunatic. And whyal Because thero was llO security in
lending money on a vessel. Americans could not build np their tommge
unless they could buy their ships where they could buy them cheapest.
He supposed that there must be morc 01' less shippillg CO)1sÍ:,;tfng oí' saiI-
ing-vessoIs; but the great desideratum now was speed, and therefore
the great bulk of the commerce would be done in stcamshipR. lf the
Englishman, the l!'renchman, 01' the Gcrman could come to New York
a11(I do business between New York and New OrIcans cheaper than he
oouId do it, let them do so, amllct the people of the co~ntry receive the




NAVIGATIO~ INTERESTS. 37
iulnHltage of it. Six :vears ag-o there were between thirty and forty
large 8hip8 being lmilt in ~ew York alone. Now there was bnt one. Two
yean; ago, for the space of fonr Illonths, t,here \Vas uot a sillgle American
ship 01' vessel going from Ne\\' York to Liverpool, whereas thero used to
be six 01' eight great linos of Rllips in tltat trade. American saüors were
aU going into other avocatiOI1R, and, in a short time, there would be very
few American Railors left. He should like to Ree this committee take up
this question oí' snpplyillg American ships with sailors; because, in case
of foreign \Val', sailors would be wanted. He should like to seo every
ship obliged to carry a certain numuer of apprentiees. He should also
like to see aU the local pilot laws of the conlltry repealed, and one gen-
eral statute passed to cover aU the points.


The following letter was recoivod from :afro Allston \Vilson:


:¡'''';W YORK, ()ctober 15, 1869.
Hon. Johl1 L!lnch, Chairman 01 CO¡¡¡lIIittee, ,fe.:


DE-Ut Sm: A~ [t melllbcr uf t,]lC committee of the Ship-ownf'I'S' Association, and having
bee11 l'l'evcntNl fi'olrl attüll/li ng the confel'encll h"I(1 Yflstenlay, 1 desire to caU yonr
attelltion tu :t eullateral hran<óh uf tlw suhjeet \vhidl does Hot appoar to have been ,lis-
cussed l>ei(,ro you hy my coUeagnes. vVhile fnllyagreeillg with those gentlemen in
their statelllents that tlw only salvation t"OI' the shipping intflrest lllHler our flag is to
adlllitto free regi;;try aU ve,'isels nl'oll their beeOlniug tlw property 01' American eiti-
zellS, 1 WO\l1d add that free ships rC'Illire free sailurs, and therefore snggest the removal
of aU restrietion8 as to thc natirlllality nf officers :lnd mtln serying in ou1' lllcrcantile
marine. It is au :ulmit.ted faet that uur llayigation la",s are behilld the times, and
that \\"0 rcquire a new cOlle tlmt wil! HUt sutIer Ül compal'ison with t.hat 01' Gr(lat Brit-
ain, ,yhich l'ass¡>d in Hl,,4 f\ll ad knOWll as thtl lllPrc!J:lllts' slüpping act, 111l1Uy of the
provisious nf which lllight he a<lopte,l tu H,hantage in this cOllntry, to assure the lwtter
protectioll uf seamen, and to secure an organizc<l syst!'1ll of shipping and discharging
by proper ofticers, with forlllS of certificateR of cap:wit.y >!ll(1 conducto The mcrcantile
CUIlllltllnity lJeillg aliv<ó tu tlle :tlanuing ,lecrease 01' their tonuage, it lJecumes tbose of
liS who haY<, thc car of yonr committee to present onr opiniuns ful' suitalJle Jegislation.


Vcry trnly, yours,
ALLSTON WILSON.


]\11'. \YILLIAi\I H. \YEBB Ilext carne before the cornmittee. Ho said
that he was uot prepared to make any statements, bnt would answer any
questiolls tlmt lIlight be asked. He did uot see the ship-owners of New
York rcprescnted boforc tho committeo. He did see so me members of
the Ship-owners' Association, Imt in his opillion thü,v did not represent
the fihip-ownen; of :N ew York. He had heard tlíe sentiment expressed
by SOIllO ship-ownerstlmt tIwy would be very glad if the meeting of the
committee eould be post}loned for a little time, until they conld get
together awl put their yiews in fiome Rhape to lay before the committee.


The CHAllLj}lAN intimated that the committoo would he very glad if the
ship-owllers would do so.


1\fr. \YEBB repeatod that the principal ship-owners of:N ew Yerk were
certainly not represented by the Ship-owners' Associatioll. Those who
were most largely engaged in the husiness were uot cOllnected with that
associatioll.


1\11'. \YELLS. 1 understand you to be a ship-builder as weH as a ship-
owner1


l\f r. "WEBB. Yes, sir; 1 have been long engagod in the building of
ships, alld 1 llave been heretofore yery larg'ely illterested in sailing shipsj
and 1 snpposo that to-day 1 hayc as large an interest in steamships as
auy other man in the country.


1\11'. \VELLS. vVhat remedy wOllld you reeommend for the present
dcpressed condit.ion of commerce and ship-buildil1g '?


MI'. \VERR. l\fy general viewt'\ are that if Congress would pass a law
freeing a11 materials that entcr into ship-uuilding frOIIl the payment of




38 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
duties, \Ye could then begin to build ships and could compete \Yith any for-
eign ship-huihlel's. It has been said that that would opell the door ta a
great many fmnds upon the goverIllIlcllt. To avoid that, 1 woulll sllg-gest
that tlle materials when pllrchased and when used in the ship should be
aSCel'tailled b.)' thc government in snch manner as might be <leemed
best for its own securit.y, and that then the drawback shou1d be made
upon the materials that were absollltely used in tile ship. 1 tilink that
that wOllld ellable the goverumellt to adopt tlüs plan witllOut heing
defraudcd.


The CUAIRJUAN. 1 understood yon to say that J-ou are 1I0t now
engaged in tile cOllstructioll oí' vcssels, lmt that you are mel'el.r a ship-
owner '?


MI'. 'VEBB. 1 have aship-building establishmellt, a1l(1 keep it open,
but unfortunate1v wo do not do mneh business thel'e. 1 am sorry to sav
that In that ,)'arcl, w here \Ve built a great mauy ships, tile grasH is no,,~
growing'.


The'CHAIKVIAN. As a constructor of yesspIs, do you give it as yonr
opinion that you can buiId ships in eompetition with tlle ship-lmilllel's oí'
Great Britain if you are allowed a draw-back to the amollnt of the dutü~s
on the materials entering into the construdioll 01' ycsseIs'J


MI'. WEBR. T do, uno.er the protection that the ship-bnilding inh'l'est
has in the prohihition of foreign bottoms being owned anO. registercd
in this countl'y. 'Ve built ships in this conntl'y, fl'om here to :Maine, so
cheapIy and so well that we absoJute1y ob1igeo. foreign shi11,owne1's to
come to this country and buy ou1' ships, and 1 think 1 may say, without
fear of cont1'adietion, that there is no otlle1' prodnction knowll in this
country, 01' perhaps in any other, ",here that tlling has been aCCOlll-
plished. The Engli:o.h came here to buy ship8, the Gel'mallS, tILe French,
aml the Italians carne here to buy ships. AmI why? Simply because
they could huy better sllips alld eheapcl' tItall they eould at home. And
yet the wagos of onr operatives then were nearly clOllbJc the wages ot'
the same c1ass of operatiYes abroad; hut \Ve managed OUl' business so
as to be ahIe to do that. Put ns OH the saute footing as we were 1:hen,
and we wonId be able to compete again with tho r('st of tIte ~\YOl'Id
in ship-building. It is true tbat the -cost of operating' ships is ll1uch
greatel' in this country than 011 tIw other sille, lmt 1 tl'l1st that tbat will
eventually find its proper 1m-el. VVages \Yere aIways higher here. .A.t
present we haye to pay firell1ell OH hoal'd onr steamers more than twiee
as lIluch as they are paid in Euro pe.


The CHAIR3IAN. ls there auy greater diffel'ellee now than there \Vas
before the \Val' ~


.Mr.VVEllll. Yes, sir; there is a greatel' difference. The difference against
us is from fol'ty to fifty per I'ellt. gl'patpl' tItan it \Vas thell, aud it has been
as high as frolll sixty to seventy. But notwithstanding the diffel'ence 01'
wages, if we couId get the materials 01' our ships at about the sume as
the.v have thelll on the other sid!', ,ye eonlll cOlllpete ,vith them success-
fully; at any rate, 1 shouId he willing to go in ancl ÍlIYest my money in
ships and make the triaI ; lmt liS it is uo\\' it is eutircly hopeIess. 1 haye
a place ",here I built more than one hUllrIred ships within tho Jasí tltirty
years, and, as 1 said, the grass is growillg there HOW. 1 haye attelllpted
to bnild a ship recelltl.)', and I havo Iosi mOlley by it.


'fhe CHAIRMAN. Do .ron beIien~ tllat i1' the draw-backs were allowed
to the amoullt of the duties paid, the ship-buiJdillg business 01' the
United States would revive illlmediatel.r '? ~


.MI'. WEBB. Yes, sir; immediatel.r.




N AVIGATION INTERESTR. 39
The CHAllDIAN. Alld tllat a vessel couIel be buiIt as c11eap1;\- llere as


in EllgIand ?
2\11'. 'YElmo Not quite so cheap, but tlle diffcrence wonId HOt be so


gl'eat as that we could HOt compete with them. vVe might HOt have so
good a retlll'T1 tor OHr mOTley, bl.l.t thc returll would be such as wouId in-
duce Olll' people to go iu alld build ships, ami 1 thillk that in a compara-
tiveIy smalllllllllher of years we woulrl regain the positioll that we have
lost. vVe huye always had much to eOlltelld with in this cOHntr'y against
foreign ship-building. One considerable ítem was that a sltip-owner was
a1ways taxed 1I10re 01' Iess cm his shipping intcrest as personal property,
whereas in Great Britain thorc was no persouaI tax on shippiug. A
Rhip-OWllel' in Gl'oat Britain does Hoí pay an'y personal tax 011 his ship-
ping interest; he payR ÍlWOlllC tax, lmt that is all. 'Ve have aIways had
much of that to contcml with, and yet we competed with tllem "nccess-
fully. 'l'ha(, ,vas duo to tIte faet tIta!' we lmilt bettel' ships ami on better
mode1s. 'l'he smrw taIent exists in the couutry now; amI 1 do not hesi-


- tate to say that if we had tlle same help fl'Olll OUl' goVel'lllllellt that the
foreign RV~allttülÍp owners and lmilllt'l's have fi'olll theirs, we would be
abIe to eOllljletc sllcccssfully with them in building al1d rtllllling' stealll-
shipR. 1 alll elltirely Rati"ficd that we ean surpass thcm in tlte model of
our shíps.


The CUAllDIAN. 'Yhat would be the etl'ect on the ship-huil(lillg' am1
generalllavigatioll interests nf the eOllnt.ry of amending the navigation
laws, amI allowing tlte pureltaRe of foreign ships, while at tite saltle time
allowing a dl'aw-baek of duties on the matcl'ialR enfpl'ing int,o ship-lmild-
iug in tlllR eouutry'~ \Vhat would be the cflellt of having tIte two Itleas-
ures go iuto opemtiou at tIte same time 1


1\11'. vVElm. Tl!at is a questioll whiel! 1 have not deliberated cnough
upon to be ahle to give a satisfactory answer.


The CUAnnIAK. vVould the vessels probably be eontracted for here,
01' wouId they b(~ contracted [01' in Englaml ~


MI'. 'YElmo 1 thillk, ,yithont giving the thiug dne reflection, that the
opemtion 01' that would be that the Rhip·o\YllerR oí' this cOlllltry would
buy ships that al'e all'eally lmilt to such an extent as they eonld, and
that beyOlHI that thcy would be ohliged to contraer fol' Bew ships. 1
think it wnuld tak(~ all the Rhip-buildillg business fl'OHI this conntry, and
for such a length of time that it wouId die 011t. 1 think that aH the
ship-yards of the conntry would die ont nnder that system.


'rhe UHAIKIIAN. Do you think that if tl1'awbacks 011 materials wero
allowed foI' thl'ee years, 'amI that then the nayigatiolllaws were amended
so as to admit toreign vessels to registel', tIle AJtleI'ü~~m ship-Imilders
would be in a cOlldítion to eompet.e with foreigll sllip-builders·~


MI'. 'VEllll. It wonld take a much longer time than twn 01' th1'ee years.
Time SOOIl I'UlIs a\\'ay. lt would take a lIllWli Ionger time than that.
The navigatioll lltws lllight haye been abrogated auy time betweell 1850
amI 18GO without injury to the American ship-buildel's. 'rhen we liad
enough of the tielü to olU'selves to have t'nabIed us to llave cOlltinucd
to compete "'ith foreign ship-lmilders. Our labor was at a moclerate
rate, and everythillg ,,;as goiug OH succesRfully. All kinds oi' materials
for building ships eould be obtainml then at mneh les s rates than they
can be now. Tite busillesR was extensive, aud the suppl'y was Yery great.
X ow tlle snpply is lilllited amI irregular.


1\'Ir. \VELLS. 1 nmIerstood ;ron to say that American-built shíps were
superior to fi)reign-bnilt ships?


MI'. 'YEllll. Yes, sir.
MI'. VVELLS. ])0 ;you not beIíeve that American mflrchants wouId




40 NAVIGATION I:-lTERESTS.


give the preference to American-built ships sufficíently to overcome the
differellce that you speak on .


MI'. WEl3H. Yes, sir; an American ship-owner will give more money
for a first-eJass American-built ship than he will for ally other ship. He
would be indueed to do that because the nmlerwriters of this eountry
would ee1'tuinly give the preference to American-built ships.


The CHAIRMA:N. I suppose that they have been gaining on us in that
regard in Great Britain while our business has been depressed '~


}fr. "VEBB. Certainly; not only in one direction, but in al! the ramifi-
cations of the shipping interest they have been gaining ground upon ns
until they have got the fiehl pretty neurlJT to themselves, and iHhe thing
runs on as at present for one 01' two years longer,not only the ¡;,hip-yards
of this eountry will be an closed, but the skilled operatives will have gone
away 01' 1eft the business, and we will have no men to lmild our sbips.
For the last ship that I built, 1ast year, I f01llld more difficulty in getting-
skilled operatives to work upon her than upon any vesscl I en~r built.


MI'. ::YIORRELL. Do you believe that if the Alabama, amI the other
., confederate privatecrs, had not been permitted to prey upon American


commerce we would have been able to luwe held our supremacy, not-
withstanding the wad


],\-11'. "VEBB. ~o, sir; I do Jlot think we would. These vessels, oi'
course, aided very much in injuring our cornmerce; but the high price of
labor and of materials has be en perhaps the principal drawback. I do not
expect that labor will eyer eome to tite level that it was at many years
ago; but it will fan sufficielltly, I think, to enable us to build ships if
we can buy our materials eheap.


],\11'. NELSON, speaking for the Ship-owners' Associatioll, asserted that
itrepresented three-fourths of the tonnage visiting the port of New York,
and that that faet eould be proved if ]'\f1'. "Yebb delliecl it. He preÍ5umed
that MI'. Webb was uot putting a stigrna upon that asso(~iation.


1\11'. "VEBB said he had no desire of that kind. He hall given what
was his impression,.aud he still thought that the oIder ship-owners of
New York, who lIad had the most experience in the business, were llot
represented by the Ship-owners' Association.


MI'. W:¡';S~'ERVEL~' next addressed the eommittee. He expressed his
belief that very mueh of the trouble was owingto the fact that the Amer-
ican standard of mechaníeal lahor was very greatly reduced, and that
we were paying very much more for the amount oí' labor performed than
we used to do in former years. He thought that the ship-builders had
negleciecl their own interests. Twenty years ago it hacl been the eustorn
for each ship-huilder to educate a eertain num ber oí'hoys to the business,
and to make them familiar with the rnysteries of ship-bnilding; hut he
believed that there had been no apprentiees taken for many years pasto
The result was that the mechanics ernployed by ship-buildm's now knew
very little ahout their business, and that ships cost a great deal more to
build than they used to costo Probably the bosses thcmselws had not
kept up with tlle times, amI he did uot think that they hado He thought,
however, that the days of wooden ships were ended. He believed that
iron shíps possessed all the qualities that wooden ships did, and possessed
besides rnany qualities that wooden ships did noto In almost all respects
iron ships were superior to wooden ones, and it was no longer worth while
to talk about their respective merits. There had been yery little expe-
rience in the building of iron ships in New York. He understood that in
other parts of the countr.v iron ships eould be built almost as cheaply as
theyeould be abroad. He thought that we might be able ultimately
tú compete with foreign ship-builders, but not for some years; beeanse




NAYIGATION INTERESTS. 41
the foreigners had g'ot men edueated to the business, and Americans
were Bot so wen skilled in the art oi" iron ship-bllilding" as the English
were, and that, for the best of aH reasons, becanse vcry fcw iron ships
had been bum here in comparison with the immense number of iron
ships built in England. There were very fcw establislllnents in the
country in which iron ships eould be built. IIe believed tbat it cost
more to build ships in New York than in any other place in the world.
There had been a time when New York built ships wIlieh were equal
and superior to the ships of any part of the world; but no,,- they were
turning out ships in England which, in his opinion, wel'e equal to any-
thing that New York hall ever done in that way.


Tbe CHAIRl\IAN. If you obtained tIte materials free of duty, could you
construct ships in competition with the English ~


Thlr. vVESTERYELT. 1 cannot speak of iron vessels, because 1 mn not
conversant with them, and to build woodcn ships 1 think would be labor
lost.


The CHAIRJUN. How much higher are t1le wages that are now paid
to ship-eal'penters thalÍ they were before the war a¡ .


1\-11'. WESTERYELT. Before the \Val' we paid $2 25 per day; we are IlOW
paying $4. At that time a first-class ship eost $5.') a ton to build; to-
day it eosts $110 a ton.


:afro VVELLS. W~hat proportion of the expellse of building wooden ships
is in tlte labor?


]\fr. vVES'l'ERVELT. 1 can hardIy state that, for 1 haye 1milt no ships
for severaI years. 1 have got the cost of ships reeently built in Boston,
aml 1 am told tltat they cost about 8110 a ton. 1 have IIOt huilt ships
for several ;years.


Mr. 1'IORRELL. \Vould the cost per ton for a ship of eight hnndred
tons be the same as for a ship of sixteen lmndred tons?


1\11'. VVES'l'ERVEL'l'. The cost per ton wouId be rather greater in tho
small ship than in the large one. As a ship increases in size tIte rate
per ton wouId be less. 1 am speakillg about ships of fifteen hundred
tOllS costing abou~ that mueh per ton.


Mr. VVILLIAJ! II. WEllll was again ca]]ed before the cornmittee.
Mr. CALKIN. As MI'. vVebb has had experiencc in l'Ululing steamers' •


to Europe, 1 desire to ask 1Iim whether, if Congress shouId pass a law
relieving the shipping interest so that ¡ron steamel'S could be lmilt as
cheap in tltis countl'y as abroad, and if Congress should suhsidize them
to a small amount, couId a lille oí' steamers then compete with the
present European lines allc1 pay afair dividend to the owners?


Mr. \VEllll. 1 haye had some experience in running steamships in '
different directions-in the past year to "Europe. .Judgiug from that
experience, 1 should say that if Congress should pass a la.w relic\'ing the
construction of steamsltips from the onerons duties now paid, and should
also grant a liberal subsidy-I cannot saya small snbsidy, hut a liberal
subsidy, no more than Enropean goverlllllellts haye heretofore granted
to their ship-owners'-we eould rUll steamships aml compete successfully
with any oi" the fOl'eign lines.


Thfr. CALKIN. In referenco to immigration, do yon know whether the
immigrant coming to this country usually prefers to come in an Ameri-
can ship and nndol' the American flag rather than in a foreign ship?


Thlr. VVEllll. Heretofore they gaye a decided preference to American
ships; but fi:'om the faet that American ships have almost died out,
that preferellee, as a matter of eou1'80, has also diecl out. 1 have sent
two ships last year, alld the preferenee \Vas given to them simply beeause
they \Vere American ships. 1 do not mean to say by that that the pref-




42 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


m'ence has been giveu to them over any foreign ships, but T mean over
foreign Rhips of tite Rame e1ass. Aml 1 kuow fi:om my recenc traveliug'
in Europe that a Bylllpathy exists tilere, efJpeeially arnong emigrants, in
favor of American ships, and a desire that American ships ShOllld be
put jnto the business again.


MI'. FRANCIS Conn, of Rockland, },Iaillf~, largely intcl'estetl in ship-
building, next appeared before tht' (\()mmittee aHtl ¡vas inc¡uired of in
reference to tIle wages paitl to shill-carpenters. He saitl that ship-cal'-
penten; ill i\faine were now being paid fmm $2 50 to $;~ a day.


The CHAnDIAN. IIow do their wages noiY correspontl with what they
were befOl'e the wal' 'l


-:\11'. Conn. There has not been that adyance with tltat e1ass of labor
that there has becn with otlwr e1asses, for tile Yery 1'eaS011 that there
has lH't'1I le"" ¡.;hip-hnilc1ing tllan tltere was fOl'!uerJy. Wt~ nS('fl to get
men at perhaps halt' a dollar a day les¡.; before the war. There was one
statenumt matle llere to-day in referenee to the eORt of Rhips, ~whieh T dc-
sire to correcto It has been sLated that fil'¡.;t-elass ships cost, in Xew
York, at the rate of $110 pe!' ton. 1 can say thnt first-clai"s ships are
built in l\fainc (nine-yenr ships oí' the very first class of oale Hnll pine)
at $55 per tOllo They can be fitted ont reallS foI' sea, with aU tIleir fit-
tings, at frOIll $70 to $75 per ton.


The CHAIR3IA)/". \Vhat did the Sl1111e e1ass of ships cost hefore the
wad


.MI'. CORRo Thc cost of snc11 ships before the wal' was ahout $40 per
ton, witllOut RparR. Similar ships are now heing built at fl'olll $50 to
$5,5 pCl' ton. 1 saw a contract reecntly fo!' a large ship at $55 per ton.
That is al)()ut thirty 01' forty per ecut. 1110l'e tllall tlwy were hefore the
war. That is tIle ¡H'iee that ¡.;hip-lmilders are selling them nt, and 1 sup-
pose they would not build them without making ROUle profit 011 them.


1\11'. R P. BCCK, 01' New York, nex:t addressed the cOlllmittee. IIe said
be rose prineipally to corroborate what JUl'. Cobb had just said relatillg
to the presellt cost of ships. He hall just seut to sea a lle\\' ¡.;hip which
had cost, eoppered, $73 pcr ton, amI he should laullch allother of one
thommnt1 foul' llUm1rcd tous withill a week, whiel! ¡nmld cost $75 a ton
without eopper. She is more of a "hite-oale ¡.;!Ji]), a1l(1 eost a little more
mouey OI! tlwt aeeollllt. She is rigged with wire l'igging, which is a
little cheaper than hemp rigging, altbough 1 am inelincd to t.hink it is
not quiü~ so good. As to the remcdy for tbe pl'esent evil, it lJa8 puzzled
Iny heatl for thc last fifteen year8. 1 do not know wltere the remedy is.
Most certainly we eanllot t11l'ow open our Wl101c coasÍ'\"isc tra(]e to for-
eign ship¡.; lll1le¡.;¡.; we hayc free trade in everything, amI that we cannot
affonl to llaye umler the pre~ell1; cirelllllSÜtnee¡.;. 1 thillk that if the
matter is Riftetl tlown it will be fonnd that most of the lIlen who want
free trade in ships are lllell who are directly 01' iudireetly illterested in
ships bnilt in t11e provinees, aud \\'110 wtml(l Jike to get tlto¡.;e sltips l'egis-
tered here so as to Jlut tltem illto thc coastillg tradc. The Yery moment
that foreigll ¡.;hips are admitted to rogistratiou hore t110se ships wi11 do
all our coasting trade iu:,;tead of the ships that are bnilt in Maille. It
will produce what MI'. ,y cbb has tlescl'ibed, a dearth of meehallics, and
\Ve will hayc no ship-builders in time of wal'. It wiII also make 0111'
sailors extinct, beeause tlwy will not go to sea in foreign ships. 1 have
known American captains, dUl'ing the \\'ar, who ¡yere so loyal that they
wonltl rather stay at home tllan go 1,0 sea in foreigll ships th<1t were of-
fered them. 1 tbink that if \Ve lIad a redudion of the duties on all
the matel'ials going into the conRtrnction of ships, whether the ma-
tcrials uc American 01' foreign, and if we eould also be freed úom the




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 43
taxation on sbips, as i8 the case, 1 understand, in other conntries, we
eoulcl thel1 afford to build onr ships in this country and to compete with
any othcr nation. 1 do not beJieve that there is any more ingenuity in
Glasgow 01' any other ship-lmilding place t11an there i8 in t11i8 country;
1101' do 1 believc that therc is any more energy among the foreigners
than among' Americans. 1 think that if wc arc put upon tlle salIte foot-
ing we ,vill be ablc to COIl1lwte on t11e ocean with the r08t of tho world.
"Ve luwe a greater ocean front than any otlle1' nation, and it would be a
terrible disgrace ii' we allowed ourselves to be driven f'1'oIll the ocean.
lt has been wiselv said that tIw ltation whieh eont1'o1s the ocean cont1'ols
t11e worId; aud si'nce we have the Pacific altd the Atlantic, we are des-
tined to do that. That iR what we will do if wc llave sufticient en-
couragemeut frolll t11e govcI'llltleltt, Ol' rat11er ir tlle governlllcnt with-
draws its l'efitl'ictions upon uso Tho tariff relldel's t11e cost 01' materials
so great that wc eanIlot build fi11ips. 1 do not think that the ship-own-
ers of N ew York are represented extensively in the Ship-owners' ARsocia-
tion. 1 alll Ü'ee to say tllat 1 believe t11at if yon conld call togetller the
men wllo lun'e teen twenty 01' forty yearfi in the ship-owning business in
this city, yOll would Hot find the majority of them l'eady to throw t11e
businesfl opell to foreigners and to 11~cwe our ships purchased abrmul. 1
saw that it was stated here yestenIay t.llUt Bl'itiRh vessels are insure<1 at
two ~Il](l a half per eent., while the rates on our s11ip8 are fmlll eight to
nine pet' cellt. 1 have malle iuquiry t11is morning at the oflice oi' the
Atlantie Inflürance Oompany, alld 1 was informed that illSlll'anee is just
as eheap Oll au AUlPl'ieall yeRsel as 011 a foreigll vessel.


The OIIAIR1\IAN. The statcuwnt was that the low rate of illsurance i8
onIy charged upon iron ships abroad, and tllc high l'ate 01' insurance
upon wooden ships.


MI'. BUCle. They may iusure on what t11cy like abroad, but we want
onl' insnraIl(~e done at home. They may insure iron sbips eheapcl' there ;
hut 1 do not helievo that they influre cargoes any eheaper in an iron ship
than they do in a fihip builtJJy ::\Ir. "Vellb. ,Tust think how the balance
of trade is against ns. If we honght our ships abroad, pa;y1ng gold fol'
them at thirty per cent. premium, we wonl<1 be impoverished so fipeedily
that we would lHwer be atle to get taek to specie payments.


The eOlIlmittee adjonrnetl till to-morrow, 16th October.


The cOlllmittee met.
NEW YORT(, October 16, lR69.


Present, the Chairman and 1\lessrs. 'Vells, Holmall, ami Ualkim:.
MI'. A. A. Low appeared before the eOlIlmittee.
Tlle OHAIRl\IAN. The committee would like to hear from yon in regard


to the general policy 01' building our ships at home 01' bnying them
abroad, as we uIHlerstand that ;you are a ship-owner aud importer. Wllat
should be the polic.r of the government to protect amI foster onr ship-
ping interest and to bring it back to the standard position it held before
tlle war~


1\fr. I,ow. Individually, 1 have always been in favor of protecting
AI~lericall interestfl. .1 have becn inclinecl to sustain onr own architects,
bmlders, aml rneehamcs, a.ud to real' our own sailors and aclvlUlce tlle
interests of commerce generally ill that direetion. l\fost of our laws are
for~ned with a dew to protecting our various industries; but t11e laws
,~hwh protect our general indllfitry bear opprossivcly upon this par-
tICular mterest, so that the laws which are designed fol' tlle protection
of Americall industry are really a burdell UpOll ou!' shipping' industry.


TIte OrrAmiVIAN. 'Ve wonld likc y~u to give the cQillmittee your views




44 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
as to the causes which have operated to produce the presellt depressell
condition of afl'airs in our ship1'ing illterests.
~'fr. Low. In thc first instance we have a de1'reciatell currency. 1


think that militates against the building of shi1's. W' e have very high
prices of laüor, and high priccs of an the materials that en ter into the
construction of ships. These prices are iucrem,ed by the laws which
are de¡ügned to pl'oteet other brallehes oí' industry, amI oí' eOlll'Se they
aH ten(l to i1lel'case tlle cost of the ships in the first instance, alld the
cost of the sailing ofthe ship aftel' she is lmili. 1 think tlmt .the Ameri-
can shipping interest suffered before the war carne on. The California
trade hatl eaused the building of a vast number of ships, especially of
the class known as clipper ships. Thell the steam liIles began to multi-
ply and to take the valuable traffie on the Atlantic. That forced sail-
ing sbips upon distant courses, and the freight \Vas very 10\V fol' several
years befol'e the wal'-So low as to be wboUy unl'emunerative. "Yhen
tbe war carne on, the pl'ivateers burned our vessels and added to the
cost oí' sailing by inereasing the l'ates of insnra1lce upon our ships. Our
ships were destroyed, and tbere is no motive to replace them at the
increased costo Nor do 1 see how we can recommence building ships
unless the ship-building interest is relieved frol1l the taxes put np01l aU
the materials that enter into the construction of vessels. l\fy own oelief
is that the policy of Eng-Iand, in 8ubsidizing lilles of steamers to the
various ports of 1.1te world, has given her a prestige whic11 is almost
insuperable. Her mechanics haye been trained in the construction of
iron ships and of aU t11e machiner.r requisite fol' the purpose, amI it
would se cm to me t.bat it would take our mechallics a long time to get
into a condition to compete with Bngland. 'Ve llave just now but one
important steam line, amI that is the Pacific ]\fai! Steamship line, aml it
seems to me that aH the subsidies which our government has ever given
to aU the steam lines that we have ever had would not oe eqnal to the
amount of loss inflicted upon that single remaining Hne by the Pacific
railway. vVe gave fifty 01' sixty millioll dollars, and lands extending for
miles 011 either side, to that raill'oad-an illternallinc oí' commllnica,tiOTl
to the Pacific, "hich has cut off aU the support that hitlwrto belonged
to the Pacific Mail Steams11ip line-so tItat durillg' the little time that
thatPaeificrailroadline has been opened that single line oí'steame1's must
have sufferetl an injury offrom six to eigllt million dollars. The capital
of tlle Paeifie l\lail Steamship line is twenty mmion dollar8. Two years
ago its stock was worth frolll one hl1lldred and í'orty to one hundred amI
fifty; now it is clown to fií'ty-six. It has fallen within ayear fi'om one
hundred ancl twenty-five clown to fifty-six, "hich would l'epl'esent about
fourteen million dollars. 1 do not know why the Pacific )Iail Steam-
ship line wouId not be as good pl'operty to-day as it was before ir Con-
gress had not given fifty 01' sixty millioll dollars, and immense qnalltities
of land, to that lille of railroad, and so built it up at the expense of the
only single line of steamers l'emaining to this cOllntr'y. There do es not
seem to be a law upon our statute books which does not inflict an injury
upon our commercial intel'ests. Then, again, the poliey of Ellg-land in
reference to subsidies has been different from our own. The Bnglish
have engrossed the traffic from almost every country. They have man-
ufactures in abuudance to supply the distant ma1'kets. They have their
distant colonies to incite them to effort. Occupying an insular position
as they do, the1'e is not a man in England t1tat doe8 not appreciate the
importan ce of commerce; so that all the English laws are fOl' tlle benefit
oí' COillmerce. Our coulltry is 80 large, and the opportunities for the
employrnellt of capital are so diverse, that our legislatOl'8 do not giye




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 45
that attelltioll tocommcrcc which the statesmen of Englalld do. I thillk
the English statesmen have been wiser than ourscIves in subsidizing
largely, intbe fil'st illstance, all their occan lines, ulltil they have trained
their mcchallics perfectly in the crcation of steamships. Tbere is a very
interesting article in tbe Times tbis 1I10rnil1g which shows WllH,t the
Rnglish are doing in that linc. It is easier to expIain the canses of our
decline than it is to suggest a remedy. If the1'c is l1ny way of reIieving
the ship-building interest from thc duties imposed upon it fo1' the pro-
tectioIl of othe1' American industries, tllat wouId cel'tl1inly bc a step in
the l'ight direction. If a subsidy could be given to ocean steamel's that
would be an offset to the extra cost of building our steamel's, that wouId
be anotber mode of meeting the difficulty. l\fy own impression has
been that large subsidics should be given as an inducement, and tbat
tllose subsidies, while they would cost the govermnent something in the
beginning, would cost the govcrnment nothing in the end, because the
material s used in thc constnlCtion of ships would pay back in taxes to
the government whatever is paid in subsidies. A.t present we build no
steamers-we can build nonc. We cannot build steamcrs, I suppose,
beeause iron has taken the place of wood. We abound in wood but not
in cheap iron. The screw steamers have taken the place of the side-
wheelers, and woodcn vessels cannot bear the action of the oceanupon
tbe scrcw; so that we are inevitably driven upon iron in tbe oonstruc-
tion of our ocean steamers, and we have not tbe cheap iron to compete
with the cheap iron of England ami with thc skilled labor of Rngland.
1 see that MI'. Webb and othe1's express great confideIH:e in tIlO l1bility
of onr mechanies to compete with English lahorers. I must say tbat I
have not that .'lame confidence in tbe superiority of onr workmen. They
work a sborter time than the English workmen do, ami demoralization
seems to have extended into tbe departlllent oí' lahor to a greater degree
perhaps than to almost any other. Our labor generaUy is very much
demoralized, amI any one who undertakes to build a house 01' anything
else wiII soon find it out. 1 have no donbt that we can eommand as
skíllful workmen as any in the world, but that we can command better
workmen than are in England 1 do Ilot believe. Certainly the ships
tbat they selld here are superior to any that have ever heen made
hitherto. They are excellent in model aud in workmansbip. A.lly one
who haR mallo a passage aeross the Atlantic in one of their oeean steam-
ers will be satisfied oí' their stability and exceIlenee as well as of their
great speed. lt seems to me tbat the English have attained to tbe
utmost excellenoe in that line, and tbat although onr meehanics may be
of the hest orde1', we shoultl be weak and foolish to think that we can
excel the EnglisIt in any of tllose respects. 'Ve should be put to our
mettle to hold our OWll with tbem until we have hacl a good many years
to stndy the art and to practice it.


The CHAIR:lfAN. Can yon give us ~U1y information as to tlle amount
of subsidies paid by oUI' government alld by tbe I<Jnglish govermnent ~


MI'. Low. I callnot give you the partieulars of tIte different subsidies
paiel by Great Britain 01' by this country. I ollly know that the English
have adhered to the polioy of snstaining tbeir oeean lines of steamers
by sufticiellt subsidies. They haye nevel' shrunk from the necessity of
paying whatever was needed to continue a line to distant oountries. For
instan ce, if a line 01' steamers were formecl to Australia and were unsnc-
cessfnl, anel if it were founel that a 1 arger subsiely was neeessal'y to continue
it, they woulelliberally give what was sufticient for the purpose. In a
word, the English have always, in peace and in war, manifested a deter-
mination to hold tbe sup1'emae;y on the ocean; and the supremaey whicll




46 :NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


they acquired by arms in war they have in peace acquircd by subsidies.
They have, deliberately and intentionally, driven the Americans from the
ocean by payillg' snbsidies which they knew our Congress would uot payo
1 believe it has been the deliberate purpose on the part of England to
maintaill her supremacy 011 the ocean lJy paying larger subsidies than
auy ot11er natioll as long as subsidies wel'e lleeessal'y to pl'e"erve thcir
control. 1 believe that when the Collins line was rUJllling, thc subsidy
to the CUllard line was renewed for the expl'ess purpose of enalJling it
to rnn ofi' the Collins lineo It was renewed seyeral yea1's hd'ore the
expiration of the subsidy already granted, so tllat the Cunard line might
enter upon contracts fo1' new ships; ancl a conunittee of the English
Parliament similar to this cornrnittee was employed to make the most
minute investigation into the rnatter. It. was after tlle lIlOSt careful
inqui1'Y lJy that committee that the contract with Cunanl waK l'euewed,
for the express purpose of enabling that lille to mn the American steam-
ers fI'orn the ocean; and they have dI'iyen us from the oceau hy that
policy just as effectually as they eyer did drive an enemy frorn the ocean
by theil' guns.


MI'. "VELLS. From your experience of the mode of conduding steam-
ship lines, do you not think that the ElIgIish rUll tlwir lilles at mneh
less expense than the Americans, and that if Collins had rllll bis liue at
the same expense as Cunard it could have been sustailled~


MI'. Low. The English proteet their ships, lJut we burden Our8. 'Ve
burden every supply tbat gocs on hoard our ships. Every pound of tea
and every pound of sugar iB burdelled with heavy tariff charges. The
English exempt the stores that are put on board their ships frOlll sneh
chaI'ges. 111 evel'y way they inel'ease their shippillg illtel'(~sts, and in
every way we depress ours. In the time of the war the shipping inteI'-
est was the only illte1'est that sufl'ered. The privateers hnrllt onr ships
01' sulJjected them to heavy rates of immrallce; amI so far as foreign in-
surance companies were eoneerned, they tllrned their faces against in-
suring our ships.


The CnAIRMAN. In your opinion are ¡;;hip-owners generally in favor of
amencling tlle navigationlaws, so as to allow t11e pul'chase of ships abI'oad
and nationaliúng' them here?


1\11'. Low. 1 daTe say that tllose who are not fuJ1y A m('Tiean in their
feeling would lJe in f'ayor of brillgillg foreign-built ¡;;hips he1'e, amIof
puttillg them un del' the Amel'i<~lHl fiag; lmt 1, illdivül11ally, W0111<1 1)l'e-
fer to see OUI' meehanics encouraged as hitberto, to build tbose yessels.
1 think that we should be relieH~d fl'olll tbe burdens wItieh nolV stand
in the way of ship-buildillg, so that we shall noí only have "hips to sail,
but men to lJuild them. Still, it would ue hetter to go ahroad and buy
our ships and put them undel' tlle Amel'iean fiag l'ather thall to he I'uled
out off the sea altogethel', as 'ye 110W are. '1'he Rhipping interest has
been so unprofitable in this paI't of the eountry that capital ha:,; been
diverted fi'om t11at hralleh of eommerce to more illviting- tields.


The CHAIRlUAN. In ;your opillion, if t11e Ameriean ship-buildel's and
ship-owners were put UpOIl the same footing amI ofl'ered tIte Rallle en-
couragemellt as the ship-lJuilders and ship-owllers of Great Britain,
would we he able to compete with them Jf


1\fr. Low. If it were possible to put them 011 the same footing, of
eourse tItere is an aptitude among onr people in tlle pursnit both of
building and sailing vessels tbat ",ould soon manifest itself, unqlles-
tionably.


MI'. \VRLLS. In other words, yon think that if drawhacks were
allowed Oll the matel'ials entering into ship-building in thi:,; country,




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 47


and if the disabilities in referenec to 1m:ring ships abroad and plltting
them nnder the Amfll'iean flag \Vere removed, ou1' COlllIIle1'ee "",ouId re-
vive.~


MI'. Low. 1 ¡laye said tllat there aro many things in the way of tlle
restoratlOll of OllI' e01111001'ce, ancl one of the first cliffielllt.ios is tlle con-
dition of the currency. That aggl'twatos everything.


MI'. VVELLS. That eaIlTlot be remedied for the time being. Rnt as to
the more immodiate relief, what do ,rOLl think \Vonld be its result"?


MI'. J,üw. Onr mechallics say that if tilo material s that enter into the
eonstrnctioll oí' sllips were relieyed from taxes they co1l111 go to work,
alld 1 lIaye 110 doubt that that is so. 1 lmvp no doubt that we have iron
equaI to an.)' othe1' 1'01' the eOllstrnetion of ships: and that we have the
skill to cOlmtruet them. vVe hayé not the experieuce; lmt T have no
doubt that that will come.


MI'. "\VELLS. Alld \Ve luwc national pride, too.
MI'. Low. \Ve haye the pride.
MI'. \VELLS. That, togcther with tlle subsidies, rou think would prob-


ably be the only poliey to rolieve us for the time '?
iUr. Low. Yes, sir.
Tbe CHAIKIIAN. Yon speak of the cnrrellcy Ming an impedimento


Where we compete witIl Ellgland upon gol!l prict,s, would the condition
of OH1' enrrellCY make any real diftt\ronce'~


]\fr. Lo\\'. 1r;aslIlnch a~'l tIle traffic is carrieo on in gold prices, we
wouId he OH a par with them; we shonld llaye the same remunei'ation
as tlwy llave.


Tlle CUAIlDIAN. 'l'hen, realIy, what effect cIoes the eUl'reney haye on
the qupstion '?


Mr. l,ow. It is tile parent of a great cIcaI of oemoraliza(,ioll. Eyory-
thing is ltigh-rents, and labor, ami materials. \Ve have exaggerated
prices fol' oyerything.


TIte CUAIlDIAN. Ahoye the difference between gold aud eurrency?
}Ir. T,0W. Apparently. Lahor is {'ertainly out oí' proportion to the


difference beLln~pn gohl amI cunency. "\Vhere we llsed to pay eleven
dollars a lllonth to sailors, we no\V }lay twen(y-fiye clollars. T.hat exllibit.s
more thall t11e difference hetween gold and currency. 1 speak of the
saiIo1's in the China trade, where tlle rates are 10wc1' than in the Enro-
pean tnHk. "'Ve used to pay eleyen (lollars wItere we now pay twellty-
five doHars. Conllneree no\\" is tllroatened in anotller way. Tlle trade
that we ha,-e hitllerto done in ships to Chilla sllall ho lost to us through
this Pacifie railroad, after awhile. Tlle teas that now COIlle hy ships
ma,y come froIll San Francisco over tile road; amI 1 presuIlle tIley will
do so before long. Then, again, we are thrcatened th1'ough tho Suez
Canal, and through the competition oí' steamers with sailing vessels. 1
understalHl that tho English are already making inquiries hore in rela-
tion tu the cost of trausportation oi' teas hy steam froru Chilla; so that
the comme1'ce whieh we have earried on witIl the ~East is threatened
the wh01e way by the land route acI'OSS the eontinent, and by tlle steum
route through the Suez Canal. 1 do not, lllyself, believe ill the trans-
portation oí' teas hy so expensive a route. At present thero is no profit
in the ÍmpOltation of teas, and there has 110t been fol' two J'ea1's pasto
And inasIllueh as there is no profit with tIle incollsiderable cost of
bringing tlu:'Jl1 by sailing yessels, tllere \Vould be no warrant for tIle
higher eost in bringing them by steam vessels, as stearuers eanIlo!, trans-
port freights RO elteap1y as sailing vessels can.


The CHAIRl\IAN. 1 understalld YOH,.then, to be in favor of an attelllpt




48 NAVIGATION INTERESTS ..
Lo restore onr shipping by building it ato home rather than by lmying it
abroad '?


.MI'. Low. Ccrtaillly, sil'; rny feeling is to have our ship-yards I'evived.
The skill acquired there would make ns independent of fOI'eign labor.
That has alwaj's been my feelillg. 1 always had a desire to see our own
ship-yards restorcd to their nsefulncss, amI to sce men trained up in this
com1t.ry so to ma.ke us independellt of foreign skill and labor in tbat
regard. 1 suppose tbat it is the natural feelillg of eveI'y one wbo has an
interest in American commerce to see American industry thrive in t11at
direction. Still, 1 think it ,vould be better to resort to England for
steamers, rather than be ruleo out entirely from the beuefits of a very
profitable pursuit.


The CHAIRMAN. What efrect do you think it would have on onr com-
mercial interests if we were to amend our navigati'bn Iaws ami go
abroad to buy our vessels ~


}fr. Low. It scems to me that at present the English can build mllch
more cheaply tban omselves, aud tllat tbat policy would put off the time
wllen we shollld be independeut of other nations. It would br punming
a comse in refereuce to that particular industry of ship-building at vari-
ance. with that which is adopted in reference to aH other American inter-
ests. In regard to a11 other internal pursuits, we adhere to tbe policy of
protection; but in reference to ship-building, we adhcre at preseut to
one of oppression. 1Ve pI'otect aU otller industries at the expense of
comrnerce. '


The CHAIRl\IAN. Would tlle efrect of purchasing our sbips abroad be
to make thcm foreign in their character to a considerable extent?
~lr. Low. They wonld be foreign ships; and 1 think they conhl build


them at prescnt so lllnch more üIteaply tItan we ean t11at there wouId be
little hope of reviving t11at industry amollg ourselves.


The CHAIR~IA~. vVlmt 1 meau iR, whether there would not be ínter-
ests of owncrship on t1lc othcr sidc which would make thoRe Rhips to a
great extent foreign-whether it would 110t necessitate a challge of Iaws
as to officering l11J(llllannillg OUl' ships, ami whetll(~r our ships wouId IlOt
be finally pretty much under thc control of foreign illtereRts'?


1\11'. Ijow. If Americans Rhould buy ships abroad amI put them nuder
the American flag-, ,ve have men enougll to (~OItl11Jallll and man them, amI
1 do not kIlOW whetller there would be any tendcncy to employ others
instead of A mericans.


The CUAlltThIAN. 1Vhy I ask t11at question is, that waR sllbmitted by
the Ship-owllers' Assoeiation of New York, in favor not only of foreign
ships, but of foreign officers and crews.


MI'. Low. 1 think tllat that is the sentiment of an alien, not of au
American. 1 Call1lOt imagine that any American shonld WiRh to sec for-
eign ships where we hitherto had American ships, amI to see foreign
commanders and sailors in place of Amf'ricans. Onr sailors ha\'e be en
always vcry lal'gely foreigllers, but our ship-masters and mates have been
generally Americans. TIlere are enough of theltl awaiting employment
now, amI eyery patl'iotiü sentiment would urge their employment.


TIle CUAIRJUN. I snppose that t1lat was a question of ecouomy, as it
is in the purehase of ships O?


}fr. Low. We have lllally mell now idle who would be glad of cmploy-
meut at a very moderate eompensation. In fonncr times \ni had no dis-
positioIl to cmploy foreigne1'R in p1'eference tn Arnericans, when the laws
allowed it. vVe alwa;ys had good commallders, ami when wood was em-
ployeü in t11e mannfacture of OUI' ships, we had the sea. It was only
when the new condition came into force, stemn instead of sailing ships,




NAVIGATIO~ INTERESTS. 49
and iron inste::lIl of wood, that we lost it, aud then, 1 thiuk, through the
polj(;y of Ellp:lalHl in suhsi\liziug steam lilles, 'which took aU the valuable
traffie aud aH the passengers. Tbe English maintüill tllcir steamers by
ample suhsidies; our government does noL Alld, a" I said before, the
pl'opeller ha" takell the place of thc sitle-wheeler, and the wooden ship
camlOt bear the propeller; therefore Englalld now eugl'osses almost the
whole huilding oí' steamcI's.


The CHAIR:\IAN. Yon say that wooden ships cannot bear the pI'opellcr.
Is that, on aceount of tIte strain?


.MI'. Low. The aetion oí' the pI'opellcr, I am told, is snch tbat no wooden
vessel can stand it 011 the ocean. They do very weU along tiJe eoast and
in still waters; but I was t01d Jhat OH HlC Atlantic a wooden veRsel can-
not stand the aetion oí' the pro!wller. I think that l\Ir. White will ten
yon the saIne thing. Therefore our steamers are (l1'ivell froffi tbe oeean.
I do not think Ill'y~elf tlmt woouell fabries would stand the strain.


Mr. CALKn. 1 elo not nnder"talld :ron to be in favor of abrogating
the prescllt llavigation laws?


Mr. Low. llwH' heen alway" in favor of American interests.
:MI'. CALKIN. Yon arcone of our leadillg merehants, alld 1 should


like that expression frolll you.
The CUAIR3IAN. He has already given it while you were out.
:MI'. I,ow l'eutl some proof-sheets 01' au al'tiele eontrilmted by him to


Pntnam's Magazine i(jr Dref'ltlhel', whieh mtiele is hereto auuexed, as
fo11ows:


SOYEREIG:NTY OF THE SEAS.


An i,len <,xtcnsiv<,ly pTPyails that íhe eontcst fol' Rllprpmacy on thc orean was Yirtu-
nlJ~' elosell \\'ith tlw vidori,'s of Trat;IIg-ar aurl tlte ;"lile, After tlH\ (Ipstrnction of
tlw FrclH,h JleetH in tlw ]Upüitt'rr:llwan, it wns ill(leeü evident enoug-h tlwt 110 single
!lation, nor all tlw mal'itim(' pO\H'rH iu the WOl'Irl (,olllhined, eonla sllcces~flll!y CO[lO wi1.h
Gr~at .Dritaill ou tlw 8"n. 'l'hl'Ollghont tlw \\'at<or~ oí' the gIohe tlw Bl'itish eusigll waved
trilllllphallt1y, t1w lIl11lispnkll aIH]lIIHIlll'stionerl s~'llIb(JI of sovereigut.y. Dowll to the
time \\')¡eu the \yar, 01' ;\itlPO!eOIl ,,,:a,,,,l t,lw IJayal fll'lIl \Vas used more as f\U auxiliary
to contellflÍllg al'lllies hattliug f¡,r tlolllillioll ou the laurl tItan as a means of control!iug
the CO!llllleree ofthe ,\'ol'lt1. As al! ag-l.'lIt ti,r cl'iPl'lillg the st.rengt,h of an arlversary the
navy Ita, al \\'tI J s hecll l'llIl'loyet.l; ",hile, t]¡p lnst 1'01' gain has stirnulated an aet.ive cru-
s:!,le agaillst l'rh-nt,· l'rol't'l'ty iu ai,l ni' a lllore ,1ireet llati01tal ailll. Even now, when
COllllllen:l' is so 1lI11th extp!l(1e,1, a]](l the iutel'est.s oi' all eOllutl'ÍeS an<l al! peoples an\ so
hlenrled a~ to he ill~el'arahk, e\'\'1'y ('jt'Ol't to aho1i,j¡ privateering fails, ancl, whell 1Ia-
¡.iOllS r('80rt j'o \Yar, llIer"hant-f>hil's, douutlescl, wil! contilllle to be the prey of fhe
uational el'lIi"er allt.l private ... r aJík".


The ]1nl']l0"e of this article, llOwevt'r. iR not tú r;ollsider t11e "lIsages of wur," nor the
almses to whieh \Yllr gin's risco FrielHl a11(] fiJe han: t:lIlght tlw United Sbtes a le880n
in this reganl tlmt will not SOOll he filrgottell. It i~ our ailll, mther, to show in t,his
papel' that suprema"y 011 the oCt'an in tite intt'rests of COBlmerce was not so directly
sOllght, nor so etlpetllal1y guille(l, by the Ya~t allrl ('()stly ~rmalllents of Great Bl'itain in
t11 .... \\'aIS that l'rcc!'(lerl the present (,(,1Itn!';), as iL j¡as lleen hy t.he more penflefnI amI
inexpensive metlI"c! steadfastly Imrsne<l hy that coulltry dllIillg the lasL thirty years.
01', without 1lIl<1"rtakillg tn sllOw, what it JIIight he diffleult to prove, tbut the contest
OH tite oeean has llOt 11lwa,ys 1wclI wagcd hy Great Britain to 3d vanee the interests of
her foreign (,oILllllel'ee; 01', arllllitting this to ltav". beell the 1I1tilllate :tiIll, am} open COIll-
mnnÍ<'atioll with her distHnt colouÍC's a ~ille q/ln nOIl, r1emanding the lltmost exertion
oí' her lIavalllOwe1', H is still of l'aralllollnt importanee to llIark t.hi' poliey that has gov-
cl'lIetl her stateSlIleIl sillce the c!'ssat.ioll uf the continental wnrs. \VheUler for eoast cle-
fenst', 01' as :t 1tH'aIlS (11' hostil .. attaek, 01' to keep pac0 with the growing navies of other
muritinw 1'o\\'er8, Englanrl st"arlily a<lds to the 1IIIwher of her ships 01' w::tr, never fal-
tprillg in her 1'1ll']loHe of holüing, at auy cost, the domillion uf the sea. Let any wllo
üoubt tltis yisit her (loek-yal'ds and her ellHunel tlet'ts, and l)pho],] t.he majestic. iron.clads,
J'onlli,lahlc fin' their size, t.lteir armor, ancl their anll:tmellt, as w!'l! as foI' their great
jlropellillg- po\\'er. Tlle superiority of EIIg1alld in this class 01' vessels fol' purposes of
atta"k ami <I"f"1I8" it is not popular with liS to admito \Ve are vain enough to aBsume
tlwt agaillst a 1'1 11 01'",1 ships of the greatest magnitude an<1 the m08t powerful hatteI'ies.
onr slo\\'IY-lJloving monitors, with t\'"O and four heav~' gUliS, are a safe relianee. Be it so i


4 NI'




50 NA YIGATION INTERESTS.
~ronitors have an8wer('(1 the purpose túr w11ic11 they were crcatpa; uJI(l it i~ 1I0t iu the
directioll of he1' llaval Hl'lllHnlPnts that the poliey ()I' Ellglalltl <1cllI:tluls olt1' l'1'e~(;ut at-
telltion 01' illlitatioll, 'Vere it otherwise, our llaval ()ftieer~ are ab1'o:\(l-th,,~' are illtel-
ligent a11(l ol,serving-:!ll(l we can safely lt'uve to tlle vc]'(lid, of their jUllglllellt Huch
pr·ohlplllS as only t'xpertH can solve,


From 1815 to Hl;~5 peaee reiglled throughout tho ""01'1<1, afli,nlin¡; an oppnrt1l1lity tn
all tlle natiOll$ bonleriug on the sea to cuté into a friemlly cOll1petition fOl' thc earrying
trade nf thc natiolls, In the ensuillg stl'llggle the Enitctl Stat!'s acquirea a pr"litige
that \ya~ unexce11ed; and sue11 \vas t,he skill of our lIleellanics, the alnl1Hl:ltlc" of our
material fúr the eOllstruetion of SltiPR, ulld tlw aptitn(le oí" Olll' RonH for tlle Ji!'e oí' a
~ailor, tltat our rcpuulie gaincrl tlle <:onlltlalHl of tllc trade to amI from Europe, amI \Vas
a uold alld suceessful eOlllpetitoI' with Grt'ut Britain fiJr 111<' tratlie 1",tw""1I he1' OWll eol-
onies amI the mothe1'-eouutr;), aH we11 as fin' that fl'olll China ami otile!' ]lort,¡ons oí' tlw
East, A little latel' Oll, oul' dippcrs, ollt~ailillg thc ol<l-fashiolll'(l vcsHds, he('allle mo(l-
els fol' merehantmen; and, notwithstalHlillg thl' prpYl'rl>ial oustilluey of tho ElIglish und
Seot('h, they were aIert enough to ,u:('{'pt amI :ulopt, theJll,


But ",lmt a cltange sinee t]u,n llas takell place, COIIIllU'lI('illg in 1837 aIH11S:l8, lmt not
patent to the C011111l011 ":re ti11 ten 01' fiftp<:n :reara latn Oll. ElIglalld's JIIal'itillle snprem-
aev is HO rnanifest now aH to l't'fieet onr lwtioll,ll hllllliliation! How this is lo c01lle to
pass it is 1I0t rlifficlllt to üxplain; unt th" t'xpl:mation i8 lIlortii)'iug allll paiufnl.
, Mally thillgs haye cOlllhiu('(1 aud \I'orke<l toget]¡cr to IJl'()(luee the r<,volntion. In 1"he
chain of events l'CHllltillg in the l'al'i(l (1('Clille uf om' COlllllleree lIIay he eited the 1i)1-
lowillg, viz :


1st, A suhstitntion ofsteamships 1'01' sailillg-\'cssels; tbis COmlllelll',,<l ahont li":17-':l8.
211. Tlle use uf iron insteatl of wootl in tlw constrnetiOlI of ships alltl Hteallll'l"S.
3d, Tbe l'eaetioa frOIll high rates of frcight, hec:uwe oí' t1lP yast iucrcas" of tOlllWgr>


wllich the tra<le of Califol'lIia hl'ongllt iuto hoing, tIa: expuL,ioll of sailing,yessels frOlll
short oeeall HlUtes, uud t,he cOIlseqllent oy('rno\Y(ling oí" (list:mt ports,


4tb, Tbe wal' oí' the l'elw11ioll, whi('h raise<l np:tu illsidions foe, amI 1'01' five year;;
rellr!f'1' ... l th" lmildillg amI sai ling <l' American ships a ,vorse th'\lI projit,less pnrsuit, anu
",hieh finally illlposed a hunlen of taxeH on ,dI the material that enters iuto the eou-
sh'uction of \'essels, aud so ellhallccd tlte pl'ice of labor :nHl 01' Reamen's wages as to make
eompditiollwith onl' gn'at rivullllost Ull!'r¡nal.


When it i8 h01"llc ia lIIillll that, the shil'ping illtl'l'est ,,'as th(' nnly important illtel'c~t
at the Nort11 that sllfl'ere(l by thc \"'\1", aUll tllilt ot11e1' grr:at iukn'sts Ila ve beeu belll'fited
ratl",r than injlll'etl J,y th(' euactlll('ut of illll'ol't all(l illkl'llal r('Vl'une laws, it SlWIlIS
st1'ange that COllgrl'ss haH ¡[Ollp little 01' notllillg to mitigatp, th" 1JUntell 011 on1' external
cOlllllll'rcc; failing nt terl,\' to rdieve it frOIll tI .. : opnratiou of l,nvs that lIear uujustly
011 the lUf'rC:llltilo daRR, ~n}(l hellcc, injul'ioll:s1y Oll t11t~ t'OIHIllUUity at larg-e.


Ullt!pl' four distlllet heads \Ye llave now St:lt('<l ,,'ll:1t SPl'lII to lit' s('('ml<lary canses of
tlle decline of onr lIatiollal COllllllel'ee, Th(' distlll'l)('(] cOll(1itioll of om' ClllT~lICY lIIight
have becn lIame(1 aftpr tlle fonrth of the seriPK, l,cean'e it is th(' rlired C()IIs('(11WIICl' ni"
on1' civil war. It is tuo llllportallt to be on'l'looke<l; it is too ,n']] 1llI<lt>T'sto()(I, amI too
keenly i'elt, to rc,[ni1'e cOllllllent. 'IYonl<J t]¡al tliere "'('1'(' :my rlispm-itioll in the IJeople
al large to corred what so lII'IlIY 1'1'of('HH to (l"l'lo!'(', :lml ~'et <lo iwthiug to allll'nd!
Unless a better spirit al'peurs thall hitherto has lWlrk('(1 ti", rldibcratiolls of CougresH,
this frnitfnl souree of dellloralizatiou :1l,,1 disahility IIInsí. ('olltilllle amI stalltl out as a
11anu and a himle1'ance to onr COlllllll'I'ci,,1 l'l'ogn'~~, The Llepn'eiatioll of the national
curreney, cOlIsidcred in couueetioll with th" oth('r reil~olls fOl' tlle depr~s8ion of our
conmwrce, se1'Yes to intem;ify the elaim ou OU1' goyel'lIlueut fol' the r"newal, ou ", more
gencl'ons seale, oi' 811u8idie8 lo oceon 1I1ail .ICCIJ)/CJ'8. Assumiug', as \Ve do, that the con test
1'01' supremacy on tIte oeeau <1it111ot ceas(, in 11'15, Imt has ta]¡PlI a IIl'''' forlll, lIothing
has tJ'allspired to ~igualize tlw ",isclolJ1 01' Briti,lt stateSllleu more stl'ikillg thau tlte
plan 80 sueeessfll11y l'unmed nf su hsi(1i zillg lim's of mail st('alllera t", [111 i 1II1'0l'ta u t parts
of the world. TlJe \\'istlom on their p:nt wonId l)tl llIallift,st, Pllough if 1101, confl':lsterl
with our own folly; lllld om' fo]];) \vouhl he morü cl"lu1'a"le if we ltaclnot. heen lIlisl"ü
by tIte al'guments of onl' üee-t1'a<ln a(!yersary, plausihly pl'eseutecl, in,;teatl of beill).!;
guided by his exalllple. .


Tite astute Emperor of Frunce disdains not io listen to ElIglislt eouna"l, 1HIt, witl! a
judgllwnt better tllan our OWII, illlitatps Eng1islt exalllplp, IlIdl'ecl, it 18 beautiful to
beItold two hereditary foes, iu loviug ohetliellee f.o tlw (lof:Írill(; 01' ,. freo t"'H1l'," stealll-
ing side by sicle, in quest of the ~ilk nI' Chilla :tlHl .Japall-eompt'ting in gell<'I'011S
rivalry fol' tIte tn"le oí' the EaRt. Ami ohs"!'",, the ~OnK"(ln(,llees! By <legree~ LyOU8
becomes the distributillg mart illskatl of LOll<1oll, nlld EngliHh lI"tllllítlctnr~l's dose their
,1001'S in view of tIJe Frl'lIeh competit iou. l'r:tlH'e l'eflll'lIS tlH\ ,,]¡alke to the li]ls of
Euglallll! In the face of s11dl r('811lt8 it Illust have aUllIse<l the Ü'iellll of ColHlen-the
reuo\vued Emperor-whell it was deelan:d in Pal'lialllellt tltat torceeiveproposals fwm
the ~1"s8ag(\l'ies hnpériales fi,r tIte tralls]lortatioll of her Britallllie Majestv's mails
w(luId he "Ü'ee tl'alle run ma(I," mllt th .. 't'lItillll'Ut ,,"ns apl'lat"lcd to the "ellO! Ellg-
land \Vas for free trade jnst so 101lg as Englmlll ('0111<1 protit by it, amI no longer.




NAVIGATIO~ I~TERESTS. 51
The application of steam as amotive power to ships on the oceall ahollt lB~7 and 1838


inaugurated a new era in maritimc 11i~tory, and 1,11c statesmen 01' En/41aud were quick
to disce1'll the importallce of the epoch. Almost iUlIllelliatt'ly a coutract for tlw trans-
portation of Briti~h lllailH to tite Ullite!l Staks was elltored iato, beiug the first of a
system of cOlltracts which has beell persistillglyexten,1e,I till it has bccomc world-
embraeing. Lilles of steamers to Cnnada, to the \Vest Imlips, to Brazil, to tho Cape of
Good Rope, to Australia alld New Zealall!l, to British ludia, China, an!l .Tapan, are
amOll/4 tlw 1I1U8t illlllOrtant 01' tilose hitherto establishetl. These have not all been
ulliformly sllccessfnl. In the Inss of ships nt sea several han; be en uufnrtllllate, and
finandalllisaster Hometimes has hecn immincllt; but Illl(ler e"er:; di~~ouragmnent the
British g"overument has been "faithful, sl1staining by lurge amI Inrger sub"i,hes tho
'Ylwing fllrtunes of tho weak, [lnü by 1I108t lilwral eoneessiollK stnmgthening otllf\rS to
rf'sist eHllflr thrf\l1telled 01' actual cOlllpetitiou. Fnnll the out~et, the "i"if~'i\l/4 effect
upon thc CUUllllerce of EllglaJl(1 of theHe 8'Yift messollgers tn ,lifferent COlllltrit's was too
apparent to escape ohservation. lt was sel\n that ulHler l1nother uallle au international
expreSA system IUL<l been cstablisltetl which was taking tn Great Brituin tho "quick
orders" ami also the 1Il0&t enterprisillg" t\"3,1ers, to seek in tltl\ wdl-sllppliell warf'honses
of Englalld the JlwrchalHlis(' tlwy nee<1e<1, ,,·hile returuiug steulllcrs cOllvcycll goutls amI
huyer, at once, to Ilis o\vu II"ors al llOllle.


'rhe resulta of this extended, wt'll-organi7,ed, am1 regular system of illternational
transportatinll W"T'~ soou :tppareut :


1st. Iu the creution oí" a da~s oí" 11lIsur¡J:lS~ea skamcrs.
2d. In rai.,illg np a scket lJO<1y oí" scalllen, loyal a"i1er,mts to the s+'inl\ in which


they \Ve]"e 1"e:lr .. ", mul l'('¡uIy hoth to m:tn the tnlllsports so useful in peaee, amI tu SU8-
tain tlw !JUliO!" oí" their flag in tlw enlergelleies of wal".


3d. In c,lllcating :t cmps of aeeolllplished oflicers, all the whil8 acquiring familiarity
witil t" .. llll\'ig:t lile waterH, ports, all,llwrbors eonstalltly visitl\ü amI revisite«1.


4th. In pufeetillg the skillnl meduUlie" of tIle rcalul in the use oí" irou, awl its adap-
tation to the !"al'irlly-grolVing sttoam marine.


5th. In imp:lrting a stimlllns to tlll\ mallllf,tctllring ÍlHlustries of the kingllom,80
ahollndillg" in resou!"ces aud talent, garnered Ul' milI held ill resen'e 1"or uew ami
elllnl'ged lUWi').


6th. In drawiug to the homletl ,,'arclIOUHCS uf LumInn au!l Liverpoul 1110 products of
every COUll try arHI every dime, to be distrilmted, throllglt largely illereased fal'ilities,
to the less fanH'ed llatiolls amI the waiting 1I1al"kds of the SlllT01l1l<ling \\'orlll.


1t Wtm, easy enough to extlm<l tité recital of 'Hlvalltages illlUlcl1iatply resnltillg from
tite a!loptioll of a policy iu tho pUl"snit 01" whieh Britidl Htateslllculmve llever \\avcred.
But the n'("{))"(l iB long t'IlOllgh and >1111]11y snggestivf'.


\\,h('1I tf'n yeurs 01" 108H lt,ul horno ahoulHling tt'StilllOlly to tite sueeess of tltÍs policy
ou tite ot,Jl!·r sid" 01" the Atl'llltic, tIte American COll/4l"l'SS \\as awakellcd frOlll itsslulll-
bers, alllllllallif",sted ,t willjngness to ü)llow a Icad that \Vas so full of promi8e, and to
strike t',r a sltare in tite ]lrize thut \\'as uot ytot lH1YOll,l onr gmsp. A snhsidy \Vas
fiually gralltcü to tlle ,. COllillS line," all<1 we n'ca1l, wHIt lllclauellOl'y l'kaSllrC, the
uutgOillg" allll illCOlllin/4 nf tht>se nohle shi]ls, tl1l\ Atlantic, l'aeifie, BaHic, Ardie, and
A"riatic, as they "ntere" on their lHit'f, hrilliant, ullful'tul'ate, IlisustrOlIS caree!". The
tillle oí" , .. rvit·" was long ellou/4h to cstablish their ('"eelleuce as sea-/40illg vcssels, ancl
tile record oI their passages will compare ttlyorahly \Yith all~' similar nllllllwr lllade in
lat"1" yeal"". Hut mistiH'tllntlS (':llue apaee. Tite Ardie aud Paeifl(l hoth fOlllHlered at
HefL-the Ardie in eUllseqlll'UCC 01" n collisiun \yith a French stefllner; the Paciíie, p1"oba-
1Jly, in COllSel¡UellCe of a collisi')ll \\"ith al! ieelwrg. TIlt·re \\"aH hall managt"ltlent on
RllOre., ami it is said illjudieinlls applit·:.tiollH were ¡¡lilaC to Congre8s fOl" illCl"eascIIIJay.
These things disheartenell autl tlisgllstell tite fricnds 01" the enterl'risc, alld it came to
an ulltimely eml. The f'Lilnre of this line to jnstify pnhlic expeetation prove" adeath-
hlow to the hopcs of all \\"hn had lookell to-Collgress for a more gellerous sllpport.
l~nlike British statesmen, Oll1" UWIl had yiehletla rdnctant nssellt to a prcssing popular
tlemancl. 'l'he statt'SlIlt'll of Great Britain (~mhra{'t'd \"ith ardor a great opportllllity,
amI adherell to it witl! courage amI fortitucle as in t.lw prophetic strengtlt of a grantl
inspiration. All are familiar with the seque!. '1'h1"('e hnlltlrell tllllusalld immigrants
COlile allllllally to onr shores in Hl·itish-lmilt stpalllprs; aml thiJ-t.y to íifty thollRand
Americans cross ami reeross tlle Atlantie, payillg trihute in gol!l tu tite Slll'cl"Íor geuius
of llritislt 8tatesl1lanship; au,l it i,s come to pass, iu tlw g'reat contest fuI' snpremacy
on tlw ocean, t]mt t,he "sturs amI stripeR" tlroop llf'ne¡üll t.]w crnSR of St.. George.


lt is d~llI·al"ü·llillg to lm!"Hne the topic; but ]¡0I'C is llOt wlwlly l>auishcd. Amid
the host of lawyers, faI"llH~rB, milI ]Joliticialls that throng the 11a1l8 uf Congres~ there
are lllally Illell of elll'L!"/4ed miwls aU(lllo!>l" illlpnlses-Anll'rican in name lilld in heart.
lt is not too late ti,!" thelll to 110nrler the lesson so l1early lcarncd, and to fight out the
battle ou<:" more 011 t.]le ohlliuo.


Brazil shares with !HU country t]¡e mcrit of snstaining b~' a fel1hle snbsitIy a nUlnber
of steam-packets, whieh, sailillg IllOllthly, toneh liere an!l tlte!'e along tite Suuth Amer-
ican coast. Tite Paciíic mail, stretchillg uut sevell tlwusand miles aoross the ocean




52 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
WhORO mime it IH'a.rs, being- Hubsil1ize<1 by Cougress, still lives, fnlfillillg all rpaRonal,le
eXl'ectatiolls. But. tIte subsidy it recoi ves frolll fhe Post Oftiee DCl'al'tlllent oí' $500,000
is wholly imHIerrnate to an cxtensio11 oí' fhe seryice. At a,nytillle it 11my 1,.. dri ,'en fl'OUl
the fieltl by tI", PellinsnIar amI Orient:Lllinp, of stelLmf\l'S, whORe ,'ontract,vith tlw British
gov(;l'nlllmlt for earrying her J\fajcsty's nltlils l!as latdy been renewetl, witl! the sabsi!ly
illcreaseü lo .f:GOO,OOO, a.' Sllm gre:Lter 1.hall $n,oon,OOO nf onr Cnl'rellcy. In this con11PC-
ti011, Jet it not hA forgotte11 tlmt ,yhen Cnllanl want<'d to hllilll tite P,'rsia :llld Seotia
to 1'1111 off the Collins stealllcrs, after a carcflll inyestig:ttion by a pal'limneutal'y COIll-
mittcc, tbe coutract witl, his company ,,,as rPllewed year, in ;HlYallcc oí' tlw ¡)priori oí'
its eXl'irat.ion. Some" bIne book" tltat is yet to llwd our eyes HI:tyenlighteu 118 ill
rf'ganl to tll" 8pirit amI argulllenta that animatcrl he1' ~lajl'st~'',; llIiniHters iu this
illcrease of pay 1.0 tllt' Peninsular alHI OrimItal line.


'rhe recent eornpIetion 01' ou1' great contin('lltal railway illll'a1't~ a fresh interf'st to
the subject of thia articlc. Tbe llllluificcnt appl'op1'i:,tiolJ of sixL~' lIIilliollS of flollnrs in
aid oí' l1 single \York of intprna.l ilIlprovellHmt, ¡¡'\York, too, that, CO])les in din'et COIl1~
petition with the Pacifie ~Iail Steamship COlllp:tlJy, presputa in nigg:mlly eoutmat tIw
<1nnual approprÜ1tiull of less tlmn oue millioll rlollal's lo facilitaLe tll .. tr:wsmissiolL of
themailaonallthegrf.athighwaysoftheoepan.\Vhen.as \Ve have seen, so mllch cIsc
l1epends npon the vellture.


Abnnt two lllllHlred milliotls in gohl, lUlllllall,v, are (1erived from !lllties on illlports;
1i1'tee11 01' twenty millioHs are votetl, aUllllally, f(.r t,]lO ltlaintella,¡¡ce oI ti ]];wy; auÜ Ol1e
01' tlle dec]:trp,(1 pnrpOSf'K of the lllttioual ill('ome ia to ]ll'ot"d ollr externa] eOlIlUHOrl'e.


ln<lirectly lIIucll goorl results fmlll the eXI",IHliture of this illeollll' in ways tb:ü llave
becn snggested in tlle eourse of this papel'; huí far hdkr returl1R \\'onlrl he 01l1.ail1."l
if suhsi(lies were largely mul ,,,iseIy hpstlnv..<l in bnilding IIp au,! fillMaining liu('s nf
steamers OH all the great. oeeall mutes. Let tilO uational 1l1Ouey be so sl','ut as lo
restore, if possihle, OUl' lost pl'f'stige OH tl1<' 81'a.


The foe to Olll' eOllllllel'cial de"eIollllwllt is in eahindH, an<l not in }¡o,qtile c;rniscrs;
money, illstcml of gUllS, is tbe instrnllIellt elllJlloyetl lo HeCllrc sllJlreIlHw~' Oll tlle oeean;
amI, in thesc moderll days, "ietol',)' is \YOll llluler thü ha])]lc1' oí' p"ace.


'Vlwn 0111' legislators cease to he lllPl'e l'0litieiallH llll<l l"arn to he stakam,.n, t,hey
will hee<l tbe yoiees tIml comc lll' frolll the HPll. Tllen t.lw "stars amI stripcs," í]oatillg
at the pealcs nf our tral1Ratltlllt.ie stealllel'S, will once lllore gladdL'll on1' ey(", ,uul the
lllortil1eation nf tbe pn,sent. hOlll' will gi"I\ l'lnCI\ to a p1'i'¡I\ like that oí' 0111' fat.hers, in
whic;h sorne 01' UB ahare,l in our yonthfnl days !


l\Ir. POILLO~ malle a statemrnt to tlw committee. He said tbat he
\vas u ship,owller ami ship·lH1il<1t'l' in =Sew York. Hc was cngagcd in
the eonstrnction of woodell YCRst'lR, ami \Vas part o"'ller in ~OI11C t\\'cllt.y·
fOllr n~sseIR. His vie,,"s had been fully expressed pre\'iously by MI'.
Stilllers. The Yie\YR l'xpressed hy :\Ir. StillH'rs wrm generall.y (,Ol'red in
relatioll to the cOlldnct,of on!' sllippillg' illtercstR all(l tlle llIo{]e oí' jt:,;
revival. He SIlOUhl like, howeyer, to corred thc impres"ioll that the
Ship,owners' Assoeiatioll reflcded thp Yiews of the sltip·owners grIlerally
of New York. That \Vas uot so. He had in hilO hand the C()ustitution
amI by-Iaws of tlw Ship,o\\'lIcrs' Assodatioll, whidl contailled aU the
names 01' its members, to thc numlwr oí' OIlC hUlHlrc(1 amI forty one. Oi'
that one hnlldred and forty oue thel'e were fort.r \VIlo owned foreign
8hip8 elltirely, amI whose interests ",ere uot identical with AnwrÍ<:an
intel'ests in an,)' way whate,.er. Although H1l10ng thc rcmaillder therc
were some oí' tIte 1l10st respc(:table ¡,;IJiP'0\Y11eJS 01' New York, yet there
were also many others whosc bnsilll'ss ,,'liS confine(l eatirel.)' to tlw cou-
signm(~nt of foreigll vessels, a1l(1 wlto were thns ideutified with foreigll
ships. He theref()re cOllsidered that that associatioIl \Vas Bot a fair ex-
ponent of tIle 8hip·owners of =Sew York 01' of t11e country. }Iau.r of the
most respeetahle ship·owners, aUHmg others lUessrs. Low, Xesmith &
Sons, R. P. Bnek & Co., and man'y othcl's whose ualIle¡,; he conld llot nO\1
recall, had no cOllllectioll wit11 that assoeiatioll. Senmtl Hhip-owncrs
cOllnected with the association entertained pntirel.r difterellt ,.ie,,,s frolll
those expressed .resterday, alld \Vere most strollgly opposed to tite re·
peal 01' thcnavigatioll laws. He tItought that all tltat tltc sItip-lmilding
interest of the country reqllired was a drawhack oi' duties OH al! tile
UlateriaIs that entel' into tIte cOllstruetion of ships, particnlarIy of file
duties on iron, copper, and eordage. The duty on copper at present was




N A VIGATION INTERESTR. 53
a prohibitor'y dnt,Y, preYenting Hny ünportation of copper, and compelling
American ship-lmilders tn pay some se,Ten 01' eight cents per ponnd foI'
copper more than the English shíp-lmilders paid. The duties on iron,
he belícved, were frolll thirty to thirt,Y-fiye per ccnt., operating to that ex-
tent agaillst the American ship-lmilding illterests. As to labor, although
thc Amcrican workmen were paid morc tban the Rnglish, yet he thnnght
that the superior skill 01' the American mechanics more than ofr'set the
clifrerenee in wages.


MI'. HOLJIAN. YOll say that the dnty imposed on copper results in
actual prohi}}itioll ?


MI'. POlLLON. Yes, sir; tbe act of Jast wínter is a pl'olübitor'y tariff so
far as copper is conceI'JIpd. lt aets Yery serionsly on the ship-l'epail'ing
interest. TIle ships that reqnire to he rceoppered ,yill take a freight
which they know is llOt profitable, and sometimes where they know
that there will be rt'alloR;; upon it, f(n' the purpose oi' getting' to Rllgland
in ordeI' to lIla!;:e a saying Oll t1leir eOPIH'r; thus Ilot only cutting ofr' t11e
revenuü tllM lllight be del'iwd by this conntry frOIll a JIIodernte tarifr'
snch a8 existed hefore t1le ,\'a1', lmt also seriously injnring' OU1' mechan-
ical intrn'sts iu the eopperillg' \York being done in Ellglawl whieh shouId
be dono in t1lis COlllltry. Not oul,\' Iras tile eoppering work thus lost to
this eOllutry, but n180 a large mnOllllt 01' repairs, which gellerall'y g'o with
tlw eOPllcrillg' of ,-psspls, such as rigging' aud cnrpellter work. It strikes
at a dozen diffen'llt kind;; oí' medwnÍ<:al iuterests.


Mi'. IIOLJIAN. IIow does that occur, ÍlW8lllllCh as tlle fluty 011 copper
dops 110t PX(·('Pt! that OH il'Oll Y


]\fl'. 'YELLS. Tt does exeeed that on iroll.
1\11'. HOL3IA:0i. Very slight]~-.
]\f1'.IVEI.LS. '[he duty 011 iron is thirt,Y-three Ol' thirty-foUl' pe1' cent.,


amI on eopper seYenty-llve ]ler cent.
1\1!'. l'OlLLO=". 'l'he eopper is fUl'llished in England nt abont 7~(l. per


pouncl, ,rhel'l'as 1l('l'e it is twellty-t~en'll cpnts .
.MI'. HOLJIAN. Thell the practical result is actunUy to cxclnde eOPI)cr


fl'O III i III pO\' t a t i o ll'l
JUl'. POlLLO':-¡. Yes, sir. It olwrntes nlso Yery seriously agaillst our


doeking i1lte1'ests. 'Ye hnve the be;;t doeking' faeilities in this pOl't that
there are in the ~wOl'I<1. ". e cm take np tbe llll'gest vPs8e]s ,,,ith the
most expedition. T11e1'e are lllilliollS of !loUars invested in t11e !lockillg
interestR in thi" port, allll thi8 pl'ohibitor,r tnriff on eopper st1'ikc8 tllem
verv seríonsly.


l\1r. 'YELL'S. vVhat effect wonlU t11e imposition 01' a duty llpon all
foreign-lmilt Sllip8 cOIuing' to tllis eonlltr,r l!ave upnn our eommel'eef


MI'. POlLLON. Thnt would canse grent excitcllll'llt, alld f()l'("ign gov-
el'Illllents would be indined to VIL/' tite Hame dllty UPOll Amerieall ships,
so that T think it wonld not haye the desil'e(l ctreet..


MI'. IVELLS. Then tlle ollly 1'emedy, yon tIlínk, is to allow draw}}acks
npoll tlle materiHIs nse<l in tIte cOllstrndioll oí' ;;hipR "1
~Ir. POlLLON. Yes, sir; to pnt onr mecl111nics 011 the salIle footing


",it11 the English meehnnics.
Ur. vY~~LLR. Iu t11e eVl'llt (jf COIlg'ress pasRillg' a law of that kind,


\\'hat wOllld be your opinion as to tlle expedienc,\- oí' removing aU obsta·
cletl in tlle way of purehaRiug ship8 abroad aud aífording them Ameri-
can registration"1 .


:MI'. POILLON. I think that, after we once got a stn1't, ¡ve wOllld reqnire
}}ut a slwrt timc to he a ble to compete ,yitlt Ellglan<l in ship-building,
anel American ship-owners wonId filld that sllips could be built as cheapIy




54 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
here as in Englalld; anc1, wherever that has oeen so, American vcssels
have always be en prcfcrred .


.MI'. vYBLLS. Uuder our present law a grC':lt numlwr of shipR oWlled
by Amerieans are sailing ulIder the English flag, amI that wouId bring
those ships baek U1uler tite American flag, and would, 01' eourse, give
our eOUllLlerce more respectability abroad' as well as at home'l


]\fr. POILLON. lt occurs to me that all that the ship-buiIrling interest
of this coulltry rcquircs is to oe put UpOIl t1Hl Rame footillg witIi tlle Eng-
lü,h. lf free tracte in foreign bottoms v,Tere to be allo",cd, and 1Iot free
trade in ships' materials at the saIlle time, so tltnt the t",o shonld go
haud in hand together, the result would be that OIU' coa~tillg tnHle wouId.
be swalllped with English bottollls oeíore we could dcfell<l Ol11'~elves.
Thev would be nominally heId by AllIel'ieans, lmt in reality tlle\' would
be held by British snbjeéts amI wonId be cOlltl'olled hy BrÍtish '~apit,~11 ;
and our irnmem;e coasting trade, tlle ollly thing of value left to us, would
be swept entirely from us.


MI'. HOLYIAN. MI'. Stilllers expressed tIle opinion that if drawbacks
were allowed to t1le cxtent of tite <luty OH matel'inh; entel'illg illto the
const.ruetion of ships, and if free trade in ships were aIlowc(I at the same
time-tIlose t,yO mensures goillg together, 11'ithout any refel'ence to arl-
mitting foreign-bnilt bottoms to our eoastiug traüc-ouI' eOlllIllPl'ce alld
ship-lmilding interes1, wouId reyiye. 'Yhat 11'ouhl be yonr view on t.hat
point, taking those two llleasures fogeiher?


MI'. 1'OlLLON. 1 tbillk tltat they onght llOt to go togethel' at tlHl same
time. 1 think that. the shill-building interest ought. to haye the prefer-
en ce, so as to giye suftieicnt, start to pnt iÜielf ou a fail' footing, so as to
make tlle responsibility equal. After tllc ship-lmilding intel'est lmving
this ndnllltage fo1' two 01' thl'ee yea1's, then tIJe ,yhole trade shonld he
opened; but 1 t.hink we should ha,ye a, little chancc ti l'st to 1'ecovel' OllI'-
selves.


Mr. CALKIN. Let us ha,ye yonr idea (jf the time l'equirerl agaill more
detinitely.


MI'. 1'()ILLO"{. Two yea1's would be alllllle. \Ylmt Americalls cannot
do in 1,wo years tbey never can do.


l\f r. n OI~]IAN. lf ~'Oll eonned these t11'o l11easnres, free trade in foreign-
built ves seIs amI drawhaeks 011 llt:ttl'l'iaIN PHI prillg in to ship-buildillg, amI
if ,Y0IL givc American-built yessels exelusiwly tlle whüle eoastwise trade,
how ,vonId that atfeet eOlllHH'l'(:P, tllO \\llOle three going together f1'olll
tlte begilluing'¡


JUr, POTLLO~. 1 thillk tlwt that is aH that our peop1e conld rcasona-
bly ask fol'.


'111'. 'VELLH. Do yon not think that aHowances ofreasonab1e snbsidies
to new lines of stca~ll(,l'S, in (~(mllediOlI with thosc ot11cr llleasnres, wouId
ha,Te a temIellcy to increase OUl' commorcial illtel'ests ~


}Ir. POILLOK. 1 thiuk tllat tbat is tbe ollly way we can eyer rec(wer
the Enropeall trade; but it wonld !to1, he requisIte in regard to other
trade. The English have Ruch an illllllellse start mTcr 11S in the Euro-
pean trade that that ls tIte ollly way we can eyer place ourseJ\Tcs oven
with them, e,Ten if we should build ships as eheaply as tlley do .


.!\Ir. 'VELLH. Do yon not t.hillk that our husiness men here wouM ghTe
American bottoms tlle prefe1'ence'!


lVlr. POILLON. Amel'iean lllerchallts IHwe HOt tlle same unitv of aetiou
that the English merchants haye, Capital is more abundant in Eug-
1aml, and the English are eontent with less illterest fo1' their llloney.
For any enterprise that 100ks like paying' at aU the1'e novel' is ally Iaek
of capital there. Tile EngIish aml Frelleh llave purslled tbe same policy




NAVIGATIOX INTERESTS. 55
in the South American trado. They subsidize vessels to a large extent
in the Rrazilian trade uIHI in tho traue to tlle west eoast of Afriea, and
wherever there is an opening to lmil(1 a eOlllmcrcc, there they subsidize
ships. The reimlt iR t11at in tlle Braziliall trac1e t11e French lines are
superior to tIte English, as they have more eneonrag-ement .


.:vIr. \VELLS. The French subsidize their ships heavier amI. have finer
shipsf


Mr. POILLO:{. Yes, sir; tltat is t110 opinion 1 have heard expressed
by llrazilians of thelll-that t11e Freuch silips are preferred to the Eng-
lish.
~lr. CALICIN. Then 1 under"tancl from von that t11e English ancl


l,'rench gow~rnnwllts arn subsidizillg their Rteamers rUllllillg 'Oto South
America amI to ot1ler ports more tllan tl!ey (lo those 1'1lllIlillg to this 1'01't"1
_ ~1r. POILLO~. Yes, sir; tlwt is flOllO to gettlíis Brazilian tmdc. That
has always bccn tlle poli(~'y of Englan(l. U was so in relation to t11is
country. It ",as the mp<lns cmp]oycd to crnsl! out tl!e Collins lille-to-
gether with tlle oppositioll of Vanderbilt, w!lo failed to get a snbsidy
for his liHe at tlmt time, and tl!pn tlll'lled amI helpe(l to cI'ush t11p Collius
lineo
~Ir. UALKTN. Tlle Bng']j¡.;l! gOYül'lllllent í'Ol'mel'ly suhsidized the Cn-


nard Jiue more tha u it 110es no,," ?
1\11'. 1'0ILLO~. Yes; tIte lillp i" \lO\\' more able to take care oí' itself.


Bnt tlle Bnglish goYel'1lll1cnt ,,"ould haye snppo1'te<1 that liue tn auy ex-
tellt rather tllan see it broken down.


1\11'. HOLJIAK. Yon am lIot ahl!', 1 sllppo"e, tn state tlle extent to which
tIte Bllglü;h ellconrage shipping hy suhsidies?


Mi'. POILLOX. No, "ir; llun'e seen tlle Hmollnts that are paid hy tl!e
mail department, lmt I haye ])ot them in my min<1 at presento The
Bnglislt goycrnment is more liberal with lines to South Ame1'ica amI
othi'l' e(miltI'ü~s, tlmn with lilles to this eOllntl'y at presento


JUl'. HOL~IAN. Yon are not ahle, 1 suppose, to state the exteut of its
subsidips to tItis traile '?


}\[r. POILLON. No, "ir; 1 am not. ,Ye wonhll'eqnil'e sOIlwthing more
tIlan free trade in shil''' in ()l'(]('r to pllt \lS on a par with Bng1alHl.
TheiI' poliey is to al1o\\' a <ll'a\\'l¡a('k ¡¡POll al1 tite artieles that a ship re-
.lnil'cs íór her ()utfit. Thpy are takell out 01' hond dnty free. AH Rug-
lish ship wOllld still han, a H"l'Y gl'eat adYalltnge o\'er ourvessels if onr
\'<':'lsp1s \\'pre !lot Plltitled to [lIp s<lIue pl'iYilegt'. .


JUl'. HOL\IAN. Does tilat S;p;tClIl pl'PYail geuerally amOHg' eOllilllercial
natiolls '!


Mr. POILLON. 1 a1l1 not prepare(1 to "tate !l0\Y it is i!l Franee; butmy
impressioIl is tlmt it (loe", hc('amie tilO Fl'ench have ueen copying ill a
memmI'e the Bllglisl! laws 80 fa!' as tlwy l'plate to eOllllllel'Ce.


]\[1'. HOL31AN. \Yonhl that 8,Y8tom natnrally exi8t with any natioIl
that \Vas not peeuliarily a eOLHIlICl'eialllutioll '?


1\fr. POlLLON. 1 think not.
:JIr. lIOL3lAN. \Y11e1'e eOllllnerce is tIlo maia ohject, sneh a polioy


,,-(miel lw natllral amI Pl'0llP!' enongh '!
1\[1'. POlLLO=--. Yes, sir. The fostcring' of eommerce has beeu tIle


sonree of Englalld's wealth, an<1 tlley haye always had that in vie\Y.
MI'. HOLJfA:{. I lllHlel'stoOlI yon to express tlle i<lea tlmt if free trade


were allowcd in foreign-lmilt vessels at tlle same time as a drawbaek of
dnties 011 the lluLtcrials llsl'd in tlle (,oIlstl'lletioIl of ships here, amI if a
pl'eterellüe were giVCll in tlle dOlllestic trade to American-built vessels,
tilose tl1ree measúres gOillg Logetller \vould l'(wÍ\'e our shipping anc1 com-
mercial illterests '1




56 NAVIGATIO~ INTERE8TS .
.l\:Ir. POILLON. Yes, sir.
NIr. George Opdyke, banker, and vü,~-president oí' t1lc Xcw York


Chamber of Commerce, ca me beforf\ tlie eOlllluittee. .
'rhe CHAn~};rAN. The eommittce wonld like to liear ally snggestiOlli!


that yon may dcsirc to make in reference to tlle subjeet 01' imlllir,Y,
wlüch is as ,to tlle causes opel'atillg to (1epn'88 OlU' navigation interests
aJl(I a8 to tIte remedics llocdcd in order to revive them.


MI'. OrDYKE. My reflections on the snbjeet 01' the depre:-.;:,;ion of onr
shipping illterest have led me to the eonclusiOll that the presellt de-
!lression is llluilll.r cIne to thrcc canses: The first i8-and l)('rhaps in ",u\
larg'c a degree as any other-the sub:,;üt¡¡tioll oí' iron fOl' woodcn ve:,;sels,
and of steam for sailing ve88e18. G rcat Britaill has a great mI vantage
over this eonntry in tlle lower cost of lron and in hel' larger expol'ience
in its manufacture. The .Eug1ish cml lmild of iron mnch chealler thall
we can. \Vhell ve8se18 were bnilt mainly oí' wood we liad thE' a<lv~l1Itagc
of the English in consequence oi' thp SllppriOl' ~llnmdanee and eheapllfss
of that material in this eOlllltl'y. In madlinery, as \Yell a8 in steam, t JlPy
llave the adnLlltage. The ehenpE'l' labOl' 1,ltpl'e rOl' 1'1lI1llillg ves:-.;els givE's
tllem also allother advnntage. Tile fweolHI ealll'lü il'l the llig'h dut,Y eharged
upon sueil f()J'eign matPl'ial8 as ellter into the eOllstl'llC'tioll of OllI' ships.
Ships, after tlu'y arc lmilt in this eOllntry, haH~ to (:ollll'eíe, withont auy
proteetion, with the ships oi' othpr eoulltrie8. 1 f \YO elwrge a high dnt,Y
OH the materials u8(>d in tlte eOllstrnetioll of onr ships, their eost il'llleCeS-
SHl'ily enhallccd to tlwt extE'llt. And aftel' thpy al'P fini:-.;hed, unlike 0111'
domestic mallufactul'f's that me :,;old at Lome, onr shillS enter OH tite
oeeall aIld haye to compete, evell, withont aÍly lll'otedion, with the
ycsl'lds of ot11er eountries. Tilat 1 l'pgm'(l lll'l a 1ll0l'lt OlI('1'OUS exaetion
UpOll our shippillg illterest, alld Olle thar has done llHlell to (~l'ipJlle it.
Thell there is auotiler causE', whieh i:,; }ll'ohahly ü'lIlpol'ary, bnt which,
for the time being, has lleE'1l !llore }lotellt than either oí' t1w ()thc1's nallle(]:
It is the eí:l'pd of the prellliulll l1pon spE'cie. \Y e kIlO\\' tl¡¡¡t üYel',ything
hought wit1l on1' eurrelle,r at llOllH', ille]wLillg real e8tate, eOInmodities 01'
aH kinds, and tile price of Jallor, whieh is tlte hest (']'ite1'ioll oí' all, is OH
an aYerage at least seYl'llt,r-fiYe ]Wl' cellt. highpl' thall it WllS llIuler OHr
conycrtible currellc'y; so I lwt \re ¡¡re lmildillg' :';]IÍ}ll'l aud payiug' for mate-
rials in cnrrellcy at au en1lanced cost oi' seH'uty-f1ye pcr ecnt., alld sPlHl-
ing them out to a trade wl!E're tlw hllSillPS:'; is done llpon a eoin basis,
but where we do it OH a eUlTeney hasis. Yon see at once ,vhat an el101'-
mous disadvantagc wc lahor ull(ler Íl¡ cOlllvetitiou \Vith ships lmilt for
coin, and the earuings of \\"hidl al'(' in coill. 'l'he diffcn'nee betwcen the
premiulll Oll gold amI t1l0 (lepresl'lion oí' ellrreney-soll1c thirty-nyp 01'
forty per ecnt.-is an absolnle lm,s to that illterest. '1'h<lt, aftcr a time,
wil1 be corrected, 'nw llifl:i('n1t,Y llas exil'ltc(l 8iuce tlle wal' iu e01l8eq UPllce
of OU1' droppillg tlie use of eoin as eUlTCll(',Y, sayo in a j"ew (Ji' Ol\l' tl'llll:,;ae-
tiOIl8, amI lessening the delllalld í'Ol' ('OIU at homp. Onr 8ecllTities havE'
gone abroad to }la,\' tIte a(h'Pl'l'le ll<llallee of trnr!e, so that t]¡e ([PlwuHl
for the preeiolls metals in this COUllÍl'Y lIUH uot 1wen eqnal to tlle :,;n}lpl,Y,
nnd this has kept the pl'elllilllll far lJelmv the pl'iee of other thillgS.
That, in bl'ief, is my yiew of tIte eause oí' tIte present depreilsioll.


Tbe CI-IATR:\'fAl'í. vVhat lllE':lSlll'PH lYollld .rOl! ~uggcst for tho improY!:,-
Ilwnt of the navigatioll intel'pst q


1\11'. OPDYKR. The nrst aclnmtagf' to the shippillg illt(>l'est wonld be
1,0 exempt f1'ol11 cluty allmaterials ClltNillg i!lto thp eOllstl'lletion oi' s}¡ip~.
1 have long felt that that \vas dne to the ~hipllillg illtprpst, aJHl without
it. 1 do uot think tLat \Ve can e\,('1' fnlly Ol' sneees:,;flllly eOIll])ete ",ith
fOI'eigu-built vessels. The Jast eause will eorred itseU Ycry ~()on. It




NAVlGATION INTERESTS. 57
uoes uot need any legi"latioll. The otlter cause is more difficnlt to ovel'-
eOIIW, and 1 feal' it will be Yery llInny ;years before we eau build steam-
"hjps of irall, sndl as are now eoutrollillg üeal'l,r aU the oeean trade,
as eheaply as tlley can he lmilt in Bnrope. Olle reme(ly has hee1l sug-
gesteu, amI that is to permit foreigll-built yessels to have American reg-
ü;trati01l, and to make a hsolnte free trade in sltips. As a free- trader, 1
:1m illclilled to bclieve that that \yould be t11e tme }loliey; lmt so long
as proteetioll is tIte polie.y oí' tlle eoulltry, \Ve ean scarcel.y expect au ex-
c€'ption to be made in úwor of the shippillg interest. lt is oue oí' the
last tlJillgR thai the American lIli]](l will (\ecept. Bnt if \Ve hall a }loljey
of absolute free t1'a(1<.', whie11 1 tltillk \Vou1<.lresult in great bellefit to t1le
countr,Y, (uot to do it at onee, lmt to do it gradnally,) tlten 1 wonld em-
brace witlt it sItip-buildillg, rmd tIJe purchase and tIte sale of ships
abroau. The gralltillg of sllhsidips is allot11p1' l'PlllPlly. ,yltile 1 am 0])-
posed in tIteor,r to aU gon~nlllll'lIt subsidies, it \Yould S(,(~Hl to b(~ psseu-
tial, if we (lesire to e()]]trol the mari time cOlllmerce tltat llroperl'y lJelongs
to ns 011 illlporta1lt li1les, tltat onr gOYÜl'lllllP1It sllOnld, to some extent,
follo\\' 01(' polie,Y oí' Gl'pat Bl'itain in t1lat respect, as other,,"ise we (:HII-
uot proballly SIHTPSSí'lllly (~ollll'pte with llpl'. Ho\\' i:ll' thnt polic'y should
go 1 am llot preparetl to i'my. In th('Ol''y 1 mn opposed to it altogetller.
Bnt frOlll lhe ¡H'PSPl1t eripl'led eOJl(litioll 01' onr cOllllllerce, ii' we desirc
to reg'ain tite positioll that we onc(' hchl, T am inelilled to lwlim-e fhat it
wóuld be gooü poliey fOl' t11e govenlllH'lIt in proper cases, wh<.'re yalua-
ble lillPS oí' steallll'rs Hhollld he pstabli"llPd lwt\n~ell ihis and otIler im-
}1Oltant pOl'ts of otll{'r llHtiOIlH, to 1IIPct Great Hritain wlth her OWll
weapon" amI grant suh"i(lics in some 1'01'111.


Tlte CHAIR}IAX. 1 lllHlt'rstalHl ;ron to say that .yOH are in favor both
of exemptiIlg materials nsed in tIte constructioll oi' ships from <lut,Y, and
also 01' anwlIdillg tlle wl\"igatioll la ws, so ;1" to allow tIte registration 01"
foreigll sltips ? '


1\11'. OPUYKE. As an nltra free-trader 1 shonld be in favol' of tImt;
lmt t,lmt iN 110t tIw l'oli('Y of OIU' (~onlltl'y, HUfl1 SllOllld uot be in favor
01' it HulcHS it is adopted lll'Os]ll'etin'].y as the poliey of the g"OYel'lllllent
in reÍerenee to othel' thillg-S. 1 J)lPall absolllte free trade.


'fIJe CUAIlDIAN. At tirst yon woul<l he in t'avOl' 01' tIte exemption of
material" llseü ill ship-hllil<lillg', amI .you ,,-onld let all tlle othei' tIJings
follo\\" "1


Mr. OPDYKK Y<.'s; Illy poliey wonld be to ahamlon gradllally t1le
\\"hole protectiye }lolicy (Jf tlte COlllllr.v-not slHldenly, whieh would be
disastrolls to lllan;y intel'Ptits m}(l lllljnst to thelll, lmt by a system of
g-radatiolls extelHling oypr ten 01' twellty years, so as nltilllateJy to get
out of this false S~-Stt'lll altog'pthpl'. TIJe wlvigatioll laws stand upon
the principIe of retiprotity alld are an absolute necessity far cyery mari-
time nation. \Ve eallllot, 1'01' exalllple, lWl'lllit otlLPl' yessels to come alld
join in our coasting tl'atk, amI to come illto onr ])Ol'ts amI be exempt
fl'om the eltarges aJl(l dutit,s lo wltidl Olll' \pssels are subject ill the pOl'ts
01' oLher cOllntries, pxcppt on the ]lrlm:i pIe (Jf re(:ipl'o(~ity. lt would neyer
do, therefore, to repeal tite naYigation laws, eyen with absolute free
tl'ade. '{'!tey are alwn vs lIpepSS:1ry.


1\11', lIoLJIAN. Takil~g- tltose tltl'ec snlljeds jI] cOllllection: the rebate
of tIte taxps, internal aml extemal, 011 lllaterials entering into the COIl-
struetiou oí' ships; free tl'adp iJl ships lmilt ahroa<1; amI the giving to
shil's lmilt in A lIlerica tite preference in onr l10mestic trade-wha.t effect
wonld those thrpe mensures togetllPl' ha \"(', proba hly, u pOIl our commerce'?


.l\1r. OPDYKE. 1 take it that tltcy wonld giye us tlle supremacy of the
sea. The Amel'icau people ha ve more aptitude fo1' maritime commerce




58 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
than any otber people in the world, and an that they want is an open
fieId amI fa ir competitioll to win that supreuJacy. I lIleall by the
"supremacy of tite sea"that we should llave a larger maritime eOlllluerce
tban any nation in the worId.


The CHAIR~IAN. What effect wouId those meaSllres have llpon onr
ship-huihling interests ~


:SIl'. OPDYKE. My impression is tbat the.y would great1y diminish t~
building 01' ships in this country fol' a periodo How IOllg that pcriod
wOllld last would depend on circnmstanees.


The CIIAIR~IAN. In ;your ollinion, is there not some protection needed
fol' a period to our ship-bllilding intCl'cst from foreign competitiou, in
ol'llcr to overcome the disadvantages uuder which it has Iabored for a
few .years past, ancl thea(lvantages whieh foreigners have acqniI'ed by
that condition of thillgS'1 .


MI'. OPDYKE. In my opinion there is uo mealls ofprotecting the ship-
bnil(Iing interest sllccessfully cx:cept by tIle granting of bOllllties. Om
ships have to compete with the ships 01' other llatiom.;, amI illaslllllch as
we have uot the same ad valltages foI' lmilc1ing ships as cheapl:v in this
conntry as thcy have in Rnrope, the ouly way that tho g()\'ernment, b,\'
its interferenoe, can annnl that ad vallt:lge possessed hy fOl'eigllcn;, wOllld
be by the granting of a hounty.


The CHAIRYIA.~. You mean by" tIte granting 01' a bonnty," the exemp-
tion from duty o[ the materials employecl ill t1le eOllstrnetioll (Jf ships?


1\11'. ÜPDYKFl. That in itsclf would not be sufficient at present, on
account of the superior advantages of Europe in tIte eOIlRtruetion ofiron
vessels:1lld ofsteam maehinery, alld in cOllseqllellce ofthe eheapcr labor
thme, and also in eonsequence of the marked difference between tIle
valne of coiu ami papel' lllolley. Thc })ul'ehasillg powcrs are ditfcrcnt. .


Thc CH:UR::lIA.N. Tbe statenlE'nt of steam ell~ünrers vesterday was that
\Ve ean 1l0W build stel1111-engines as eheapl.\~ as tbc'y can be bullt in
Europe.


::VII'. OPDYKE. 1 am not sufficiently illformed in regard to that; bnt
jndging frolll aH other fabl'ies of metal, sHch as rails for l'aill'oacIs, aml a
tllOusand otIler thing's of ill1port ]laying' a n'r,Y heavy dllty on them amI
eompeting with our home produetions, 1 :llll satistie(I that Bnglaud has
great advalltages o\'el' IlS_ TIte rehate of dutics npOll foreign material s
entcring into the eonstruction of sItips is uo prot.eetion whatever. It
silllply puts tltA Amerieau lmil(lel'npoll the sanw platfol'l1l with his í'oreigll
eompetitor. The ships wonld cost oar peolJle precisely the same as they
eost the people of England. AmI then, hesicles, 'Yl~ labor under the di s-
advalltage of a difference ofthirty-five per eent. betweell the purchasing
powcr of gold and 01' papel' lllo11ey .


.MI'. IIOL:YIA~. Do the nations which admit foreign-bnilt vessels to
their registration exclude them frolll tbeir domestie trade?


l\fr. OPDYKE. 1 am igllorant oí' the poliey of other nations in regard
to registratioIl; but ifBnglalHl and Frallee do admit foreigll-bnllt ships
to registration, 1 suppose they put them 011 tbe same hasis as thAir owu
sbips in regard to tlte eoasting trade .


.MI'. HOLl\[AN. SUppOSillg that to be a 1'aet, taking iuto eonsideration
the extent of our coasting trallA in eOIlneetion wi tlt onr foreign (,.olllmCl'ee,
if yon exelllpt from duty the materüils eatering into the cOllstrnetioll of
ships, and give Allleriean-built Rlüps the exdllsi\'e control oftlte dOllles-
tic trade, and supposing the dnty OH the maill material entering iuto tIle
eOllstruetiou of ships amounted to thirty-fi\'e per cellt., wouId uot tIle
protection to the Ameriean llllildel' be eqnal to fOl'ty-tive per cellt. in tlle
constrllction of ship8"!




NAVIGATION IXTERESTS. 59
]\fr. OPDYICE. If 1 proJlerIy apprehend tlle question, 1 cannot say that


it would. There is anothcr view, sug'gested by your question, wllich is
a vcry important one: If we should admit foreign-built vessels to register
here alld 1mt thclll on an eqnality with OUI' OWIl Americall-built vessels
in om coasting tradr, 1 thillk the efl'eet wonld not fail to be injurious to
American ship-lmil<ling .


.Mr. HOL1IAN_ Can yon state the relation which our domestic shipping
interests bear at tlüs tillle to our foreign shipping intel'est .~


JUl'. OPDYKE. 1 snppose that OHr coastwise trade is at least threc-foul'ths
of our ,,-hoJe trade, because oul' shipping interest in foreign commel'ce
is verv slllal!.


Tbé ClIAIlnIA~. Havo ,ron oyer haü auythillg to do with the building
of ships, OI' htwe yOll evel' cOl1tracted to have them lmilt foI' j'Oll ~


.MI'. OPDYKE. No, sir.
The CHAl!{)IAN. IItwe yon C\~er owned 01' sailerl sllips 1
MI'. OPDYKE. 1 llave llad a Yery small illterest in ships, lmt 1 have


not at presento 1 Iwliü\Te if anythiHg is (lone in the way of admitting
foreign-built vessels to registratioll, it shonhl be OH tIw cOlldition that
t\ley should be Oltly ('lllplf)yed in tilo foreigu commel'ce. 1 do llOt bclieve
that tlle goycrnment 01' the people will ever permit foreign-built vessels
to partieipate in our domestic trade. That is a príze of on!' OWIl whieh
we haye a right to make tIte most ot' .


.:vIl'. lIOLnIAN. Agrienltnral peoplo, however, may take one view of
that sn~ieet, amI tIte stridly eOll11nereial alld mannfacturing interests of
the coulltry may take a tlift'erent Yiew.


NElv YORK, Oclober 16, lS6!).
1\11'. IIOWLAND, ofthe firm ofHowland &; FrotItingham, shipping mer-


challts oí' Now York, stated as bis Opillioll tllat the loss of American
commerce rcsulted from val'Íons eanses: Fil'st, that there is less earry-
ing than }¡pretofore; second, that tIlere is a superaulllHlant snpply of
tonnagc in proportioll to tlle lmsinpss; and third, on aceount of the
aeeidellt of tIle late civil war, \Yhi('h gave to foreigners an ad,Talltage in
shipping busine8s, mul in fact gaye them tIle tnwk for tIte time being,
mul whiell he believed they ,,'(mlü always kccp. He dül not see auy-
tlling' to llrevcllt it. Foreig'ucrs eonld uniltl tlwil' ships cheaper than
Americans, aud coull1 ~ail t]¡Plll elleaper, and their s11i1's, he thought,
\Yere uetter lllanaged. Tlwy had het.ter seamell, and bettel' offi.eers, as a
class, tItan Amel'ieaus. Their iron ships were illlproving, whereas
AmerimLll wooden ycssel" \Yere growing' ohl and out of (late. 1ron ,vas
~lperscding wood for sltips, and lllUSt take tite place of wood foI' the
reason tha,t it wa~ mneh !lloro economical. It "\Vonld he some years, he
thonght, hefore tIle United States woulfl be able to cope witll Great
Eritaill in lmil(ling irOll sltips, hecanse the Bnglish had had a long time
to organir.e a,lld to systematize theil' hUilÍness, so tllat they could now
build ships almost in a (lay. He \Vas a ship-owller and had been a ship-
master. His ships had always sailed undel' the American flag.· They
were Ameriean-bllilt woodell ships. He had no iron ships.


The CHAIR1[AN. vVhat adnmtage do yon e01l8ider tIle iron ship has
over the wooden ship?
~fr. lIOWLAND. Beonomy tIlronghont. An iron ship carries her eargo


lllueh safcr amI with less damage. The only incollye¡üenee is tlle 1l0t
beillg able to mctal the bottoll1. Eut there is no wear and tear. They
are twcnty-year ships.


The CUAIlDIAN. Is not tlle matter of fouling the bOttOlllS of iron
s11ips a serious oue '?




60 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
1\11'. IIOWLAND. Yes; but they are getting over it. Barnac1es will


grow OI! tIre boUoms of iron ships very rapielly in tropieal climates.
The (JHAIRJIAN. Do I understand ;you to say tbat tbo Ellglish sail


tbei1' ships cheape1' than we do '1
Mr. HOWLAND. No, not eheaper. Thcy carry more men thall we do.


Tbey are 1'cquircd by law to have twenty-five per cent. more men than
we carry. They can sail eheaper beeuuse they bu,r aU tllPi1' ouUlts in
bond, free 01' duty; alld not only tltat, lmt thei1' wagcs are lO\Yl:'r. 1 do
not sce that it is possible fo1' us to compete witll tlWlll l1nde1' onr present
federal and State laws. So long as sailOl' lundlonls 111'1'0 have charge 01'
manning 0111' ships Uwy hayo it aU thei1' own way: amI \Ye eannot expect
wages to he any 10we1' than now. A ship-owner has uo control oí" 11i8
vessel in that respecto l\1y iIupl'es;;lon is that it will be sOllle yea1's be-
fore we can compete fairly with foreigll eonnt1'ies.


The CUALRmAK. Do you belien> that, if fIle lllaterials entpl'illg ÜJto
the eoustrnetion of vessels were admitted free of duty, \Yo could Lnild
ships here in competitioll with English sllip-LuihIerH'?


lVlr. HOWLAND. ,Ve ('ould, aftel' a Cel'taill lellgth of time; lmt 1 tIlink
it wonld reqnim a fe,," years nl'st, to bllild U]) our pn'Htigc again. 'Ye
must use machinery in huilding iron slti})s, amI jt will be HOllle time
hefol'e we are fairly started. TIten, again, tlll'l'e is anothel' (lifíkulty Ü ...
conteud witlt. The shipping intcrest is llOt a favol'ite interest witlt
inyestors. On the contrary, it it-l probahly the pOO1'eflt interest. No
man will illvest in a ship llllless it payi'l llim nt leaH!. as lImeh iutcrest
as otller investments; and as to ontsidert-l, who n"ed to OWll "mall in-
terests in ships, ,ron cau llanll,r fin<l :llly perRoll IlO\\' ill the eity of :x(;W
Yo!'k to make i'luch an invei'ltment, Leeause it is eom;illered a pOOl' 0I1t'.
A lUan plltS his money i!lto a ship, amI therc it mUHt l'elllain. lIe pub;
it enti1'ely ont oí' his o,,"n halHI:,;, amI has llOt tite lea:,;t llO\Wl' OH'1' it,


The CIIAlR~IAN. lIas it not been usual 1'01' Hhip-builders to g'et up llar-
ties to make a compally fol' tltn oWllert-lhill oí' tlw H'HSd '1


.Mr. HOWLAND. That wai'l done lIot so much hy t1le hnihler as hy tIlO
agents. The agent "ould ell(]eayor to make uí) capital for the ·ship.
'l'he builder would generall.r take au illtel'eHt iu it. 'l'11l'1'o wOllld he
generally eight 01' ten OW11<'rS of the ship; lmt no\\' it is almost ünpof;-
sible to get any mUIl, \Vho kllows tlle histo!''y 01' our shipping illü'I'ests
fol' tIte last six 01' eight 01' tl:'l1 ;vears, to lmt his 1Il0ney into a ship. There
i(3 nothillg to wa1'rant him in doing it. 'fhe1'e is no encourageBwllt. 1
think, however, that if aH t he duties ",pre remoHd from ship-huilc1ing
nmterials, and i1' ship's stores could be takell out of hOll(l free oi' dnt,r,
these measures would be tIle best tIlat couId he adopted.


MI'. CALKTK. Previous to the wal', when sltips eonld he huilt aH cheap
here as in EnglalHl, alld when tlle carr,Yiug trade ,yas g'o()(l, ii'l it 110t ti.
fact that, aH along our s('a-eouilt all<1 in OUl' large seaport cities, thero
were mall'y men who amassed large fortllllt's in 1'1lI11ling' Hhil''; ~


MI'. HOWLAND. ~ot large fortunes. JUan'y llaye made eomfol'tahle
fortunes. I do llOt kIlOW 01' auy Olle \\110 malle a large fOl'tune in t11is
city by 1'unning s11ips, wltateyel' may hay!' heell tlw C¡lse ill the Bast.
But what hw.¡ been is eYidently not what il! 1101(': 01' \\'hat i~ likel,r to 1)('.
I do llOt see any enconrageml'l1t fOl' 1mildillg SItiPR, pxeel't \HJ eau lmild
tllem and sail them as elwap as othe1' llatiolls. Awl we are wor"e off iu
tItat 1'espect in 1'egard to stealllf'rS tItan \\'e are in reganl to sailillg yes-
seIs, for there is the strongest competition in steamers.


'l'he ClIAIR~IAN. vVould ,ron h(' in ÜlYOl' 01' au abrogation of tlle naY-
igation la",s as a means 01' rosto1'iug Olll' sItipping interf'Ht'?




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 61
~lr. HOWLAND. I Ilhould noto 1 s1lOul<1 be in favor of throwing off all


restrictiollfl alld duties OH building materials.
Tite CUAIR:HAN. Yon would be in fayOl' l'athe1' oí' building ships at


home than of buyillg" them from abroad ?
}\fr. lIowLAND. C0rtain1y. TIte i(wf'igllers baye got ou!' earrying


tl'ade now; amI ií' we pny them fol' makll1g" 0111' ships, amI eyen after
that eaulIot compete with them for tlw carr.)'illg trade, we would he
,,'Ol'se off thall we are IIOW. TIHm, agaill, that wOllld end:mgl'r our
coasting- trade, for, once they g'ct in tlw entering-wedge, we do not
know wltere thcy would stop. 1'11e rigIlt to buy ami register f()l'eign-
lmilt ships woaltl hmlf'fit a eertaill dass oí' people, sllch as eornmission
mel'dmnts all(1 ;,;hipping agents fol' Brítish ship-owners; lmt it 'iVould
not ben0fit, Ollr mechanics 01' ship-owllers. On the contrar}, it would be
a p!'~jlldice tu ou1' eoastillg trade, whielt has sayed onr shipping illtcl'cst
fol' the last t1\'e 01' six ;yeal's.


1\11'. IIOL3IAN. \Vhat would be tIte elred on our COlnmerce alone (with-
out l'efrrrlu'p to tlle (lnestion of Ilhip-lmihling) of allowing foreign lmilt
yessels to obt.ain Ameriean registers, and 01' excludillg them frolll the
coai'twise tradeW


::\[r. HOWLAND. It would increase competitiol1.
-:\lr. HOLillAN. 'Vould it incl'eall(~ largel} shipowning in tIle Ullited


8tatel'l '1
MI'. HO'iVLAND. I do not think it would; because I think t11ere is


all'eady tOllllage enough fol' the bn:.;ines:.; of tite wOl'ld. 1 do not bclicyc
that we wouId inel'ease onr tonnage; but, at tIte same time, many ves-
sel:.; ltlight eome U1ulel' the American flag.


:JIr. lIOL31AN. Suppose that l~ (luty oftwcnty-fh-e per eellt. (the 10west
r :lYcl'age oí' dntil'S O!l maUUülctures) were imposed OH yestiels purchased


abroad by American citizcnll, so as to rlltitlc them to Amel'ieall l'egistry,
would sueh a poliey illereal'le tll!:' ship-owlling interest in the L"uited
Sta[pfI '?


1\11'. HOWLAND. I fll!ould think noí, heeause that would bl'ing ships
quite as high as tllPy eonl,] be bnilt for at !lome.


MI'. HOLj\[A~. Do yOl1 know any goodl'paSOll ,vhy a different proteet-
ive poliey shou1d be extPlH!ed to tlw ship-lmilding iuterest fi'om that
extl:'ndml to ally othel' manllfactnring' intel't'st in this eOllutry'?


:\Ir. Hü\YLAC\D. Ido uot. 1 thiuk lllysplf thut tlw allowHnce of draw-
back 01' dnties 011 ship-buildillg lllatel'ü~ls mml,] he ineonsistent, and an
exeeption to tite general mlc. Ido not think tIlat we have a l'ight to
daim free trade in ships more than in Hnyt.hing e1se.


Ml'. HOLitfAN. ls tltcl'c all'y IlntÍonal Íllterest eOIlnected with tIle suo-
ject nt aU, cx(~ept it may be that of ltasillg fa(:ilities fol' tlle (\onstI'uetion
of vessels fol' war IHll'pOS'~S in case of emergency"? 1s thero any otber
reasoll t,o discrilllinatc in ÚlY01' 01' tItat particular branch 01' iudustry in
preferenee to othe!'s '?


:MI'. HOWLA~D. 1 do not see any.
1\11'. HOL"MAX. To what extellt ought it to be the poli(:y oí' a nation


like this to afford peculiar pl'oteetioll to the sltip-buildillg industry, with
referellee to seeuring available meallS rOl' tlle prompt eOllstruetion of
waI'-vessels '1


:Jolr. lIOWLAND. 1 should think to no great extent at this time, because
high wag'es will bring an the mell that we want for our nuvy.


}lr. HOLilfAN. 8upposing that il'0I1 ycsse1s supersüde entire]y wooden
yessels, (as may possibly be the resnlt in tbe COlUse oí" time,) in the
cvent of an emel'gency and neeessity for tite rnpid eonstruetion of
ships-taking into consüleration the varions branches of industry oon-




62 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
nected with iron maIlllfactures-if the govf'rnment did not specially pro-
tect its ship-building interests, would there be a tronble in the construc-
tion of ships resulting from the absence of skilled workrncn in that
branoh 01' industry"!


lVIr. HOWLAJ'lD. 'Yes; 1 should think that that migl1t have an efl'ect,
because it wonld spread into other pursnits all over the eouutry the
mechanics now engagcd in ship-lmilding, so that the gOYemlllent (~ould
not avuil itself of their serviecs.


1\11'. HOL3IA~. Is the art of ship-huilding so peculiar amI exclusive
that yon could not 1'cadily get togethe1' bodies oi' skilled workmell to
COllstruCt ships, even ii' they had 110t heen speciallyemployed in that
particular branch of indust1'y'1


Mr. HOWLAND. 1 take it for grallted that a11 house ClLl'pentel's, ai'ter
a little praetiee, eould go in amI assist in building ships. Still, eyery
man to his business amI trade. 1 do not appreheIlfl, 11Owev81', that it
would affect the governrneut much, oue way 01' other, whether wc build
iron ships 01' wooden sbips. If ships wt're to he bllilt rapidly, they
would be p1'obably wooüen ships, hccause iron ships CllIllIOt be built so
rapidly.


The UHAIRlIfAN. lf 1 underst:1mll\Ir. Holm:111'S <]uestion, it is whether
there is any real necessity for a nation to lUIYC an edncated dass oi'
skilled WOrklllCll fol' t11e cOllstructiou oí' ships, 01' whether that is a mat-
ter that can be impl'ovisetI at orlet', at :tlly tinw-whetIrer ship-ul1ilüing
is really an art to be eultiyatt'd aud that reqnires time aud expel'ience,
or whethel' \VOl'kIlle1l iB auy other business can be set to ,,,ork at it~


.sIr. HOWLAND. 1 s11onl<1 thillk it necessarv to have men trained to
the business. "


The CUAIRMAN. 'Ve have always been a ship-buildillg llation ~
lVlr. HOWLAND. Always.
J\fr. HOLJ\IAN. And w¡¡nId be, undel' nny policy '?
:MI'. IIOWLAND. Ulldoubtedly.
lVIr. ,JA:.\iES \V. BLWELL, a member of the Ship-owners' Association,


stated that he hall been a ship-owneraml a ship-agellt f()I' oyer thil'tyyears.
During tile J\1exican war and the famine in IreIand t1l(,1'e hall heen a
great stimn]us given to ship-huildillg, anu American tOlluage haü in-
creasecl Yery rapidly, becan se t1l0 f(~w ships the1l ellll'loyed were finding
remunerative business. Up to 1854-'5ü so many ])('ople entered iuto the
bnilding oi' ships tllat the mal'kct beeame oyerstoekeu and the owners
suffered great losses. Then the cOll1lllercial panic oi' 1857 depreciated
the sllipping business very lllueh. Aftenva1'd a market was íonnd for
American Sllippillg in Ellgland, on the continellt, i111d in the East lndies.
This, and tIte business resulting from the new article 01' guano, agaia
stimulated the building of ships. 1)p f.o tIte eOJ1lmenCemellt of the late
war the size and IlUIll ber oi' Americnn ships hall bren increasing, and
fin el' ships ,,-ere being lmilt. ])uriug the \Val' the foreign (lellland for
American ships increasell, owing, a good deal, to the differenee in the
value of gold alld eurrency, and a large numher 01' ships, eRpecially
those aclvaneed in yeal's, wt'l'e sold abroad. Very fe", ships were 1milt
her8 at the same time, on account 01' the great cost oí' materials and
labor; aud as, in additioll io these causes, J1lany ships lIad llaturally
been lost, American tOTlllage hall deereaRt'd very materially-pcrhaps
fifty per cent. TIte burden of the ship-owners now COllRiRted in the
incl'eased cost oi' building ami e<]uippillg vessels, amI in the inereased
expense of running them. The prcsent expense of the labor ]lart-
loading and unloadillg yessels-and oí' the mechanica] part, 1'01' repairs,
\Vas, on an average, two huudred 01' t111'ee hllndred per cent. oyer what




~AVIGATION INTERESTS. 63
it was before the war. For iustance, the sÍPycdore's bill, which used to
be, say, $500, would be IlOW fl'OlH $l,:!OO to $1,{)()0.


Tlte CHAIR:.\IAN remarked tl1at tllat applied to all vessels, native and
foreign.


MI': ELWELL assentet1, lmt rcmarkcd that forcign vessels kept their own
crews, amI t1id the work with them, whereas Alll(~rican ye¡.;¡.;els did noto
'fheu the COflt of l'epail's hall illCl'eascd so lal'gely that tIle yearly in-
snrallce on a ship, which was formerly frol11 sm-en to eight pe1' eent., was
now f1'om twelve to fondeen pe1' cellt. '1'l1e cost oí' buildillg yesHds now
wa:;; 110t so great in proportioll as it ,,-as during the wal'. Ships that
cost, during the war, $100 pe1' ton in currency, could now be lmilt for
frOlll $13[; to $70. His itll¡H'pssioll was, that ii' there were a (lrawhack
of duties aUpwed 011 aH ship-lmiltlillg materials, American ship-builders
could lmild ships amI make a slllall p1'oflt on them. 'fhell the ship-
owuer should be allO\vp(l, as in othcl' lwtiollS, to lmy hil"l outfit and
equipments, illelnding prodsions, in bond. Then he thonght that
AmCl'icans conId compete ,,'ith foreignerfl in tlle carrying trade of the
world. At p1'Pflcat the lal'gest proportioll of the rcpail's of Allll'rican
shipfI is (lone ahroad, allu olltfits oí' all killUfI ~were purehaseu abroad,
thus causing largo American eXpl'IHlitllres to he made on the other side
iustcad of at homc. }J,-cry two 01' three ;years a ship required a general
o\'erhanling, aml this was done abroad IlOW, as well hy American as by
toroign ycssels, taking a Iarge amonnt of employmellt frOIll American
mechanicfI and giving it to t()reign mechallicfl.


'l'lte CHAIU:.\IAN inqui1'ell wllPthel' foreign vessels hall any advantage in
that respeet oye1' AlllPl'icall ves8l'h; rllnning in the same trade, illasrnnch
as the former had to empIoy American mechallicfl jUflt afl lllueh as the
lalter liad to employ foreign lllpchaniofl.
~Ir. EL WELL replied tl1at the flhip-mvner madc repairs 011 hifl flhip


whcl'e be could do thelll1l10st eheapl.)', but tIlilt still, as a general thillg,
an Ameri,can flhip-owuel' preferred to llaye his 1'cpair8 done, if possi-
ble, at 110 111 C, cn'n at an H<.h-allood cost" be(~allflC he eould haye thelll
done Ilnder his own eye aud slllwrvision. The itpm of drawing st01'es
aad snpplipfI fLoee of dnty was a Yery importaut mattcl' to ship-o\Vllers.
Alllerü:alll"l liad that privilege in ElIglalld, lmt \Yere liable to be called
UpOIl at home to pay duty on ally excess of stores that they míght haye
on board.


Tlte CUAIR:lfAN. Do yon think that the remiSflioll of l1ntie8 on ship-
building materials would tCIHl to restore American f>hipping '?


-:\11'. ELWELL. 1 thillk it would, Yery materially. It wou](I produce an
interest in 8hip-building which would grow as fast as the coulltrv wonld
~~~ .


The CHAIR~1AN. Are ;yon in ÜW01' of the 1'epeal of tlle 1lf1Yigation
Iaws as a mealls of rCHtorillg' onr commerce ~


.i\Ir. BLWELL. Rot af presento 1 do llot think that t1l0 country is pre-
pared to take that meaflure 'yd. 1 tllillk it conld have been done years
ago with more propriet,y than it couId be now. And it may again, :rears
hellce. Still, thero might be an illlpo1't duty impose<l 011 ycsscls the
flaIlle aH on merchalldise. Hut oyen that would be objectionable, as it
wonld lmnlell COIllIllel'Ce witlt a great mauy oId vcsfleIfl at Iow cost,
unless thcre was a specific duty illlposed oi' 80 much per tOIl, without
regard to tIle age or quality of the vessel. This, too, wonld be'liable to
a great deal of framl aml of objedioll.


1\11'. HOL:.\fAN. To what extpllt,llll!Ier tllat polic;y, wonld our people
becollle flhip-owners more than tIley are now1


Mr. ELwELL. It is diillcult to unswer that question, as 1 think that a




64 NAVIGATIOK IKTERESTS.
large portion of our ships might be ownetl in ot1w1" Jlations, thongh
I'eally sailing ulIder the American flag.


1'1Ie CIlAIR~IA~. Then J-on think that it wouId lead to foreign owuel'-
ship ~


nh. EL WELL. Yes, sir.
Thc CI-JATRl\IAN. 1"01' the pllrpose of obtníllillg tIte benefit of OH!'


coastwise trade ~
::\11'. ELWELL. Yes, sir.
1\lr. HOLArAN. Supposing onl' eoastwiRe traue to be at present equal


to three-fourths of our elltírc COIllmerce earrieu 011 by American citií-;ens,
llOW would theRe threc mcaRurpR, takcn togl'tllel'-tlte 1'elipf to the ship-
bnilder to tlle extent of a rebate of interllal and external dnties 011 all
matel'ials en terill g into t he cOllstruetion-of shi ps, 1'rl'c tradc in fOl'eign -buil t
vesRels, oulyexeludiug tltell1 frolll tIte eoastwise tra<1e, amI giving to tIte
home-built ships the exclusíye right to tLat trade-affect, first, tIte com-
mercc of tlle ('Olllltry, amI R('COlHI, tite s11ip-bnil(ling intcrest'l \Voultl
they promote 01' (liminh;h either '1


l\lr. EL\VBLL, They wOllld prolIlote i11e comIllPl'(;f\ of t11e couutry, and
they would pro mote tIte ship-bllilctillg interest, if the time for allowillg
foreign-bnilt ships to lJe owned alHlregistered here ",ere ]lostponed uutil
our OWll ship-builders conlcl comllH'Ilce oppratiollR. lf that tillle were
1\ot pORtpollecl, fOl'eigners wonl(l come in ai once amI fill up aU t11e
gaps in the way 01' cOUlmercial lines from place to place, lJefore our
people \vere prepared. 1 thillk that, ill tIte con1'se 01' a few .yeal's, our
]1eople mmld be prepal'ed, and that thell \Ve could compete with othe1'
natiolls in building sLips, whetlwI' \\ith free trade m' ]Iot,


n1l'. HOL~1AN. Takillg iuto aeeount the n'bate of tnx on materials
enterillg into the construetion 01' shipR-in1.ernal reyenue as wpll as
exterllal-HlJ(1 thc exelllsinl helletit oí' the dometitie COIllBlcrce to Ameri-
can-built ye'lselti, wltat would be t1le appl'oximate extput 01' protection to
tIte Alllerican ship-lmill1er resulting frOlll tlw~-\(~ two tltingR togptlll'l' JI


MI'. ELW:¡';LL. lt would va!'.\" fl'olll ten to fifteen pel' eeut. OH t1le value
of the 'lhip. Tt wonld be more on iroll yesscls tllan 011 \yoodpll ones,
because there wonld be a greater rehate of (Int,Y OH tite fin'llH'r, Jt would
Ilot be over frolll ten to fift('eu per ccut. Ou1' labor here is bigher than
it is abroad. Our ship-lmilde1's are readJ' to eontraet 1'01' a ship oí' 011e
thousand tons, alld wOllld be satisned with a profit, of from $~,()OO to
83,000 fol' tbeir 'lupe1'Íutelldellee alld the use oi' their tools aud yards.


J\1r. VVBLUl. IIave yon aHy lIlPlW'l of knowillg t.he p1'oportiolls of our
dOlllestie amI fOl'eign eOllllllel'CC ?


MI'. ELWELL. 1 should tItillk that 1'ort.y per CCItt. of our tonnage goes
to foreign POl'tR, and tllat sixty per cent. is engaged in tbe domestlc
trade. Tlle eoastwisc trade i8 not oC so mneh illlpOl'tallee 1'01' t11e last
two 01' th1'ee years as it \Vas fi)l,tnerly. There nserl 1,0 he ten 01' elm'en
lincs to New Ol'leans,each line employing fiye 01' six ships; whereas now
there is not a regular line oí" sailing-ships to N ew OrleanR. The domcstie
ca1'rying trade is JJOW done a gootl d('al by tIte laml lines of transporta-
tiou iastead oí' bv sea.


MI'. HOLJ}IAN. Js uot the tonnage employecl in (he domestic trade
inereasillg '?


1\'11'. ELWELL. 1 should thillk it is. Sinee the dose of the \Yar a good
deal of trade has been opelwd in the South. So far as large ships are
concpl'ned, out' tlomestic trade, exc<,pt tlw Calit()rnia trade, is oí' very
little consideration. The Calitin'lIia tradc empIoJ'R large ships, otherwise
there would be very little bU'liness for them. Thc domestie trade is
ll10stly done by a small class of vessels, alld by st,earners.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 65
:NIl·. HOL1\IAN. Eut these vessels rer¡uire the ship-yanls tú be kept up,


and enter larg-ely into the profits úf ship-buildel's ~
MI'. ELwELL. Our cúasting- traue has not been profitable.
MI'. HOL1\fA:N. Do yon attribute the falling off in that traue tú inlanu


laud transportation ~ "
1\lI'. EL WELL. Yes, sir; there has been an cntirc clmnge. "Ve used


to bring aH our tobaeeo, eotton, lead, &e., from Sto Louis anu Cincin-
natí by- water, ancl vice versa, but now they an go by lalHl,


.:.vII'. HOL1\IA:N. Sl1ppose that OUI' tOIlllage in 1860 was something over
fivc miUioll tons, what proportioll of that would llatl1rally, in tllesc nine
years, }u¡,ye been takell off by tlle use of inland lanu ront.esf


MI'. HLWELL. 1 shoulu sav that the eoastwise trade is not over one-
half of what it was prcvüms to tlle \Val'. lt may llot be O\-er a third.


The CnAm1\IAN. 1 undcrstand yon to represcllt the Ship-owners' Asso-
eiation "1


lIr. ELwELL. Yeso
TIte CHAm1\rA~. That association liad a meeting and passfu sorne


rosolntiolls, and appoiuted a comwittee, of which .yOl! ,,,ere a member-1
lVIr. EL WELL. Yes.
The CHAIR:\IAN" How many were present at tlwt meeting '?
]\fr. ELWELL. Pcrhaps bctween a dozen anu twenty-alwut as many


as generally attend the meetings of the Chamber of Commeree-out of
a thOl!SHUtl llIeIIl hers.


The UIIAIR1\lAN. My object is to lH-\certain how fnll an expression oí'
opinion it was. To what extent do tlle ship"owners of tIle country (not
t11e ship-huiltlers) üwor a lllore liberal policy with regarrl to granting
American reg-istry to foreÍg-n-lmilt vessels t


.Jlr. ELWÚ,L. 1 should tIlÍn1\: they were about eqnally diyided. They
are all unanimons in fayor of some legislatioll to relieve the shippillg
interest; but 1 shoulcl tilín1\: there was JlOt a majority of them in favor
oi" free trarle in sltips.


The CnAmJIAN. Suppose the poliey were aclopted ofrelieving the lIla-
térialR elltc~'illg iuto the cOllstrnction of sbips of aU dnt,r, what then, in
your .indgment, wonltl he tIte opiuion oi" tile m a.i orit y of thc Rltip"owllcrs
in referenee to admitting fOl'cigll ship:-: to American registry '?


MI'. EL WELL. 1 do uot tllink that at present tllPre wonld be a large
majority in favor of it. 'l'lw olle llwaRlU'Ü wonM, of oourse, inerease the
number in fayor of the othel'; but 1 do not think that that woultl satis(v
aU parties.


TIte CnAIR-;vrAN. Rut yon tllillk tlwre \Vonltl he a majorit,y in fayor 01'
exclnding" foreign ships from American registl'y '/


Mr. "ELWlcLL. 1 do; lmt 1 tllink thaí, aiter a few ~'ears, it eould he
done with greatcr unanimity of feeling alllollg the ship-owller:-: and ship-
lmiltlers, antl aU cOllueeted lIIateriaU.v with the iuterpst of ship-bnilding.
Tlleir attention is tnrnetlllow to the lmiltling' of iron ships; and it will
l'equire two 01' three J'ears to get np a11 tite machinery and appliances to
bnild them.


MI'. P AUL M. SPOFFORD, ship-owner, expressed the opinion that there
were varions causes operating to prodnee dppressioll in the American
shipping' interest. .Among them were the s'ystem of subsidies granted
by foreign governments to their lines of mail steamers, whieh had built
up their steam marine at the expense oí tllat oi" tlle Unitcd States, and
the very grcat cost oi" cOIlstrueting' amI mwigating Ameriean shilJs.
He !lid not know but that tbese were among tlle chie±' eauses. If it
were the policy of tbis goyernment to revive the eommerce of the eonn-
try, he thought tlmt it wonld be eOlldueive to that eud to allow Ameri-


5NI




66 NAVIGATIO~ INTERESTS.
cuns to purchasc sbips wherever tbey could be bought cheapest, and
to allow those ships to American registry. He tllOught that thc Amer-
iean ship-owner should BOt be compelled to use Aíncrim1ll ships at the
high price that he has 110W to pay for the111, when he had to come
into competition for trade with foreigll ships. He thollght it also de-
siraule tlmt on tlle materials used in ship-building there should be a
rebate of duty. The dnty should either be entirely taken of!', 01' onlJ" a
small dnty charged, so that Alllerican ship-lmihleI's might llavC an
opportullity of compcting on more favorable ter111s thanthey had at
presento


The CHAIRl\IAN. 1 nnderstand you to bc in favor of thc abrogation of
thc navigation laws ~


nIr. SPOFFORD. 1 shonld be in fayor of the abI'ogatioll of the nayiga-
tion laws so as to permit American citizens to purehase foreign-lmilt
ships and run them whereyer they pleased. Hut 1 shoulü lIot be in
üwor of allowillg the foreigner to engage in the coastillg trade with a
forcign ship.


The CUAIR:\IA:X. If forf'igll-bnilt ships "-ere admittcd to American
l'egistry, aall if three-fonrths of tlle vessel were oWlled by English and
the other fourth by the nominal owner, an American, ,,"ould not three-
fourths of that ship's profit in tho coastillg trade go to the othcr side of
the ,nlter'?


JUl'. SPOFli'ORD. 1 presume so.
The CIIAIRJIAN. vVouId t110re be 1lI1y practicable mode of prevcntillg


that result ?
1\11'. SPOl<':FORD. 1 do lIot know that there would be.
T11e UIIATRJIAN. And Illight IlOt the entire ownership, by SOllle little


evasion 01' tIte laws, he on the other side, j11st as the entil'e ownel'sllip
01' somo vessels under tlle English flag is llere c~


111'. SrOli'li'ORD. Yes, sir. 1 pl'OSllllle thel'e wOHId he lllethods of enul-
ing t11e laws aud ¡ú,-iug tIte henefit of the coastwisc trade to forcigllers .


.:\11'. HOL~IAN. Tllere is llothing now to prennt a foreigner being the
actual OWIler of au American vesRP] engagwl in t.llo fOl'eign trarle '?


.:\11'. SPOFFORD. No, sil'. There is that disadnllltage at prese1lt. IfI
purclJase a Rritish ship alld \\"ish to employ her in the English coastillg
trade, it is m,v impressioIl that 1 must get a. l'egistry in tIle name ()f au
EngIislunan. TIlo English grant registers only to eitizens. That is
what 1 am in fa,~or oí'. \Ve RllOUld g1'allt to OUl' eitizens a registry which
would f'nahle tlJelll to pUl'chasc their ships whercver they pleased, aml to
ellgage in onI' coasting trude 01' in Hlly other trade; and if forcigners reap
any side atl vHntage, 01' if in henefiting OlU' own (~itizellR \Ve also bellefit
fOl'(~igne]i's, I do not thillk that the slllall advantage w hicl! \Ye thus con-
fer OH them wouId counterbalanee tIte great advallLage whieh we would
be conferring OH ol1r 0\\'11 citir,ens. I am speaking 110W with referente
to the gencral adyantage to the COllllllPrce of the conntry. 1 do IlOt
suppose that, so far as t11e merp ship-lmildÍl1g illtel'eRts are coneerued. a
meaSUl'e of tIlat kiml wonld be particnlarIy beneficial to thcm. Hut if,
in addition to that mf'asnre, ship-bnildillg' materiaIs were re1ieved f1'o111
duty, 1 think that there is tlll1t pl'efel'e11('e fol' 1\lIlel'iean-hllilt ships, amI
that thcre is that skill and industry in thi8 countl'y, to cllable our ship-
builders f.o compete favorably, and tlmt they wOllld eventually carry
the da\".


The 'CHAm~IA:X. Do yon beIieve that if t11e dllty on ship-buiIcling
material:;; were taken off, tIte demands of Americall ship-owllt'l's foI' i-lhips
cou]<l he supplied by our ship-builders at as low a cost as theJ- eould be
got by purchasing them abroad '?




NAVIGATIO~ INTERESTS. 67


1\'11'. SroFFoRD. 1 think that it wonld require some 1itt.1e time to get
things ol'ganizpd. Our commerce has rccei,-erl too sen~re a b10w, not
on1y by direct but by inclired causes. Take, for instance, the case oi"
the Collins and CLlnard lines of steamers. The Cunard !ine has been in
the receipt of a vel'y heav,)" subsidy, while the subsidy to the Collins line
was discontinned. 'Ye find that t11e Ellglisb governu10nt is paying sub-
sidies for its mail s9l'vice aU over the world. Oí' COlll'se that gives the
1'ecipieut of snch subsidy a Yel'y great advantagc. 1 do not say that it
is an insuperable advantage. 1 thillk that talent and attelltion to
busin'ess win sometillles oyprcome this adYallül~·e. J~ut, aU otIler
things being equal, it certainIy gives a very great advaniage. Gov-
el'IllIlPnt subsidy has be en the RngIish üka f()!' lllany yeal's, and it
seems as if it was llOW lwing followed up by t11e French. Tbe French
and EngIish are building np a magnificent marine, alld OllI'S is aH
going to llecay. ,Yithin a comparatively few :years the business of
ocean eOlIlll1pree has hppn llluch cllanged. Steamships hase taken
tlle place of sailillg-Yi'ssels. Tlmt alOllC is OIle eam;e of the decay of
tIte hURillPStl oí' building sailiug-ships. Take our own case. A few
years ago we llllll a lino of paekets frOlll Now York to Livel'pool, com-
pl'iRing 11 \'e 01' six ol' tlle largest ships sailing out of port. ,Ve couId
110t rnn thoHe paekets IlOW ill opposition to tlle steamerR. ,Ve haye been
obliged to semI them to the Pacifico rt i8 not hecau8l~ they are uueler the
American flag as mueh a8 it is hecause ,ye come right into competition
with stearners w11i('l1, on thetlü RhOl't \'oyagP8, can earry t!teir freight at
a less rateo The Bng>lis11 8team marine !ta8 hcen bnilt U]1 by subsidies
iu tllemail serviee, aJl(l lJy the efforts whieh ha,'e been malle in every
way to (len~lop that inteJ'('8t.
~Ir. CALKIK. Yon now o\Yn steam-Yessels'~
l\lr. Sl'OFFORD. Yeso
l\Ir. CALKI~. 1 helieve that it is a fact, concClled hy t11e merchants of


X ew York, tllat tilo Collins line was extravagantly alld badly lllHllaged.
Do YOU 110t think that the merelumts of K ew Y mk have Iearned very
llluéh, in rUllllillg steamship Iiues, to eeonomize aud run tllPm cheaper:-~


MI'. SpOF]·'ORD. 1 thillk tlH'Y have.
l\Ir. CA LKL'<. Tltey can mallllge them more eeonomically now than they


couId whp!l tlte,\- llrst got into the bnsines8, so that, \rit h a littIe help,
they wouId bl' abIe to compete with foreigncl's hetter than t11ey couId
ten 01' tweIye :ypars ago ?


MI'. SPO.FFORD. It muy be a Iittle egotisticaI in me to make the l'pmark
that rny father, the 8enior (Jf the fil'ltl, '''HEl ellgaged in the first ocean
steambou,t line in tllis country, and we han~ thns far, UlItil within a few
years past, found OUl' Eltpalll~hip illte1'Pst profitable. 'V c have continued
the business steadiIy up to thc prl'Elent time.


l\Ir. OALKn. 'l'IIl'n 1 llllt!prstan<l yOl1r answp!' to he that tllCy do man-
age the business witlt ]llore ecollOlny tItan fOI'merly, and are, of conrse,
getting more Imowledge of the business?


MI'. SroFFoRD. Yps, Ril'; so that with Rome sulmidy"\Ye shouId be abIe
to compete witb forcigners.


1\11'. HOL::VIAN. Yonr thpory is that three Illl~aSllreEl are neeessary to
giye new impetus to American COIHllleree:- first, the Jrawback 011 mate-
daIs entering into the construction of ships to the extent of the duty,
externaI and internal; second, free trude in El11ips; and third, subsidies
fl'om thc gon~I'IllIlent to encoumge American lines in competition with
foreign lines ~


::\11'. SPOlIFORD. Yes, sir; tIlese three measnreEl 1 am in favor of.
]\fr. IlOLl\IAN. As to the coastwise trade, yon think that whatever




68 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
ycsscl sails nudcl' t11c Amcrican flag, without l'eference to the nutionality
of jts birth, shonltl he at liberty to participate in tllat trade '?


.MI'. SroFFoRD. YeRo
'l'he CHAIIDIAN. If tIte policy of admit.ting foreig'll sllips to American


registry \Verc auopt.ed at oncc, do you uot think tllat thc tl'lldency wouId
he to ha\'e Ol1r llayigation interests o"'I1ed, in a few yP:tl'S, \'el'y largely
by foreignel's, anll tItat, aftel' a short time, onr COllllllerce \VouIü not be
essentially a t'oreign interest'~


.M!'. Sl'OYFORD .. 1 am hanll,y prepared to giyc an opillion 011 that sllb-
jed. So long as \\'e keep the eOlltl'ol of it lllHlel' OUl' tlag, 1 do 110t kIlO\\'
that. there IVould be auy more disadnmínge in tllat t.hUll in allowillg for-
eiglle1's t.o O"'ll large ill tercstR in our raill'oads.


MI'. HOL]\TAx. \Vould they OWIl in OUl' :,;l!ipping to t1lc same extcIlt Y
1\11'. SrOF:FOlw. 1 think noto 01' eourse foreigllel's emlllot. be di1'eetIy


intel'f'sted in out' sbil'pi IIg, on ae(~OU1lt oi' tIte oat h 1'e(111il'ed oí' tbp Ameri-
ctln ship-owllcr, but t • .r llligltt be inc1iredly interested.


The UUAIlDL\.C'(. Is noL the t<~l'de¡l('Y to lJaHl sl!ip~ oWlled aud COll-
trollcd \Yhen~ th<.'Y are lmilt? '


MI'. SPOFFORD~ 1 am hardly preparetl to ginl al1 opinioll on that sllb-
jeet. :JI,\' iLl1pl'es>iioll is that, lhe lIIPl'e lmil<lillg oi' tilO >iIJip d()e~ 1I0t gi\'e
the control. 1 do 1I0t kllOW that tllc peoplü oí' Maine, a lal'ge ship-lmild-
illg St.ate, control y('ss('1o; :18 llIuel! as the eitizens oí' Ne\\- York do.


MI'. Hor;:\IAx. Is it Ilot a fado that fOl'(~ign capital is to ROllle extent,
interestcü ill American shipping no\Y, uoí, ollly in mnlcl'ship bnt in rUIl-
Billg yessels ~


1\'11'. SP(H'l"OHD. That is my illlpresRion. T kllo\\' eaRPs \Yere it h:ts
beon so in former ycars. 1 ílm not prepul'cd to say that that is any great
disadvalltagp. 11' \Ve \\'ish capital foI' tlw pI'Os('(~utilm oC otller public
works, so long as we retain t11e lIIanagemcnt of it, 1 do JlOt Imow that it
is auy great disadnmtage 1'01' us j,o ha\'(~ it.


:JI!'. \VILLLo\.:\I \VIII'l'LOCK malle SOllle l'emH1'ks to t]¡!~ (~()llllllittee on the
change tbat has takcu plaee in snhstitnting st!~anwl'S fo1' sailillg ycssels.
He said that to a large extent the coast\ViRe tra<le \Vas (lune by steam-
ers. Tlw lines of paekets bet\\'ceu J'lew lOl'k amI tIte Uulf \\'ere no\\'
almost unkllowll. ~o with thc Liycrpool pael;:(·ts. ~tellnlP1'S WPl'C f'U-
pel'seding thcm. He held that tIte applieatioll of all laws shonhl be
made uniyel'sal. If the mwigatiOll la,,"s werc repealell it wonId be for
the benetit of a elass, t]¡UR int1'o<lncing' a speeics of elasR lpgislatiou in
o1'<lc1' that tlle capitalist Illight ill\'est his mOHey to the best alIyan-
tage. He halIuo ol\jectioll to tlmt, but. tlw priIwiple sllOuld be earrietl
out to jts 10g-ieaI eoueinsions. He believe<l, hOlYon'r, that if tlw 1'estric-
tions whicll110W illkrfel'e witb the lmildill!,!,' oi' ships lIere \\'('1'0 relllo\-ed,
eapitctIists could inyest tlwir mOllcy in Rltips he¡'ü a~ ",dI as tltoy coultl
abroad. He wa~ in ütYOl' of tae !atter soltttion 01' tite di fli.cIII ty, but \\'as
HOt in faH)!' oí' the fin'!Ilpr, He hall lw(m a Rhip-o\\'ner alJ(l húd beell
more 01' less intilllately C'Ollllected with sltips for SOllle y<·ars. He thought
that aU \VIlO werp engagerl in (;OIllIlWl'(~P, a.ml who wante<l to be able to
carry f'reight nt the lIIinilllllln pl'iee, WOHI(1 nuüoubÜ'lll,Y favor for tIle
iime being the ahrogatiotl of the mwigation laws, hut he hdie\'ed t.hat.
the true Ameriean poliey was to cOllt.illne to í'ostp1' eye1',\' intel'est whieh
would enable ships to be built in tIle Cuited Sta tes 1'<lt,lle1' than have
them purehmled abroad. He di!! 1I0t see what harm C()Hl!l he done (lmt
rathcr henefit) by t11c illyestmcnt of foreign eapital in AllIerican shipping
intcrests.


]\fr. NES)fI'l'H, ship-mmer, renml'ked that they hacl becll Ycry mlleh
puzzIed hy thc question, \Vhat onght to he dOlW to l'PstOl'e American
wlllllleree-whether that could be best aecolllplishcd by allowing draw-




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 69
backs to ship-builders, 01' by allowing ship-owners to buy thcir vessels
whe1'e tlwy eould buy tlwm ell(~apest ~ They had thongltt .that the
idea of allowing dra",haek conlrl not possibly be carried th1'ough, and
they had therefore about made up their minds that frpe trade in ships
was the only eonrse tbat could give the country ¡t commereial posi-
tion. In onh'r to show tile eonditi,on of things-in the East Indies,
fúr example-he 11[1(1 bl'onght wit11 ltim, ami he sn!Huitt('(l to t11e com-
mittee, the last Caleutta Freight Report., whieh s1l0\,e<1 that out of 101
ships in port only (j ",ere American, and tbat three-fourths 01' them
were iroll ships. He also snbmitted the spetiflcations for lLll iron sailing
ship of 1,030 tons, with a proposal frolll a Glasgow til'll1 to lmild snch a
ship, with outtit alld aH re¡Hly 1'01' sea, at ;;e14 lOs. sterlillg per ton.
They had had sne1l ships offerml, ready 1'01' sea, wit1l dOlllJle onttit, as
low as ;;e 12 sterlillg per tOIl.


The CUAIR}IAN_ If t11e American ship-bnilder eonld ohtain 11is mate-
rials, whcther fol' an iron 01' a wooden shi)>, free of dnty, could he, in
your opinion, lmild his ships to eompete with foreign s11ip-lmilders, alld
supply tllP !lPlIlaJl(l ¡IS fast as ships are n'qnired llOre '?


MI'. NES}IIl'II. 1 should think so; but Ido uot thillk that, whatever
you do-\r1wtllpl" you 0!lPII the door to fn'e tralle in ships or allow a,
drawbad{ 011 ship-lmil(ling materials-yon can iucre,lse our eommerce
large1y at lH'C'sent.
. Tile CUAIR}IA"'. Yon tl¡ink, 1Io",ever, that whatever ships are required
to supply the demands oí' Ameriean ship-owlwrs eall he snpplied by
Ameriean ship-lmildpI's as dteaply as by Bnglish ship-bllildcrs, if they
have the materials free of dnty'l


Mr. NES:1ll'l'lI. As to WOOdPIl sIlips 1 should say that there i¡;; no ques-
tiOll hut t.lmt they ean do hetter; but as to iron ships T am Bot so well
sati¡;;fie<1. In the fir¡;;t place, we lllUSt be abIe tn get Oll1' material as cheap,
whieh ",e eanIlot do, {'ven with tIte drawbaek. I t1lillk, Ilowever, that
iftIle Amel'iean sltip-lmilders were placed on the same footing ,yith regard
to mate1'iaIs a¡;; th(~ Englislt sllip-buildel's are, they eOlllll fUI"Ilish ship¡;;,
whetiler of il'on 01' wood, as fast as tlley are required, amI llCttcr ships,
too.


Tlle CUAIR}IAN. Yon then do 1I0t he1ievc it ne(~essal'y to lmy on1' ships
abroad for the pnrposp 01' snpplyiug tlle demanct..proyidillg the otIle1'
measnre can be earrietl out .~


1\11'. NEiDIITII. 1 "honltl say lIot. ,y e are altogetlwr A TlH'ril'ans, and
we want, ~Allleriean ships amI American everything. 'Ye do not wish
to be compelled to step out of the bu¡;;illPSS he(~an¡;;(l \Ve eannot llave iron
ships, amI prefer that sOlllething should be done, eit1ler throngh free
trade in ships, 01' in somc otiler \Vay, to enuble us to proeure and run
ships in eOlIlpetitioll with other nations.


TIle followmg is tIlo specification l'eferred to ill the ¡;;tatement 01' )fr.
~esmith:


Sl)ECIFICATIO~ OF AN IRO~ SAILING SHIr.


Length ior tOlmngc 20R f~et.
Breadth of lH'alll, :~4 fcet 9 iuehcs.
D'~pth of hol,l, 21 fpet 2 inches_
Break, 45 fopt hy 20 inches_
Tonw1ge registl'r, ahollt 1,0:lO tons.


DIMENSIO::S:S.


1'0 claRA A Al nt LlnydR, aJ\(1 twpnfy ycum in tIte Livprpoo1 nntlf'Twrit¡;rs' hook.
Keel to he of fnrgNI iron, Ht hy 3 inches, in long lcngths, searfetl together.
Stem of forgell 1rnll, 8+ by :3 inches, scarfed at least 7 feet iuto the keel.




70 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
Stern post of forged iron, 8+ by 4 inclles, with solid forged gndgeons on lJllck fol' rud-


del' braces.
Center keelson to be box form, 16 by 17 ülches, of +3-inch plates, ·with angle irons :~t


by :~ hy h incites. riveted to donhle-reverse bars OH tO]l for 11001'8.
Frames oi' anglo iron, 5 hy 3 by '"6 inclles, spaced 21 inches to center, to be in one


piece from keP] to gunwale.
Heversfl frames of angle iron, 3t by 3 by '"6 inelles, cxtending to gllnwalc and lower


deck beams on a!temate framcs .
• }'loor pbtes, on every frame, 24 by -1 g incItes, extcmlmg up to tlle hilges to the 4-feet


water lineo
Bilgc kee180ns, four in number, of angle iron, 5 hy 4t hy h inolles, rivete(1 hack to


11110k and to double-reverse angle irons, and to be connected together at cuds hy breast
1100k8.


Intercostal keelson to be fitted on at eaeh side at haIf-ftoor for two-thir.ls tlH\ ,-pssel's
lengtIt, of -1 g-inch plates, cOl1nected to tloor-plat,e~ hy ang·le iroll~ ;{-]- hy :~ hy 186 inehes,
amI to projed. auove iloor-plates to fonu a keelsoll; rivetetl between donble-angle irons
5 by 3+ by i1i inehes, to have iron wash-plates.


Main tleck stringf\rs, 34 hy ~ ¡¡ inches in l1Iidships, 1'e.luee<1 at ewls tu 26 inclles, to be
fitted close to thc sheer strake, antl seeurcd thereto by 1m angle iron G by 4t by lo
inches, with a tlange formetl round the sCllppers. An angle irOlI 4 hy :1 by ¡'lo i11"hes,
to he ri\'etNl to tlle stringer pIates, forllling a guttpr water-wa.)' 16 iuehes broatl. The
butts of stringer plate in mi.lships tu be triple 1'i yeted.


'Tween deck stringers, 25 by {H illches, ri\-et"d to t.op of hPtnllR, an.1 eonnecterl to re_o
verse hars on framcs by an ,mgle iron ;; b~- 4± by 1"ti indws.


Main amI 't",e<:ll deek hcallls, of 13nHerhy iron, 1:'~ by i'ü incItes, Apaee.1 :l-j- fed to ce11-
t"rs with double-ang·le irons ;lt by :1t b~- if inches 1'i vf\kd Oll top eelg.:, Recumcl to side
of vessel by the .,¡al" of the !leams being tUl'llcd dowu alld forllled a kueC' oí; which is
to be rivded to the fwmcs 21 lnches deep; Itatch heams anrl fore all<1 aHers tn he 9+
inehes deep.


Deck tie phte~, 12+ hy ·H! inches, to run fore aud aH OIl caeh sicl" of lllltcItways on
main aud lower deck bClllllS. Diagonal ties to he fitte(l, wllere pradicahlA, on main
deek beallls, lIlal in \'-1Iko of masts, OH 't"'l'tm deek healllS. .ltIast partuers to tako tllrec
1,cams in It'ngtl! \\"itl! Imlh-iroll comhings.


Bu1khcacl-Oue co11isioll bnlkhead, to he fLtterl f"r",anl, of i"¡i-illCh platés, rivAted he-
tween dOllble framt's, amI stiffened with anglo iron :3+ hy :~ hy '~'i inelJeH, spaced 30
inches aparto AIl strillgel's to he C.lIltiulle.1 through the hulkhead, alld C011a1'8 fitted
ronnd them to he pérfeetIy ,vater-tight.


Stanchlons iu l,!wcr ho1<1 3+ lnehes (liameter, 't\Ye.m .Ieeks:~ in<:I}(·s .liameter. Double
stanehions to fin'm iron la.lders at lllain hatch, to ha\'c optiOll oI' l10110w stanehiol1s,
extra size.


Platiug-
Garboarcl strakl's. ·H ineh;
¡':rolll g~rboal'(l bilge,. ¡ ~ inch; . l To he ]'e.c1n.~ed at en<ls
¡, rom bllge to thrt'c·-titths l1e1'th of hold, fA lllcll; (. II 'd 1 -L1 'd·'
From thl',~e-íifrhs <}¡'pth of llOld to sheel'strak('s, -}~ inel!; J as a 0\\ e ,y oJ s.
Shecr;strake, -1 rí Íllch;
13ntts of sheel'strake a1l(1 main deck 8tl'illgers to he triple l'ivetec1 in mi<lships.


Bnlwurks tu be of iron ,.\, illeh in way oí' hreak amI [or<,eHstlB, and ,\ illeh in hody
of ship; to be stayetl \yith lI·fol'illel1 st:lIIdJiOllS, 1* ineh. Top-gallant bulwal'ks to he
neatly panded with teak, yaruished, amI to have cast lpaa ormUllellts.


Main rail, of angle iroll, 7-]- hy :3~ hy ~ illehes, l'ivetetl [,0 bnlwal'ks \\'ith ungl<l iron Oll
inside edgé, 2+ by 2+ hy * iudles, fuI' fixing greeuheart pill mil, Hay 7 by :11 inches, or
tcak rail, owucr's ol'tion, unc1 g-reenheart l'in rail.


Top-gallant rail, 01' teak 7i ¡)y:3-]- inclws, fixecl to an allglc irou 21 hy 21 hy lti inches,
riveted t,o hn1\\'arks :t!Hl eanlkctl.


Rudder stock, oi' forgcd irou, 5'l; inebes diameter nt hl"1(1 anc1 3 inelws diameter at
heel, with two short stays forge.l to the framp, am11'Iatecl wilIt f,¡-ineh platt\s.


Riveting-To he douh1e l'ivetetl throllglwut, heyelul'ckcd rivds to be used on the
ontside platiug.


])eok8, of yellow pine: mai11 (lo('k .') hy 4 inches, hl'eak-r1cek 4 l,~' 3+ inchcs, fastenetl
with galvauize.l iron holts amI uuts let \VeH illto tI", deeks, a1l<1 1'Illggetl \vith wen-
seasonecl turucd l'lugs üipl' .. d iu white lead. J)ceks to 1)(; \\"e11 Ü-ec.fl'Olll kllots, and
havf\ t\Yo cuats of ra\Y oi1. 'reak plallk next \vatel'-\,-a,y, ti inel,,·, hroa.l, au<l one for
rlug holts ou eaeh sidA of hatehe~ 10 inelu's hroa<1; cal,itl rleek ti h.v:l in ches.


Half tlcck, ¡aid ou 't\\'eell tlecks, 1:' fect fmm side alld frOln aftel'-hateIt 10 break bulk-
head; full tleck al so i'rolll fore bnlkhead till aft<'r]lll1't of fore-lmtcIt, (j hy ;~ illehps.


Hatches to he in size aeeorcling to ]ll:m a]l)ll'oYed of by O\\'llNK, with iron cOIIl1,ings
standing 1r, iuches ahoye the d .. "k. Thc fore amI aft .. r h"t,,]¡es to have tea k booby
Itatches OB topo Main hatch 17 by 12 hy (j fi,d; 10\\'''1' 1101.1 21 hy 12 by (j tcet, with
loose beams bolted \Vith serew bolts. Eore alld after hakh ti hy G ti~et.




NAVIGATION 1NTERESTS. 71
Ceiling, to tnrn off bilge, of red pine, 21 inches thick; tlle flat of bOttOffi to he laid in


hatches, \Vith ringH to lift j tlle ceiling at bilge and emls wlw-re no hatches are formed
to he 11ropf\rly canlkerl; tlle sirle, fmm top of hilge to maiu deek, to be sparred with
2]-illclt hattcns, spaccd 10 illCllcs apart, tite batteus to lIe IJWperly plaucd and lIeaded
on botl1 edges.


Sweat boarels-Tlle gnnwalf\ stringer to he fittetl witlt rnovahle slllltter hoards, to
('arry off sweat Ú'om cargo. SllllttüI'S to he malle of l-inch lline amI fastencd witll bat-
tenso


Chain 100ke1'8, of sufficient sizo to eontain the chaius, fittetl accordiug to plan ap-
IJroved by owners, to be marle oí greeuheart.


Hawse pipes-Two on eacll bow, of cast iron, fitted in hanl woorl ehocks, with iron
sliding shutters.


Tim1Jer heads, oí east iron, to ans,yer for vClItilators, with brass tOp8 and elevatol's i
also al! necessary lllool'ing pipes of ('ast iron.


Winrllass to be fitterl witll n pntent, Hay 23 iuches purchasc, with fluting whelps and
patcllt stopl'ers, spilldle to I'un throllgh the entil'e length of windlass"i the wiudlasA
bitts to he of iron 01' g1'eellheart; pall-hitt of iron.


\Vinches-One at main-hateh witlt triple purclmsc, amI oue at fore-hatch with double
pnrchase, amI ehain lifters; one sltlall, Jlortable, for cargo.


Capstan-Two on muin·d'·ek of the large siw, amI one smalleI' OH fürecastle-deck, to
llave hrass plate;; on top a!l(l hrass nlflllllt1ugs roulllI thc holes; cal'stan phttes to ha ve
ship's nallle amI ]lo1'L (·llgTllved.


Store·¡J,·cks in tOl'fl and ancr penks as reqllirerl hy owners.
Galyanizing-All wrought amI cast iron work cOIlllected with thc hnll, on deck, to


he gahallized.
Tanks, two in nnmber, to eontnin 4,500 gallons, plnc~,l where reqllire<l hy owners.


Bread tallks, six in 11111111",1', t,o eontain lO c\\'t. paelt, placed where reqlliredj 01' if re-
quired l¡y ()wner, olle tallk fitted in rlln to !l01<1 20 ewt.


Pumps,of \Vilson & Forlllhy's patclIt, 7 inches <liam(\ter, wif,h fly-wlwel 1Il0tiOIl.
Bilge llllltlpS, 5 inelws r1i:tltwt¡'T, to \York oí saBle Hl'Í1Hlle as llIain lJUmps. One small
pump to be íittcd between lllaiú llllllL)lS, 4 iuehes. One !leal! l'UllIp to h" fittNI, and
one pump in for"-peak. Olle hrass 01' l'opper ]lllBlP for water tallks, with allnecessary
pipes, &e.


Dcck hOllse to be fatea belwecn main hat~hl's and f(;l'emast fol' officers, erew, amI
boys, and gaIley stme-room, &c., to he. stl'ollgly huia, :lIld lH,atl~- fiuished outside with
teak pilasters alHIlllolrlings, amI haye earyelllllOldiugs routHl topo


Forerastk-Fitted up iu a )llain style, fol' tlw aeeollilllotlatioll of erew, with store-
roollls, if rer¡uirl'r1.


Cahin-Fittcd in mahogally and rna)lle, polisherl, with gilt molflings, and trusses
llet,yeen skin amI cpilillg to l)(J lillcll ",ith eorle shavings. Captain's room to be fitte<l
with mahognlly lwd, front drawers, hook {'asr', sofa, &c. Chid' oJ'tiecr's rOOlli to be
Ilttctl in a cOlllfortahle style :lnrl paillte<l oale rautr,\' lo he fitterI with dresser with
learI tO]l amI bras" haBiu, with all necessary racks amIlockers, lined ",ith zill('. State-
rOOIllS to he fit,t('r1 aecol'r!illg to plan, ,\'ith wash-hand h:tsiu with lImrhle to!, in each
rOOIll. Tilo plan of the eabin to be appl'Ovetl hy owuers, and a1l to llave nrst-claHS
iilli81l.


Companions an<1 Rkyli~ht to he of te~k, varnishell. The eahill skylight to llave
stalllerl gla~s, aUlI alllocks [t1l<1 hiugcs to be (ji' lmv;s.


Painting-To haye three ellnt, of paillt, insi<le a,1111 ontsirle, to o\Vner's satisfaction ;
the bottom inside to he eemf'"ter1 wirh the bfJst Portlaud eeml·¡lt. ~lcInnes's 01' other
approved eomposition to be pnt ou tilo bOttOIll j the ship to be tested ",ith water hefore
cellleu ted.


Boats, as requirerl by boarrl (Jf trurle. Boats' bealllR to he fitted, also chocks for long-
hoat, with swivel anrl a set oí' rlayits, with geal' complete ou eaeh side. Boats' heallis
to be covered ou top, alltl palleletl ou sirles \\'i t 11 t('ak wood, to owner's 3pp1'Oval.


Masts-Fore and maiu allrlmizzen masts. also howsprit, lowel' yanls, aud lower top-
sail yanIs, oí best hOIl. The other spars of re<1 allll piteh ]liue, oWller's option. TIle'
slllalll'f spars of 8prnce. The <1illlensiolls of mast,s amI spars to he l1nünally agreed
ou, and Illastiug plans to be appl'ove<l hy o\YllfJrs. AH tlle spars to be of tirst-class
qnality.


Riggillg-StmHlÍug rigging oí hest chareoal irou ,,-ire 1'ope, 4Jt iuches circumfel'-
ence, to he parceled aIHl sel'\,prl over \Yith sma)] st,rings, tlle rest, in proportion. The
rnnning rigging of Enl'openn 01' hest Sto Petel'shllrg clean helllp, to he fittetl with a
eOlllplete snit of ropes aml blocks, brace hal,vanIs, ana principal hIocks to be patent
roller bushes amI st"el pins. Blocks amI lm,hPR to he to oWller's .satisfaction. Deall
e:ves of lignnmvitm lO in ches, brass capR foI' enll (Jf stays. 111 addition to t]¡e above,
tlle yessel to be sU]l]llietl wit,h spare gear, as hel'eafter meutioned. Jihstays to he fitted
in wake of booms with chaill.


Anc!lol's amI elmills aecording to Lloyds' and IUHlerwriters' rules, and arlmira1ty test.
AnchoI's to be oí }{odgers's patento An anchor da\'it to be fitted on forecastle deck;




72 NAYIGATION INTERESTS.
90 fathoms of l-inch mooI'ing chain to be sllpplied, togetheI' with aH necessary small
chaiu foI' rigging; OIHl oox chain punches to be sllpplied.


GCllerally-Tho whole to be oí' best woI'kmullsbip aIUIlllúteI'ials, as reqnirod for an
A Al iron ship by Lloyels, ami for the twenty year,' 01:183 in rl'd, iu Liverpool undt'r-
writers' book.


GENERAL OUTFI1'.


1 towlillO, 11 incheg, 90 fathoms.
1 warp, 8 iuches, 90 fúthoms.
1 warp, 7 inches, 90 fa,tborns.
1 warp, 5t ¡uches, 90 fathoms.


WARPS, ETC.


BOATS, ETC.


1 long boat, 26 hy 8 hy ~ feet 8 inehes, hottorn coppered, aIllI rOllnd stern, ? C. '-1
1 skiff, 24 by 5 feet 9 iIlehes by 2 fcet 9 inclws, ) ane.
1 gig, 24 bv 5 feet 9 im'hes bv 2 feot 4 inclles, (Cl 1
1 dingy, uí by 5 feet ti incheR by 2 feet :\ inelles, S elle ler.
Rowlocks bnlss foI' gig aud \1illgy. Brasa yoke do., a,1ll1 wiLh l'u,l<101'8 fol' cadl boato


Boats to be of laroh, amI thOl'flughly copp(;r-fastmH·'1. Jlíecl'ssnry hack hoanls,
gratings for hoats, &c. LOllg hoat tü Imve eover ovel' top, with ttlak-wood top-
sideH, ami fitteu lindel' Oll deck fol' li ve stock. lroll 1'owlook8 for 10lig boat :md
skifi'.


1 fiyillg jib.
1 sta])(iing jib.
2 small jibs.
2 foretopmast stay-saib.
1 fore sta v-~ail.
2 fore-saiÍs.
2 sets foretop sails.
2 íoretop-gallunt sails.
1 fore royal sail.
2 maiw'láils.
2 8etS maintop Ruils.
2 llmin top-gallant sail8.
1 main royal Rail.
1 lIIain st~y-sail.
1 top-gallant stay-sail.
1 ma i n toprnaRt sail.
1 royal star-sail.
1 máin spencer.
2 mizzens.
1 croRsjack.
2 8ets mizzen top-suils.
1 set mizzen top-gaIlallt sails.
1 set mizwn 1'oya1s.
1 llIiZZell stav-sail.
1 mizzen tOl;·mast sta~--Rai1.
1 minen top-ga lI'lI1t stay-sail.
3 topmast stnrlrliug-sails.
2 10we1' studding.sails.
:{ top-gallnnt st1Hltling-sails.
2 l,'oya1 stll<1ding-saib.
2 wind-sails.


~AILS.


1 set nwnings to mainmast allll f()l'ernaRt, with stunchiolls aud ridgc chaill complete;
also, forecastle a wning's. with sanIe.


6 holts canvas, ~os. 1, 2, 3~, 4, [l, anrl (i.
24 pOllnds seaming twine.
18 pounds roping twine.


1 set bf>ltt sails anri spars fol' long hoat alHl Rkiff. (Ownel's to he allowed to make
~ail" :Lt 18. lOdo per yarrl, dr0l'Pillg +d. each llulllher.)


2 ~ets fi,ls.
(j pa 1mB, assorted.
(j dozcn sai! lleerlles.




NAVIGATION I~TERESTS.


6 saH hooR8.
;¿ iron rn 11 bers.


Can vas covers for skiff, gig', and uingy.


CARPlcXTl,;n's A~J) nOATSWAIN'S STOlms.


1 hand copper pump.
4 pump spears.
4 lower bOXAS.
1 breaR ami weep;co and wheelnlOtion.
1 pair rigg;illg SCl'ew·s.
2 sonnding-ro(]s.
1 spare top-gallant Itlast or .vard.
1 spare top-mast 01' lower yarel of red pine.
1 spare jih-hoom nI' topsail yan1 of red or pitch pine.
4 spare Norway apara.
1 full set stnllrling-sai!s, J,ooms, nnrl yards, with blocks allc1 gear completo.
1 side aCCOlmIlouation ladder, fitted alld moullted completA, of teak wood.
1 Jacoh's ladder, complete.
1 holel lallol('r.
1 half-,lee k la.tllor.
1 forecastle 1<111111.'1'.
1 store-I'OOIll lud(]nr.
1 larznretto la<1(ler.
1 sp:t hatch hars with brass palllocks.
2 8etH tarpanlines.
6 hanelspike~.
;¿ ~"ts tarpanlines for small ('argo hatches.
2 log chips. Fnll Sf't capstan bars, fitteü in rack whcrc rcquircd.
1 pitch pot uIHlla(lle.
1 bool,y hateh for half-dock amI foro hatch, teak wood.


30 galloll8 lalllI' oi!.
:~5 ga,]]ons nlW oil.
:~ gallons tllrpcatillc.
5 g'allolls olive oil.


10 oi! tallks, 10 g:LllollH eaeh.
;¿ fivll-gallon t:ll1ks. AH to be ilttcü where rC'luired.
1 blat1tlcr patt~'.
1 lcaf hog's hml.
1 brass bell amI stalHI with ship's llame :]))(1 ]1ort on.


73


1 sIllaU braRH IIdl fOl" f[uarter-deek, with 8tallchio1l8 complete and ship's llame and
port 011.


Mahogany wheel and (,eak-woo(l cover, and ship's name carved an(l gilded on each
side of eoy.,r, :l.lId hOllllll with brass, and ship's llamo cngmved.


Screw stcl'rillg lll'lmratlls, with spare tiller anü blocks anü chain, to oWllcr's ap-
proval.


3 forceastle lamps.
1 cook's lall terno
1 shark hook.
1 portahle filter.
1 metlicinc chest, with 8hi1"8 llame on brass plute" mahogany or toak, fitteü COlli-


p!etB for India 01' Chilla Yoyage, say :{O lachAs hy 17 ¡"ches.
1 enslgll.
1 nllioll jack.
1 hllrgee.


Ship's llame.
1 honse flag.
1 set signals amI halyards und hook, M ar,att's. uneI cOllllllercial code complete, in


aürlition 1,0 fnll RPt of g-ear. .,
1 coil H-illch rope, l:¿O fat,llOllls.
1 coi! 2+-inch rope, 120 fathollls.
1 coil ;\-illCh ropA, 120 f:~th01l1S.
1 coil 3~-iuch rope, 120 fathoms.
1 coi! 3!-inch rope, 120 f'UthOlIlS.
1 coi! 18 thre'l(l.
1 coillallyanl 1'0[11', 5-inch.
1 eDil 2 yarn-spnll yfL1'1l.
4 skeins ambm'line, ~
4 coils rnarl¡IH', say 2 hundred-wcight.
4 coils housc liue,




74
2 buoys amI ropes.
2 patent liffl huoys.


NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


1 spare shaekle ful' each anchor.
2 dozen assorÍfld t()relocks.
2 d07.fln ,vashers fuI' holts.
I~iels for musts, iron.


1 llUndred-weight naUs, assorted.
1 axe.
1 ad"c.
1 saw.
1 mall.
1 balllmer.
4 cork f,maers, large s;,\e, to be worked over with hemp ropes hy hitching.
1 seí hoat's chocks, COl1lplt~te. -
1 pig-house, with iron hús.
2 f!ozen assoríed cOlmecting shackles.
2 dozen small shaddes.


!ron check hlocks on lowcr ~'al'(ls fol' íop-sail shccts.
lron hoops on low .. 1' ~'al'(l fol' jack-síays, and r¡ua1'te1' hoops fo1' top-sail sheets, with


1'011"1'8 ti)r stllddillg-sail lJooms.
1 porta hl" forgc.
2 bundred-weight rivets, assorted.
1 set riveting j acks.
1 ratchet.


Set of drills trom + inch to 1 inch, with knee.
4 ehiselH.
1 screw wrcllch, wíth patcnt SpUlllHJr,
1 chaill-pul'chase slillg.
2 pairs skeeís for ship's sifle, witIt con'TS fol' the raíl in way of fore anel main


hatches.
(lO feet hanl wood, 12 by 3.


S Hcrapers.
400 fcet red fir planks.


4 spare ash oars.
4 iron cro,," hars.
2 duzell hooks ~n<l thimblcs, assortf'<l.
2 dozcll cli P 110uk8.
4 large velltilatol's, to be properly placed.
6 deck sCl'uhlJillg brllSlle>l, with wt'egee.
1 registel' lJOX and locks, with ship's nnme.
S paint scrllbhing hrnshes.
2 whítewllsh hrnshes.


18 paillt brnshes, assoricd.
4 pencil hl'ushes.


4S hirc11 broollls.
4 joincl"s scrapcrs.
2 l)lllmber's scrapers.
2 eahin s,,"ef>ping hrushes, long a11<1 short.


12 hundrcd-weíght paínt, assol'kü.
1 cask lWInnes's l'aint, 01' tallow, say 3 hl1ndred-,,·cigbt.


40 ga110ns paillt oiJ.
1 transparent eompnss, fittell on tl'ipotl, 01' sOllle other suitable place.
1 azillll1th compass.
1 tlteering cotnpass, t\tted complete in br:lRS do!phin binuacle, a11 properly aeljnsted.


ComlJass fitted with 10-iuoll carel nnd stonn gímlJle ecnter, OWllel"S al'proval.
1 cahíu compass, tralls¡mrcll t.
2 spare compass canls mal'ked with degreeH.
1 tlJermometer.
1 bal'on,leter, } comhinel1.
1 symplesometer,
1 pair glasses.
1 telescope, to be app1'oYed of.
4 log glasses.
1 patellt log anel lineo
1 half-hour glass.
2 1ll0pS and han elles.
1 log slate.
1 log hook.
1 log reel anel lineo
1 patellt eleep-sea lead line and reeI, 200 f'athoms.




NAVLGATIO~ INTERESTS.


1 patent soulHlin¡r machine.
2 Iland leads alHllincs.
1 harpooll.
] pair grains.
1 side pump leather.
1 side service lcatller.


Brass si¡rnallamps, to be fitted up per board of trade reqnirement, say 4.
1 flash light.


12 fishing huuks.
1 box bine ligllts.
1 box rockets.
3 fishiug lincs.
2 spare log lines.
1 bras8 speaking trumpet.
1 fog horno


..


Gratings between sk~'light and wheel; also, between cabin doors and skylight, with
gratings f!'Out of pOOl', amI gutter wa terway on poop, all of teak wood.


1 grindstone ami trough.
4 long tal' hrn"Jws.
2 shurt tar hl'ushcs.
1 set ash oars to ('ueh boato
t cask piteJ •.
.¡. cask roSill,
í cask Stockholm taro
2 hnlldrerl-wcight olLknm.


18 chaia hookH.
7 Inft~tackle l,Jocks, 'ay 1:3 i1whes üoublA.
7 lnft'-tarkJ" lIJod<s, say 13 inclles siuglc.


18 apare hloc kH.
2 spare üead-('yes and pill8.
2 8p:11'8 cnrgo pmltlallts, with bloeks and fallo
2 cl¡¡¡in atop]H'l's.
2 sh:wk-paiIlÍl'rs.
2 ch:Lill eJa \YS.
1 spun-yarn ",indl, imll.
2 donhle 21-illch l'urcJmse hlocks.
1 trip'¡A ~l-ill"¡l pnl'chase hlock.
2 cat-l>locks,
2 top hlock" say tí amI 6 caeh rOlle.
3 811atch-hlol'ks.
1 purchase gin amI chain.
1 gaff fittcd lo ltUlÍllJII1l8t.
1 hallast gin aml clmill.
1 anchor ü,hhook.
2 bo:tt.-llOoks.
2 watch tacklcs.


12 lllurlillo spikes, ftat poiníe<1.
6 sel'\'iug mallda.
:~ serving hoank
2 puir dwin call-hooks.
2 pair chain ni]lpcrs,
1 pair chaills for punclteolls.
1 pair chain-pnrchasc "Jillgs.
9 ballast sho\'Cls,
9 coal shovds.


16 feet hen-eoops, t¡;aJL
1 ürc-engille amI hm;e, with tClLk rover.


4 water casks, 100 gallons.
2 breakers, 20 gallous cacho
2 oval harness casks.


12 dcek huekets.
1 water can.
1 wash t1eck tubo


12 mcss ki<ls.
1 water fUlIlH'1.
2 ¡]raw bnckets.
4 hrea<1 hoxes.


<.:OOPEU'S f:;TORES.




76 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
1 en sk foI' flonr.
3 vinegar ClISks, 20 gallons each.
2 lime casks, 20 gallonR .,ach.
1 rnolasscs clIsk, 15 gallolls.


AH eask8 :tUll 12 lJllckcts to have galvanized hOll hoops; also, 12 buckets amI 2 har-
ness cl\sks which are to have brass hoops, and Lo be vf teak.


1 iron ti\a-kcttle.
1 covpcr te:L-kdUe.
1 britaullia metal tea-poto
1 britallIlia metal coffee-pot.


12 table-s]loons, E. P. Ko. l.
12 tea-spoons, E. P. No. 1.


C.'IlI:'> STORES.


1 dozell table kllives :tna fork8, witlt white ivory ll:tlldles.
1 dozell t,ahlc forks, E. P. No. 1. ~
1 dozen desseTt knives and forks, with "'hite ivory hanc1ks.
1 dozell forks, E. p, Ko. 1.
1 basket foI' electro-plates.
1 metal tureen mj(1 ladle.
1 /\Iectro-plate tllret\l1 :11111 larlle, Ko. 1-


12 electro-plate dessPI't SpOOIlS, No. 1.
1 electro-pI ate lllllstanl-pot SpOOll, No. 1.
2 electro-pi ate san Rpoon8, Ko. l.
6 common kllivcs an<l forks, with 6 rabIe autl 6 tea-sjloollS, hritannia metaL
1 carvillg' kuife amI i(Jl·k.
1 ste.Al, iVory halHlI.,.
1 Bet cast01'8, E. P. 1\0. 1.
4 dish covers, E. P. No. 1.
1 black jack.
4 bmsH calHllp.stieks.
4 pair sllu/iel'S aIl<1 tray.
4 dozen pI ates, assortetl.
1 dozen fii~hpR.
6 vegetable tlishes.
1 dozen lllUg-S.
2 butter boat8.
2 b11tter pots.
1 dozen cgog-eup¡;,
2 glass salts.
2 sugar hasinR, (1 glasR.)


Crockeryware tu Lave ship's name OIl.
t dozt\n hasins.
1 wash-han<l b:1sin and jng to be fitted up in eac]¡ state-room.
2 wtLkr jllgs for cahill.
2 tlO?oen CllpS aul! sallecrs.
4 tlecanters.
1 dozell tmn bINS.
1 dozen wiue glasses.
1 d07.p.n chalIlpagne gla~scs.
2 brass cocl". - -
4 e ham ber ]lut".
1 paíl' flonr Reales amI weights.
1 paiI' stee]-yards.
1 set weightt; au<l seah:s cOl1lpld ...
2 co/i'ee mills.
1 caudle I>ox.
1 spice box.
1 flonr cln'cl"er
1 set pewt"; m~asurcs, say 6.
1 pl:üe basket.
1 corkscrcw.
1 finst pan.
1 lland bel!.
2 ümcy l!reatl baskds.
1 eahin lamp, tu be approvetl.
1 brasA bar, to he fittell in skdio·!tt, with S"'iI)<T tra:\, attaclletl.
1 berth lam}) t,o e:J.eh stl1tfl-rO()]ll"'anÜ pantry.'" •


Dama8k cnrtaius in each roolll.
1 cabin Htove, wit-h copper fllnllel complete.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


Iron fnnnel illside of copper, to be apl'I'o\~e,l..
1 coal box, jal'alluetl.
1 set tire-i!"olls.
1 ehair for "1H] of table.
1 stool foI' each room.
1 forecastle stOYC amI fnmwl.
l teak 01" mahogany tahl,;, to tlraw ont.
1 stuvc fuI' h011,'" on deek, alHI fnnncl.


Settees on ('ach side nf eahill tl1hlt" with swinging bacles.
AH hair-clot,h to IlP em'erel] with hollan,lR and hound with re,l.


77


SilIebuard h, 1m Jitte!l in cabin uf Spallish Illahogally /llld marhle lop alltl brass 1'l1i1.
Sofa, dnlwers, alld book-c<1se of teak in captain's room, \yith small table for chrollolll-


'der.
Settees amI after-lockcrs lu be covcretl \\'ith best hniI'-doih.
AH billges 01' loeks in cahin 01' elst'wlle1'e to be 1>1'as8.
FlIrnitnre for loeks to be g!ass, owner's approyal.


1 c!"th for ca lJi 11 ta hk.
1 oilcloth f(n' cahill tabl".
l carpd for cahill ti o,,!', :llIll oileloth for paeh Rtatl;·1'oom aud p:lllt1'y, with 1'nl1n"1'8.


Carpet f"r cHptaill'H rOOlll, \"ith oilcloth and aHnecessary tablc-dotlu; alllI towcls [01'
the yoyag't'.


1 sj,]p ligltt ill (,:ldt 1'nOlll, :lw1 a11 to he app1'oved hy OW11<'1'8.
Stewar<l',,, plllltr,\' "lid lazardte to be l'1'operly fitteü np, witl! al1 ncec,,,sa1'Y pease anll


oth,'!' l<)('k,'1", lilte,l \"HIt zinc thronghollt.
l ,vatcr-elosd '11111 hath to ht1 titt!'t] iJl cahin, tn l¡¡¡ve donhlc-action vah'es, amll in


willp; oí' IIlo11key, fort'('u;;.;tle.
Cabin "tairs to be 1",,<1('(1, ,,11<1 to llaye h1':1'" diamoild "ti']) plates, fittc,l ",ith urass


rnds fl'OlIl <lce k to C:I hi 11.
Al! slllalll"tl,krs 011 ,lPck lo llaye tliallloll<1 bras" pIates.


1 loukillg-gl:H·;~ OY('l' HH1t·h(lal'tl~ 3utl (¡]le in liach 1'00111, to o\yuer'l-) 311provul.
1 tillle-pit·,,<\ to lIl:tu·h mirror.
2 gnu s eOIllpl(·te, \\' ith earri:l~t's 01' tpnk, [-;nr 4-poundcrs.


24 rUlllltls cal'lridges, a¡IIlIlUlIitioll, ;¿.¡ shots fOl" tite Yoyagt', witlt copl'er 111l1gl1zines.
ti 111I1Rkets .


• pistolA.
'fi ha VOJlets.
ti clltl;u,st's.
(i hl11lll-t'lljfs.


Ship to lmve f(,lIt:1k fii!:l1rl'lll'a,l,
The poup skylight ('olúpallioll p;ratillg' oYer wlIt'el.
1;¿ lme.1,,'ts alld hal'1l<',% cm;!'K alld t()I'l'l':lKtle sl'1¡t.tle to he ofteak.
Al! co()kin~ 1ItplIHils jo he sl1Pl'lit:tl, wirh eahoose of first-1'ate 'll1alit~- rOl' gast IntIia


Yo;yage:s, to o\\,uer':-; apl)]·uu11.
COOhI:\G IL\:\U1';, (to be sl1flkit'1Itly largc to ccok io1' 24 hantls,)


2 <:o)11'c1' boiler, '"lll sLeamcr.
3 lined oyal potR.
4: sUlwnpalls.
1 íish pan.
1 cullellder.
2 fr,Yillg 11(lUS.
1 cook', I'H l/l'..
1 ha8tillg ']>O()Il.
1 cook'~ kuifl'.
l COOk'8 (.xc.
1 Haw.
l e!c/lver.
l stcl'L
l tornwlltor.
1 millcillg knife.
1 hread grat,'r.
;¿ pUdlliug p,ms.
:~ bread till~.
3 putldi ng lIIoltls.
~ roaRting IH-1HH.
2 gl'idirollH.
1 ]"'ppe1' box.
1 Hlice.
ti skt'\\'e1's.
3 bakiug tli8hl'~, ellame ledo




78 NAVIGATIOX INTERESTS.
It i8 understood thl1t l1nything ellumerated twicc i8 onlr to he Sillgly supplíc(l. No


extras to 1)(' Rupplif'11 ",ithout the same !J¡; given in writillg to any pal'ty l1ppoillte<1 by
th¡; owne1'8, ami haying their app1'oval hy signillg th¡; notie¡;, a c0l'Y of whieh is to be
sellt to


Allything left out of this specification which it i8 cllstomary to sllpply to this class of
veRsel. it i8 llllderstood tlmt tite sarne will be suppljj:d !ly tho 1111illl,,1'". AmI anything
left out of this specificl1tion must be supplied in this case in accon]ancc witll cOlltract,
amI everything to lw car1'ied IIp to Lloycls' and lluderwriters' 1'ule~.


Eye1'ythiug' of íimt-dass material ami of the best workm!tllshil" Dclivery at thA
Broomielaw, Glasgow, after being in gmvillg dock, on thc , or bcfure, if
praetic3 blA.


Mollel to he approvcd of befo1'c layillg tlle vessel clown, and finished mollel sent to
purchasers dnrillg the building. -


Hllilllers' present price, as l1e1' specification, J;:14 Hk per register ton.


1\11'. ,VILL!A;\l H. -VVEBD snggcstcd tlwt tbe committee flhonld, before
adjonrnment, request the shipownel'S 01' .x ew York, alld the nllder-
writers, to commnnicate their \'iewfl in \Yl'iting OH the (}llcstioll bcfore
the committce. He himself wonld be prepul'ed to do so, aud could give
more information in that way tltan he could mall\'o


The CHAIRJ-IAN fltated that the cOlTImittee intcnded to addreflg circu-
lars to gelltlemell interested in the yarious branches oC tlle lmsinefls, aud
to get aH the illformation that it eould, in wl'itillg as \H'.1l as orall,\'. The
committee wonld be vel'y glad to h:we MI'. \Vebb cOllllllunieate his "ie\Vs
in writillg.


1\11'. ,VEDil said he should be yer,r glad to do so.
The foHowing was l'ecei\'etl, amI or(le1'eü on file:


)IR. CHAIlnu~ A:-;¡n GE"TLE~mx o", THE COXGlmssro:-UL CmnrrrTIm: 1 haye here-
tofol'e heen quite a v",sel OW1Wl' anll hllildn, hllt 110t RO now, aa<! thl'l'd'ore C'W110t eOlll-
plain rnnch; lmt 1 t<,el proUl] lo think that titen; has heen elHmgh c\-id"llee h('fi,1'e :rou1'
honorahle body hy the me1'chants amI ~hip-huildcl's oI' Ow Unite<1 Stat.es to eonyince
you tlmt the taxes tlllll tarift·s oa shil's alHI shildmildillg 1Ilaterials onght t,o 81ltirely
cpase, fin' the ]ll'oteetioll of COIlllnel'ee. Unt tllen, iR i1not)lI'l' hranl'i1 of taxeR wllich 1
wish to call yonr scrions l1ttelltioll too 1 han) be"u 1'01' tlw last tll1'(\(\ years contest.jllg
the illegalit.y of State ami 1tI1lnicipal taxe; Oll tIte COlllllwrce (Ir t.11Il ITnit,ed States.
Tllose 8nrt of taxe" 011 ",'sad ]>l'Operty are 1'1l0rltlOlW. amI atten<1el1 with OhSÜlIetiollH,
delays, ane! danwgA. I h0l"', !lir. Chail'lll'l1l, y011 ,mil )"0111' I·Ollllllitt,·., willu(>t be nn-
lniudful iu assistjll~ UR in pres.'úllg UHr elaiuls at, tlH' lll'xt ,I.)t'Hsioll ofCll1q.!Te.ss to ahrog;lÍe
and finally break up the rlifJ:'el'ent and val'ious State mul 1Il1l1lieipal t axes t1mt are ilU-
posed upon anc1 exacted fmlll c01l1nwree al, the Val'iOllH port.s iu tlH' Unit"Ll States, as
partially set forth in this petitioll, \yhich has heca preseute<l to COllgl'eSH, lmt ",hieh
has Ilot becn acted UpOll at presento


1 algo ",ish to state to YOIl that wi.hin the walla nf this e<1ificc tJw collector of the
port of New York has (·ollect.,1I milli01IR of dol1al's, an<l IIp to tilis Ila.tn iR enllf,cting
State alld manidpal taxes ami tOlluage daes frOIll COllllllcrce, in violatioll of tlw COll-
~titutioll nf the U"ite<1 Statcs; in violation of tlw COllgre:;H of the {'"ited States; in
violation of tlw wpn'me eOIl1't of the J)iHtrid of Columbia ill a ""S,' 1],,('ill .. <I Odolwr
24,1867, (XalltiluR ('ase;) in yi"latioll (jf tlte SUjJrellle COlllt of tl\('. 1~llite<l States, de-
CiONl Decembcl' tenll, 1867, (skalllship Charles 1\IOl'gall-N,'w Orl"allH .. ase;) amI, last,
in violatioll ofthc orde1'8 01' N. t:iargeat, COllllllissiOll<'l' of Cnstollls at \V :J.Hhingtol', (btel]
August 13, lHG!J.


C. F. BARNES.


The eommittee adjourued to lHeet in lloRton on l\lom1a,r, 18th Odober.
llOSTOC>T, Tn:sDAY, October ID, 186fl.


The committee met in the 1'ooms of the Board of Tm(le.
PreRent: the Chairman alHll\Iessrs. Buftinton, Morrell, Calkin, 'VelIs,


and Holman.
Tho CHAIRJ-IAN stated the objcct of thc committec, and invited tho


geutlemen appointed by t11e Board of Trade to expre~~ their views in
referellce to the canse of the depressiou of American COllllnerce a!ul na,"-
igatioll




NAVIGATIO~ INTERESTS. 79
JUl'. Enw ARn S. TOBEY, chairman of the Board of Tradc, welcomed


the committee to the city of Boston aml to thp l'OOlllS of the board, and
said that the Board of Trade haiIed tIle meeting of this committ.ee as an
auspicio lIS Oluen to tlle interests of cOlllmerce, alld as showing that Uon-
gress had ueeollle impressed witIl the impOl'tanee of doing something
to restore the shipping interest of the country. It was not his purpose
now to present ut lpngtb any views that he might hold on t1le sllbject,
hut ratbel' to call npon other memhers of the Board of Trade to present
their views, and in the (iourse of tlle ülvestigatioll he would endeavor
to take sorne pl'oper OppOl'tullity 1,0 give a statement of facts which had
come within his own knowledge, and snch deductiollS frotll those faets
as might snggest themselves to his milld. He mentioned tbe pl'esence
in the room of Olle of tlw promillpnt repre:-;cntatin's of thc iron steam-
ship-building intcrcst, the trC,tSlUer oí' the Atlantic "\Yorks of East
Boston, }Ir. Smitb, who was already known extensin·Iy throug1lout the
eonntry by his vel'y :1lJle eOllllllunicatlon on thc sulüect of iroll steam-
ship constrnctioll.


1\11'. FRANKLlN "\Y. S;\IITII, treasurpr of t11e AtIantie Iron vYorks oí
Boston, arldressed tIte eomll1ittee. He said that he wonld not take. up
the time oí' the committee by rc>lleating what it was hetteT informcd of
tImn lJilllRelf, the histoI'y of American cOll1ll1cre(~, its prospcrity and de-
cline. Nor "\vould he trouble member,'l of Congrcss with statistics,
among whieh they were lJuried fol' a great part o1'tlle year. He ouIy
wished tItat ¡¡, moiety oí' tlle intelligence possesseü hy members of Oon-
gress 011 this matter were possessed by the ppople. If that were so this
cOllllllittee wouIclllot be in session io-day. He Ilped not reeall how, in
1R61, tIte Arnel'icHlI Ül1l 11 agc was greatly in exeess of tIle tonnage of any
other nation. N 01' Ileeü he rccall the record of the decline of tha1, eom-
merce. In 18G8 thf're weTe but six iron vcsseIs unilt in the 1Jnited
Sta tes, amI at present he beIieve<l that there was 110t one iron yessel 011
the stock s in thit.; COll1JtrY. A lJaI'k of six IlUufl1'ed 01' sevell lmmlrcd
tons, and thc iron lJal'k Xovelty, built by the Atlantic "\Yorks, were the
only iron saiIing vessels lmilt in t1lÍs eOllntl'y. As to WO()(lell s11ipping
he was 1I0t abIe to follow it,s (leelilll', the decline heing' so rapid. vYhat
w'as the reason for this? The answer might he given in one word-the
tarifI Tl18 contrast on this malter lWÍ\veell tIte United States amI G1'cat
Britaill was most paillfnl. Tn 1 Rfij', out of two hUlldred amI twellty-
sevcn ships huilt upon the Clyde, tItere were lmt fonrteen of wood, and
these uverag-ed ollly one hllndred alHl sixty tons e~wh. He held in his
hand a slip ti'OlIl tlle Glasg-ow Hcrald oí' August 7, 18GÚ, detaiIing the
lallllches whieh had 1,aken place dnring tlle previous lllonth. There were
thirteen of them, alllolllltillg in all to thirtcen tllousand nine lmndred
and ninety-onc ton>1, uvcragillg nearly eleven llUmIred, aud aH of iron.
'Why conld not t11is be dOlle here"? Becllllse of the tal'iif. He was ill-
debted to one oí' the aole articles of the New York J<J\'elling- Post for a
record of the changes in the tariff, aml oí' the prpssnre 'ÍvItieh those
changes lIad bronght to hear npon the ship-hniIdillg interest. In 1857,
common l'ountls and squares oí" iron, sue11 as are used in t11e wooden
ship-building interest, antl whieh WPl'e 1,heu t11e gn'at ítem to be taxed
in ship-building, were taxed twenty-four per C('lÜ. ad valorcm. In 1861
they were taxed fifty per eent., and in 18G! oue lllludred alld twelve por
cent. acl valorem. It was stated tlmt hy tIte pl'Oposctl lJill introduced by
1\11'. l\lool'Itead in 18G8, those very lJars oi' iron, essential in wooden ship-
building, were struek at for a rate oí' one hund1'etl and sixty-eight per
cent. He held in Itis hand a list showing the charges to-day of au iron
ship of one thousand tons bllrdell, supposing that aU her materials 01




80 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
foreign construction "ere imported. He snbmitted it in detail to the
eonunittee, as follows:


Dllties on maferials fOl' a 1,000-ton iro/! ship.


f,3 per eent., plnte ... __ ........... .
li-l per cent., 1'efined iron and 1'ivets,
2:3 per cent., T. and aug1e 01' heams,


:3 lwr ('en t., forging8 .. ~ .. ' ........ ..
3 per cent., castings ............. .


IROK.


5:30,000, tluty, li cents ..
180, (100, dl1ty, 1 CPllÍ ~ ...
230,000, tluty, li cnnts ..


:30, 000, tlut~', 2 ccnts ..
30, OliO, tlllty, say 1 cent.


$7,950 00
1,80000
2,8i500


(illO 00
300 00


lOO per cent. l, ilOO, 000 lhs.,dividcd hy3, l:~, 525 00
4,508 3:3
--- $18,033 33


IUUlaK<1.


35,000 poumls e11uin cahle, cluiy, 2t cellts, gol!L ............... (
i-l,OOO pounds small rigging-chaill, duty, 2t ceuls, gol!L ...... 5


8,000 pOllmls anchors, 2i "¡'!lts, gold .......................... .
8t tons Russütn hemp, ~40 tOll, gol!l l111ty; nI' if ('onlage be im-


ported, 10 tona, 2,lJOO l'0unds each, '20,000 ]JoUJl(ls, :3 C('11t8 ....
5 tons Manilla hellll', 2,2,10 pOlllHls, :tt ~p;, ton, gold; 01' i1' conl-


age he imported, 12,000 pounds, at 2~ cents ................. ..


Add 3:3t pe!' cellt ................................... ..


$1,07500
1~0 00


GOO 00


300 00


2, 155 no
718 :l:l


2,i-li333


20,90666


If wire riggi11g he l1sed, [, t0118, ('ost 2Z shillillgR Rt,'rling fOl' 112 pOll1111s, tluty :l5 l\p1'
cent. ad valorclll; costs 11()\\' 7,j. cellts, gold, fur galvallized, dnty paül.


That "as abont twcnty·fiyc por cent. extra on tho cost of an non ship
of oue thousand tOI1S in Eng-lalld. '1'118 Atlalltie "'ol'l\:s hall reeently
illvented a tank V8Stlel fOl' the earriage of molasses in the bnlk-a pecu-
liar1,v diffieult liqnid to carry, bccause of its expausiye alld fel'lllenting
qualities. A yessel fol' this pnrpose Illust lJ(, f'ollstl'netl'tl oLiroll, so far as
experienee weut, beeanse it h:l(l ])eell touml im pos:,;ilJle to get a ,,"ooden
vesse1 stl'ong enollgh nnd fixed enongh in its jOi11ts to hold those tanktl
under all conditiolls. Thotle tan!;.:,;, then,fol'P, W{;I'e eOllstrneted with the
ship, adding stl'ellgth to tlle ship. Tllat yes"el hall been ill\"ented here
und had beell patentecl hoth !J{'l'e and in England, awI 11:u1 made two
voyages wllieh liad been demlled to llaye ueen an absolnte amI unquaIi·
fietl sueeess. He lllight state with eatire safety that there had heen a
saving of fi ve per eent. on eaeh 01' tho~e eargoes oí' Ulolass!;s. Tlle saving
lllight have heen much more. Tllat vessel woultl bring flve cargoes in
tIte season, wllieh wouId ue a saving in a single SeatlOll oí' twcllty·fhe
per eent. The lllolasses imported iuío HOstOIl alone in a single 8<:'ason
empIo.yed fifteen yessels, and olle eoneern in X ew York cmployed fifteell
ve88el8 in the trade. TIw Atluntic 'Yol'ks had huilt Olle SUdl tallk yeso
sel, amI the firm for whieh thcy built it, as well a8 otlter partie8, dC8ired
to have more sneh ve8sel8. They were ready tounild two on tIteir own
aCCoullt; but, singularly enough, they had bef'll aetnally stayed in tlle
building of them, h.y tIte expectation of the bellefits which they were
IlOW a8king at the hands oi' Congress. They did not dare to build
those vessels, in t11e expeetation that COllgrcss wonld strike off the dnty
alld reduce thc yaIuation ncxt spring frolll $10,000 to $15,000. The
building, therefore, of at least thl'ee of those yesscls ha(l lleca post·
poned to auother seaROIl. But mcanwhile tIte Atlantic 'Yorks Com-
pany fimlillg thcir hands tied as iron sllip·builders, alld filldillg it im·




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 81
possible to build those urigs tllemselves, wrote to England and had an
offer from BnglaTHI to lmild thelll OH tlle Clyde at twenty-fixe per cent.
less than they could bnild them themselves. They were sel'iously de-
hating tlle hnilding of those brigs abroad, and llaving thl'll1 under a
foreign flag. This would prohably be tIte case next yeal' nnless t11e
necessary relief were granted. He hacl no doubt that the Ameriean
lllel'chants' interest in tho IIl01asses tracle would insist llpOIl this saving
of $5,000 per eargo. If America could not supply those vessels England
would; and if American mereltants \rere too patrio tic 01' too tilllid to
put their vcssels nnder t11e English flag, tI ley wonld go auroad amI g'lve
to ElIgland, not o1lI,v the building oí' tile ships, hut the transportation
besides. AH that the Atlantie Wo~'ks asked \Vas a royalty 011 their
pat('nt whieh was registered abroad.


He had giyen the cOllllllittee the rates on bars and plate iron, hut there
\Vas another item to whieh he should ('aU especial attention. Tite duty
on lwams amI angle-irolJs was practically prohibitory. The,v were 1l0W
roUed in this cüuntry by onl,)' tlm~e eOTlceI'llt-1. In iroll ship-1milding' they
eOll~titutp(} tweuty-thn>c per cent. of the entire \York, and tile eOllllllit-
tee wOllld seo tile disadvalltage of a monopol~T cyen in tllA hnnds of the
best oí' lIlcn, frolll this faet, t11at no matter what mte of tariff was im-
posp(l, t-10 long as the constructiOll of those bettms paid a pl'Ofit-as they
had paid a large proüt for lllany yl:'ms-thoi;e thl'ee JIlillt-1 had OH]Y to
rai~e tlH'ir scale oí' pI'ices np to .iust belo,," t1le cost of im})ortation;
a\l(l tlle eonseqnell(~e WHt-1 that at pn'sPllt aH beams amI aH a IIglps had
their priees a(ljnsted by tlw I'at(~ oí' importation. It was natural that
this shunld he so, llIHI he did not \yi,;]¡ to he ul\derstood as r/:'fiecting, in
tite least (lcgrcc, upon the patriotic impnlses 01' bnsille~s COlll'Se of any
concern tllat lllight pUl'Slle tItis Jlolicy. nonbtloss oyery concern in tile
COlllltry woul(l eOllsÍller it pel'fettly l/:'gitiltlate; lmt with our eOllllllcree
to-(lay depelHling UpOIl the e10spst pos8i1>le coltlpptition amI npon the
most adyantagpoll'; ('irelllllstanccs both as to material amI labor, it was
eel'tainly a IllOSt disconnlg'Í11g featlll'c that t\Ycnty-three per ('pn1,. of the
materials that ente!' into tIte eOllstnH"tioll of iron ships ,;llOulrl 1)(:\ abso-
llltely in tite ltalHlt-1 of a 1l101l0Jloly of IllHllufactnrers. H was llOt so ",itIt
pig OI' ot11e1' desel'Íptions oí' iroll.


He had place>(} in a }lmnphlet, which he had had the honor to ,;nbmi1,
to Uongl'es~, the rcasons, dra\\'n from most experieneed autllOrity, s!Jo\\'-
ing' why wooden ships were to-day pradieally snperse(led by irOll ships.
In OuIcnUa amI San Franeit-;('o il'on sltips eommancled Üyc shilling" I'ter-
liug a ton lll'elllilllll in ('ltmters, heeause oí' t11ei1' dnrability, lJeeallse of
their illcreased caJl~H~ity, h~cansl:' of tite tille coudition in ,,-hich nwr-
chandise conld be trllll,;ported iu them, amI becanse of the rates of iu-
snrancc. vVhile Ameriea had in llPr lllagllifieellt fOl'ests the 1ll0010}loly
of material, amI t,!Jns gaillP(1 her prestige Oll tlle ocean, BngIamI \Vas
a1. the disadvantage that America \Vas at llmy. ~ow lhings ",ere> re-
vel'sed; tIle advmitages of coal, iron, amI la hol' Englalld fiad t¡)-üay,
amI she was huilding s!tips amI selling them all oyer the world. Prns-
sia was protecting her iron interest by ehargillg ten pel' eent. upon 1.11e
iron ships bought ahroatl, while slw eh,lrge(1 only tive peT cent. npon
tlle woml!m ships. Bnt Rllg'land, despite that, was building for all the
,,-orld. J. S. Forbes & 00" oí' DOStOll, llad, last Mareh, sellt to tlle At-
lantic vVorks speeifieatiolls í'or a fil'st-e1ass Íl'Oll ship for Uhincse-water:,;.
Tite Atlalltic vVorks had 110t pretended to do any better thall build the
ship nt eost. Tbcy haü got OIlA contrae! from the ROStOIl and Balti-
lllom line of steamships, and were glad to get it at ('ost, because snch
cstablisllluents as theirs were hettel' kept rullnlng. To stop them


ÜNI




82 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


causes great detcrioration. They had receivell those specifications from
:Messrs. J. S. Forbes & Co., and had endeavored to figure them dOWll to
tIJe Ilecessary point; but they had despaired at the outset of gettillg
the contracto 'Yhile they were at it they hall receiycd a note frolll
l,'orbes & Co., stating, "Gentlemen: -VVe are infonned by cable that
this ship is onlered in Englalld."


A few days since he hall gone to Ncw York to meet a gentleman who
wonlll haye ordered an iron ship for the trade between New York and
1\Icxico. This gentleman had said tltat his jndgmcnt \Yas that in c,'ery
respect iron ships \Yere preferahle to wooden oues, amI that he iutcnded
to huild of iron, lmt that when he came to 11gure out the cost amI íound
that the absolute taxes on the materials entering iuto the construction
of sueh a ship would be from 840,000 to $50,000, he had determinecl to
build a wooden ship, take the ehanees, aud let lwr rot ont in ten 01' fif-
teen years, considering that the illterest ou the differellce wonld bnild
another ship. These were the faets as to the entire and absolute sup-
pression of iron sltip-buildillg in the United Statcs. As to a rcmcdy,
he sllOuld not suggest that American ports should he t11rown open to
f()reign produee. For his own part he should 1)(" glad to see American
products uscd in preference to foreign; they were })etter. He desired
to see, tllrough the illfinence of Congress, or through an organizatioll oí"
the lIlerdwnts of the countr,y, tlle e",ta})lisluuent oí" the autIlOrity of the
American Lloyds in rating ships cqual to the authority of tlle British
amI 1<'rendl Lloyds. Tlley shonld tllen haye the opportuuity to take
into accouut the adltliUerl anr! ullql1estioned snperiol'ity of American
iron, aad could make out a gain of twenty per cent. in the cost of iron
ships. He had been astollished to see that with the Amerieall prestige,
tiley had llOt before this time asserted an authority whieh ShOllld be
eqnally Huthoritatiye before tIle world in the matter oí" ratillg ships.
He could IlOt understalt(l why the llmleJ'writcI's shonl41 compcl Ameri-
can ship-owllers, who a fcw ;ycars ago oWlled more ships tllan auy na-
tion in the world, to hring everythillg up to a standard of British or
French engincering. It. seemed to hilll tllat Amerieans liad l'r()\'!~d in
the histor,Y of the Iast, war that the jndgmellt of tlloi1' lllechanies as to
what was strong amI as to what ,,,as n~(lnired to gh-e strellgth, \Vas
equal to the judgmellt aJHl intelligellce ot fiH'eign engineers. lf Uon-
gress eould secure for American ship-owllers the privilegc of haying
t11eir ships mtc(I hy nmlcrwl'iters as autllOritativelyas theyare now
rated hy Ellglish 01' :Frellch eompanies, Amel'ieans coul<1 go into their
own mincs aml dig out an iroll superior, by t'rom twenty-five to thirty-
three per CCllt., in strengtit to Euglish iron, amI they could thns, witit a
1Il0dified tariff, be in a pOí':ition to ask no f<wors frolll any souree fol' the
restoratioll of their eOlllmerce.


1\11'. Sk~IUEL HALL, oí" Bast Boston, ship-bnilder, malle a statemellt
to the eommittee. lle said that tite ,rooden ship-hnildiitg intcrest had
hecn mnch depl'essed since the war. lle had lmilt lmt one ship sillce
the war, amI had one npon thc stocks now. 'l'his dl'pressioll was owing
wholly to the high cost 01' the ships. Tlle high dnties npon thc materials
entering into the eOllstruetioll of ships, made shipscost from fifty to sixty
per eent. higher than they did prcyions to the war. Imn whieh they nsed
to buy for not exeeeding forty dollars per ton was 1l0W eighty dollars per
ton; riggiug whieh they used to lmy at eight eents per pound was no\\'
sixteen eents per pound; dnek which they used to buy at twenty-eight
C~lIts a pOllTaI wa¡.; now worth ilfty-six eellts; an!! everything else was
in the same proportion. Uuless there was somethillg clone to l'eliel'e
ship-huilders they wonld have to giw np tbeir business entil'ely.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 83
Mr. 1\IoRRELL. Tbe prices that yon speak of no'l are in clurency, as


compared with goId p1'iees lJefo1'e the war 1
1\'11'. HALL. Yes, sir. FormerIy \Ve m,ed to take ships to England and


seU them. IheIic\-c that 1 took thefirst shipto EngIand fl'om this eountry
ana soId her there. :N ow 1 presume that if the trade were thl'own open so
that the Eng'lish couId send their ships here to be 80Id, there wouId he
no ships at aU lmilt on this siele. "Ve cannot compete \Vith them. Thcy
can lmild iron ships cheaper than we can huild wooelen ones.


Mr. CALKIN. How does the mechanieallahor llere compare 'lith the
mechanicallabor of El1g'lancl"?


MI'. HALL. It is much higher here tban it is there.
1\1r. CALKIN. Do Olll' shi.p-carpenters here do auy more \Vork than


their ship·carpellters do?
1\11'. HALL. 1 think they do.
MI'. CALKIN. "\Vhat \\"o~tlcl the average be ?
MI'. HALL. 1 think that we are degenerating Yery fast on that point.


in tbis eOlllltr.v, so far as my experience goes.
MI'. CALKIN. Tlle reaSOll why 1 aRk the queRtion is because the builders


of .X ew York gaye it as their opinioll that. the American mechanics were
superior to thc .J<Jnglish Illechanic8 al1d <lid lllore work; amI 1 want to
get the opinion of a Boston Imileler cm tbat poil1L
~Ir. HALL. 1 think that they do, as a general tbing. 1 think that the


English hold on to theil' OWll llotioIl of doing things. 1 do IlOt know
hut that their ,,-orkmell work as hanl as OUl'S; but tIte meallS that they
takc to accol11}1lish thc \Vork is difl'erent. Their to01s are 110t so good aR
011rs. 1 tltink that if Congress wouId relieve the ship-bnilders by re-
moving the duties on the materials that enter into the construction of
ships, it wonhl he a great advalltage to them. en1e8s tIley do so, 1 think,
in tbe COU1'8e oí' a few years, there wiU be no more ship-yards in this
COlllltry.


]}Ir. \VELLS. 1 nnderí'itOOlI .ron to Rtate tbat it costs to bniltl a ship
no\V frolll fitty to sixty per ccnt. more than it did befOl'e the war 1


:MI'. HALL. Yes, sir.
1\11'. WELLS. By removing an t11e duties amI aUowing a <lrawbaek 011


the rnate1'ials entm'illg iuto the COl1strnctiol1 of 'looden shipR, ,v"()U!d, yOlL
thell be able to compete with ships huilt in the provillees, where timber·
is equally as plenty as it is bere ~


1\1r. HALL. If tIley Ilsed tIle same quality of timber that 'lcelo, 'le couId:
build as cheap as they can in the provin~es; but they build theit' ship&
out oí' cheaper tilllher~ such as spruce amI biI'c~Il. 1 haye \Vorkecl in the
provinces and know the manuer in which they do their work.


MI'. WELLS. You haye heen earrying on that business formany years ~
:MI'. HALL. Abont fortY-8ix years.
MI'. 'VELLS. vVhat is your opinioll as to the necessary legislation. of


Congress in mder to enabIe ship-buildcrs in this coulltry to compete
with foreign ship-builders?


1\fr. HALL. 1 think that if aU tbe artic1es llsed in Rhip-building w~re
admitted duty free, American ship-builders would be able to go on· as
fo1'merly.


1\Ir. WELLS. Suppose you were able to go on, wouId you find a market
here for your ships~


1\11'. lIALL. 1 see no reason why 'le should noto N othing but the high
prices prevents our finding a market now. Enough of people want ships
but eanIlot pay the priccs for them .


.!\fr. vVELLS. 1 notice several ships lying idle bere, and also in New
• York, as if they hatlnot any business. How do you aecount for that ~




84 NAVIGATlO~ INTERESTS.
MI'. HALL. There is not a large amount of tonnage 110W, 1 think not


11ear as mueh mi tlwre WaI, before the war. There are not halr t1le ships
in 1\ ew York 1lOW tllHt Otere "\Yere formerly. If i t were not fol' the coast-
illg trade 1 do not know t11at there wlmW' be haruly an An~eric:1n ship
to be seen. lf out' ports were thro"'l1 open to ot11e1' natiolls nnd our
eoastwise trade opened to the111, we should not lJayc ally use :1t an foI'-
onr 811i]1fl. .


1\11'. WELLS. Your opinion is t]wt if Congress shonld relllOye a 11 the
oustrnetiolls in regard to duty, a110wing ship-lmilllel'fl a drawback, and
nt the same time should throw 0llf>ll tlle lHll'ehal'.(\ of 811ipl'. in Enrope,
the meehanics in this ('ountry conld compete with Ellglislllllecbanics in
tbe bnilding of shilJs ~


)'lr. HALL. 1 do uot think tl1l'yeonld. If tlle Ellgli~h were allowed
to put t,heir ships into rhe market, tmcl if onl' nayigatioll laws were re-
peaIed, 1 do uot thiuk there would eyel' be any more shipH 01' auy kinll


I lmJÍlt 1Ie1'e.
J\.fr. "'YELLS. American merehantR are frPI~ 110W to go amI buy shipR


:abl'oad ami to sail thelll nmIL-r the EUg'lish ftag~
J\'Il'. HALL. Yes; am1 1 3Ul told that quite a lllUU llet' of them are doillg


lit.
l\1r. 1\10RRELL. Do YOll lllH1el'stanll tllat tlle lmsiueRs m; ]IOW earried


Qli hy tlle EngliHh llatioll is proHtaule; that tllPy arc lllakillg' llloney to-
da V in their eOllllllereiallllal'inc ?


1Ir. HALL. 1 (·~lllllot sa.r as to that. 1 shoulllnot thillk that t11e busi-
11('88 i8 depl'essed tIlere as it. is here, beeauRe they lmild mneh more
there, and people an~ not apt to follo\\' a losing lmsinp~H a gn-at while.


MI'. l\10lU~ELL. Bnt, t hes are willillg to keep tIleÍl' shi]ls rtllllling even
when they are llot lIlaking mOlley? -


1\11'. HALL. 1 eaullot Ra~- as regards tlw Englisll ,,,bethel" their shipping
iR depresspd Ol" llot; but 1 kno\\' that in thiH eonlltry it is ver,)' lUuch
depresse(l.


1\fr. CALKl~. TIte fl'teRtion waR m;ked .ron "'llether, if the drawback
Oll tIle 1u:ltpnals "'ere allowed, am1 if the llayigatioll laws "1'1"(\ repealed
HO that capitalists could go a broad aIHl lm.r Hhi]l~, AIIIPl'iGlIl medWllics
could cOlllppte with l'~ngliHh ,~hip-lmihlers, amI }Ol1 ,:llswerp(] t11at they
eould llot. Do .ron think that if tIle time were extelllled-for ÍllHtance,
if the clnnvhack wpre allowed, and thCll in tlw eours(' of timr 01' five
year¡; tlw wiYigatioll };twH \H'l'e }'epealed-tlte sltip-lmilllers of this couu-
try could get tltelllRelnt:l in a POSitiOll hy that titIle to eompete with
joreign lJuilllpl'R '?


.:\lr. HALL. T do not tltillk thev eouId.
'l1I'. CALKl.:-l. YOll tlJillk it wo~l(l take a longcl' time']
MI'. HALL. le". Tf the navigation ht\rs ",ere l'epeakd almost aU the


sltips in tite ,yorld would he built in Ellglalld.
}fr. CALKIX. You llmlerstand llJy (jlwt->tion. Tt is whethrr, if a draw-


back were allowml for four 01' fin- yeal's before the ll<wigatioll la",s ,",'ere
repealed, tIte Amerieall lIlpchallies wonld thcu he ill a positioll to com-
pete with tIle Buglit->lt medwllics ?


1\'Ir. HALL. 1 tItink uot.
The CUAm3IAN. How long a time \\,ou]d it take fo1' Amel'Íean ship-


bnilderR to compete with foreignel's '~
1\[1'. HALL. 1 do ltot think they Iwer ean. Tf Congress allticipates


repealing the uavigation laws it mayas ",eH do so to-day as wait ti)r
ti ye .rears hence. TIte result wonld be t11e salllP.


TIle CrrAm:CVIA.:-l'. '\Vltat are the wages paid at prcsellt to ship carpen-
tel'S and llleehanies here f




NAVIGATION IKTERESTS. 85
MI'. HALL. About three dollars a dav in currencv.
Tbe CIIAIR-:YIAK. vVhat were they paid before t11e war-say from 1854


to 1860'~
1\11'. HALL. Not exceeding two dollars a day--frolll that to one dollar


and seveJlty-five amI one dollar and fifty cents. 1 lmilt t11e til'st elipper
ship, T believe, that wa~ built in Boston, the SUl'prise, in 1850, and 1
then puid one dollar alld seventy-five cellts a duy.


'l'he CHAIRl\IAN. 1850 was ayear of g'l'eat depressioll. How was it in
1854, whie11 \Va::; ayear of great activity in t11e building' of ships'~


MI'. HALL. N ot so much as in 1852. In 1852 ,,~e lmfl the gl'eatest
activit.y in ship-building in this eOllutl'y that \Ve ever 11l1d. 1 recolleet
that 1 built foUl' ships from 1\1a1'ch to Decelllbe1' of that year, of eleven
hundred ton s eaeh.


The UHAIR-:YIAN. vVlwt were the aYerage rates of wages puid to first-
class mechunics ti:'01ll 11)50 to 18ÜO !


1fll'. HALL. It wonlfl fall belo\V two dollars. 1 shonld say tlwt one
dollar aml sf;\'enty,íh-e cellts would be about the average, amI sometimes
it went down to OIW dollar aml fifty cents fol' first-elass lIlechanics.


TIle UHAllUIAN. So that thore has been an advauce of fifty }Jer ceut.
in wages't


MI'. HALL. Yes, :-;il'. TIte c:upenter work 011 a ship wIticIt would then
cost about sen>tl thonsand dollars would now cost about twelve thonsand
01' thirteclI thonsalHl (lollars.


The CHAlR]IAN. YOll think, then, that something more ihan the
admissioll of the ll1aterials cntering into the cOllstruetion of ships dnty
free is necessal'y to enable American '3hip-lmihlel's to compete with for-.
eigllers ~


.:\11'. HALL. As long as things remain as they are now, the cost of
labor will not recelIe muell. Mee11anics are going out, of tite. hmiiness
amI seeking other employment, and there is gl'eat sca1'city eyen now oi'
mechanies in sllip-lmilüing. That, of course, ellltallCes the cost oi'
wages.


The CHAIRJIAN. 1)0 yon thillk, frm11 your knowledge of the character
of workmen here, and in Enrope, that the diíl'erence in la bol' would be
overcome or uearly oyercome by the gl'catel' etlieiency oi' the American
workmen o¡


l\Ir. ;(JALL. 1 do. It takes tIte English a gl'eat while to do a little
work. Tlwy are diligellt men, but they are Yery slow.


The CHATR:\TAN. How \vould the cost oi' ll1aterials that enter iuto the
cOllstructioll oí' ships stand no\\' free of duty as compared with the price
of matel'ials befOl'e tite \Yar, lllakillg an allo\Yallce fol' the difference
betweell gold aml Cllrrcney '1


l\fr. HALL. 'rhe cost wonld be consitlerably higher now.
Mr. 1\10RRELL. Docs tltat refer to timber as well as to iron ']
:MI'. HALL. So, sir; to notbing lmt t11e iron; t11e \Vood we get here.
MI'. l\IoRRELL. \Vhat is t11e yalue of t11e iron in \\'ooüeu ships as com-


pared with t11e vaIne oi' tIte ot11e1' lllaterials?
. 1\11'. HALL. A sltip of one thonsand t11ree hundred and fifty tons, such


as 1 am lmihlillg uow, will take about seventy-five tOllS oi' bolt iron and
squaI'e iron. .


MI'. WELLS. Do you not use a great deal oi' copper in the building of
wooclen sltips '!


.MI'. HALL. Yes, sil'.
1\11'. \YELLS. \Vhat is the differeuce betweon the cost of copper now


aml its cost previons to the war '!
1\lr. HALL. We do not uow use clear copper.




86 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
. • ]\[1'. WF:LLS. Yon cover t1le outsiue with copped


1\11'. HALL. That is slúlathing coppel'. Before the wal' it \Vas wol'th
. seveuteen cents a pOllnd; 110W it is worth twent,Y-seyell cents.


MI'. CALKIN. In case of a n'peal of tlle navigation 1aws, what woulU
be the efl'ect upon ship-carpenters' labor in this coulltry in t11e course of
fonr 01' five yeal's ~


1\11'. HALL. There would not be any at aU.
1\'11'. CALKIN. Can you take a hom;e-curpenter 01' a \Vood-worker of any


kiud and make a ship-carpentc1' oí' him rcadily Y
MI'. HALL. No, sir; no more than you can take a COillmOIl mechanic


and set him to make a wateh.
1\11'. HOLJ\IAN. vVhat will be the poliey of ship-builders hereaftf'r in


regard to the building of wooden vessels '? Are \voodpll s11ips, likely to
be built hel'eafter to any extent, 01' wil! iron ships supersede t1lem·~


MI'. HALL. 1 do not think that irol1 ships at lH'esellt, unless they are
built munh cheaper, wil! compete with wooden ships.


11r. HOL3IAN. Take the cornrne1'ce of t1le worIll.
::\11'. llALL. 1 think the tfmdpIlny is towal'd iron yessels.
MI'. HOL:\IAN. Sllpposing that Cong1'ess shoulrl adoJlt a more liberal


poliey by admitting íc')reign built yessels to American l'pgistratioll, only
excluding them fl'om the eoastwise tl'ade, anl! sllpposing tbat a rehate
were aUowed npon all tho matorials entering iuto tbe construction of
ships, "hat effect would tbese measures, taken together, haye upon our
COIllluerce and ou!' ship-lmilding '? vVolll(l tltey proll1ote the one amI
injure tlle otber, 01' would they llromote both ~ .


}lr. HALL. 1 should t1liuk you would not pI'omote t11e ship-hllilding
intel'est by throwing the tralle opon to foreign vessels.


1\11'. IlOL}IA~. By givillg the coastwise trade exclusively to American-
built ships '1


1\11'. HALL. 1 do not think that there is enough of that to make it
worth while building ships .


.:\Ir. HOL:\TAK. In 1860, when our eommol'cial marino was mueh largor
than it is I)OW, was not OHr dOlllestie trade equal to fifty per cent. of the
w1l0le oí' ou1' eOHlHleree '1


]\fr. HALL. COllgress oan ten better than 1 can abont that.
JUl'. HOL}IAN. YOll had no oocasíon to inquire into that question t
.MI'. HALL. No, sir.
1\11'. IlOLJIAN. You thillk that tlle ad,Talltages resulting from the


domestic trade to American-lmilt ships HI'e not YPI'y irnpo1'tant, and
that the reservation of that trade to Americall·lmilt ships, C0111 bined
with tlle use of frpe materials in tIte construction of ships, \Yould not
prollloto our ship-huilding, if registration were grantcd to foreign-built
yesseIs?


MI'. HALL. No; I do not tltink that tbese measnrf'S would be of any
great benofit; I think that ship-bnilding hore ,yonl<1 fillally díe out. lf
the governmellt cIoes Ilot do sometlting to protect tIte ship·building in-
tewst it cel'tainly will die ont, amI that vel'y soon.


Mr. HOL~IAN. And .ron think tbat this would he done in two wílyS:
:6rst by pl'eserving the nayigatioll act; alld secondl,Y, by allowillg ma-
tel'ials oxempt frolll internal aIHI external taxes t,o he used in t1le con-
struction of ships '?


MI'. HALL. Yes, SIr. .
MI'. HOL)IAN. Are A~merican oapitalists willing to employ their capital


at as low rates of intel'est in ship-lmilding as English capitalists are 'r
1\11'. HALL. Yes, 1 think so.
J\Ir. B1JFFINl'ON. Can you tell whether the business of building




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 87
wooden ships in the provinces is abont as much depressed as it is here ~


Mr. HALL. I cannot tell yon. I think there is very Httle business
doing t11ere.


MI'; BUFFIN1'ON. IIaye .ron any means of knowing whether it is de-
pressed t11ere as mnch as it is here?


MI'. HALL. I have noto
MI'. JOIIN TAYLOR, ship-huilder of Chelsea, next made a statement to


the cornmittee. He saiel that he agreed in the main facts that had been
stated by 1\11'. Smith and by ::\Ir. Hall. \Vhut had been said in regard
to iron ships was equaJlyapplieable to wooden ships, so far as half 01'
more of t1le whole cost of t1le ship was concerned. lle would not add
to 01' take froro what hall been already statNl. There was gmat I]e-
pression here in the ship-lmilding interest. The canse of that depres-
sion liad beell statcd, aud he ,lid not know that he eould add 3nything to
the staternellt. He hall beru thirt,Y-fiw years engagell in ship-buil,ling,
and had eOIlHü'\wtl',l oyer 0I1e hnndrecl large ships. He was not con-
stl'lleting any sllips at present, 1101' <lid he contempla te doing so, as he
harl made np his milld to ahaIlIlolI the hnsiness ahogether, aTlll ne\Ter to
lmild another 8hip. Tilis \Vas for tile simple reason that it (~ouId IIOt be
done; that AmE'ricun 8hip-hllildel's conl,l not compete with t1le ship-
builders of otiler nations so long as the differenee in tile eost oí materinls


,existed. He belie\Ted that there were two ships nt l'resent Oll the 8toeks
in this port, but that in two ",el'ks fl'OlI1 tltis time tltere wonld not be a,
ship 011 the stoeks in l\fassachnsetts. lIe aeeonnte(l fol' the faet that
thel'e \Vas any ship-building going OH lJOW in BostOll, by sayiug' that it
was in order to keep the yanl1'l illl'xi8teJl(~e all(l to employ tIle meehanies.
He himself hall done as little as be cOllld possillly ,lo, so as to employ
his matel'ials am1 workmen, hoping ere long tl1at 80llle assi1'ltalll~e w~mld
eome to the ship-hllihling interest.


The CHAIRMAN. Can the ships ,vhieh are now being built be sold at
profit to the bnilder?


}fr. TAYUm. NIÍ, sir; they are being bnilt mCl'el~T on aeeount of the
meehanies, amI for tl18 pnrpose oí' Ilsing np the mateI'luls alld keeping
the llleH together, in tite hope of better times.


The CUAIR:}IAN. 'Yhere haye yon eOllstrlleted hel'etofo1'e '1
MI'. TAYLOR. In East Bostoll fOl' tlle la1'lt few year1'l.
The CUAIlUIA?><. Row long is it sinee yon IUl\-e bllilt auy ships 1
}Ir. 'l'AYLOR. I haye oue now jnst about flnished.
The CnAllC'IAN. Please state to tIte eOl1llt1ittee thc mtes of "\Vages


whieh you are pHying to first-elass mcehalJics .
.Mr. 'l'AYLOR. From three to three ami a qUHrtel' (lollars a, day.
The CUAIRiVIACIT. \Vhat "IV('re the ayerage rates of wHges for tile same


kil1d of meelmnics IH'eyiolls tó the war-s¡¡y from U\;")~ to 1860 '?
1\11'. TAYLOlt. In lS;"):!-'3 \Vagos "'ere yer,v high. In 18;")() and 1831,


aud again in 18¡")6-'7-'B, thr,V were low. l\Iy experieuce "lVoutd ynr,r a
little from J\Ir. Hall's. I think that the í]\Terage wou],] l'eaeh quite as
high as to day, ami pel'haps a little higher tor first-elass mechallies. For
seeond-class meehanies wages would be Yery nmeh below that. A great
pOl'tion of them "lVould be hired at from uine shillings a day to one dollar
and seventy-fi\'e cents.


Tile CHAIRMAN. Redueed to gold, the present rate of \Vages wOllld be
ahol1t thirty-five per cent. higher thal1 the mte of wages then ~


)11'. TAYLOR. Yes, abont that. There has been a great deal of tam-
pering with labor he1'e, aud that, in Ill,Y estiltlation, has injured the canse
a great deal. These societies Itere have formed laws reglllating lab .... ,
determilling tite hOllrs of labor, &c.




88 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
The CHATRWrAN. How lllany hours do ,r0ur llleehanics work nowl
:Jlr. TAYLOR. 'Ve have worked ten ltours. The navy yanl here em-


ploys about seyen-eighths oí' aU the ship-ear]Jenters in this YicinH~-. Tllere
they work fol' only ei.~'l1t 11ol1rs, and are llUid tltrJo dolla!'s amI twenty-
four eents a day, so that aH the ship earpenters are fioeking to t11e uayy
yard.


The CHAIR~1AN. 'Ybat hours did yonr lllechauies work pre\-ious to
the war'~
~11'. 'l'AYLOR. Ten hours.
The CHAIR~IAN. 'Yhat effect does tIle navy yard l¡aye upon lauor'~


Daos it tülHl to iuerrase tho ratos of wages in the lleighborhooü 01' tbe
yard ~


1\1r.1'AYLOn. Yes, sil'; it alwuys does.
Tlle CUAunIAN. So tIlata sIli]) CUllllOt he huilt as ehcapl.y in tho


neighuorhood of a nayy yard as remote f1'om it ?
1\11'. TAYLOR. No, sir; mon \yill always scek employment in a navy


yanl m-en at lml-el' ratel:\ of wages than they ean gct at private yanls.
1'he CUAIR:lIA::"l'. How does the pl'ice of materials at tlle pl'esellt time


(keeping in mind the difference hetween gold amI enrronc,'\) cOlllpare
with t11e peiee of materials before t11e wur-say from U;,,,):! to 18ÜO ?


MI'. TA YLOR. If we mlell white·oak pla.nk it wonld he ver} llllleh
higher; yeHow pine would ue very little higher.


The CHAIR1Iá.~. How would it ue, tlLking the materiaL;; for a ship right
throng-h uy the ton I?


1\11'. TAYLOR. AH the outfits, everything like spars aneI rigging, sails,
iroIl, copper, amI all fillishing' \York, trillllllings, brn8S work, amI eYcry-
thillg' oí' tlJat kind, ís more tban one llllndl'cd pcr ecnt. higher in Cm'H'Ill'y.


The CnAIR~IAN. HedlH:e it to golü aud take (he <lnty off, amI bow
would the price oi' material" then comparo with tite ¡H'ices previom, to
the \Yal'?


.1\11'. TAYLOl'l,. 1f the dntilOs were aH takcIl oír, 1 do not thillk there
would be a gTeat deal oi' difference, with tho rates redllcetl to gold.


lUr. CA.LKI::"l'. Do ]Jot, mI \'y yanl eOllllllandallts send to tlte difi'erent
mallllt'adnrillg establishllwllts in tite COlllllllllliiy alHl base tIte pl'iee of
lauor in the yanl upon the price oí' lauor ontsÍ(le '1


MI'. TAYLOR. 1 do llot tILink that tllf'y do. That i" to say, 1 do not
think that they get a fair l'epresentatioll of labor onbüde. Lauor is
always higher in tbe mtyy ~'al'tl tban it ís out of it. ,Ve have several
classes oí' lahor. Thel'e is the repairiug 01' ships. That labor fet.elles a
higher price than new \York docs. For instam:e, if He\\' WOl'k \\'el'P paid
at the rate oí' three <tollars a dar, oh! \York woul<l be paid at t1le ratl' oí'
fonr dollal's. ThlO 1U1\Ty ;yanl people are Ulore inelined to takc that kincl
of labor as a eritl'rioll; 01', at all l'yeuts, t]¡c;y take that killtl oí' lallor and
the new, alld thf''y draw a line hetweell thclll whieh 1I'0nhImakc the lahor
01\ the new Sllips hig-her t1lan i" paül olltl:\i(lp.


MI'. CALKIX. Do you thillk tltat ship-cal'pelltel's w~t ally higlter \Vages
tltau they ought to ae('()ulillg tn tlle priee oí' cYCl'ythillg ?


MI'. TAYLOlL 1 (lo 110t tltillk t]¡ev do. 1 (lo llottilld any fault \"ith the
])I'ice oí" labor. 'Ve do fiud :'lOllle 'fault with thc tilllo that llll'ehallics
lll'OpOSe to la hOl'.


1\11'. :\[01mELL. Yon say t1lat yon helieye that, t1le vpssels llOW lwing
bnilt eanuot be so1<l at. :1 proJit to tlle huihler. ])0 yon thill le tllat tltl'Y
!:ould he sold at a profit, prm-j(led the dllty 011 aH tltc materials were
l'efnmlml 01' a drawuack allowetl '?


.:\11'. TA YLOR. 1 do.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 89
:SIr. MORRELL. Do .ron thillk that an additional nnmher of vcsscls


couId be profitahly pllt into the service amI mil at this time~
MI'. TAYLOR. Yes, I tllink we can rnn 0111' ships against the world.
1\11'. ]\[OlUU::LL. 1s there a dell1ancl at tItis time for sItips at ally price~
1\[1'. 'l'A YL<m. Pel'haps uot at tlle pl'esellt 1ll0mellt.
MI'. l\1omu::LL. Do yon not think tllat the want of a llemand for ves-


seIs has something tú do with the depression in the hnsiness just 1l0W ~
]\fr. TAYLOR. Ulldoubtedly; there is no qnestioll ahont tbat.
The CHAm:\IAN. 1 snppose tl!at yon experiellced peI'iods of deprcssion


hefore thc wal' '!
MI'. TAYLOIt. Oh, yeso
MI'. lVIoRRELL. You haye seell dull times in ship-lmilding hefore?
:MI'. TA YLOlt. Yes, sir; yer,\' dnll illlleed.
MI'. l\IOlm.I<::LL. Do .von llot think that tite intI'oduetion of iron yesseIs


ancl of yessels of larg:(>r eapaeity pro]lelled hy steam has hall a great
deal to do with tlle deprcssion ofthe ship-lmiIding business'?


1\11'. TAYLon. It may haye; 1 SllOUld think, ho\\"ever, veI'y Jittle now.
MI'. ~[ORlmLL. One vessd of Iarge eapacity takes the place of several


yessels of smaller capacity and makes qui(~ke1' trips '1
1\11'. 'fAYLOR. Yes, f,hat affects the coastwise trade and perhaps the


tra(le heh"el'n }¡ere and Enrope. It has been askecl w]¡ether iroll ships
would finally snpersf>t1e wo()(lplI oTles l'lltirely. There are sorne trades
,,,,hiel! iroll ships are Ilot fit fol'. For instance, the China tratle. There
they llrefer wnoden ships. In Cakutta aud BOlllhay iron ships haye
quite the preferenell o\"eI' wooden olles-some lIalf dollar a ton, 1 thillk,
in freight. Tlle qnestion \Yas askpd about our competing ,,,it11 foreign
labor. 1 arn inclilled to thillk that \Ve can do so. r am satisfied iTl mv
own mind "that \Ve eall. Tllrec 'years ago 1 "-as in LiverpooI ancI had
some Im-g-ü repairs done upon a ship thcre, and 1 made np my milHl that
so far as the labor was concerIlü(} ,YO eonld do the \York quite as eheap.
Two y<':trs ago I \Yas in Bremen, where labor waR Yery lo\\'-onl.)' sixty
ecuts a day fin' the best llIP(~IUlllies. I am satisfied tbat labor tbcre costs
more thatl it does lwl'Ü in Doston, althoug11 we pay four dollars a day
a11(} thcy only pa'y 8ixt.y oellt S •


.MI'. "r.ELL~. \Vlly do tlley pn>fer wooden 8hips to iron 811ips in the
Clüna tnule f


MI'. TAYL()]{. 1 do BOt kuo\\'. 1 thillk tllat [ know the faet, hut why
it is 1 do Ilot ktlow.


Tlle CnAI1DIAx. If .ron haye auy oiIler suggestiolls to mukc, the eOIn-
mittee \Vil! he pI ea sed to lJeal' t1lelll.


MI'. TAYLOR. 11\ reft>rence to repcalillg' t]¡e lHlYigat.iolllawR, it occurs to
me that iu thnt case tile gO\'(,l'lIl1l(~llt \ronl(l he more serionsly aífected than
eyen ship-lmildel's 01' Illerehants, for, as ::\Ir. Ilall says, tIJe sltip-carpen.
ters wonld beco me extiuci in a slto!'t tillle, t]¡ere wonld !Je seaI'cely
enollg'll left to repai1' old \"pss('ls, amI th('1I in case of a \Val' like the last
olle, or.in mise of a wal' witll Englnml, (ami sndl n thillg" JIIay be.) we
sllOu}(l be iu uo ]lositiotl whaten~r to prO\-ide ships of ,,'ar, hecanse onr
lllcehan1es would he ull gone.


l\1r. \VELLS. rs not tile llavigation law vil'tnally rcpealcll alI'eady~
lUI'. TA YLOR. 1 think Ilot.
MI'. \VELLS. 'l'h('l'ü i8 llothing to prevent Anwrieall sbip-owners buy-


ing ships in Englund ¡tlllll'lllJlling' thelll nlJ!lpl' tho EngIish flag '1
}\[r. l'AYLOlt. ~(), sir; hut that has its disadnmtages.
2\11'. \VELLS. It has heen S!tOWIl before the committee that it also has


its ad ntlltages, as they get t1l0ir stares clteaper and lahor cheaper.
:SIr. TAYLOlt. Perhaps so.




90 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
MI'. WELLS. I suppose tbat tbe disadvantages are witb I'efeI'ence to


tbe title to the property and to the manag-ement of it ~
J\lr. TAYLOH. That is tbe disadyantage that 1 have spoken of.
MI'. MOHRRLL. vVould Bot the allo,,"ance of lb drawbaek oí' !luty on


all the mateI'iaIs going into the construction of a ship operate to exclude
the use of American material s 1


MI'. TAYLOR. No, sir; it would afl'ect the priees of Amcrican materi-
aIs, as MI'. Smith represented.


MI' . .l\10HRELL. Do ~-ou not suppose that otber illterests are aft'ected
by lcgislation the sarne as yon!' own"1 Do j-Oll lIot Sll]lpOSC tlmt otIler
interests can be entirely wiped out, as weH as the ship-buildiug interest,
by adverse legislation "!


Mr. TAYLOl~. Yes, sir; there is no question abont that.
MI'. )loRRELL. If yon render it impossible to produce those materials


in thc eountry p1'ofitably-that. is, if t,hc la bor that pl'otlnecs tllcm can
be emplo~-ed more profitably in otIler pursuits than in produeing materi-
als for ship-Imilding-woullI it BOt operate to pl'cYent theil' produetioll
here, amI to compel you to buy foreign materials?


MI'. 'fAYLOlL Yes, sir; that wouId be the teIHlency, be,vond a doubt.
J\Ir. HOL'lIA:'<. It is a faet, 11o\\'e\-e1', that eertaill inteJ'e¡.;ts have been


rather protected by the eyents of the war ~
Mr. TAYLOR. Ye¡.;, sir.
MI'. HOL:\IAK. Has not ship-lmilding ueen cntire]y depressed hy tbe
war'~
~rr. TAYLOR. Very mueh so. It was ef'feetnally destroyed. Those who


were engaged in it were carryillg it on uueler great disad\'antag-e¡.; amI
10ss; whereas tlle iron trade has lwen protected, so that the people en-
gaged in it luwe heen makillg mone.\". .


Mr. CALKIN. Do ,ron think that if ,ron were ahle to build ships cheap
in Boston tlle BostoJl mcrehants would pnt thei1' money in thelll ~


]\fr. TAYLOlt. Yes, sir, Ido.
MI'. HOL'lIA~. At as cheap a rate as fOl'eign capitalists? For instauce,


willnot an Eng-lish 01' a Freneh 01' a Pl'llssian eapitalist inw'st his lIloney
in ships at frolU four to fh'e amI six per cent. t And with thc yarions
advalltagcons morles of investing llloney in the Uuited States, will
American capitalists do that ~


l\Ir. TAYLOH. I think they will. 1 think that a certain class of Amer-
ican capitalists would prefül' to im'est in ships rathel' tlJall in allythillg
eIse.


Mr. HOL1rAN. Tllat wouId he the eilse, perhaps, in cOllllllcrciaI cen-
ter s and in ship-building districts ~


.!VIr. 'fA YLOH. Yes, sir .


.MI'. P ALTL CUHl'IS, ship-lmihler, next ma(Ie a stahmwnt to tIle eommit-
tee. He saiel that heconld not add lllllCh to what had been already said.
It was ve1'y evident that UIu1er the existing tarift· ships could 1l0t he
huilt in this conntry. 1 f ti. ship-hnihler shonld go to a lllerchant anel ask
him to huya ship, the merehant wonld say, " Xo, our ships are taxed
too mueh. I call1lOt im'e¡.;t mOnf\Y in tlwlll." He thonght that there
would not be any shi~-bnilding clone in Boston, at prescnt, were it not
for the purpose of keepingup the ship-yarc1s. lIe himself was not
building any at presento He had hnilt a s\¡ip this SUllllller of 1,41S tons,
Dew measurelllent. ,


'l'he CHAIR:\IAN. PIease state to the eOllllIlittee the difference in the
cost of tbe labor on that ship no,,", alld what it wouId have heen before
t he war-both in goId.


31r. CURl'IS. If ~-ou take gohI at one-third higher tlmIl currelley, 1 do




NAVIGATIO:-¡- INTERESTS. 91
not think there would be any great differenúe. Ship-carpenters are work-
ing probably as cheap as they can WOl'k.


The CHAIlCIIAN. What \Yere t11e :werage mtes of wages paid to ship-
carpenters before the war, say from 1852 to 18GO?


lUr. CURTIS. In California times we were paying a g1'eat deal more
than we are paying- now. That was from 18;";2 to 18M. There was a
great de al oí' building then, and frequently when we got a sLip lmilt
she would fetch ten thonsand 01' t\Yelve thousHnd do]]ars more t11au the
contract priee. ~ow it is quite tlle reverse. 'Ve get a ship built and
there is no chance to sell he1' so as to make anything out of he1'. Lately
1 have Ilot llllilt any ships except on contracto This ship that 1 built
was built OH English aecoullt. They sent over wonl that if we eould
build a ship at so man.)' pounds sterling we llIight go ahead alld build
her. 'Ve eould BOt meet them at first, lmt finally \Ye did get together
and took t11e s11ip "ery low and built her. One of the parties in Eng-
land, howe"er, thougltt that he preferred an iron ship, aud he l'equested
lIS to sell llCr OH his aeeonut. Tllat ship was built at some four thousand
01' fiye thowmnd dollnrs less tban we could duplica te her fo1', aml yetwe
wouId 1I0t llnd a mel'chant ",ho wonltl bny that ship. She was oftiwed
lIem at two mHI a half per cent. on the cosí, and the1'e was no one to
step forward aud huy her.


'L'he CUAIHJ\1AN. Raye yon made any estímate as to the difference in
the enhanced eost of materials at presént alld before the war '?


Mr. CLTI~TIS. Hanl pi nI' is abont a thinl higher. Beforc the war we
could get, I1:1rd pine at twenty-fiYe eents, and now we are paying fi'om
thirty-six eents to thirty-eight cents.


The CHAIlUfAN. Ro", is it as 1.0 the cost of iron '1
Mr. CUR'I'IR. lron is a great deaI higher.
Tlle CUAIInIAN. IIow lIluch is tlle t(ltal cost of iron to-day that is put


iuto a thousall<l-toll ship aU fitted for sea?
1\fr. CURTIS. 1 do BOt know exaetlr. All that 1 know is that the 10w-


est eyel' paid fOl' iron was thil'ty-se~~ell donars a ton, amI now we are
payillg soltlcwlwre auoui. üighty dollars .


.MI'. MORHELL. Whcn <lid yon buy Íron at that pI'iee ~
MI'. CUHTIS. 1 guess fouI' OI' fiyc years befoI'c tIte war. 1 imported it.
The eHA nDIAN. Yon wero goillg on to state the cost of all the mate-


rials entering into the cOllstl'uetioll oi' a sllÍp '1
l\1r. CLTRTIS. 1\11'. l\leKay says that lle went into a caI'eful calculation,


and that he made out the difference in the cost of H tllOusand-toll ship,
caused by the tarifl', to be fl'(Hll eight thoustlud to ten thousamI dollaI's.


MI'. WELLS. vVhat does it cost to build a wooden ship of that ton-
uage y


MI'. CURTIS. \Ve can bnild her foI' a bout eighty clollars a ton in cur-
rency.


]\fr. MORRELL. \Vhat wfluId she have cost fmm ]8;35 to 1860?
1\Ir. CUR'fIS. YOI1 would IH1Ye got 11e1' fol' about fifty-five dol1ars a ton.
The (JHAIR~IAN. Do YOU mean fitipcl Ol1t fol' sea'l
1\11'. CUR'l'IS. Yes, Sil:. 1 I¡aye l'igged many a ship for eleven thousand


01' twelve thouSaTHl dollan;. This ship which 1 have just sent away cost
lIS twenty-fiye tItollsalld dollars foI' rigging, ove1' and aboye the hull.


TIte CIIAIR~IAN. 'rhat is 11 great deal more than the difference which
yon hayejnst stateú as the dilfel'ence Oll all the mateI'ials.


1\11'. ClTI~TIS. These ships mHy 1I0t llave been quite as Iargc; but for
• a 11lullbe1' oí' .rears the priee of riggil1g a ship did uot vary a thousand


dollul's. lt ",vouId be from eleven thousand to twelve thousand dol-




92 t NAVIGATION INTERESTR.
lars. At present they are using iron with the rigging, amI they would
probahly use it more than they do if it were not fuI' tite high tariff on it.


The UUAIR:lIAN. Is it used to any great extent upon wooden ships ~
1Ir. CURTIR. 'I'here ha,'e heen three 01' fonr latply l'iggt>f1 wit1l it; this


olle which I llave jnst SCllt away was rigged with iron l'iggillg; hut 1
belieye our merchants think that they would rather haye thc llcmp rig-
ging, beeausc thc old hemp will Rell for cllongh to pay 1'01' the wear;
they use t1le hemp here for somc time, and then they go to England aneI
put in \Vire l'iggiüg, anel the hemp is then ",ol'th as llmeh to seU as the
·wire'costs in England. _


.MI'. HourAN. Prior to IBM t<, whnt extent were vessels huilthy ship-
builelers of Boston 1'01' 1'oreigll capitalistR'! .


MI'. UUR'l'IS. \Vhen we huilt ships on onr owú acconnt, if we couId
not seU them here we Rent them to Europe; aud tlH>n~ were a great
man;y built here anel sohl in that \Vay.


:\11'. HOL)IAN. Do you know of any having been huilt by contract
with foreign capitali.stR prior to 18GO'! . .


.:vII'. CURTIR. Yes, sir; T built some myself, alHl 1 helÍeve two 01' tlm~e
since 18GO fol' the fi1'm 01' 'Yanen & Co.; four y(,~HR ago 1 built'a
wooden sllip for them of one thousand thl'ee IUlIl(lred 01' OHü thollsand
four huntlrefl tOllSj two 01' threo years before tltat 1 Imilt olle of one
thousand one hundred 01' Olle thousalld two hUlHlred tOllS 1'01' them.
1 do llOt kllO\V whetlter we ean cOllllwte with tht' Ellglish in iron-ship
building; ,,'ü caunot at present; but 1 am satisfieLl that we can in
wooelell-sltip building' if we could luwe so me I'elief OH the taI'iff 011 our
rnatel'ials.


:1\11'. HOL"1IAN. You think that if thematerials \Y(~re rpliend from taxa-
tion OUI' ship-hnildel's could compete ,,,ith Bnglish sltip-buih1en; as to
wooden yessols?


MI'. CLHTIS. y ps, sir.
MI'. HOUIAx. Hat ,ron think it douhtfnl as to iron·ship building, sup-


posillg tltat iron were rcIieyod elltirely 1'rolll duty ~
MI'. CUHl'lS. 'Ve shonld wallt a liUle more f'xpel'ielwP than \Ve h::we.


got; the Ellglish are lmiltling their iron sllips yery seiellti tic a 11 y-that is,
they haYe got fairly nnder ,yay, and it ,,'ould req ltire so me timo for us
to do so.


1\lr. HOL1rAN. 18 it 110t au mIyantage to tlle ElIg'lish ~hip·1.H1ilding in-
terest tltat tIle mte of illtOl'est 1'01' capital in Ellglaw1 is low ~


.:vIl'. CrR'l'IR. Ulldonbh>dly; at the same time 1 have lmilt thl'ee ships
for an ElIglish honse witIlin the !ast six '01' seven years.


ThIr. CALKIN. \Vhere dops tlle g'oH'l'lllllent gpt its llIpdtauieal labor
from for tlle IUlYY yanls-ship·earpenters, calkers, eJlgilleers, hoiler-
makers, &c. ~


MI'. U URTIS. Tt g8ts them, of eonrsp, frolll prh'ate Ylml:-.
J\f r. UALKI?I. Tilo govermuellt does not educate llleehanics of allJ' kind


in the llaVy yurds "1
ThIr. CURTIS. K o, sir; apprentiees are Yery seldom takfon.
]}fr. 1II0ltRELL. 1 understootl yOll to say tllat a ship wltich formerly


cost fifty-five tllOm;aml dollars \Yould no\1' cost ahollt eighty thotlsalld
dollars ~


.1\11'. CCRTIS. y ('8, sir; it \Hmlfl not Yary nllwh 1'rolll that.
lUr. J\1oRlwLL. That is eighty thonsand dollan; in eurrency agaillst


fifty-fi\'e thousanel dollars in gold lJefore the \Var?
]}ir. CURTIR. Ye:-, sir.
311'. }\fORRELL. That is twent.r·fiye thonsanu elollars in elUrellcy oyer


the gold cosn




NA VIGATION IKTERESTR. 93
1\11'. CURTIS. Perhaps eight'y dol1ars a ton is a little more than a ship


'."ouId costo no\Y.
~lr. l\lORImLL. 1 t11ink it was stated in New York that a ship could


be buiIt for seYcllty-five dolla1's a ton.
1\11'. CCRTIS. ,\r(~ took an accoullt of stock before we eommenced to


build tbis last ship, amI we took an account of stoek afteI' we got. through.
,Ve took tite eOlltract for less than oight~r do11ars a tOIl; hut we 10st
money Oll jt. For a thonsand-ton sllip 1 Rhonlfl sa'y tllat eighty dollars
a tOIl was a fait' priee; lmt for a larg('r ship 1t couId be done eheape1'.
lt <loes 1l0t cost so llluc11 a ton to rig a large sIJip as it do('s to rig a
sIllall OTW.


Mr. JUORRELL. If aU tbe dl1ties were taken from t11e materials tbat
entered into the constl'uetion of t11at ship, how much chealler could you
lu1\'e eOIlstruetp(1 lIPl"?


::\11'. GlTUTlN. 1 hayo llOt gone illtO that qu('stion; 1 only know, f1'om
what ~Ir. ~Id(ay says, tllat on a thom;aud-toll sllip tho dill'ereuce ,rouId
Le abont eigllí thOl!i-;allll (lollars.


:i\lr. l\lOHHELL. ALont eight dol1ars a ton ~
1\11'. CrU'l'Ii". y ps, sil'.
JUr. }\fOlnmLL. \\'0111<1 t11e cheapening of u- ship eigIlt dolIa1's a ton


ena ble .ron to 11]](1 \York fol' it ill this pOlt 1
1\11'. Cpu'rIf'. f 1 hill kit ,,"ouId; I tllillk our merchallts ,,"onId giye con-


side1'ably ilIon' fo1' an Allle1'ican-lmilt ship tIlan fOl' a foreigll-huilt ship.
1\I1'. lHOIWELIJ. '1'I1PIl it :-:·eelllS tllílt t1l0 wl10le llwttel' líes in tlle eheap-


ellillg' oí' a tltousalld-ton ship fl'olll eight t11011san<1 do11a1'sto ten tbon-
sall(l <lollars; \\'oul<1 it 110t be a grenter b0011 to t11e ship-owner if he
eonId get tIte sllppli('s oí' tltat Rhip relie\'ed fi'olll dut,Y ratheI' thall haye
the cos1, dleapelled to that extell1,?


1\Ir. CCWl'ls. Tlle sllipO\"11f'1' wouhl e"ülf'utl.r ·want SOIflP othel' things
off. Por illstauep, iL\Il'.l\feKay is going to earryhis shipto ~C\Y York,
he has got to paya year's Iicense on hel' in order that he may earry her
to New York alld "pJI her. I 1lll(1!'rstall(l tlmt it costs six hundred dol-
hu's to gd a I-lhip Sl'llt tlJere.


MI'. 1\IOltH ELL. L'l 1l0L that tax in itspIf more illll'ortaut tllan t1le dut,Y
on the lllatf'l'ÍaIR ,!. •


MI'. CVR'l'IS .. Al! these thingos go to depress tlle lmRineRs.
:!.\Ir. lIOLJIAK. Aftf'l' 1,he n~sRel is eOJIRtl'lH·te(l (~ml the American o\Vner


rml her as e1lPap lll-l tlw Bllglish 01' the Frcneh owner'F .
MI'. CntTIs. I llave 110 douut that he .r;¡m, and e11eaper; he pays a.


litt.le more to his lllen; Lut he takes less of them, alld they are more
efficient.


The CnAIluIAN. Do .you rnn sllipEl aEl weH as lmilü thf'IIl "~
:MI'. CUHl'li". 1 HlIl to 1-l()]IW extent a ship-o\Yner. '\Y l' are often obliged


to take one-eighth of a yessel 1'or 1he sake of getting tlle contract- to
lmiId her.


Tlle CHAIR}IAN. no ship-1uilders llere general1y own interests in tlle
ships that they buil(11


Mr. CUHl'lS. 'l'llPl'e has heen yory Iittle of that bnsincss done here.
Ship-huilders have depended npOll 'ihe lIle1'chants. There is where we
have not done so \VeH as the peol'le oí' ~Iaille have. 'fIJe ship-builders
in ThIaiue have oWllcd parts of tlle s1lip"', aud t11e1'e is more money made
in rUllning ships than there is in building them.


Mr. HOLJIAN. Do our mel'ehauts aítaeh any importan ce to the cllRtom
that ¡¡reTails in sorne EurJpeall eOllutries of allowing ships' 8tores to be
taken out oí' bond free 01' dut.)"? Is that a matter of any importanee in
an'y 01' ouI' Iines of trade?




94 NAVIGATION I~TERESTS.
::\fr. CURTIS. That is not a subject with which 1 am familiar.
The CHALR}IA~. Please state thc offect on the ship·bnihling intercst


of the tariff on copper.
1\1r. CURTIS. 1 hear it stated that you can get your yellow.metal


some se,-en or cight ccnts a pound cheaper in Englalld than we can get
it her.e.


Thc CHAIR:\IAN. What is the general practice of ship-bnilders aml
ship-owners in reference to the coppering of vesselst Is it generally
done helle or on the other side of the water '1


1\fr. CURTIS. If vessels are going to California, they are coppered
here. If they are going to ~a cotton port amI thence to Europe, tlley
wait till they get over there.


Tllc CHAIRi\IAN. If the cost of a ship at the present time is eighty
dollars per ton here, wonld it be as low as that if there was the usual
amonnt of ship-bnilding being done? In other wonls, is not the cost
reduced by the limited amouut of business '1


1\1r. CUln'IS. Probably wages wonld go higher if there was much
work doing.; but they are l'epail'ing ves:-;eIs at t.lle mwy yal'ds and are
employing a grcat deal of labor. That, howcvcr, is local and te m-
porary. ..


The CHATR:\fAN. If tIte navy yard wel'e llot in ope1'ation wouId the
rates of wages he lower .~.


JUl'. CURTIS. Yeso sir.
1'he CHAIR:lfAN. ~'\nd on the other hand, if ship-buiüling for mercan-


tile purpm;es were increased, that wouId increase tlle co:;t"~
}\fr. UrRTIS. That woulll hring it Ui> again, prolmhIy.
The CIIAIR~IAN. If thore '\Yere ten 01' fifteen ships building hore when


yon were building yOUl'H, would it ha ye cost you any more for' the labor;
une! if so, how )]1uoh more ~


lVI1'. CUH'l'IS. Undoubtedly, if there '\Yere more ships llllilding with
the ¡,;ame :;tate of thiugs in tlle IlHXy yard, tltere is no doubtbut \Vages
would be highcr; uut tilat i:; merely local amI cOllfined to tlle' neighbor·
hood of wlvy yards. Of course tho more business that tItere is doing,
the more wages we Il:we g'ot to payo


The CUAllDIAN. Does HOt that thillg always rep;ulatc itseIn Does
not tIte increased business always enable .ron tú pa.y tIte increascd co:;t
of labor ~


1\11'. ÜURTIS. Certainlv.
The CnAIR:\rAN. Do .)~ou think tItat yon couId bui.ld a ship for eighty


dollars a ton if labor was in as large a demand at p1'c:;ent a:; it was in
1SÜO "?


1\11'. CURTIS. 1 do not supposc that 1 conld. 1 snppose that that
wonld increase the cost of the ship.


}\fr. MORRELL. 'Vas there llot a time pr6\T üms to the \Val' when thcrc
was a large demand for ships, and when yon couId llot produce them
túr fifty-five dollars a ton?


1\11'. Cl;RTIS. In California times, w!Jen e\Ceryhody weut on ships, aud
when theyeould get freight enongh to pay for the :;Itip, they wanted
ships lmiIt in a hUl'!'y, amI thell wages were higll; but just before the
war the busincsR '\Vas Yery much tlepressed; bbor was low, and
materials and eyerything. That is the time wIten ships couhl be built
ut fifty-five dollar:; per ton.


The CHAIR~IAN. In yonr opinion, providing the matcria.ls that enter
into the constrllctioll of shipi! were admitted free of duty, ron conlel
then build ships in competition with foreign ship·buiIders ~


1\<11'. CUR1'IS. 'Ye could build wooden ships; 1 have no doubt of that.




NAVIGATIOY INTERESTS. 95
As to iron ships, 1 have no experiellce that would enable me to answer
tile questioll.


The CHAIHJ.\IAN. But you think there is no clonbt that the remission
of the duties would enable ;ron to lmild \\'oodell ships llere as cheap as
before?


l\Ir. CURTIS. 1 have no doubt of it.
The CUAIR::\IAN. Do yon believe there would be the demand for the


ships in case they were< lmilt at, that reduced rate?
1\11'. CURTIS. 1 ean only say that tilat is what tilo mOl'challts estímate.
:MI'. ::\IonnELL. Is it uot mOfe tbe tax to whieb t11e ship is subjected


after she is built that mercllants object to, ratiler than tIle ellhancetl
cost of the ship itseIn


1\11'. CLTR'l'IS. That is a question w11ic11 had better be allswered by the
merehants.


MI'. 'VELLS. Speaking abont copperillg tllOse s11ips, what is tlle ex-
pense of copperillg a thonsUlld-ton ship '?' HolV many tous of coppér
does"it I'P(1I1i1'(,1


MI'. CrU'f'TS. [do BOt know that 1 can answer tIlat question. Cop-
perillg is an extra eharge, and it is uot Yery often that we copper ships
onrseln's. '


Tlle CUAIR:\IAN. If tIle price of a s11ip is eighty dollars per ton fitted
'out for sea, does that illelude a copper Ol' metal bottom'~


}Ir. CUR1'Ii'i. No, Rir.
The CliAIlOIAK. How much would that increaRe the cost. of a vessel


oi' Olle thouRaud tOIlS '?
.lYIr. CCRTTS. 1 snppose abollt $4,000 01' $3,000, 01' fonr dollars amI


fifty centi'i a ton.
}[r. E. H. DEIWY next acldresscü the committec. The committee


was aware that the American tonnage, w1len it culminated in 1851, had
reaehed the poillt oí' abont nve mm i1 half rnillion tOlli'i. It had risen
jUi'it abo\'c the tonnag-c of Englaud. :Sow, American tOlll1a-ge had de·
creased to ±,:.mo,ooo tOllS, anü the Eltglish tonnage lmd r¡sen to
7,300,000, :11\(1 was at prcscllt abont scven millions. Durillg the late
war, :1uc1 while Ellglanc1 drew tile great 1mlk of her cotton fI'OIll India,
the Yoyage oecupieü llearIy a yea!'; hut, whell the war endcd amI Eug-
lalld agaill drew lwr cotton from Amel'ica, the vo;\'age \Vas shortened
more than half, so that less than hal1' the tOllllage \Vas re(!uired ti)!' that
business. That had Rome d'fect ill dimillishing' English tonuuge, antl an
immediate chcck was giyen to ship-building in England, whieh had been
cxceellillgI.y rapid duriug tIle war, the tOlluage haying neal'ly doubleu.
l\hny Americall vessels liad beca plac.etl undel' the English flag, and
tlle coni'ieqnent increase of Eng'lish tonnage alld decrease oí' American
tonnage had been Yer,)' great. \Vith t11e dose ofthe war, whcn American
ships again cntered into the fieId of cOlllmerce, there was a great check
given to English tOHllage; frolU t11e end of tIle war to the present time
ttere had lwen mther a dimillutioll than increase of English tOlluage;
but sti1l the uispariti¡' bet ween that alld the American tOllnage was very
great.


By referring to statistics of American tonuage it wonld be found that
now tIte coasting trulle preponderated greatly ove1' the foreign trade.
By analyzing the returns 01' abont nillé lllonths of the past fiscal year-
from J une to Apl'il-he found that the arrivals and clearances in the
domestie trade were fifty-one mili ion tous, and the arri vals amI elearauces
in the foreign trade onI.r seyenteen millions, showing that the amount of
business done in the coasting trade (the YO,yages beillg shorter) was nearly
three times as great as in the whole forcigll trade. Whcn he carne to




96 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
analyze the foreign trade he found that of this seventeen million tons(of
whieh,. in formel' times, two-thirds were Amel'ican all(l olle-thil'd f()J'eign)
two-thirds were foreign and one-third American, the American dW1Julling
from 'ycar to year, and the foreign increasiug, He found that, durillg
those nine months which he haü examilled, thc illel'ease in tlle foreign
tonnage was at t.he rate of fourteeu per ccnt., amI the diminntion in the
American tOIlllage was at the rate- 01' twellty-eight per eOllt.; so that it
would oe seen that the Americall tOllllage engaged in the fOl'eign trade
was being very rapidly extinguished, alld was being dl'in'u fi'om tlle
ocean.


There was on tbe files of Congress at \Yashington a very valnable rc-
port Oll tIte cOlluuel'ce of the Ullited States, which contft'Ílled the l'!'ports
oi' tIte United Sta tes c01lsnls lit all th{' foreign ports. That of .!\Ir. ::\Iorse,
consul to LOlldoll, showed that befol'e t11e \Val' tho Amerieall tOllllage
eng-aged in tite Carl'yillg tradl~ oC tiJe world \Vas two allll a \¡alf millioll tons,
of Ellglish shipping Yery llearly an e(IUal amollllt, tlw aggTI'gate of aU
the l'eRt 110t comillg' up either to the American 01' English. He (;\11'.
Derb,y) elltertailled no (Ion ~t tllllt tllat t \YO amI a Lal1' lIJilliollR of Ameri-
can tOllllage was no\\" rellneed to fhe 01' six or SeVl'll hl1lllh'p!l tltOllRrLud
tons, (Iess tLan olle:third oí' what it hall oeen,) amI t11at tIlat smaU pro-
portion was rapillly (Iiminishillg.


Tile cOllditioll of American sllipping- at presellt \Vas, that in nl(~ eoast-
wise tl'alle it \Vas graüllally amI slowly illereasing, particuIar1y 011 t110
riyers amIlakcs, amI a little OH tlle ('O}lst ; f)JL(1 that in t1le fOJ'eig11 trade
tltere was an illlllJenSC llimillutioll. \Vhile t11e scllOollers, b1'igs, mul sllla11
steaJll boats \Yel'e illereasing t11prp waR n great diminutiOll in tlw COllstruc-
tiOll of ships. For instanee, ueforc 1.11e Wal' t1lC1'C \Yere on the :lYerage
three IUllIdred aIHI tift,Y ships a .real' hnilt; no\V that threc Inllld1'ed and
fifty had dwilldled to sixty. amI thosc Wl'l'l' elllpIoyed ahnost entirely in
tlle eoastwise trade, It had beeome appar!'nt frOlll t1le COI1l';';(\ of events
that Arneriean n~ssds WPl'e lleillg dl'i \·ea frolll the oceaa in cOlll)letition
with fOl'eign vei5se1s, that A Illel'iealls eonlll not hold tlteir own in t1le
fOl'eigu trade, aud tha.t aH tlw,Y conld <lo \Yas to cIing to tlle eom;bYise
trade.


,Yhat had causecl this, and how \Vas it to be rclltf(lied"1 It had been
said tüat tlw dilllinutiou in Ameri('an sbipping \Vas due to tlle war, Tlu'y
had lost by ))l'inltcers Hu(1 British pil'iltes l)ptwt~ell one aml two hnndred
thommlld tons of shippillg, but tlwt (lid 1101 explain thc loss oi' tOlluage.
Thc explanatioll was in tlw dilllilllltiOIl in ship-buildillg, amI in the de-
partllre oí' yessels fl'olll the Alllel'icau flag to the Bl'itish ilag', Thus the
tOllllage of Englalld lmd hepIl increased, and t11at iu the lJ lIited Htates
ven matel'iallv dimillis11ed.


TÍle diftieul(y in which commerce was at this momelltwas that, hythe
legislatioJl 01' UOllgl'ess, AllIl:'l'iean yesspls were shnt out frolll t1le t(H'eign
tra(le, First. tlle vessels t1lat lwll gOllP umIf'l' a foreigll flag ,,-erc for-
biddell hy la\V to retnl'll. Tlw'y eouId 1l0t COllle bade again. U a sheep
were 10st it lIlight be l'ecoYPl'ed and brollght hack to thc fohl, Imt tlle
ship once gono \Yas gouc foreyer. Sueh was the l!'gislatioll oí' COllgress.
He wOlllll saya word for tltoRe parti!'s \Vho had paftml \Vith tltpil' Rhips.
He regardl'd them as alllollg t1le most, meritorious mel'ehallts of the
conntl'y. The dnty of t11e sailor \\'[tS to saye his ;,;hip, to eling to his ship,
anll to bring her safe hade to port. Prom time illlllleltlol'ial it. }¡ad been
tlte cl1stom in time of war to put sltips llll!lpr a neutral flag, alld it had
al \\'ays been considered perfectly legitilllate to do so. ])UI'illg tlle late
wal' tlte United States llayy eoulll giye !lO protection to commerce. No
armed ships conlel be spared to take cme oí' American COlllmerce on tlle




NAVIGATION 11\TERESTS. 97
open sea. He bclicvcd that tIH're hacl not hef>Il a, convoy cluring tba
war, the ~lr1necl ships lJeing employed in hIoekading southern ports, and
properly so empIoye(l.' 'rIte qm'stion that addressed itself to tlle com-
rnittee l1nd to UOllgress "as a qnestioll oí' COllllllon sen se. 'Vas it to tbe
illterest of the eoulltry to savf', its shillS '? He beld that it wa:;; to the
illterest of the cOllutry to saye t11e ship, and to brillg ]ler safe to port.
Sho conld now retl1l'Il safe to port ií' COIlg'l'ess would oIlly pel'mit her.
The question was whetlJel' Congn'ss ,v(luId eompel an American owner
to cOlltinlle still to sllil his vessel uúder t11e Ellglish ffllg, 01' perlllit him
to briug her back to her OWIl eountl'y. These ships eould still makc good
whalel's, amI render good Rel'vice in carrying oil froIll the Paeific amI
Atlalltié. 'l'lH'y conld render goorl serviee in the Pacine trade, eal'rying
lumber from 'Washington Terl'itor-y tn Califomia. He did not repÍ'esent
one oí' tltel1l diredly; but he wOllltl respectfully ask t11at the door he
opened to t,hem and that they ltW'y be brought llOme to dimini!:'h by so
mueh the tOl1llage 01' Bngland amI illCl'eHSe that oí' the Ullited States.


He presullwd tlwt at tlle end of the war there were l1early a lnillion
tOIlS oí' AlIwriean "hipping sailing uuder the British flag. He did uot sup-
pose tIlM tllero were now more titan tour 01' five lnmdred thonsalld tons,
amI hfl, would ask that eve]';)" Americall- built ship be permitted to come
baek. Jf tll(' governmcnt di(l llOt takf' eare of them tluring tlle war was
it IlOt propel' tl1at tltf'y Rhonld take care of themselves, and should tlley
Jlot now haye tlle opportul1ity to l'etl1rn '1


Passillg from that suhjeet t.o tite tmhject of tllose duties that preclllded
tite building of ships in the United Sta tes, he would say, in the first
place, that. hy tlle lIavigation act foreign-huilt 8hips are prohihited from
gettillg an American I'Pgi8(1''y. He suggested that it would be politie
to pennit SOllle f()I'eign. bnilt yesselR to he oWlIed and regi"tered in
tIte United States on the paylllellt oi' a !lut;)". If iron sllips could 1le
bnilt clwa)ler in Englaml tItan in America let thf'1Il eOl11e-not freeIy, so
as io hreak (lO\Yl1 American nwehallies, but nnder a du!y oí' ten 01' fif-
tcen per ccnt., 01' $10 Ol' $15 pC1' ton; and then let a remission oí' duty to
the same amoullt. lH~ made to tlle Amcrieall sllip-huilder. He wOLlld not
lit, in favor of taking the cIut,y diL'(~etly otf the foreign (~ommodity used
in ship-huilding, but wOHId llwke a gencral remiRsion of duties to the
amount oí' $10 ¡:er ton. 'l'hat was :MI'. MdCay's estimate of the dift'er-
ellCe in t,he e08t, of a thonsand-toll iroll Sllip eaused by thc tariff, not $8
per to.n, as had ueen J1wlltioJlPr! to-day. He woulff let that RUlll go to
the Ameriean ship-huilder, amI let it go to huy American goods iustead
oí' fOl'eign. He had been lately in t,lIe prOYinCeR, (hayillg made tour
reports on the RLl~je(·t of reciprocal trade,) a]](1 lIe fOllnd that lahor there
was little less than in tile United States; that ship-building materials
were inferior in qua lit y, but were suitahle for building' a cheap dass of
,'essels that wou!d endure for oHly tw()-thinls or one-half the length oí
time that the white-oak yessels built in the Ullited States lasto Still,
tbey made them Yery eheap, and, for ccrtain pnrposes, they came in com-
petition with the yessels bnilt in lhe United Sta tes. Formel'ly those
vessels had eal'ried Iumber tn l~nglalld, Ireland, ami Seotland, but, under
the free-trade s,)'stem, they were now exeluded 1'1'0111 aU but the western
coasts. NOl'way, Denmark, and Prllssia wcre sending supplies to the
eastcl'l1 coastR, amI ",ere getting round to the lll'ü,tol Cllannel, where tbe
competition was ahout equal. He elltertained the yery eonfident opinion
that if the duty on ship-building matcrials wue virtualIy taken off, by
!paking a eoneession oí' 80 much per ton, American merchallts and ship-
huilders would be enabled not ouly to supply their OWIl wants hut to go
jnto the market amI again seU ships abroad. There should be a remis-


7NI




98 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
sion of $10 per ton, and at the same time there shonld he al 10th el' change
which he hall seen foresbadowed the otller day in California-the resto
l'ation 01' gold and si1ver as t11e circulatillg me·diulll. A specie curreIlcy
was needed to relieve the sbipping' intcrests. Jf a. man \Yerc now to
build or buy a sbip at $85 per ton, and if next yeal' tho countr.y were to
go back to thc g'old CUI'I'CIlCy, he would fiIH1 his investment I'edlH~ed to
$60 per ton. Tberefore it was necessary to get back to tlte g'old cnrrency
as soon as possible, beca use the p1'eSellt conuition of tIte currency de·
terred men from going into that ki1l11 of inYestmellt.
- Another yiew of the subject was, the change })l'oduced by snbstitutiug
steam for sailR and iron for wood. Tlley 11a([ undertaken re(:cntly in
Boston to bnild two rnagnificent steamers, two oí' thc fillest yes:,;e]s in t11e
world. But Congl'eRS hall Yirtuall.r provided, hy refusillg to grant suh-
sIdies, that the United States shonl(lllave 110 steameI'S (:,U'rying thc mails
across the ocean. TIle onlv subsidies a110wed ,,-ere to a few vessels run-
lling to Brnzil and China, I;Ot lwlf thf'. 1l11111her that Ollgltt to l'UIl het,\\een
Ohina alld Cnlifornia. How eould Amerieans llnder 1S1Ich cÜ'eumsÍlmcei:'
run lines of steamers in eOlllpetitiol1 ,,-ith ElIglish alld Fl'ench li1les which
were largely subsülize!l'1 Ellglaml lIad a tleet oí' a hUlHll'c(l saiJ oi'
steamers running to t11e east, to Bom bay, Calcutta, Japall, milI China.
And how was this immense 11ee1, supported"1 How was it tlmt Englalld
h:ul to-day sOllletllÍllg'1ike 500,000 tOlIH f'ngag-ed in Htf'am wH'igatioll, aud
a llay,Y more powerful tIlan tIle lIayies oí' all t110 rest oi' t11e worltl'q It
was by her subsidies. She ga\'e OlH', two, t11ree tlollars a mile to steam-
erlS, aud, if necessary, was prüpal'ed to giye foul' do11ars. France hall
put on a line to China, alld had lJE'gun to rness t11e Ellglish line a liUle;
but the Ellglish goVeI'lllllellt, ltad COllle f01'\\'<11'(1 anll said, ¡¡ We ,,-iIl giye
yon $.3 a mile 011 conditiou that your profitlS shallllot get llP b(''yOlld a ceI'-
tain Rum; but ,r0u sha11 run yopr steamers alHl uot be put dOWIl b'y the
Frellch." vYhen other governments pllrsl1ed the J!oliey of grantillg lilJ-
eral subsidies, wh,Y sllOuld 1Iot the Ameriean governmeut do the same-!
Not one of the great steamship lilles eould llave pai<l expeuf'es without
a snbsidy, and the snbsidy had bepJl tlw lSole hasilS on ,,-hieh they llad
runo If that were LIle case, ir the.r conld not run without snh.'iidy,
how eould Amel'iean lincs l'llll ,yitllOllt l'uhsid,Y, ami with aB the dut.ies
imposed upon tIlem? vYere AlllPl'icalls prepal'l'd to a bamloll the ocean ~
They were nballdolling it toda,\'. Ii' the,Y wisheü to win fame and wealth
on tIle oeean, as their fathers had done, tIteir steam lines must be snh-
sidized. They must he put on an equality witil foreign lines, and then
thpy would compete with the l'est oí' tite world.


It had been suggested tIlat nHvigatioll shoulll be made free, alal that
fol'eigll vessels should he adlllittf'd to Amerieall registry. In theory that
IlligIlt seem to do Yery \Yell, but, would llot COllgress han~ to go a Htcp
furthed vYhen it dealt with navigatioll in t11at way, woultl it not haye
to go further alJ(I take the IligIt duties off llHUlllÜlCÜ¡red goods, aud off
iron ami othel' thinglS~ If COlIgTl'SS took tIte Jligh (l11tÜ~S off shipH, "lid
kept them on evel'.ything eIse, >vIto would waut to OWH ships"? vVhut
seemed essential to 1Iim was that 11 g'reat rpdlldion shollld he made in
the cost of Ameriean-built ships, without doing illjnry to Amerü;an
manufactures, and that a tax sIlould be put npon foreign-built yessels.


He had be en in California the othl'r day, amI hml seen that tltere was a
((ompetition between the Paeific railroad and thc Pacific mail í"teamers, but
he was certaill that if t1le steamers rUll1lÍIlg to Pallamíl tonld be diyerted
to China, t1le diversion of each of the tri-monthl'y steamers would be
wortli a million dollars to tIle railw<1Y. In the one ease 1,he steamship
line was au oppouellt, in the otIler ease it ,youhl he a feeder. He thou¡¡-ht




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 99
it would be extremely desirable to have a line of propcl1ers established
between San Francisco ana China, and he understood that the Engli¡;h
were thinking of it. lt semned to him that there was so mueh need of
some iron screw propel1ers for that trade that, if th!:'y could not be built
cheaply here, ¡;Ollle of thelll should be let in from England, amI run on
American aecoullt.


He had to saya \Yon1 on another point in this. cOllnection. If they
were to have shippillg', the shippillg nlURt have something to carry. But
(Jlmgress, by its legislation, provided that the foreign bnsiness should
be to a great extcnt de¡;troyed. He was ratller inclined to giye some
protectioll to mannfaetures; lmt he thought there were certain limitsto
the protection which should be giyen. 'Vhen clnties were higher than
thirt,r per cent. they encouraged· sIlluggling. He found that there was
a large aIIlount of Slllllgglillg goillg ou fl'orn the provinces, whieh op-
erated in weakening ana impairillg the force of the United States duties.
In the artiele of wáolens particnlltrly there was a ver~· great amollnt of
sUluggling. He ,,-ished Congress to take of1' the fluty OIl fOl'eig'n wool,
and to llave the "'001 come in free, HA it does in Bnrope, so as to give
American shipping something to do in the way of earrying "'001. He
liad been ro Califoruia, and hall learned something there about the manu-
facture oí' woo1. The Cllrrellt price ol' a three-quarter pluck wool-
nearly U}) to tlJe fnll-bloocl grade-was twenty-one ceuts a pOllnd; and
he was told they couId mise it a good deal cheaper than that. A gentle-
man, Colonel Halliday, liad (~l'osRed ,1he mountains in 1~54 with a flock
of twelvf\ hUllClrccl sheep, amI lo'lt. four 11l1l1dre<l OH tlle way.


:;\1r. 'VELi~s. 1 understood that. it ,vas eight thousand, and t.hat he had
lost two thousand.


MI'. DERRV. "1 tell the tale as it was toll1 to me" at t.he Pioneer "'\Voolen
Fact.ory in San Francisco; but whether the flock was cight tllousand 01'
twelve hundl'ed will not matter materially, bec~ause the reslllt is so pro-
digions that either will answer. That flock has increased t.o sixt.y-four
thousalld, ancl is yielílillg $100,000 ayear to hilll, with wool nt t;enty-
oue eents a pouud. And ~-et we haye gcntlemen from Ohio amI Iowa
sayillg that they must have forty 01' Jifty ccuts a pound on wool, \\'hile
here i" a lItau makillg $100,000 a year out of what was originally worth
litt.le 01' nothillg, hy selliug wool at twenty-one ccnts a pound in Cali-
fornia.


That earries lile to tite stOl'y of La Plata woo1. They have on those
plaius scvellty-five million slteep, .rielding a large amoullt of woo1. In
1865 we recei ved, pl'illcipally fl'om tItat eOlluÍ1',}', Australia, and Afriea,
eighty-sevcn million pounds of woo1. "'\Vhile we were l'eceiving this
large quantity of woo1 tIte governmellt threw OH the market SOllle al'lIly
clothing. Pl'obabl,Y the eountT'y wa:.; a little oyerstock!:'d with woolens.
Wool feH in price; au exeitemellt was got up; ancI a duty equiyalent to
thirteen or fourteen ceuts was put on f(H'eigII woo1. The result.was that
the imporbttion of wool was reduced from eight,Y-seyen million pounds
to t,wenty-tItree 01' twellty-fonr millioIl pouuds, aud that sixt.y millioIl
pounc1s were exc]uded froIfl tlw eountry by that clllt,y. 1 want to show
its ef1'ect on shipping. That wool gaye employment to several hundred
t.housaml tons of shipping. The ve:.;sels engaged in the trade carried
back flour, fUl'Iliture, fish, domestics, amI a great varidy of commoditics
fhnn this country. ThejT were exchanged for wool, and the wooI was
brought here and manufactured. The duty 011 wool was put up; and
wItat beeame of I,a Plata'~ They sent their wool to EnglamI, France,
and BeIgium, where it was solel very c!teap. 'Ve who give away our
lalld to the set,tlers have put on a duty of fourteen cents a pOlUld OIl au




100 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
article w11ich has since been selling in Liverpool ut ten cents a pound-a
dllty 01' 01le hlliHIred an<l forty por cent. 'l'he effect i8 that, in La Plata,
tltey are getting out oi' the wool business, and are raising cattle Í118tead
01' sheep. They have advel'tised a grellt fair, and have inyited our gov-
erllrncnt (o semi out speeimeus of all the maellincs of Yankee iuvention.
They are abandoning the shecp lmsilless and are going iuto the enltiva-
tion 01' wheat and the raising ot' cattle. We are exelnding them fro111 the
Hheep business, auduow they are going to take the eattle business and
tlle wheat business out of our hauds. lnstead oi' shipping our wheat
i'rom California, England is going to get it more 01' less frolll La Plata,
beeause we haye excluded he1' w(Jol.


y OH are sitting lwre 011 tlle qllestion of ships, bu!' let me say we do
uot waut the ships ullless we give them something to do. If you are
goiug to destroy tlw foreigll tnulc, and to say that foreign wool shall
not he imported, what occasion have \Ve for shipping' '? H t.lte importa-
tion of wool elllllloyed thl'ee m' fonr lllllldred thollsand tons of shipping,
amI if you say that.llo more can be imported, we do llot waut the 8hips.
Give us the trade.


Take the artide of salto 1 passed the other day throngh the very
fionrishing village of Syraensc, whel'e salt is made. 'l'hey l¡ave a pro-
tection oí' two hundl'ed per CCIIt.. OH salto After the Hevolntion ollr
aneestors pnt OH duticH of tpuIlPr eent., thillking tbat t113t was sufficient.
1-Ve lmt OH two lnmdred per cellt. The result is that Syraeuse is a fiour-
ishing vilIage. They are said to have lIIalle $5,000,000 from salt sillr.e
the war. 13ut the saIt trarle amI the navigation that should bl'ing the
salt home is very lllUClt broken down. 111 Xew Brnnswiek the lluty OH
salt is three per CPlll., ill the Ullitpd States t\\'o hundred per cent. We-
compete with Kew Brnllswick alld Nont Seotía in the fishcries. Some_
rellef was giyell by Congl'ef's. lt was ¡>l'ovided that all tho salt wlüch
our nshermen eonl<1 buy in :New B1'l11lswick (amI no thanks to eOllgrCSS
for that, fo!' OH1' fishel'men eOl1ld stop at the Noya Scotian ports and
take the salt) should be free oí' dllty. AmI what. do you think the
Syr¡jeusans do "1 Tltey detenniued that \Ve shonld Ilot haye a salt trade
with t11e 'Vest lmlies. They come to (j-Ioueestel' amI say, "1-Ve luwe two
priees of salt-that wlJidl is 118('d 011 shore amI tbat whieh is used
011 sea. 'Ye wil! tal;:e the dnty of!' tILe price oí' that use(1 at sea."
They go over to Canada alld se1l salt, dut,\' free) at a eertain price; but
ii' New York wants to 1my salt it must pay t.wo hundred per eent. addi-
tional in orde1' to get it. The Syraeusans go to Saginaw and say, "Gen-
tlemen, yon are tl'yillg to get sa1t out of ;your spl'ings; we will lInder-
take to snpply yon with what you want cheapel'." Thus they monopo-
lize the salt business of the COILIlÜY Hueler a duty of two hundred per
cellt. The result is that thcy ha\'c come he1'e to Bosto)], aIHI stoleu olle
of ou!' clergymen and made hilll a bishop in tlteir eountry. They are
showing-an unbounded prospel'ity, as 1 lllldcrstand, on this basis of two
hundred per (\ent. duty OH salto 'Ye onght to have a million tOllS of salt
imported over what we do impo1't to-day. 'fIJe Sllll rnakps it gratnitously,
and you can put it. on hoard ship in the 'Yest ludies fo1' eight cents a
bnshe1 01' two do11<1rs a ton. All the sa1t that. yOl! want yon clln gct at
the 'Vest ludies, 01' Cadiz, 01' up the l\fediterranean to Sicily at about two
dollal's per ton, made by solar eYl1poration; while \Ve put the fluty nt hlo
hnndred per cent.) and burn up onr forests for t1w pnrpose of benefiting
Syracuse, and deprive OlU' shipping' 01' its legitimate business.


\Vlmt 1 wou1d suggest in regar(l to shippillg is this: Take off tIte du-
ties on ship-building materials. The qnestion is, can ;you afford it 1 l\fr.
W ('lIs told us ayear 01' two ago that the surplus 1'evellue was olle hun.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 101
dred and twenty million dollars. MI'. 'Vells i" a very carefal mano He
aIways llnderrates. HI-l does it ltabitually. He holds a responsible offiee
amI <loes not want to be deceived. I fe el eonfident, frolll Iooking ov(\r
the same figures, that our eustollls are payillg to-day two hundred mil-
lion dollars a yeal', nmI our intemal revenue two hUlldrecl million clollars.
'Ve are aIso rnnning from twenty to thirty pe1' eeut. ahead of last year
on ou1' incidental re\'etlue. 'Ve are sellillg e\'el'y \yeek olle 01' two mil-
lions of goId at about thirty, amI pl1tting into tbe tl'easnry from this
souree about thirtv millions a vear. There is a revenue of í'o-ur hun-
dred and thirty miiíioTls. Ou!' e~timakd expemIitures are t,wo hnndred
and llinety millions, leaving a snrpllls oí' one huudred alld forty milliollS.
By reducing the dnty on a few articles, such as SpmJish cigars, spil'its,
spiees, and wines, yon (~all adnal1y increasc that snrplus np to orre hun-
dl'ed anrI eighty millions. Just as by reclucing the tax on whisky frolll
two dollars to 1ifty celtts a gallon you lllereaRe(1 the l'eVenlle fl'Olll it from
eight millions to eigltt,r. So that, with our rcycnue capable of being
mad(', by rcduction of duties, equal to one lmndred aud eighty millions
surplus, ,ron can make VPl'Y lal'ge rpclnetioIlS iu these foreign duties, alld
so aid shipping.· Yon wil! aid shipping more by reclncing the duties than
in auy other wny. I speak m, Olle in f:wor oí' pl'otedioll incidental to
reveuue. 1 do Bot speak as a fn'e-tI'ader. ] do not go to those cxtremes.
Pel'haps T am llOt wise in not going' further than Ido. Bnt 1 stand OH
moderatf\ protection. IOUl' pr;oteetiotl to-day is forty-eight per cent. 011
the aYel'age 011 eYerythitlg that yon importo Ro,,' was it before the war?
Fourtecl1 amI a half per ceut. was the average. Is Cougress aware of
that great disparity~ Is COllgresR a\yare tlwt. \Ve haw\ trept nI' from
fourteelJ amI a half per eCllt. to forty-cight pel' cent. duty on ewrything
that \Ve import ~ Does Congress belipye that forty-eight IWl' eent. is a
l'1'oper stage of duties, 01' that \Ve am to maintain tlwtll at that rate·~ Is
it jnst, for this nation to do it"1 1 respectflllly submit that it is uot ,,'ise
1101' just for this nation to do il.


In refel'l'lIce to the fhcilities fol' sJnllggling from tlle provincps into tbe
UnitccI States, 1\11'. Derby relnted au illeltIeút whieh carne vvithin his own
knowIedge, of a lllprehant tailor ill Ha ¡¡fax who showed him bis Ol'der-
book contaiuing' onlcrs fol' ¡:;uits of elothes from a large num ber of Amer-
icaus, some oí' them wealthy reRillents of Bo¡:;f,on, amI whieh were (Ieliv-
ered in BoStOll free oí' dnty a]l(I at t.lw SHlIle priec ns if tlley hacl been
clelivered in Halifax. He said that. tIle only way was to do what the
English and French amI Belgians had done, that iR, to go had: to free
trade in wools. Tite lliUIl \\'110 had his lm](I gratnitonsIy, Ol' who could
get it with scrip at ¡:;eventy cents an acre, certainly clid llot need protee-
tion as against the Fl'enehm<lll whosp lamI eost him fimr hnndred dollars
au acre, 01' against tlle Englisllman whose lUlld cost ldm three hnnclred
doIlars an acre. Some employment must be gi \-en to Aml'riean ship-
ping, and if Congre¡:;s \Vas goiug' to fayOl' tI le s1lipping intel'ost, thc duties
on imports should be 'atsnch a mte as that goods could be imported
1nto tllis eountrv.


The CHAIRlIIAN. Speaking' nf t1le vessels whieh sought protection
uneler t.he English flag dnring the rebellion, ,von say that it has been the
polioy of all natious hl timeR oí' war to allow their Ruhjects to put their
ships under a neutral flag. Do yon think that duritlg out' late war Grcat ,
Hl'itain oceupied tho position of a neutr;ll toward us ~


1\11'. DEHBY. Only nominall,)'. 1 do nnt t.hillk slle was l'eally a neutral,
but she was IlomillaUy so, amI the merchallts hacl a right to cOIlsider
her so.




102 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
MI'. CALKIN. In regard to subsidies, can you inform the committee


how much Illouey the English government is 1l0W paying for suu¡·üdies '?
1\11'. DERllY. The London Times of April L 18(;9, states that the


Cunard Company was paid prior to 1868 ;;;:178,000 ayear for one \veekly
service, aud then ;;;:80;000 ayear, anu al! the postages OH lettel's fl'om
Amel'iea. Se venteen ¡ines of steamers haye made during tIle last .real'
1,:,t;!;! yoyages bctween Englall(I amI Ameriea. '1'he lnmall line is now
paid for one weekly serviee. Three lines of Rritish steaJllships Rub-
sidir,ed for the earriage of the maUs, viz., the Cunard, the Hoyal, and
the Peninsular amI Oriental Steamship COlllpanies, elllploy more than
200,000 tons of shipping propelled by steam. The amount paid them
has ranged fl'Om $1 to $3 per mile. In addition to these many othe1' liues
were subsidized frolll Englaml, viz., a line to l\IollÍl'eal, 11 lille to the
eoast of Afriea, the Inlllan line, a lille to Brazil, a line to Australia, mHI
a line to the coast of Chili and Perno The laRt llamed Ilas fou1'teen
steamships. The trade betweell Liverpool and the Meditcrrancan, ehiefly
condneted hy tltem, amolllltR to 600,000 tOllS ayear. In 1843 the Cunard
line had four steamers, of 5,000 tons. In 18(;;) it llíHl thirty-seYen steam-
eI'R, of (j1,000 tous.


1\11'. MORRRLL. I illfer fi'om your remarks that a large proportion of
the seeming decline in American eommeree iR only IlOlniually RO, and
that tIte dilfe1'ence cOBsists in yessels sailiug under a foreign flag but
still belonging' to American eitizens ~


MI'. DEIWY. That element, howen'1', is diminishing. As these ships
pc1'ish they are not sllpplied, and whell LIte owne1's can sell them they
do so. They are reluctant to haye foreignel's hold a trusteeship of their
pl'operty.


:1'11'. J\lORRELL. At the presellt time the apparent falling off has not
been eutirely real "?


::\11'. DERB'y. Not entirely. 1 tItink that \Ve own still four 01' five hnn-
dred thousaud tons sailing~ llnder tllP British flag; lmt 1 tllink that that
tonnage is diminishing at the mte of 100,(100 tous ayear.


The CHAIRMAN. VVh,lt is tite average 1ife oi' a wooden ship ~
~11'. DEIWY. The1'e is a diffen~llee 01' opinioIl UJlOll tlJat. It <lepends


very lIlllCh UpOIl the eIaStl 01' s11i]). A gootl wlJite-oak built ship will
Jast sometimes twenty or tlJiI'ty ,vean;; lmt takilIg the chauces of life, I
suppose that twelve 01' tbirteen years wonhl ue tl1C average duration of
a wooden ship. The <tYPl'age dlll'atioll oi' the wooden ships lmilt in the
Provillees is not more tlum six 01' üight yeartl. 1 have seeu a ship that
wat'l bl1ilt by my grallllfather, and whieh, I think, was rUlI aftel' lwiug
forty 01' fifty years old. ShillS al'e like indiyiduals; sorne of them hayü
greater 101lgevity than othel's.


MI'. ROLl\IAN. Is thpl'e an,)' eomme1'eial power that entirelyexeludes
from its l'egistrntion fo1'eign-built Yessels .~


1\11'. DERllY. 1 am BOt aware 01' it.
1\Ir. HOL::\IAN. vVhat is the IllORt general policy! Do any of the COII-


tinental powers admit foreign-huilt vüssels tn l'Pgister except on the pay-
lllent of some duty ~ And what is the average of that duty'?


)'11'. DERllY. 1\1y knowJedge \loes lIOt extelld that faro I know that
there is a disposition among continental natiolls to illcrease their marine.
Their duties are v;üry low.


MI'. IIoLl\'U~. vVhat wonld be the effeet on our COIllmerce (discon-
llected with ship-buildillg) of allowing foreign-bnilt vessds an American
registration on paylllent of a dnty oi' teu OI' ilfteen per cent., and at the
same time excluding them f1'o111 the eoastwise trade ~




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 103
;\fr. DERTIV. T am ine1ined to think that that wonld be the best


policy.
]yIr. HOLMAN. If Congress should allow foreign- built vessels to obtain


aH American r!'g"it,tration OH payment of, sa~-, ten per cent., relieve the
lihip-bnilding illterest of tIle United States frOllL the taxes on the rna-
terials enterillg into the eonstrnetioH of ships, mul Reeure to American
ship-builders the coastwise tradc, what cffectwoul<l these three measures,
taken together, Itan'\ both UpOll eommeree alld Rhip-hnilding·~


MI'. DERBV. rf yon allO\y me to lllake one modifica.t.ioll, and instead ot'
ten per eent. dut,}' Oll foreigu yessels, say 810 per ton, 1 would go for the
measnre ]warti]y amI think it a 1ll0st hendi(~ial one.


)'lr. IIOL]}IAN: \Vonl<l it., in yonr .iudgmellt, promote our comlllereial
interel'.t, amI at tIte sume time affol'lI a reasonable proteetion to the l'.llip-
building" i Ilterest '!


MI'. DERBY. \Vith the modification 1 han suggested, 1 thillk it would.
1 lI'ould aIlow ten !lollars Ptll' ton on wooüen ships, al1d fmm fifteell to
eightccll dollars a ton OH iron ships. 1 am fearful of taking' off the
duties OH the lIlatcl'ial8. In tlle 1'rOyillCe8 there is ayer.>, strong dispo-
sitioll to join tIte Fnitell Stah>l'., pal'ticnlal'l;r in tlle ltlnritime pnwinces ;
but if yon let in tlle1r ve"sels free, or at a <luíy of ten per cent., they
would nnt join ns. 'l'lwy wOllld "Iay w!t('l'e they are. 1 \Vould haye tIle
<lut;r high enong·h to iuduee t1l(,1I1 to co/nc.


The CHAIlDÜ~. ))0 'yOIl kno\\' oi' any nation w!tich puts u, duty on the
raw matel'ials that cnte!' illto the constrnction oí' ships ~


}Ir. DrmllY. 1 do uot recollect an\". 1 tltillk that these materials
ought to come in free, eitller b~- a re¡;tission of duty 01' in some other
,>vay. ] think the remission oí' (lllty wonl<l he the fail'cst \V ay. 1 am
n'I'y 1l11lch impres,wd witIt the importanee of snbsidies to stcamcrs; so
1Il1H'h so that T yolnntc(>l'cd to sppak heforc tIle Post Offiee COIllluittee
at "Washington on that Rub.ieet.


2\11'. CALKIN. Is it your opillion that we caullot support steamship
lilles withont sllhsidies t


Mr. DrmllY. 1 do 110t see how we callo
The CHAIRMAN. 1 undersfootL }01l to Ray 1.hat steamers were super-


sP!lillg "ailing-vcsl'.cl", <111(1 that tlwt was OliO of t]¡e canses of the !leeline
nf Ollr tOlllluge. JIo\\" do yon aeeonllt 1'01' tIte fnd that in tIte whole for-
eig;ll eOlllllWl'e!~ of ~ew Ellglalld, lIf'ithPl' a fOl'pign noI' au AUH'riean line
of stc¡jmsltips ha" 13c(,lI a hle to sllstaill it;.;clf in eompetition with sailiug-
ycsHels! Does llOt tItiR }H'OYC thnt steHmers, stallding 011 tlle same foot-
ing, C:111110t eornpete witlt saililLg-vPRsel;.; ilL lOllg voyages, and in foreign
('ommerce, unaid(>d by any subsidy ?


MI'. DERllY. 1 am illdillPd f.o that opinioll, that stearne1's require the
aid of snusidies to com]lete.


MI'. l\IORRELL. Are not subsidies confilled to wssels tItat are 1'equired
to make qlliek time '!


MI'. DERBY. 1 un<1erstand that oC late they llaye been uuilding a class
of vesselsat GlaRgow-elH\ap vestiplR-r.]¡at ",illl'UU f()l' twellty-four hOU1'8
with one ton of coal to tlll' hnndI'cd tOllS, 01' ten tous of coal to the
tltonsand-íoll sllips. 1 presume tlJat tltat da8s 01' vesselR running slowly
would be able tn compete \\'ith Railillg-w"sels; hnt 1 helieve that the
gI'cat incrensc in the stea.m navy of Eug'lalld ha.s been <lue to the subsi-
dies which have given it a stimulns. Uongl'ess did giye a subsidy to
one EUI'opean line, tIle Collins line; b1lt the vessels of that line we1'e so
cxpeusivc that even with the subsidy they conld uot get u long. If they
liad followed tlle policy of the Cnwml linc, with a liberal subsidy oí
Congress, they wonld have been sneessflll. 0ue of the mistakes oi'




104 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
our countrymen is, il1 ulldertaking to strike out new paths ilHüead of
fóllowing others whieh luwe aIready lJeen discoyerm1. Sillce thc illtro-
duction of screw steamers, the Engli:sit governmellt has reduced tite
SUb8idv.


Mr. \VELLS. Bllt onIy a portion of the English lines are suusi!lized.
MI'. DEIWY. 1 helieve that that is so; hut tllP steu1Il8hip lilles lI,:we


heen lmilt np by tite aid of previons sub8idie8. 1 tltink tltat that ela88 of
serew steamers whieh I have just allulled to might possihly be bnilt to
I'un slowly, cal'rying IIl!'l'eharulise which would make nlolley without a
sub8idy.


}1r. \YELLS. Tt has bt'ell stated that not ollIy in l~ng'laml bnt ¡¡Iso in
Gel'luany amI France 811ips' store8 are taken out oi' bOll(1 ,,-ithout pay-
mellt of !luty .


.NIl'. DERBy. That is tite eaHe in BnglalH1. 1 IUlow t,llHt their ,rÍl1eH
amI supplies of that killd are takell out of bond duty free; ami with
respect to coa.l, 11lelie\-e Ulat tile foreign coal was tak(,ll out oí" bond
here !luty free uy tile Cunanl line, untlel' a certifieate that it is cou-
sumed at sea.


The CrrAIRJIAN. 18 tlmt the (~a8e llOW t
:Ml'. DERBY. It \Vas tite case somc yl'ars ago.
The CUAllUIAN. It is the same, 1 sUPlJOse, with Amcrieall vcssels;


tbey wonld have t11e tialIlC a(hautage as the forcign YPHspls?
l\I1'. DRlwy. Yes, sir; 1 nm told that in the matter 01' eoaI the Cunard


line !lad nltimately to l'eLúud tite duty. 'l.'hey glLve bond to hase the
questioll passed UllOll af'tl'rwul'll. T am to}(l that they maJe a test case
of it, amI that tbe <lecisioll waS agaillst them.


The UUAIRJIAK .. In !'ititel' (::lse, \Y hl't111'l' tlwy paid tite duty 01' ou-
taiued it free, the Ameritan aud fOl'eigll ves6el8 would be OH thl' same
footillg e?


"Ir. DERBY. Certainly. The question has ueell asked to-day, whl'ther
s11ip-owne1's should llOt ~e üwored in gettÍllg their sUJlJllies free oí' dut.y,
so as to compeusate fOl' the duties 011 tlle ship-bllildillg materials. 1
shoultl apprehend that the eOlllpeu8atioll ,yould uot be sutlieieuL The
grl'ut expense of ship-o\Yners is in fuel.


Mr. VVELLS. vVhit:h mlllld be t11e ¡¡('/ter [Jolicy; to relllit the duties
ou tite material8 ente1'illg into the COllstl'Uetioll oí' ships, 01' to make an
average allowanee per ton?


1\11'. DERTIV. The diffienlty that I HPe in allowing a dmwback upon
tIle materials actually used ,,,ouId be that AIl1l'l'icall 8hip-lmil<l!'rH woultl
use no American irou; tlH'Y would use uotitiug but fol'eign ll1atel'iaIs.


::.vIl'. \VELLS. So that ill reality :)"0111' 8uggestioH is in fayor oí' a bounty
to sbip-lmildel's, l'ather tlWll a l'l'lllissioll oí" duties?


:Mr. DERny. Yes, sir; aH illtlncPllHmt to lmild.
Mr. WELLS. vVould 1l0t the opelling oí' 8hip-yartls fin- building iron


vessels in .l\lassaeitu8ptt8, .:\laine, allll Xcw York, actually stillllllate t1le
manUfildul'e of iron matt'l'ia18 that enter iuto tite COlltitnwtioll oí' ir01l
ships ~ There is u(me 01' that material oí' auy COllSl'qnmwe lwHle iu tlie
United States. -


::.vII'. DERny. Thl're is a certaill alllollllt oí' it lIlade, becallse \Ve are
building' ships for tite eoasting tralle.


]\'11'. \VELLS. \Vould not fhe ill(lus1ry in the lIlanufacture of iron fol'
tIte e011struction oí' ships be aetually i;wreased hy atloptillg a lllore lib-
eral poliey in referellee to the mil' oí' ftJl'eigll lllaterials fol' Hllip-lmildillg'l


MI'. DERBY. 1 think it wonld give a great 8timulllH to tIte imlustry of
the couutry. \Ve can build yessels fol' t11e eoast\di-ie tratle ten dollars
a ton cheaper, anu we ean cany the iro11 amI coal eheaper, and tlius




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 105
stimulate tIte iron illdustr,r. 'l'l!el'e is Olle suggestioll which 1 have
omittefl. It is tliis: If .you ean ellIal'g'e American shippillg aud build a
hulf millioll tons every yoar, as we did a few years ago, yon make aH
inunonse llIal'ket for Amel'Íean produds. If a Hamlmrg' ship does the
business, 01' if an Halian ship doeR tlle llllRines8, they get most of tlteir
supplies from Germany and Ü'om Italy. Bnt ir an American 8hip does
the husilless its snpplies are got here almost entil'ely, and yon thm; make
a great lllal'ket for the produce of the farm b.v reviving the lHlyigation
int¿rest. AH that market is now 10st, and the men whó huve heon sail-
ors, amI who hay e llPen nsillg' tIlo products of the vVest, are now liable
to become farmers in the 'Ye8t.


1\11'. '\VELLS. In making tbis remission of duty 01' this bounty, should
vessols for the inland COllllllorcc havo the samo benefits as ships for for-
eign commerce ~


1\11'_ DEUBY. T]¡at qnestioll is in lIly mind. It is not so essential fOl'
vessels in tIw coastwisc trallc a8 it i8 for vessels in the foreign trade;
becausc in tlle fOl'eign ¡rado ,ve lllect fOl'eigll eompetitOl's; hut in tlte
dOlllestil~ tm(lB we meet only dorllestie eOlllpetitors.


JUl'. ,\VELLS. Do \Ve not mect tlle foreigu eompeLitor in onr coastwise
trad(~ as eOllll'dillg with tilo railroad intol'ost oWlled by foreign8r8 ~


MI'. DERBY. Tlwre is a compotitioll tltere with the railway, unques-
tiollaulv .


.MI'. \\'ELLR_ AJl(1 thc mOl'C steamboats \Ye can bnild, and tIle greatel'
fiwilities, amI the moro drawhaeks we can giye them, the eIleaper \Ve geL
on!' wheat to lllal'kd.


MI'. l)ERRL Cortainly, sil'. Hut 1 mn so lUnch of a railroad man
JIlysclf, tlmt if \Ve do anythillg for sioalllers 1 sliould J.ike tllfl same tIling-
to be dono for l'aill'oat1~, ,yIlil'h are a lJellefit to thelIl. But 1 was 10ok-
illg at tlIo foreign eompetitioll which is dl'iying us frorn tllO o·~ean.


]\fr. CALKIX. 1 takü it tlIat tllis qnestion reso1ves itself dOWll to a
qum;tion of deyeloping tIle lahor of tIle coulltry generally on alllJOints·~


MI'. DEIWY. Yes, Rir; to a great extellt tIle proll1otion oí' 1Hwigatioll
benetits tlle ",11010 eOlllltl'y .


.1\11'. CALlüC>.'. ExaetI.r. Your ,,~hole argumont has been that if we
build slliIJs \Ve ell(~olU'age al! tIw othm' illtcrests of tho eOllntry·~


1\11'. J)ERRY. vVe do; and 1 thillk that hy diseouraging ship~building
\YO are uuilding' np a competitioll witll Olll' í'al'Ulel'S amI depl'essillg the
labor oí' the \Vpst.


1\11'. HAHRISOX LURIXG, iron ship bni1der, argued against the policy of
a rapid cOlltractioll 01' tlw ellf'l'eney alHll'etUI'll to sppeie paymPllts, aud
sublllittetl eitatiolls and fignres í'rom an English atlas (Tulloek'8) to
show the efrect in Great TIritaill oí' expamlÍons and eOlltraetioIls of the
ourreucy-pxpallsiolls hoillg f'o]]owetl uy general prosperity and COll-
tractions by stagnation in busillpss.


He also called attelltioll in t1w lIigh rah~ oí' illtel'est paid by t11e Unit,~d
States gowTl1ment as beillg injnrions to business intercsts. Six per
cent. ",as a rat,e that was abO\~e tite labor oí' the Coulltry; aud he
thought he was safe i1l saying that, somewhat in proportion as tIw rate
of inicrest is aboye tho lÍ:thor oí' tIlO eonutry, so will money go with
inereased rapidity i'rolll tue halllls oí' the masses of t1le people to those
of tiJe rieh amI to the gTüat cities. At eompouml intorest money at
slx per ecnt. would doulJle in eleycn 'ycal's; ami it was not possible fol'
lahor to pl'oduee the smlle l'esnlL He \Yas inclined to thillk thHt one of
the firsi steps towürd reIieving COlllllleree would he tile reduetion of
duties as far :ll.-l possible.


Mr. CALKIN. You are an iron-ship builder?




106 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
1fr. IJORING. Yes, sir.
MI'. CALKIN. Have yon any infol'matiou to give the committee as to


the cost of building iron ships, amI as to your ability to compete with
foreigu bllilders·~


ThIr. LOlUNG-. In 1857, '58, '59, '60, amI '61 I conlll deliver a ship in
India 01' China at the same price as English ship-bnilders COUlll, but
withont profit, while the English ship-buildeI' wonlll have from fiTC to
ten per cent. profit. In 1857 1 built OIle steamcr fo1' parties in Calcutta,
and in 1858-'':->9, one fúr parties in China. 'fIle chairman asked 1\11'.
Del'hy if stcam could compete successfully with sJiling-vcsilels. 1 be-
lieye }fr. Derby did not amnver that qneiltiou. 1 will say that steamers
are competing successfully with sailing-yessels without a snb,·;illy. In
fact, most of the business with the principal cities on t11e coast is done
by steamers.


1\11'. CALKIN. They are reaHy rUlllling off sailillg-ycsscls~
MI'. LORIKG. Yes; from the trade between Boston, New York, Balti-


more, Norfolk, Charleston, .i'rew Orleam" milI Sava,nnall. 'l'bat is a
question whicb will t,ake eare of itself. American steamers cau compete
successfnlly with American sailing-vesse1s in out' wa CI'Ñ.


lVII'. HOL~IAN. 'Yhat, in yonr judgment, can tlle government do to
revive t11e ship-buildillg interests of the country'¡


1\'11'. LORnG. 1 did 1l0t comn llere prepared to take np tlle ditl'erent
points amI discuss tllem, amI whatever T say will be said in a desllltory
maUller. We aH kl10W that no nation can become wealthy on manu-
factures 01' on agriculture 01' on eOtllllleree al(me, amI that natiolls, to
increase in wealth, must encollrage two 01' more of t110se iuterests. l\Iy
idea is, in re1at.ion to tbe who1e business of tlle eOllutry, that we I11llst
uim to furnish tlle labor of tlle cOllntr'y with everything that it con-
sumes, outside amI inside, at the ]owest possible. cost, witl] a view of
reducing the cost to COmlllel'Ce. An atldibonal cost of Olle per cent. will
pl'eVellt milJions of exports.


:NIr. HOL::\'IAN. A lIation ma:v promote its COIllmeree at the expense of
the manuüwturing industry eugaged ill thc eonstruction of ¡;,hips. That
can be done, of eouI'se, by a 1I0willg the pnreba¡.;e aucl regiÑtr.y 01' foreign-
built yessels. But, looking at tbe qllestion in COIlIleetioll ",itl1 ship-
building alone, alld as ouly a lllPl'e agent of eommcl'ce, ean tite govern-
ment do anything to prolllote tlle interests oí' tlle ship-huilders except
by relieving ship-lmilding matel'ials ÍÍ'Olll t11e paymeut of internal allíl
external dnties'l


MI'. IJORING. Of course the best wav wonld he a rednetion of dllties
on imports; but no one expeets tlmt wOe are eoming to free trade.


:NIr. HOL~rAN. Take onI:v those materiaIs that enter illto the eonstruc-
tion of ships in which foreign labor comes in mnnpetitioll with our own.


MI'. LORING. That, as 1fr. Derby remarked, wouhl ¡nterfere wit11
Ameriean manufactures. It seems that tlle ouly way would be tlle
allowance of a drawback.


MI'. WELLS. 'Yhat dmwback would yon suggest fOl' t11e pnrpose of
encoumging the building of ¡ron ships hpl'e?


}\[r. LORING. No more than tlle Hmonnt paid in duties.
MI'. 'VELLS. Row lUnch is tllat per ton e¡
MI'. LORING. 1 haye uot gone into a computation. 1 presnme that


ten dollars per ton on wooden vessels is ahout eOI'I'cet. vVoodell ships
cost about eighty dollars a ton, amI iron ships oue hunclred amI twenty
01' one hunared and thirty dollars. To enconrage il'oTl-ship building of
course a dl'awbaek should be allowed ill-proportion to tlle extra costo




NAVIGA'I'ION IN'I'ERES'I'S. 107
]\fr. WELI~S. vVould a dmwhadc of tW811ty do11ars per ton be suf-


ficient'l
MI'. LORING. lt iR cmüly computed. 1 do not know what the cost of


iron Rhips in Rnglantl is. It, is some tlJ:l'ee yeal's since we have givell
up all idea of building. 1 haye all the facilities for building. 1 am
keeping np aH ei5tablüüunellt alld ol'gallization in hopes oi' having some
rclief.


:.vIr. WELLS. lt was staied before the cOlllmittee in New York that
twelve doUars 1)('1' ton wonhl be suftkiellt to justif~~ the lJUilding of iron
vessels in this coulltry.


NIr. I,ORING. 1 think it ",as set too low. That wouId be discrimiuat-
ing' in fa\-or of wooden H'SSI'ls. If tell dollal's peI' ton he allowetl for a
woodell ship, the mllount for an iron ship should be in the proportion
to fhe eORt, whieh is olle IlLlndred aud t\Yellty~five do llar s per ton to
cighty dolIars tor a woodcn YCi5Rd.


MI'. 'VELLS. It \Vas remarked there that a ~wooden'ship could be built
in }<~lIglmlfl at fl'Olll fift'y~fiYe to sixty dollaI's, and he1'e at ahout Reyenty
dolIar", and that an iron i5ltip cost in EnglalHl ahont onc hnndred and
tweh~e dollarR a tOIl, and 1Ie1'e from Olle hundred and twenty to one
llUIHl1'e(1 amI twenty-fiYe t1ol1ars-the differenee being" froll1 ten to fifteen
dollar:,;.


::\11'. IJoRIXG. 1f theRe are the fadR, of com'Re an allowance of twelve
dollars per ton wonld be i5uffieicnt.


'l.'he CHAllOlA~. In your opinioll, as an experienced iron~ship builde1',
if tlw dutieR oa il'otl wpre l'(~lIIitt<~d, eould American Rlüp~huilders then
(~Olllpete witlt fOl'cign ship~lmildl'1's'!


"l\lr. LOHiNG. There is no question as to that; \Ve have one great ad-
Yantage in this-that au American ship of the smne weight oi' metal
would be very much stronger tlmn an English vessel, and would haVl) a
better repntation aU ove1' tlHl \\'orld.


The cOllllJlittee Itere took a rcccss for dinner.


AFTERNOON SESSION .


.DIr. ANDREW T. HALL, of BostOll, ship-owner, i5aid that tlwre conld be
no CflH'stioll as to the Yer~~ positivo deeline in tbe shipping illterests oi'
New ElIgland. TItí" had alw<lY" beell a g"n"at point fo1' lJUildiug Rhil)R.
'rhere \Yas no tilllP \rithiu tIw pa:-;t fiftecn :wal'i5 that i5hipi5 OH the stoeks
couhl 1l0t be eoullted by dozem; in ami around Boston. N ow there \Vere
none on the sÚJeks. h~on \YaR "o \'ery hea vily taxed that, without sorne-
thing in the natul'C 01' a drawhack, American ship-builders could not
compete with Ellglish sbip-lmilders. lrOIl Rhips had been recently in-
troduced in l~lIg-Jaltd 1'or eOllllllel'cial pn1']1osei5, ami wonld ente1' larg-ely
into the carryiug trade of the wOl'ld. AmericauR could not begin to com-
pete with the Englisil in iroliRhip lmildillg. As to wooden ships, they
were still trying; to keep the business ali\'e. IIe had, himself, built a.
large wooden ship witilin the last iew weekR, hut tbere was very little
opportullity 1'01' pro lit, ill tIte hnsilless. ,Vhat ship-builderi5 wanted, he
thought, was a drawback of dnty on the iron used in the _manufacturo
of sl1ips. There was a good deal oi' iroll riggillg uRecl now in ships,
which had not been thc case heretoforc, and a drawback of duty upon
it would be a material 11elp.


:MI'. CALKIN. Do you make a spe(~ialty of tlle iron, 01' do you require
a drawhaek on an the articlci5 enteriug into the construction oí' a ship'f


:MI'. HALL. Iron is the principal object, hecanse the wood we have
ourselvei5, aml the eoppe1' also.




108 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
Mr. CALKIN. Do J'ou speak of iron ships particnIarly ~
Mr. HALL. r am slwakillg of iron ships. Thcre is llot so much rliffer-


cnce in tlle foreign alld Amcrican vaIne of copper as there is in that of
iron. \Ve are producillg such a large qnantity of copper that the price
l.tUs been rednced somC\vlwt.


]\fr. HOL:}[AN. To what extent, if it shoulcl be done at all, do .ron think
t11is gonmuuent shouhl adopt a more liberal poli(~y than its pl'esent one
with reference to the adlllissioll of foreign-lmilt vessels to American
registr:v1


1\11". ÍlALL. I should thillk tllat that would be the means oI' drh'ing
eyery ship mechanic out oí' the conlltrJ'.


Mr. lIOL~IAN. \Vhat eftect mmld it have Oll tIte commerce of the
coullt1'y alone, apaI't from t11e ship-Imiltlillg illte1'est'? -


1\11'; HALL. \Ve shonld haye no commerce but in foreigll-built ships.
l\1r. IIOLl}IAN. Suppo:;e thnt all ul'ticles elltel'ing into tlle cOllstrnetioll


of ships were relim-ed from taxatioll, that t11e coastwise trade was re-
served exclu¡;;iyely to Americanbuilt vessels, and that ioreigll-built Yes-
sellS were admitted to Ameriean regilStl'y Oll tite payment of a ISmall dllty,
say ten 01' fifteen pe1' cent. on tIJe valne, ,yhat eft'ect wunld these three
measures, taken together, haye OH OLlI' COltllUeree as weIl as OH our sIlip-
building~


1\'11'. HALL. I haye not tIJought of it in the view that yon presellt it.
I should suppose, howe\'er, that all'y mOlle whieh woult! introdnce for-
eign-huilt IShips into OUl' merealltile marine 'would be adYerse to Ameri-
can interests.


1\11'. HOL:lIA'N. 0111' polie,v, l\Owe\'er, up to tlle present time, has been
more restrictive than t]¡at of an\" otIle1' COJl1uwrcial natioll '?


1\1r. HALL. Yes, sir. We h:l\:p a repntatioll in Sew Englalld oí' build-
illg good ships-sllips that lasto The l'epntatioll of tlle PI'OyilleeS in
thnt 1'espeet is far illferinr, Tlwir ships \\'ill rarely last m-c1' four 01' ftye
years, wlwreas New EnglalHl ships fl'eqnclltly last fi.'01ll fifteen to twellty-
.five years.


MI'. IIOL:;\IA:N. If the lllaterials used in the cOllstnwtion of wooden
vessels were 1'elie\'ed ÚOIll taxatioll, how far <lo ;ron think that would
enahle t11e American shil'-lmiIder to cOll1pete witIl tIte foreign ship-
builder"¡


l\Ir. HALL. I think it wonM enatle him to compete entireIy.
1\11'. HOL:VIA~. And as to iro11 yessels"?
1\11'. HALL. Atl to iroll ye:;tleltl abo.
Mr. II OLMAK. As successl'nlly?
1\11'. HALL. 1t \rould talm us Rome time to compete wit11 Ellglano in


iroIl yessels. \Ve wonld ltaye to get up la1'ge est.:Lulitlhlllents like Lheil's.
There are establishlllellts in England where they are building fondeen
01' fifteen iroll tlhips at a time. \Ve eOllltl hanllyexpeet to go iuto the
bnsiness so extensi\-e1.r at present, but we wonld mTin~ at it in coarse
oI' time.


lVI1'. HOL:lIAN. ,Vhat prolmbility is t11el'c, in tIle immediate filture, of'
iron yessels superseding wonden olles?


MI'. HALL. ,J udging' frolll what they have done in Englan<l, r s1l0uld
think tIlat halI' ou!' s11ips fol' t1le fon'igll tralle would be ¡ron ships.
There are objectiolls to iron sIli})s whiel! <10 not apply to woodpll ships-
as, fin' instance, if an iron ¡;;hip gets Oll a 1'ock slle is gone, ",hertas a
wooden one, although injnred, may be got oft'. Raí, keeping them oft'
the 1'ocks, t11e iron sIJip lasts lUuch longer than t11e wooden 011('. lu
EnglalHl they class iron ships f()l' ill:;Ul'allee at t\Yellt,r years, At tlle entl
of t11at time she is examined amI i8 elassed foI' twenty ,)"('al's more, tlO




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 109
that they run on a low rate úf insmunce for fortJ~ years. Then they
require IlO calking. 'l'hcy require, once a yenr, to go into doek to be
c1eaned. A mI they 1'1111 at Illlleh les s f'xpense tiJan wooden ve8sels. 1
cannot say what tiJe difference in the ratl's oi' immrance between an iron
UIlll a woollell vessel it'. '['he difI'ereuce i8 in i'ayor of tlle iron vesse!'


:;\,fr. CALlCIK. Is thcre anv differellce in the insuI'auce lIere?
111'. HALL. [do not kno\v.
:MI'. CALKJN. You spoke of their lIaying' adnmtage8 in ElIglaml Oler


m; in building iron shillS. J:s their llIaehillel'y fOl' cOll:struetillg iron ships
superior to onrs?


MI'. HALL. ,[,hey have a gl'(~ater lllugnitudc of maehinery. ,[,hey haye
larger establishments. \Ve could come to it ltere if \Ve had a dcmaud
1'01' the ships. Thcre is an imll1ense capital employed in the lmsiness
there, whieh in tItis cOllntry \VC are hanlly able to 1'Ul'Ilisll. MI'. Laird':s
concern, opposite Liyerpool, is almost a town. AH 'aIong the Clyde,
in Glm;gow, tIJere are illllIleuse cstablislllnents. \Vhere \Ve commenee
with dollars tlley do witlt pounds.


The CHAIR~rAN. \Vhat preftwence do iron ships haye oyer wooden
Olles in fl'eigltt ~
~fr. HALl •. They have no adyantage in carrying except that they can


be sailed elIeaper.
Tbe CUAIWUAN. Do iron yesscls command ltiglwrratesoffi'eighttban


wooden Yessels'l
MI'. HALL. 1 sltould think not.. 1 slJOuld tLink that, if anything, the


reverse wouId he tite case. 1 think that WOO<l('ll ships wonld have tIJe
pret'erenec fo1' our East ludia voyages. T)l(:,re are some cargoes, salt for
instanee, tltat mmnot be hl'ongltt as well in irollas in wooden ships.


Tlle CUAIR:UAN. Do yon tIlink tbat t11e cargo is generaIly carried as
weH in wooden as in iron ships ~


.MI'. HALL. l shouId tItink so. 1 should give the wooden ships tIte
preference.


1\11'. HOLl\IAN. (Jan yon suggest auy other means by which the Ameri.
can sllippillg iuterest ean be Ílupro\Ted than what ,yon have mentioned-
the abatement 01' tite duty 01' iuternal and external tax OIt the mate1'ials
used ~


MI'. lIAI,L. 1 know of no other adnmtage that we should llave the
rig'ht to clailll. 1 dI) not think that tlJe sflip-builders oi' New England
would call O!l the goverlllnent fol' any otller aid. .


MI'. lIOLl\IAN. TIJat wouId be more praetieable, .ron thillk, thall bonn-
ties1


)11'. HALL. Yes, sir. 1 allJ not in fayor of any bonntics for American
ships. \Ve want to be allowed a ehalwe of eOlllpeting with foreign
ship-lmildcrs by haying the materials that ellt(~r into tIle construction
of ships free of duty. It \Vonld be very lWlIe1ieial to tlle ship-owner,
and wOl1ld illerrase the pl'oduet,ioll of Olll' OW!I iron 1'011n<1erics.


1\fr. HOLMAN. \Vould yon regard it as cousistCllt \,ith the interests of
other brauches o[ iudnstry to encourage t1le p1'oduction of iron to a
greater extent tItan at llreilent, alld at the ilame time to relieve ship-
lmilders from the duty illlposed on that al'ticle?


)'11'. HALL. 1 allll10t prepared to advo(~ate that. 1 only regret, as an
Americall, that we are ilO depemlent on abroad for the immense supply
of iron that \Ve ShOllld fUl'llish ourselves. lt is 1'01' COllgress to suggeRt
a remedy.


1\11'. CALKIN. Do ;ron think that t11e iron interest is protected suf·
ficiently to warrant the constrnction of other íonnderies ~


MI'. HALL. 1 do uot know enollgh of t11e trade to answer the qnestion.




110 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
Practical1y speaking, it uoes noí appear to be, judging by the enorlllOUS
quuntities landed on the Constitution dock here fl'OlIl Liverpool. That
is aH that 1 judge by.


The CHA lR1'IIAN. To whut cxtent would al10wing vessels to take ships'
stores in bond, aí'! is done in Englund, relieve the shippillg illtel'Cí'!t f


MI'. HALL. 1 think it would be proper to allow 8hip8 g'oing on for-
cign Yoyage8 to take good8 in original packages free oí' dut,\'.


The CnAIIDuN. How much of an item would that be"? \Vould it be
any measme of relief to tIie sItip-owneI' '?


MI'. HALL. N ot to a very great cxtent, except in packet-í'!hips, where
they carry a large number of passengers. There it wOllld be quite a
relief. It wouId be a ver.)" great advantage to the steamship lines.
You can get a hottle of champagllc on the English steamers cheaper
than you can get it in Liverllool, altllOngh they put, on largn profits on
board ship. It nJight lead t,o abuse; but 1 tbink that where goods can
be taken out of bond in original packages-hags oí' eoftee, barreis of
sugar, &c.-it wOl1ld be a vel'y irnpol'tant rclief to the shipping intereí'!t
to aIlow it to be done. 1 regret very l1luch to see lllooted tIte subject of
admitting foreign ships to registl'y in thi" couutl'y. 1 thillk that it
wouId be, if allj"thillg, more detltructiyc than tIlc high duty on ship-
building materials.


Tbe CHAIR~IAN. Do .ron think thrtt the udrnitting foreign slJips to
American registry would hayc a tcudellcy gradua.lly to transfer the
shipping interests to the other side of tIle water, and make our ships
largely t()l'eign amI ollly lloltlinally "'\ rnCl'iCllTl "1


Mr. HALL. 1 thillk it would. 1 think it wouId be a death-blow to
8hip-building in tbis cOlllltry.·


The CHAIR1IAN. AmI that the ownership, as wen as tbe building,
would go to the other side'l


]\fr. HALL. In a great m('asure.
MI'. HOL1IAN. ~o natioll,1 suppose, allows a foreigner to hold the


title to a ship registered there'?
1\11'. HALL. 1 think noto
1\11'. IIOL1iA~. So that, if tIte American gOYern11lellt adopt a more


liberal policy, tite tine wonld hlwe to be in an American eitizen 'q
1\11'. HALL. Yeso Durillg the wal' mally oi' onr eitizens put their ships


under the English flag, put in eaptainA, amI took lIlortgages on the
ships. 1 wa8 told in England that those lllortgages werc of no legal
effect, as being in Yiolatiou 01' the law.


'l'he CHAIR:VIA~. Do :ron 1l0t undertltand that thcre are a gl'eat many
Americans o\Yning ships that do saíl uneler a fOl'eign flag'~


MI'. HALL. 1 <lo uot thiuk it is so to a great extent. 1 have no mean s,
howevcr, of knowing .


.:\11'. IIOL11AN. AmI, on the other hanel, 1 8uppose there are foreign
capitalü,t8 intereRted in our YPtlscltl é'ailing unüel' au Alll(1riean register ~


1\11'. HALL. l;nqncstiouabl~-, to somc cxtcnt. All tTIü line8 of stealll-
ships to this COllntl'y are owned by foreigllers. 1 take it that the
amount owued by Americans in thosc sltiptl i8 a lnere hagat.elle, i1' auy
at an .


.MI'. HOLl\iAN. 18 it .)"onr opinion that the cOlIlllwrcial interests of the
country are promoted by adhering to our present policy in regard to the
llationalizing of fOl'eigll bottoms?


]\fr. HALL. Decidellly so.
1\11'. IIOLMAN. You thillk that it wouId promote the perrnanent com-


mereial interest of the country to adhere to that poliey ~
1\11'. HALL. 1 do.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 111
11r. HOL1iAN. Y rt it is not tlw poliey of any other commereial power ~
1\[r. HALL. No, sir.
TlJe CHAIR1IAN. Do yon kllow how long Great Britain adhered to the


policy oi' excllHling foreign ~ltip~ frolll Ellglish registry'!
Mr. HALL. No, sir, 1 do noto
MI'. HOL1fAK. Has not tIle policy of Great Bl'itaill rather been to


in crease and enlarge he1' carrying trade tItan tu pruTnute specially ship-
building; and has uot tile ship-buildillg interest been prollloted by he1'
more liberal commercial poliey'l


J\Ir.HALL. 1 haye not, seell any eyidence of it. 1 ju!lg'o that tIte COlTl-
mel'cial activity of tlte EuglislJ has arisell su1ely frolll theil' haYÍllg ad van-
tages over us in building iroll Rltips. TItey certain1y have 1l0t increaseü
their wooden ships. It is tite imll marine tbat has been affected mosto
Tbat has been illereaRed IlJaIlY hundred thousand tons.


MI'. HOLJIAN. U]l to 1 KiiO ,~-e ha(l considera hle advHlltage over Great
Britain in the cOllstl'uction of wooden yessels f


]VIl'. HALL. 1 tllillk we ltad. American ships IUld always tIlO preter-
ence aU on~l' the ,,-orld for freig-ht. Tlwre waR no port ",here Ellglish
a\l(I Allwri<:<lll yessels ",('re togpthpr tlwt tIle American ypssels had not
the prefmenee. Thel'e \nlS sume differellce in the China trade, for ,,'hieh
their i'lhips ",ere llllilt with a great. deal of (~m'(, l!w} elegallee.


1\11'. CALKIX. Tt has been adyoeated hen~ tbis morning that tIlose ships
whieh were once under the American tlag, and that \\,put uueler tire
BritÍiih flag, SllOul<l be allO\w<l to come back. ,Yhat do yon think~
~11'. HALL. 1 should hope thai it will lIeyer be done. An American


",ho put his ,"essel Ululer tltc English tlag should be let keep her thero.
1 haye ROllle natiollal feelillg abollt it.


The CnAIIDIAK. Ha\\' llUllly ships did you O\nl dnl'illg tbe war)~
:MI'. HALL. Ahont six.
The CIIAIH,JIA:'f. Did ,)'on sail them under the American flag under aU


the disa(l\-antag-esf
1\11'. HALL. Elltirely. 1 had oue Rhip which was unfortunately put


Ululer the English flag without m'y kIlO\v]pdge. 1 oWlled half oí' her.
She lay at Hong-Kong fOllr 1II01lths amI could get no freight. ,Ve sent
out a power of attol'lley to seU her. TIlc calltaill put her undel' tite
English flag, bronght her to AURtralia, amI there sold her. 1 am too
llluch oí' au American to wallt to lun-e a sllÍp of mine sailed nnder the
EngIish tlag.


TIte ClIAIR}IAN. YOlL sailm1 YOllr Rltips llmler great disatlvantag'es in
keeping thelll nmler the A mel'iean tla.g~ TIlOse ",ha put their ships
under the Ellg1ish tlag hall a great mhalltage over you ill insurance alld
rates of freight?


1\11'. HALL. Dccidedly. 1 11(\(1 ro pay douh]e inRurauce aU t.ltrouglt
the war, which 1 cou1d lllLYe ayoided by pntting my yessels un del' the
English flag as others !lid tlteil's.


Mr. l\10RRELL. Do YOU noto eonsider tIto pce'scnt depressed eOlldition
of American comrneree 1m'gely due to the ullfrielldly action of England
during tIte \Yar, in permittillg the departlll'e frolIl he1' ports of sueh ships
as the Alabama"?


::\'11'. lIALL. lt had an inftnence, bnt to what extellt 1 am not prepared
t.o Ray.


TIte CnAIR31AN. 1 understand .ron to say that if the materiaIs entering
into the eOllstruction of ships were relieyed frOlll duty yon couId compete
slleeessfully with the Eng1ish ship-owner in tIte foreign carrying trade .


.1\11'. HALL. 1 believe clltire1y so. l. believe that we build bettel' ships,




112 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
more cOIlvenient amI sightly ships, than the English do, and T belie,e
that \Ve conld have a large share in tile carrying trade of the world.


'fhe UUAIRl\IAN. Yon bave to pa.)': higher rates 01' wages, 1 presume,
to ofticers and Cl'e\V thall the Englisb do '?


MI'_ HALL. 1 shonld thin k that our officers are betteI' paid; but 1
thillk we sa.ilouI' ships quite as well as the Ellglisb do, amI with as
little expell se.


The UUAIR3IAN. You thillk that, on the whole, yon saH thcm as eeonom-
ically as tbey do?


}\fr. HALL. 1 do.
The UnAIRl\UN. In sailing them with a less number of menf
J\1r. HALL. No, 1 thillk there is better eare taken of the ships. T think


that American ship-captaim; are lllCll 01' a higher grade tItan English
ship-captaills-tbat they are lJlen of more undm·stalldillg- and lJlore
mind.


The CnAIR}IAN. YO!} think tItat the greater dlieieney of Arneriean
otlieers and erews ovel'eomes tlle difte1'enee in tite rates of wages that
;you haye to pay ~


MI'. IIALL. 1 do.
The CHAIRl\1AN. So that, on t1le wholc, ;vou can compete ",ith tlle


Engli8h in sailing your ships·~
1\[1'. IIALL. 1 thillk that ou1' intelligerwf' is sneh that \Ve ean manage


our ships to better ad\'antage thall the Engli8h do. Uf course t11ere are
exception8; but it is a well-kllowlI faet tltat tlle eaptaills 01' American
ships are aLtogetheI' a grade highel' tlla1l tlle captains even oí" RngIish
ships. Many oí" our American captaills are part owne1'S of the vessels.
Tite crewspI'e supplied with betü\r provIsions than in fOI'cign s1lips.


J\Ir. CALKIN. '1'he ship-owners of New York eomplain 011 aceount of
the assessmcnt 01' tax put UpOll thcm by file S1,a1,e antllOl'ities oi' New
York, as being quite a (letI'illlent to the shipping interest. H ow does
that aftl\e1, it here in j\fassachutletts·~ Is tltere u tax heI'e on the shipping
interest?


MI'. HALL. Individual t.lxatioIl. If aman owns a shiplte pays a tax
OH it as on othe1' pl'Opert;lT; but there is no ¡,;peci:il tax on sltips. Bwry
man is assessed according to 11is pl'OpCl'ty, whetlter i1, he in ships 01'
anything else.


:MI'. MORRELL. ls not tllat spedes of property taxed abroad as other
property is taxed"1 \Voul(l a ship-owller in England he exempt from
paying tite salJle rate OH ships ntl he pa .. ys OH real cstate1


MI'. HALL. 1 do 110t know bow that is.
MI'. HOL~1AN. 18 uot tite decline in our ship-bllilding interest partIy


attributable to the faeí tlut the1'e are RO mally other more profitable
lllodes of investillg mOlley iu tltis cOlllltry?


MI'. HALL. 1 do Ilot thillk that that entl'rR into the question at aH.
1111'. UALKIN. In case the go"pI'lllllpnt 1'cli(wes tite Rhip- building inter-


est ancl enables American ship-lmilders t<t cOlllpete witlt fOl'cignerR, do
;rou think that the merchants and capitalists of Boston will put tlleir
mOlley in ships again, amI go 011 amI lmild as usual?


.MI'. HALL. Tltey wil!, the moment t11e;.- set\ that they can get a return
for their money. Show them a, l'l"olmhility of sueeess, ami 1,he1'e will be
capital enough invested in the business.


MI'. HOU'fAN. Can a eapitalist in this eoulltrJ- aft'ol'(l to iIlvest money
in ship-umlding unless he has a profit of eight or nine per cellt.1


}I1'. HALL. If he is Sllre of Itis eight or lIine per cent. he will go in;
hut as a general thing shipping pays better tItan that.




NA VIGATION INTERESTS. 113
~rr. CALKIN. Onght jt llút certainJy tú pay ten pm' ~ent., to make


allowance for t11e deterioratiou of shippiug f
Mr. HALL. Yes, sir i it must be a very badly mauaged ship that does


uot pay it.
Mr. HOL:lUN. Yet there is a material difference between ship-owning


alld ship-buiIdiug-the one is mereIy au ageney of eommerce, while the
ot11er is but an article of manufacture.


MI'. HALL. T11ere is a difl'erence-to what extent 1 do uot know. 1 am
uot able to say what the profits of ship-building are, but 1 know that
ship-lmilde1's are mell who acquire a handsome competency in cou1'se of
time. You will fillll that the ship-builders in Maine are all more 01' less
iuterested in the ships that they build. lt i8 so in LOlldoIl also.


}fl'. HOLMAN. Do you think that it is the policy of the government
mthc1' to protect the interests of ship-building tban to look to the pro-
motion of commerce at the expense of the ship-bnilding illtel'est ~


)1r. HALL. 1 do not see how you can separate them.
1\lr. HOLJUN. The United States might be a very powerful comuwr-


cial llatioll alld yet its vessels might be built clsewhere, as is the case
with sorne continental nations.


Mr. IlALL. 1 ha\-e not thougbt of that snbject, lmt my irnpression is
that the two interests are so eonuected that ;you can hardly separa te
them.


The ClIAlR:J\IAN. Speaking of the profits of ship-building, so far as
.ronr kuowIedge and observation extend, have not sbip-bnilders, prior
to t11e war, been as successful in proportion to t11e alflouut of capital
ernployed as any other class of mannfacturers"?


.l\'lr. HALL. 'fhey appear to me to have done as \Vell. Now that their
yanls are idIe they are living, of course, on what they made before.


The CHAml\IAN. 1 understand yon to give it as yonr opinion that it
is necessary to revive the ship-bllilding iJlteres~ iJl order to revive the
ship-owning interest, and that the building of Ollr ships abroad would
carry the ownership aud bnsiness abrOluU


:afro HALL. It wonld llave tllat teudcncy. Yon reviye our commereial
interest by creating sltips. \Ve do a large carrying trade all ove1' the
worId. . \Ve llave three 01' foul' ships in t,he guano t,rade. Tha.t trade
ernploys t\\'o 01' tllree hundred Ameriea.n ships. 1 would venture to sar
that more thall half of that guano trade has been done hy American
ships.


The CUAlRJIAN. Do the ships tbat are in that trade go back in bal-
last ~


MI'. HALL. No, sir; after landing t11ei1' cargo 01' guano at a port in
Irelalld, England, or Scotland, 01' at Alltwel'p 01' Hotterdam, they gen-
erally go to Cardiff, where they take a load of coa!, which they carry to
Rio Janeiro 01' sOllle otller Sonth American port, and then go to Peru
for the guano. They generally ge1, enongh fl'OII1 the cargo of coal to
pay their expenses rouud to where they get the guano.


The CHALRl\lAN. Is there much 01' that guano trade done with the
United Sta1,es now~


Mr. HALL. Not so much as fo1'me1'ly. 1 have not noticed any of jt
coming this way of late years. e


NIl'. CUAIRJ1AN. Before the \Val' i1, \Vas carried principally to the south-
em portsf


l'ir. HALL. Yes; and a good dealof it wcut to New York a1, one time.
MI'. HOL:J\U::-<. There is, then, an actual profit resulting' to American


citizens in a comrnerce that has no tlirect relation Oto the Uni1,ed States.
Xow, wouId ;rou not consider it a wise measure of national policy, if


8NI




114 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


both the ship-bnildingand the commercial interests cannot be revived
together, to promote the commercial interests of the country without
rcferellce to the kindred questioll oí" ship-building; und can that be done
by adopting a more liberal policy witIl refercncc to the registry of foreigu-
buiU vessels in the United States1


1\lr. HALL. I think the two are so combined that yon can hardly sepa-
rate them. If ,ou want to revive the commcrcial interests of the coun-
try you must do it by creating ships.


:MI'. HOLIVLAN. We have a separate amI peculiar industry connected
with commerce and disconnectcd from ship-building?


Mr. HALL. Yes, sir.
Mr. HOL~IAN. And we have a peculiar industry connected with ship-


building and not connected witb cOlllmerce~
MI'. HALL. Exactly.
MI'. Hou1AN. Now if ship-building cannot be revived-if, from the


uature of the impediments thrown in itR way by the national debt, by
tIle opportunities for making more profitable invpstments and other
causes, it cannot be revived-would it not be the policy of thc United
States (supposed to have peculiar ad,"alltages as a eommercial power)
to adopt a more liberal poliey with reference to natiollalizillg foreigll-
lmilt vessels ~


MI'. HALL. ~o, sir. I should think that we were throwillg aU tbe
adyantages to tIle f{)reigners whieh shonld be retained to our own eiti-
zens. 'I'lIe commeree oí' tlle country and tbe shi])s of the eountry are
so idcntified t11at you ean hardly scparate theIll. It is only a sm~npro"
portion of our ships that are always abroad.


MI'. WELLS. If there is nothing done to relieve the ship-building
industry here, amI ii' foreign-built ships be allowed to eome under the
Ameriean flag, how long' will it be before there will be no American
vessel in the foreign carrying trade~


1\11'. HALL. It would uot be Illany years beforo tbo foreigners would
monopolize the whoIo of it.


1\11'. GALKIN. Outsideof the point of view of national pride, would it
have any particular e11'ect 011 the commerce of tho eountry ii' tllose ,'es_
seIs tllat struck their own eolor8 and hoisted the Englisll colms wcro
admitted back'~


.MI'. HALL. It would deprive us of the building oí' just so many ships.
The CHAIRl\'IAN. Are there many of those ships in existence at the


present time?
.MI'. HALL. There are probably a good many oí' them.
MI'. CALKIN. 1 sreak of eommerce, not oi' the ship-building interest.


W ould it have any particular effect on the commerce oí' tlle country i1'
those ships were allowed to be bI'onght baek?


MI'. HALL. It would prevent tho eornrnereial interests oí' Ameriea
from receiving the pI'ofits they now get from their own ships.


1\11'. (JALKICIf. WonId it be benefieial 01' not?
1\11'. HALL. It wouId not be benefieial to tho cornmerce 01' the country.


I am unquestionubIy opposed to their being brüug-ht back. •
.MI'. WELLS. During the latc wal' more than half of the vessels


engaged in commerce on the 1\Iississippi Rivcr wcnt dOWIl iuto I'ebellion
and Iloisted the confederate flag. \Yhen t11e bIockade was removed
from time to time those vesseIs came back nndeI' the Ameriean flag.
There was no objection to that. 13ut, according to your doctrine, that
pI'operty should have heen sacrificed?


111'. RUFFINTON. If I understand it, those vcssels are now under tlle
Ameriean flag ~




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 115
MI'. WELLS. Certainly.
MI'. HOL}lAN. vVhat flag would they gct under ~
1\lr. WELLS. (To :;\'11'. Hall.) Are you aware of the fact that blockade-


rUllners which )Vere captured by tbe government were sold and are now
nnder the American flag1


1\11'. HALL. I was notaware of it.
]\¡Ir. E. S. TOBEY. Those vessels were sold under a decree of the United


States district court, which entitled them to registl'Y.
MI'. THEODORE NICKERSON next addressed the committee. He said:


he was associated with one of the largest ship-owning fil'ms in the city ..
They were ship-owners and ship-buildeI's. Tbey could uot nfforll to buy
ships, and therefore they built them. They cOllId not afford to pay
anotheI' rnan to buiId ships for them, and therefore tbey built tbem fol'.
themselves, saving tbus so mucho They had been long of opi1lion tha~
the remission of the duties on materials enteI'ing iuto the com,truction
of ships would be a del~ided advantage, aud would ellable thmn to COIll·
pete successfulI~· with foreign tonnage. Tlle prosperity of Ellglish ship.
building was coiucident with their iron ship building. FoI' himself and:
11is fil'm, tlwy would prefel' wooden ship8; but the qnestion seemed to
tUl'n reaIly on the poillt whether they would be alIowed to build. ii'On
ships amI to compete with EngIand in that respecto Iron ships wero·
sougilt for, and h1gher rates of freigilt were paid to them, and lower
rates of insurauce charged. A prominent CaIcutta merchant had given,
him as a reason why hc prcfcrred to ship goods byan iron yessel that~
if an accident happened, that was the last oi' her, and he was paidl his
insurallce, whereas a wooden ship would g-o iHtO port and be repairp¡l,
amI after a lapsc of' time hc would get his goods to market. He- (~1r.
;{ickerson) belieyed that the matter of iron Rhipping wouId decide
whetller Amel'icans conhl successfully maintain their commereiaI marine.
Althongh wages were higher in the United States tItan in England, he
thought that the Ruperiority of American labor countcrbalanced the
nominal dift'erence in wagcs. He tilought that, in coppering veS8els~ the
relatiye cheapness of tbe copper in England was 01fset by th@ greater
diffieulty of lmying tbe copper put on in a workmanlike mumwI'.


As to adlllitting foreign-built vessels to American registration, it
occUl'red to him that, aside fl'om the qnestion of elllbarrassing American
ship-bnilders, thc demand fol' ships from this side, added to the dCllland
at horne, would necessariIy inerease the priee, and ewutually make the
cost of RhipR greater tItan tiley could bc bnilt for at present in the
United States.


As to the eoasting trade, he thought that if English· OOip8 were ud-
mitted to it, undel' ever so great a tax, (unless it amollnted to prohibi-
tion,) the only avenue open to the employment of" the Ame:r.ican mer-
ehunt marine would he elosed. Fully baU' the tOllnage of the Unned
States ships was employed in the trade between Boston, N ew York, and
San Francisco; and if that avenue were elosed, American tonnage would¡
not be worth fifty per eent. of its present value.


As to admitting back the ships that were {lut uuder the English flag
during the war, he was opposed to it. Although his firm held a great
many 8hips dnring the war, it had not put one of them unden a foreign
flag. Re could HOt agree with the argument of MI'. Derby in tha"t
re8pect, alld he failed to see any advantage that would resuIt :fJ:om
restoring them to the American flag .


.!\'Ir. EBEN HousE, an underwl'itel' alld representative of the Frenen
Lloyds, ncxt came before the committee. He said that his busineHs was
more particularly to examine the quality and rnerits of ships, and to




116 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
c]assify them for the beneflt of underwriters. He inspected· ships
during their construction to see that they lmu an the l'equirements
which the rules and regulations prescribed to make them sea-worthy.
Bis impression was that there was no difference in this country in the
rates of insurance chargeu on iron and 011 woodell vessels of the Salllf>
elass. He presumed that in England they did make snch a difterence.
Bis experience in England, which eountr~' he frequently visited, was
that there had been an effol't mude there to m'eate a prejudice against
wooden ships and in favor of hon ships for many yeal'S past, the reason
being that the English had iron to build ships and had not wood. That
was one reason, and, he presumed, a very proper one.


The CHAIRMAN. Yonr business has led ;ron to observe the revolntion
that has been spoken of in the cOllstrllction of ships. \Vhat is j'Ollr
opinion in reference to iron ships superseding wooden ships?


.1\1r. E. HOUSE. 1 have no doubt that that will be the case ",hen we
get out of wood to build ships, and when they can bé bllilt eheapel' alld
to better advantage of iron. Predous to 1862-'3 we could compete with
any nation in tho wor]u in the builuil1g oí' sailing-vessels. ,Ye asked
no favor from the government thel1; we wanted none. 'Ve were ltavillg
.a fair chance amI could compete with all the world. Since that tillle,
and since the high duties have been put on, we have not been able to
.do so. There is the simple fact. Everything is so high in huilding a


.. slúp, amI in sailillg her, (that is, in regard to provisions,) that we cannot
compete with Englalld. In England they get all their supplies out 01'
bond fi'ee of duty, alld this adyantage amounts to a good deal.


The CHAIRMAN. vVhat relief, in YOUI' judgment, would be sufficíent to
enable us to restore our commerce '?


.:\'11'. }<J. HOUSE. Simply put us baek where we were previous to 18ül
in reference to duties on the materials in sLip-building.


TIle CHAIRl\iAN. Yon tLink that the exemption of ship-buildillg- ma-
teria.ls from duty would be suffieil'ut ']. .


.:\'11'. E. HOUSE. I have no doubt tlmt it would help a great deal. 'Ve trI
to struggle along to bnild a sLip now aul! then; but it is a vel'y pOOl'
businest-l .


.1\[1'. MORRELL. In the examination of woodell ships fOl' I'egit-ltI'ation
you take iuto aceount the materials of whicIl they are lmilt as well as
the manner in which they are built '?


MI'. K HOUSE. Certainly.
MI' . .l\IORRELL. Do you take into consideration, in the examínation of


an iron ship, the quaJity of the iron of which the ship is built 1
MI'. E. HOUSE. That is always taken into consídeI'ation. The iron


has to bear certain tests.
Mr . .l\IORRELL. What are those tests ~
.MI'. E. HOUSE. I really do not know. I have had veI'y líttle to do


with irou-built vessels, and 1 would have to refer to the rules and l'egn-
latíons respecting iron-built vessels .


. Mr . .l\IOI~RELL.- lt was testecl in New York that tIle English J .. loyds
require iron vessels to be built at a certain wcight per ton, amI that
they make no requirements as to tlte quality of the iron exeept that it
should bear a test of twellty thousaud pounds to the square inch; and
it was stated that the iron which woulcl stand two Ol' two alld a half
times that tensile test would not requil'e to be of so much weight.


MI'. K HOUSE. lt depends upon the length and depth and breadth of
the ship. The weight of iron must be aecOl'ding to that.


MI'. MORRELL. It was stated thore that if tlle American sbip-bniJt1el'R
were permítfed to use an iron of tIle same strength, yet lighter in




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 117


weight, they could build American ¡ron ships, of the same tensile
strength, as cheap as English iron ships.


MI'. E. IIomlE. 1 presume that it is according to the goodness of the
iron.


Mr. MORRELL. It was stated there that the fact of the gTeater
strength of the iron was not considered in t,he insuring of a vessel in
England. Is that considered here ~


Mr. E. HOUSE. 1 really do not know what rules they have here in
regard to iron ship-building.


Mr. ]\'[ORRELL. 1 believe it was stated there that they would not rate
a vessel A N 0.1 that did not weigh so many pounds to the ton measure-
ment, regardless of the, strength of the iron.


Mr. E. HOUSE. 1 have not attended to the statistics abont iron-bnilt
yessels. 1 have asked the qnestion seyeral times at headquarters in
Paris, where 1 get m-r instrnctions from. They had a meeting in Liver-
pool this Iast year to revise the rules and requirements of ship-building,
and to try to get a uniform regulation, and 1 have not got the result
:reto


The CnAIRMAN. Are yon aware that, so far as English iron vessels are
coneerned, the question of their insurance rests on the rules and specifi-
eatioTls prepared by the English Lloyds as an English requisitc to pass
those ships?


1\fr. E. HOUSE. Yes, sir; that is the fact. 1 believe that the French
and English engineers have now entel'ed UpOll one uniform mode of
building iron ships.


Dr. OSBORN HOUSE next addressed the committee. He said that he
was a ship-owner in the foreign tnHle. His vessels were entirely wooden
ships, trading to California, the East, Indies, and Europe. He had some
interest in iron steamers running hetween Boston and New Orleans.
There "ere two English-built iron steamers OIl the lineo


The CHAIRMAN. vVhat measures would you suggest to be adopted in
order to revive our navigation intcrests?


MI'. O. llocsE. 1 think, if we were placed as we were formerly, with
lmt littlc if auy duties on our ship-building materials, we could compete
with foreigners. FormerIy we fclt that we could take care of ourselves.
1 think that until quite reeently ship-owners have never asked any aid
01' assistancc from the governlllent. They have always said, "Let us
alone and we can take care of onrsc]vcs." But for seven or eight years
past we found it pretty hard work to get along, on account oi' the high
duty on many articles llsed in the constructioll of ships. The cost oí'
ship-building materials in this country is double the cost that they have
to pay in England.


The CHAIRMAN. Row would it be if the iron of \\'11ioh you manufacture
were dutv free 1


1\fr. O:'HOtTSE. It would be a great saving to us, of course. Then
there is 1\1anila hemp, for w11ich there is no substitute, and that article
pays a duty of twenty-five dollars per ton in gold. It does not come in
eompetition with any hemp raiscd in this country.


The CHAIR~UN. Does it not come in com peti tion with Kcntucky hemp ~
1\'11'. O. HOUSE. Not at aH; fOl" it is used for running rigging, and Ken-


tucky hemp is never used for that purpose.
The CHAIRMAN. Do you think that the exemption from duty of all


t11e raw materials that enter into t,he cLlllstmetion of a ship-hcmp, iron
in a cmde state, bars, bolts, sail-cloth, and duck-would enabIe Amer-
ican ship-hniIders to compete with foreign ship. builders ?


1\11'. O. IIOUSE. 1 think so.




118 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
The CHAIRMAN. W ould you ask any exemption on mannfactured duck'
Mr. O. HOUSE. The price is much higher here than cotton duck. Dur-


ing the war we \Vere obliged to use foreign dllck altogether, as cotton
was so high, and we got a very poor article at that.


The CHAIRJ1:AN. Yon tItink tItat the exemption of duty on the raw
materials would be sufficiel1t to revive American ship-bniIding1
~1I'. O. HOUSE. 1 think that with that we would be able to compete


with forcigners.
The CHAIRMAN. nave yon any interest at aU in ship-building ~
MI'. O. HOUSE. None at all.
The OHAIRlIUN. As a ship-owneI', would you be in favor of granting


American registration to foreign-built vessels ~
MI'. O. HOUSE. 1 think noto 1 think that wonId be a gTeat injury to


our mechanical industry.
The CHAIRMAN. \V"hat effect would it have upon onr navigation


interests, aside from tbe ship-building interest~
Mr. O. HOUSE. It is impossible to sayo It would haye a very serious


effect npon the ship-bnilding interest; there is no donbt about that.
The OHAIRMAN. Suppose that the two meaSllres were pnt together,


tbe exemption from duty of all tbe materials entering into tIte COllstruC-
tion of a ship, and the free registry of foreign-built ships, what eftect
would they have upon tbe ship-building interest ?


MI'. O. HOUSE. Since the English have comrnenced building iron ships
1 think thcy haye rather an advantage over uso It is possible that if
the duties were taken off, 01' a drawbaek of the duty allowed on iron,
we might snccessful1y compete with them; but we probably could not at
first. It would take sorne time to get things properly arranged so that
we conld bllild iron ships as cheaply as they can. They can bnild an
iron ship almost as cheaply as we can bnild a wooden one.


MI'. OALKIN. How is the eoasting hade now?
MI'. O. HOUSE. It has not been vcry profitable those few years pasto
1\11'. OALKIN. A law relieving the ship-building interest would help


very IllUCh the present ships in the matter ot' their repairs.
1\1r. O. HOUSE. It would in their repairs. 1 think that most of the


repairs that are now done on the other si de would then be done here.
MI'. HOLlI1AN. If the poliey were adopted of giving to tIte American


ship-builder the benefits that mayarise from the exemption ot' his mate-
rials fl'om internal and external taxes, aud it' ..American-built ships were
given the exclusive benefit of the domestic trade, as they have now, and
if at tIte same time Oongl'ess wel'e to allmv the registration of fOl'eign-
bnilt ves seIs purchased by American citizens on the imposition of a duty
of ten 01' fifteen per cent., what effect would these three measures com-
bined have on ship-building and un eommeree '1 How would they aiIeet
the ship-building interest on the one hand and the commcreial interest
on the other ~


Mr. O. HOUSE. 1 should think they wouJd llave a favorable effect; it
strikes me so. 1 never thought of that mode of dealing with the ques-
tion.


]\11'. HOLMAN. Two of those measures would be friendly to tlle ship-
building" interest, and the other Olle to the promotion of commerce f


MI'. O. HOUSE. Yes, sir.
MI'. HOL:MAN. Would not these three measures taken together have


the eil'eet of increasing the ship-owning of the coulltry, at least·~
MI'. O. IlOUSE. 1 should think they would.
MI'. HOLMAN. And might they not llaye that effect without necessaril,r


impairing the interests of the ship-bnilder ~




NAVIGATION INTERES1'S. 119
J\Ir. O. HOUSE. I do not see how they would injure him.
MI'. HOL~1AN. Looking at the subject as a ship-owner, you think that


these three measures cOllllected together, if they should become the
policy of the govel'llment, could not be justly objected tú by either tlle
ship-building interest on the one hand or the commereial interest on the
other ~


Mr. O. IIOUSE. My impression is tllat they would be well received; 1.
sllould think so.


MI'. FREDEI~rcK NrcKERsm~, ship-owner, said that he concurred gen-
erally in the expressioll of opillion by the ship-owners and ship-bnilders
as to the necessity of relief in the shape of drawbacks. The only poillt
that he would like to draw tlle attelltion of the committee to was to the
relief to steam navigation in tlle lllatter of coal. He suggested whether,
if the duty on coal were I10t to be repealed, an arrangement might not
be made by which coal should he allowed to be brought from abroad,
elltered in bond, and exportetl for consumption on the high seas. He
said that coal eould be bought in Pictou at $2 05 a ton in goId. The
duty llere \Vas $1 25 in gold. If tllat coal could be brought here and
landed in bond, and eould be shipped for eonsumption on steamer& and
consumed at sea, with a proper guard against its being relanded, it wouId
be a Yery great relief to the steam commerce of the country.


1\-11'. 1\-lORRELL. I think that tllat would be entirely satisfactory to tlle
coal-produeing interest of the country.


MI'. F. NrcKERsoN remarked that it seemed to him that that relief
to the steam commcree of the eoulltry was as mueh llef'ded as any otller
matter. It was a matter 01' Yery great importan ce. The hig-h price of
eoal was very mueh against the eneouragement 01' steam commeree.
That system would naturaHy follow, on the saille principIe as allowillg
ships to take their stores for consumption at sea, as is done in England.
In fact, there had been sorne little correspondence with the Secl'etary 01' the
Treasury on that very point. lt had been thought first that it was él
point that might be deeid~d by bimselfi but there had been aftm:ward
nothing done about it, as it bad been cOllsidered that it might lead tú
úpening the door to sorne other illatters, snch as taking sbips' storesout
of bond. This privilege seeilled to him a ver~' reasonable tbing to be
asked fol' and gmnted.
~Ir. NATHANIEL .l\'IcKA y submitted a written statement 01' the cost


of building iron steamships both in tllis country and abroad.
The letter is as follúws :


BOSTON, Octobel' 18, 1869.
GENTU1MEN: ~ Tbe cost to build an iron ship in Englaml ready fol'


sea i8 (i:14) foudeen ponuds per ton; in thi8 cOllutry it wouId be (i:22) twenty-two
pounds per ton. He says that tllere are uow huilding on the Clyde OUA hundred ves-
seIs, aH of iron, upward of one hundrcd thousand ton~, twclve thousand horse-power;
last year (1868) they bllilt 171,126 tons of steam and sailing ves seIs, 15,940 horse-power,
and still the business is on tlle increasA, allcl si>veralllew ship-yards are starting up. A
steamship arrived in Loncloll in tho mOllth of September with three thollsand tona of
tea, sixty-five days from China, 'tnft still another with a freight valued at thirty thou-
sand ponnds, or one hundred :LIHl fifty thollsaml dollars. He says the steamships will
use IIp the tea sailing clippers in the China trade, and owners of iron sailing ships are
llluch alarmed at the pro~ress of steam over sailing vessels in the China a,s weH as
other trades. A new ship III Scotland, built oi' iron, :~87 feet. long, 43 feet beam, 30 feet
deep, speed ten knots, cost seventy-eight thollsallll pounds. This ship has made six-
teen and one-quarter voyages to New York in twenty-four mont.hs, an average of forty-
four alld one-fourth days to the roullll voyage. Canies of cre\V, a.ll told, one hllndred
and ten persons. 1'his same companyare now building another vessel t,o run to New
York fmm Liverpool. She is to be 415 feet long on deck, 43 feet beam, 30 feet deep,
speed twelve knots, costing complete, ready for sea, witbollt provisiona, eighty-five
tllOusand pounds. The ellgine for this ship cost eighteen thousaud ponnda. \Ve could




120 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
unt build the same ship here for twice that amount of money. A steamer, wit.h a com-
pouml eugine, has jURt arrived from China, with two thousand four hundred tons of tea,
in sixty-two uays. She is a ship 309 feet long, 28 feet ueep, 39 feet wide, register 2,280
tons gross, net 1,550 tons-2,400 tons of fifty feet to the ton; sails nino kllots; bark-
rigged; main yard sixty-two feet; burns twenty-four tons of coal per day; cost fifty-
two thousanu pounds. The same company are building four others for the China trade.
The Chinese tea clippers are used up on aecount of the steamers doing su eh wonders.
The cost of the angle iron for the frames of ships, in England, cut to lengtbs, seven
pou1ll1s ten shillings; the cost of plates, cut to aItape for an entire ahip, is eight pounus
tive sbillings; wire rigging twenty-one pounds per ton; chain cables ten pounds per
ton. Cost of American angle iron for a ship $1:l4 40 per ton, a difference in favor of
England of $89 40, 01' four cents per pOllnu. Cost of plates in Amcrica $112 pcr ton;
in England $49 50; difference in favor of England, $62 50, 01' three cents per ponnd.
Cost of chain cables in thia COllntry is $134 40 per ton; dift'erence in favor oí EngIand
$57 20. Cost of wire rigging in Arncrica, $291 20 per ton; differcncc in favor of EDg-
land, $89 60. • " " " " " " "


1 have many more figures that 1 conId give yon, but will not tax yonr patience.
1 remaiD, cordially yonr~,


NA'fH'L McKAY.
To JOHN LYNCH.


ChaÜ'1nan Committee Ol! Clml1llene.


The CHAIR~l.A.N asked lVlr. McKay whcthcr his :firm had built any iron
sailing 01' steam vessels.


MI'. McKAY replied that his :firm could not afford to build them.
MI'. CALKIN inquircd who had built thc ]\ferrimac.
MI'. MoKAY rcplictl that it had be en built by MI'. Loring, who had


been before the committee to-day.
The CHAIRl\iAN. In yOUl' opiniun, if the duties were taken off fram the


materials entering into the construction ofiron and wooden vessels, could
the American ship-buildeI' compcte successfully with foI'eign builders in
the construction of both those classes of vessels ~


MI'. 1\fcKAY. 1 think he eould; but if we go to work to have a bill
passed repealing the duty on iron alone it will kill the whole thing, for
we will have all Pennsylvauia in 'Y¡¡shing'ton. And if we try to have
the tax withdI'awn on cotton duek, we will have the milIs of Lawrcnce
and BaltimoI'e I'epresented at Washington.


MI'. BUFFINTON. And if you say hemp, you will have my constituents
acting against you 1


1\11'. McKAY. Yes, sir. We eannot specify any one thing. But we
must have the duty remitted on everything that goes into the construc-
tion of a ship and into its repairs, whetheI' it be a sailing ship 01' a steam-
ship.


'fhe CHAIRl\UN. Do you know any ship·owner who has gone entirely
out of the business '1


MI'. McKAY. Yes, sir; 1 know one gentleman who was appointed on
the committce of the Board of Trade, but who would not attend, he was
so Ínuch disgusted with the business. He was a very lurge ship-owner;
but his money is invested to·day in ra.ilroads.


MI'. BUFFINTON. Do you think that railroads pay him a better per-
centage than ships would ~


MI'. McKAy. 1 think they do. The government has aided them more
than it has aided the ship-yards. 1 asked one member of Congress from
Boston, the other day, who useel to be one of the largest ship-owners in
the country, in referenee to this drawbaek on ship-building rnatel:ials.
"VeIl, he did not know. He thought it might be done. The conllmttee
was very much in fayor of it, but for himself he had very mueh cloubt
abont it. If we do not have this relief we are gOillg to be wiped from
the ocean. 'Ve do not want American ships that went uuder the Eng·
lil3h flag ta.ken back to this country; BOl' do we want foreign ships en·




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 121
roUed in this country. If we adopt that policy, the honest men who
learned the ship-building trade will haye to pack up, go west, and buy
farms, 01' get the government 01' some of the rail ways to give them farms.
To-day you cannot hire a joiner in Boston to work on a ship at less than
four dollars. The mechanics who haye worked side by side with me are
to-day driving potato carts through the city.


MI'. CALKIN. If the government does not protect the shipping interest
all the mechanics will be (hiven out of it, and in five 01' ten years there
will be Done left?


MI'. ~IcKAY. There will be still sorne left to keep up the coastwise
trade.


MI'. CALKIN. Various opillions have been expressed in regard to the
capability of American mechanics competing with foreigners in the con-
struction of iron ships. Do you not f,hink that they are ready to go to
work and to build iron ships without waiting one 01' two years to learn
how~


MI'. Me KA Y. 1 do not think tlmt ally man on the other side of the
water can beat a Yankee ally way. That is my idea. 1 am a good deal
of the opinion of John Bright, who said in a speech tllat every otller
Yallkee yon find has got a patent of sorne kind. 1 do not think that
any class of mechanics can beat the American meehanics. Of eourse,
we have got to have some experience in building iron steamers. We
luwe built but few iron ships, and most of them haye be en failures.
The government spent one hUIldre(1 millioIls during the war and got no
nav~T. AH tbat New York is doing in the way of merchant marine is in
tIle coastwise trade. The N ew Y orkers pride themselves on the number
of steamers in their port; but .10hn Bull owns them. As to the Pacific
l\Iail Steamship Uornpany, the English haye gotships OIl the same line
that are burning only thirty tons of coal a day, when these New York
side-wheelers are burning sixty-five tons, and the English will eat theru
aH np.


MI'. CALKIN. Allow me to say that the Pacific Mail Steamship Com-
lmny is rUllning larg-e steamers on a consurnption of forty tons a day.


MI'. lVIeKAY. Well, they rUIl ver,)' slowly. But yon will find that when
they come to run fast tbey bum ti'om fifty to sixty tons a day. If tlle
goY(muuent will only go to work and relieve the ship-builders and giye
ns some subsidy for maillines of steamers, yon will see tlle hammers and
axes at work in every ship-yard. The government givcs rnillions of sub-
sidies to railroads, and for want of a subsidy to steamships it allows aU
our trade across the ocean to be carried on in foreign bottoItls.


MI'. 'VELLS. In your cornmnnication to the committee have yon stated
the cornparative cost of an iron ship here and in England ~


MI'. McKAY. Yes, sir; 1 say that it costs nearlyas mueh again here.
MI'. VVELLS. Are yon now engaged in the building of ships ~
Mr. l\IeKAY. No, sir; tbere are no ships to be built 1l0W; and I think


1 shall spend the rest of my days in the city of New York, where aU
business goes.


MI'. E. S. TOBEY, of the Boston Boanl of Trade, said that it had been
remarked by a distinguished member oí Congress, and not without appa-
rent trnth, that, every interest in the United States had its friends, but
that the American shippillg had nOlle. He did not wonder at that re-
mark, jndging from the standpoint at 'Vashington, where the represent-
atives of the American shipping interest had seldom 01' never appeared.
It had been stated before the comrnittee that that interest had never
needed relief. Up to 1861, when the war cornmenced, that was true; so
far as related to sailing yessels, but not so far as related to steamer8--




122 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
because the Collins Une of steamers did ask and uid receive aid from the
government. He submitted that it was specially the interest of the
United States government, for its own sake, to restore the American flag
to the ocean. It was pre-eminently a national question. Capital could
very weIl take care of itself. The only thing on the part of Congress
was to see that it did not take too good care of itself. It was a rare amI
exceptional thing to find a large capit.alist who could be called a ship-
owner; ships were gene rally owned by several persons. Capitalists who
hall money in ships could seU their ships to England and put their cap-
ital in western railroads and mortgages. Thus capital would take care
of itself. But that was not for the interest of the government, which
should encourage, maintain, and develop the mechanical industry of the
country, as the cheapest way in which to maintain its navy power.If
the ship-buildillg interest were nut encuurageu, the mechanics engaged
in it would be dispersed ; and once dispersed, how could they ever be gut
back again ~ The trade of a ship-builder was not learned in a day. Naval
architecture was perhaps one of the finest sciences that could be nameu ;
and the time might come when the country would need another Erics-
son. If the business were to be trallsferred to the rival of the United
States on the other side of the Atlantic, by admitting foreign-lmilt ves-
seIs to American registry, it was llot to be expected that the few ship-
builders now attempting to carry on their business would continue that
fruitless attempt. It was, therefore, a matter of the highest importance
for the governmellt itself, that tIte ship-buildillg mechanics should be
sustained, Hot for the sake of capital, but for the sake of the nation .
. Every American ship-owner could better afl'ord to transfer his ship to
Great llritain and invest his capital how he cl1Ose, than the Ullited
States government could afford to allow t.hat to be done.


As to the uecline of the shipping interest of the U nited States, he
woultl merely refe!' to MI'. Wells's report, in which it is stateu that whereas,
in 1853, American commerce on the high seas was fifteell per cent. greater
thall that of Great Britaill, alld maintained a close competition until
1861, it had fallen in 1864 tu less than one-half as much, and was·now prob-
ably not more than olle-third. The causes of this decline he attributed,
first, to the operation 01' confederate cruisers, by which many vessels
were uestroyeu anu mally more transferreu to the English flag, to the
natural termination of ship's lives, and to the fact that American currency
had become inflated to such an extellt that it was impossible, during the
war, to replace those ships. American commerce hau thus declilled, not
through any wallt of enterprise on the part of American citizens, but
from natural causes which the government itself could not control, and
for which it was in no degree responsible up to this time. He regarued
the appointment of this committee as one oi' the most encouragillg feat-
ures t,hat he had 8een for a long time, beca use it showed that Congress
meant to obtain information on the subject, and to address itsclf to the
remedies by which the shipping interests of the eonntry could he brought
up to a point in competitioll with other mari time natioIls.


The simple questioll was, how it could be done. IIe submitted, as a
logical propositioll, that if the United States would do jnst as England
and other nations had done to promote their commerce, the same results
would follow, and American shipping would again come to the front
and claim its share in the carrying trade of the world both by steam
and sailing vessels. This country was to-day paying from twenty to
thirty millioll dollars ayear to foreigll nations for the mere transporta-
tion of merehandise in foreign bottoms.


If the government adopted the policy of permitting foreigll-built Yes-




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 123
seIs to be purchased and registered in tIle United States, what, he asked,
would be tbe effect on tbe finances of the countr,r-to say nothing of its
effect on rnechanical industry! It wouId take fi'om the country another
vast sum of gold, and hand it over to tIle commercial rival of tbe United
States to build up its marnmoth steamboat interest and utterly to crush
out that of tbe United States. It seemed to him entirely suicidal to the
interests of the United States to think for a moment of transferring to
the American flag vessels of foreign construction. A ship was a sort
of national institution; and the men to build ships must be kept at home.
Steamers and ships amounting to three hundred sail had heell put in
requisition to blockade the southem coast during the rebellion; and if
there had not been American artisans to draw upon, where would these
sbips have been built aud repaired ~


Secretary St!tnton had said to him, in the earIy part of the war, "1
waut you to go home alld, by private enterprise, push our iron-clads for-
wal'd. Brillg evcl',rthiug into requisitiou, alld give us something to eOll-
tend with tlíis -:\Ierrimac, 01' we are gone. Even the southern women
are sclling their trinkets to build up a llavy, alld here we are relying on
the navy yanls, amI no resnIts." FortllnateIy the ship-yurds amI the
skill were to be obtained. This coulltry was liabIe to be at war again.
If that war were to be with Great Britain, and if AmerieaIHl had gone
to work aud huilt up her llavy at the expense of the iron ship-building
interest, what would be the result ~


He fouud that there was a very pre-mlent notion abroad that Ameri-
cans did not know how to build iron steamships. There was no greater
falIacy than that. The CollillS line had proved the ability of American
steamers to compete with English steamers in point of speed. .MI'. Col-
lins had made a mistake, however, in undertaking to surpass the English
in that resped. It cost too much, and tliat cost was not connterbal-
aneed by tho subsidy. He (MI'. Tobey) was chairman of the committee
which had the }Iississippi and l\ferrimac steamships huilt reeently at
SOllth Boston, alld he liad been informed by the ruan who made tIle
model that he was paid six hundred dollars to dllplicate the model and
send it to I~ivcrpool. Tbese ships proved the ability of American
mechanics to model a ship equal to anything that floated. Why should
that ahility not he cherished and eneouraged ~


American seamen shonId al so be kept np and enconraged. Dllring
the late war the government had drawn from the merchant marine thirty
01' forty thouSlllld men to blocka(le t11e southern ports. 'Vithout that
bIockade the war would have terminated speedily in the suceess of the
rebellion; and, withont the merchant marine, the bIockade conld not
have been maintained. Tile government could not atTord to see the
American merchant marine crushed out. Tbat merchant marine was
indispensable for the maintenance of the national maritime power, and
it must be constrncted by American mechanics, conducted by American
citizens, and owned by Ameriean eapitalists.


The Eng-lish govcrnment had increased its subsidies to steamship
lines. It had increased tbat of the Peninsular and Orientalline from
about two hundred thousand pOllnds stcrling originally to five hundred
tbousand pounds. England claimed to be a free-trade conntry; hut
what did she do with her foreign eonllnerce-her steamship interest'
She proteeted it to a degree that no ot1ler interest there ever was pro-
tected. And why ~ Because it was the most potent means of developing
every other commercial interest, and because it was the eheapest way
of sustaining her navy. Earl Gray had said that one of the reasons
why he was in favor of snbsidizing steamships to all parts of the world




124 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
was, tbat swift sbips bring back swift orders for mauufactured goods.
And, as illustrating the force of tbat remark, in less than five years
atter subsidizing the Jine to Brazil, the exports from England to Brazil
increased tbree bundred per cent.


While England possessed the natural advantage of cbcap coal, cheall
iron, cheap labor, cheall capital, she was uot conteut with tbem as a
means of competing with other uations; but she very wisely took a
still further step, and, for the purpose 01' drawing capital to tbe develop-
ment of her steam commerce, sbe had commenced in 1838 to pay four
steamers, running from Liverpool to Boston, eight hundred thousand
dollars ayear for carrying the mails. She had commenced, the same
year, the subsidies to the Peninsular aud Oriental line, and illcreased
them till they now reached five hundred thousand pounds sterling per
annum. The course which England pursued in subsicUzing her foreign
commerce be regarded as wise.


Just as soon as the policy of tbe United States goyernment would
allow American ship-builders to construct vessels as cheaply as they are
constructed in Ellgland, by remitting the duties on materials, alld would
then compensate steamship lines for earryillg the mails to the same extent
and for as long a period as England did, and would then l'emit tbe
duties on all ships' stores as El1g-land did, amI wonld then omit to tax
American ships internally as England omitted to do-when the United
States government accepted those ideas and acted on them, it would be
found that the enterllrise and skill of the people of the United States
wonld enable them to compete with any other people.


The policy of subsidizing had Hot been pursued by El1g1al1d alone.
The Emperor of the French bad seen the results achi~ved, and had said
that he was not going to have such a powerful neighhor without
competing wit,h her, amI he had cornmenced to snbsidize a line to New
York, which to-day received tweuty-six tbousand dollars in gold for
ever.\' rOllnd trip. And the result was that tbe hlst N ew York enterprise,
the line of tlle Arago and Fulton, liad had to surrellder. Although the
United States government had gh-en them tbe postal sen-ice, they were
compelled to withdraw and to giye up the whole route to the l"rench.
The Pereire and Ville de Paris had beeIl built in Scotlaml, bllt it was
because the Emperor knew very well that France had uot the experience
in naval construetioll to compete with England orwith the United States
in the merchant marine. It was just the same with Germany and with
Holland. They were subordillate naval powers, and therefore had no
objection to allowing foreigll-built vessels to their registmt.ioll. They
saw their advantage in transportation interests. They had acted wisely
and wen in the matter. But tbe United States, occupying a great. central
position, holding to the continents of Asia and Enrope, elaimillg even to
he the rival of England and France as a naval power, could not afford
to do so. The navy and tbe mer<~antile marine of the country had done,
prior to the late war, more than anything clse to mise the repntation of
the nation hefore the maritime nations of the earth, and to make tbe
American flag respeeted; amI every Arnel'Ícan citizen wallted to see
tbat flag flying agaiu in eyery foreign port. In tbe war of 1812, New
Bngland owned seven-eighths if not a larger proportioll of the tonnage
of the United States. The merchants of Salern hall contribllted out of
their owu pockets to build the Essex frigate, which cbased hundreds of
British ships frorn the seas, which wcnt into the mouth of the Ellglish
Chaunel, and w hich so pestered and restmined tile commerce of England
that the rates of insurance went so high as .practically to exclllde their
ships frorn the sea; and this had been one of the most potent rneallS of




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 125
uringing England to terms. He had adyerted to tIlese facts to show
the intimate relations that existed between t.he nayal power and the
mercantil e marine, amI to show that the one canflot be maintained
,vithout the other. The men who constructed ships \Yere needed as weH
as the men who navigated them; and he belieyed that eyerything
possible sItould be done to cherish thc ship-uuildin¡¡ interest. He felt
encouraged and hopeful that when the facts were fully investigated and
understood it would be found that t11e interests of the eountry, irre-
spective of section, dernanded the restoration of tIte American flag not
only on sailing-vessels but on steamships on tIte ocpan.


It had been assumed, erroneously, that the people of the "West had no
particular interest in the rnatter of shipping. But he proposed to show
that they had absolutely lllor~ interest in it thall the people oí' tlw East
hado The latter eoul<1 better afford to dispose of an their ships and to
invest the proceeds in western railroads, where they could get a better
return to their capital, thall t11e people oI' t1le West eould afi'ord to
dispense with the facilities tor gctting thcir produce to foreign markets
at a low rate of transpor~ation. If the United Sta tes governlllellt should
pa;r a snbsidy for carrying the mails across the Atlalltie as large as
EngIand pays-so large as to compensate entirely the ship-o\Vller for
the whole voyage, and so large that he could say to the producer 01'
shipper, ""We eau aifonl to carry your goocIsfor nothing, we are so liberally
compellsated hy the government "-who wOl1Id be deriving tLe most
advantag"c from iVI 'L'he producer iu t1le 'West. He eonhl llave his
goods transported at a very low rate, because the ship-owner couId afford
to do it, ami competition would induce Ilim to do it. Therefore tIle
subsidy paid out of tIte treasUl'y of t11e Ullited States amI m~scssed on
tIle gelleL'aI intcrests of t11c country woulcl be oue oí tIle best meallS of
developillg the agricultural illterests of the country, by aiding" to cheapen
transportation from thc place ofpr()(lnetion t,o thc place of cOllsumption on
the other side of the Atlantie. Hence, as a mere practical questioll, the
pcopleof the \Yest h:uI as mueh iaterest in prOllloting lines of steamships
and sailing vesseIs as the peoplc of the East. He had ne\~er llJet the
fil'st man in his intercourse in Washington, 01' in a convelltion of two
hundrcd and forty membel's held in Boston t\..,-o years ago, who dissented
from the general proposition that it was of the greatest national import-
anee ,to 1'e::;tore American eommerce uuder the American flag. That
convention ha<1 Ulumimou::;ly yoted a resolntion to that effect, wllÍch had
been transmitted to COllgress.


In cOllclusion, .MI'. Tob-ey stated, in reply to a remark uy 1\11'. Calkin,
that American ship-owners must ue rut 011 the same footing as fOl'-
eigners. They must haye an the encouragement that foreign govern-
ments give to their COllllllel'ee; aad even titen tllc American ship-owners
would be placed nnder tIte disadyantage arisillg from the eOlldition of"
the curreney.


:MI'. FRANKLIN W. S;\1ITH, treasurcr of the A tlantic Iron \Yorks, made
sorne additional remarks. He said t11at the reyenue was now receiving
nothing fl'Olll the t.axation of ship-il'on, beeausc non e was imported.
Therefore the govermnent would be no 10se1' by allowing a dl'i1wbaek
on iron used in ship-building. The iron men of Pennsylvania were
making no sales of ship-iroll to-daj-, amI thereforc the;y would not be the
10sers. It would be rememuered that the subsidies to the British lines
were at firstlooked UpOll with great jealousy in the United States because
that navigation would be mukillg the entirc coasts of the United States
familiar to Bl'itish pilots. He remernbered tllat w hell the Cunard steamer
Unieoru came illtO the port of Boston thero was great a1arrn, because




126 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
the pilotage of tIte port was being made known to British pilots.
But to-day there was scarcelya port of the American coast that \Vas not
as familiar to British ship-masters and British pilots as to any American
pilots. The object of the British subsidies had not been simply to keep
up a mercantile marine, but had been also to keep afioat in the cheapest
possible way a naval force; and England had done it. She could throw
fifty thonsand men upon any point oí' the globe to-day earlier than any
other nation. It seemed to him that there was no interest to be injured
by a change in the present condition oí' affairs. The iron men oí' Penn-
sylvania shouldjoin instant.ly with tIte shipping and eOlIlmercial interests,
and let the ports beopen to English iron, but let the ship-bnilders have
the choice to use American iron. AmI ií' they used American iron, let
them have a drawback equal to the duty ou English iron.


MI'. MORRELL. That is all that the iron men have asked.
Mr. Sl\UTH. That is all we want. 'Ve certainly wonld use American


iron, and the incidental demand for American iron wonld be very great.
The government would certainly lose nothing by it ; for it is getting no
revenue to-day from ship-building iron. The western interest would be
benefited by it, because the ship is the coutiuuation of the western Hnes
of railroad around the globe.


The committee adjourned to meet in Portland on the 21st of October.
PORTLAND, October 21, 1869.


The committee met in the collector's room in the custom-housé.
Present: The chairman and Messrs. l\Iorrell, Bllftinton, \Vells, amI


Calkin.
Captain WAS~HNGTO~ RYAN submitted his vie\Vs to the committee.


He said that he had noticed newspaper reports of the statements made
beforethecommittee, andhc agrecd with mostoftbem. 'fherewasanother
thing, however, which he thought tended to the dcpressioll of onr com-
merce, and which he had not seCll tonchcd upon. Tilat \Vas tlte deterio-
ration of the men who sail American ships. Re thonght that they had
been in the down-hill road for some years from one end oí the ship to
the other-masters, officers, and erew. He thonght that that was owing
in a great measure to the apathy ofthe ship-owning interests, 01' perhaps
to the want of public spirit. He had never known any ship-owner wIto
seemcd to him to take any intcrest in improving the condition of the
men who sailed his ships. He thonght that the American merehant
marine law, ií' there was such a law, lleeded a thorough amI complete
revision. In fact, he might say that there was no rnercautile marine
law in this conntry. l\Iasters amI otlicers of ships came np like Topsie~.
There was no board of examination, and llobody knew whether an otlicer,
when he carne on board a ship, could determine thc latitnde and longi-
tude of a ship by meridian obscrvation. There was what is caUed a
Ship-masters' Association in New York, which gave certifica tes to oflieers,
but dicl so witbout making any examination. He considered an associ-
ation like that an absolute amI positive injllI'Y to the shipping interest,
because it encouraged abad state oí' thing's. AmI it \Vas astonishing' to
him that the underwriters of New York woulcl take a risk at one-half
per cent. lcss on the strength of a certificatc from sneh an association.
He favored snch a revisioll oí' the mercantile marine law as had been
proposed in the Senate of the United Statcs by 1\11'. Fish, of ~ew York,
in 1853. He thought that, had that bill become a law, it wonld haye
produced a very difterent state ofthings. As it was, respectahly brougbt
nI' young men, who might have imbibcd a passioTl for the sea, wcnt now
for a voyage 01' two, and became so disgusted with thc lmsiuess that




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 127
tltey invariably qnitted it. He thought that the navigation laws of
I~ngland and of the southE'rn Enropean nations was such as to keep
their best mcn in thcir own navies, leaving only the refuse to American
8ltips. The consequence was that the sailors on board American ships
were, in a great measure, the refuse of the mari time nations of Europe.
He approveel of the government shipping offices tltat werc to be found
in every seaport in Eng1and. 8ailors were shipped amI paiel off in those
offices. The names of the sailors shipped there were kept UpOIl the reg·
istry with memoranda of their cltaracters; so that nnless a sailor had a
good character he eould not get employment at onc of thosc offices.


The CHAIRl\1AN. Do 1 understand you to say that the character of
American seflmen is below that of the seamen of Great Britain?


Mr. RYAN. No, sir; 1 do not mean to say that; but we were so far
above them years ago, that we had sorne room to fall and still to be fully
equal to them.


Thc CHAIR'IfAN. Do yon mcan to say that American seamen have dete-
riorateel, and are not as good as they were former1y ~


Mr. RYAN. Yes; and tlte causes of the deterioration are going on cvery
year.


The CHAIRl\IAN. HQw is it with tlte English sailors? Are they im-
proving' ~


J\fr. RYAN. 1 shou1d judge so. 1 shou1d judge that the inevitable
cOIlsequences of the shipping aet, which has not been long in operation,
must be to keep their best men 1'01' their own ships, and to send off the
refuse.


The CHAIRl\IAN. How is it with the officers ~ Row do they compare
with our officers ~


lVlr. RYAN. Our officers compare favorahly w.1th them, amI perhaps
they always wiU; hut 1 do not think theyare what they wcre sorne
years ago.


]\lr. CALKIN. 1 nnderstood yon to say that it is no great ercdit toO a
eaptain to procure a ccrtificate from the 8hip-masters' Association of
New York.


)\11'. RVAN. No, sir. The last application tbat we had from a captain,
he was told by the chartering party that he was required to have a
certifleate from the Ship-masters' Association of New York, amI his ex·
elamation was, "Hnmlmg! 1 haye been a master for ten or a dozen years,
aud 1 have gone aIong safely. vVhat is the use of one of those things~"


Mr. VVELLS. Are not these certifieates given nnder oath ~
1\fr. J{VAN. No. sir.
MI'. WELLS. 'Vell, what barm can it be to have a eertifieate~
.l\'Ir. RYAN. The harm líes in this: that that board is presumed to be


a duIy constituted aneI properly qualified board of examiners, anel so
long as it is in existence it tends to prcycnt the formation of'a proper
bOflrd, which should be lIndel' the authority of the governmel1t.


Mr. VVELLS. How long have yon been a ship-owner'~
]\lr. RVAN. 1 was a sailor for twcnty-eight years, and twenty years of


that time 1 was a master. 1 have been on shore for the 1ast fifteen years;
hut 1 have been interested more or less in vessels sinec 185.3.


MI'. VVELLS. Are vou familiar with eommeree ~
Mr. RYAN. Yes, sir.
Mr. VVELLS. 1 ullderstood y011 to say that, in yonr opinion, the grade


of officers amI men employecl at present is not np to the same standard
as it was some years ago.


Mr. RYAN. 1 do not think it is.




128 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
M1'. ·WELLS. Is it you1' opinion that that is one oí the causes oí the


depression in our eommerce ~
1\11'. RYAN. Yes, 8ir; my opinion i8 that that is one oí the causes of the


depression in our commerce. Take the matter oí insumnce. The pre-
mium of insurallce has increased thirty per cent. within twenty years
back, and 1 think it is mainly due to that cause.


MI'. 1\loRRELL. Are not vessels that are running with American crews
insllred as eheaply as other vessels 1


:1\'11'. RYAN. Ithink so.
1\11'. MORRELL. Were Ameriean vessels íormerly insured at less rates


at cOl'respoIlding times ~ ;
MI'. RYAN. Yeso
MI'. MORRELL. ,Vbat legislation wonld you reeommelHl to eneourage


the building np of a better elass of seamen?
1\11'. RYAN. 1 would recommend a tllOl'Ough revi8ion of the mercantile


marine law by practieal meno 1 would have sailors shippefl 1U every
considerable port in the country by a governrnent shipping' officer. 1
would have the men mustered Ilnder the eye of that government officer
on board the ship, before 8he proceeds to sea. 'l'hese details are earried
out fully in the bill introduced by 1\11'. 1<'i15h, to which ¡ have already
referred. On every vessel bOllnd on a foreign voyage l' would require
that thel'e shollld be an examining surgeon, amI that every OIle of those
men should be examined, as men are examirwd in the navy before they
go to sea. Oul' ships go to sea with theleast possible number of men,
and if one of the men beeollles sick 01' disabled it aireets aU the resto 1
would have the men paid off at the government offiee when the, ship
returlls, as is the eustolll in England. 1 think that that is the only way
to break up the sailor landlonl R,Ystem, whieh is the curse of onr mer-
calltile marine. 1 would have this board of examiners appoillted by the
government, aud every application ÚH' the position of master 01' fir8t 01'
second offieer exalllined by that board, and thcn, when the vessel returned
íl'om sea, 1 would have the ship paid off at that government shipping
office, and every lllan's charantel' l'eeorded-whether thcre was any
trollble on board the vessel, auy fighting, quarrcling, &c. •


MI'. UALKIN. In other words, you wonld have a government espionage
on tite lllercantile marine of the eountl'Y ~


MI'. RYAN. Call it espionage 01' what" not, 1 would have the same kind
of a eourt as they have in England, bcfore whieh eases of coHisions, &c.,
are tried-such a eourt as that oi' Dr. IJushington in London, assisted
by two expeI'ienced naval officers.


MI'. CALKIN. vVonld you have that only fol' the foreign tmdc, 01' to
cover our eoastwise trade a]so '1


MI'. RYAN. 1 would llaye it íor every case oecurring on board a vessel,
and for this reaso11, that diseiplille is necessary, amI that it eannot be
maintained by bringing those cases before the civil eourts.


1\Ir. MORRELL. Do you not think that Ollr whaling busineRs of former
times contributed to build up a better class of seamen by the co-operative
sy8tem 01' paying the Reamen and offieers a pereentage on the profits oí'
thc vo.rage'~


MI'. RYAN. Yes, sir.
MI'. BUFFINTON. That system is carried 011 to-day in the whale-oil
trade~
~Ir. RYAN. Yes; but there are not so lll<lny whalemen as there uRed to


be, and con8equently there are IlOt 80 many seamen drawn to thc oceau
b.r that business. 1 thiuk the principIe is a correct one, alld the tend-
ency would be certainly to improve the dass of searneu.




NAVIGATIOX INTERESTS. 129
i\Tr. CALKI::;[. Are not mnny of the eaptaills now in our foreign trade


and in 0111' itlllllcuse coasting trade interested in their vessels ~
i\Ir. ¡{YAN. A g'l'cat JIIanyoí' thelll are-probably more than half 01


thcrn.
i\Ir. CALKLN. Does not that llave a telldency to make them more dili·


gpnt awl vigilallt in their business Y
1\Ir. J{YAl\'. Certaillly. That is the onIj- reason why the ownpl'S of ves-


spls requil'e masters to have anilltel'est. Hut ut tIJe same time there is
a disposition, especiall.y in certain }lorts of 1\fassachusetts, not to permit
masters to haye an intere¡.;t, in their vessels, but to manage the vcssels
by merchants and agents at each eml oí' the ronte, t.lw master being
mcrely the na\-igatoI'. 1 am told that that is beeoming more aud more
common, execpt tlown 011 tIte CallE'. •


MI'. ()ALKl::;[. \VhCll yon spoke oí' tIte depression of our cornmerce
bcing' the fiLnlt 01' tIJe sailor, did you intend to appl.y that to tlle coasting
tradef


Mr. I{yAN. It has its effect upon all brallches of trade.
MI'. CALK{N. llut ot!r coa¡.;ting trade ha¡.; incl'ea¡.;ed "!
Mr.I{yAN. Yes; hut tllc same men ~who maybe on an East Indiaman


one Yoyage lIla.}' be in the coasting trade the uext vo.}'age.
1\11'. ::\lommLL. Do ron llot thiuk that the lmilding np of these ex ten·
¡.;i\'(~ lines M foreign steamers, priucipall.r oWlled by foreignel's, ltavillg
their ageneies at both euds of the route, was caleulated to interfere very
mnch with the orpinary Amel'ican commcrce, and that the telldeney is
to force the business iuto these chaunels, and to deprive the individual
Sllip-owllcr oi' gettillg his ol'dina1'y share of lJUsillPSS"{


lUr. l~y AN. J;'l'eight will go whel'e it can be carried cheapest. If these
great lilles can carry freight more expe(litiously alld Illore ehcaply than
single sllips, wlwtIter pl'opelled by steam or sail, 1 snppose that freight
wiU go the1'e, aml thus co·operatioll thoronghly orgauized amI \VeH
Jl1lwaged may, 1 suppose, mouopolize the greater part of the trade.


1\11'. (JALKIX. Whut is tlle selltiment in PortIand in referellce to tIte
naYigatioll laws'? Are you in Ülvor of repealing the navigatioll Iaws?


1\11'. HVA:'<. No, sir.
111'. (JALKlN. Are you in favor of Congress passing a law allo\Ving a.


drllwbnck 01' honnty to the ship-bnilding iuterest'~
l\-1l'.l{VAN. Tam.
:\ir. VVELLS. Are yon in favor of repealing the llavigation !aw, of allow-


ing a drawlmek on the materials u¡.;ml in ship-bnilding, and at the same
time of retaillillg' the coastwise tl'ade exelnsÍ\'ely for Americall·hui!t ves·
selso~ "\Vhat etl'eet would those three measures, taken together, have
npon the eomnlPreial mHI sbill-bnildillg interests of the count.ry~


:MI'. l{vAN. 1 do not kuow wllether one of those rneaSllres wouId offset
the other. The hencHt that ",ou!(l he (lerived frolll the remission of
duties 011 the matel'ials ellir'ring- iuto tlle constructioll of ships would
he offllet b;,' tIle privilege gi ven to our merchants to huy foreigll-bnilt
ships.


:MI'. BUFFINTON. Suppose that there were notIting done exeepting to
allow a drawback upon tlle material¡.; goillg' iuto tlle manufacture ofa.
ship, do :ron beIieve then that there wouId be au increase of ship·build-
illg, or that the American ship-builders won1<1 he ahIe to compete with
fOl'cign ship·builders, takillg into view the whole state of the country a.t
present, tlle capital invcsted in otlter lmsilless, amI the interest that is
l'eeeived frolll tllat capital·~


MI'. HY AN. 1 am satisficd that the ship-building and COmmerce of the
eountry would be increased.


9NI




130 NAVlGATION INTERESTS.


1\11'. BUFFI~TON. Rut if t11e nayigation laws were repealed you think
tl1at 1,hat would offset t11e drawback '?


MI'. UYA~. So it seems to me, so far as I haye ginm th(~ subject
thought.


The CHAUUIAN. You gaye it as yOllr opinion that our Railors and offi-
C8I'S Imve deteriorated, and that the charaeter of foreign offiee1's amI sea-
men has imp1'oyed. Do yon believe t11at t11at is the cause 01' tIte eftcet
of the decline in our ship-bnilding inteI'est~


Ml'. H,YAN. I thillk it is probably tIte cause. 1 thillk that tlle a(}vaJwe
in t11e mtes 01' insura11ce lllt1y be traeeu more directly to that tltanto auy
othe1' cause. James Browu, a well-kllown Liverpool merehallt, a mall
to whom 1 used to apply fol' adviee whell 1 was in tIte Liyerpoo] tracle,
remarked to Captain Sehofield of Brnnswiek Rix yeal's ago, " You Amer-
ican masters are uot what yon were in years pasto You aregoing dO\\'11
every ~-eaI'; 1 can see that plainly." 1 think that oue reason of it is
owing to ship-owners erowding dmvn the mtes of wages to mastel's.


MI'. CALKIN. You are uot an old resident of Po1'tland~
1\11'. R YAN. 1 llave been here fitleell yeal's.
1\-11'. CALKIN. In case Congress passed a law allowillg' a drawb:wk 011


the materials used in the cOllstruetioll of ships, so that -1ron steamships
lIlight be built in this eOllntl'y for tIte Elll'Opean trade, amI also allowillg
them a titír snbsidy, somewhat in keepillg with the subsidies allowed by
the English governlllPut, do j'ou tIlinl\: that j'ou could snpport an Amer-
ica11 line of steamers from this port, I'umling, say, monthly at tirst, and
getting down to weekI.y~


MI'. RYAN. 1 do not think we eonid; but when we eOlIle to get our
railroad eOlllpleted, eouneeting us witll tlle vYest by way of Oglleusbnrg',
I thillk we can do it.


1\-lr. lHORRELL. Do yon t11il1k t11at a line of steamel's aeross t-he ocean
could be sllpported depenclillg clliefi.r npon passellgers aml lllail sorviee
for its lmsiuessf


1\-Ir. HYAN. 1 have no knowledgc of thc managcruellt of steam lilles,
amI 1 have 110t suffieiellt illt'orlHatioll to amnver .yOlll' q llestioll.


lVIr .• J OSEPHW. DYER, ship-bnilder, Sllumitted his ,'iews totlle (~Omlllitt('e.
[le said he had no doubt but that the s11ip-building iute1'est wonld be
l'eyi ved by t1l0 exemption frOlll dutj' 01' tlle artielm; elltering into the
construetion 01' ships. He thought that tllen ships eOllhl \Je built in
t11i8 eountry as eheaply as tlle~' anl built in Europe.


The CHAIRl\IAN. vYhat rates of wages do yon pay llOW to ship-earpen-
ters?


MI'. DYER. From two dollars amI fifty eents to three dollars a day.
The CHAIR:\'IAN. vYhat ~were the aYerage rates of wages from 1852 to


1860 '?
lVIr. DYER. From one dollar and fifty eents to OIle dollar and sevent.y-


n.ve eellts and two dollars a dav.
The CHAIR~lA~. vVere yOllr ~vages as low as that in 1854, 1855 f
1\11'. DYER. Yes, sir; they were two uollars a uay. 'Ve now pa.r three


dollars for first-class earpellterR.
The CHAIRl\lAN. Tilo auvanec is abont fift)' per ecnt.
MI'. DYER. Yes, sir.
The CHAIR:;IUN. Do you think t11<1t tlle differenee in tIte cost 01' labor


between llere and Europe would 1l0t prevent .rour building s11ips lwrc as
cheaply as they are built in Enrope "1


1\-L .. DYER. No, sir; we should not ask miy ouds there. I think that
our meehallics are sufficiently better tha11 theirs to make up thaL
difference. <




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 131
The CHAIRMAN. You thillk that .rou get as much workfor the money


yon payas they get?
IVIr. DYER. That is my opillion. That has he en my experience an


throngh liti.'.
The CUAIKc\IAN. Haye you built ships l'eeently 1
MI'. DY1m. Not very recentlv. 1 have bnilt somo small vessels within


the year. In the eOlm;e oí" the wal' 1 bllilt two. PreYious to tllat 1
1lllilt OIJe 01' two sltips a .year.


Tlle CHAIR;\fAN, Do vou know what the difl'el'ence would he in the
cost oí a tbousand-ton 8hip betw-ccn the pl'C8ellt time and what, it was
ITOlll 1852 to 18GO'l


111'. J)YER. Previom; to thp \Val' we eould lmild a thonsand-ton ship,
first-class, at from fifty-fivc to sixty dollar8 l1 ton, and sillce then from
8e\Tenty-five to eighty clonars.


:NIr. JVIOI~RELL. DOl~8 that incl'ease eonsi8t chiefh in the ellhulleed eost
of labor 01' of material8 '? '


MI'. ])yJm. Tlwre is something of it in the labor, of course. TIte cost
of labol' on a ship will probably l'each fl'om se ven tIlOllsund to cight
thouSílnd dollal's.


The CHAIRJ[A~. 1 11nderstoo(l y011 to say that Yf~ssels whieh CÜÍ'lt sixty
dollars a ton before the war cost 8cventy-five dollar8 uow'?


.MI'. J)YER. Yes, sir; fl'olll seventy-fiYe to eight), dollars.
The CHATR;\IA~. So tha.t, making an allo'\\unee fol' the difforence be-


tween gold and curl'ency, vessels can be built as elleaply 1l0W as before
the waI'1


J\lr. nnm. A bout the same.
The CnAnoIAN. A vessel aH fittcd out for sea éosts no more at present


tItan 8event.y-five dollars a ton Y
J\fr. DYIm. From seventy-five to eighty donars.
TIte CHAm:lIAK. \Vllat effeet do you thillk it wOlfld have upon the


ship-hnildillg interc8t of tIw conntry to exempt frolll duty the maierials
entering illto the cOllstrllctioll of sItips alld at t11e same time to admit
foreign-bllilt ships to American l'Pgistration '1


MI'. DYEH. I do uot thillk the effeet wonld be very good.
The CHAIR:lIAN. Do yon thillk that the ship-bllilding illtcrest conld


be revi ~Tecl undel' tlmt 8.ystern "?
MI'. J)YER. 1 think that if .ron allow foreigll ships to come in here and


obtain AlIlel'ieaul'egistratioll you (~annot l'eYiveollr8hip-hnilding interest.
'rhe CnAIIDIAN. no yon think that tIte ship-bnilding interest eould be


revived ir these two measnres were passed at the S<1Ule time?
MI'. DYEl~. 1 do noto
MI'. WELLS. 1 ullderstood yon to say that by a remission of tho duty


on the materials yon can build a sllip now U8 choapl.y as yon eonld
before tlle war .~


MI'. DYER. No, sir; tbere is an in crease in tlle pI'ico of labor.
MI'. MORRELL. You are 8pcaking of wooden ships now"1
J\fr. DYER. Yes, sir.
MI'. WELLS. \Vlmt would he the <11110unt of 8aving peI' ton in the


building of a ship by tlw rerni8sioll of duty 011 the material s "1
MI'. DYER. 1 llever went iuto anyealclllation of that kind. 1 know


what it C08tS us to build a vessel alHI what it e08t ns before the war.
J\lr. WELLS. \Vhat would 11O tIlo advalltage of tIle remission of the


<luíy'?
MI'. DYER. We eould bnild so much the cheaper.
1\11'. \VELLS. Hut you eould BOt build as cheaply as they do in


England?




132 NAVIGATIOX INTERESTS.
MI'. DYER. Probahly noto We never could. Still ,ve competed with


them successfullv. vVe eonsidered onr vcssels mueh better than theirs.
MI'. VVELLS. IÍ' yon eannot huild as chcaply as they, do you Hot think


that American merchants will buy their ships ahl'oad'?
. MI'. DYER. Perhaps some wiU ii' tlley can huy them at five do11ars a
ton less. .


MI'. vVELLS. Tllen what would be t11e advantage to the ship-huilding
interest to have a remission of the duty jf they caunot t11en compete
witlt ships buílt in other countries ?


:\Jr. J)YER. vVe can compete with them if the navigatinn laws are uot
repealed. So far as rny knowledge goes onr laboriug lllell are lllaTly
times better than t11eirs. vVe mako better ships llPre amI have better
materials. Tlte quality of materials tlt,tt enter into ships here and in
the provinces is very different.


Tlle UHAIRJ'IAN. 1 underst,ood yon to say that you thought yon did
IlOt pay any higher for tlle amonnt of service ,you obtained than is paid
abroad ~


MI'. DYER. Yes, sir.
The CHAIRMA)\". So that thcre rcall" is no difrerence in the cost of


labor ~ •
MI'. DYER. 1 do HOt think there is.
MI'. CALKIN. In case there is nothing done 1,0 relieve tlw shippÍllg


interest what effect is it going to have within the next five 01' teu. years
upon the mechanicallabol' eonneetetl with ship·bnilding ?


lVIl'. Dnm. There is no othe1' eourse fOl' the mechanics exeept to go
out of the eOllutry 01' leave tllP business.


lVlr. CALKIN. Are there as mally ship-carpeu.ters to-day in "'faine as
there were previons to thewar"?


lUr. DYER. No, sir; there are 110t.
l\fr. OALKI)\". II~ many homs a dar do your mechanies work here '!
MI'. DYEl~. Ten hours a daJ'.
lVlr. CALKIX. 115 t1l0re any difficnlty in getting them to work ten


hOllI'S 1
l\h. DYER. Noue at aH.
l\fr. UALKIN. Can yon easily make a ship carpenter out of a house-


carpenter, 01' out 01' a woocl-worker of any kiIHl'!
MI'. DYER. I shonld prefer to get a groon hand and make a ship-caI'-


penter out of him.
lUr. BUFFINTON. I think yOIl did not ful1y nnuerstand a question put


to you by the chairman. 1 nnderstood the chairman to ask you whether,
if onr currency was eq uaI 1,0 golu, yon could buiId a ship as eheaply now
as J'ou could beío1'e t1le war, aHfl 1 think you answered, yeso


l\lr. J)YER. 1 did not mean too
The CHAIR~IAN. Tilo difIerence that yon give hetween the prcsent cost


of a ship in cnrroncy and tho cost of a shill before the war, which was in
gold, is ollly about tile percentage of tho difference between gold and
cnrreeey ~


lUr. DYER. From fifty-five to sixty dollars before the war, amI from
seventy·five to eighty dollars now.


The CHAIRMA)\". That woulfl be in the neighborhood of thirty per
cent. advance.


MI'. DYER. Yes, sir.
The CIIAIRl\IAN. vVell, as there is now a difierellce of thirty per cent.


betweeen gold and cllrrency, that would be the only difference in tho
cost of a ship between IlOW and before the war. In point of fact, the




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 133
answer you gave wonld have that result; so tllat yon build a ship to-day,
according to that statement, as cheaply in gold as you did then "1


MI'. DYFlR. Yes, provided \Ve ha,-e the drawback. vVhat 1 mean to
say is that if t11is dmwback were allowcd us we could bnild a yessel a~
c11eap m; we I1Y8r (lid.


Mr. 'iYELLS. If you haye thc drawback aJl(I the gold currency as you
had previol1s to_he war, do yon think yon wonld have any market for
your Rhips, after you had thelll built"1


1\11'. DYER. 1 think we would have the same market that we always
hado


J\lr. 'iYELT.S. Prcvious to the wal' you ltad no steamers to compete
with you in the domestic trade, and our foreign comnterce "'as more
extensive; tIte p1'oduets of tllis cOllutry were carriell to fOl'eign count1'ies,
whieh is not the ('ase 1I0W.


1\11'. DYEl{. Not now; but I trust they will be.
The CHAIR:\IAN. Wlmt has heell the practice usualIy in referellce to


the coppering of vcssels h'üIt in the Ullited States ~ Hai5 it been done
in thii5 coulltry 01' in Europe '1


J\fr. J)Ylm. Uf late years vessels go to the other side to eopper.
The CUAIlOIAN. vVhat i8 the eOllllllon praetice in building a yessel


here '? Is thl1 copperiug done here?
J[r. DYER. K o, sir. 'iVith a new vcsscl it is gcncmlly prcferred tllat


she shonld make a Yoyage first, cxcept she is going a long Yogage, sueh
as to tllü Paeific. 111 tlmt ease they copper ller 11e1'e; hut, ii' a yessel is
going into tire southern trade a1HI tllcn to J~iYcrpool 01' France, they
do not coppel' ber until thcy get OH the othe1' sidu, where it is cheaper.


Tire CHATR3IAN. 'iVhell yon slwak oí' tlle eost of a vessel you lllean
her cost fitted out for sea withont coppering ?


1\11'. DYER. Yes, sir.
Captain CHARLES JI. n AVIS suumittcu his views to the committee. He


said tlmt he disagreetl somewhat with his friellll Captaiu Ryan alJout
tlle tl'Ouble in tltc dcpression of Ameriean COlllmeree. He thought tllat
it was neeessary to go further back than Captain Ryan did to get at the
uottOlll of the Íl'ouhle. 'l'IH'y liad got no ships now, eomparatively
speaking, with whidl to make sailors. Amel'iean ships had allllost
disappeared f1'om the oeean, and for very obYions reasons. Dnring the
late war tlle pimtes (k'lÍl'oyed mally Alllerican s11ips, and mauy were
transferrcd to foreiga flags. Sltippillg won1<1 1laye to be urongltt hade
and then diseipline would follow. If tIle Ullited. States had shipping
equal t·o tlmt of England or Fnlllee, he \Yould guarantee that American
ship-masteri5 couldeompete with the Freneh 01' the English in diseipline
alld in the sailing of their ships. He had yet to leal'll that American
ship-masters did not tal,e as gootl eare oi' tllCil' ships anü did 1I0t make
as good pas8ages as all'y foreigll ship-mai5ters. American ships used to
be preferretl to fmeign sllips in t11e carr,Ying trade. American shipping
must be bnilt up, and in onter to do that the ship-bnilders must have
sOlllethillg to help them 01' eIse they eould not compete with foreign
ship-bnilders. He had ldtel's in his poeket, whidl he had received
lately from Qllebec amI frolll Sto John, showing that he could huy ships
there-first-e1ass ships of a thousalld tons-at frOlll thirty-seven thou-
sand to thirty-eigl1t thonsand dol!ln's in gol(}, al! titteil ont for sea. Add-
ing tbirty per cent. to that price for tlle differellce between gold and
currelw.y, woulcl make their eost in tite lleighborllOod of fifty dollars per
ton in currenc,Y. They bnilt pretty good ships in Qllebee-rather better
than in Sto .Tohn. Tiley had oak alld haekmataek there and the,Y built
good ships. Sltip-lmilders on this sitIe con1d 1l0t eompete with them in




134 NAVIGA'I'ION IN'I'ERES'I'S.


price. MI'. Dyer ltml said that a thousand-ton ship at pl'esent would
cost sevellty-tiTe doUaI'R a tOll. He could buy sucIt a, sltip to-day in
Quebec foI''' fifty dollars a ton. That was a great difference; hut be
tbought tbat ii' American Rhip-builderR could have the adYHutage of a
rClllis~ion of dnty on the ma.terials used in tIte eonstruction of ships, and
if Rhip-owners eould get their outfits out of bond free of dnty, UR they
(lid in ElIgland and France, Americall Rhip-lmilders .am] ship-owncrs
could compete with thc worhl, provüled that there was lmsiness fin' tbem.
1'here was a change in the freighting business. Steamers were taking
the place of sailing-veRsels. 1'hcRe latter ollly got Itt'aYy cal'goes to
carry, such as tobacco, coal, salt, &c. Only let American ships be built
as cheap1.v as the ships oí' other llatioJls, and American ship-ownerR
would ask no odds.


The CUAIR:\iAN. vVould we labor uudor ally greater disadyalltages
now than we flid prior to the war, l'rovÍflecl the materials elltl'.ring
iuto the construction of ships ,,-ere· admittl'd Ü'ee oC dut,Y? Could we
tIten as suceeRsfully compete ,,-ith foreignerR 011 a gold hasis as \Ve did
before the war .~


MI'. DAVIS. 1 do not know why we should not, ir business was the
same.


The CUAlRJlIAN. Were there not always these periodR of tlcpression
in tlle Rhipping busineRR prior to the ~war, somc J-ears prospcrons ancl
some unpl'osperous '}


Mr. DAVlS. Yes, sir; some yenrs we eonl<1 not run our ships cxcept
at a 101515, and thell agail1 tlle business would reyjve, amI we would make
money.


The CHAIR:\'UN. 'I.'hat bURinesR is noL RO regular amI stcady as othe1'
branches of businl'ss .~


.:vIl'. DAVIS. No, sir; it is dependent upon tlle erops and upon a great
many other things, on whieh other branches oí' business are lIot (lPIWIHI-
ent. 1 take it that if ;ron will gi \'e us a fair ehance, we will bnil<l 0111'
commerce up again, and 1 tIlink that when it iR hnilt up discipline will
follow. 1 do lIot tllink that \Ve eaa lllHh'rtakp to haY<~ diseiplinü whell
we have no ships. As for 0111' ship-mastPI's, thel'ü is a ehallge in them
as the1'e is in ever,)" profeRsioll, amI in an classeR, ministers, lawyers, doc-
tor8, &c.


MI'. BGYFIN'l'O"". Are yon acqnainted witIt Cape C()(H
.:vIl'. DAVIS. Not 011 sho1'e.
1\'11'. BU.Fl<'lN'l'OX. The tonnage of Cape Cod is far greater than it waR


fo1'lIlcrl.r, amI 1 waut to aRk yOll ir yon think that the RealIlell of Cape
Cod have tletcriorated at all, amI if ship-owners have noL seen that
wbile the interest has kept up, tIle seamen han kept up ?


.:vIl'. DAVIS. 1 think so.
MI'. BUFFINTON. 1 think that if .rou go to C,lpe Col! :rou will find as


good captaiuR and Sl'amcn there as eyer were the1'c.
MI'. DAVIS. Yes, sir; that is true. \VhCll the illterest is kept up yon


will find no deterioration in the oflicers alld meno
1'l1e CHAIR:\'IAK. You are considerabl.r aequainted with the business


on tIte other side of the water ,}
.:vIl'. DAVIS. 1 am conversant with it.
The CHAIR:\'rAN. vVhat do ,ron know about the husiness of building


Rhips upon the Clyde and Tylle? whut is tIte condition of the ship-build-
ing bmúness there 1


MI'. DAVIS. 1 can give ,ron the price of first-elass iron ships at Glas·
gow. First-class iron ships of a thousand tous fitted for sea, and rated
for twenty ,rea1's, can be had at fonrteen poullds ten shillings per tOIl. 1




NAVIGATIO~ INTERESTS. 135
present to the committee the specificatiolls anc1 some letters on the sub-
ject. [Tbe lettenl are attached to }fr. Dayis's statement.] There is no
use in talldng of a demaTttI [Ol' shipR thiR yeal'; there is no demand for
ships. It is pretty hard to charter a ship for a long ,-oyage; hut that
does not stop tIte huilding of ships on the ot11e1' side, hecause there will
be a demflnd for ships_ Give m; a fair chanee to lmlld ships and to run
them by allowing a drawback of duty, and by allo"ing outfits free of
dnty, amI we eamlOt, he (hiven off the water.


The CnAnorAN. "\Vhat do ;you think would be the effect of suob modi-
fieation 01' t11e IUlyigation lawR as to admit foreign-hnilt ships to Amer-
ican registry ~


J\fr. DA VIS. }fy own opillion is that it would be 1>etter for our com-
merep. Some illte1'esü; wouId lIot be bCIlPtitel1 by it; lmt T think that,
OJl the whol!', it WOH1(1 he generally bencfitcd. 1 do llOt see why, if 1
can buy a ship at Sto ,Tohn fo1' fiftcen thonsand c10lIars leRR than 1 can
buy her 1Ií'1'(" 1 sltould not be allowed t.o do RO. vVhat eliffcrence does
it lllakc to the govcrnmcnt when 1 am going to sail her lindel' the Amer-
ican flag?


'l'lw CHAIRJIA:-'¡. vYllat effect would that have on the Rhip-bui1ding ¡n-
terest of the coulItrv ~


1fr. DAYIS. 1 thi¡ll\. it wonld rather head thcm off a little .
. MI'. \VELLS. T infor that ;ron would be in fa \-01' nf repealing tIte navi-


gatioll 1<1 ws aud letting our merehauts buy ¡.;Ilip¡.; wherever they can buy
them eheapeRt '?


}Ir. DAVrs. YCR, ¡;;ir; that is my opinlon.
:\f1'. \VELL~. YOH are a ship-owuel' f
~lr. DA VIS. 1 haye heen a Rhip-owner. 1 haye been retired from tIte


hURines¡.; for Home time. 1 lmilt some shipR alld owned some. 1 have
lIOt owned auy Rhips Rinoo the \\'ar.


MI'. \VELLS. vVhat (lid yon haye to pay fol' ships oí' a thousand tOIlS
previous to tho wal' "1


1fI'. DAVI8. 'l'ht'v eORt n8 ahont fifb- to fifh-five dollar8 a ton. Before
tIle wal' l eonld g(;t a good ship fitted. out w'ith a ¡.;inglc 8uit of Rails for
a Enropean YO.Y¡lge (llot for tllP East, ludian yoyage) at fifty-five dollars
a tOIl .


.:\11'. 'VELLS. Tbe same class of Rhip :lR ,ron ('an get at Quebec lIOW fór
thirty-eight dollal's a tOIl!


J\fl'. DAVIS. 1 think l'athc1' a ]jttle hetter.
TIJe CnAIRJIA:-'. Do YOU helieve that if the dntics were taken off the


materialR entel'lng into the eDn¡;;truetiO!l of Rhips, our ¡;;hip-lmildersconld
compete with those in Enrope .~


MI'. DAVIS. 1 thillk so.
The CHAIRJIAN. Do yOll believe that shipR eonld he built here as fast


as the demands of bURilless reqnired them t
MI'. DAVIS. YeR, sir; IlO donbt ofit.
TIte CHAIK\IAN. Thcll whyare ,ron in ülYor of the admission offoreign-


lmilt ships to American registry if \Ye can bnild them here as fast and
as cheaply1


J\ll'. DAVIS. Yon wonld be openillg a larger market to competition. If
yon do 1l0t tlle ship-builderR will put thcir prices up.


The CHAIRJfAN_ \Vill 1l0t competitioll 011 this side settle that as weIl
as it settles othe1' business ~


MI'. DA VIS. Perhaps it mayo ""Ve have always lived uneler onr llome
eompetitioll and done very well by it; but 1 wonld rather have a larger
field if 1 conhl have it. .


The CIIAIR~IAN. T nndcrstood ;ron to say that if we SllOUld do that, it




1'36 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


would be mther hard npon ship-builders here. That means, 1 supposc,
that they eOllld not lmild ships ifthe IHwi¡ration laws were ]'epealefl.


Mr. DA VIS. 1 do not think it would ¡ro to that extellt. 1 think the
ease wOllld rather level it·self. 1 üo not see why, if \Ve hall the same
ehanee¡.; to buil(] a ship llere with the duties off aU the material s, we
would not do so as weH and as eheapIy as tlwy do 011 tite other side. If
we can, so be it; thell we will huy OHr ¡.;hips at home; lmt if we can buy
them cheaper abroad, 1 would PI efe1' to be at libe1'ty to do so.


TIJe CIIAIR~IAN. 'Vhat wonld be the efl'pd UpOIl the gelH>ral illtel'est
oí tIJe eoullt1'y of allowing that"?


MI'. nAVIS. 1 think it wonl(] be better [01' the whole ofthe eountl'Y.
MI'. CALKIN. lf COllgres¡.; sl!ould l'eppal the wH'igatioll law amI ahow


Ameriean merehants to go abroad ancl buy tlteir ships, amI nt tite same
time aIlow a drawbaek to t11e lmildprs Itere, (lo yon t11illk tltat tlw bnild-
e1'S here eould Iive ami compete with the foreign market at, O1\('C, amI
tllat our ship-huilding' interest would g-row up sitle by side with LIJe ship-
building- interest of Englalld'l


MI'. J) AVIS. In rcgard to wooden sItips I tItin k so; I do not know why
it shouId Bot be so. As to iron sIlips \VA eallllO! eomppte with tite Eng-
lish in ten or twenty years. ,Ve e<lnllot learn to lmild sllips l!ere as tht,y
do on t11e CI.rele. 1 do not thillk that \Ve eall compete with tilo iron i'<hip-
building' interest of Eng'lalld for tlw pmsellt; 1 thillk \Ve can eompote
with them in wooden sllips.


MI'. CALKIN. vVhat effect ,,'ouId it Iuwe to rf'peal the naYÍgation law
and to allow a dra\Vhack-wllat effpet 011 tite wltole ¡rene!':II illtel'e¡.;t of
the eOllTltry, Oll the wealth aIHllalJOl' of the eoulltry ~ ,y ould it advance
or deteriorate it f


.111'. DAvrs. r tltinh:: it wOllld advallce it. It wonld giyc ns a stimnlns
and alife which \Ve han~ not spell fOl' SOIlHl tilllf'.


Tile CHAIR"}IAN. J helieyc von han, statcd that it was a W'IT C0ll11l101l
practiee fol' masters 01' yesseis t o he i1tterested in tlteir y(>ssf'ls. ls it
also a YeI'y eommOll praetil~e for t110 lmilüel's oí' ym;seIs to be illteresteu
as OWllf'l'S?


"MI'. nAVIS. Yes, sir; he1'e in OHr State it has 11('('11 ahy¡t~'s so.
The CHAIR:\IAI\'. What wonld bo the telHIelwy of lmil(lillg silips ahroad


auel hringing them he1'e"1 ,YonId it he to en'ate a fOl'eigll illÜ'l'('St in tl!e
vessels and to huild up a ]'(':111,)' t()n'igll i IItprest in Otll' na vigation1 '''hile
OHI' ships "H're llomina]]y AmerÍean, wOllld they not be really fOl'eign ~
~fr. DAVlS. 1 do lIOt kllo\\' wl¡~- it should be so. H 1 ,,'(mt to huya ship


1 buy her and rnn her for my own pnrposp a11(1 llIuler lIly o\YIl flag; I do
not know why there shoulcl he ally fOl'eigll 111te1'est in 1]('1'.


The CHAIR1I'IA:'IT. If :ron bnild a nssel hen~ the bnilder has g(,llcrally
au interest in her. K O\Y suppose ~'on bonght y01ll' ship abroad, would
not that be the opel'atioll oí' the thing-tltat the foreig'n ship,lmiIdpr
would l'etain an inte1'est in he1"!


:MI'. DAVIS. 1 should not tilink so. 1 shonld Ilot want to hayo f(wcigll-
ers owning witll me. :My oxpel'ielleü amI ohsPr\'atioll here are that onr
folks do not 1ike ver,\' mue]¡ to o\Yn ships witlt fon'ignpr¡.;.


l'he CHAm·]}rA~. That is J¡peanse \\'e e:lllllof, om¡ them witlt foreigllers.
But suppose tlmt cOllditioll of tlling'i'l should ('('ase .~


lUl'. DA VIS. 1 do not knO\y why il sltould be more so h(,l'e titan in
Ifranee 01' Ge1'many 01' othe1' places. They have always liad tite priYilege
of lmying theiI' ships abroad, and ihp'y lIen>!' have fillpd np their eOIll-
merce with AIlleI'Ü~an ship-o\YIJe]'s ()I' Rritish ship-o\\'ueri'l.


Tlte CHAIR~iAN. Have they ever reallY heen in tite co]](lition tIlat we
are in?




NAVIGA'l'ION INTERESTS. 137
MI'. DAVIS. '1'hey haye been in a condition that tlley can buy our ships


aJl(l put thelll under their OWll flag.
The CHAIRMAN. Hayc we ever had that ad,~arltage over them that


they havc over liS 1l0W ~
:\11'. DAVIS. No, sir; T do not think so. They haye got us where they


can harHlIe us jnst as they llave a ll1ind too
MI'. CALKIN. Do yon helieve that it is the poliey of thc government to


ellcourage iron ship-building?
:MI'. DA VIS. :No, sir; 1 do uot think so. T shonld think it \vollld be


costing the country too 111lldl to UlHlertake 1l0W to build iron ships so as
to eOlllpete with othe1' uations. 1 shoulu ratlrer husbanu our own re~
sources and wait ulltil 'Ye get stronger.


1\11'. :\IClltRELL. You be1ieve that a large propo1'tion of American eOll1-
lJlerc~e across the oeean is done in iron ships '1


:VII'. DAVIS. Yet-l, f;il'.
:MI'. :\IORRELL. Then are ;ron prcpared to surrender that ocean COID-


meree elltirdy to foreign-built vessels·~ .
MI'. DAVJS. No, sil'; 1 would buy them aud put them uueler our flag.


The ships are yOUl'S wllen you buy them.
]\fr. ]\fORRELL. Do ,rou not thillk tIlat it is t11e policy of tIle govern~


IDeIlt to elleollragc that interest, amI to have meellallies to build iron
shi1's as wdl as woodeu ones"?


MI'. DAVIS. :No, si1'; 1 do noí think it puhlic policy to bl1ildironships
heI'e alld to protect them by a ]lrotectiYe tariff. If wt' can huild iron
shipR here as eheaply as tIle.)" do in England, let us lmild thmn. 1 go a,
good deal fol' free tnlllt', mul to let the l'lllartest take the lead. 1 belicye
that this youllg conntry \Vill do better in that way tlll\ll in the othe1' ",ay.
1 (lo not like so llllldl red tape, so lllueh tied-np business. 1 thiuk we
should do hetter if we had more libertv.


MI'. l\lOllRELL. Then yon belieye it tetter to sacrifiee that intert'Rt, at
presellt, as :ron JUlOW ¡ye callHot illlmediately compete with iron sllip-
lmildel'l' abl'oad?


MI'. nAVJS. '1'here is 110 saeritiee if \Ve cannot do it.
MI'. MOlumLL. 1ron sIlíps haye been built in this conntry, and ('au he


built no\\" 1,0 SOllle extent.
~Ir. DAVIS. Time wiJl brillg it alollg, HO donhL We eannot build iron


ships here now at anything like the price tliat \Ve can buy them 1'01' across
the water. lf \Ve lludertake to buihl iron ships who is going to pay the
bills ~


MI'. CALIUN. Are yon in fayor of aelmitting back vesscls that were
once umler tlw Ameriean flag, lUId that wel'e put. un del' a foreigll flag
durillg tIle war·~


l\1r.-DAVIS. No, sil'. Let them die off; they will soon die of!', tIte gen-
eral age of a ship i" from six to eig-ht yeaJ's.


l\Ir. Davis submitted to the cOllllnittee the following business letters:
STo .JOHX, N. B., Srptember 27, 1869.


DEAR Ami": I have your 11ot" of 23<1 inshmt. In re1'ly, heg tu say that the last sale
of a sevpn :year veritas elaHsed ship was, 111111 anü spars, t'\Y(,llty-tive (101lar8, gola, ller·ton,
amI olltnts, ",Hh wire riggillg, ,,"onItl cost not ove!" ku .lu11ars per ton, gold. This sale
\Yas nuule lindeL" IJ()('uliar cirClIlllstances, alHl was rather '/!IuIer the market; lmt no
don lit a ship of similar class could he contl'acteü fol' at twenty-six .1011ar8 por ton,
an,vthing froltl ono thousalld tonR amI 1I]"va\"(18. Six years' dass at veritas can be pro-
dllcml at twellty~follr llollal's per ton, Ollttits ut the samo rate as dearer vessels.


1 am yunrs, truly,
WM. THOl\fSON.


MeRsrH. C. 1\1. DA VI.~, Portland.
English Jl1Ca8nrp1l1Cnt ahont thl" same as American Hew measurement.


C. M. D. & CO.




138 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
QUEBEC, Seplcmbcl' 30, 1869.


DEAR 8rns: In rcply to yonr favor of Reptemuc'r 2:3, IVe have ascel'tainetl that the
cost of hnilcling ships in this place is as follows: A 1, seven years, 1,000 tons, not cop-
perccl, lmt copper fastenec1 np to the lower deck stringers, amI tlw usuul Ql1cuec outfit,
$:38 gola per registered ton; for a 1,f,OO-tOll ship as above, the cost IVonld Ilot exce<lü
$;17 pe1' ton.


Tlle llighest price any of 0111' first-class buildc1's llal'e llamed is $39 per tOIl, all(l IVe
are satisfied that, at these figures, yon could contract to bllild a r/',llly first-elass 8hip.


YOUl'S, tl'uly,


Messrs. C. U. DAVIS & Co.,
Portland, Maine.


For R. R. DOBELL & CO.,
T. BECKETT.


English measurement ahout tlle same as American new llleaSUl'CmCIlt.
C. ~I. D. & CO,


Mr. CYRUS F. SARGENT said that he had been building ships fol' sorne
.tUteen years, but had neyer sailed any hiImielf. He lwd been no ship-
ownel'.


The CIIAIR:~IAN. Do you belieye that if the duties were taken off ship-
building materials the Khip-building intel'est of this (!ouutry wouId
revive '!


)\fr. SARGENT. UndoubtedIy it woulU.
The CHAIRl\IAN. Do you think that \Ve ean eompete with Gl'eat 13ritain


in building wooden ships?
3\11'. SAIWENT. 1 think \Ve eOllld if we lwd a drawback upon aU the


material s that euter lnto the construetion of ships. As it is, after a ship
is built here we eannot eopper he1' here, on aeeollnt of the expense. vVc
take a lower mte of freight than \Ve \Vonld otherwise take, fol' tlle pnr-
pose of sending her to Europe to llave he1' eOllpered.


The CHAm:SIAN. Do they e0l'per a sltip on the other side as wel1 as
they do here ~


MI'. SARGEl'IT. Yes, sir, 1 think tIle.)' do.
J\fr. WELLS. ,Vhat is lhe cost per' ton of copperillg a fii'st,e!ass ship?
l\1r. SARGENT. To eoppür a thouKand-ton ship wonl(l eOKt, 1 thiuk,


about six thousand dollars. That illcludes the doekillg of tlle ship, the
cost of the eoppe1', alld putting it on.


The CHATR]TA~. Do .yon lwIie"c, if the materia Is entering- into the eOll-
struetion of yesseIs were exempt fi.·01ll duty, that ships eould be built as
fast as the demands of business required them'!


MI'. SARGE~T. Yes, sir, woodcll ship8 eOllld be. 1 have talked with
ship-builders fr'om qnelJee amI Sto .101111, alld t11e inf'ol'matioll ll'eceived
f'rom tbem is somewhat differellt fl'olll t11at whieh Calltain DaviK has
stated. M,V understanding is that ships there cost more than Captain
Davis has stated, and 1 think we can lJnild llPtter ships than thcy can;
we have better materials. Our southern pine is oue of the b3Kt artielcs
that goes into the eOllstruction oí' a ship, and we can get it eheapel' than
an.)' people in tIlO world.


MI'. WELLS. Can you get it any cbeapel' than they can get it in tbe
provine es '1 Rave they not the right to go to North Carolilla f'or it, and
take it iuto the prodnces free of duty ~


Mr. SARGENT. 1 do not know whether there is any duty on it 01' noto
The CHAIRMAN. Do :rou think that we sail our ships as eheaply as the


English sail their ships ~ Do yon tl1ink tl1at an Amerieull ship·ownel'
could afi'ord to run a ship in cornpetition with fOl'eigll slüp-owncrK, pro-
yided he can obtain her as cheaply ~


}fr. SARGENT. It is my opinion that the English sail their ships fol'
less thau we do. They have a larger numbeI' of men, amI they pay them




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 139
higher wages than wo do. Bnt we ship onr rnell in Liverpool 01' Lon-
dOll, and they get the best meno The American ship only gets the re-
jected mCIl that the Ellglish ships will not take.


JUr. "\YELLS. 'Wllat is the policy oí' shipping tlle poorest rnen they can
tind .~


JUl'. SARGE~'l'. Before a :Mlilor in Liverpool can go on board an English
;;hip, he lllust have a eertifieate from the Jast master that he ",as Ululer;
lle must han~ a certitieate of good moral eharaeter and cfficiency. The
eOllsequellce is that the J<jnglish ships rake all the good mell, and leave
the AlIlC'riean ships only the "rnnaways" ami {lesperate mcn, whom it is
hanl to manage. Tltey come l'ight on board, and no qucstions. are
asked, and the American ships take them.


Mr. l\10RRELL. vVhat is yonr opinioll in referencc to the repeal of the
navigation la"'R'? Do you believe it best for American commerce'!
~Ir. SARGEN'I'. 1 Rhould not tl!ink it woul<l he, except aU the tariff


laws are repealed together, and let us hayo free tralle in everything.
MI'. CALKIN. \VlJat do you mean by that '?
::\11'. SAIWE-XT. 1 mean, to havc general frec tralle aU over the eountry


in ever~·t1lillg. .
MI'. CALKIN. "\Vhat eft'ect wonld the repeal of the navigationlaws have


UpOll tite general interest of the country ~
111I'. S_-UWENT. Tbat ahmp, 1 RllOuld thillk, would operate agaillst the


slJip-lmilrling bURiness of the countr,r.
1\11'. CALKIN. "\Vould it uot eycntually transfer our ship-yards to for-


eign (~(mntl'ies?
.!\fr. SARGENT. As 1\11'. Dyer remarked, it would slmt np t-he ship-yards


here; lmt ir you make it free trade in aU things, 1 think we can compete
with foreigncrs.


1\11'. CALKIN. 1 Ruppose it iR simply a question whet.her our labol'illg
men sllall he redllced tu tbe leyel oí' tlle labol'ing men of other nations.
W ould not that be the effect ?


.lIr. SARCi-ENT. 1 s1l0nll1 Hot tllink it would.
1\[1'. CALI\:IN. Are ;ron wcU acqnainted ,vitl! most of the ship-owners of


Portla11l1 .~
1Ir. SARGENT, 1 kIlOW (l'lÍte a uum 1Ie1' of tlwm-perhaps the majority.
1\11'. CALlüN. Can ;ron tell ,vhat their scntimcllt is in reganl to the re-


peal of the n:1vigatioIl lawR ~
.lIr. SAIWENT. T havo llCYCl' pxe1umged views on the snbject with the


ship-owners of Portland. 1 lmilt, dUl'ing the war, a ship oi' auont eleven
llUudl'ed and fifty tons, rf~ad'y fol' sea, alld 1 believe she only cost me
$41,000 in gold. That was in 18G4 01' 18n,), 1 believe.


Thc UHAIRlVIAN. '1'he })l'emiUlll ou gold \Vas very high at that tlme ?
1\11'. SARGE~T. Yes, I am or opinion that a ship can be built for


gold now cheaper than she couldbe before the war. It seerns to me
that the great diftienlty is tite depreeiatioll in the el1rrency.


The CHAIltMAN. Do yon mean to say that yon can build a ship eheaper
now thau yon eould then, payiug the duty on the material s ?


::\11', SARGENT. Ycs, sil'; othcl' gelltlemell may differ with me, but that
is my opinion. The last ship 1 built was fifteen hnndred odl1 tons. She
was ready foI' sea, (not coppered,) had eighteen months' provisions on
board, allll she onl,}' cost about sixty donars a ton. Site went to sea two
years ago.


The CIIAIR:\'IAN. Titen, accol'(ling to yonr preRent statement, we real1y
do build onr ships as cheap as we ever did?


MI'. SARGENT. 1 think so; there is the trouble about this depreeiated
curreney. It is a speculating matter. Whell one wins allother lose¡,;,




140 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
That 'las tho ToaRon wby t1l0 ship wo lmilt ullring tho waT cost snch a
srnall amount in golu; for exchallge was then at two hundred and fift;y.


]\Jr. VVELLS. Did YOU lmild heI' 011 Enghsh aeeount 'q
]\JI'. SARGENT. 1'10, sir; but I made a cOl1t1'act with sorne of tlle own·


eI's that the acconut should be made up il1 gold.
Thc CnA TR"ilIAN. 'Vhat, then, do yon cOllsider to ue thc diffienUy nndo]'


which \Ye labor at pl'eSellt in I'eviving our commerce·~ vVhy do wc 1l0t
bnild ships?


1\11'. SARGEK'I'. The great tl'Ouu10 is in t1l0 dcprcciatod enrreney. Pe 0-
pIe say, "1 can get a bettcr inteI'est fo1' llIy money than I can by Imttillg
it il,l a ship." They do uot wait to eOllsitler that tl¡ey are I'cally llHYlng
only seventy eents on thc uollar. They deeei W1 themselvcs ill t,he mut-
ter of the cnr1'ency, aud .vou cm1ll0t get them to lmild a siliptlwt ,,-ould
eost eighty nI' ninety dollal's a ton in cnrn'llc.y.


Thc CHAIRMAN. Then tbere is ollly an imagillary diffe1'ence in the
price; it is not a real diffel'ellee ?


]\JI'. SARGENT. Only an imaginary difference.
Mr. CALKIN. Do you liro in l'ortland"?
MI'. SARGENT. No, sil'.
MI'. CALKIN. vYhere do YOU reside·~
MI'. SARGE¡..fT. In Yal'll¡~lUth.
l\h. CALKÍN. That i's a ship-uuil<1ing place?
Mr. SARGENT. Yes, sir.
~lr. CALKIN. vVhat iR tile sentiInellt oí' the ship-owners oí' Yal'lllouth


in refercllCC to the repeal of the naYigation laws '1
MI'. SARGEN'l'. Ido 110t lwow that 1 hayc en~I' talketl with thPIn about


that; uut \Ve have talked a good de al in reí'erenee to free trallo tin' ovory-
thing aud for eyorybody. Aud aH to Ollr ship-huilding interes!, \Ve feel
satisfied that we (~onld competo with ltll,Y othcr poople, so fa1' as \Ve are
concemed, if \Ve had free trade.


The CHAlR}IAN. Thell .rou do not \\'aut. the ¡>rillcipIe oí' freo trade ap-
plied to ships alolle '?


]\fr. SARGEKT. 1\0, sir.
Mr. vYELLS. Do yon uot find frolll experience that gcntlelllen 1"ho


have heretoti)l'e IUHl thL,j¡· mOll('y inH'sü'(l in ship ¡¡ropert,)' make more
intcrest no\V by pntting their money in tlle natiollal hanks and rail\'oafls,
and ot11er speeulati()J]s, alld that. that is a reaSOll for the depl'cssion of
the sllip-unilding interest '?


MI'. SARGE~T: Yes, sir. The English ship-owner \Vil! be satisfied with
four OI' fiyc per eeut. illterest 011 his money; unt IWI'e in AUlPl'iea nothing
wiII satisf~' people less tllan E'igltt per ceni., aud 1ll11lly of thel!1 pnt
their llloney in hOluls amI secnrities. l'he EIlglish are easier satisfied.


Mr. VVELLS. Prior to the \Val' were llOt ship-owllers makillg !llore thall
eight 01' ten per cellt. J?


Mr. SARGEN'r. Yes, sir.
Mr. CALKm. 'Yhat is the average 1ifc nf American ships ~
MI'. SARGENT. 1 lwlieve U!HlerwI'itprs Rtate it at auout eight yea1'S.
The CHAIRMAN. ,Yhat is tItc lifc of ;,;hips lmilt in tIte l'ro\'illees'l
Mr. SARGEN'.r. 1 dO.1lot kllow.
MI'. (JALKIK. Haye ,,-e llOí. hall tl](~ I'PputatioIl always of building bet-


ter ships here tban they do i1t t]¡e Prodllces 'g
Mr. SARGENT. vYe always hado
MI'. CALKIN. Does llOt the Ellglish capitalist ea!enlate !llore dosely on


hiR pPl'eelltage on the Ioss heillg a total 10"s than an American (loes on
bis inw'stment in an American-hllilt ship·?


l\1r. SARGK"T. In the north of Enrope aad in Englall(1, amI rmm,\'




NAVIGATTON INTERESTS. 141


European countries, tIley onl-r iusure against a total loss. If a ship
touehes bottom they paya partialloss; but ir auy otller damage results,
that is llnlessshe touches bottom, the llllllerwl'iter does not payany
loss.


::\11'. Bl'FFINTO:'<. How lllueh more do you pay fol' tIte materials that
go iuto a ship 1l0W than yon had to pay fol' thcm before the war'?
~Ir. SAIWEN1'. 1 haye lleyer made a ealenlatioll auont that.
~Ir. CALKIN. Do yon 1Iot pay more for iron alld more for dnck tban


yon did before the wal"~
)'11'. SARGENT. Yes, sir.
Mr. B()FFINTON. Do yon not rcal1,r pay frolll ten to thilt,r per cent.


more for every article that gOl'S into t11e construdion of a ship than ,yon
l'uüI before tIte war'?


Mr. SARGRNT. Taking al1 tlle ma terials, 1 ShOllld say that they would
Bot eost thil't.y per cellt. more tIlal1 they dül bef'ore tIle war.


1\11'. BUFFINTON. 1 sar ti'OIIl ten to thirty per cent.
Mr. SATWE:"T. Yes, they would.
Mi'. BFFFINTO:'<. 1 a8k yOll, tllen, this í)l\estion, beeause it is thongltt


that tlH'l'e must lllwe beenan error in a remark yon made, amI that yon
eould not luwe intended to say what you did. You said that yon eould
lmild a sltil' to-day just as e1lPap with gol,l as yon eonld het'ore the \Val'.
IIow eould yon do it with labor higher, and materials higher '?


1\11'. SAIWEN'I'. The di/l(~rellce in laho)' amI tlw dimn'enee in the cost
oí' lIuHel'ials do not amount to the diftcrcnee in yalue uetIYeen gold and
papel"


.1\11'. BVFHN1'ON. But, hefore tilo war, iron amI aH tIte materials that
"'Cllt into tilo eOllstructioll of shi ps \Vere from ten to thirty per eent. less
tllan they are now. Do ,vou mean to say thnt, aftel' payillg' the increased
cost of tllese artieles yon can still bnild a ship as eheaply as yon eonld
uefore tlle wal'!


.:\Ir. SAIWEN'l'. Either .ron 01' 1 do not understalld it. 'rile increased
priee of tIte materials tlmt go illw the eonstruetion of a ship does not
aUloullt to the l'reminm that tbel'e is OH gold, say thirty-fhe per eent.


1\11'. Bl;FFINTON. hon e08ts a. gl'eat deal more; sail-eloth costs a great
dea] mOl'e; and in üwt eve!''y artie1e eosts more.


1\11'. SARGENT. Yes, more in papel' mOlle,Y.
}\[I'. HUFFIK'I'ON. })o they not eost more in gold·~
Mr. SARGENT. No, sir; sonthern pine costs less in gold.
MI'. BCFl<'IN'l'ON. HolV about iron '!
MI'. SAIWE~'l'. AH the diftcl'üllee is just tIte dut;r .
.:vIl'. DUJ<'l<'IN'l'ON. If J'OIl are eorreet 1 do not see tItat tIle eountry needs


auy legislation on tlle su~ject.
The CHAIR::IIAN. lIo,," mneIt do the dnties on tIte materials in a thou-


sand-ton woodell ship alllount to'l
::\Ir. SARGEN'l'. 1 llave nenr seen the figures made. 1 have talked


witIl a numbel' of ship-OWIWI'8 OH the snhjpd, amI tltey llave put t11e
amoulltfrom $10,000 to SI5,OOO; perhaps $12,000 might come nearerto it.


The CHAlR::IIAN. Tlle cost of labor is 80mewhat higher here than in
Eugland.


MI'. SARGENT. 1 suppose so.
The CUAlltl\IAN. 1 untlerstood .you to say t.hat. we can really build a


ship now as cheap in gold as a ship can ue unilt fol' in Great Britain in
gold.
~Ir. SAHGEN'l'. That 1 do not know. 1 did HOt make that statement.
TIle CUAIR::I'IAN. 1 understood you to say that the difference was only


about the differenee in curl'ency.




142 NA VIGATION INTERESTS.


MI'. SARGENT. I mude the statement that we conld bl1ild a shi.p here
in gold as cheaply as we did before tIte war.


The CIIAIR:'\IA~. '1'he tarifi' haH been illCl'eaHed Yery lal'gcly. Do 1 nn-
understand yOll to say that ships can be built, paying tllc <luty on the
matcrials, as cheaply now as when there were no duties paid·~


MI'. SARGENT. That is the qnestion yon an want to know. I answer
as 1 (1111 at first, that i1' yon let the duties go just as they are, \Ve can
builel a ship now as cheaply in gold as we eould before tlw war.


The ClIALRJUN. Then how do yon oyercome the disadvantage result-
ing from the increase in the tal'ifn


J\fr. SARGEN'f. A gooel deaI of it comes out of the labor. ,Ve paid for
good men before the \Val' from one donar and sevellty-five cellts to two
dollal's a day. Two dollars wouId be the íwerage priee. Xow \Ve pay
onIy two dollars and fifty cents.


The ClIAIR~IAN. Then you pay quite as high in gold now as yon did
before thc war ~


Mr. SAl~GEN'l'. No, sir; we do noto If yon add thirty-five per cent. to
what we paid before the war, yon will fi])(l we do not pay so llluch now.


MI'. VVELLS. I ullderstood ;YOll to say that in 18fl4-'Ii,) yon built a tcn-
hundred-and-fifty-ton ship at a cost of forty-one thousand dollars'!


MI'. SARGENT. Yes, sir. Tbat was in thc time of tIte war, wlwn gold
was very Itigh. Exehange was selling fo1' abont two hundred alJ(I fifty.


MI'. VVELLS. Can yon ten me what the unty on iron anu the duties on
the materials that go into ship-bnilding are now, compare u with what
they were in 1860?


J\1r. SARGEN'I'. 1 do not think lean.
MI'. \VELLS. The differenee is not oYer ten per cent., is jt ~
1\11'. SARGENT. Ido not recollect. Before the war 1 recollect buying


iron for ahont forty-two dollars per tOll.
The ClIAIR:1rAN. \Vhat effeet would it have on onr llavigation inierest


if Congress were to admit foreign-lmilt ships fi'ee '! \Voulu it lla.ve a
tendency to carry thc ownership partl,\" abroad ~


Mr. SARGENT. 1 do not kilO"'. I sltould hardly think it would; for
an owners like to ha,ye the otller owners as !leal' llOIIle as tItey ean get
tItem. If you are conllected in bnsiness with men, ;ron wallt thelll whcre
yon can see them oecasionall,y; alld that wonld be the case witIt ship-
owners.


The CHAIRl\IAN. Do ;rou mean to say that, as a general rule, we pay
less to our sailors than the English do '1


1\'11'. SARGEN'l'. Yes, sir; the wages of sailors are lower in an Ameri-
can ship tha.n in an English ship.


The CHAIR:YIAN. 1 understood yon to say that t1le duty is from ten to
fifteen dollars a ton in gold on aU the lIlaterials that enter iuto the cou-
strnction of a ship, amI J'et yon say that notwithHtanding tllat, yon can
build ships as eheaply as they can bnild them on the other sidc'l


MI'. SARGEN'.r. :Not 011 the other si de ; you eoufonnu that thing; but
I say that we can build thcm as ebeaply as ",e built them before the
war.


The CHAIRl\IAN. Did \Ve bnild our ships as cheaply before tIte war as
they bnilt them on tIte other siele <~


MI'. SARGE~'l'. We built tItem cheaper.
The CHAIRMAN. Then, of COllrse, we still bnihl them eheaper than


tIte'y do on the otber side. That is a yer,y remarkable stutement; and
what 1 want to get at is, how you aecollnt for that condition of tltings,
that we can pay an increased uuty of ten to fiftcen dollars a ton in gold,




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 143
and still build not only cheapor horo, but cllCaper than where all the
materials are free of dut.r.


lUr. SARGR:'<'l'. It is becauRe our grcenbacks are worth only seventy
cents 011 the dollar. ,


Tile CHAlRlVIAN. Put the two in gold. Suppose that you build for
gold, and that .rour foreign competitor buildi' for gold "1


MI'. SARGBC'i''l'. Yes, but we do not build for gold; we build for papel',
and then we reduce t1le cORt to gold.


The CUAm;VIAN. And yon lmil(l for leRR ou thiR paper ba¡;iR 1
Mr. SARGENT. When it is reduced to gold, the ship <loes 1l0t cost any


more than it dill beíhre t1le \raro
The CnAIlC\IAN. Then there is great advalltage to ship-buildf'rs to


build for papel' ~
Mr. SARGENT. Yf'S, Ril'.
The CIIAIRlVfAN. Then, instead oi' the eurrCllCy being a disadvantage,


it is au a(lYantage ?
MI'. SARGBl\"'I'.- lt operateR againRt the laborer; it comes out of him.
The ClIAlJDIAN. 1 nnuel'stood yon to say tllat .ron paid about two


dollal's a da.v OH the average in 1860, and that you now pay two dollars
aud a hali: Is not that an inl'rease oí twenty-fiYe per eent. ~


1\1r. SAIWENT. Yes, reckoning gold and papel' eqnal.
The UHAIlDIAN. He can take his papel' and seU it, and still get two


dollar:,; in gola "? .
1\11'. SAIWENT. o no; .ron must take oír thirty-five per cent., which


wil1 leave him let-lt-l tban two dollarR in gold. lf he got two dollarR in
gold before tlle \Va!', that gold wouhl cost IlOW two dollars and sixt.r
eentR, ana we only give him two dúllars and a half.


Tile CHAlRJiAN. That makeR ten eentR a da.v difference, and that cer-
taiuly caullot acconnt for aU the other difl'erences.
l\1t~. SARGE::'<'l'. There IR other labor cOllnected with ship-building be-


sides the earpcnter la bol'. 1 do not thillk that ship-cal'llenters are in as
g'ood a eondition now as they were before the war.


The CHAIRi\TAN. Does uot that reslllt fl'om the faet that theyare not
employed fnlly ~ ,.


MI'. SARGEN'l'. 1 don't know about that. They are employed about
the same. In YarmolltIt they are. .


The CUAIRlVIAN. Do .rou m<ean to sa.r that ship-building is as pros-
Ilerolls now in Yanllouth as it was before tIle war, and that there is as
lUnch doiug tItel'e now as thel'e was hefOl'e tIte wal' ~


l\Ir. SARGENT . .Ylore. There has been more doing for the last yeal'
than there liad beell before the war.


MI'. WELLS. ,Yhat class of ships do tho:y build there~
MI'. SARGENT. Ships for the eoastwise trade, and for the Enropean


trade, both.
MI'. VVELLS. What did ships cost before the war?
}lr. SARGENT. A thouSHIllI-ton Rhip wouId he huilt fOl' f'mm fifty-five


thousand to sixt:v thollsand dollars.
1\'11'. WELLS. \Vhat wouId .ron build the same class of ship for to-day,


in papel' mOlley ?
. 1\'Ir. SARGENT. 1 should think it could be built for eighty thousand
dollu1's. 1 \Vas told the other day that one was built in Kellnebunk of
a thousand tons, aud was sold to a party in Roston for seventy-six
thousancl dollars. There are some material s which would be worth
more in gold tlmn they were before the \Val'.
~fr. GILES LORING, of Yarmonth, stated that he was a practical ship·


builder. That had been his business fOl' quite a number of years. He




144 NAVIGATION IKTERESTS.
had acted as a boss ea1'pmlter and con tractor. He hall buiIt ships be-
fore tlic wa1', alld had built some ,11ll'illg' the war, and some since. t11e
war. He ('onId hardIy agree with his fl'ieTHI, MI'. SarW~lIt, amI he couhl
not exactly agree with llis fi'iend 1\[1'. Dayis, in his auswe1' to one ques-
t10n about fo1'eign capitalists. He (:\11'. Lorillg) thought that if
Amerieans bonght their ships ahroad, foreign c'IJlitalists won1cl eer-
taillly have an illterest in thern. TlJe lumber wllich he usell to get be-
fore the ,,'al' from Cauada, for the. t!oor allll fl'ame of tIle ship, at frolll
ten to thirteen dollars a ton, delivcred in thc ears at Portlallll, he liad
now to pay eighteen amI twellty dollul's a ton fol'. 11e lmd got oue fioor
amI top fl'om there at ten dollars, amI tItis year he had to pay nineteen
donanl for the same. Therefore, MI'. Sargent's idea th<1t ships eould be
built just as cheap nowas before tite \Val', on a gold uasis, he certainl.r
could not agree with.


The CrrAIRi\'IA:<. ,Vhat is the difi'erence in tite cost of a thousalld-ton
sLip now and before the war ?


1\[1'. LORING. 1 shouId givp it as my idea, that the difierenee amounts
to about twenty per eent. more nO\v tban lJet'ore the war.


The ()HAIRMA:<. Do .rou mean in goId?
:MI'. LORING. Yes, sir, in gold. Hut still 1 may be mistakcn. Gold


and papel' WE're oue amI thc same thillg' lwfore tite war. He disagreed
with his friPIHI .Mr. Sargent in statillg' that as mally ships wpre built
now as befo re the war. 'l'he money which used to be investcd in ships
was now inyested in goverllment bOll(ls, heeause the oW1le1's couId do
beUer in that ",ay. AIl that worked against the ship-lmihlillg lmsilless.
It seelUed to 11im that if there were IIOt dmwhaeks allowed, (although
he was unt aule to say ",hat the.r shoultl he,) it wouId be hut a few
years hef()re all the sllip-bnilders wouId have to leave Maine amI go out
West.


The CUAIR1\fAK. State yonr opinion as to what ought to be done.
Mr. LORING. 1 shonld rather leaV(~ that to In,)' fl'ielld, tIte chairman of


the COllllllittee, hecause he is a more practical Ulal! in that business tllan
1 amo


Tite CHAIR~IA~. "Vhat relief wonl,I ellahh~ J'ou to build ships in eom-
petition with toreign ship-builde,rs t


Mr. LOltlNG. If .)'011 take tlle duties off ever,ything that we have to
use in ¡"hips, we can compete with any other naüoll.


The CUAIR1\fAN. Do .ron think that that wonld revive the ship-huild-
ing interest ~


Mr. LORING. 1 think it would. The great trouhle now is that ships
cost so milc11, and that people are Ilot willing to put their money iuto
them.


The CUAlR1fAN. You then give it as yonr opinion, tlmt if the duties
were taken ofi' aU tite materials that entel' iufo the cOlIstl'uction of ships,
the ship-builders (Jf this eoulltry wonld he ablc to lmild ships as eheap1.r
as they are built abroa,l. Alld .r0u think that if ships conltl be hnilt as
cheaply here as auroad mea \VonM illyest tLeir money in them, amI
that that wouId tend to l'evi ve the business ~


}Ir. LORlNG. That is my idea; I1Tl(l if something is not done, it will he
the rnin of Maine; for when onr ship-building illtere.st is goue, l\LJine
is gone. .


Tbe CHAIR~iAN. "Vhat would be tIte effeet upon tite. Rhip-bllilding in-
terest if foreign ships were allowed to come in and be nationaIized, ])1'0-
vided at thesametimethatyonwereallowed drawbaekR 011 the materillls
entering iuto the constrllction of ships ~ Conld you then compete with
foreign ship-builders 1




NAVIGATIO~ INTEREt.TS. 145
::\Ir. L()RI~G. 1 Rltould hal'dly think we couIel.
The UHAIR:\fAN. If yon WPl't>.<protpded fl'om tlmt compl'tition foranum-


ber of years, do yon tllink that t11en yon could do it?
lUr. LOUING. 1 tllink we coultl, if we hall protecLioll nlltil we got a


start.
The CnAlRlIiAN. Could j"OU haye stood such competitioll prior to tho
~Yar '?


::\11'. LORIXG. 1 should hanlly know howto answcr that question. My
,-,'pinion iR that we could nt tlwt time, but that we callnot llOW.


The CHAmMAN. l3nt yon j·hink that after a few years yon eould?
::vrr. LORr"'G. 1 thillk tltat, aftel' gettillg once stmted again, we


conld.
Tilo CHAm~1AN. vVhat rato of wages do yon pay nOIr?
::VII'. LORING. T paid this .p~al' all the ,,"ay fl'oIn tirO dollars amI a half


to three dollars.
The CHAIRJlJAN. vVhat dill j"Oll pay to tho same class of meehallies be-


fore the war·~
1\11'. LOlUNG. Al! tho way frolll one dollar and seyonty-ftvo ceuts IIp to


two dollars. 1 hnilt one YPssf'l Oll whieh 1 paid only (me (lollar amI sev-
ent,V-fiw cents. That was eight ;years ago. At that time 1 paid a cent
anel a Iwlf a ponlld 1'01' iroll.


'l'he UUAIIElfAN. IIolr wm; it frOl\l 183~ to 1834'!
}\JI'. LORING. 1 worked as a empenter then, amI at that time ~Yílges were


aU the way frolll one doUar amI a haIf to two dollars. 'Wages at that
time were pretty 1Iigh.


The CI-LUR~IAN. \Vhat wag'es wpre ;ron paid as a carpenter nt that
tillle?


1\11'. LORING. Two donan; amI a half.
The CIIAIR~IAN. ,Vere ;ron lt master earpenter?
.i\Ir. LORI~G. No, sir; 1 was a COllllllon carpellter at that time .


. MI'. CALKIN. \V}¡PIl did yOIL COllllllcnce as a master lmihlel' '?
JUl'. T,ORING. In 18;-;3.
;\11'. CALKl.:-.'. IIolY mi1l1'y yrssels !laye yon built since tltat time'!
l\Ir. LORING. Speakillg' '()f tlw cost of 'coppering yesse]s, a fcw years


ago l had a ship of seycn IlllJlüred tons coppered ahroad. TIle cost oí'
the eopperillg of that Yessel mlS ,iust about equal to tllO eost of copper-
ing one oí' fOllr llllllÜl'eÜ tlms 11t'I'(·. 1 know that, heeanse 1 had at that
time ono coppl'red ahrmHI amI Olle coppered in New York. A great
many of our New York ship-o\Yners preí'er to have their ships coppered
at home.


lVIr. CALKIN. Do tItey think that the work is done better here!
1\1r. LORING. 1 do llot kllow that it is dOlle hetter; lmt 1 believe they


wouId get it done just as dleap, lIotwithstanding that tltey paj' higher
wages here than are paid abrond.


The CHAIRMAN. Are .ron a ship-owner now ~
MI'. LORING. Yes, sil'.
The CHAIRMAN. As a general thing, do those who bnild ships in your


section retain an interest in the yessell
3'11'. LORING. As a general tltÍllg they do. That is thc way 1 have


wOl'kcd. A eaptain eomes to me sOllletimes with one-fourth amI some-
times with one-half the eost of a yeRsel, amI 1 have to Iook out to rnake
up the difierellce. Sometimcs 1 ltave ollc-fourth of it entel'ed in my
name; sometimes more, amI sometimes not so mucho


The CIIAIR::\fAN. How many vessels are yon interested in '1
1\11'. LORING. allly foUl'.
'l'he CHAIRMAN. E ow large a class oí' vessels are you owning in Y


10 N 1




146 N A VIGATION I:'{TERESTS.
Uro LORING. T]¡e wS8els 1 Laye bnilt lmye been frOlll four lLUlHlred to


llillC lnmured t0118.
'rIle CUAIR}IAN. lB it tLe practice of Rhip-lllasteI'S <lIso to o-wn parts of


the yessel!
1\lr. LomxG. Yes, sir.
')']¡e CnATlDIAN. 'l'hen the O\YIleI'sllip is diyided lwt"\Yeen tbe ship-


buildc'r, t 1le ship-master, alHl tIte mercltant ",110 cIoes the business?
1\11'. l~OIU""G. Yes, sir; and as they say with U8, "all tlw parish:'


SOllldiuws the joiller llfls an illtereRt; sOllletillles t111\ (~¡¡lkpJ', tlw blaek-
smitlt, tlle fltrmer, amI tlw traller. 111 faet, eYcrythillg of that kind with
Ui'l is brollght into tlle shipping interest.


TIlO CUAIKI'IAK. So tin' as yOIl kIlO\\" tlmmgllOllt tllC Statl', is that t110
maJlllcJ' in which ships lIl'e lmilt mal owned ?


:MI'. LORING. 1 sllOuld suppose it W:lS, bnt 1 d0110t prptellll to ¡;a;\' tlwt
it i¡;. There iR oue thing \yhic:h \YOl'ks a little ag:lillst tl1e ;.;!Jip-lmjlder;
iu tho first place, t1le gOYCl'JlIllcnt established ejgltt llOun; rOl' a day',;
labor. Now, for a ship-buildcr to ('mplo} lllPlt iu (1Iat way is I'athpI' ont
oi' the qUf'l'tion. PprlJaIJ¡; it is l'ig-ltt fol' tlle gOYl'1'll1"lellt to do so; hut
t1le cOllseqnence is that 1\11'. A, :.'111'. B, MI'. e, amI :'IIJ'. :0, "hip-('m'pentpr,;,
will ¡;ay, "1 must g-et iuto the gowrlllllcnt emllloyJlH'ut, lJ('('allS(~ 1 han'
onl,y to \York <,igbt hours, alltll (~all get a littl(~ mol'(, p:ly tIJa]) by ,york-
illg tpll hours iu pl'i\"llte PlllploynwJlt." 1 s]¡onl(l "ay tlwt tlli,; 'ypar fi:Olll
four to six of our best carpeutcl's haye gOlle to thc KitteI''y Wl\".)' ,yan1.
,Ye t11 us lose from thi8 clmis ::;Ollle oí' out' best men.


Thc CUAIR3fAN. 1 snpposn] that tlle ll<IYY yanl being so fnr oíf would
not hayc had mueh efrect ou -rou .~


1\11'. LORING. 1 t11illk thp ("1Ied iR conRide1'ablp. Tlw Ilistam'e !l()('8
not lIla];:e auy dift'erem'c; -tll('y will g-o sometimes to Ho,;toll a1)(] sonll'-
times to .Rew York to get illto t11e llaY.)' yanl,;. l'eoplP (lo not lik(, to
work ten hoUl's a day if t11py cau g-et tlle sallJe wage8 by \\'ol'l,ing ollly
eight hom8.


JUl'. 1IomwLL. As a s11ip-lmildeI', ship-carpellter, allcl master-builder,
what is )'OU1' opiuioll as to tlJe eight-llOut' law'! Do ,you 1hillk it caku-
lated to benefit ship-earpel1tl'I's Ol' not ?


MI'. LORl::>!G. 1 shoulcl giye it as my opinion that it was of no bellefit
at aU to them, unless it was so arrang-ed that the s]¡jp-enrpc'llter conl<l
work aftcl' hours am] gct pay for extra time. Thell it WOIl]Ü be a. bell-
etit.


.MI'. l\IORHELL. Do yOll bc'licye that auy U nited StatC's }¡lW reglllnting-
the pricc of labor, 01' t1le 110ms of labor, is oí' HUy bplle1it to t1le labOl'illg
manf


l\'lr. LORING. 1 do Ilot think it iso
-:'Iir. CALKIN. Do yon mean to say that it is no benetit to him physi-


cally, mentally, 01' fiuaucially J
1\11'. LORIXG. 1 do 110t tlÚllk it is in any way. vVhell 1 hpgnn to "\York,


we nspd to work. lmay say, fI'om san to Rllll. 1 \Vas opposell to that,
after a while, aud then we got the ten-llour system. 1 was in favor of
that aud am no\V. 1 beIimoe teIl hOllrs long euough for a. lllfLll to \York;
hut when you rednce the ]lOurs of' labor bcIow that, [ thillk :yon aro cut-
ting them down too mucho


1\Ir. CALKIX. Do .rou not believe tlmt the governmellt gets the pick (Jf
the meehanics in the ship-yards-sbip-lmildprs, oulkcrs, irOIl WOrke1'8,
&c.-by adoptiug the eight-hours s,ystem '1


MI'. LOlUNG. 'Yithout doubt the governmellt gets mHlly of tlle hest
l\lün by adopting tha.t system, bnt still, jf you tukc thesc 1Ie,;t mell, pllt
them into the government serviee, aud let tLem \Vork awhile thero,




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 147


tlley will soon get so tllat they do not do much work. 1 am not saying
tliat for the purpose of comillg dO\Y1l on llly friemls tIle carpcnLcrs, lmt it
is perfectly .natural for mpll, WIH'1l they get illto thc gO\'crnment service, to
(lo so. The tommgc duos han: heen ratller severe upon ship-mrlll'l's. If
tbere could he something done to help tlle ship·owners and sllip-I.milders
in Maine, I thillk thllt }Iaino wonld actually come up again. But, ir
thíngs go OH as they ha ve been going for sOllle ycars back, ,Maillo will
ccrtainIy br, deprcciated, aud it, lllUst necessarily he so.


1\11" •• JAMEs E. Snrl'SON said that he \Yas a ship-huihIcr, and had be en
cngagetl in the repairillg 01' i"hips np to 18G3. He tIlen went to BostOll
to oOl!struet a dod: for tilO Souih Point Dr) Dock COlllpany oí' Boston.
He hall gOlle into tlle hnsilless oí' lmil(ling amI rcpairing in 1840.'), allll
fmm that time he had !llore 01' ¡ess to do with ships, both in repairing-
alld construeting, mul in tlle COl1i"t.ruction of docks and tlle doeking oí
shípR.


Tllc CnAIRlIA:'<. "\Vhat disadnmtages do "c labor under in thc re·
pairillg' oi' ships in comparisoll witlt othp1' (~/mlltries '?


l\Ir. 8nlPSox. In 18tí:V.l+-'.1.1-'.3G wc could get yelIow material for
abont cightcell to t\\'enty C('lIt8 a ponnel. No,," it is frOlIl twenty-seYen
to tlúrty centR a pound. It is so ,yith a11 the matcrials tllat cllter illto
tIle eolll,tl'Uetioll of ships. 'Ve conld tllen llaye holts, spikes, &c., ato
frolll three and a fInarter to tltree ftnd a !lalf eellts a pOlllHl. N o,," wc
cannot bny the ra w mHtP1'ial Sl101't oí' five 01' si" ccnts a ponllclo Sllip¡,;
will unt be eoppercd on this side whell tIley can be eopper!'d 1Il1H:lt
c!teaper on tIle otIler side. In l.')J!)-'GO ami 1861 the <-loe],:s of K ew
York were employed all tlle tillle, alld Rhips wel'C entered th1'e(', fonr,
fin', a]](1 six weeks ahead for thcir tnms to get Oll tlle dock. Kow, tIle
n'Yerse is the caRe, tIle docks líe fiye aml i"íx wf'eks ,yithollt a sllip.
'Yhat j¡.; tlle caui"P of ít '? T11e natlll'a1 t1epr('ssioll in the shippitlg' busi·
]less whieIl is eansetl b.', thc tariff. The comlll!'rce 01' the COlllltl'y is con·
yeyed in foreign bottollls. rnwre are to-day some cigbty 01' ninetr'
stealllers 1'1lI1tling' to Sew York, all forcign vessels. Do tlley e\'Pl' d/wk
ill Xcw York I .:"{0,11111c8S it is for mere tell1porary l'epail's. A sta te-
ment had bepn maLle by au EllgliElllluall tImt therc weTe no mechanics
in tllis COll1lÍl'y WllO lll](Ie1'stood thcir business. He (!\Ir. SimpElOll) COIl·
sidered that that. was a slm. An English veRspl had beell l'eeellt1~' taken
into the Erie basill a]](1 repairp¡l in just hal±, the time it woulcl haye oc.-
cupif'(1 to l'epair 11Pi' 111 Eng:lalld. Wherc six men were employed in this
coulltry the Ellg'lish required to use sixteen. As to tIte differellee iJl
labor, he (1\11'. Simpson) thonght that, altIlOugh tllc nominal pl'ice oí'
labor \Yas cheapcr hel'Ü thall abroad, t11er<:' '''as more ,york got out 01'
meehanics in this country in proportioll to t11e wages paid.


Tlw CHAIR}IA:¿r. 'Vhat rates 01' wages are paid in New York 1
l\ir. SUIPSON. 'Vagcs thcre now are four dollars a day.
The CHAIR~IAl\. "\Yhat are the rates llere in l'ortland '?
MI. SnfPsoN. I think the priees are fmm $3 50 to $4. 1 haw, while


constructillg' a dock herc, paiel from $2 2:3 to $3 25. The aYerage is
abont $2 50 per day, amI four dollars in New York. That is on olcl
work. On Ilew work 1 8hould jndge that it is somewhat in the neigh·
b01'hood oi' $3 50 a day in N cw York. They work one honr more on new
\York than they do on old. In Boston tllPy work tCll hOll1'S on IWW work,
amI cight hours on oId. In Npw York tlH'y work nine houI's on old and
ten hours on new wo1'k. 1 helped to dock the first ship that was eyer
docked in the Charlestown navy j'ard-the OonstitutioIl.


The CIIAIR!\UN. You h<J,ve becorne a contractor and a patentee of
docks1




148 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
1\Ir. SDIPSON. 1 started ami construded a dock on my own idea, und


on my mm patent; and 1 have now superintended tho constmction of
six of thcm.


The CHAIR~lAN. You are one of the oWllers of the new dock he re ~
1\11'. SDIPSON. Yeso
1\11'. CALKIN. How do yon acconnt fOl' the differellce in labor bctwcen


New York amI l\1aine? 18 there the same snpply of mcchanics in Xew
York as there is in other places ?


}\fr. SIl\1PSON. lt is a point of sírike. At tile time t11e,\- struck in Ros-
ton the meI'clmnts undel'took to hoId out tIle saIlle as tlwv did in New
York. They held out for some time; uut finalIy they ma~Ie a compro-
mise to give the men four dollars a day if they wouhl go to \York, amI
they allowed tbem to WOl'k only eig'ht hounl. TIlCre hall been a balf
hour allowed for lunch time, which tIley did away wirll. Tbe ship
Al'cher went to Boston to he repaired frorn Kew YOl'k, aml whcn she
got there the men in Boston struck because they were helping to sup-
port the New York society. 1 think that ship·builders, rellairprs, &(~.,
are suffering a gl'eat deal to-clay by the eig11t-llOUl' RyStl'lll i1\ tIte nayy
yards. 1 haye hall men leave me in ~O\V York, and 1I10ll ha ve also left
1\11'. Poillon and otber lllaster-builders to go to tbe llaV'y yanls, beean~e
tl.tey have to work less time, and tlms the best class oí' men are t;¡/;:en
away fl'Olll the ontside business.


Tlle CHAIRYIAN. Have yon any knowledge of tIte building of iron
ships ~


lV1l'. SIMPSON. 1 was connected with the building of t11e first iron ship
in this country. She was built by Rolden & Gallaghel', ut Bast Do~ton,
for the Egyptian governlllent. S11e was contraeted for by George H.
Btone. 1 have seen the cOllstruction of her. Slle was about as thorongl.lly
well construeted a shi]) as 1 have cyer seen. Bince that 1 han" wakhed
more 01' less t11e cOllstruetion oi' iron vossels. 1 1milt in 18G7 two iron
gates fol' tbe last dock 1 cOllstructed, w11ich \Yere equal to about a two


. llUIIllred amI fifty 01' a th1'ee hundred ton iron vessel, amI 1 am satislied
in my own mind that iron vesseh, can be eOllstrueted in this COIlIlt1'y, with
proper facilities, amI we haviug' the materials at, t1l0 salllo price tlwt
they have them abroad. 1 think \Ye can compete witIl auy llation upon
any kind oí' ship, eitber wooden 01' iron. Let the govornment proteet
U8 as tbe English gOyernlllent protects its ship-lmilders, am1 in le8s tIlan
íi\'e years this coulltry can compete witb tbe \Yorld in Imilding sbips.


TIle CIIAIHlVIAN. lroll s11ips '?
1\11'. SnlPsoN. Any 8hi])s. lron ships haye been bnilt at Delaware


ami at Chester, and at the Atlantic ,York8, in East BoStOll. Tlwy are
uuilt to-day as cheaply fol' gold as they can be got for gold in Burolle,
taking the duty off.


'1'11e CHAIRlVIAN. You overcorne the difference in tIte rates of wages
paiel by the greater efficiency oi' tIte workmen OH t11is side t


MI'. SU1PSON. Yes; we pay more wages, 1mt 1 think we get more work
for it. 1 thillk tItat, with the tariff off', \Ve can build ship8 as cheaplyas
they are built on the Clyele; but as the tariíl' is, ,ye eallllot do so. vVe
usc<l to get yellow pille down Sonth for $:!;; to $:37 a thousand, and our
white oak fol' three alld a half to four eents lt foot, 01' $30 to $40 a
thousand. We have now to pay from $ti5 to $7 [j and $80 for w hite ook,
and from $35 to $50 for yellow pine.


TIte CHAIRlVIAN. Is there much American iron useel either in building
01' repail'illg a vessel ~


lV1r. SIMPSON. 'Not a great deal, uuless we want it for strength; be-




NAVIGATION INTEREST8. 149
canse the English iron is of a poorer ql1ality. The Ulster iron commancls
the best price.
~Ir .. CALKIN. Are yon in [:lY01' of repealing tIte mrdgation laws so as


to al10w foreign-lmilt ycssels to be urouglü Itere ~
~Ir. SLMPSON. No, sir.
:VII'. CALKIN. If tlw lHwigation laws shonld be repealed, alld nt tho


same time a drawback shonld be allowl'tl, couId the ship-lmilders in
this countr.y compete succcssfully with the ship-bllilc1ers of foreign
countries ~


:MI". SIMPSON. Yes, sir.
:Mr. CALKIN. 1 mean, if we repea1 the navigation laws, and at the


same timc takc off aH tIte duties on materia1s entering into tbe construe-
tion of ships, can ,,-e COlTIlllenee right there anc1 then to compete with
foreign builders·~


1\11'. SDIPSON. Xot just to-da,\'.
1\fr. CALKTN. ITow long a time shon}(1 the hnildors of tItis country be


protectrc1 if a la,,- of that killd should be passec1"!
Mr. SBIPSON. 1 thinkthat if they were protectec1 for tiye years thoy


thcn could compete witIl any natioll.
1\1r. "\VELLS. 1 nnderstood .ron to say that ]wevious to the \\"ar tue


docks in New York w('ro oyertaxed, amI that Ahips had to ,,-ait for
wepks fol' their turns to come 01\ tlle dock j lmt that llOW tlwt. is rc-
H'rsed. ls 110t that because iron vessels are nsed instead of ,,"ooden
ones'?


:\Ir. Snlrso,<. That is somcwhat tlle calme, lmt llnt entirely. lt iR not
t1lat \\"e can110t put an hOll ship on. Onr govornmellt hns neyc!' p1'O-
tel'ÍC'll 0111' iroIl p,llip-lmilding-, a1\(1 the forcigners have taken that busi-
llef;A froll1 ns; alltl for tltat l'oason on1' docks are lyillg üllc.
~[r. VVELLS. I" it not a fact t1lat olle steamer will do the bnp,iness of


four 01' 1iye Y('SSf'js in the Enropean trade, and will at the same time last
two 01' three times as long witllOnt rcpairs'?


:\Ir. Snll'SoN. 1 do 1l0t think t11at one steamf'r ,yill do t11e business of
fonr sailillg '·PRSl'lS. A Li \'('rpool pael~et Ahip gencrnll.r makcs tIle
ronnd voyag-o in fmm seYt'nty-j]n~ to ninety days, amI tlle HtearlWI'
takes on au average about five wceks to make the 1'011n<1 Y()~-age. '[he
steamerp, tako the place oí' :1 lit tle ovar donble the nnmbcr oí' sailing
shipH.


JUl'. VVELLS. Do yon kuow, of yonr own knowle(lgc, the cost of build-
ing steam n~sseh; in this coulltry ~


.lUr. SDiPSON. No, sír. Oi' course thp cost val'i('s sOlllowlmt. 1 thillk
that we spelld more money on our mcrdlant :,;hips in finisll amI :,;tyle
than is general1,)' p,pent Oll merchant ships of otIler counÜ'ies, and 01'
course thev eost more 011 that aeCOllllt. Hut ifforeig'llers were to buihl
ships of tlÍe same materials and finish t11at we do, ~ve having a drilw-
back on the material s, 1 thillk we could builtl tbe yessel fo1' less than
thcy can.


Captain.J. B. CO\'LE, pre~,ident of tIle POl'tlalld Steam Paeket Company,
said that he was interesteu in coasting steamers, anel t11at thcy now co;,;t
nearly llon1Jle what they did hefore tIlo war, on aceoullt oí' the high
duties leYieü on everything. Then, again, if t1le,) got tllO steamers,
they were taxed to death to mn thell1. Every little thing that could be
3tuek OH iJl tlle \Yay of taxes was stlwk on. 'fhe tonnage ducs were ÍlI-
cl'l'ased. T1H'y hall to pay fol' every passcnger they earrü~d, so t11at
aftrr they paül all t11e gon'rnmellt dnes tIlo OWllers had very little left,
and the cOllseqnellcc \Yas that peollle \Yere gOillg out of tlwt kiml oí'
business.




150 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


1\11'. CALICI:'l. YOll tIlillk tllat tIle coastiug trade should be relieved by
tll(' rOl\li;,;sioll of dnties aud taxation ?


::.\Ir. COYLE. Yes, sir.
::iIr. ()~\LKn. 'rIle publio gem'rally ,vould be relieyed by in
}[ r. COYLR. Cel't¡üulv. If wo were relieved we conlll do better by tIle


tran'lillg' l'ublic; we CQuld take f1'~ights less ami pas~eng('rs leS8. "
.Jl1'. 'VELLS. Are you taxed more onel'onsly tilan railroa<ls an'?
:\'fr. COYLE. 1 think so. 1 tltink that tlle gOYCl'lllllcnt dist:l'iminates


a,Q',ünst floating property. On all onr coastiug sÜ'aHH~I'S, if \\"11 take aH
aiíen alld carry him to Uoston, we mURt pay t\\"o (10llal's a lIead 11pon
him; 1mt ií' he goes by railroad, he goes free. Tlle English yessels t:alTy
theil' paullers and emigrants iuto Canada, amI titey eOlllc tlOWll hel'l~ 011
t11e railroadii free. Uut if oue of OUl' t:oHsting steamel'S bl'ings thcm
1IP1'I'\, filie hafi to be taxed so mnch a lIead for them. That is OlH' tltillg
agaillst ns wbich presses pretty hanl UpOI1 steall1hoats. TIte 1II0ment
wt' gf't ioto port a revelllle offieer comes on uoard oí' ns, amI ('Yf'1',\- lllan
a lld womull who is an alien is lllarkcd amI has to!Je ]mid f()l'. Qlwen
Victoria, if she came in tbat ,\'ay, \\"ould llave to JI}I,Y 11 l'a (1 l\lO/ley. Hut
ir ,yon take an tLe paUlIel'S that 'H~I'O ever raiseu in tlle oId eoulItr,r
amI sf'nll tltem ]¡ere by railroad, tllere is no sllch tax leviel1.


:\11'. \VELLS. \Vould yon be in favor ofl'epealiug tlw llayj,~'ati()lI laws t
JUl'. COYLI:::. If ,\'ou took tlle unties otl', 1 eertainI,r ,youl<l 1l0t ue in Üt-


"\'01' ofhaying t]¡e navigation laws rcpealed.
1\[1'. \VELLS. You are in favor oí' eueonraging hOllw iudustry?
MI'. COYLE. Byallmeuns. 1 tltink tlJat is onr strellgth as a nation,


particlllarly in our seaports. OUI' best men are driftin¡..; to tite ,Y('tit.
A great many of them are leavillg ou1' ~wallortfi, partieularly OUl' llIedWIl-
it:s, w110 are tlle bOlle alltlltlllsde of tlle country.


l\Il'. \VELLS. Do :ron not tILink that if that Iaw \Yere repealed, ami if
American mert:hallts "-f're allO\l'ed to go abl'oaü aud huy thei1'H'ssels,
jt ,vould ha ve a tendelw,r to d1'iye aH the met:hallits oí' the cOlllltr:y out
tlle business "?


MI'. COYLE. Certainly.
Cantain CYHUS STURDIVANT m¡u1e some remarks in favo]' of rCllloyillg'
t11(~ dnties ti:'om t110 materials ellterü~g iuto tIle COlIRtl'lletioll oC ,.;hip",
amI thl1s cllcouraging ship-lmildillg. He tl'llstp!l tlwt ()Ol!gt'('RS WO[¡]ü
give llw ship-bniltlillg' amI i':\ltip-o\YJling illterest ¡';OIllC n'lid', aud t11ns
lll'eyent the lH'st men of Maine Ü'Olll güing eIsewhel'c i'Ol' a living. As Lo
.'lteamboats they were taxed to deatIt. 'l'lJ(~y lJad to get thpil' li(~ense
l'enewed every yeal' anu to pay thirty tents OH tIte ton fOl' 11('\\- Illewml'e-
llIent. Tllen t110 internal reYCllUe collector ex:wted two amI a ]¡alt' per
cent. OH aU the incollle they recpivc íi'om pa;,;sellgeI'si allü ,\'ht'lI t]¡e
seasün eame round tiley liad to pay exol'bitant }ll'ices fol' eo~ll. lll· hUJled
ilmt eoal would bo permitteü to come in free, amI sairl that nlllei':\s the
ship-owning aud ship-buildillg iutel'est s had fiOllH' l'(~Iid' ÍlI thi~ dü'eetioIL
aU engaged in them \\'ould havo to l'lIligl'ate ('ls<,wl1('1'e .


.!\Ir. PU'.rNA~I, mayor of the city, l'emal'ked t11at alth()1[gh PortlalHl ml'l
a Ipalling ship-bnilding p01't in t1le :::ltate, it ,,'as de!'!,l,\' illt('l'('sÍ(,t! in
11~,yigation, amI he thanked tIlO eo1tllllittee fol' tl1(' patit'llt laum ,,'ith
whiel! it was iUyefitigating this mattcr. lIe trush'<l tltat tlw l'P)lOl't 01'
tllf' eommittee would eonvince Cong1'Pss 01' t lw llpcpssity or grant illg t he
l'c1ief HO earuastl,y needed hy tite gl'('at intel'cst oí' tlle tOllutry, "hip-
building'.


Tlw (~omlllittee adjonrned to mect in Philnllelphia OH tlJe 1st of Dl'el'lll-
be1' next.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 151
PHILADELPHIA, P A., Decembcr 2, 1869.


The committee nwt at 10 a. lll.
Pret5t'llt, l"lessrs. Bnffintoll, 'Vash lmrn, 1\[orre11, and ]\fr. LYllCh, chair·


mano Comlllittpps appointed by the Commercial Exchange, Board oJ
TradC', aJl(l Ship-lmil<lers' Assoniations, of Phi1adE'lphia, "\Vilmington, and
13altimo]'C', to represent those associatiom:, ,yere prcsent.


FRAKcm H. COPE, o[ tho Commercia1 Exchange, Philadf'lphia, stated
that therc \Yas no busilless eOlllillg so directly in cOlllpetitiOlI \\ith foro
eigll illllustry as the shipping interest.. A foreign yessel wiIJ cncollntm
the salllO diftiell1ties, amI eam tlle sallle fi.'eigllt as aJ.l Amel'ieau HRsel in
thE' sallle tratlc, HIHl tlw l'E'aSOtl ,dly ,re eallIlot compete witll foreign
\"essE'ls lIlUflt be eitIter from tlle illereasetl cost oí' buildiug American
yessels or tbo expense of sailing them.


"\Vith reglll'd to tile cost of building, timber is cheaper aud labor
cheaper in tIte ]Jroyillc(';;;, all(l ,,·ooden yessels can be lmilt Clll'¡lIJCr t1lere
tban in the l~lIjted States. It is also trne t11at iron Yessels can he lmilt
at LiverllOol aIIII on tlto Clyde clwaper than Americalls ean Lmiltl theill.


After thl' til'st ontfit of a n~sspI her expellses are Yery nearly tho smul',
wlwther Ameritan 01' foreign. If she has to ul1dergo auy repain;, it lllUflt
he at tlw 1\('xt ]l0l'Í, afh~r tl\(' aeeidellt or disahilit.y oecms, ,y]¡eth('l' it be
in a forl'ign conntry or onr OWll ; a1l(l ,,-ith l'cgal'<l to 'Yilg'('S ,H~ tin<l thnt
tlte mI e i" l'egnlate(l to a great extent by t1le wages 01' otlJer IH'l';;;OllS
emploYl,¡l ill othel" 1Jranelws 01' business; and in that respcet a g'l'eat
increase ha;;; takell placü ill tllis cOlmtry ,yithin tlw la;;;t few year". Somo
t,vel\"e· Ol' llfteen years ago the rate of ,,,age¡; of seamen in this COlllltry
was ahont fiftppn dollm;;; a IllOllth, ,,-hile that in Ellglallll \Yas abont t\\"o
pOllnds ten shillillgs. At tIte pl'eSPllt time we are pnyiug' snilors thirty
dollal's 1)('1' tnoutll, while they are paid in Englaud a bont t\\O pOll]](ls
fiftecn sltillillgS. 'Ve are now sailillg abollt tour vessels betweE'tl this
port nnd Li\'er]lool, amI tlw difi't-l'ellee betweell the cost oí' \Yagos wo
l!a\"c to pay amI tI\(' cost at tIlc rato paid in Euglaml amoullt,,; to auout
twenty thollsam1 (1ollm's a y(~ar rOl' tite fonr ves,,;els.
NO\~', as to tlle cure fur 't1](';;0 ovil;;;, llIy opinioll 115 tlmt it lllust líe in


a redndioll of thp tarifI, whidl ,vill1'e<1uce the priee of everythiug.
Tilo CnAlu\fA0< iUf]uire([ \rhethcr American vessels are lllalllled witll


as lar¡_w erews as foreign ye:-;sels.
}ir. COpg l'eplipd thero \Yas BOt llecessarily any difference. American


yessels are fn'(jIlPlltly bettel' lllallued tImn British, but tbaL j;;; a lllere
(luestioll of ecollomy. 1\Io:-;t AIUl'l'Íean OWlH'r,,; eOllsi(ler tlwt it is better
ccollomy to lll:tll yessel;;; morc fuI],\" and make f] nicko1' passages than the
British yesscl¡; ll1a ke. A" a rult', EllgliRh ve::isels carry more appren-
tices thall American, hnt llot largel' I'Pgulm ('·I'OW;;;. ~\.s a güneral rule
llOW, tho crcw;;; oi' American sailiug-yossels are pf'rhaps \llore effieient
than those of Eng1i:,;\¡ vesspl;;;, Imt the erews 01' Dl'itish stealll-Yessels are
generally much more etlicieut than ill íOl'lllel' .'\"e¡[rs.


In reganl to tlw \Vag-p:,; 01' sailors, t1l0 rate Í" determinC'd by t he port
froIn ",hidt tlle sailor ;;;hip;;;. A mal! \VIlO gOf'S out ill an AWl'I'ican ves-
sel at t.hirty l1011ars per month, aml h':lyes his ycssel at Lin:rpool 01'
T.Jon<1ou, an<l again ship;;; OH anotller American y('ssel, must do so at
a 111Ueh 10wc1' rate. "\Vhile ]ll'Ofe;;;se(l1.y frotll one-hit1í' to t\·,o-thinls 01'
onr .Alllerican creWíl are American in point of faet, there is no more thall
oue Ameritan to ti n~ or six foreigucl's. If yon üould diseharge yonl'
erew as soon as yon l'eae!teü a fOH'igll port and reship a erew from au
English ]Iort, tlle differenoe in the cost 01' \Vages would a1110nnt praeti-
cally to Yt'ry liUle; lmt tlw law rpquires yon to carry your cre,y for the
roulld tl'ip, unless tIte.y leave volulltarily.




152 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
The CnAln:\IAN inquired whether, ifwe couh11mild our ships as cheaply


as i\weign ships are built, we coulcl compete fúr the caITJ'ing trade of the
world.


Mr. COPE replicd tbat that was his opinion; clC'l'tainly if tite tariff \vel'e
rlC'uuced so as to reduce tbe rate of wagps.


MI'. l\lommLL askeu whcther that ICIlled;y ,yould 110t 1le ,,"on;c tban
the evil.


Mr. CorE rei-1ponded that that was for tllP cOllllllittce to judgf'. We
haye lost our COlllll1erCe to a great extpllt, amI are Iosillg 11lOl'C p,"pry
;year. :No donbt a part oi it wonld 1;e r('gaiued uy a n>tul'll to specie
paymellt, amI he did not know of any rellltdy sllOl't, üf that all(l a redue"
tion of tbe tarifl'. He wisbed, howen'1', ill tlds Illatter to be Ullderstood
as speakillg for bimself alone, amlnotJol' tlJe commitU'e WIlidl he l'('}tre-
sented. lt seemed to hirn tbat ii J"on al'(' 10 IH'ott'd one i1ltt'rest and
then to protect another to countpract that, tlwl'e wouId be no eud to it,
It was tIle ltigh price of wages, tlle high price oí' Ú)()t1, nIHl tIte lliglt pricp
of everything cl:se which was in the iTayoí' Olll' regaillillg Olll' oId pros-
pe1'ity in respect to the shipping interest.


Mr. ,y ASnllUR:"l' inquil'pd whethcr , .... ooIen goods amI oreadstllff's iTere
not now as cheap as hefore our departnre frolll a slw('ie hasis,


1\11'. COPE replied that food was as \'lwap, lmt that \\"oolen goo!ls iTere
not as cheap in this cmmtry as in EngIalHl aIHI Fnmce.


The CnAlRj\IAN askell ,yhether the labor employed in ihe oh1 cOlllltr;\'
was as efficicnt as that empIoJ"ed in thi¡.;, alJ(1 whethel' thc grrnte1' skilJ
of our mechunics ditL not, to a certain extüllt, o,"ercome the difl'el'cuce oi
price.
~lr. COPE replied that it fnrnislJed a eel'talll amount of comlWllsatioll


without donbt, hut thel'e \Vas not tIte SaIne dift't>rence tlH're llS!~!1 tn lw,
1101' was there thc same diffe1'ence in the vpssp!s pl'oduce(} ill tllü t,,"o
countries, 13ritish steam vessels lJeill¡!,' now lmwh Imperior to what tlwy
used to be, alld OUI' officers of steam yessels probably llot qllile as goo!l
as in formel' ,wal's. Business having dedille!l in this l'pg:ml, tlJülJest
class oi lliell hall, to a grpat extpllt, sOllgbt otht'l' ocell]latiolls.


The CUAI1tJIA:"l' influil'ed whether the maRtel'S of All1el'Í!'Hu Y<'sseI¡.;
w('re llot, as a general rule, in part. owners oí' the yrsspls.


1\11'. COPE said that those emplo,yed in the coastiIlg trmle probably
were.


-:\rr. vVASIIDFRX asked whethel' it \\·onId be possibIp so t.o eonstrnet
lines of steamers for mNcalltile purpoRes as to be rcatlily eonvel'teu into
vessels oí' \Val' when needed for t11at purpose. '


:Mr. COPE said he conld not give auy Opillioll llpOll tlwt Rnl.ject, as be
had paid no attelltion to tlle huilding of iroll YPssl'Is.


-:\11'. HE~RY vVemsoR, of the Philatlelpbia Board 01' Trade, l'Plll:ll'ke(1
tuat he had no doubt stearners couId be lJuilt Ruita hly fur both pnrposes;
it being tl'ue oí' Illodel'Il \Yar steamers that onl,') a few gnn8 were l'e(luireü,
alld those of long rango, and that it might be pl'aetieabIt\ to tleHJte a
portion oi the Yery large amount now e:"lwnded OH ships of 'Y:11' for the
purpose of building mel'callt.ile ves:,;els eapahle of lJeillg cOllverted iuto
nayal vessels in time of war.


HENRY R. EDj\lUKDS, chairman of (~()mll1ittl'e oi' Rhip-mn)('l's t'or PeTIn-
sylyania, New Jersey, and DeIawar(', said he int('Jl(lcd to haye jJrepareü'
statistics amI statemellts affecting tJw Hhillping illtNPHt oí' t]¡p eOllntl'~", .
lmt having faiIed to recpive the lIoti(~e Sl'lIt l¡iln, he lla(llH'ell ulIahk tOJ
do so. The association with which he was ('Olllwetetl waR mOl'e (lir('dly
interested in the coasting trade than in the foreigll oeean llH'I'('Hlll ile
I:lerviee, anc1 be knew comparatively Iittle in l'eganl to 1mildill!:;' Rllip" foI'




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 153
foreign eotmllerCf>. It wn¡;; found in building yesseIs for tlte coasting
trade thnt an OlIl'TOnS ·tax was eneountered OH aH matel'ials from the
commencelllent of constrnction until tho yessel was reauy to go to sea.
En>rythillg ellteríllg' into tlle constructioll of a yessel was taxed. If the
tax was takell otl' ye:,;:,;elR couhl be built profitablyill this eountI'y, althongh
they llligbt uot be lmilt quite as cheaply as in EnTopc; yet American
:,;hipper:,; would prefc>r to employ vessels sailillg under an American reg-
i8ter. Allothl'], diffil'nlty to be mct ,,,ith was, Itowev{'l', iu tlle faet that
aH impOl'tallt Uritish foreign lines of meamers wero snhsidizml by that
goVel'lllllellt; in fact, Great Dritain had snbsidizeu almost cyery line of
ocean :,;tcamer:,; ,,'hÍ(~h hall asked for it, and this country had allowed
her mails to be carried in foreign bottoms simply becau,,'le tIte govern-
IlWllt is llOt willing to lend a helping lumd.


It seellled to him yery leasible to construct mercantile vessels which
shonld he capahle of bt>ing conyerted into \Val' yessels ill timo of war,
although nntil tIte sug'gestion was made by ]\fr. V,ashhllrtl to-day it
never liad oceurred to him. Labor in Europe was mnch cheaper than
in this COlllltl'y, bnt tho mell cmployed donotwork nenrly so intelligently;
they are merely mell dl'iyen around by masters li!re machines, ",hile in
OUI' eOlllltl'y a majorityoí' OllI' wOl'kmen employed Oll e\'ery grade of
work were mel! oí' more 01' le:,;s illtelligence.


Tlle association with , .. hicl! :ilIr. Edmunds was connected has applietl
itself more pal'tieularly to get rid of slleh taxation as in their judgment
wa:,; 1I0t only OIlerons but unlawflll, sneb as half pilotage alld harho1'-
masters' fee"" amI charges of that kind, where no serviee is rCTHlere(l.
Tliey liad already succeetlecl in procuring a clecisioll of the eourts that
hal'l101'-ma:,;tcr:,;' ftX~s were illeg:JI, ancl tlLey were now tpstillg the qnestion
in regard to half pilotage, whieh was rer¡nired to be paid by enry yessel
]wilerl by a pilot, altllOugh the services of a pilot were Bot rcqnired.
TllÍs tax was cOll:,;itlcl'ell pspeeiaHy onerous io pal'ties engagecl in the
eoastillg trmlr.


Tlle CUAl1nIAN Í1Hllli1'ed wbeiller the matter of the cost of repail'iug
yessels had been brollgllt to tite attcntioTl oí' this aSilociatioIl .


.JIr, ED:;IICW:'; sairl there was p;reat ditl'ercnce in tlw cost of rC'pairs.
A vl'st-;cl in tlHlucighlJorhood oí' Gnlvcstonor New Orlenns Illight ulmo.st
as \YeH be p;iwll aWH'yas to ulldertake to pay the CORt of l'r]lalrs in t.lloso
ports. lt ,,'as gellerally í'onnd clleaper to tloat hel' baek to Philadelphin.


PII1LIP FITZI'A'l'lUCK, al so a membel' of the cOllllnittpc of ship-own-
er8, stated that sinee 1853 he lwd heeIl eOllnected ",it11 l1 honse f'Ol' which
a great mally yessels hall beoll lmilt. 1u his opinion iI' the cost of build-
ing couId he l'edueecl twenty 01' twenty-five 1)er c(,lIt" thi8 braneh of in·
dustr.y would agaiu rovin'. He hall beell eonneet('{] witlt forcign trade,
hut bad been compolled to di8contillllC it ami engagc nltogether in tbe
coasting trade. He had cou wrsed with huilders oí' 1'OI'l'ign wsspls, and
was of thc opiuioll that tlw dilIerence in t11e cost of consírnetion in this
eoulItry.and Great Dritain was abont thirty per cent. Unt ii' twcnty 01'
t\Yenty-five p(~r cent. could be takell off, tIJe supcriorit.y of American
vesscls \Youlü cnahle our sIJip-builders again to commence tbe COllstruC-
tiou oí' ships.


Tilo CUAUDIAN illqnired w hat effect the employment of a large number
oC men iu tilo rmvy yanl in Phila(lelphia hall upon tlle mechallics of tlle
eity not so elllJlloyd.
~[r. FI'l'ZPA'l'I~IOK replied that whan t11e1'e was plenty of work in the


nav,}' yard t110 bt,:,;t lIlechani('s wellí there, amI ouly scrubs, 01' the pOOl'·
est class oí' WOl'kIllOU, eould be obtained by private parties.




154 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
Tbe CIIAIR}IA~ asked lI']¡at effcct tlle adoption of tlle eight-hour law


had 1l1lOll tlw men employed outside 01' the Jlavy yan1.
Mr. FIT7;PATRICK replied that the eftect \Vas ver,)' in.inrions; tllatmen


ontside lI'ere exceeclingly anxious to get employment Ül tIte Jlavy yard
for t1l0 pUl'pose of ohtainillg tIte IlPlleilt oí' til'O honn .. a tla,Y lrsl-l lab()l'~
alld thcy 1I'0nhl go llllllting' arouml for the illfinellec of PYl'ry ]1e1'son
~who \Vas supposed to be ablc to giye any assistauce in gettillg elllplo.r-
me Il t in tIle na yy yanl.


}fr. LYNClI asked wItetller tIte rntes paiü in the llHY.r yanl w('re llot
reg>nlated h~- ratcs outsidc.


1\11'. FLTZPATlUCK said that was the law, but t11e pmctiee "as exactly
the 1'pverse, aml tltat it operatetl very llllH'h to tile pn~l!(1ieo oí' priyute
parties cmploying thü, dass oí' lallOl' ontsitle.


The UHAlUl\IAN inf]uireü ,~dlUt tIte efl'pd woul(1 be of allowing ship-
storos beillg taken iu bond, as tIte,)' are ill (lreat Britaill awl some othcl'~
of the EUrOpeaIl uations.


MI'. FITZPA'l'lUCK replied tlwt jt wouM he an assisíance, am1 in his
opillion ('Ollllll('n:e onght to be assisted in some ,,-a~- by t1l0 g'OH'rJj mento
'Ve might 1Ioí, if onr yesscls were lmilt as cheap]_\~, be :lblc to compete
with foreigul'rs in sailing tltem; but as a general thing' om' \~eHHds Illade
quieker yo~·ag('s and WPl'e l'l'f;ft,l'l'l'ü ow'r foreign w'l-lst'!l:'. III tillle oí
lI'ar }ll'derl'1Iee \yas gin'll tn Engli,;h yl'sse1s in COJlseqnenee of less rates
of immrauee. \Yhelleyer tIJe eost of liying was e1waper tIte lH'ice of
wages ,,"ouM come dOWIl. l\lell (:ould 1Iot work eheap whit!; the cost of
liying was so lIigh.


JUl'. \Y ASUBLHX asked how mneh it wOllld reduce the cost oi' ship-
huilding if the duties \rere relllitted lllloll all mtie1es entCl'Í1lg into tlH'ir
constl'lIction.


Mr. ED:\IIJNDS thought it "ouId prohabl,y work a re<1netion of twenty
per eent. Vliooü \,·mi 1Il1H:h dlC<lJler in the Proyinces, a1tltongh the tiIll-
her here is lwttel'; and we eonld affonl to pa~' n little lIlore th:m tlle cost
of hnihling there in cOllsequenee 01' the prefel'ence givcn to American
yessels.


nI1'. COl':8 re1l1a1'kc(1 that, to giye some illea of tlle (liffp]'('llce ill tIte
cost of repain; in this countr,r anl! BnrolW, he \youl<l statdhat a sllOrt time
ago his honse liad a yessell'epaired in Lin'rpool. On the retul'll oí" t110
yessel 1Iis earpCllh'l' 1Ilalle an estimate (Jf tlle allloullt tlw same repairs
would haye cost in Pbilarlelpbia, amI reportt'd t]¡at tIw wOl"'k had been
dOlle fol' one-tllird less tIJan it onght to ha 'f(~ f~OSt in thitl country,
although the tim !Jer useú hall to be canied from t1li" COllutl'y to BIIglmHl.


The CUAllClIA:'j asked w11et11e1' on account of tItiR Ílwreasml expellse
of repairs it \nlS (:ustollll1ry to 1'epai1' n'ssPls engage(l in a iilrpign tl'ade
in a EUl'opean eonntr,r as fnr as possihle.


1\11'. COPE replied tllat such was tile clUltom; that in tll(' instance just
reierreü to his honse had san~d iive t1lOllS,lllÜ dollar,.; by ltnYing the
ropairs madI' ill LiYel'pool.


IIK:i"In \VINDSOn, of t11e PhiladeIphia noaríl of Tra(](', said he "onM
ollly reter to OIlP 01' tite eaUSÜI-l fol' tlw deelÍlw oi' the Anwrit','m shipping-
interest, whiel! was tlw g"l'cat ehang'é; tlmt h~Hl takell lll~l~~<' wit.hin 1 he
Jast few years in tite illcreased nllm!Jer oí' steam o('t'all-goill!~· Y/'ó'sd-; .
.Forlllerly t11e pref'prellce \Yas gi\'l'll tn .L\..m(~rieall RailiHg' ye,:;sp]s, ill con-
scqnence of their gl'catel' sJlecd amI tIlO Sill)(,l'iOl' (,ll(,l'g~ oí" t J¡eil' !llas-
t(,1'8 anll crews. :Now, fol' tIle same r(:a':;OIlS, pref<.'l'C'ltef'. ,,-as g·inn to
st ea 1lI Pl':;; , wltich seeureüupurly aH tlH lH'ttcl' dasl-l oí" rl'eig-ltt~, whil<' OHr
.American sailing yessl'ls w('r(J (~oUlpl'll('(} to talw frpigltts fOl'lIlerly re-
joded by them amI carrieü in EUg'lish yessels. In fad, notllÍng> is let't




NA VIGATION INTERESTS. 155
to liS except tho IO"llest c1ass of freigltts formorly carriúd by foreign
I'lhipl'l; alld that is a diffinulty that caunot be removed by any legislation
in reganl to sailing ves seIs ; it must be done by lines of ocean steam-
ships.


It i8 also truo that tho Ellgli8h hayo of late years constructed their
steamships frorn lllnch better lllodels thall, fOl'merly, and that they have
eyiilced greater energy alld brought themselves more UpOll an equality
with onr llIasters and CrO"ll8 than fOl'lllPr1y, alld the result has beell that
a1most aH tIte foreign trade worth huyillg has gone into tlle hands oí
fOl'pigners; and it i8 1l0t olll.\" a matter of importance witIt n8 in regard
to the earrying trado, but it is alto\o tl'ue that the COllllnerce of tlle world
fo11o"ll8 to a great extent the carr;\"illg trade, and foreigners will soon
have control of the eOllllllerce of the world Oll land as ,,-eIl as 011 the
ocean, nnless somethillg' is done to re"ive our shipping interest.


A remissioll of thc duties on imported al'tieles ente1'illg into the con-
struction of ships, and a subsidy npOll those of Amcricull prodlletion
used, wonld to a cel'tain cxtellt remed,)" t1le difficulty. UnfoI'tunutcly,
tbe mUllnfaeturers of the country tbin k their illtel'est is di1'ectly opposed
to that of tlle ship-o\VnerR 01' the country. Such is not, in fact, tolle case.
Tlle (liilicult,Y is that the naturc of' t11e shippillg illterest is exceptional.
\Ve eall protect our dOIllestic imInstry on out' o,,"n soil by u tariff; by
the prohilJitioll of imports if they thillk llroper; hut we ¡mn gÍ\~c no
E:uch protection to the Amerieml shippillg interest, because the ocean is
the gl'eat COIlllllon ilelrl for aU uations; amI if ,ye assist OHr ship-owne1's
to compete with fo1'eign nations it must be by reducing t11e cost of
building ships am1 tlle cost oí' l'Ulllling them. If we cunnot do it in that
,nl~~ it f'allnot he done at aIl. Gin~ u¡.;; tlIe sallle pl'i,'ileges givell by
the British goverllluellt to their ship-o,,-ners, and if ,ye cannot gct our
sllar!' of tIle carrying trmle we do 110t (leserve to have it; but tIle Rame
prilwiple applied 1'01' thc protection oí' American indm,try can he applied
to tbe sbippiug intel'est, whieh is a brallclt 01' American imIustryas
HllWh ato\ auy other. It is vel'y plaill that it must be applieu in a dil1'er-
ont way, hnt there iR no reaSOll "IIhy tbe advocates of )1l'otectioll to
American incIustry shonl(I uot be in fa \-01' oi' giYÍug protectioll to this
hrandl 01' illdustry becallse it mn¡.;;t he reaehed thl'Ouglt a difft'reIlt
]Jroces¡.;;. There is no uepal'tnre frolll the principIe; it is merely a difter-
euce of applieation.


MI'. I.JYl'\CU4 relllarkeü that at the COIrlllleneelIlellt of tIle war we were
inel'emiing OIU' foroigu t0J111age more rapidly than Grcat Britaill wa8 1Ie1's,
and a¡.;;ked whethel' tIte illcrpaso 01' slealll yessels from 18;:;0 to 18GO was
IlOt abo lit, as great as since that time.
~Ir. \VnDsoR saitl, perhaps so, but durillg the war the British and


other fOl'eign nations got possessioll of OIU' fiU'oign trade, and it is HOW
Yery (liffieuIt tn Ol1st pal'tios WllO haTe llossossioll.


It is also true in l'egarü jo the illel'eased e1lleiency, relatiyely, 01' the
crews of Britislt vessels tItat, dUl'illg tIle ,,-a1', Olll' foreigll COlrIme1'Ce haY-
ing hepll almoto\t destroyell amI our sailol's diverted to other brallehes (jf
illllu8try, our capitalists uow ilnd more proJltable avenues oí' invest-
mento


lt may also be worth stating tItat t1le capitalists of this conntry are
not willil!g to el!gage il! tlIe eal'ryillg trullo fol' the same profits a8 will
satisfY those of othcr natiolls. Tlw l'ate oí' iutere8t is higller llere and
Olll' l)eoph~ demfilld larger profits. Ellglish ship-owners are satisfied,
aftel' makillg' tIue allOWall(~(, fol' tlw detel'ioration aud wea.r and tear oi'
their ve~sels, witll a Ilet profit oi' six per ccut. upon their profit, wllile




156 NAVIGATIO~ INTERESTS.
American ship-mvners are not satisfi¡:d with that rate, becl1nse they can
do hetter in their investments.


lVIr. WASIIllGRN inquired if the attention of tIle "itness had been
dmwn to tlw effect of opening the Suez Canal upon tIle sitippillg inter-'
est of th18 eonntI'Y 01' of the world.


MI'. \VINDSOR said that his attention had not been drawn mueh to that
subject, the suecess oí' that enterprise being problematieaI. lf in the
event it pro\-eR Ruceessí'u], it wi11 have an importunt infiuenee upon the
carrying tradc of the world; mueh fewer vesse]s, certainly for the Euro-
pean tratle, will be required. 'WhetIler it will also affeet our trade with
the East lndies is uneertain. Thc navigatioll oí' tite seas beyoud the
terrnination of the canal is Ycry diffienlt.
IIE~RY TATU]}I, also of the eommittee of the Philadelphia Board of


Trade, relllurked that in 18GO vVilliam S. Lindsey, of LOIHloll, was ir\'
this eOtllItry uml appeared before thc diíferent boards oí' trullc on OUT
seaboard, bringing to their uttention a gooel lllany thing8, and alllong
otherR he placed in the hands oí' the Philadelphia, board a volnme con-
tainillg a largo mass of inforlllation bearing upon this subject. This
voIume, MI'. Tatnm saiel, he wouId place in the hancls 01' tlle committee,
it being a, report maele by 1\11'. Lindsf'Y to Parliament upon the 8ubject
of sllippiug in 1860. ]\[1'. Tatum hacl been, during tho \Var, Ycry activo
in urging upon t110 goycrnmont tho acceptance of League Isl:1nd, fol' the
purpose of Imviug one large ship-yard iu this country. He waR Ratis-
fied that ille idea of cOllstl'Ueting lIlel'ehant s1lips oi' sueh mo(lels as to
be available as ships of war was apure fallacy. Vessels so eonstructed
as to he senieeable in the lllerehant marine couId onIy be made availa-
ble in war as p1'ivatee1'8.


]\111'. TAT'G}! also stated that there was no port on our coast which is
not to-day ut the merey of t1le British navy. ~eit1ler New York, BOR-
ton, 1101' any othor port has auy adequate means of defouso against such
war vessels as the British government may seudo The \Vhole poliey of
the Britisll government during tIte \Val' was to deRÍl'o,Y our eommerce,
and in that enterllI'ise tItey were vcry sneeessful, amI MI'. Lindsey,pl'ob-
abIy, as lUnch as any othor man, was instrullleutal in bringing about
that resulto For iURtanee, w hat moti \'0 eould tile 1'ebelR ha\'e in seml-
ing out on(l oi' theil' hest vessel8 nt a very lurge expense wheu they hacl
no monoy to spare, for the purpose of destroying oar northwestern W111110
tracle? MI'. Tatum believed it W:1R done with the seeretservice monoy
ofGreat Britain. Tite nnmber oí' yesseIs amI tite JIlunber of the l'reWR
which on the average "ere ut HOllOlultl was "eU lmown in GTeat
Britain, amI it ,vas known that RailorR belonging tn theRe ships \Vere the
bost seamcn in the wo1'ld, and if hostilities had occurrod, as thel'e was nt
oue time illlmillent elanger, betweon the United States amI Great Britain,
one of the fil'Rt aets done by Great Britaill wouId have been to haye
dostroyod tllat flect of ycsscIs.


M:r. TA'fUjYI bcIieved tIlat if tIle American ship-huildcrs were plueed
UpOll the RUIne baRis as those of Great Britain, RhipR couId be protitably
cOllstrueted in this coinüry. \Vith a drawbaek OH a11 material ellteI'ing
into t11e construction oi ships onr s11ip,1milders could protitably eOIl-
struct ocean-going vesRelR, as ma,y h(~ seen from the fact that the bnilders
at vVilmingtoll, Delaware, amI nt Chester, Pellllsylv<lllia, now eOlllpeto
ve1'y closely with foreign ship-buildel's.


CHARLES H. CRAl\IP, engaged in ship-building, flaid that G1'oat Britain
no", had tho aclvantag-o oí' tl1is country in the carryillg- t1':H1e 01' file
world, not beeause the vessels cOllstrncted wero superior to Oll1'S in
1ll0deI, but because of the great sllpel'io1'ity 01' thei1' marine eugincs.




NAVIGATIO~ INTERESTS. 157
Thc Rnglü,h lwve Imilt thc fincst and best marine engines in the world.
"'Ve haye ahva;fs been iuferior to her in that respecto Our lllodels are
the best, lmt oul' marine ellgines are pOOl' copies OI Bl'itish eug'ines.
TIte Bl'itish governmellt have developc(l their iron ship-builuiug iuterest
by eucouraging the skill 01' private ship-lmilders, notwitilstamling her
61l0rmOUS ship-yards. Nincty per eent. 01' hel' Íl'ol1-dads have been con-
strueted ut printte establisilments. It rcquil'es Yery Httle capital to
embark in tIJe lmiltling oi' woocIen ships. Sillce tile COlIllllencement oí
tite war, tile house with which ]\fr. Ummp was cOllllected has been
ellgaged in building both iron amI wooden vcssels, but has built no
foreigll iron steam-vessels since 1857, mal none have been bnilt in Phila-
delphia since tbat time. Tbc same elass of mechanics who in 1857
wol'ked for a dollar amI seYenty-llve cents a day, now recpive thrce
dollars a day. With the materials ente1'ing into ship-huil(lillg, our ship-
builders can compete with t1l0so b foreign count,rics in building iriln
ships; alld Yery fow wooden vessels will hercafter oe built, il'OIl ships
being superior in overy respeet. .l\lr. Crump's firm liad lmilt tilo larg'est
ships en'!' built in Philadelphia. 'I'he sliip Uhamborlaiu, which in 1855
\Vas built for sixty dollats per ton, ean 110W be built fe)!' cighty dollars,
aud an ifOU shi1' of tIle same moLle] í'or ahout (lile hundrcd alld ten dol-
lars. Timbor is becomillg higher amI scareer eyory day, and tlmt is one
1'eason 1'01' stating that the time 1'01' building wooden ships has gone by.
It i8 impossilJle to state the length of time iron yessels will lasto Sorne
of the flrst built in England are still in gooll eondition. The eharacter
oi' Amel'iean woodell ships has been reuuced every ~'ear in onler to eolU-
peto with the p1'ovinep-built vosseh;. '.rhero is a differenee of abont
thirty dollars a ton bet\veen the eost 01' iron amI woouen vessels, but the
il'oU is really clleaper in the end. To enable the business oí' lmildillg
iron shil)S to become firmly established in this cOllntry, a Yery large
amount of Yery large machinery must be supplied, and 150m e aid frolll
the goveI'lllnent must he renderell. Great demoralization alllong tito
mechanics in the goverllmcnt yaI'(ls has beeu produced by the fi:'equent
changes mude fo1' political reaSOllS. At the begillnillg of tbe \Val' nobody
but republicUllS conld lJc employcd. Dnrillg tIle wal' tItey "lVere turncd
out amI aU domocrats put in; and sinee tIten still another change has
taken place, and the character of tIte workmen employed has been con-
stantly rmming do\Vn. Large numbers 01' lllcn at times are i'oreed upon
the yanls by politicians whon there is 110 work fUI' them to do. This
has hecollle a great evil, and 1\11'. Crmnp hoped the committee would
give it their attention. '.rhe eight-ltour s,ystem has aIso dOlHl very lUnch
to render the mechanics not in govcrmnent cmploy dissatisfied, and it
has not improved the cOllditioll oí' aUJlJody. 110st of the best men were
opposed to it in the first phu:e, amI it was only supportcd by sorne
blatherskytes who were good talkers but bad lllcehanics. TIlo repeal of
that law is requil'ed. Men do not work as hard now as they used to-
so much more machinery is employed.


1\11'. l\IORRELL inqui1'ed what was the ayerage rate of duty now paid
upon material s entering into the construetion of ships.


MI'. CRÁ1YlP supposed the average rato would be about forty per cent.,
and if our ship-builders could be l'elicnr) from that theJ' could compete
succcssfully with fOl'eign builders. The ditIerence in 1he cost oi' labor
wouhl be overCOllle by the sllpel'iol'ity 01' American mcchanics. The
British worklllen are a degraded set oí" beings, ancl the course pursued
by their cmployers toward them tends still further to degrade them.
1\11'. Cramp had heell informed that tlleir ilien were froquently paid ofr'
at tl1yerns, and that it was distressillg to see women and children wait-




158 NAVIGATION IXTERESTS.
ing to get what n·mainec1 after a portion of t11e wagcs had heen sp{lnt
nt the taYPTn. It 'would 1l0t be desirahle to bl'Íug the wages 01' our 1Ltl'1l
to as low a rate as those paid in EnglaIHI, if it could he dOlW. ÁIlll'l'iean
iron in tbe cOllstrnction of iron Yt'ssels would always he prl'ferre\l nt the
same price as foreign. It would bl' Ycry illCOllyenient to sC11(l a brond tiw
the iron plates. lt is necessal'y to get the t'ol'm of en'l'Y pIate lwfore it
is onlered, amI if, after doing that, we mnst send abroad to haYe them
made, Yery great illconvenience aud \leIay would resulto It was aÜlIlitterl,
too, tlmt Alllerican iron is of 11l1wh hpttpl' (luality fol' this plll'pOSe than
Euglish. If tite pI ates are of the same thickllcss all(] tll(', sallle price,
y01.1 get a great de al Illore valnahle article rOl' tite Illouey in USIllg Ameri-
can irou. Tlle fmme thidmpss of plate" whidl tIlfl ElIglish adopt is IlOt
necessary if American iron is nsed, althongh the Lloyrls \Vil! llOt insure
unless the vessel is built according to their standard. It is au advalltage
in ew~I'y wa.)' to use Alllf'l'ienll lIlaü'l'ials in the cOlIstrnetion of OHI' ships.
The reason English marine ellg'iuc:;; are :;;nperior to onrs is not lweau:;;e
our workmen are inefticiellt, but bC('uuse they are 1lI0l'P doiste1' engÍlwers,
as ,ve cal! them, 01" fmwy I11t'n. 'rIle engine:;; in whieh \Ve exed al'l~ t110
weak-beal11 engines,-a1Hl if '~H' are clIeo111'<1gerl a little hy the g'o\"('J'Illllent
we will excel them in tIte cOIlstrnetioll ot' ewry (lese1'iptiolt oi' marine
engines. 'rile establislllllPut oí' a l;]l'g(~ gOyel'll1I1pnt ship- ~'¡ll'Il in any
city is a ealmllity to tIJat rit,'-' H:;; these ~-anls arp llOW managcd.


LEWIS C. MEDAllA stated that his illtel'e:;;t haü h8811 mostly in chal'ter-
iug vf'sseIs. He had always gin'lI the ]ll'eft'l'em'e to Ameritan vessels,
heeause more,care \Vas tak('u oí' tIll' earg'oes amI less tillle eonsnmetl ou
the voyage. Duriug the ,HU' he was obligetl to charter fOl'l'ign-hnilt ves-
sels~ 1mt íi)]uHI that great delay amI long Yo~-ages was the 1"eslllt. He
knew llothillg ahont thc cost 01' eOllstl'llctillg yessels except wha1. he
could inier l'rOlll the rppail's IlHul¡, 11pOIl tlw yessPls charterell. The
eight-honr law "as a most llutortnnate measnrp fol' tlw govel'llmPllt to
adopt, and has affeeted tIte eost oí" n'pairing ,"esspls Yery mucho He \Yas
not able to Bay whether AlIlerieall-lmilt. Yf>sspls, ir tItey eonld he proíit-
ahly cOlIstl'llcte(l now, conl\l lw saik(l as eheaply as fOl'pign ,"psspIs.
That was a questioll lJelonging to the O\YIWl' of tite y('ssel, he chartel'illg
the vessr>l, knowing llothiug oí' thl' pX]lPlldit11l'PS 01' disbm'seml'uts. He
lmew that Amel'imlll n~ssels ma(le their rptlll'n yoyage ill llllWh s110rter
time than English vessels. TItp wsspls cltartpre<lhy hirn were eUlllloyed
Pl'illCipally in tIte Cnllan and 80nth "\lIwl'iean trade.


Captaill J. S. CLARK, for ll1all'y ~-ears the masti'r of a vcssel, remarked
tha1. he could generally get \\"Ol'k ([011P e1Jeaper in America than abroad.
Tlte pl'ice of labor was less in Englaml, lmt it too k a great deal longer
time. The men would leaye their work íirst to gl't theil' heer, thelL their
tobacco, and then 1.hei1' dillller, and ae(~olllplish Ye1'y little in the coursc
of the day. One great difficnlty wm;, in haying to ad\'ílllee llloneys to
the crews, which money was all absorhed h,y pel'solls who harhore(l the
sailors on shore.


Another difficulty was in the cost of prm"isions. In EnropCl tItey are
allowed to take goods out of bond for use OH ship-board. \Vhcn in Ant-
werp, two years ago, the l'ope-rigging of hit; vessel was takell out, alld an
iron rigging put iu, at a eost oí' nine lmndred (lollars ill gold, while it
WQuld have cost not lesíl than t"o thousflnd clollars to hase done the
same work in this country.


:MI'. LYNCH inquired what proportion of foreigllers were ordinarily in
the erews of vessels.


1\'Ir. CLARK replied that very often there wonld not he one native·born
American in the whole erewlo although a large portion of the mCll \Vould




N A VIO ATIO~ L'ITERES1'S. 159
Ahip as American;:;. 'rile offieers me gelleralI,y llatiye-born meno 'Ve
are labol'ing in thi;; COllllt1'y 11IHIer a great clisad nllltagc by bcing obliged
to sltip tlw rllhbislt ol' ElIl'()llP U!Hler tite Ilallle of American scumcll. In
Elll'Opc tll('l'o is a black-I ist of seamen kept at eyrry port, Oll whieh auy
fleaman Itli"bchayillg <lnriug tlte Yoyagc is pntercfl, :111(1 the rt'sult is tltPy
gej gooll lllCll thcn>, while tlto lmllmen (~om(' to this part 01' tilo "'01']<1
amI ship Oll 0111' yes:';I\ls as American:,;. At one tinll', bej'orn tlw wa1', in
a ere", 01' :-;ixty, Captaill Clark saill, ltl~ had hut two llIPll who eould "tI'eI'.
Sinee tll(' Wal' he liad llP('n able to gpt a little hette\' cla,,;; of l!\('!1. An-
otltl'l' g'l'í'at ;lIhalltage P08SP:';S('(] b,\- Eng'lish :,;tl'alll('rs \Vas tllat tllC'y ('m-
]llo,Y('II thi'fr Itll'll at :';0 llluelt a ,,"{'ek-tlte mell iindiug tl!pw:-;e!yps. He
hÚIH'(] :-;olllcthillg wonltl be <!Ollü to l'(>stOl'e tIJe pl'í'stige of Aillí'rieall
s!lipping Oll tlle oceall to \\'11I'n' it \1',1:-; ]H,t>yiOllS to tlle wal' .


• 1 OII~ \V. EYEIDrA~, l'lIgagl'd in shi]l]lillg', rell1arked t hut amoll{2,' the
cliffieultie:,; in t]¡e way of competing ,,'itlt 01 !tpl' llHtiollS ill OUl' earrying
tradl', wa¡.; tlw gT(>at amOIlIlL oí' f'XpPtls(, impos(,lll1l1on SllipIJ8r,;, fol' \Yhich
IlO seryi('ps \H'I'(, l'(,!Ilkl'('(l. Tite port \Tanlell fees were IlOí. !lO\\' col](>eted.
bnt 1lI111l'l'tl](' 1;1\\'s of l\mnsylnmia, ye¡.;selR noware eOll1]JeIled to ¡my
lmlf-pílotag'c if tlle} do lLot takn a pilot, amI \,,11011' pilotag'e ii' tIle} harü
all H~sol't('(l (·argo. At this rate, a \,l'ssl'l ol' three ltlLtHlrpc! tOIlS has to
pay tltirty doJ]ar:,; fOl' g;oinp; l'Hst tIJe break\\'atel', altltollgh sJIU eUlplo,Ys
1;0 pilot. At. :Xort()lk IH'r pXIH'!IsCS fol' pilotage won]/! lw nbolLt. OJW
JIl[Jl(hpd anll Í\\,pnty dollars, w[ldlle1' a pilot is l'mployetl 01' 1I0t, allll in
:"IIohile, OlW IlIl1ldl'l'd amI fort,y <1ol1a1':-;, Ol' 011e hlltHl1'ed amI fin", dollars.
TJH'RP ehar¡.!,'l's are llIljllRt.


De wa¡.; 110t in f'aTOl' of allowing' y{>:,;sel:,; frOlll t11e Proyillc(,~, 01' fOl'eign
]lOl'ts to e01110 in 1Ier8 alltl han~ theil' Atores plaePlI in botlil in tlw cus-
tOlll-]¡on¡.;(' with tlw priyilf'gl' oí' \\'itllü1'Hwillg' (]WlIl. 1<'01' illilt:lIlce, a Yes-
¡.;pl (~OIl1illg from ltaly wilI (lej)osit at the rate oí' a qnarl 0[' WitH~ a tlay
fol' eaeh Ill:tU OH hoa1'(l, antl tIte,V \yiU in tllis ",ay hring in tintcn 01'
t\Yellty tltOllSH!HI gallow, oí' willt' H~ a thn'l'-yeart',' supply, amI tlWll go
(loWIl tllt, l'in'l' amI tratle it off 1'01' ,m~'thiug t11ey "aut.


Pilotagc is olle oí' tlw grentpst ('yiIs Olll' (~Oastillg trat1e has to t'ontend
wi(h, aitltollgh it is lp~:,; ill l'hiladelpltia thall almost HUy other eity, nud
t1l1' O\Vlll'l' oí' the Yl'sselllaR llO ]ll'otcetiou, as t.bey han, in gOillg illto a
]Jort in Cnba, an<l Hlly ot11er fOl'eign P~)]ts \rILen>, if tllC pilot "iuks the
yt'~sd, tlw gO\,(~l'll111Pllt pa'ys rOl' it. ITe\'e, t!Joro is no sl1ch ]ll'O\'ÜÜOll,
autl a I~aptaill eOllling ill fl'OtII a long Yoyage, lllHlerstmuling tlw l'in>r
perfeetly, \,ill be mnch !llore likl'I.\~ to talw a ,'pssp! safl'ly, he(',Hu;e he is
soher, than tho pilot, who is Iyillg hy among tIJo islamls, Yery likc1y in-
toxicated, amI yet, if tlle ca]Jtaiu dOt'R llOt hear tltc 01'111'1'8 oí' tite pilot
amI tIJe yeRsel is snllk, tilo ill~lIraIlC(\ \YiUnot be pai(]' 'l'he general ¡¡rac-
tice for coastillg yeSSel8 is to sail thl'1II Oll 8har'!", the ofJieerR ha \'illg' a
prollortion oi' tIte parnings of tlle Y(,8se!. :x o yessel OWIWl' \rallts to re-
duce the wages oftbe lllen, nnless tlw cost ofliying- 18 al so rednce(1. A
eOllple of yeal's ago, MI'. Eycrman wrote to Montreal to aseertitiIL the eost
oí' building a vessel of tIle dimensiolls g-in'll hy hilll, anil aseel'ta11lcd that
it could be bnilt fo1' twelve thOlls,UHI dollal's. He found tllat it cost
n bont t,wenty to twenty-fh-e per eellt. more, taking gold nt fort.Y, than to
huild it ltere; lmt an American-huilt yessel would seU at pub]ie auction
fin' forty 01' fifty por cent. more, so tilat after aU it is really more eco-
I\omieal to huihl ou1' OWI\ vessels.


JUl' . .:Y101WELL askod what woul(1 be the cost of bnilUiug a schooner of
six hlllHlrnd amI fiftv tous.


1\11'. EVER:lIAN thought that withont being copper-fastened slIe would
cost twellt~-.eight 01' twenty-Ili'ne thousalld dollars. A large proportiOll




160 NA VIGATION INTERESTS.
of the vessels no\V being built in this conntry are schooner-rigged, and
they are so llUilt becan se they can be Railed wit11 less men tltan a ship
can. A very large number of thl'ee-mastecr schooners are 1l0W being
built. Almost aH scltooners are iron-fastened, tlte duty OH eopper being
SO heavy that tlle CORt of copper-fastening i:,; too great.


JOIIN F. S'l'U3IP, formcrly harbor-master at PhiladeIphia, alllI aftcr-
ward eugaged in the custom-house, was nnder tIte illll'ressioIl that one
of the great difticulties in the \Vay of competing ,,-ith foreigll ships was
the difference in the cnrrency. He thought the differcnce in cost between
sailing an American vessel, 01' an EngIish 01' German yessel, was about
tifty per eellt.


AIITERNOON SESSION.
The committce again met at 3 o'clock.
","-ILLIAl\1 G. GIBDO::-l"S, ship-builder, in vVilrnillgton, Delaware, stated


that for the past fonr years the business of the til'ill with whidl he was
cOllnected had been largeIy engaged in building iroH l'iver steamers to
be llsed on the riyers in SOllth Alllerica amI l\Iexico; ha dllg cOllstrueted
boats for nearly aH the I'Ívers in SontIt America eltlpt'ying ¡uto tIte
Caribbean Sea 01' Atlantie, and also several for UIOSC elIlptying iuto
tIte Pacifie. The reason why they were ahle to lmild these boats in
competitioTl with tIte English, was that their character was snch as
to make them ullfit to cross the Atlalltic, the Ellglish bllihlcrs beillg
reqnirefl to take them to pieees, sItip thern oyer, and t1len put them
together again. Tlle boats \Yere shippe<l by Sto Thomus, tonehing at
Demarara. aml val'ious points OH tIte coast, aud had aH passed saf'e]y to
their destinatioIl. llis nrrn had nenr sneceetled in gettillg an order to
bnil<l a ship for oecan llavigation })l1l1)oses. Tlley had reecnUy built, for
a line 01' stearners to run from St. Thomus, two serew steauwl's atlapted
to passengers and freight, oi' ahout seyeu lllllldred tons. The parties
very mnch pre1'erred to IlUt their steamers Ululer the American flag, the
eompally being composed largely of citizens of Xew York; lmt tlle Rug-
lish bids were ahout twenty thollsalHl t1011al's 10w('1' on au estimate of
one hUlldred 31l(1 twelve thonsand do11ars for ('ach yessd, gold being
the basis in each case, alld of eon1'8e the English obtaillcd the 01'(1('1'.
In the cOllstruetioll of iron yessels ubout six-teuths of tlle ('ntire eost is
labor, and four-tcnths material, amI the tax now require<l to he paid
upon every material ellterillg into tlle constrnction of a ship, from the
laying of ber lleel nntil she is finished, is a mattcr of vital consequence
to American Rhip-builders. Our rates oflabor are higher thall tllose in
auy other country in the world, and this has compplled our, people to
exert their ingenuity for maehilleryaml mcehallie appliances to save labor
wheuevel' it is practicable. "\-Ve have always excelled both the Ellglish
and Scotch in thüs respeet, amI we have onl,)' becn able to compete with
them byeconomizing labor as we haye done in the larger use 01' machin·
ery, but they huy their machinery for about one-half in gold wllat it
costs us in currellcy. For installee, fOl'ty-five doHars in gol<l wil1 lmy a
ton 01' plate 01' lbariron in Englalld, which here costs eighty-eight 01'
uinety dollars 101' plates and eighty-five dollars for bars. Whell this is
worked up we find that they have the advantage of ns of about two-
tenths in material. If the firm with whieh .:\11'. Uibbous was connected
could get iron pnt dOWIl in their jard át the priees }laid by the English
ship-builders, they couId furnislt ships for auyborly, and would give
them their order at as low rate as the English 01' Scoteh could huild
them. They have never received any drawuack on materiaIs used in
building vessels to be sent out of the country. In one 01' tlVO illstallces




NAVIGATIO~ INTERESTS. 161
the excise tax hac1 been remitted, but it caused more tl'ouble to obtain
the remission titan the saving amountec1 too


J ORN TUÓCER, vice-prcsident of the Reading railroad, said that last
winter the Heading Railroad Company contracted fol' t,yO iron colliers,
at a cost of fifty-nine thousand dollars and sixty thousand dollars,
respecth-cly. He sent tbe specifications to a friend in London to
ascertain at what price they could be duplicated there. The first
~epIy was that they wouId not buiId a collier accordillg to the speci-
1ications gi'Veu, and returned o their criticisms upon the specifications.
After my reply explaining the specifications they acknowledged that
tlle co11iers wouId be quite as efficient as if built in accol'dance with
their usual specifications. They then sent a communication, w11ich lVIr.
'l'ucker said he wouId furnish to the committee. Since that time tlle Read-
ing works had contracted for eight more steam collie:oo, of larger dimen-
sions, to be buílt at U11ester, PennsyIvania, where tIle first two were con-
strncted. Taking goId at thirty-thrce and one-third per ccnt., the difl'cr-
ence between the cost of building these colliers at CIlester ancl in EngIand
would he abont four thousand dollars each. The same specificatiOlm
were furnished to the American and English builders. American iron
is much stronOger than Englisll, aud a less q.llantity may be safely used
in the constrnction of an iron vessel. One of tIte colliers 1mi.It Iast sum-
mer in passing Hell Gate, N ew York Harbor, struck a rock, cuttil1g about
ten feet in her lJOttom. The vessel was raised and the illjured piece of
iron was exhibited here, attracting sorne attention. In accOlüance witll
tbeir request, thfltt strip of iron was sent to tlle Ho:yds' umIel'writcrs, in
France, as a specimen of the snperiority of American iron, and since that
time we have be en able to efl'ect our insurance the1'e at ten per cent. per
anllum Iowe1' tllan we w('re doing it bcfore. Previous to that time the
cost of insurance was about eighteen por cent. per annUlll. Titc insul'auce
is now efl'ected there at sevell and one-haIf per cent. Tite fil'st two vessels
\Yere built as an cxpcriment and for the pnrpose of taking coal all aIong
the coast. For this class of vessels the cost of building is not very mnch
more than on tIte otller sirle. He was sUI'pl'ised to find so little difference.
In fact, taking into consideration the superiority of American iron, they
are really lmilt clleaper in tbis country titan they couId be in Ellgland.
The cost oí" building those llOW ordered is olle Itundrcd amI flve thousand
dollars each for a ihousand-ton collier. ::\Ir. Gibbons rcmarked with
l'egard to t11e qnestion of screw colliers jnst refened to, that it was the
opinion of his firlll tlle prices at which they were being bllilt were not
remunerative. His fil'1ll had bid fOl' the same vessels; but theil' bid was
very much higher. In regard to the legislation ship-builders would like
to have, there is a difJerence of opinion among difl.erel1t parties; but one
thing is pretty clear, that ifAmerican buildors can obtain thoir material
at the same rates paid b? the English and Scotch builders they will be
able to compete with them in building ships. Tile cost of labor is of
course greater in tbis country, but tlle additional skill obtained more
than compensates for it. The English have old-fashioned ideas. The
Iaw referred to by .afr. Tucker just now speaks of two engines, and they
frequentIy put four into one of their ships. Onr ship-ownel's. mostly
prefer only one engine. The parties of whom 1\11'. Gibbons had aIready
spoken, who desireu to contract for building sLips to mn to St. Thomas,
said they were willing to give considerable more mone,\' to an Amerieau
than to an English builder, for the reason that thB American builders.
provided grenter comfort for passengers than t11e Bllglish, aml passeng€'rs
wOllld foIlow the route w,hich was provided with th€ most comfort. Thc
boats built for the South .American rivers are a SOl't of cross between the


II NI




162 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
Iludson Riyer boat ana the Mississippi River boato They are side-wheel
and built to rUll in shoal water. 'l'he llceuliarity of t1le elimate in Sonth
Amel'iClt is snch as to require very difterollt aceolOlI1o¡}atiolls foI' passen-
gers frOlll allytlling reqllired in tbis eountry. The boats built by the
Ellglish 1'01' tllOse rivers are of a dill'erent model, ann more allulogons to
tllOse nseü üllrillg the war for rnnning the blockado. Tlley <lo llot carry
very mnclt freight alld are excc2dingly cxponsi\Tc. Tho boats lmilt in
\Vilmington areequally as fast, draw a great deal les s water, and have
made a great denl of mone.y for their o\Vllers, whicl! ü;, aftcr aH, tho test
oí' SllCCesS.


In H'garcl to ocean steamers it is now nniversally eonsidered that thore
is a great advantage in sere", steamers oyer side-",heel flteallW1'S, fo1' tIlo
n~ason that in I'ough weather it Ycry ot'tell lmppens that olle wheel is so
muchSllbntergod as to waste almost aU the power uscd, while tite otbcr
will be alwost out oi' water. 'l'ltiR difileulty iR ob\Tiate.d to a certain
cxtent while r.lle 8ide-wheel stcamers are illllllcnsely large, ai> in ease of
the Paeijic mail steftillCrS rUlluillg betwccll San Fralleisco antl Hong
Kong, but these ships are always very slow. 'l'he Bngli8h Rcelll to
nnderstand the pl'illeiple 01' lmildillg serew R1IipR, bllilding' tllüm n~r.v
Ilarrow amI ve}'y deep, so that unless tbe sea is ye]'y IIca vy tltey pnslt
thcir way across tIte ocean, rolling Yery little amI bc'ing diRtnrbcd very
little hy an ordillary sea.


Allother clitlienlty witlt 8ide-wltcel ships is that in a voyage from New
York to Southampton ;rOll mURt load tllc yesscl wit11 co~tl almost
beyolld her proper· eapaeity, sinking tlw wheels too dcep in tlle water
OH tltis sid(~, HlIllle<Lying tltem a bont fonr feet out on tlw othPl' Ride as
tite conl heeomcs expended. Tlle ollly rcmcdy that c:m be asked by
Amel'ican ship-bnildel's i" thaL sneh sdwme muy be llcviseü by whicll
tItey Inny l'eeeive tlleir matel'ials at a lo",er rate than tlwy do lJOW. It
Ís irnpossihle to state auy o1'dinnl'y rate per ton fol' bnilding' an iron ship.
The yessels are so dill'erellt in theil' cOI1strl1ction, amI so maJly different
considpratiolls COUle iuto tite cost of eOllstruetillg' diH'erellt 1Il0dels 01',
yessels are lmilt UpOll spccificatiolls, amI takillg gi\Ten speeifleatiolls, we
are aule to calclllate tIlO cost by t11e lIulllbcr oí" pOlllllls 01' iron l'ef]llirel1.
The tOllllage is oí' eoUl'SP !letel'lllitJ(~(l hy tlw lllodel oC the ship itself as
mllc11 as by the 8ize. A thous<lntl-toll il'oll ship bllilt aeeonling to tlw
reql1irements of tlle Lloycl;;, with reasonable passcngcr aeeomlllodation,
woullllll'ohably eost olle ItulIdred amI fifty 01' one hllndred and sixty
tbousalld dollars. TIle co!liers spokeu of haye yery lillüteü pO\1'e1', an<l
would be uowltere if cmployed in t11e merchallt s('TYiee. 1"01' ill;,;tanee,
between Xew York alld ~t'w Urleans tlJey han" 'a c'ylilltler oí' forty-fonr
itlches of diameter, Vi-hile a merehant sltip of tIte same eap;H:ity wou](l
have a ü.Ylinder oí' sixty inches, Tlleir stcam nowcr is lleeessory ouly,
lmt they are strollg-, firilt-rate yessels in aU that relates to their earryillg
capaeity. The Bllglish make theil' passellger ships cost just ahollt as
ntuch as our American ships. It is ouly Oll theil' coarse, ClHtllllOIl \York
that tlley beat uso \Vllere a great H1ll0uut of labor is to be expended on
fine work we can beat thelll; because they haye to impol't their Iumbe!',
und because tlley use hamllauor for a Yery large p:)!tiOll oC tlwir fine
work, íor which we employ machinery. Take tlle Adriatie, for installce,
oue of the OoHins line of stealllers now oWIH'd in Unsilia. Her insido
wOl'k \Vas a complete mass 01' elegant cardng, wltielt eonld not, be !lone
iu Englalld for allything like tile alllouut it cost in Kew York. The
H<llllb ::llay be saÍlI of the 8t .• J Ohll'S alld Deall H.ichmolld, 011 the Hndsoll
Hiver, 01' oí the Providcllce steamers. AH tltis work is now ,,"oven out
by maehinel'.)' amI costs Yery. little. Ship-bllildel's woultl like to IHwe




NAVIGATION I~TERESTS. 163
thc tariff on iron taken completcly off, although they know th:lt, as a
general proposition, iíl impracticuble at presellt, alld they would like
to see it done by adopting a sliding-scale which ut somo distant period
SllOUld reach zero, ami be an enll 1.0 the dllty OH iron. A good de al has
been said oI' panpel' labor on t11e otIler si de of the ocean; that it is not
applied to the mechallical punmits; it is applie« to the agricultural
pursuitR, whore tIle labor ii> in excess oI' t110 amount of available lalld to
cnltivate; while in this coulltry t11e sUPllly oI' labor for t11at purpose is
not equal to the demanú; but t01' skilled labor tlle relative rates paiel in
Ellgland and France is not n'I'y largel,V bolow that paid in tlús conlltry,
taking everythiug into cOll8ideration. In this country, 111 many instam~es,
our laborers are paid too 1Il1wh. In tile stock and mining districts mauy
of them get ten dollars' a «lay, alHI coal e11ters largely into tIJe CO.'lt
of building sllips. So in our fonmlricíl, pmldlers, when tltey wil! \York
a "hole week, get abont sixty dollars; but t11e prices have so demoral-
izecllabor tJwt tllpy can seareely eyel' be imlueed to work a w 1101 e week.
'fhe last adntnce upon the tariff rateíl on iron dill Bot go iJlto the IUl1lds
01' the manut¡lctnrers, but, to a great extent, into the hands oí' the
laborers, wllo ,yere alreafly paid too much.


1\11'. :JloRRELL asked, whcrc in this cOlllltrypnddlers wore paül t1le sixty
dol1ars per week.


l\fr. GmBOl\'S replicd, in \Villllington.
311'. MORRELL statml that in PeJllls.Y!nmia puddlers were not eal'llillg'


more than fonr doHars per day .
.MI'. LYNCII inqnired whether, if ship-builders were allowed drawback


npon the iron usetl hy them, aml al so a subsidy to the same alllount
llpon American ir~n nscd, thc cffcct would not be tbat American iron
would general1y he usecl.


)Ir. GmnoNs l'Pplied that it wonlrl he nsecl fOl'the reason t11at our ship-
bnilders preferrerl to olJtain their iron at home, bot11 uccanse of itíl supe-
riority alld becanse the \York can be done promptly. It -would be eon-
siLlel'ed a great lInisance if they ",ere compel1ed to wait, betol'e fnl'llish-
ing their patrolls, to ílClltl them auroaü for tIIe plates to he made. As a
general rule, 1.110 party who wunt'l a s11ip wants it uow, alld woultlnot be
willing to wait for tlle two mOllths that would be rm¡uÍl'ed to selld allroad
to get tbe material. They eonhl tUl'll out a thousand-ton iron ship in
about nine mOllths, 01', commencillg in the sprillg, so as to have tIle beneílt
of the sumiller lllo11ths, probably in Il\sS time tlum that.
~Ir. l\IOR.RELL inqnired tIte llLUllUel' of builders of' iron ships in 'Vil-


mington.
MI'. GmBoNs replietl that there waR Olle ot.her firmo llis finll liad for-


merly bnilt large ílhips, amI within t1le ]¡¡ílt two ycars, llndillg it more
p1'otitable, hall contlned thell1selves to 1'iver steamers.


The CHAIR:\1AN inquired the cost of building a thOllSaIHl-ton sailing
ship. .


1\11'. GmlloNs said it wouId cost about ninety thouRalHI dollul's in eur-
rcncy, built acco1'ding to onr American specificatiolls. T1Ie cOílt woulrl
be more than that if uuilt 011 the Lloyd speeifieaüons, they crowding
Illu~h more iron into a vessel than we do. The cost 01' building under
their specifications would probably be fifteen thousand dollars more-a
vessel that un del' our specificatioui> wonltl he jnst as good fo1' ewry
practical purpose-but the Lloyds would not iusure at tIlO same rateo


Tho CHAIR:\1AN inquired whether, if our ship-builders we1'e enabled to
build American ships as cheaply Uíl íOl'eigu lmilders, the1'e wouId be a
foreign demand fo1' these yessels.


1\1:1'. GIBBOl\S repIied t11at it would uot come immcdiately, because tho




164 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
channel of business in this respect is ncm::ly aU foreign, in the direction
01' Scotland, amI it wonId take two 01' three ;years, amI possibly more, to
change it. Currents 01' trade, like cunents 01' water, whcu they are OI
have once set in a given direction are difticult to chango. We could
control in a great degree tho South American trade much soouer than
we conld that of the Meditcrranean 01' the China trade.


Tllc CHAIR~IAN asked what description 01' vessels the Spanish gunboats
were, of which we have heard so lUnch rocently in New York .


.1\lr. GIBEONS replied that thoy were constrncted very ll1uch like our
tug-boats, only larger, and built to cross the ocean. He said tIlat lUr.
Ericsson, who was intimate with the lLuthorities at :1\ladrid, obtained
the order anel gave it to his next fricnd, MI'. Delamater. It was throngh
1\'11'. Ericsson that tho order carne to the Uuited States.


The OHAIRl\1AN asked the witness if his firm clid an;ything toward
building vessels for the government during the war.


MI'. GIBEONS answcred that they did.
The CHAIR:\'IAN asked whether a class 01' iron yessels suitable for the


merchant marine could he cOllstructed so as to he couvertcd into Yes- .
seIs useful to the govermucnt in time 01' war.


lVlr. GIBEONS said they would require a grcat change, for the reason
tbat thc rcquirements 01' the two branches 01' service are so dift'erent.
A merchant ve ss el would haye to be turned inside out hefore she could
De converted iuto a man-of-war. For privateersmen they would be just
the thing.


. MI'. ,V ASIIEURN asked whethcr, in case of a war with England, these
would not be just such vessels as we ,roulll need.


:1\11'. GmEoNS said they would, hecansc theyare fasto IIeavy ships, as
a rule, are slow. The ships huilt in Eugland durillg the war 1'01' block-
ade-runners, and eapturecl hy us, wbieh have bcen sold into the merchant
service, have one and aH greatly disgusted their purchasors. They bum
a grcat deaI of coal amI cal'ry but little freight. They were constructed
to run fast, but only tho high freights they carried malle them profitabIe,
and wben freigIlts came clown they would not do at all.


MI'. vVASHEUR:N inquired whl'thcr, ii' we bnild Y€ssels as ehcaply as
they can on 1,he CIyde, thcre wouId be auy differellcc aíterward in tlle
cost of keepillg them in repairs.


Mr. GIBEONS said there wouIdJlOt, beeause tho ship wouId be repaired
wherever it was most convenien1, and it could be done tIle most cheaply;
that eyen now vesseIs in this eonntry des1,incd for tlle East In die s often
get freight from the United Statcs to some Europeau port, wherc thoy
are rcpaired at a very mnch less expense than in this conntry, and the
ofticers then get freight from that port 1,0 1,heEast ludies and come home.
Our vesseIs managed mostly to got 1,heir repairs done out 01' the United
States, so as to economizo, and that lS tbe reasou why we Iiave but littIe
to do in the way of repairing. If OUl' ship-bniIders could have a sub·
sidy from the government they could build ship~, hut it wouId be a dan-
gerous precedent, because every other interest wouItl want the same
kind of protection.


The CHAIR)lfAN inquired how ll1any hands were empIoyed in the ship-
yards in Wilmington.


MI'. GIBEONS said his firm employed ahout two hundred and fifty.
),he other firm bnilt railroad ears as weH as ships, and employed from
four hundred to seven hundred hands. The other firm used to bnild
boats for the American trade, hut they are now building larger vessels.
They were the builclers of the steamship Champion, ruuning between
New York and Cllarleston; ofthe two iron ships running to Savannah;




KAVIGATION INTERESTS. 165
of tho American line of stcamers running from New Orleans to Galves-
ton, Texas. They built two very splendid ycssels fol' tbc Pan ama com-
pany, one of tbern ou tbe larger specificatiolls, taking them at very near
tbe quotations in Scotland. This was a vessel of two hnndl'ed and sixty
feet in lengtb, abont thirty-three feet bearn, and measnring two hundl'ed
tons. Slle was finished about ayear aml a half ago.


The CHAIR:lUN inquired at what otber sbip·yards in tbe coulltry iron
steamsbips were built.


::VII'. GIBBONS said there was one:=tt CIH>ster, and they were built at the
Atlantic \Vorks, Boston. During tho war tb!"lre were establishments in
New York that built iron vossels, lmt they have since abandoncd tho
enterprise. The rates are greatly higher than at Wilmillgton. At Wil·
mington mechanics are emplo,yed to work upon the lmlls of vessels, and
a few of them are paid fifteon dollars a week, 1mt the average of' them
uot more tban llinc and a half 01' ten dollars. The same class of work·
men were paiel about ten elollars a week before tbe war. A large grade
of mecllanics are employed to work upon 'iron vessels for the reason
that a few skilled workmen can get along very weil witb a good many
other of the lower grade. There is more difference in the cost of build-
ing mariuf engines between this country and Scotland tban there is in
the cost of building ships. They hael uot gono into competitioll with
tbcin in Wilmington in building engines. The ouIy instan ce, JUl'. (}ib-
bons said, in whicll his firrn ltall bid in competition was for the stcel
wOl'ks in Pennsyh'unia, allcl theu they were beaten fifty per cent. It
might he, ltowoycr, that t11eir bids were too higb aud the bids in Scot-
laml too low.


Lcltcrfrorn Smnuc/ IIarlan, of the firm of Hm'lan 9' Hollingst(·o,·th,iron 8hip-bllilders.
\VIL}u...'WTON, DEL., Dccembc¡' 1, 1869.


!Ion. D. ,J. MOTITIELL, of Congre.~R¡onal COlnmittce, <fe.
VEA!! Sm: \Ve are YCl'y much obligcd fol' yOUl' invit.at.ion to be pl'esent at the meet-


ing of your comlllittce, in Philadclphia" but regret that abseuce from hOlllO wil] prevellt
our atteudanee.


If agrrcablc to yonl' c,ommittee, we would be glall to prcsent our views in writing in
subjoillcu papel', \Vc trn~t this will he acceptablc to yon, as the snbjeet is O1\e in
which we are most vitally intercsted, and fcel that the only hopo for relief lies in the
action of Congresa.


Very respeetfully, your obcdient ~ervant,
SAM'L HARLAK, JR., President.


'Ve would present our views nmlcr the following heads, viz:
L As to the present cOlulition of the iron shill-bnil(ling interest.
2. The causes which have lcr! to its tleprnssion.
3. Our Vi8WS as to tho remedy 01' relief desired.
On tbe first l'oiut we wOllltl state that at no time sinco 1857 has the iron ship-lmildilJO'


intcrost beeu so deprcssed as it has within the last twel ve to eighteen Illouths. Dnring
the time named we have scarccly been wit,I!out contracta for iron boats amI steamers
until witl.tin the '[Jast twelve montha, when the business has fallen off greatly, in fact,
almost coming to a stauu-still a good ¡lt1rt ofth¡; time; yct, dnring this time, \Ve haye
had more inr¡uiries foI' iron ships from partics wishillg to IJUihl than eVef 'bef;Jrc, but
owing to thc cost of building bcing beyontl whr,t thcy conl(1 afiord to pay, allfl greater
than tbe same ships would eost in England, th,; Iwgotiations have encleu witb mutual
rf'grets, lllld tlle parties resolving to \Yltit for a more f,worable condition of affairs.,
\Vhat \York \Ve have takcn to keep onr rnen employed, has been at rates not remunera-
tive, and in some inatances, at positive loss.


Second. Tho canses \Vhieh have led to its depl'cssion, &c. :
The principal one is the great advanee which has taken place since 1860 in tllO price


of ~abor ami material s, rariging from forty to sevent;v-five per cent. In many instances
,vhem parties wtel'e cúuyince([ of the snperiority of iron ships, as comparetl with wood,
they \Yere cOlllpellecl to builll of wooll becallse the cost of tIle iron ship was so mUf'h




lGE> NAVIGATIO:"l" IKTERESTS.
gn,'lter. TJ¡is rliffcrcn~fl in cost is dac, in a grpat ml':lsure, to thc "ad that iron, more
t lIrw wOOll, i, the pl"Olluetion of skilleu labor, a11(1 i:4 al!',.'etc>llmore hy tlle various causes
l'l'IlLIncing tlw atl ,-a,neo refened to, as ",eH a~ sU1Ll'in,:;' more i'rOlli taxation.


TilÍn!. "As to tll('. relie1' rlpsired, &0. :
"\Yo c:mnot, hopc fol' a l'etluction in tho price of l:tbor, as we fiml it is more rliffienlt


fol' our wol'loncn to Aupport themsel,-es and theil' f¡,milies on the ]Jreseut l'tLlc oí' \Vage.',
,,-ith tlw grcatly cnllftnce(1 cost of flYfll'ythillg consnmerl by them, than it was ,.-hen
their wagc" mlcll the lowest, and, nutil t.!w eost of li ving is grcatly retlllcccl, we cannot
hopo th"t the wa~"R 01' the meehanic a1111 lahoring man willrule lllueh below what tu
i'i at pre~ellt; in ±aut, it cal1uot he, wituout beiug oPlm~~Rive njlol\ t!;em. It remaills,
thel't'fore, to reduce the cost of tlle lllatel'iah untel'ing; into the eon~trlletion aud ('quip-
lll"lltof iron ships,tLS the olll:Vl'elll~rlyld·~. (;'111 this b,) ,[0110 to 'lIl ex:tent oqual totbe
l'cductiou in cost desired f "\Ve thillk not, "itllOllt tlm"vin~ oH' aU tlw protectiollnow
givell to the manufactUrtlrS 01' tlw v;lriolls lllatel'iaIs l'cferred lo. "\Vbile this might re-
lieve the Hhip-lmiltliug intel'est it woulel be l'uinolls to other intercsts, aml would Illeet
,vith great oppositiou'.


'V o cannot recomrnfencl a 11101'0 simple and ('ffectnal ]'emoüy than tll(', one alreudy con-
eurred in hy a Illajority of ship-huilders ami ship-()wlwm w!Jo ha\'c lHlllU hefnr!l yonr
lJoal'll, Yiz: to remit the duties on aH importell arrieles cntering into the eonstrll~tioll
alHI ef[nipmont of hoth woo(1 and iroll, s;"am awl sailing' ~Ilips, Ol' [t rlrawback llC
allolved on ltU al'ticles of uOlllcslio,wauuüu;tarc C(lllivaIl.'llt t" t!Jc .luties llamee! aboyo
OH tlll' imported al'tiele.


This lattel' elllU~C i8 especiaUy clesil'ahk., that ship-hl1il.lers m a:\, uot he ohliged to use
the fOl'cign article exclusively, and thllS break ,10\\"n tIlO Allll'ril'an Illll1lllfacturers.


The English an.l Scokh iron silip-bllilclel'~ havo tlle aÜVrtEtag;; over tho American
sltip-builüers only in their cnlargetl ex]>el'icllce frolll tIlO grcaü.'r 1l1ll1lJH'1' ()f lal'gc sea-
gning steamships wlüch they hrLvo lmilt; ¡)lit in the qnalit.y of iroll, antl cllcrg,Y an<l
skill of out' wurkwcn, we fcd tltat "'(: 11r1\'0 (kcid,\rll,V tIJe ad\-alltage, ",hile OHl' fa('ili-
ti es in tools all(lmaellillcry adapted to tlw jlllrpO:iO are quite e([ual to theirs. 1'1w fm-
eign Imil(lf\rs hrlYc no advalltage:l OW'l' 118 exccpt in the chcal'tlL'SS oí' thcir iron and
othcr llIaterials, alHl tIlO greatly l'cdne!':! rafes of ,,-nges paiel tJuoil' wOl'lm1l'n, but llot
ill the snperiority of their workmcn, 1101' 1[ ([aJi!,)' oí' theil' Ü'Oll, Hur their alJilit-y to builtl
lwtter Hhi ]ls.


"\Yhat \Vas llolle by AmericaIl ship-hniltll'rs rtt ilw eOlllmenCr;}lICllt, aJl(I c1nl'ing tl1<' wal',
in building np OUl' .i\ .. luel'icítll Ju'ul'illÜ, j::, a t-,tll"O gaaralltee of \y!tat llH',v <.;a11 do jn bui1d-
in;:: l1P a 111l.'reantiJo marine, if tlwy can ])(' l'clie\'eü frOlll the causes IJl'odndug' tIlO
pl'l'Sent g-relLt dCI'l'cssioll,


Timel)' l'clicf ",iU not onl,)' allo,,- the sh'l'-o"'llcrs (o l'l'O(;ll~'e \"cHsels as elwal'l~' as
tlley eau be uui1t, iu fOl'cigu COlllltl'ies, oar t!)(~ fltllllnllls thu~ giYc\lI to tIte ~llip-hlliJding
intercst wiU produce ships er[ual to au,\" ia lhe \\"odd in OHr jad¡;'lllclll.


Tlw rnpi'rJi of tile navigatioll la\Ys ,,"ould ('nable tl!e s]¡i p-O\\" I!('l' to procuro (']¡enp
IShips, the l"cfu~e of evel',Y fOH_'igu eOlllltl'y: :llHl eYC:ll gootl l:)llipH :lt :1. l<)w li,!.!;un', as rile
shil'-bllihlillg' iuterest t11 Englaú,l allll bl'n(]rul(l i,; in a '¡('pres,,,,,¡ "tate Si!lC(, tlw o»l'uing'
oí' tlle Snt:z ermal llaR beCOllW nll ,·sLl.llli:ó"rl f:let. Yet it ",o,J!d "lh,r:tnally I'¡"S(, 111'
0111' ship-J'i!l'lls exce[Jt to lhe lmi1üing oi' srllaU \'",sels ",hiel! eOllhlllol ,arel,)' ('ro,~s (lle
At!tmtie, tUl,l g-i YO to Euglaml tIlO lmildillg' 01" Olll' luereaurile Íl!r!rüw mi sbo uow has
OHr cal'rying tr:Hle.


The strLtemellt has bcen frccly eireula1cll iu tlw ,,"pum that we cOlllellmilü iroll ships
as cheaply at OUl' \Yorks, ,,,ith tlw paym~nts llllu1" in gol<l, as they conJrl he lJnilt OH tlll'
Clytlc; but Huch is IlOt tlw case with tlll.' (litf"rcllco in ""st oí' labor alHI matel'ials t'.O
gn~n t ly a~alnst us.


'rile arlvalltagl's W() hayo from long oxperi"ncl\ in lmilrlillg ir.lIl flt.eamers, fa\'oralJJc
locntiou, c-"I'Cri"llecd wOl'kmen, t.'ver,\' f,"'ilit,\' in tlw 'Y'l,\' (JI' llUldtillt.'ry, eIe,e., ,Yill llot
{~llu,hle ns tu cUlupcte ,,,,HIt fureigll bniltleD:i, at tIlo 1'1'e:~l'llt t'ost 01' lahul' aurllllntel'ial..:,
hnt Id COllgress gÍ\-c relief in tlw Rila],,\ l1.,l",,[ rol' :l h')VI', :ln<l ni<.' Hhip-O\','Il('I' wiL not
llave cause to cOlllpl.ain lh"L he (;,mnot hl,,'e ,;hiJls lJllilt o("¡lla1 lO tl.t()~e of au,)' liatlou,
amI [tÍ as rcasona blc prices.


"\VA8III-:\GTON, D. C,) [)tcc¡n(;er 15, lSGl).
Committce meto Prescnt, aU the members,
T. }'. Howland,ship-bnilder, oi' Xc'\'\ YOl'k,appeare(l,aml fltated that ¡le


wm; present, with otherfl, relll'c'-'lelltillg' the :'\hi]l-~':lI'i 1 \\'Ol'l,illg-moll-earpclI-
ter:'\, :-mil-makcr:'\, :'\par-rnakel':'\, iroll-\Yol'kprs, amI otItOl' l'epl'csel1tatin's üf
tlle la1Jorrequired to produce a llUi,;J1PÜ slJip; tlwi. t lH'.n::l11w i o "-ashiug-
tOl! to see ir sometbillg' coulllllot he (101l0 to relieve thej¡' interc::Its'j tlwt
tlH'Y lmd reüucec1 tlwir Yi2\YS to writj!í!~', :mÜ tlw stntelllcllt wonhlnow
be; maüc lly 7If1'. \Yestervclt, the cl.uül'w:m ()f Uw COlUll.lttce.




NAVIGA'fION INTERESTS. 167
1\lr. D. D. WcstcI'yclt, ship-bnildcr, of New YOIK, thercupon read


and presented to the committee the following wl'itten statement:
NEW YOIIK, December 14, 1869.


'ID the Hon. Jm¡1\ LYNCV,
Clwil'J/ulII 111' Ihe Special OOllgrc8siollal C01nmittec on ]\rarigation In/eres/s.


SU!: The 111lllersigllell, a eOllllllittce appoillteü hy tite" New York Assoeiation for the
restoratiOll 01' Ameriean shipping intel'ests," respectfillly beg le¡tve to call yOllr atten·
tion to tJlC fullowillii fal'ts, ,,·ith t110 view of settillg forth tlle past nntl pI'csellt ('ou(li,
tion 01' AnH'riean (:nunncl'ec, alld i'o1' the purpose of illlpl'cssiug I('pon Congl'l'ss, througu
tlle aclioll of your eOllllllittec, tho :thso1nte necessity oi' some action l)cillg- immeüiately
takeu to p1'evcnt t]¡e (otal tlesll'llctiou of AllWl'ican intorn:ttional C()lIllll('l'CC; and alse
to ,~et iortll tilo prineiple that. the trllO policy 01' 01U: g'ove1'nlllclltis t·o f,)8t"r 3m1
ellC()nrage Amcrican f,lüp-llltiltlem, as ,ye bclien, that a natiou's Ilro~pmity is rctlectcu
ill the p¡,ospel'ity oi' its oon111101'cial lllariul'.


As evidem,,, ()f tlt" c01l(litioll oí' OIU' COllllilPrce dnring tI\('. last tltirt~·-two years, Wf
respectfu11y ettU yonl' attcntion to tite accomlmnying exhibit A, whieh i" a trae copy 01
tlle record at. t.11O ~,:W York f'llstmn-hollso. It will be ohscl'vcd that <lnri"ii t1w )'em
183G there cllteretl tlw ]lort of ::-íew York 107,OO(j tOllR of shipping, tlJe handiwork oJ
American craftslIl"n, alld O!l!y onc-tlJinl of that alilollllt of tOlllwge l'lltl'l'cll lln<l!'r thE
head of f()l't,igu. Tlle AllJnÍC':llI llllilll"rs fmstainerl their prestig-e fuI' t\n'ut.y yean
thereaner, alltI s]II;¡'illl!'ll:l of (heir wOl'kmansllill were Re en alld respeckü in evc1'y port,
and carrif:fl onr nmldcl11 OH eyerv sea.


In 1858 the Ellg'IiSlt eOlllllH']H:(:d t110 snhstitution of iron for wood in thc nrt 01' ship-
lmihling', :<\111 Hillee, lJy a chaill (jf cin:lllll:;t:wce8 fortullate to tIJom "nt. dii<astl'ons to \lS,
the rel:o]'(l silo",":; for l:-m8 tllat, l\('al'ly two ton8 of forcig-n tOl)lluge tu OllO of American
",as n'c(Jl'(le,l al tlw ]lOl't oí' No,\, York. :3íany of tlH'SO y,'sR"l:;, llot,Yithstan<lin,2; (hey
nppc:1r lln(]l,r a foreign iiag-, are l'l'otlnctions 01' Ollr American sltil'-yal'ds, lm\'Íng ehallged
tucir reconl f(Jl·lll'Ot.('diol\ <1nring' Oll\' late internal strug-g-!e.


Previoas to llw .\,ear 18G8, tlw ]lort of Xew YOl'k snstaino(l not !('ss th:m twenty
pl'Olllinent. ship-y:nds, ,'¡lljJ1oying witlt tite collateral üm1t-s, sucJ¡ as .ioillcm, "par-mak-
er", sail-lllukcrs, &e., llO!, ¡('ss thall tWl'nty thons:ultl ,;kille,l lll"cht\lJies, i11 :Hlditioll te
fine thonsand yOllng- llH'll as npl'rentices I"arniug- tlte Val'iOnH Ü:Ult·H. To-day tlies('
yan1H lJ:t\'o dr.l]('.r (O(':JH,'<1 to "xist, 01' aro Iyillg do1'lllunt, 1l0t OllC tlonsallll skilké1
llIcr:hallics Jin:liup; elllplo,\'lllcllt, an:l so Hlllall are tILo in,l1TC~l\lellts for J'O\mg lllcn to
!'''II'II t1w proj('ssiOll tllaL aPl'1'l'.lltic2s are no longcr to Le fUlllld.


It is in tlle intel'est of tIJe conntl'yat largo, wllo in tilla, of "al' must 11l1\'e "hil's to
sllstain its (lig'llit~", and mec]¡anics to LniId thcm, Hmt we- appeal to yOnI' h'lllOl':1u!e
eOlmnitt"" to l'eeOllllllclltl ro COllgl'CSS somo potcnt measure fuI' thc l'dil,f 01' OUl' pro-
f"88io11.


'Ve wouId l'espectfnlly ¡[1H1111ost carnean,)' rccullllllcnll tlwt some aetion 1>0 imm<,(li-
ate!.)" tal"'1I by flm' gOY"rlllJlent-to 1'o·,t,·]' a]),l (,:1conrag-e tIJe art oI ship-Lnilüillg'; and,
in conúdemtioll ni' tbe faet t]¡at all gllve]'mu('1Its g-aill po\\"(,1' :1.11<1 r""l"",t by tIJe pro-
i;ciency of tl,,·;1' H('alll<'ll fllHllll('.('h:lllil's, w," h~1icve it wonl<1 be clllillClltl:,' lil. mJ(l prolwr
tllat CongI'('.ss sllOnltl lt-gis1at" to allo\\' to tlH\ All1eric[t1\ shil'-lmill1er an <''lni ,-nlcllt on
all Arnl'l'ican lllatp1'ials llsecl h~- hilll in tlLU constructioll uf tlw fillis]¡c,1 f;!lÍp, ,',¡na1 to
tlle nnlOl1llt of tlnty whiclt tIJ" gO\'Cl'llllll:nt ',yonltlrccci,-e ~honltl such ra\\' maLcríal L()
of forcign pro!111c(ioll.
Hl'gm'~,lillg- the propo~itinll tn mOllify 01' abrngatc tire Ullitc!1 St:ó,s l'egistry 1:1\\"8,


antl a110w fOl'cigll-lmilt Hhil's to reg-iúer OH {:(lIla! foo~i:!;; \Viti! Aluerican jJl'ollnctiollS,
WC 1ll0st rl'spl'ctfnll;v üc,lÍre tn prol("t.. Ncar1;v ('v('I'y nativo Anwric:lll, lIlld, we be-
li('ve, tlle g-1'e:1t llInjol'ity oí' mil' :"lo]lt:'II ('itizens, are possessc<1 oí' ti cel'tain alllOll!lt nf
pritle, t\lllln:joice i11 tho grow:1t :tUlI snccc,<s of onr !l:lyal mHl mercantile "\:trine; :tUlI,
tlrongh at the presellt tiJUI' the l'"ol'le at largo lllay lt[l[lear to be in(lW;,r,'l!t :llltllnk0-
\\'a1'm npoll tlt" snuj(,d, ¡¡, is OH\' lluite'¡ 0l'inion that conlrl l1 fllllex]ll''''lSiou Le ob-
tailled, it woulLl 1;" !'jllll,1 to he their lln:willlOllH desire t.hat tl10 1'\'ill('ip1<'8 in:wgllratcd
llY the fOlllldem uf flm' in,üitntioll:; in l'('!!anl to Olll- l'I""¡',tlT la\YR shon~:l he llnt1iR-
tt'í.rlw(l, anrl t.llat a11 Hlssols parttlkíng of Ús benefits sllo~llLl Le C:lllS(.l'u<:teü ou Ameri-
cnn tcrritory. -


D. D. WESTERVELT,
T. F. IW\VLAXD,
L. H, BOOLE.
WILLLUl FOCLKE,
.JOSIIUA YOL'N(;S,
THOMAS STARK,
.JOHN E. HOFF)olIRE,
WILLIAM IWWLAND,
DAVlD .J. TAFF,
ROBERT A. RUSSELL,


Committce {Jj fhe XCIV YO/'k Associatiol1 jol' tI/C I'c8lomlion 01 .lmaican 8hipping inl(Tcst8.




NAVIGATION IXTERESTS.


A.-Tonnage entel'erl at New York froln foreígn ])orts rluring the year 1868.


~o. of
vessels. Tonnage. Seamen.


American ,easels __ -- --- __ -- _ -- _. ___ .... _ --- -- __ .. 2,084 '1 1, 033, :~9r. 31,5[,1
Foreign ,essels .. __ .. ___ • _" __ .. _ .. __ .... __ .. _ __ _ 2, 7:~4 1,867,591 68,201


--_._-----------


Total p,ntered in 1868 _________ .... _____ ...... ___ .. 4, 818 2,900,987 99,752
,


---------------


Total entered in 1862 .... _ ...... - .. _ - .. ___ .. -- .... --¡;:-40(; 2,552,4"11 1'--81'817
Total entered in 1852. ___ . _____ .. _____ .. ____ . ____ '1 3, i:!47 1,709, 988 58,867


Number of arrivals, amount of American an(Z foreign tOnJUlljC, mul the
total tonnage entered at the ])ort of New York, during the years below
s-peciiied.


I
Year. No. of i American


arrivals. tonnagc.
Foreign Total ton-
tOllllage. uuge.


1836 .' .. _ ...... __ .. _ .. __ .. __ ..........
1846 ...... __ .. .. __ ..... ___ .. __ .. _ .. _ .
1856 .... _ .. _ .... _ ..... ____ ........... ,
1866 .. -- ... _ -- _ .. -- .. -- -- ...... -- ----1 1868 .... ______ .. _ . __ __ _ ...... __ .... __


2,285
2,292
3,861
4,1:\27 I
4,H11:\ I


407,906
496,761


1,684,596
990,116


1,033,396


'DO:\1ESTIC TOXXAGE.


149,6:14
185,404
386, 26:¡


1,776,318
1,867,591


556.730
682,165


2 OiO 859
2;766:434
2,900,987


The returns for the past nine montlla sllow thnJ, the arrivals and c1earnuces in tho
domestic traCto amounteu ti) upwards of fifty million tons, 01' ahont tbn'o times tbat of
the foreign trade. It has beell only mouerately prosperons during tbe presellt ~'cars,
barely paying insurance aud depreciatiou.


Statmnent of the foreign trade of the cUy of Ncw York,inclucliJlg tlte
value of imports and exports, a.nd showil/[J the ])ropuTtion under the
United 8tntes ítlulforeignflags,for' tlte periods namelZ.


Year .. In American
vesseIs.


In foreign
yessels.


-----------------------------------1-----------------
1857 .. ____________ ...... __ .. ____ .. __________ .... __ ... $2:~9, Sfi", filO
1867 ... _____ ...... __ ..... ___ .... _______ • _____ • __ • __ •. 123,687,012
1868 _______________________________ .. ___ .. _ ...... __ __ 1l:3, :n:¡, 303


$1 04, :~ij4, G31
:lfi7, 508, f.i47
371,840,2701


From the foregoing staterncnt, it will be seen that the rapid incl'f'ase of fOl'eign ton-
uage is most startling, as we discover tlmt in the yeal' 1868 ueal'ly t\Vo-tItinls of tha
whola tonnage elltercd in the port of New York wa~ foreigll, wberea~ during the yeal'
1856 it was scarce twenty per eent. of tlw total.


If we look at the cargo vaInes respectively carricd in AlllcriclLu alld f"roiga ve8s018,
we fiad that ullring tho yClLr 1858 ~cventr-five pe]' cent. ""cm carl'ied iu fol'eign ve.-
sels; and it may be safely asserted that more tItan eighty per eent. of n 11 the valne
of goous importe,] ami exported froJ11 the port 01' Ncw York dmállg tlle l'resent yeal'
has been c:trried iu foreigll vcsscls.


In t]¡e yeal' 1857, out 01' a value of $536,000,000, canica to :tna frOlll (tU onr flompstic
ports, only $131,000,000 went HUflAr a fol'pign ting. Iu 1867, out 01' $dG4,OUU,OOO at 1111
the parts, $577,600,000 were carried in forei¡¡¡n ycs~cb.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 169
l\Ir. WM. FOULICE, of the same committee, made the follo"ing sta te·


ment:
As "m be seen by this document, we feel as if our business had gone


from us, alld that we were left desolate. In our ship-yards we have
nothing to do; amI we sha11 have llothing to do unless tlte government
does somethillg to protect uso 1 wouId like to see a retnrn of the same
prosperity ia our ship-yarcls which we enjoyecl years ago. 1 thillk we
are capable of regainiug our former prestige if \Ve have a chanceo We
do not tbink we have 10st our abiIity or onr skill; amI we will show that
we have not, if an opportunity is given us to compete with foreign
builclers.


By Mr. "\V AsrrnURNE : .
Q. Do yon think that if you can obtain the materials that enter into


the construction of a ship as cheaply as they do ahroad, yon can compete
succeRsfully with foreign builclers, notwithstancling the high cost of
Iabor~


M:r. D. D. WESTERVELT, (sIti11-builder.) That is tIte opinion of the gcn-
tlemen composillg this committec. Labor is higher here, but we think
American labor is sufticiently superior to foreign labor to compellsate for
the additional price it costs. 'Ve belieye our workmen are superior to
those oí" any country in the worId. 1 n former years we came into com-
pctition in this industry with Great Britain, and we almost swept her
sbips from the China Seas, by our superiority of model; our clipper ships
wére tite heRt in the worlcl, and to this d~ty Great Britaiu has never
known huw to huild the model of a ship except as she has been taught
1t by uso "\Vith all her superior and powerful engilles, her ships were
almost a]ways slow, because the models were bad. At present we recog-
nizo the fact that the days of wooden ship-building are oyor. 'Vo may
in tbis country, as they llaye in Oreat Britain, enter upon the construc-
tion of composite vessels, i. e., iron vessels, the bottollls of which are
coyered with plallk, amI again covered with copper. Bnt we know that
the great bulk of ships beillg bllilt fOl' tlle ocean are iron ships; and we
belie\-e that if the opportunity is afforded us, wo can begin ahnost imme-
diately to compete with Great Britain in building iron ships. All that
we ask is, that we may have the materials as low as they are furnished
to her sl1ip-builders.


Q. What 1 under8tand .yon want, then, is this: That tbc goyernment
shall give yon a bounty upon American materials used, equal to a draw-
back of duties on foreign materiah;, if they \Vere used 'l


1\11'. 'VESTEIWELT. Yes, sir; that is about it. vVe profer to use our'
own iron, and that tho governmellt will pay to U8, OH the American iron
we use, an amount equal to the duty we shouhl recei,'e if a drawback
were a11owod on an equal qutlntity oi" foreign iron.


Q. ls there not this differellce between giYing a hounty and giving a
drawback: That t110 drawback applies to monoy which has never gone
into tho trctlsury, neyer been in tlle possession of the government, and,
therefore, is not au fictualloss of 1'eyenne, while the bounties you ask
require mOIley to be paid directly from the treusury ~


iYIr. vVESTERVELT. That is trne; but our idea is to promote the iuter-
ests of out' own pcoplo, by lmildiug AlIlerican ships of American mate-
rials.


VVM:. HOWLAND, (ship-builder,) of the same oommittee, made the fol-
lowing statement: ,


1 would like to take exceptioll to the expression ust,td by MI. vVester-
velt, that we were askiug a bOlluty. lt is a, W'en understood principIe




170 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
that when money paid out brings back un equivalent comüdcration, the
money so paid is 1lot a bounty. Now, ,ve propose to givc a cowüdera-
tion in retUI'Il for the money we ask the government to pay uso A great
many people thillk that the best thing to be done to revive tIle ship-
building illterest is to take the duty oft' fi"om iron. But tlH1t would llot
give liS presellt l'clief at aU in this coulltry; it might ten years hence,
but that would not answer our purpose. Our relief must cOllJe within
the llcxt twelve months, 01' the sllip-lmilding interests are güne. The
consideratioll which we shaH gin~ the government in return for the
mOlley Wf~ ask is, thc oducatiou of her seamen and meclmules for the
ships rcquired in time of war. Oel'tainly ii' the g'overnmcut eyer gets
iuto trouble with a fOl'eign nation, she v;ill neeel uso To-day tlle gOYerI:-
lllellt has IlOt tL ship 01' war that would Bot be a laughillg-stock if sent
abroad as a first-class naval vessel. Dnrillg' the last war, 1 had tlle
honor of building the first InOllitor amI thc nrst iron-clad for the gov-
ermnent; amI 1 should Yery mnch dislik(~ tn tlúnk tlmt t1lOse yessels
were to be taken to Englaml as aa exltibitioll uf what American skill
can produce. AmI we cmmot bniltl vessels un108s we hayp \VOl'kmell;
alld 1 think governmcnt cau weH afford to edllcate tIw WOl'kmell of tllis
conntry, as weH as States can affonl to builll ]lnolin sehool-honscs and
support 8chools for the e<lllcatioll of tile childrcll. If tlle 8<:hool-1101ISe
is lockerl ull, amI tlte schoolmaster abroad, education wiH deteriorate.
AmI so ,yill ship-bnilding, ir ship-yanls are cl08ed amI tIle workmen dis-
missed.


1\lr. l\1oRRELL inqnirctl whether tbe govcl'l1ment wonld 1l0t receive a
greatcr benefit thall the money 110W asked to be paid, by tlle adüitional
employment this protectioll ,yonld give to om people.


1\11'. HOIVI,A::.'D. The compellsation which we fumish is Ilin'ct. It js
just as directly 1'01' tlle lWlJ(~iit oi' tlw g-oH'nlment as to east enullen at
your ars~nflls Ül time oí' perree, and wait fol' Wal' to break Ollt before
USillg tlwm. Tlleso ships, and men WllO kuow llOW to)mi.lll the s1lips,
are absolntely lleCes8ar,r for tlw safdy of tlle gon,rnment. They are of
as llluch comwquollce to the llavy of the Coullt1'y in timo of wal' as the
1llen YOll employ in the arllly. 1 do not like the wonL "bouuty" to be
u8e[1 in tllis eOllllection.


]\fr. lIÜLJIAN. \Voul!! uot the simple a]JOIyance of a drawback upon
the foreign material useÜ furnish suffieient cneouragement to revive
the ship-lmilding illterests nf tIle POllllÍl'y·~


:MI'. HOWLAJ'\D. 1 cannot seo 110w a c1mwback upon iron would be of
any valne to ns at presento Tilo Íroll j11at g()(~:, iuto the cOllstrndion of
an American ship muslo be roUed in this cülllltry. TIle raw material
might como frolll Bngla1ll1"bnt it must be rolled ,yi(lúa ii \'0 11lludl'ed
miles of whorc the ship ls to be built, or eLm tIlO HtaÜ~l'ial wiH 110\'('1' go
iuto the ship. EH~ry vessd is built OH its OWll Hlo(lel; amI plates could
not be rolled in Ellg'lmHl fue 0110 ve"sel y,hidl cúnJd lJ2 lIuHlc twaila1Jlo
for other v('sseIs hc¡·c. NutwitIlstandillp: onr gl'l'at faeiliii('s 01' eOlll-
1l1unicatiou with Ellglam1, 1 Jo uot lwlienl it \\,on](l !Jo ]lossible to
obtain the plates 1'01' a thonsan(l-ton irOIl ship feom Ellg1allu withill
three montlts after thcy were onlered.


lV1r. IjYNCrr inquirerl whether tlw busilless of ship-bni1rlinp: \Yas uot so
perfoeted that a vessel eoultl he bn;lt hero oí' the same el:!s:,; 01' tllOse to he
bnilt in Bnglaml, and the iron receÍ\~eü fol' them witllill a roasmmLly
short time.


])11'. ROWLAND. No, sir; 1 think noto Plntes are rollcü to fit, \\'itllOut
being cnt nt, a11, thongh 1 always allo\Y fol' an luch. Tlw inm ~;('raJl, or
waste, 01 a three-thousand-toll ship alllollllts to alJont two per cent.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 171
oí the whole weight. Tllis eonsists ofthe tl'immillg's of the plates and
whut is pUl1ched out of tIw ri,'et holes. This should be l'educed to one
per cent., aml lIudoubtedly will be, when we have had sufficient experi-
ence. The frames are also an rolled, and cut to a particular length.


MI'. '¡VAl-lUllURNE inqniI'ed what would be the cost of the raw mate-
rial upcm which a duty is. paid fol' building a thrce-thousand-t()n ship.


l\Ir. HO\YLAND. 1 alll not pl'epared to state to .yon what the cost wonld
be. There would be abont twelyc lnmdl'cd tons of material s of aU de-
sCl'iptiOllil in the ship, 1l10stIy of iron; ycry littlc copper is uscd. Eyen
in tlte cUllstl'11etioll of cngincs lUuch less coppcr is nsed thall formerly.
'iV e íiml that iron is bettcl'." TIw loss of material cansecl u,y galvanic
emrents formed uy the combination of iron and copper is pl'evented
w11cn only iron is used.


i\Ir. HOL:lIAN inquir!'(l whether the duty OH copper affected the cost of
ship-uuiIdillg Yery llludJ.


1\11'. HOWLA~D. It affeds the eost of building wooden ships materi-
nlly, amI Jet IlW say that 1 1hiuk .JIr. \Vestervelt is very ll1uch mistaken
when he tllinks tIle duys of lmiltling ,yootlen ships are over. 1 douut
ven llllWlt \rllether that day has arrived.


l\Ir. \VESl'EHVBLl'. llllal~e that statelllent from data which 1 think
wiII couduce any onl'. FOl' illstancl', thc average lifetime of a wooden
sllip is lIot more than twelye years, aml t11ero is always an uneel'taintr
as to tlle time tIte vessel will live. Dnring t11e war, gunlwats wero
built whieh are already nllfit for servieo; whereas a first-elass iron ship
willlast 1'01' twenty-ollo ~-eal's, witltont auy difticulty. Alld aIthough 1
HIn a ,,"ouden Rhip-builder, amlllever lJuilt an iron ship in my lite, 1 am
still of the opilliun that tlw days of wooden ships are at an eml. 1
llen~r expect to build auother. 1 uelieve that eomposite ships will be
illtrodnüpd iuto tItis eoulltry, aR they haye beea into Great Dritaill.
nnrillg' tlle \Yal' we lmilt 1'01' tl1e g"ovel'lll11cllt tlle ErooklYIl, alld SOlue oí'
t11e 111'st hateil of double·elHle1's,


:;Uro Ti"?\CII illqnin'(l ",hat w(,l'e the a(lYalltages of eomposite Rhips.
::\11'. \VESl'ERVELl'. Tlw trollblc \"itl1 iron ships is, tlle llOttoms soou


lwcoll1o fonl, eo"erell with lWl'llaeles auu sea-grass, so as greatly to im-
pe(le tlteil' IH'ogrpss tlll'lmgh UI(' \ratf~r; \\"IJile shipsthe bottOlllS 01' \\"hieh
are coyered with ,,-ood amI eoatl'tI ,\-itlt eopper will remain in the water
a long tillle withont bceomillg' fonl. 1'11e8e composite ships will last as
IOllg as iroll. TIlO i'ramps (()'f3 iron; tlle planks lleing attacheu to the
ÍrOll frames. Tlle YClltilatioll is so complete that tllcrc is 110 tlallger of
the plan 1m rotting. '¡Yooüen ~lltiJls rot whp1'e the plal11\:s come in eOIl-
tact with the WOOIlPIl fl'all~PS, Iusüle t110 plm¡J¡:ing, tiye 01' six illches
distant, slat" are fastem'll, to pl'C'WlIt t110 eargo f'rOlll eOllling in coutact
with t11(' plaukillg', The C()~t oí' composite ships, too, is eOllsiderahly
less thml thllt oi' ir011 slIips; alHl OUl' ship-lmilllers in tltís eOlllltry would
haye this mlnllltage in tli{'il' COllstrnetlOu, that wood is eheajJcr here.
They al'P (':~e(~l'llillgly I1se1'n1 in 10llg HJyages, particularly tIlO tea tI'ade.
r ha H\ SL'en (lile of these YPsfwls, aftpl' l'eturlling tn Liyerpool from
Chilla, ,yith her hottoltl !-iO dl'an that yon woultl scarcely suppose she
lwcl lH'f'll out more filen ten 01' fifteL'Il days.


;\Ir, [JY:'\CII illquirrd as to tIte eost oi illsllranee nlloll this class of
ships,


jIr. \YEsTlmvELT. 1 CHll110t allswer tImt I]llrstíon accurately. 1
shonld Sll]l]lose tltey WOIl!<l llot rate qnite as low as an iron vessel,
altlJon~h tIl('~- are l'eany as safe in cyery respeet. 'l'hey are no more
liable to 1 1m 'JI np, ;11](1 tlH' elIanee 01' the ül'c'w cscapillg in eaRe of 111'e
wmlid lcnll,r be gwatcl'. There is ]lOt Yer.r mllch differeuce iu the




172 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
strength; for the frame is iron, ana the t11iekness of the plallking is suf-
ficient to give it t11e proper amount of strengtb.


1\11'. vVARHBURNE inquired what prrcentage of the whole cost of ves-
seIs it wonlcl be necessary for the govel'llment to pay to enable bnilders
in this country to compete wit11 those ahroad ~


MI'. \VER'l'lmVELT. 1 am not abIe to answer accurateIy. 1 shoulcl say,
in saihng ships, thirty-three and a t11ird per eent. would prohalJly be
sllfficient. Sailing ships are now eonstrueted in Great BI'itaill for abollt
fourteen pounds sterling per ton, and steamships for a bout twenty-three
01' twenty-four pounds sterling per ton. Ship-builders in this conntry,
I think, wonld be ablo to construct beíter ships, beeanse the materials
here are better, in respect to both wood amI iron. Iron steamshipR, in
Great Britain, are constrncteu acconUng to what is ealled Lloyd's speci-
fications, anc1 are requirec1 to cOllform to those specifications in order to
enable the owners to effect their illsul'ance. A certaill thiekness of the
plates is requiretl foI' a vessel of a certain tonnage; amI, ¡ndced, the
specificat.ions enteI' into so great a variety of details that anybody who
can read can bnild a ship according to Lloy(l'R spccifications. Tlwy are
based upon t11e Rupposition that aU iron is of the same stI'ellgth;
a1though the iron in this country is very much stronger than thoirs, so
that a considerably less thickness of plate would give the same strength
as required by their specificatioIls, when made of English iroll. In fart,
a lcss thiekness of iron of onr superior (]llality makes a better ship.
Many parts of a ship are subjeet to a tension strain rathor than a press-
ing straill. If ollly the latter were to ue g,larded against, east iron
would be very mueh bctter than wrought iron; foI' you can snbject it, to
a great pressing strain withont injury. N 01' is it necessary that the iron
should be of snch thickness as not to yie1d, to a ecI'tain cxtent, nmler
pressure. In fact, a ship which wiU yield a little, under a heavy sea,
may be stronger and safer fhan olle perfectly unyieldillg, as aU oí' us
know is tl'ue in the case oí' a bridge.


1fr. LYNCH illquir~d whether theso composite ships usually have iron
masts and rigging·~


MI'. VVESl'ERVEL'l'. ::\1ost of tllern llave iron masts, amI ROllle have
iron yaI'ds also. Iron musts are malle hollo"W, like a stove-pipe, with a
holo nt tho top extcnding thl'ongh to the bottom.


MI'. HOLl\fAN asked whether Amel'ican ship-builders had llot protec-
tion and eneonragcment in the Ütct that a vcry largc pcrcentage of the
tonnage of tlle whole country was in the coasting trade, which, by law,
is exclusively in t11(\ hands of American hllilders '? .


}\fr. "TES'l~ERVELT. Yes, sil'; anü that is tlle ollly ollconragt'ment ami
safety we haYl'l. But for that tIte cuti1'o ship-bnilding illtel'ests in tilo
United States woul(I inevitably be 10sí; lmt even that is ellanging Yery
rapülly. Steam is monopolizing t11e coastwise trade, jnst as it has the
foreign trade; and if we aUow forelg'uers to compete with m; in tIte
coastwise trade, ü will uot he fi\'e years hefore \Ve sha11 not have an
American ship upon ou!' waters. "Ve arc alreatly lOi'iing' n1llit11y in this
respect, undel' our preseut laws; and if foreig'll-bnilt ocean ships are
permitted to haye au American register, i1, willllot be long' before, hav-
ing American eI'ews, amI bcing- in fact t1H'n Ameriean i'iltipi'i, W(~ slmll
find thcm transferrecl to our eoastwise tratlc. 1 do uot t111llk there is
ally saíety whatever to the eOIrllllercial interests of t1li" cOllllt1'y in
allowing foreigneI's to compete with ns in uni1tling- ships whieh are to
have an American register, eit11er 1'01' the foreigll 01' t1le coastwise
trade. 'Ve must keep them oí1'. l'he mo"t of OllI' ship-lmildel's are
alrcady quitting tIte business, ami it will not be loug befoJ'e 1101le will




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 173
be left, unless sOl11cthillg is dOlle to cncourage ship-building in this
country. -We are doing llothing in our own yard; we have employed
h'lrdly five mcn a week tluring t1le last six months.


lVlr. LYKCII inquired whethcr tlte te11l1ency IlOW was not to crowd our
ycsscls out of the foreign trade altogether, and force them into the
coastwisc trade, in whieh thore was no competitioll '(


1\11'. WESTERVELT. Yes, sir; very greaUy so. TIte ou]y ocean trade
10ft us, w]üeh is at all profitable, is t11e California business; and that
only pays a few favorite ships, whieh have t11e reputation of great
speed; amI the competition has boon so gl'eat alllong tllem foI' the past
year that freights have been taken out at ruinonsly low rates, at which,
of course, the vessels made ruinous vo;yages. 1 do not tllink a single
dollar has been made by auy Alllcricau ship-owllcr, in auy voyage to
Liyerpool, within the last five ;years. Stil1, ,ye have s1lips that al'e con-
tinually running in the hopo of occasionally making a paylng Yoyage,
and in t1le hope that something will occur to eneourage them in this
trade. Üur ships are being 'YOl'll out, ami very tew are beillg built.
Sorne few are lmilt to the eastward, but there is very little sale for
them. T~ey are often brought to New York and sold greatly below
costo


.1\11'. WAsnlluRN inquired whether the ship-builders of this country
could construet steamers able to compete with the Cunard 'and lnman
Iines, and which at t1le same time ,yould be useful as war vessels in
time 01' war ~


MI'. 'VESTERVEL'l'. 1 think no1. 1 think that great speed is rather
antagollistic to tIte elements requil'ed 1'01' an efficient fighting vessel.


1fr. ,y ASIlllURN. W ould not a gl'eat many ships" in case of a war-
with Great El'itain, for instauce-be employed to pres upon the enemy's
COlllmeree, amI woultl not great speed be requircd foI' this ~


Mr. \VESTERVELT. Yes, sir; amI also for transportatiou, as was the
case in tlw Crirnean war. \Ye built slüps years ago capable of greater
speed tlJan any other natioTl eould bnild; amI we ean do it now, if we
have the llroper encouragement. There are plans and drawings now in
existence of a ship that wiU cross the Atlantic within seYeIl days, 1
think, without doubt. 'Ve llre ahea!! of all othe1' natioJls wlth respect
to models, and haye always been. \Vherever we haye come into como
petition with the English in this respeet we bave always beate\].


l\1r. \Y ASHBURN asked w1lether war vessels could be built as weIl in
private ship yards as at the goyernment yards ~


MI'. WES'l'ERVELT. 1 think the prívate yards can build better ships.
If the United States goVel'lllllellt desired to get war vessels that should
exceed in excellence those of an,y other country, it should caU upon the
ship-builders 01' the country for models, plans, and drawings. 'Vhen
we made our contract for tlic ship of war Brooklyn, almost p,ll the naval
lllen said slie would be a failure. But Admiral Farragut told me, in the
presence of a number of gelltlemell, that he considered her the most
cfficient vessel in the United States Navy. There are very few vessels
now in the nav~' which can properly be called good vessels. 1 do not
know of a single one built during the war that it would be desirable to
duplicate for our navy. There are still good vessels in the navYt how-
ever, built before the war .


.Mr. IiYNCH illquired whether the plans and drawings to which the
witness referred as being those of fast steamers were 1'01' screw propel-
1ers 01' side-wheel boats.


1\11'. VVESTERVEL'l'. Sidc-wheelers. Tlw great hindrance in crossing the
Atlantic has been the great draught 01' water. Here our English friends




174 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
haye made their great mistake-in incrcasing thcir draught in pro110r·
tion to the tüze oí' their yessels. A ship, to sail rapidly, l11IU;t (lmw as
little water ns possible. We now recognize the fact that tIlo Athl11tic
Ocean is simply a ferry, and tlmt ships of one elass are to be bnilt
simply to take passengers amI tboir baggage, "hile ships of an entirely
different elass are to take the freight.


1\11'. I,. H. BOOLE, of the same eOllunittee, made tlle following statemollt:
The1'e arc ono ortwo thingsI wonltlliko to sayo In the fimt placc, a great


deal has been said, and w1'itten, alld sent to this committee in t1le HhallC 01'
letto1's and 1'epo1'ts, by mea who ought to ha,Te known and done hotter;
1etters of condomnation 01' onr sltip.hnildc1's, ltOll1illg thpm up to ridicule.
Now, it is trne we callnot COm]10to with tIlo CJydc lmildertl. Our mate·
rials are high, onr labor ve1'y higll. Ent theso very lllen to ,,-110m 1 have
roforrod-tho 8hip-owne1'8, W110 Ray in their 1'Pp01't that tllo1'e has
been no improvcment in ship-building in this countl'y 1'01' tile last ten
years-are tllllS eondemniR~lg thc Ycry men ",ho in years past have fur-
nishcd thern t1le finest models of ships that en'r tloated Oll tIte ocean.
One of the difficnlties ",e haye hall to eonteml with is that tlw lllost of
the ships we build are huilt hy contracto The partics foI' ,,,110m ",e lmilrl
fumish a superintelHleut, who is cOllstantly presellt to see tl1at the ship
ls built to Rnit tlwir llotions. Tltis necessarily iIlyolvcs un increascd
cost of buil(ling. If tIle builders v¡-ore all0wed to cxerciso t11ei1' own
jn<1gmellt, and their own illgelluity, 1.11ey conlLl lmild as good 01' better
sl1ips f{lr fifteell 01' t\\'enty per eünt. lcss 1II01ll\Y.


TIte ships built ufion tlle 01y(10 are not to be eompa1'oLl with onr ships
in eitlter joillery 01' fil1isll, in any n~speet. AmI yet tIlese ship-ownors,
wll0 require us to fillis11 onr S1l1pS in the best style of joinery, alld to
expend a grcat amount of labor upon the finish, aro reatly to go :1111'0:1(1
and buy those cheap Clyde-built Rhips. 1 caH your attention to a letter,
which is al1'oady in your possessi01l, stating that tIlO WOl'killg lIIen of
the Clyde haye their minds so thorongltly maüe 11p npon 1'1lI1l1iug tllis
business out of tllÍs country that they are ,,-illing to submit to ally 1'C-
duction of wages, and to any am0I111t of sacl'itice lIecessary to prc\-ent
our competing \\'ith them. ~ot more titan fonr 01' fiH~ sltilliugs a day is
now paid thel'e for skilled wOl'kmell; alld yeí these men are workillg
day after (la y, aIHI are wil1illg to SUlllllit to grf'atel' sacrificos in onle1' to
compete with us in this coulIt1'y. It has ufton bren rcmarketl tlwt, whell
you go on board these English steamers, yon do not fintl al1y 811Ch fjnish,
nor any snch joinery, as yon will fintl on our Rhips.


1 would like to say just one word in regard to tho coasting lmsilless.
Out' American lmildel's not onl)' wallt to compete for the eoastwise trade,
but they want to compete witll the wOl'hl in the building oi' ships. The
people abroad cou]d not build woodcn ships equa! to OUl' 1lI011els, aml
we1'e, therefore, driven, frolll necessity, to build ships of iroll. Thoy
have not tho wood: thoy have the iron, amI they can now turn out ve1'y
good iron ships from our models. Tilo commerco npon our lakes is just
about the same as the coasting trade, nnd the extel1t of that commercc
may not be known. In the yea1's oí' 1856, 1857, and 1858, it is stated
that the 1ake commerce amountetl to ubout six hundretl miJlions oí' <101-
lars per annum. In the J'ea1' 1B56, the commerce which passod the Sto
Clair flats, exclusive of tlto eoasting trade oí' the lalee, amouuted to Ul)-
wards of tour hund1'ed millions oi' dollars. It \Vas then something oí' a
llovelty for a Canadian vessel to come into ono of on1' ports, Now, ;ron
seo, a, majority of the vessels in onr lalw port8 are f1'olll Cana da; anú
many of our ship-builders, fo1'merly in Bostml, have gono to 1\Ioutl'eal
:.tnl! Qnebec. It has been saiel ver'y often oí' late by the B1'itislt, that




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 175
onr weak spot "lías in tlw d willdling' of om s11ippillg. Onlya little while
ugo a COllllllittr,e was clldeavol'illg' to makc armngcments 1'01' car1'ying
tite freight frOlll the Pacitic raill'(md over the Grand Tnmk railroad to
l'ol't]¡ll1(l; and, in tl1ei1' \Vay, they seemed to be workillg with success to
dl'aw ou1' tnHl(\ awav from uso


1 (10 1l0¡~ think tlH~ day for wooden ships is past, by auy mcans. Ou1'
forests in Florida, Texas, \Visconsin, iYIichigmt, and l\Iaine, cOlltaill too
large aH a:1I0ulIt of excellent t-lhip-timbe1' túr th:1t. Tlw wooden elipper


• sltillR 01' this countr.)' can still go abroad wit11 good profit. 'rile idea \Vas
SOl/le yearil ago cOJleein~d by westerll men oí' huilding ships in the woods,
Joarliltg tlwtn with graill, nnd sending them :l broad to be soldo "Yo
illUlld tltat tite plan \Vas feasihle; alld the only thing that 1'1'eveIltpd its
bt'iug earricd ont was, that tlte 'VeUaad Cunal \Vas not sufticient to
('nable l'lCa-goillg' yesl'lels 10 go throngh. 'fhen pllrtipt-l Ü'om I30ston aad
Chicago l1ll\lcl'took to sel' if HOlllethiug conld llot bc done fOl' t11e clllarge-
ment of tllat eanal. Bnt tlley llIet witlt no encouragernent frOll1 üw
Canacliall anthol'ities. ~ ow, WllCll tlle suceesl'l oí' tlle cuterprisc ivould
he f()!' theil' bCllefit, they pl'opose lo enlarge thc "'eHand Canal RO as to
eHable f/(CiJl to ¡)!lild wooücn ships, aml t-l1~1I(1 thcrn abroad, as n'e forrn<;rly
pl'Oposp¡{ to do .


.1111'. lJoLJIA::'f iuquircd wlwthel' tllO ¡.;hip-buildillg intercsts of Callada
were more llT'ot-lpcl'ons titan 011 this sido of tIte lille,'
~\Il'. HOOLE. Yes, sil'. \VitllÍll tltc !ast tlm-'e years tllat business klS


beeu H:l'Y pl'o:-;perons in Canada. 1 wail Ilot, long sincc in a C:mallian
ship yanl, in w hiel! six 01' sen']] n'sl'lcb f()l' thc upper lakes "cre bC'Íllg
lmilt; allü tltc jlrieo lmÍ<1 to tIlc '\'Ol'kmen \\'[lS from f;ixty tn SCYellty
CC'lrb; a tlay, in sih-er. _'l'lJi" Í!l(lut-ltry has beell rapi<11y pl'og-n'sRiug',
within tilo ]a¡.;t two m' tln'ce years, at QlH'b:~e, JUou1real, aud Three Hi'\'crs;
:mtllllau'y 01' tlle ll)Cn 1l0\Y PlllLJl(),Yetl t11ere were formel']y emplo,)'cd in
BO!'\tOll >\11(1 011le1' {luints in the Ullited States. A few yeurs ago yon
eoulü tpll él " Kanl1ck" Y(,RRel m; far as yon eonhl see it; now, they have
so impl'o\ptl in thcir con,.;tI'netioll that. ,ron cannot ten O1le until yon get
011 ho:mJ-tltong']¡ Ol1i' ycssel::; are 8till snppriOl' to tlteirs, whcn you ex-
:lIl1i¡¡e tilem c1oselv.


:lí 1'. llOJ":'IU,N ill0,uircd wltpther an allowance equal to a tll':l\\'baek OH
the matC'l'Íals nspt1, in t\pite oi' 0111' higlter rates 01' wages, woulll euahle
AIlIt'l'ican ship-lmiltlpl'i110 compete witlt foreigm'l's.


::IIr. BOOLE. 1 think it wouhl, ii' the law was so pOl'lit,in~ that sllip-
builders couId he assnreü it won](1l1ot 80011 be l'epealed. J\l;r jnclgment,
arter a very close cnlenlatioll, is, that there il'l about thirty 111'1' eellt. dif-
ferenee ill the eost oi' builtlillg 11(,1'e ami abroad. 1 tbink that if the
gOYermllcllt would pay to tite ship-bnilder" oue-third the C08ts, in the
¡<hape of bounty, 01' w1tateycr :ron cllOose to can it, it wonlll enable thPill
to compete with f'orcign ship-huiWel's.


Another difficnlty is, t11e higher rate of illtercst upon capital in this
conntry than abroacl. Hut ii' tlJe business were 1'enderecl permauent,
1 think onr ship-builders wonld he reatly to entcr vigorously into the
competition. Formerly, 8hip earpenters commandcd a higher rate oí"
wages than those employed in building honses, &c. \Ve then paid them
five dollnrs a day, while they now COTllmand hut three, or three ancl a half.
House earpenterl'l have t11e aclvantage, that honses cannot be built abroad
and brongltt here, as railroacls caunot be built abroad and brollgltt here;
while ships can be built abroad and bronght here. Formerly, appren-
tices were glacl to work for 1I0thing, 01' at very low wages, in order to
learn t11e mt of ship-bnilding, kuowing that as a journe.yman he conId
make good wages at that business; now there are no apprentices em-




176 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
ployed in our yards. 1 have four boys, and 1 would rather they wouhi
go into ahnost anytLing else than into a sllip-yard-although 1 would
be proud to bring them up in that business, if it could be established
upon a basis such that ship-builders could live.


An English gentleman, who carne to this coulltry sorne years ago,
could not und0rstand how it was that we cou1d seDlI OUl' 1ake and river
steamers through the water at the rate of twenty miles an honro He
traveled up the Hudson, and from Enfrujo to CIeveIand, at that rate ;
but sueh boats are not now in existen ce. The tonuage oí' American
vesseIs on the lakes is decreasing rapidly, while that of Uanadiall vessels
is increasing as rapidly.


Iron vessels, so far, have not succeeded on the lakes as grain carriers.
MI'. IIOL~1AN inquired whether wooden vessels eould uot be lJUilt in


this country as cheaply as in Canada.
1\11'. BOOLE. No, sir; at the breakillg out oí' tIte war we were getting


the finest qlllality 01' timber at twelve 01' fifteen dollars a thonsand, in
the West. So large a quantity was then called 1'01' to be taken dOWll tho
river to repair forts, amI for other purposes cOllllected with the war,
that the price went np to twenty-eight 01' thirty dollars a tltousalld; allcl
now it is about twenty 01' twenty-two dollars a thonsaml. "Te of course
can get aH the lUllil,er we want in this eountry; but in Canada labor is
so low that they make it illto ships cheaper. There is a dilI'erellce in
the amount of labor a Canadian and an American will do; stilJ, two Cana-
dians will do more work than one American, although they togcther
receive about the same payas the Americall. In Oanada no dnty is
paid on any article entering into the constl'uction of a vessel, i1' tl¡e
builder impol'ts it himself. Very Iittle copper is used in Canadian-bnilt
vessels, and in other respects thoy are lmilt diffcl'ellt from ours; they
are lmilt almost altogether of straigIlt timber. Again, there are ullder-
writers, wIlo have gottell up specifications 1'01' ship-building, as the
Lloyds have in England; and the lmiltlel's are l'equired to conform tú
tllese speciJleations in order to effect insurance.


1 think ü has been estimated in this country that the duties pai(] 011
a thousand-ton iron ship amount t.o abont eleven 01' brelve thousand
dollars; that i8, about eleven 01' twelve dolIars a tOll. Vesspls CUllllo\Y
be built in Oanada at a cost about forty per cent. les s than in this COlln-
try. We used to estimate an A No. 1 vessel at about a dollar a bushel;
that is, a vesseI carrying sixteen thousand bushels of grain would cost
about sixteen thousand dollars; but now, 1 tllink the eost in this e011n-
tryis about one dollar and seventy-five cents per bushel; while Canada
builders are able to construct their vessels lower thun ever be1'ore.


1\11'. WELLS inqnired what proportion of the war vessels were built at
private yards durillg. the war.


MI'. WESTERVELT. 1 cannot answer that question with accuracy.
The double-enders were built at private yards; and the first batch of
gunboats, and severaI monitors; also a number of cutters; but what
proportioll of the whole 1 am unabIe to sayo


'VASHINGTON, December 16,1869.
Committee meto Present: The chairman, and Messrs. Oalkin and


Holman.
MI'. JOHN ROACH proprietor of the Morgan Iron Works, New York,


appeared, and made a statement to tbe committee. He said tbat be bad
been connected with tlle iron business for tbirty-five years; and bad
al so been engaged in building an parts of sbips of every kind, from the
smallest to tbe largest.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 177
Immediately after thc late eiyil war, he gave the matter a great deal


of eomüderation.
He had made np his mind, from the prospects whieh he saw ahead,


and from the cost of building ships in Ameriea, that sornething must be
done; a,ud had therefore sent some of tbe most competent persons con-
neeted with ship-bnildillg in New York, and SOllle competent ellgilleers,
tú Enrope, proeuring fol' tbem lettel's oí' intl'oduetion frorn t11e Sceretal'J'-
uf State, whiel! gained for thcm admission iuto aU the dock-yards of
England and Franee, amI other countries w here l:ibip-building was earried
on to auy extent. He sent them at his owu expense, in order that they
might f'nrnish him witb information in l'egard to ship-building, and as
to the superiority of' iron sbips over wooden oues. By this llleans he
had probably acquired more inf'ormution in detail upon this subjeet thall
was possessed by any one man in England 01' tItis eountry.


The illstruetions whieh he had given those pe1'sons wel'e to obtain, not
newspaper information, lJUt practü;al inf'ormation.


He had madé up his mind that, sooner 01' later, Cong1'ess wonld di s-
covel', and would aet upon the diseovery, that no nation could be t1'nly
and permancntly grcat whieh had to depend npoll another nation for
its sllips, particularly when itself possessed abnndant 1'esourecs for build
ing ships.


But awal'e that no man would have any right to come to Congl'ess
aml ask for proteetive legislation unless he had tirst adoptml eve1'y meaus
in his powel' to proteet himsel1', he had determined to spend a quarter
of a million of dollars in pc1'feeting machine1'Y.


Tlle consequenee was that his alone, out of ten large marine-cngine
Rh6pS wllieh had been in operation in the eity 01' New York boforc tIle
war, had bcen able to surviyc the present state of aftilirs. He llad thus
far lwen able to keep his shops open without sinking eapital.


By a personal iuvestigation of the matter, gOillg aronllcl to different
establishmellts, he hacl ascertaincd that the llUInber oí' lllen ellgagecl in
the eonRt.l'uetioll of Rhips, and in the varions tracles eonnected tIte1'ewith,
her'ore tite war, was I1bout t"'enty thousand, besicles abont two tllOllsalld
;young lllen tIten cngaged in learning thc business.


To-day, out. of the ten marinc-engine shops that were in existenee
in Now York at the commcucement of tIle war, his waR the onl.y one
remaining in existence. Somo of them hall heen turne'11 into s1l1a11 mills,
sorne of them iuto stables. The ship-yal'cls hall aU be en closed exeept,
oue, whieh was engaged in building a, coasting vessel. He had no doubt
that a similar state of things existed in othel' parts of the coulltry.


The question was asked, whether all this had ueen b1'ought about
uecausc the earI'J"ing trade was diminisIted 1


He thought not; on the contrary, he believed that tbe earrying tradc
had inereased. He had found out, by personal e:!amination within the
last year, that tbere were one hundred amI Ilineteen iron steamships
plying between the ports of Amel'iea and of Great Britain. Of that num-
ber, one hundred and ten were running to the port of :New York, with
an aggregate tonnage of 311,600 tons. Bnt of all these, with the excep-
tion of tbe Pacific Mail Steamsbip Company's steamers, of wbieh two a
month ran fromNewYork, tbel'e was not a single steamship in the great
eommel'cial city of America, engaged in the fo1'eign trade~ carrying the
American flag.


The Jast OIle that had crossed tbe ocean was the steamship Fulton,
and he had t::;ken her, last week, for a debt, for tbe pul'pose of bJ::eOrking
her up.


AmI this was tbe present condition of AlllPrÍcan commerce.
12 N 1




178 NAVIGATION lNTERESTS.
He IlRll no donbt that a grcat preRRurc \\01l1(} be bronght to bearupoll


Cong'l'eHS in reganl to the introdnetion of foroigll R11ip8. Hnt le \Vas
prepared to ll1cet that question, amI to show tllat snoh a poliey wa8 not
cOllsistPllt witlt the weIfare of the Uuitell State"l.


In t1l0 O!le Illllldreü amI nineteen 8hip8 to '.vbich he had allllded, thero
was a capitalof eighty millions of donan; inyested. l'lw gl'patp]' l)ortioll
oí' t1w l'arllings of tbese ships came frollt tlte carryillg oí' AIlIt'l'ic<llllllUils,
A mel'il',1Il pas8ellgers, and American eOllllllercc.
l~]loll a cl08e calenIatioll, t110 repairs of all theRo RllipR, cmhracing


tboi1' lmUs, furniture and machinery, wouId amount to alHlllt !tille millions
oí' (lollars por HnIlum. Oí' 1 llat RUIn there \Vas llot one hlUHln'd thollRHnd
dollars ]lor annnrn spent ill this eOl1ntry, althongh tl:e gn'ntc'r portion
of tllO eal'llings of tltese ships was collrded frolll eitiz('llS oí' t he Unit('ü
States. TIJ.P.Y brillg' with tlWlll tlll'ir OWll boats, theil' 0\\"11 putty, thpir
own 1'('(1 leml, and cYerytIling conuectetl with the n']lairillg oí' a Sllíp;
antl haye tllose repairs done by their OWII Cl'ews; aJl(l jt i8 onl.r in caso
tlwt g'elw1'al l'f'pairs are llee<!eü tlmt tIwy ta11 U]lOll tlte :Xew y Oi'k l'llgillG
shops for a Ijttle aitl. ITere is au item oí' eight lIIilliOllS oí' (lollars. 10r
repairs alone, tnrned a way ft'OIll this country u!J(l f;(,llt :1 bl'Oud. '


Arnel'ica hall lost he1' COll1lnerCe; ,ulld what lwd slle ohtaiIlc¡l in ex-
clUUl~P. tor it '1
SÍl;ljl!~- the rip;lü for a few mell to clmrge nine dollars per ton, in gold,


on tIle iHl.llortation of pig iron !
Pig inlll was the bm;i8 oí' aH otllCr metals connectetl with tIJe making


anü rl'Jlairiug of ships. There lwd llef'll a reYOllltioll iJl sl!íp-bnilding,
and iroll ",as LIle materÍal fl'Olll which they w('re 110\\' lmilt. The high
cost oí' iroll, produced hy the tarín' UpOll it, was one oi' the lll'iueipal (1it~
ficnlties tltat our C01llll1erCe hall to eontellll with.


H miglli he said that AmprienllR liad protel'tion in tltf' eOaí'itillg tradp;
but ho could 8ho\V the committ('e that. that amounte!l t() llolhillg.


T]ll'ro ,,-as probahly no man in America w]¡o had lllOl'" at iStake in this
mattel' tban himself. TIe lIad a millioll oí' dollars in ]lI'O])('l'ty (k)wurlent
npoil tlte lmil(ling of sLips, aIHI, so far as ho ",as COllCP1'l!P(\, he !lÜlllOt
(,'-are how soon tLe coasting tnldo was thrown opeH to fill'piglll'l'S.


The lIlell ellgaged in t11e coastillg tra!le can lIOW s(~al'e('ly li\'(' amI pay
theil' bilis. On accouut oí' the hjgh rlnty OH t11e material¡.; ltsed, it now
costs ílfty per cent. more to l'qlHir shipR in AUlPl'iea tllall in other
cOll11trif's, alld 011 tllis aCCOllllt, aJt(I from tho fact that thü; country is
]JOW so lnt('l'socted amI eut IIp hy railroads, t1le coastíllg tratle by se~t i:<,
to a large extf'nt, clone a\\-ay witll. E\'eu tlw New ()l'leans n'ade is
dú,appf'al'illg, becauRe Yf'ssels arp SPllt dowll there fl'Olll Ellglalld to carry
the cotton to Europe. The 1\10bil0 trade is aIso pasRillg ~may; so is tlw
Baltimore trade. Foreign steamers ü'equent thpse pm'ts, aml thus this
coaRting trade of ,yhich RO llluell ha8 been said, a Her all, does not
aIIlouut to anything.


There hml he en three propositions befo1'e t11e COllllllittep in rpg'anl to
the mode of relief of American COIDllleree. 'rhe first of these, as he un<101'-
,stood it, waR to pel'IDit Anwrieans to go abroad amI buy ships. Tlw lIlPIl
who had suggested this idea were mostIy men ,dIO lUHI come to this
-country Rince American COlIlmel'Ce had been transferrecl to Bngland;
wIto had opened shops in Xew York amI wero doiug a fOl'pig-n trade.
He thonght there were enollgh Rhips no\V to carry tlw tnHle. The trouble
was, t11ey belong in the \HOllg tliredion-tlwy are ownell by men oye1'
tIle water. lf this priyilt'ge were granted, he reganled it aR bcillg nothillg
more 1101' less than permitting' the olle hundred amI nilleteen steamers
uow l)lying in the port of N ew York to do so under the American Hag.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 179
They wouId be owned alJroad, in order to avoid American taxation, but
t110i1' business would be trallsaeted on this side.


A gentleman fhnIl the New York Chamber of Commerce called upon
llim a fe", weeks since amI inquired w11at ol\jPdion there could be to
baving SltiPR hllilt on tbe otllpI' side of the water. In rev1y, he aRked
the gentleman tl18 simple questioll what he wanted to aecomplish by
huying sl1ills abroad? Tite gentleman unswel'ed, "Nothing lUore than
to bring ('OIlllllercc baok to "llore it ,ras befo re the war." He, 1\11'. Hoach,
~hen asked tlle gentleman, "Do yon kllow wllere it was hefore the wad
'Vith what portion of COlmnP1W, "ould ;von be satit-;fi0d ~" The gentle-
man l'eplied, "Nothing less than w\' t11en had, which \Vas llparly oue-tilin1
the entire comIllerc\' oí' the worltl." If this were to be umIel'taken, aud
if it were attempte<l to lw brougilt alJol1t by bnyiug ships to replace tho"c
which carriec1 the AlUericml COllllllel'Ce before tIte \Val', it \Tould requil'e
an pxpcnoitl1I'c, oí' one hun<11'c<1 amI fifty millions of dallars; alld this
money "oulrI be p:li¡l tn EnglamI, tile only great ship-lmilüing comltl'~­
in the world; amI tIte eftceí ,,"ouId be to illcrease tIte priee of ships at
least twenty per eent. Besidcs, by 150 <loing, aU the Americall "hip-,yard15
aud [ollnd('ries wou1d be closed, and the materials oi' American llJillC15
wonld l'plllain ullused. Agaill, cverJ'body will recolIect tile diJllculties
expel'ipTlt'c(I (lHI'ing the \Yar fl'om the want oí' ships; amI J\mer1eall ship-
,yards alld eng'Í1H'-shops \vere in a much better condition at the brcaking
out oí' the war than they are lIOW. Yet it \Vas fouud that WhC11 tho
government ealled llpon priYflte establislunents, and gave them eOllÍl'acts
for buil<ling ships amI cngílles, tlle \york that shouId haye been dOlW in
onc year was Bot done in four ,\'cars. Tho ship-yanls amI foundcl'ies ,ycre
not prepared to do tIle \York. Had the American foumlt'Tles amI ship-
yards amI machille-sllOps been in tho effieient eondition in whioh :';UdL
estahli"lulleuts then weTe arul llOW are in Great 13ritaill, he actually
helieved tItat tIte rebellion could have been put down at half tlle expense,
ii' not in hall' t110 time, it rrally was. .


COllg'ress \Vas mueIt excitedrcganling t11e depredatiolls committed by
the Alabama. Tlw Alabama \Yas 0l11y ouo ship let loose UpOll Alllel'ican
cornilLerce; but Itere were to-day, eoming' into the harbor of Xe,,, Yo!'k,
a IllUHll'l'!l and tweuty shi1's, cach onc of them moro fOl'lHidablc amI 01'
greater speed tItan the A1abama, built by English builder:,;, oWlle!l by
l~nglish merchauts, mul to sorne extent UIuler tile superú:,;ioll oí' Eng-
1i:,;11 mwal ofllcers; so tlmt, while now engaged in the peaeei'nl pursuits
of cornmerce, in forty-eight holU's they could be conyerted iuto mOllt
effective s11ips oí' ,val'.


If auy one should inquiro what American ship-builders y,-ere io givo
in retnrn for the favors they aske<1, he w(julel l'eply tlmt oue oí' the:,;c
days the Nav;y Dcpartmeut wouM be asking Cong'ress ti)!' an appropria-
tion oí' fifty or sixty millioIls oí' dollal's for the pnrposo of makiug' a
more efficiellt navy; amI a very lurge proportion of that amollnt lllight
be saved by encouraging American merchants in time of peace to bnild
saya hUlHlred steamers. The hundrcd and twenty Engli:,;h steamers
now carrying onr COlllmerce were donbl{~ the tonnage of the whole Ameri-
ean navy. 1'his fact he stated from anthentie iuformation; it was no
loose amI eareless statement. AmI theywere ready to be 'set at \York :1t
any time amI túr any purpose fúr whieh Great Britain might want to use
them.


Again, if America were to elose up her ship-yards and marine engine
shops, and dcpend upon Great Britaill to build her shíps, she ",ould be
jn the most helplcss comlitioll coneeivable. The day is not far distallt
wlwn it "iU concern the men who have capital invested in the prairies of




180 NAVIGATlON INTERESTS.
the 'Vest, amI the cotton p1antations of the South, as much as the mer-
challts of New York, to take an interest in and to protect the commerce
oi' Amcrica. The peoplc of the United States should be in a pogition
to take that advantage of English commerce, in case oí' a war betwcen
England and France, that England took of American comnH'rce when
the U nitell States were at, war. The island of Oreat Britain iR of no
grcater extent than the State of N ew York 01' Pennsylyania; amI if ber
commerce were taken from her, what would be 1eft of her? SIlc wonld
become one oí' the most helplesR llations on the fhce oí' the earth. He,
Mr. Roach, could not understand why nine dollars a ton tlnty s1l0nl(1 be
paid on pig-iron, 01' why therc should be nny duty nt aH upon it. Ameri-
can iron and American engine-shops are as llluch Amrrican manufactures
and were as essential to the prosperity oí' the nation as American rolling'
mills 01' other property; and yet American Rhip-yanls and American
engine-shop6 have no protectioll at all. The iron ore can be taken frolll
the mines, and with ordillary, uneducated labor can be connrted into
pig-iron in forty-eight hours; bnt no nation wonld eyer know tbe yalnc
of her ship-builders and mechanics of that elass until she nel'dü(1 skill('(!
workmen. The material is easüy obtained; bllt it is of Ycry littlo usc
without skilledfworkmen to work it. -vVith t11e ship-yards aJl(1 marine
engine shops elosed, anc1 with tbesc men, wll0 had Rpent thrir litHilllC
in Iearning and becoming skillfnI in these trades, gone into other pur-
snits, it would be impossible to edueate workmen in their stead. Thrre
would be as mnch possihilit.y oí' educating ehildren in the scienees with
tbe scllo01-honses Iocked up amI the scbool-teachers gone away.


The CHAIRl\1AN. V\'hat remedies do you propose ~
1\11'. ROACH. In yiew oi' these one lllludred and twellty steamers now


engaged in carr;ying our cómmerce, I haye looked at tIte mattrr in this
light: What would be eonsidf'rf'd a healthy grmvth oi' Anlf'rieall com-
merce ~ I tbink that tIte anmwl production ot' twenty :,;neh ships wouId
be a healthy growth. They would cost from twe1ve to fifteen millions
of dollars. In five years that would canse an ontlay of, say oIle hnnd1'pd
million of dollars, which would seem to me to hn a ,-el'Y simple :11)(1 eas,)'


, burden for this conntry to carry. }[y idea is tItat COlIgress S11011111 settle
upon a percentage to be given the ship-builders? by way oí' bounty; not
letting it go into the hauds of specnlators 01' Illail contractors, lmt pro-
viding that, Oll every yessel buiU for the foreign trade, a certaill amount
should be allowed to the party building the ship. I think that at present
twenty per cent. wouId be abont a fair allowanee. That pereelltage oi'
twent.y million dollars, whicb is my estimate of ",hat would be a healthy.
growtb of American commerce, annuall.Y, woulll be fonr million dollal's.
Can no way be fonnd to distribute that four million (lollars per annum
oyer otber interel-'\ts that will not fepI it, and thus help revive a most
important interest tbat is utterly crnshed? By helping to builti sbips,
instead of sending one hundretl and fifty millious of dollars abroatl to
buy ships, yon develope your own iron minps, yon giye empIoyment to
your own workmen, you stirnulate your own manufacturing interests.


The question may be asked, what is t11e eountry going to get baek for
this outlay? I answer, we wouId save you almost that much in tlw
service which these vessels would be to ;your ll:wy.


The CHAIRMAN. Row wouId you appIy your idea more in detail ~ In
what shape sboulcl the money be given ~


Mr. ROACH. In the shape of a pereentage to every merchant, 01' othe1'
person, who should build a ship 101' the foreign trade; so mueh per ton
upon the tounage of the vessel as registered in the custom-house.


The CHAIRMAN. If a eertain amount, equal to the duties paid on the




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 181
muterials entering into the constrnction of the vessel, were remitted,
wouId there then be a demand for vessels to be bnilt here ~


1\11'. HOACH. 1 think so. 1 make this statement upon accnrate iufor-
mation as to the comparative cost of ship-building here and abroad.
Whenever you resume specie payments, and as thc tariff is gradually
rednccd, the amount necessary to be paid by government to put Ameri-
can ship-llUilders on ::m equal footing with fOl'eign ones will gradually
decréase, ulltil the building of ships will cost the government nothing.


1 saw a statement recently that our government was scarcely able to
procure sailors; and that remindcd me of what a gentleman remarkcd
to me the other day. Said he, "MI'. Roach, if 1 wantcd to destroy){ cw York
by a fleet of ships, 1 do 110t kllOW hut that 1 would have to get English-
men to do it; they know our channel T10W much better than we do oar-
selves."


1\11'. HOLJ.\1AN. During the last twenty years has not tlle tonnage
employed in dOlllostie commerce been equal to at least fifty per cent. 01'
the entire tonnage of the country, and is not at this time the tormage
engagod in tho domestic trade equal to seventy per cent. of the whole ~


JUl'. HOACH. Our domestic tonnage has incl'eased, but you will find
that it willlargely decrease. Previous to the completion of the Pacific
railroad, the Pacific lVIail Steamship Oompal1y sent out four ships per
1Il0nth from New York, and the North American Steamship Company
three ships; in all seven ships a month. ~ow there are but two shillS
engaged in t11at trade, Ínsteatl of seveu; and it would hardly be fair to
t'xpeet that 0111' eoasting tonnage.would keep on increasillg in the fUlure
as it has increased in the past, beca use our railroads, intcrsectillg thc
coulltry everywhere, have cut into that trade to a very great extent.
The }lew Orleans trade is not more than half what it fbrmerlv was.
There llsed to be three 01' four large lines of steamers plying betwecn
~e", York alld New Orlcans. Now there are five English lines betwcen
Ne", Orlpans alld England, and four EngIish lines to Baltimore.


l\fr. IIOL~IAN. Do you think that allowing the American ship-lmiltler
a drawhack, 01' rebate of tllc dutics and taxes, external and internal, on
tl~ mawrials cnterillg into the construction of ships, would be sufticient
to revive ship-lmildillg'?


1\11'. ROACH. 1 think there isno possible donht 01' it. 1 am speaking
fi'om accurate infol'matiol1, when 1 tell yon that things are not rellresenf.
ed to ;you by tlle other side in their true light, because in evcry move
that we make in Congress, we are stl'iking at t11e seventy 01' cight;y mil-
lions of capital invested in those onc hundred and t\YC1lty steamships
lllying to New York; aud it is a death-struggle whether the one hundred
aud tifty millions of dollars that are to be invested in American steam·
ships, shall be expended in this cOlpltry,01' on thc Clyde. I haye been
tryillg to get this very information, whieh 1 have placed before you, pub-
lished in the ~ew York press, but 1 eould not do it. There is IlOW on
the one side, the intel'csts 01' the broken clown ship-bnilclers, and broken
clown merchants of America, applying" to Congress for relief; alld there is
OH the other side, this capital of sevcllty 01' eighíy millions oí' dollars con-
centratcd in opposition. 'Ve have the facilities for ship-building in
America. Our ship· builders ami our engine-builders, amid aH their <lis-
conragements, have not been idle.Tney llaye beeu closely watching the
Illovemmü amI the p1'ogl'ess of the tracle on thc other side. And we caa
go to work to-day and build a fastel' ship fhan Englaud can, amI that
will carry onc-third more cargo, while it consumes no IllOle fuel.


lIr. HOLJ.\1AN. 1 see tllat your mind Ü1YOrS the idea of the goyernment
paying to the ship-buildel' a bount;y equivalent to the taxes imposed up-




182 NAVIGATION INTETIESTS.
011 tIte mah~l'üL1R; that is, equivalent to tIto taxo¡.; which wouhl be impos-
cd n1l0n tIlO matcrialR, pI'Ovidillg they wem imported . .N OW, ir instearI of
payiug to the ship-bnildcr a bOllllt,r, which wOllld be e(lIUll to pCl'haps
thil'ty ¡Wl' eent, the policy were to be resorted to of rdurning- to him aH
the <1ntics OH tlle articleR enterillg into tIlo eOllstrllctioll of Ihe ship,
what wonl<l the cff'ect be'l


lUl'. HOAen. 1 did not come h('ro to nsk a bonnt~-. 1 camo 1l('re to
tell ,ron tlwt, while aH othe1' artieIes oC American produce are protreted
to n grcat extent, there is no pl'oteetion for Amel'i(~all Sllips. If Con-
gresi:l \I-ill take off aU the dntics frolll American iron, r('üncillg it to tIlO
price 01' fOl't'ign iron, tIten 'le are p1'epal'ed to compete \yith í'oreigll ship-
lmi1(lers. Tlle labor qnestiolL is lllisst:lted. \Ve ar(~ prf'lHll'('Ü to llleet
tlwt difficnlty, and to ask no furthcr legislation on the ¡.;ulljed .


.JIr, lloLl\IAN. Yon think, tilen, that a rebate oi' tilo taxcs \yould be a
sllftkient ellCOUl'agement to sllip-1mil(lillg ?


}Ir.ltOACII. Yes, sir; if we could avail ourselws oftlle benefits of it·
TInt íbere is a practical diffieulty in t11e \Vay, right Iwre. lrOll ]Ja~ eOllle
tn supel'setlc \yood in ship-bnilding. Thc tihips aY the fntmü will oe
bnilt oí' iron. Tbcre is a das" of irOll lllallUfactnred, amI illlported, antl
eOllyerted into general use all oyer tIle civilized wol'l(l; it iti Ü'OIll tile
thiekness of f())11' inches to tIte thi('lmcss (li' a wil'e; l)1[t OIl]Y al)()lIt Olll'-
tenth of tlle iron wc use in t11c bnihling' of a sl1ip, is t1lis illlportcd iron;
so tllat b,r the rebate of duties \Ye \Yould g'et no relief l'xcept to tIle ex-
tent oí' about one-tenth oí' tlw ltlnterlals lI~ed. 'L'lw fllll'st ioumay m'itie,
",hy I!Ot import tlle whole oftlll' iron n,;ed in thc ship'! Simply hl'cause
that won]d inyolve almost 01' quite three tirues the capitaln'qnirell to
cmT~- on tIle hnsiness, and whell a IW1Il eOJl(lllds his hlltiillPNS U!l0ll' tinch
a plan tllat it requires th1'ee times t11e capital that ollght to oe re-
qnired, he eal1IlOt. eonduet tilat business tillccl'ssfully. 1<'0l' ÍllHtallee, ifa
.i.mm makes a eOlltract \yit.h me to 1mil<1 a ship, in agTct'illg llllOll ilw
terlliti oí' pa.rment, 1 say to him, tlle fil'st paymellt iti to be matle \"hen
thc ked ulld the tirst tier of plateti coullccted with it arc bid; alld tIte
second paylllPlIt when tIte next ti('1' oí' platpR iR laill; aJl(I RO Oll (lividill¡!.'
the vaylllent into ten dis'oinct parts. ~OW, ir 1 íllll ollliged tu illl)lo"l't
m~- materials, 1 must make my drawing's, alld semI tltem to í)eotIHlul,
and import aU tllORC tOllS oí' iron at ()JI(:c, all<l pa.)' fol' t lll'!ll; which \ViII
reqnil'e a mueh larger capital tllan it wouhl othcT'wise han~ 1)('(')1 Ill'eCS-
i"ary for me to use. Bet.;ides, it is illlllossillle fol' one ship-lmihlcl' to COlll-
pete with anothel', wllen the olle is obliged to bl'ing so lIPa v,)" a llIatpl'ial
as iron from a distallce of three thonsand miles, aml aeross tI\(' OCPaIl.
Thc fI'eight on iroIl is a good deal more than it ,,-as some yeani ago,
w!len it \Vas transported in sailillg-ye"se1s; it lti no\\" trullti]lol'tp(l ill
titpaIllel's. Somo is yet trallsported in sailing-w'só"eJ:-;; 1mt t1le pig-il'on,
transpo1'ted in steanH'l's, iR to-da,\- wort!l in XI'W York t\\'o dollal's ]ler
tOIl 1l10rp. tlwu tilat tralltiporteü in R:lilillg-Yf'Stielti. A g'l'('at, Pl'OllOl'tioll
of al! tlw pig-jl'OlI sold in Ncw York i~ ~ohl to COIlSlllllt'rS "to :ll'ri\"(',"
Tile pnrchaser can tell to n day whell a steamer will arriye with !Ji"
Ü'OIl on board, au!! malee lIis H!'l',lllgplll('nts aecor<liugl,Y; lmt 1)(' (·:lllllOt
t:'ll, ,,"ithill weeks 01' e"en montllo:; the time \,,!ten a sailillg-n~ssel 'IYÍll
:I1'1'1\'l'.


:!\Ir. IlOL:1IAN. ls tl!ere nlllch pig-jl'oll importe!l illto tltiti f:OllllÍl'y '?
Jh, UOACTI. Very little, in COlllpal'io:;oJl with what has heeu illl]loJ'tell.
~1r, HOL:\IAN. And this dnty 01' I!iup üolhu'ti p(~r ton in gohl, is aH


Ol\<;t;wle right ill tlle way oí' that il!lpOl'tatioll '!
.Jll'. ROACIl. Yes, sir .
.JIr. IIOL:1IAN. \Vollld 1l0t tlle poliey of allowiug a reuate to t11e shill-




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 183
onilders of tIw unties on the matcrials enterillg iuto the construetiou of
a ship, haye the effect to brillg dO\yn the cost of iroIl in tlús country?
In otIler won1s, wouId lIot the American dealers he compelled to reduce
the price oí' tlteir iroIl, in orde1' to prevent ship-builders fl'olll going
abl'oad fol' it ?


M1'. HOAen. 1 think it wouId haye that eflect. 1 tltin k the ship-bnild-
e1's tllemseln's would become the mUllutiwturers of irOIl fol' th("ir own
ships. If slleh rcliel' is gi\-ell as win enable us to lmild ship::;, 1 will gnar-
antee to rmt a I'olling-mill in my ship-yard, and thCIl 1 will be prepared
1,0 say to aman withont regard to Pmmsylyauian 01' othe1' mOt~opolies,
" 1 will lmild you a sbip fol' so lllueh."


Wlwu gold was nt 14-0, T eonld bn,r foreign pig-iroIl at a Rl.fl:l,ll p1'iee
o\-er wlmt 1 could bny .American iroIl fol'. To-day 1 ean 1my 8cotch
iron fol' sevell dollar.s a ton less tllaU 1 ean 1my American irOll; the dif-
fel'ence beingill tlw pl'eminm on g'old. 1 am reaHy of tbe opiuio11 tItat
this lliffel'('lIcein enrrency is used as a doakf(Jl' the allyallCO oi' ull C0111-
111odities; tor I fiud tltat nothing has sympathizeu with gold in propor-
tion to tlw re<!w,tioJl oí' tIte prcmiutll.


WASIIDrGTOX, D. C., December :!1, 186ft
The cOlllll1itte(~ mut, all the members presento
Admira] I)Ol~Tm~ appearcd hefOl'e tbe eOIlnnltteo amI malle the fo11ow-


illg statement in reply to illtel'rogatories: He saiel that tlw l~nropeall
g'OYernuwllts liad taken a\Vay entirf'ly the American eOllllllerce 011 the
Atlalltie, amI that \Yc lmd IlOW no stemm;Itips in the forcigll tl'atk, except
one OI' two rLlllnillg io Brazil. If t11e Ullited Sta tes posscssC!l tlJe steam-
ships l'lyiug' b(~tween Xew York amI Enrope, the goyernment wonld llave
a better llaYY tItan it ove!' bad. TllPl'e was Jlot a shill in tite .\mericall
Xay~- thnt eould compare with the uest ships on the English allll lí'rellch
liHes ill poillt of slloed, stahility, 01' 1'01' carr,yillg guns. 'flw ship tbat
would ean} llleI'cllandise YfOll1d carry gUllS. AH tltose n~ssels conld be
fittpd witll lll:lsts ill a very short time amI rigged completel.)'_ Tbey
con](1 keep tlw ocean three yeal's without hUl'nl11g a llOl1Jl(l of eml1. This
relllarl~ allplipd to the .ElIl'ollP~11l serew-shipfi, of ,yhie11 he thcught there
were uow sixty-th-e ollgaged in the :¡{ew York tnHle, while t!w United
States hall not, Ol1e. Al] the Americalllllails were ¡¡OW oa1'1'iol1 i!l foreign
steam¡.;hips, wltieh realiz(~d a YPl'y ht'avy profit frorn carrying the mails,
partieularl,\- tlH~ Frmlelt .steamers. Baeb oí' tho:'le vesse}s cn1'1'1('ü frolll
thiriy to tinty tllOusaml letters n tI'ip, and, as tllP Freueh post<1ge was
douhle tlle Euglü3lt ralf~, iL eouId he seell \y]wt a IJea,'Y protit they reaI-
izc(l.


The CUAIlDIA~. 1 ulH1erstalld yon to sny that a elass oi' n'sse]s c¡m
be built fOl' eOllllllPreüÜ pm-pose that can be remlily cOllverted iuto ves-
sels of war ~


Admiral POHTEIL Yes, Rir; llPnl'1y lwery s1tip tlmt was llSCÜ dnring
the \Val' \Ya:'l a lIIen~hallt sl!ip. He went OH to say that thi::; diversion of
the trade was el ri dllg l'rolll t1le Alllel'ieau RelTiee all its !la yal eugilleel's.
Tite foreign vessels were a11 l'llll by foreign engineers; tltcI'e were IlOt
lll:tn} AUH'riean png'ineel's on board of tbem.


,Vlnm the rt'bellion broke out, all ihe Amerienn ships that were en-
gage{lin tilo European tt'aüe gol> sllelt heayy profits from the gOyemIllent
tllat they wp.re at, ()lW(\ ahsorbed in tIte uaY}. If tile Unitell States had
}lossessed ltalf tlle'uumber of .stealllshills now ellgagerl in tIte European
trade with .:s'pw York, he dülllot thillk t11at the rebels would ever have
got a ha le of eottoll from a southern port, and that tlle rebels would
lmye lIad to sllbnit long before tbey tlül. The Ameriean Navy at




H4 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
present was made up of tugs and old converted ships. It possessed ten
01' twelve 01' fonrteen vessels that were planned to Huit Isllerwood's ma"
chiner,y, alld at a cost wbich nobody knew. TlIere lIad been $480,000,000
expended by the navy during tlle war, and he tLought that $280,000,000
of that sum had been expended in the steam departmellt, yet the llavy
had not lllueh to sl10w for it. Those ships, designed aIHllmilt for Isher-
,vood, were lying in llavy-,yards entirely useless. Thc department was
trying to convert one of them illto something, but it did not know
whether it would sncceed 01' noto It had been found necessary to take
out half of her engines to make room for the people to live on llOard of
her, amI foI' the coal llecessary to be carried. She \Vas so filled with
machinery alld boilers that there was no place in her to carry coal 01' mell.
He referred to the Wampanoag. When that vessel \Vent on the trial
trip and carne back into port, she had to send her crew on board tlle
New Hampshire receiving ship, because she had no place to pHt them.
There were twelve 01' fomteen of those vessels in tbe navy, and they
were practically of no use. The navy also possessed about thirty tugs,
the largest of thern about three hundred aIllI fifty tOIlS. Two of thern
had been sent to sea the other day to take care of the iron-clad Dicta-
tor, going to Rey "Vest, and they "had got into a gaJe of wiml, amI she
had to take care of them; and these werc two of the 11est 01' them.
Then the navy had also a lot of little vessels, not ¡naptly desclibed as
canal-boats; vessels of 1ive hundred tons. He believed that thirty ships
such as tbe Pereire, on the Freneh line, woulcImake a bettel' Ilavy than
the United States possessed to-day. There were a great many iron-clads
on the navylist, but twenty-six ofthem had been condcmncd as beingunfit
for anything, except for old iron, and no oue would buy tllem for that.
There were.about thirty good ves seIs in the navy altogether, fit for war
Imrposes, and these were woodell vessels, and about ten monitors.


The CHAIIUU.N. 1 understand you to say that if we had, ut tIJe com-
mcncement of ou1' late \Val', thirty such vessels as yon speak of-tl1e best
European steamers-they wonld have beea as efficiellt as iVas onr
entire navy.


Admiral PORTER. Twice as efficient; 1 say that withollt any hesita-
tion. The ships tllat we had couId catch nothillg'. 'Ve neve]' lIad. a
vessel that could l'nn clown a bloekac1e-I'IlI1ner durÍng tbe wllOle ,,-al',
except tbe Vande1'bilt alHI two others. "Vhenever we caught blockaders it
was either with one of those fast tugs-vessels of fifty 01' sixty tons-or
by the macbinery of thc blockade-runner breaking dOWll, 01' by bel' getting
into a fog and being snrrounded by four 01' five of OHr vessels, when she
wouId surrender rather than be ilred ato 1 do not thillk that during
the war we caught 30 vessels by fair mnnillg; that I mn quite satisfied
of. Any one of tbose vesseIs on the European Hnes can run away from
an;ytbing \Ve have got in onr navy, ancl can mn them out of sight in seven
honrs, and that is not saying a great <leal. Tbe iron-elacIs that we haye
are. for home defentle. They eannot go to sea. 'Ve semI them to ¡,¡ea
now and again, because we haye nothing' eIse to send, but tbey an require
two 01' three vessels to go witIt tbem, in case tbey slloul!l break dowll 01'
get out of coal. They are therefore of no use, except foI' harbor defellse.
In case of wal' with a foreign nation, such as Great Rl'iUlÍn 01' Franee,
onr great power wonId be in eutting IIp their eOllllllel'ee. fireat Britaill
eouId not stand a war six montbs "ith a fieet of vessels that we wouId
seud out after her commerce. They would break be1' up root amI braneb,
and that kind of warfare would he more apt to brillg abont peaee than
fig'hting with iron-cIads 01' beavy war vessels. The AlahamH and another
confederate vessel dcstroyed one hundred and eightJ--six Ameriean Yes-




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 185
seis, amounting, 1 think, with eargoes, to about seventy millioos of dol·
lars. Now, ii' two yessels coulU do that, imagine what 200 could do.
r think that one screw-propeller, which would use sail power, allu when
llecessary put 00 stearn, to chase 01' to be chased, would do more harm to
a, foreign encrny than an our il'on-clads put together. "Ve have other
means of defending our eoast, b;r torpedo-boats, obstrnctioml, &c. But
,,"e want a good many fleet crnisers. Great Britain subsidizes aH her for-
eign steamships. The profits oi' the Cunanl line arnount to twenty-two
per cent. (L year. 1 think that Great Britr,Ín has about three thousand
steamships altogether, alld, 1 suppose, that there must be at least
thrce hundreu oí" them subsidized.
~fr. CALKIN. You spoke about the decrease of American engineers,


how is it in regard to captains and officers in the mercantile marine 1
Admiral PORTER. Thev would constitute a force which we would be


ver,r glad to draw upon iji case oi' emergency, as we diu in the last war.
Our naval force is very small, a mere Ilucleus. Every naval otlicer in
time of wal' hecomes an instructor. That was part ofhis occupation in the
last war. Most of our officers were volunteers frorn the merchant service;
bardy, bra,-e fellows, but without education as to the duties of vessels
of war, which it requires a pretty long time to learn. But in a war with
a foreign nation we could not have a better class of men for tbe purpose
of sending home prizes, 01' doing otber subordinate duty. 1 am sorry to
say, however, that the best class of mCll in our mercantile marine are
fast disappearing. vVhen we had sailing-vessels across the Atlantic,
our packets were the most superior vessels in the wOl'ld, and r do not
thillk that even tlle best naval officers were better men than tbc captains
of those ships. Thcy were the best class of merchant seamen in the
world. Tbey are aH disappearing. J'here is no ficId for them. 1'hey
do not command steamships, and llave no opportunity of displaying what
tIloy are, 01' of learning anytIling. 1 think that on that accoullt it would
be very advantageous for us to have a bettersystem. AH our good sca-
men have lcft our sen'ice amI have gone into the service of foreign com-
panies, almost losing their identity, anO. hardly Imowing that tIloy have
g'ot a flag. TItey bave sailed so long with the Ellglish, tlle Prcnch, tho
Germans, and thc Dlltcb, that they hardly fraternize with thei1' own
coun trvmen.


'l'he 'cHAIR~IA::-<. \Vhat 'would be the effeet of going abroad to buy
ships, iustead of lmilding tIlem here~


Admiral PORTER. The first effect would be a ve1'y big political con-
troversv.


The bHAIR~IAN. 1 mean, what would be its effect upon the character
of our mercantile mariue aud of our llavy in time of war"?


Admiral PORTRR. If \Ve were to go into that business altogether, it
wOllld break up the ship-building in this country, and that would be very
impolítico Our policy is to keep up our ship,building interests. There
are ollly one 01' two ships on the stocks in New York now, and 1 have
seen one bundred and fifty of them at a time.


MI'. CALKIN. 1'11ere is ollly oue ship on the stock s in New York.
Admiral PORTER. 1 do not tllink thet'e is oue at aH in Boston. 1 was


o.own the coast last sumIller, fl'om Portland tbrough the diíl'erentcities,
examining mwy-ya1'ds and, ury-doeks amI sbip-yanls, amI T do not re col-
lcct seeing auy more than that one ship building anywhere. Tbat is a
very sad picture.
~Ir. CALKIN. 1'here are olle 01' two iron ships building at 'Wilmington,


Delaware.
Admiral PORTER. Ycs, aneI at this time they ought to be building a




186 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
hunüred ships fol' the home-trade. Tlle only vessels that pay now are
the olLl rat-traps that we seU out of the navy at a very 10\V priee, ana on
wllicll profit may be made. As to making the profit that tlle Europeall
steamshills make, they (lo not begin to do that anywltere in t,llÍs eountry.
To }lut onr peopIe in a fair po sitio n for tlle foreigll tmde, 1 tltink we
ought to allow them to buy 8hips abroad to the extpllt 01' a!Jout twe1ní
ships for th(1 Europeau trade, amI twelve fol' t11e China tr:lIle, a1l(I tllen
slmt up 011 tllat business, amI alJow our owu ship-bnil<lers dl'awuaeks on
aH tlle articIes useu in tile ship-bnilcling, iron, eoppC'r, eOl'dage, hPlllP, all<l
labor. Tbe high duties uot, ouly a1I'eet tlle llIerchant SeITÜ~(', IJut afI'eet
tIte navy. Evpry pieee of iroIl that we use in tile llaYY 'ni haye to pay
dnty on, becau8e tlle American iron is clmrged for exadly the same as
the English would cost with the daty on, a1l(1 this tah's ami.}" ollP-thinl
of tIle appropriations of t1le nayy. The departuH'llt has, tlH'refore, to
ask for larger appropriations, as ol1e-third 01' tite 1ll01lPY tl.wt Congress
appropriates ti)]' tIte navy, goes off in (lnties.


'fIle CHAIR)lAN. 1 lllHlerstood :\'011 to say that "\"on think it ,vi\l ue verv
injurions to all the illterests of o;u' mereÚant m;ll'iIH" :1l1d to ()llf meau's
of defense in time oí' war, to dppencl upon fOI't'iglll'l'S fill' 0111' sllips '?


AdmiraI PORTER. I think so. Tbat wonld Hot elo. Bní 1 :'ia\" 1 wonl<l
like to see enough of ships allowed to be bonghL- OH t1ll' Ul.\;[e, uuder
proper naval illspeetioll, to enable us at OllCP to compete witlt Europe. 1
am qnite satisfied that, ii' we had that pI'h'i1ege, ,ye would dl'i,'e just so
many foreign ships frolll the oceall. vVe can bpat tltem all in l'Ull1ling
ships allcl takillg eare of passellgers. Bn'I'Y AllIericall ero'lsing tIte
oeean likes to tra,'el nuder his own flag, iustead of witIt foreigner'l-
Then agaill, aH .ÁJlIC'rieaus like to glori(y OH tite ,!lit of Jllly, mal tbey
frnd it Yery diffienlt tn do that 011 uoanl nf l1 foreigll s1lill. We han', 1
snppose, 30,000 American.s tmyelling uack amI f()rwarcl en'l"~' year fol'
pleasure, and these 30,000 ppople are \\"nnh cOllsi(leritlg·. 1 (lo lIot think,
11owevel', t11at it, wonlcl be a goo<l thing tn llaH~ ilHliserilllillate pnr-
e11asillg of ves'leIs aumad. 1 thillk it sbonld be Ululer the control of
Congress. If \re had, it would Ilestroy AllINü:an ship-lmildillg foreyel'.
1 t11il1k t11e ot11pr plan is pl'eferHhle, to let thl' ship-lmilílC'I'S llave 11 n~ry
liberal drawuack, Hl1d 1 thillk that wit11 that tItes eouId lmild sltips for
pretty mneh what they di<l before the \Val' .


.1\11'. lHomwLL. Conlü it lIot ue dOlle by ealenlatjllg tlJe eO'lt of duties
and makillg an a110wance to eo,·e1' ir of so mnch pe1' tOll'~


Admiral POltTEU. Yes; t11ere would be 110 Íl'ollhIe ahont 1hat. It is
very easy to arrin~ nt tlw c'ost of a ship. Y ou ean a1"l"in~ at it withill
twenty donars. "\Vhell ,ve build a ship oí' war, \Ve ('al! te11 ,vithill hn'uty
cloHars what it eost'l, t()l' pvery pound is \\"eiglw<l, alld (,"er'y foot oí' tilllhe1'
is measnrpcl.


1\11'. MORRELL. In case it should be cleemed wise to mnke an appro-
priation fol' buildiug" sneh vessels, ,\"()Ulcl YOll ha \"(~ tlH'tll lJUilt in tlle
navy-yards 01' in pri\'ate yar(ls 'J


Admiral PORTEn. 1 would llave them built in }ll'jyate ~'arcl'-i. 1 wonld
not haye them mixed up nt aH \\"ith !la y'y-yanlH. 'rlw'y \\"ould eo~t 1II0l"P
in the navy yarcls, lwcan'le there wonhl he a gTPat ckal b:'tter ,york }/l1t
in them. Tbey cannot build í1 uad ship in tlle llay,Y-yanls, tIwy !lo lIot
kno\Y how.


Mi'. "\VASHUVRN. If drawhaeks \Yero allowed OH all llUltprials ellterecl
iuto the eonstrllctioll of sltips, couId \Ye ulliId YCHSl'lH as dwap m; Liley
uuild tItem 011 tIle CIyd(~ '?
~~\lmiraI PORTER. No, sir; luuor l!ere costs douuIc what it eosts on


the Clyde.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 187
:SIr. W ASHRCR~. Thcn, if w·e eaunot build as eheap, we eauuot run


8teamships witltout sulJ:-;Í(lics.
Admiral POTLTBR. ~ ot at al1; 1 do uot t11il1k that possible.
1\lr. \YA.3HllURN. Ro\\' lllllCh snbsidy do you suppose should be given


to steamslli ps ~
Admiral PORTER. 1 "ould give them an thc Jetto1' pos tJgc.
JUl'.WA8ullclm. \Vould auy one ulldertake to lJuild alld rUll a Hne of


steam;:ltip,; fol' that ~
Admiral POltTER. Yes, 1 think so. 1 think they ollgllt llOt to have


a (lime 1>eyoud that. 1 luwe spellt four years m;yself in rUllning
mcl'chant :-;teamships. 1 ran fol' tluee yeal's to Chagres, and 1 ear-
ried a Hhill round the "orld, withont any Hnbsidy at aH. Before the
l'ebéllion, 1 took the Gohlcll Age to Australia, a~d thc1'c were in that
tillle t\\'elvc vesHclH 1'Ulllling lwtween Sidncy and l\1elbonrne. In six
1ll01lths 1 ran every 8Ilip 01' thom ofr: Tlle Iast trip 1 maJe 1 carried
seven lmn(lre(1 passengers, "hile the London, t110 lJest ship tlley lla(l,
carried olll,r nilloteeJI; thp Golden Age "as run by American officers
"llO took tl'Onblo to please the passongonl. In that \Vay 1 know exactly
how it llays to carry letters. \Ve carriecl from London, at the time 1
left, fOl't~,-two thol1samllctters, tIte eheapest oi' them twenty eents, alld
IWllly oí' tilem a dollar. Tilo postagc a 11 weut into tlle hands 01' tIle
Britü;]¡ g'oH~l'lIlnellt, and we receh"ed, 1 think, only about two thousand
dollars fo1' carrying tIte whole 0011001'11.


'l'lle CIIAIK\IA~. Has England any system of nan],l reserves in her
merchant lllal'Í!W ~


Admiral PORTlm. Yes; a vory large system. E\"ery man of the
British W1Y,r is amenable to a cortain law, by whic11 he is obJiged to serve
in ease oí' war. Bnglancl has in her merchant ¡,:;eryice a. large resen"c oí
men, who are aJways ohligeü to he rcad,r to present them8elyes at a
1lI0meut's notice. SIle can mise eighty thonsand seamen at a Yery sllort
time. 'l'hey are in tho merehant marine in tlle time oí' peace, amI the
momellt tltey are called npcllI ilt the time of "ar, they are obliged to go.
'l.'hey are eOllseripted \VitllOut ally bOllnty at all.


'rhe UfLUU:\IAN. So tttat slle has a very llluch larger contillgcnt nayal
foree tlwl1 he1' llHval í(H'ee pl'oppr 'f


Admiral Po LtTER. Yeso Her na\"al reserye, \\"hich she can get
w1thin tlnJ wPüks, Hmolluts to twenty thousalld mello Ht'l' rnel'ehallt'
marine is tal' HnperiOl' to ours. In t he ürst place, no man wiillJe :-;hipped
in tIle I~llg'li8h merchant marine ullle"s he can S]¡OíV an honorable dis-
.. harge Ü'Olll tlle Jast Ye8Hel he h'ft. TIJoy gct ~ood pay, amI al'(' lJeiter
takell care oí' thall our snil0l'8. Tho,)" are gettillg tlle SlUne class of men
in t11eir serdce that \ye llspd to han'. l'heil' sterunships are kept up
exaetly OH tIte sallle l'rilldplc as a, vessel of war; tllei1' oftkers are
uuitol'med tIte samc aH thp oftieel'S oí' tlw lla\'y, anü thcy are aU under
11m'al re2;ulatiolls. \Yitbin t1l(' last ten yeal'S Great Britaill has made
thc mo:-;t wOll(}erflll Rtridps in tlmt direction.


,;\11'. I-IoUIA~. \V1wt i:-; yOlU' opiuioll as tn the extent to which iron will
ellter iltto the cOllstruction 01' ship:,l hereaftpJ' '1


A<lmiml PORTEU. 1 tllÍuk tlIat tlte steamers tbat cross the ocean
811ou111 Hut 1m lmÜt oí' au,)"tlting else lmt iron. 1 think that if \Ve eHIl
gpt the,:;e drawhaeks yon ,,-i!1 fiml iron Hllip:-; i,,'lJing up e\"(~r'ywhere, and
that JIO '\"Oollen onefi will be huilt. The lifc of a 'NomlPlI s!üp is only
tl'll 01' t\Yeh"e 'yeal's, <lt tlH~ IlIO";j, \Vt' have an old iron fihip nt, NOl'folk
tlwt wa,.; i ntl'Odneell in t1l0 llayy in 1 h-f6. Slw \yas a failure. SIle was got
l1p by :,lome oitict'l' wll0 tlid llot ullllemtanll exactly wllHt he was about.




188 NAVIGATION INl'ERESTS.
ller huH is as good to-day as tlle day she was built, but she is of no use
at aU as a sea-g'oillg vessel.


:MI'. HOL~IAN. What will probably be tho policy of the government in
regard to building ships for wal' purposes hereafter ~


Admiral PORTER. 'Ve will probably build clippers of wood, but not
steamers. Steam takes away alllife írom a wooden vessel. At presellt
we do not allow OUl' ships of war to use steam at aU. 'fhey are ordered
to take tugs when they are going to sea, amI they make their Yoyages
under sail. The engine is put away, and, except in great elllergeneies,
they are not alIowed to bum coal. The result is that they eOllle back
with the engines in perfeet order, and the hull not injured by heat.
Ullder that arrangement, woodell ships will last 1'01' .years. 'Ye haH\
now at the Naval Aeademy a wooden ship, the Constítution, that
was built in 1796, and she is as good as the day she wa'S built; amI \Ve
have also the :Macedonian, lying alongside of her, built by the Britisil,
in 1810 01' '12. She is a teak-lmilt ship, and she is as good as the day
she was built.


The UHAIR~r.A.N. Do you know anything about the composüe ships,
built of iron frames and \Vooden planking ~ .


Admiral PORTER. They do not last at aH. Wood and iron do not go
together at sea. There is al ways an aeid in the wood, and in a short
time that acid eats a big hole in the ¡ron. If you are going to build an
Iron ship, the best way is to bnild it of aH iron, except the deeks.


MI'. HOLMAN. Yon spoke of there being thirty good ships in our navy;
.:.tre they aH wooden ones f


Admiral PORTER. Yes, sir; they are an wooden. '\Ve have no iron
sailing-vessels.
~fr. HOLl\IAN. vVhat will be the poliey of thc govermuellt hereafter in


building vessels intended for general \Val' purposes ~
Admiral PORTRR. 'fhe policy wil! be to bnild two classes of yessels ;


one of iron vessels for harbor defense, and one class for going to sea.
That poliey we have never tried yet. 'l'he European goycrnnwnts
have made mistakes in regard to building iron war-vessels. Tiley
tried everythillg, and have failed so far as making a perft~et yesRel oí'
war, and the prospects are I10W that we will go to work alld tako adyant-
age of aU their mi::,takcs. 'Vhen the EllgliRh do use wood, they use the
-teak wood. They get it from China at a ve1'y heavy expense, and an
English ship will cost three times as much as any ship we e,'e1' build.
Thei1' last ships, built aH of iron, cost sorne tiye 01' six hundrell thousalld
pounds sterling.


MI'. IIOUIAN, AH the commereial powers, illcluding England, Francc,
~ amI Russia, not only experiment with iroll sea-vessels, uut IUlYe them in


the serviee ~
Admiral PORTER. Yes; tIley use them altogether; thcy ycry seldo!U


use allything else. There is only one olljcctioll to an iron yessel; that
is, that she fouls her bottOlll so mucho Tho Englisll haYH oyercomc that
in a great measure, 1 think, by lllaking a plankillg nnder her amI eop-
pering that .


.1\-11'. HOLMAN. vVhat would be tlle effeet of a policy of thiR killd. First,
to permit only American uuilt 8hips t.o he used in tIle domestic trade ;
secondly, to allow American ship-bnildcr8 a drawhaek olllllateriab uscd;
amI, thirdly, to allow Americans to purehase ships aUl'oad, with a tax
on snch foreign ships of, say fifteen per eent.


Admiral PORTER. The diffienltv wonld be first in the labor. Tite
labor is lllueh more expensive bere than it is abroarl, and tlu're wOllld
be that llluch in favor of a foreign ship-huildcr. Lauor in ElIgland




NAVIGATIO~ INTERESTS. 189
nverageR olle dollar and a half a day, und he re it aw'mges three dollars.
If the Alllcriea1l ship-builder gets a drawbaek on ull the materials, you
put hilll at once 011 an cquality with the EngIish ship-builder, except in
regard to labor.


Tite CIIAIR;)IA~. ls not our labor more efficient ?
Admiral POl{'l'ER. No, sil'; we do not build as good engines he re as


they do in EngIand.
MI'. HOL~L\.~. Looking' at this qnestion as One oí 11ationul eoncern in


respect of empIoyillg' lllel'chant vessels fer wal' pnrposes; how fal' wouId
tIte allowing thiH policy of purchasing vesHels abroad by American citi-
7.C1lS contrilmte to that ol~ject., in em;e oí' war'l


AdriJil'al PORTER. It would contribute very grcatIy. As 1 said before,
if we had had thirty 01' forty such vessels as are 1l0W tmding to N ew
York, dUl'ing tIte war, ever,)' port in rebel<lom wouId have been closed,
uot a bale of eotton wonld hayc got out, nor wonld anything llave got in.


Mr. HOL3IAN. Is there any other nation that adopts snch an exclusive
policy as \Ve haYf~ adopted heretofore with reference to giving registry
to foreign vessels .~


AdmiraI POlt'l'El{. 1 do not think that any nation does. AH other
llatiOlHl are more liheral. OUl' poli<;y has lleen always to encourage sLip-
building. The rcsult has becn that we have built tlle finest ships in tlle
world. UntillatterIy,l have not seen any ships to compare with tbem.


l\Il'. HOL"I\IA~. Has uot t11e Jloliey of using iron instead oí' wood pro-
tluerd a rc,'oIution in sllip-building~


Admiral PORTER. It has in EngIand, beeause iron tbere is so much
cheaper tlum wood. If they could get wood as cheap as we can, they
wouId use it.


Mr. IIoL:liAN. Do you think that the building of wooden vessels in
tItis eOlllltl'Y will be eontiuued ~


Admiral 'POR'l'ER. Yes; except steamers. 'Ve get white oak, and red
oak, aml hackmatack, and loenst cheaply. It is only when we come to
live oak timber that it is t'oum] expensivc; lmt this other timber is very
mneh cheapel' than iron.


}[r. HOL:;\[AN. Can we snccessfulIy compete with other nations in the
commen'e oí' the world except with stearnships '?


Admiral PORTER. Yes; under the fostering care of the government.
"'Ve could. i1' the governmeut wOllld look out fol' the mercantile interests
of the eountry, as the gOYeI'IlIllents oí' Great Britaill amI Franee do. Ten
years ago France had comparatively no commerce, and sbe has now got
a commerce 01' two and a haJf millions of tons. 1 remember well that
it was very seldom you eould see a Iarge French ship. N ow you find
Fl:ench eomrnerce al! oyer the world. Ten years ago a Frenchman could
not run a steamship; be did not kllow anything' about it. 'Ve aIways
associated a Frenehman aboard a ship as a "sea-sick Frenehman," and as
not fit to be trusted with a passenger ship. But now the French Mes-
sagerie line has run all tbe Brit.ish lines off where it is in competition
with it. The Freneh have started a line to Australia, and are now pre-
pared to start a line from California to China, which will run our Paciftc
mail steamship line right ofi·.


MI'. HOL1fAN. Are the Freneh ships most built in France, or are they
purchased abroad '?


Admiral POR TER. AH the French steamships that are running bere
are purchase!l in England. The French government allows every latitude
in that way, and is encouraging its COlllmerce withont reference to ship-
building.




190 N AVIGATION INTERESTS.
1\fr. HOT;:lTAN. AmI tlte Frenelt go\'<mlIllcnt is paying lwa\"Íprmbsü1ies


than tle English '1
Admiral POHTEH. Yes; the Freneh rxact 11iglH'r rates of postnge.


Tho Postmastcl' (}Prleral Itere has not l)('Cll able to llla ke a satist\tdorj"
arrangPJllcllt with thc Frcnch govcrnmellt for t1l0 rednction of postagc.
'l'hr Fl'CIH'h daim uot only halt' oí' tlle llostage Oll tltis side~ lmt hall' on
the otltel' si<lo; ami tltey eharge \lonble thr atllOllllt of l'0sta,~'l' tIJat i~
charged hy auy other nation, aud thus tlwy make forei¡';llers ¡¡ay their
sulw,idies.


l\Ir. IIOLJIAN. 115 not the largest po1'tion of our toullage emplo,yed in
thc tlomestic trade"1


AdmiraI PORTI;n, Yes, sir. Our tonnage is now ve1'y mneh less tban
ii used to be. "Ve were liparly nI> to Cl'eat Britaiu in flmoullt oi' tOlllmge,
lmt we ha\'e lost nearly a millioll of tons.


1\11'. HOLJIAN. If we cannot allopt some mode b,v w11ieh tlH' lmilding
of ships in tltis countr,v may be elH'olll'agcd, is it l!ot tllpll a simple
qnestion of w1lcther the. foreign COlllltlCrCC of the cOllntry shall be car-
rieel on altogetbe1' in fo1'eign bottomR, Ol' \\'lteth,,'1' American eitil\I~IlS sbnll
be permitted to purcbase vessels abroad amI put tbem lllHlel' tlle Aurer-
ican flag ~


Admiral POHTEH. As the gencral thing, perhapR, the lattpl' would be
a good plan; but 1 m,yself should llot fa\'or a rule tbat would nIlo\\' tbat
thillg to he universal. "While getting posscssion of t1lc occan agüiu we
must still protecí ship building. . .


.ThIr. HOE\IAN. 18 not that all altemativc '1 lTllIess we can allopt a
policy that will revivc t1lc ship-builc1ing illtprest, i:'l it HOt a <luestion of
whether tlle foreigu commcree 01' tile cOllllÍl'y ~hall be carriéd OH in fol'·
eign ycssels, OI' cal'ried OH in ypssels 1milt abl'Oa(1 aIHI O\nll'<1 by Ameri·
can eitizens, l'un umler tIte Allwricall flag ,]


Admiral POHTER. As; a matter of eolll'SP. 'l'he first oQjeet iR to in-
crease tIte eomrnerce of tlle country, bccause Il)lOH COJlllltCreC (kpC1Hls
the paying off the national (lebt, amI eYCIT l!ll(litional stealll('1' that is
put on adds so rnuch more to onr comuwrce .


.xII'. HOLJIA.T'f. So that we lwve au oQje¡;t in in(,I'PHsing our cOlIllllcrce,
apart t'roJl1, amI witllont referellce to, ship-lmilding" ?


Admiral POlUER. Ye8; of course.
The CnAmJ!AN. Do yon helieve tltat t he1'e i:'l any <1ifficnlty in relle\\"-


ing onr coml1lcrec as fast as is reqni1'etl hy lmil<ling om' sllips at home ~
Admiral PORTER. ~o; providml .ron h')ld ont an inducemellt 1'01' peo-


pie to lmilll, haye drawlmcks, and aIlow f()!' lahol'.
The CHAIR~IAN. Can our COllllllcrce be rcnewell within a reaf;ollable


time, and as fast as i8 required, ir indllcement8 are hcltl out to ::;hip-
builders '?


Admiral POR'fER. Yes; with tlle exception that 1 have mcntioncd.
We are now at that point that 1 think we shoul<1 aIlow a certaiu num-
ber of vessels to be purchased abroad f()!· the pnrpose of supplying our
imJl1cdiate wants. They wouId amount to about twelvc.


Mr. MOl~RELL. Cannot these yessels be built in this eOllnt1'y and put
upon the lines almost as quickly as they call be }ll'oenred abromH


Admiral POR'l'ER. No; they eanuot begill to do it here, uuless you aUow
them drawbacks, and drawbackR on labor.


Mr. MORRELL. By allowing drawback8, wonld it uot be better, instead
oí' bnying so many vessels abroad, to eneourage tite buildillg oí' them
in this country, and couId yon not get vessel::; lmilt llore to :tnswer eYel'y
purpose?


Admiral PORTER. They have greater facilities ab1'oad. The great




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 191
maehiuf' SIlO]) of this romdr,Y is hOU11d to be on tIw bnnks of the Dela-
,vare, aí. Uhester, l'cllllsylnmia, and at \Vihllingtoll, Delaware. 1 am
lwrsonally illtcrcsted, for 1 O"'ll a large pieee of water frollt in Chester,
Wlle.i'fl tlll-',Y are gpttillg up t,hm;p muehine shops; but 1 must say, 110t-
\:itllstalHlillg', tltat 1 do llot tltillk they can lmild steamships he1'e ai;
t1H"y eDil in- Eni,dUllll. They wonld make a failure at íirst, if tlley
atU'lll]ltf~{l tn rn:-:It the thing through, Dut., ir you go to WOl'k a!ul gi,-e
tlwse pcople the rigbt of purchasillg 12 01' 1-1 :-:hips to sta1't llpon, }1lHl
thell giyc tIte lmilders 01' this Cotllltry drawbacks, aIld let thcm go to
\>01'k, 1 tltillk tItat, in t1le COlll':-:e oí' three 01' foul' years, y,e \"ould be
able to cOlllpete witlt Gl'cat Bl'itaill,


.1\11'. \VASllDUL'. SIlPllose \vc sllOnld agree to grant a dnnyhuek to
oyefJbody wito woulll lmild ships ill this conutl'y; sllIlpo'ie we should
say to tlte pl'opll' oí' BaHilllOl'I', Philar1:'lpllia, Boston, an([ .xew York,
¡, Go to "\York (111(1 cstallli'ih liues oí' steamers, to leavc twiec or thrce
times a \H'ck-fol' iu,;talJ('e, to lea\~e Bm;ton ou J'Ilouday, Xcw York 011
\\"edllesf];:.", au.! Philmlelpltia OH ~atnnlay-llllü .rOl! slmll lwve t11e
mail"," \l'onl(l eapitalists orgnllize aud establish I:lteamship lilles?


Adlllil':ll l'(mTlm. 1 thiuk :-:0.
}[¡'. ,\',\S[mFR~. '1'11cn how long w0111d it takc to get I:l~.eamships for


tlle pnrp01iC in thb cOlllltry?
AÜlllir,d l'011'1'EU. Tm) Ol' three yenrs. You C(111110t do ii in all,- ]ess.


Yon ('tull)ot lwg'jll to SlIO\\' in 1es:-: tlt;m t1l1'ee yenrs. It takes a long time
to hl1ilü (he ellgilles, Hlld tlLe~e sbips lmve to he large yessels.


:\lt-. \\CARHnen:>. Coul!l yon 110t le mI tllClll some of \Olll' engines out
oí' tltellan-~ ,


A<lllliral i'Ol{'l'EU. They wonltl 1Iot ]wye them. The most that \'\'e
han~ b('e!l ()m~l'ett j(n' foni, s1til'S tlJ:lt eost Uw go\crnlllcnt neady a mil-
liou, i:-: OH!' ltmHlrrd thollsand dollars eueh; aud 1 do not think tlle
pcoplc WllO oll'ercIl it "\Yero in eameHt then,


lUr. ('ALKT:-.r. SnpJlOsillg' tllllt \ye :-:ltonhl sllusidize li!les Íl'OIll llalti-
1IIUl'(', l'lliladelphia, Nmv York, aml llostOll, and that an American
~kaJ;I('l' kit ~ P\Y York Olt 1\1 orulay, 1Yith a foreign steulller leaying Oll
Tlll'S(hl:\~, amI a Pltiladelpllia stealJlcj' leayillg' OH \YedlH's<lay, would yon
f;a\~ tlwt tite Xc\\' York merchant ¡;]¡ollld not ho allo\Yctl to se11(1 11i8 Id-
t(,;,S by the stC'llllU'r IPa\'ÍlIg' OIl TnC'sday '?


A(lmirnl PORTEn. X O, he eOllld semI t!Wlll as he liked.
-:\11', C.A_.LKLN. Tllat i8 where tile mh eOilWS in about allowing mail


lllO llf 'y. \VI~ (~auHot SI'CUl'e the full mails 1'01' American ships.
Atlllliral PORTER, The mereIlllllt has to be gon~rlled by eil'(~nrnstallees.


Tlle thing' will \York SOIllC day in the same wa,r in fa Y01' oí' tho Amer-
ican ships w!ten \\'0 (11'iye off í'ol'('ign \'essels, t11e1'e must be a beginning
amI lt tllssle for the p1'izo,


1\11'. W ASIIIWltN. 'L'he swiftest I:lhips will take the mai1s?
Admiral PORTER. Yes; they are the OIles that will take tlle mails.
:MI'. CALKIN. You eannot build ships to beat these foreigll propellers 7
Admiral POR'fER. You cannot build ships to do as well as they do


now; bnt offer bonnty and you will see a dificl'eIlce.
MI'. CALKIN. 1 kllOW that gelltlemen say they can make bctter time


with side-wheel steamers.
Admira! POR'l'ER. 1 do not bclieve that. Sometimes it is not so mueh


in the ship as in the captain, It is the bold runnillg that does tite work.
Fut an AIllCl'ican eaptain UpOIl one of t110se steamships, and in from
nim~ tú twelve m(lllth~ he will t\~'a,t. tu\.', f~\:'t.i!611 ,,~\l,\l,~l\', e.v~~~ t~t\\.


)f1'. CALKIN. You made a statement tha.t themail money would be a
sufficient subsidJ" túr steamship lines ~




192 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
Admiral PORTER. 1 did not say that it would be a sufficicnt subsidy,


but 1 said that they would be satisfied with it, and would commence
with it.


MI'. OALKIN. 'Vhy couId not the American steamship lines compete
with the foreigners before the war"?


Admiral PORTER. Becanse 1 think the American lines ran tIte W1'ong
class of ycssels. 1 knew the Collills line very well, and 1 know tbat
they could uot run a dl\y in competitioIl with tbe prcsent line of steam-
sbips. They burned an immense quantity oí" coal; they were fltted out
and fitted up in the most sumptuous manner; thcy had large erews, a
large llluuber of officers and a large number of cngineers, for they hacl
most powerful engines. They were run ut the full spced, and tIte com·
pany had not enough ships on the line to enable thelll to have propcr
relays, so that they began to <leteriorate ve1'y rapidly, amI thcy mu them
out in a very short time. They hull very large lmildings ilt Ncw York,
a great many officers, and a great many peopIc conuected with thcm.
AH these had to be paid. Thcn thcre were a great many dead-heads;
so that 1 used to be astonished how they kcpt running ut aH. 1 think
that 1 could have curried on tlle business at one·third the nmount t1lat
it cost to carry it on. l{ve1'ybody had a challce at these steamships.


MI'. CALKIN. You mean to suv distinctly that t11e American steam-
ship lines before t11e war were badIy manuged ?


AdmiraI POR TER. 1 think tIley were.
MI'. CALKIN. And thcn also tlle subsidy to the Collins's line -.vas with-


drawn "?
Admiral POR TER. Yeso
]yIr. CALKIN. YOll also remember the man who was most promincnt in


the withdrawing of that subsidy"J
Admiral PORTER. 1 do noto
MI'. CALIUN. MI'. Yanclerbilt dicl more to break up the American line


to Europe than auy othel' mano
MI'. MORRILL. Can you tell us the cOll1parative cost of l'unning side-


wheeI steamers and screw steamers.
Admiral POR'l'ER. The cost is very Illuch less with propellers. If ;yon


have a fail' wind, 01' a wind abeam, and have ellough oí' it, yon IIeeel not
use your steam scarcely.


MI'. MORRELL. They are run with lllllCh greater economy ~
Admirall~OR'l'ER. Very much greuter; and then they have very mueh


more storage room. 1 know they say there are some pIaees where they
can mn a side-wheel steamer cheaper than a }lropellel'; lmt 1 doubt it.
That is from San Francisco to China. A gentleman was tryiug to con-
vince me of that the other day.


]y1r. JUDD. If the government should enter upon this system of sub·
sidies, how wonld it afl'ect naval estimates 1


Admiral PORTER. It would save the government millions of dollurs
in case of war, because 1 do not want better ships than those steamships
are; ancl then they are kept in order aH the time. It is to the interest
of the owners to keep them in perfect order. There is uot a ship rlln-
ning on those lines that is not put into thorough order whenever she
comes into port. We can take snch ships, run bulkheacls across them,
and fit them fol' sea as privateers, in a week.


:MI'. JUDD. And the Navy Department, if thc system were cntered
upon, wouId not, as a rule, need to be constructing aclclitional vessels?


Admiral PORTER. We would have to construct a certain number.
]y1y purpose is to keep the navy down to one hundred and eigItty ves-
seIs. lt is now two hundred. During the war we hacl a thous:1nd ves-




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 193
sclfl. Eight hundred of tllat tltousaild wem merc1umt shiJls tlmt hu(l been
bou¡rhtby thcd('pnrtmellt. 'Ve lmilt n'ry few good 01le8. TIH' British gov-
ermJ1(-mt hasa cOlltraet witlt thcsesuhsidized lines uTHler whieh it can take
tbc ships for g'OV(,1'11lI1Pllt pmposes when it needs tltem. 1 never liad an
iclea ,,,Imt tite nriti~h stemn COllUnel'Ce was nntill \H\llt I1P the 13alaklava,
durillg' tlw Cl'illlCall \\'aI', just befol'e the fall of SebastoJlol; and 1 sup-
poso tbat tlwre were at tlmt time in tbe different port8 auollt there,
three 01' tiJUI' llUudl'ed of the most magnificent stealllsltills, ta.ken at a
moment's llotice hy tlle goyernment, aud ou whieh tIle gon'l'lllllcnt had
not to paya dollar of l'epaÍl's. 1 weut over in oue o[ tlwm, :m Ol'üÍlU1l'y
slJip, ami sbe went at the rate of' 14 miles an llOUl'.


Tlw CHAIR:\IA~. YOll spoke oí' the failures tlmt w('l'e mmle in eon-
structing vessels fOl' tlle IJa Yy when the wal' broke out. ls 110t that
inevitable after a }()]Ig' I)(,l'iotl of ¡¡eace, frolIl depelldillg elliil'l'l'y upou tlle
:x aval Depal'tllH~lIj iúl' con~tructillg wal' yessels, aml wou](1 llot that be
obviated by pl'Oyidillg' 1'01' tllG supe1'visioll of tlle buiWillg of mercautile
vessels by a wwal ollieer?


Adllliral l}ouTlen. 'fhe government would han~ no l'igllt to do that,
except in cases wllPl'c it gaye cOl1tracts Oll sub¡üdies. lS"ot only that,
hut t]¡cre are just as cIen'!' constructors in tIte mCI'Ch,lllt lll,niHl\ as in
the llaY,}". Sorne 01' UHl best const1'ucto1's iu the ,w1'Id are t]¡ose wllo had
c]¡arge of OHr mere]¡ant J1Wl'ille.


Tlle UlIAlRl\lAN. 1'11e nuy'y, oi' course, is onIy bl'ougllt iato use in time
of war, ,,-]¡ieh oecul'S at long intervals, wllile the merchallt marine is in
constunt m,e, amI is com;cqm'lltly bl'ought to greaterperfectioll. '.rile point
1 l'\ant to get at iR tltis-whl'tltel' hy the goyernment Pllnming the same
poliey whiell file EuglitÜl goyernment }HUSUCS in reslleet to iÚl merchant
marine, llaving it lt]}(ll'l' its tmpel'vision, aml Imyiug tIw H'sticls cou-
stl'udetl ullller the sUllcnision of naval oftice!'s, that \roul!! 110t COll-
tribute gn'atel' pfticiellcy to tho navy.


Admiral PORTElt. Xo dOllht oí' tLat. TIut Wl? coul<1not carry that
out with tilo wl!o!c llH'l'challt marine, becanse 1t wonId be YCl'j' dis-
tastefnl to JllC'l'dWlltS. 1Ilauy shillS must be built 1'01' caITJ'illg mer-
chandise.


Tlle UHÁlR)1AN. llllPan on1;\'- as applicd to sncb ltuillber of vcssels as
wonll1 he wanted to make all cflieÍ!~llt lU],yy.


Admiral POWl'Elt. lt onght to he <1011e jl~l regar!! to snhsi(lizeü vessels,
but not to tlle whole lllerdlHut marine. l\lerchants won1<l Hui; be at al!
please.tl to have sueh illh~l'fpl'enee. Sailing-vcs821s, 1(ll' instauce, llave
to be built for earrying' plll'poses, amI are entirply nnH 1'01' war pur-
poses; and sorne c1nsRes of ~tealllers haye also to lJe lHlilt 1'01' carr.ying
purposes that wonl<l 1)(~ entil'ely useless as yessels oí" .war. 'fllereíore,
as to those elasses of vesscls, merdlHIlts would not l'OilSi,lt>l' it a favor·
for the government to illterfere with thei1' huilding. A nanll ofticer
wonld haye his ideas ,,-hielL \Hlllld be entil'ely diil'eúmt from those oi
the constructor. The n<1nll oftieel' would have an eye to the carl'ying of
guns and to speed~ while t11e mercllant would haye an eJ-e simply tú the
quantity of cargo the vessel couId carry.


The UHAIRJ1AN. 1 am ollly speaking of this poliey so far as it wouId
¡áve us an eftieienf llavy nt the least cost to the govcl'llment; so that
tho governrncnt eould always have 11 navy at lULnd.


Admiral PORTEl{. The ships that would he employed by the govern-
meut under contraet fol' carrying the mails are tlle ollly oues as to which
yon eOllld put such a law iuto operatioIl with effed.


The CUAIRl\IAN. llas France good facilities for ship-building '1
AdmiraI PORTER. Yes, sil'; tlleir cornmerce is illcrensing Yery rapidly., '.


13 N 1




194 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
They bl1ild Yery handsome, beautiful wooden ships. They bmld iron
ships, too. They have very filie maehille s110ps in FrHlwe. Al! thcir
llantl vessels (and their navy amounts to 490,000 tons) are built at
home.


MI'. CALKIN. Rave they really improved upon on1' models?
Admiral PORTER. Vcry mueh. There are no models fol' men-of-war


equal to tlle FI'eneh rnodeis. Tile Frcneh ships have bcen always falUous
as Heet sailers. The first gI'eat model of a ship ever lWHle was mude
b\7 a Fl'euehman. In the old time, whenever au Ellglishman captured
a" Frcnch frigate and put an English erew on board oi' her, she eonld
mn away frolll the whole British íleet. They build SOllle of the best
vessels in the world.
~lr, vVASHBUR~. I understand you to say that the iron-cIad ships of


England and Franee are failul'es.
Admiral PORTER. 'Ve thillk so. Rere is the Monareh, eoming to


this eonntry with the hody 01' George Peabody. She eaullot get iuto
any of OU1' ports, except POl'tlan<l, Maine; and tlwt til(~t is a failure to
COlllllWllce with. 'Ve are very glml to have Ellg'lish i'ihips hllilt in that
way. None of those large vessels can come iuto ou!' P0l'Ü;, al1d tllf'1'e-
fore they eanllot do lIS aBy llarrn. Tbey llave great Sl)(~e(l, lmt tlH'y
canTlot fight with theil' g'llBS in a sea-way. Tbey 1'011 thil'ty degwes,
wheI'eas OHr Illollitors only 1'011 sevC'n degrees. Om' lllonitors, as harbo!'
defenses, are a snccess, alld other goVel'llmelJts are eomillg rouml to the
monitor system. It is the ol1ly trile prillciple. Tite Dllnderherg was
the tinest mm that we had, amI js now the best mm the French llave
in tbeir llavy.


Tbe CHAlR~IIA:N. 1 uuderstalld yon to say that .rou think the most
eeonomieal and hest policy ,vould be for the governmellt to maintam a
cornparatively smaU llavy in time of peace, and to de}llmd npon the
merehallt marine as an anxiliary foree'~
. Admiral PORTER. No; tlwt ",ould uot be Il1.r policy. Ir I had the


money 1 would have a good deal larger navy, oue superior to au,y nation.
But we have proJlosed tlw navy to he kept at Olle hUlHll'ed amI eighty
vessels, whiel! is a verJ~ small na,,:\, for this country; l)Ut it is ahont as
much as the people would staud. 'Ve eould not get along with a much
smaller naval force, amI conM add to its efl'eetivenpss h.y having mail
steamerfi properly huilt, whieh we can use in time of emergency. That
is wllat this country ha" got to do. \Ve have not ol1ly to depend upon
ruerehant vessehl, but UpOll officers in t,he merehaut lllarine, in case oí'
a long war, hecause a large portion of our people caullot 1.)0 made to
nndertltand the neeessity 01" a great nation Jike OlUS keeping- uI' a
r.espeetable navy.


The CHAIRl\1AN. Row much would the go'\ernment haye saved direetl~',
in cost, if it had had thirty 01' fort,y of the elass of vessels that you speak
@f, fincl could have bronght them into use at once ~


Admiral PORTER. The government would have savecl thirty 01' forty
l' millions right off, beca use \Ve run into a good many wild sehemes in


building vessels. "Ve eannot teH aH that it would luwe sayed, It would
: I h.av~ stopped the rebels from getting their supplies as theJ- did. The


blockade runners laughed at evel'j'thing we had in t,he shape of vessels.
The CHAIRl\UN. 1 uuderstootl yon to say that the llavy cost $4RO,000,-


000 during the war, and that we did not then get an efficient navy~
Adllliral POR TER. Yes¡ it cost lIS $480,000,000.
The CHAIRMAN. Could uot the half of that have been saved, if we


had had thirty 01' forty fast mercantile steamships f
Admiral PORTEJL. They would have saved a great dea!. I cannot say


howmuch.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 195


LETTERS FROM Al\IERICAN SIIIP-BUILDERS AND OWNERS.


A circular letter embracing the following interrogatories, and also re-
qnesting thcir views on the general subjects undel' investigation, Was
addl'essed to a large nnmhcr of merchants, ship-owners, and lmilders,
reprcsenting' the nadgation interests of the couni,rJT :


\Vhat is the prescut condition of ship-building at your town as compared with the
period from 1854 to 18nO 1


\Vhat are the present average rates of wages paid to first-class mcchanics on ship-
"\York f


\Vhat were the average rates of samo from 1854 to 1860 ?
'Vhut is tIle presont cost per ton for building sail-vessels and of steamers ?
Cost of same from 1854 to 18601
\Vhut was the cost of matArials fol' eaeh ton from 1854 to 1860 f
'Vhat is the cost per ton of sUILIe at the present time ~
Amount oí duty on materials in a thousand-tou ship from 1854 to 1860; also amonut


of same at the pr!'sent time?
Row are vessels lmilt and owned in your tO'Hl; are builders lwd masters generaHy


owncrs ill the vesads whieh they build and sail f
Conld yon huild yessels at the presellt time in competition with the foreign buildeI',


proYü1Íng 'yOll conld obtain the matcrials free of duty ~
To----.


From the llllmerous replies receh"p({ the committcc have selected the
following, as giving a fail' representation of the views entertained by
the representatives of the important interests under review:


KITTERY, MAIKE, Deccmber 4, 1869.
DEAR SIR: Yours oí the 25th ultimo was duly receivea, and the following are T,he


alls"'ers ,ve give to the qne~tions you p1'Op08e:
Qllestion. ,"hut is th(; present eondition of ship-lmilding at your town as comparcd


with the perio!l ti'Olll 1854 to 1860t
All~WCr. From 1854 to 1860, as 1'01' mauy years pl'cyions, shiJl-bniltliug was :t steaay


llnd lucrativo bnsinesS; givillg (llllployment to ahollt aU the mechanies on the riyer. At
present, it is iu u Htate ó1' eOlllplete stagnatioll.


Ql1estion. \Vhat arc the present average mtes 01' wages paid to first-class mcchanics
011 ship-work?


Answcr. T",o dol1ar~ aud fifty cents per day.
Question. 'Vhat are thc average rates for samc from 18[,4 to 18601
Answer. One dollar seventy-five ccnts ]ler day.
Question. \Vhat is the present cost per ton for building sail-vessels and stc:uners 1


Cost oí salllA from 1854 to 1860 ?
Answcr. The prescnt cost oí bnilding sail-vcssc1s renüy íoI' sea iR ahollt seventy-fivc


dollara per tOIl. i:ltcamers, exclusive of machinery, sixty-five dollars per ton. The
cost oí sail-vessels from Ul54 to Hi60 waR alJout fifty-eight dollara per ton.


Question. What wns the cost of matcrials for cach ton fi'Olll 1854 to 1860 f
Answer. About forty-one dollars per ton.
Questíon. What is the cost per ton for the same at the present time f
Auswer. Abont fifty-three dollars pe,I ton.
Qucstion. Amount of dntics on muterials in a tllOusalld-ton ahip from 1854 to 1860 ;


also arnount oí Bame at the present time f
Answer. The arnount of duties on a thousand-ton ship írom 1854 to 1860 was about


one thollsand dollarli; at the present time we think it would amount to from seven to
eight thousaud dollars.


Qllestion. How are vessels built and owne<l in yonr town; arc the builders and
mustcrs generally owners in vessels they build and sail ,


Answer. AH the vessels we have built the past dozeu yeara, have been oWllcd by the
builder, master, merchants, aud mcchllnics, in picees varying from one sixty-fourth to
one-eighth. It is Beldom any oue owns over one-eighth.


Question. Conld you builü vessels at tIte prcsent time in competition with the forei~
lmilder, providing you eould obtain the materials free oí dnty f


Answer. As we have to pay one-t,hird of the amount we J:eceivc fo1' t~6 huH and




196 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
spal'S of vessels for lahor, we could llOt compete with tbc foreigll lmilder, enll witb
that materi111s free oi' tlle tlnty.


y ours tl'uly,


HOll. JOHN LYXCH,
Washington, D. C.


NEAL, l\lA'l'HE\YS & 13HOOKS.


EASTPOHT, DcccmbC/' 1, 18G(l.
DEAH SIR: Yonl' f~1vor of 2:;t11 ultimo l'eeeivetl, awl coutcuts Iloted. In reply to yOllr


several interrogatories, I will reply to your tirst, yiz, vVhat is tlle lH'psellt comlitiol\
0(' sllip-huildiug at youl' tOWll, as e()]llpan~!l with the period frolll 1854 to 1860 f


Answf'r. Full sixty-{lyC per cmIt,. lcss touuagc huilt hy 111".
2. \Vhat are the present average rutes oi' wagos paÍll to fil'st-class lllcchanics Oll


ship "'ork ?
Answer. T\\'"o dollars amI seycnty-{lvc ccnts ]ler day.
3. \Vhat are the average ratt" of snmo ti'OlIl 1854 to H:lGOf
Answer. Oue dollar aIld sevellt~--five ceuts Jler tlay.
4. \Vhat is the present cost per ton for lmiltling' sail-yesscls?
Answer. Sixty-two dollars per ton for sail-vcssels at l)l'CScllt time. (Steamcrs <10 not


lmilrl. )
5. Answer. Cost oí' construetion oí' veRael, from 18,,4 to 18GO, fift~, dollar~ ]ler tOll.
(j, In reply toyOUl' illquiry ahout llOlV the vessels are huilt aUll O\nwt¡, 1 will ~tatú that


associatcd oIVuers, and genel'ally masters, are iUTerested.
7. In l'eply to yOllr inqlliry whetlwr J (:on1<1 lmilt¡ Ye~spls in cOllll'ditioll witlJ fOl'eig'll


llllildel's, providiug I coultl obtain the material free oi' duty, 1 will ,tate tbat 1 conlll,
proyiding of snme class of vessels.


Yery tl'llly youl's,
CALED S. nCSTOX.


Hon. JOHX LYNCH, Chairman.


C.\PE KEDDlCK, Maine.
SIR: Yonrs of the 2;')th instant is rcccivcd. 1 huilt a vessel iu this tO\YIJ in 1,%4 for


thirty-foul' dollara pe!' ton; paid fil'st-elass earpentcl's two (\01la1'8 per <la~'; ship-timher,
pait¡ nille dollara pel' ton; copper, paitl tweuty-one CClltS pC1' pouml; iroll, (ElIglü,h,)
paid sixty do11ars per ton.


In 18(¡() timher \Vas hOllght fol' fOllrt"en doll:l1's ]ler tOIl; iroll, olle hnnrlmt¡ antl fort~·
dollars per ton; cOl'per, forty-fh'e cellls per ponntl; cmployed fir,t-class carpcnters at
tltree dollars aml a half ami fou!' dol1a1'8 pUl' day.


There lmve heell lmt twoveH~els lmilt hure in thiH tOWII sillec 1860, o\víllg to tlw hi.~h
iluty on material. The same class ycssds couId not hay e heen bllilt in 10liO fur sixty-
fiye (ln]]aTs pe1' tOIl.


Frolll the l'iscataqua to MOIlSUIll RiH'rs there are five ship-huildíug- tOWIlS in tht'
county of York. In Kcnnelmnk, in 110:-,4, thcre "'I'ro seYen large ships hnilt; tlwm
",ere two lmilt j1\ vVdls the same ~-ear, amI Olle iu Cape Nel1l1ick; tIVO large ~hips ilJ
1,he tO\\'n of Kittcry, in 1854. AH t.lw abo\'c-ll:tlllcll tOWIlS Me now itlle, except Kcn-
llelnmk, whel'c thcl'c is 011e ship on the stocks. Ship merchants bllilü and repair in
lll'itish ilominiolls, on acconut of high <luty on matcrial.


Very respectfu11y,


Hon . .TOIIN LYKCH,
Washington, D. C.


JOHN DREWSTER.


P. S.-If it ha<1 not heen for what work there was done in the navv yard Ilt Ports-
montb, I do llOt know what the ship ca1'pente1's w01l1<1 have done this t'aÚ.


\\'rsc.\SSET, ~L\IXE, JJccembel' 6, 18m.
DEAlt Sm: As chairman of Specíal COlIllllittee on Nayigation Interests, it ís l,crLa!,,,


pertiuont fol' ~'on to have aH anel any facts that beal' unfavora 1IIy 011 the intel'est of
n:lYigation, and, without fUl'ther preface, wouM hriug to .)'0111' notice Olie of the sllecial
re8tl'aints.


Our ship Richard III cleared at Wísca8set 28th Octoher for Chllrleston, S. C., having
in as ca1'~o a small umount of hay and potatoes, on ship's aCCollnt, consigncd to ol'tlel'.
It hatl beeen om intention to sellll the 8hip oH Charleston llar, there to be lIlct \yj111
lctter from 1I Charleston merchant hy }Jilot-boat off the port, either to prnee(~fl 8011th 01'
go into Chal'leston. On the 30th Octoher, the lllol'llillg on which 8he 8nilcd, our iuí'orru-




NAVIGATION INTERESl'S. 197
ation was 811Ch that we dispat~hp(1 tho ship llirect to Ne\\' Orleans, where she arrived
on ~;jth ~ovem1Jer, allll 011 entering at CHHtOtllS on ~6th Novemher, was fined twentv
([nllars foI' not clearing for XCIV Orleaus. 1 IU1>"8 been a manager of ship property fo~r
t \ycnt;v-nxe years; llly father, for twellty-nYe years befol'fl me. Free from illicit trado
01' oV:lsion of proper ducs, it has hccn OHr ouly llllsincss, and \Ve ought to know whethcr
we ure pursuing right or noto 'Ve have often hall our ships, both coastwise and for-
ci)1:n, when they hall no cargo to binü thml1 to cnter a particular pOl't, seek Buch ports
as cil'cl1mstanccs 01' convcniellce lllight bl'iug tllClll to, and heretüfol'o uo illtimation of
fiue 01' restriction. lt is flnite uew to us, if snch really is a rulo 01' law, amI, if of late
enactment, it calls for a change.


In your invcstigations 01' tlle' (l('cay of thc on('.e great Americau nayigatiou intercst,
it will not seem strange to you when 1 tell ~-on that onr own illterest in tfln ships, in
the general freighting business, has got r~üuce(l to two ships, 01' that we lacle the eu-
ergy of formcr üays. 'Ve am as ready now as ever to bring home to onr connt1'y
the pay fol' freighting our own exports and imports, us wen as ¡Jo thc frcightill[!; busi-
ness for any otlHlr natioa that wants skillfnl. entel'prising, eonrnge01l8 mell, antl ",hen
we can figure a remnllel'ation wi11 be on hand.


Apologizing for taking llJl so lUuch oi' your time, I remain, very rcspectfnJ[~-, yours,
JOSEPH TU()I\ER.


HOll. Jonx Lyxcrr,
Ch<lil'lI!an Com1llittcc on Nat'igalion, líashillgton.


D.DUUISCOTTA, M_UXE, Dccembcr 1, 1869.
DE,\ n Sm: Yonr valnctl favor of the 25th nJ timo camc to hamI by due COUl'se of mail,


nntl eoutents notcc1.
In repJy, willmake answer to the inqlliries us best 1 can from a hasty eX~l1lillation of
rf"rnrd~ :1ntl nl~T O'WIl pel'l.,ollal kno\'dedgp.


1. 8hip lmiJ,ling has f'tllen off at tllis Jll:tee sillce 1854 about nine-tenths, as yon
willlloti~e h~- lis! inc10spd of Yf'sscls rcconletl at ou1' cnstom-hollse in tlwt yea1', shO"lY-
ing OYI'1' ten thoilsantl JOBS, unü this present yenr only abo lit soven hnllLlrcd tous, heing
llearl~- a total snspension of thfl lmsiucss.


2. Ayerage "ag"s, tirst-class workmen, thi~ ye~r, ahont $2 "O per day.
3. Fl'Olli 1i"54 to 1860 a ,,-ide rallg:e in \Yages WH8 giVCll; suy aYenlge fi:lr 1854 was


$:3 11f'1' day; 1857, $1 f¡0 an(l $1 7", atlvallcillg since 1857 tothe ]1fescnt ra,tes.
4. Tbe cost per ton yaries (ln 1m-gel' aml smallel' sj¡~C(l vessels; say, a lmrk of six


hnlHll'n1 tOUR, t,,'o decks, wiJI cost more per tou titan 1I ship of Olle thOUSlIlHI tons, sanll'
materials, a.~ the larger th,~ Vf',sel the les~ eost por ton; tbiJlk avemge first-elass illis
year abont $',;, 111'1' ton, firted for spa. ~()on after the elose of tlle ,,-ur, some cost as itigh
as $UO antl $100 pel' tOLlo Stealllers we llave ne'-er built here.


5. A sbip of sevell hnmlrflll aull fift~- tons cost bere in 1854 ahollt $65 per tOllo aua in
1,~57 one of twdVfl hUllllrcd tons cost abollt $52 per ton; /linco 1857 tQ date pl'Íces ill-
creasetl.


6. Cost of material per ton, caullot st,ate fi'om 1854 to 1860.
7. Pl'esellt cost. of material t,,-enty-nve per ernt. moro thall frolJ11854 to 18GO.
8. Caunot state ltmount oí' tlnties 011 lllaterial.
9. BlliJders a11(1 m;ulters are the O\YllCl't<; more S() lit present thau former]y, when a


profit in manufactnring was reaJiz,'(l. The outl'i¡.(ht sale oi' a vessel 110W frOlI1 tlw
builder i8 a very l'l!.re orcnrrenco, antl no mall can with any certainty build to sdl anü
realizo his m01wy hack agniu, al the hi)1:h costo Rnnniug' tito clmllces in sailillg' them
is thc ouly illlluccment to tl'y and get a smalll'etllI'll; take the 1'isk, aml gut about thc
insurance.


10. Have no <1onht, COliJa material entering info the lmilding of vcssels be free of
lluty, we coulll compete with an:,' nntiou in the world, and no one thing can ey(,1' he1p
lIS more as a ship-building ('0ll1ll1unity.


Hoping tho aboye lllay llleet tho most of your influiries, 1 am, vcry t1'uly yonrs,
JübEl:'H DAY.


Hon. JOHN LYXCII,
Washington, D. C.


Under date of DecembeI' 28, MI'. Day ,Hites additional facts, of which
the chief portions are heTe giyen:


In t¡,c year 18541 bought iuto 1I ship by previous ngreement of al)out, soven hundretl
11u1 Hit y tons, at the bills, costing, rcady for sea, some $l15 per ton, beillg the most oxpen-
,ive renr up to tbat tilllf\ kuown befe in builtliug, eausing many failurfls in our State
llllOn;! lJljiItlers. Freig'ltting declincd, and harrlly fifty 'per ccnt. of cost conl(l b(\
l'ealizct1 to sel! a vosRel that fal!; it secmed the beginuing of witat has sinee provetl
tL total fllilnre in that hrancll of lmsiness.




198 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
In tho year 1837 built the ship Snecess, of ahont one thousanu two huutlre<l tons,


a thorollgh white oak vesHel, costing, whell reat1y for sea, about $:>2 per ton. being a
Yery eheap ,Vear to bnila, as you willllotice in previonH letters, as to "ol'kmen's wages;
ot,her things enterillg iuto construetion beillg in about the saille proportion. Still,
husin"ss \Vas ver, dall when rcad" for sea.


iu tIlO "cal' 18Gü built lt hark of·a 1)Ont sevml ImudrNI tous, a first-clasH white oak Yes-
sel in cvery l'cspect, costiug, w110n fittcd fol' sCl'vicc, about $85 ]Jer ton. T11is also was a
vpry expensi ve year, and in the three vessels named, together, since they hegan to
1'nn, (and they havo he¡m manageu hy thorough illerehauts, ltUU good mastcrs as wlll
average,) after dcuucting expenses, illsuranccs, wear anu tea!', &c., tllfl owners aH wonltl
have uecn thousamls of doHars heiter off to-dav had theso investments nl'·yer existf\¡l.


Tlle first cause of uec1illc, in a lUeasure, can be traccd to the uncel'tainty hanging
over out' nationalaffairs between the ~orth and the 80uth, ancl the lack of contidence in
the conntry as to resnlts oí' the impending crisis. Onr sCllat.ors and representatives in
Congress were at a 1088 how to aclvisc, throwing elollht amI ulIccrtainty upon aU opl'ra-
tions. After the contlict began in carncst, privateers, English intlnences, alld other
complications, finishe(1 what was left of 1Iope in UH~ interest oí' our COlllIuerce, lllul 1
truly believc 110 class of illdustry has had so much to contend wit1l thronghout this
long uearth of some sixteeu years, wü]¡ so little encoumgemellt fmm any somc('., as
tbe ship-owllillg amI huihling elass. Sailing expenses, in(']lHlillg inmranc.'s of the
yarious kinds of l'isks, &e., have hecn so mnch ahoye what tlle rates of freights would
warrant, these Hems, in connectioll wilh the high costs of constrnction, with other
canses before cited, havc causcd tlw wholo life of uavigation in tlJis COUllÍl'.V to he
crushed out, amL it now remai!ls to be seen what can be done to l'Apail' tllt; gl'eat ",aste
amL depreciation of OIU' COmillel'<:e. Othe1' nations ]¡:1ve tlw ~ta1't of liS in ever)' 'HI)'
in :Ullount of tonllago aud in doillg tho carry ing trade of tho WOrIl!.


Our government shoul(L cousic!.;r we]] thil itllpol'tance of its sitllatioll as regar.!s :m
efficient illerclwnt marine ",hen it has realizcd the cfi'cets of sllch an arlll as has here-
tofore exib'tell in our eountry.


Jt wil! rlemand the greatest encoHrag.cment even to get the hreath of life in it; hut
when once more Jirruly cstaulishcd, (havillg tl\(J original first cause 01' decline uow
tirmly settled,) it will, as ever previons to the years aboye lllcntionetl, take care of itself
as the one most import:mt lln1llch of OHr lIational we}~,lth aml glury.


Think no tradc has callcel so littb 1'01' aitl 01' ]Jrotcctioll at any time i'rom tl18 govern-
ment as the ship-buillling anu ship-owning interest preyious to the presellt elllergency.


nOSTO~, Novcmber 29, 18m).
DEAR SIR: 'Ve heg leave to acknowledge receipt ofyoUl' osteenw¡1 favm, 25th instunt,


amI tire glad to have tho opportunity of pn'senting onr viewH, au(1 \\'0' eal'llcstl~" bolieit
your consiücratc atteution. Tlwrc aro hnt two causes of the declino au(L cL"llressecl
eondition of our COlllmerco, viz:


First. Tho ¡lcstrnction of OHr vCRseIs by t.he rellel eruisors t1nring tbo war, alHI the
sale of a large number to 1'oreign merchants, whell the preminm Oll tbe golu enablcll our
ship-owners to realize a hanc1some profit.


Secont1. The inf:l'eased eost of building, amI of malluillg, victualing antl fUl'nishing
the vessels. There is such a dilfere!lce that we cannot suecessfully compete with other
!lations eithel' in huilding 01' sailing OUl' vessels. Onr OWIl llOrts are fnll of forcign
shi]Js. 'Ve ventnre the ltssertio!l that the total CO[[[lUCrCe 01' tile country (iJliand navi-
gation exclnded) has uot pait1 five per cent. per annulll sinco the war.


These, in our opinion, are the canses of the decline; mul the measnros that shonltl be
adopteLl by Congress to revive these iutcrcsts are quite ohviollS to lIS, atal we UO !lut
see as any cli1l:'erence of opinion can exist among sbip-owners.


1. A remission oí' the dutit,s npoll all fordgn illateriab w;ct1 in the eonstruction of
ships, whether 1'01' new vcsscls 01' rcpair, a11(1 when used for t.hat pllrpose.


This wouJ¡1 enal.le ns to huild 01' repair ships as low as any othel' ltatioll. 11'011 sltips
and slcamcrs aro huilt inlarge ulllllhc1's iu EugIallu, all(l are rapidly taking th" plaee
of wooden vessels. They IlOW cOllll1\allll highE'l' rate8 oi' fl'eight in lIearly aU tllü ]ltJl'ls
oí' thc worl<1, amI espeeially 1'01' earrying grain aIltl t.he }l1'odllcl~ oi' thOl ludies. This
üiscrimination in thc duty u])on iron would euable us to buihl iron yessels at a e08t
not grea.tly in excess o1'what cau be douo in Enrope, \yh"roas 110W the uuty is cqnal to
prohibit.ioll.


-¿o In this conneetion, we wouId Sllg'g'cst a la w grallting American registers to irOll
stt'élmel'S amI sailing vessels when lmilt in f()l'cign-l)orts, a11<1 hy the paylllcnL oi' a tax,
,~a~" fiyo to ten pcr eeut. on the cost,; awl for this reason, that oven with él remission
of tlle duty, we have not the facilities 101' lmiltling a large nlllllber, amI 0\11' t'xpe1'iellcc
is lilllitetl. Such a law woulrl benefit on1' I'OHlnl(:rec tor thl' prese!>t, aud nntil we ha,"e
IHlllmorc l1l'actical cxperienee in cOllstrncting iron vcssels.
~l. A drawback on duties loyietl upon store" and goous WhOl1 p1ll'ehaseLl fuI' con-




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 199
sumption on hoarrl Raill vAssel, amI when said vesse! is honnrl to anyforeign port. And
we think it woul<l l)() \YeIl to inclmle su eh r1istant ports in our OWIl countr~· as San
Francisco. 'rhis is n law in Ell¡.fland. Tho goods hnve to he pnrcha.Jcd in bond, and
do not inelado JIlcrc!wn,lise on which rluty has already becn paia.


4. Repeal of tlw tax of thirty doIlars per ton, payahle every year.
río TlHl repoal of sOlTIe of the Iaws relatiug to Anll'riean seamen. These laws, as you


are awarc, werc oaactell during the iafaney of tlle repllblic, and when our eommeree
was but limitcd. They are entirely impmcticahle in tlle existing state of thiugs. A
,'e1'y largo pro]lortion of the seamen now shipped on bonrd of American n,ssels are
foreigners, amI the la\Y requirillg or anthorizing onr consnls to compel the p~~~'ment of
three months' pxtra pay to erews in certain cases, is greaUy to the disadv:luta;.;c of tlle
sllip-owner, ltll,lllocs Bot meet tilo expectation of tlle law. Tllis law was pass",tl, as we
unueTstanrl, to pI'oyi<1e foI' tlle support ltllll¡myment of tlle passage honll' 01' any Ameri-
can scnman wllo Ilatl hecn illlpropl'rl" tI'eatecl on tlle Yoyage, 01' wllo shonl,1 ¡", lmaule
to discharge his dutie~ uy rcaSOll of disahility 01' sicknr'ss. The class oí' seamen now
cwploycd are very tlilremnt in tlleso times,' aud are qnite lluscI'upulons, oftell ineom-
petent, ane! nearly al! 1'Ol'ci¡.,rners. Thn consnls are sometimes onl." too rcatly tn accede
to tlleiI' demands, amI we have su/Teretl to tlle extent of St~veral thOllSallll .lollars tIw
past few yeara h,v tlle pa,vrnent of three months' extra wages, ofteH aüvanc('(1 to a \Vhole
erew of tWQllt~' llWIl, nlHl that in gohl, ,,'hen t,he artif'les- provided eSlweially fol' their
wages in Unitc:a Statcs .'nrr8ney. 'Ve protest against 8uell condllct 011 tlw part of our
consuls abroa,l.


It ia tl'11<', and W"c. kno,," of cases where the semnf>n have actnalIy feigne,l sicknesH fol'
tIte lJUflHJse of robhing tlle OWllers of tllree mOllths' extra lJ:J,Y, amI tlwy haye obtaincLl
it. 'VI' haye Latl proof in seyeral instanees the crews of our own vessels haye form"t!
n conspiracy te cOl1lplain to the consnl OH alTiyal of 1>:111 treatment, amI tlms ohtain
tlle extra pay, au,l tlt,'y hav(l only hcen too successflll.


'Ve have lately had a case wltere t,lle master sltipperl fOUT seamen in a forcign port,
ana the consul, uy acC'itlent, neglectc,1 to give him tlle artieles for the f011r111en, On the
llITÍval of tlw ship at IIavl'!', the consnl compelIed the payment of three lllonths' extr:>
pay, tllOllgh the master prodnct;d the accouut uf tlle eonsnl at t.lHl port of dqmrtn1'e,
showing tltat tlle mOlJ in <¡nestion were 'Inly shipped, a1ll1 in eonformity witlt hLW. Bnt
as hé (lirlnot han', the articlos tIte la\\' \Vas sllfficicnt to compel the payment.


Thcsc laws sltonl<l ccrtainly be changcd, so as to llloet tlle llecessity of tlle times, amI
yon will 1>e entitll'd to tIlO hearty thanks of every ship-owllcr in thc l~lliietl States, if
yon wil! ¡mt. givc this mat,t.cr y011r attention amI {'onsitleration,


'Ve havo tlms at HOllW length gi ven our vie\Ys upon thc tI uestiolls .1on na me. 'Ve are
happy to be able to prescnt tlWItl to yOll, nssnred, as we are, tllat yOli will gi ve them
that cOllsirleratioll whiclt tllei!' illlportance dmnands. \Vi' hope Congress wcm rcali~e
tlle neccssity uf tloing Homctlling enrl~- in the session 1'01' the relief of our ;;ilip-owners,
The building of slti!'" is llOW lH~ar1~' snsj>Pllrl"c1, await.ing the actíon oi' COllgrl'ss. Tlle
argument. t.lwt if wn al'C\ cnabled to lmil,l vessels more eheaply, thatit , .. iJI Ck[méciate the
yalne of what vessels we uow hay!', is too slwllow to require any COlJllJlellt. As large
ship-owners, we prefpr (lepreciatioll, if sneh wonl(l be t.1Je result, to uttor mmihilation,
which wiII be tite case if somo relief is not grantea.


These vicws \Ve hclieve to be entil'dy sOliml.
'Ve haye tlw honor to l'emaiu, ver.)' rcspectflllly, YOllrohe(1ipnt sprvant"


THAYER & LIKCOL~.
Hon. JOll:'ol LYNCII,


Chairman Co¡¡¡¡¡útfee on Kavigalioll IlItercsts.


Memorial.


To the honorable l/U! Scnatl; (t//(l HOIlse af Repre8cntatirc8 in ['011[/I'C88 a88cmbled :
Tilo memorial of the unc1er~igned, builders, owners, amI shippe1's, ellgaged in COill-


merce, I'l'spcetflllly rC]ll'cscuts:
That the cornmerce of the count1'y is prostrateíl; that the fo1'eign e:tl'l'ying tl'iLde is


Rcekillg otlwr titan American hOttOIllS, anr1 that lhe skill."l la hor iu tllis braach of iu-
dnRtryhas to look fo1' emplo:puellt fl'om othe1' sonTce~.


TIlO l'eaSOl1S for tltis st:ttn of thillgS ,,'ill be fOlln<l in the fact that labor a1ll1111aterials
in thi8 (,oulltry are ltigltcl' than iu lllost eOlnmercial countries. The labor, lJecanse tbe
Jl('cflssitiwK ofthe governll1ellt hay(- malle largo taxatioa llecessar;v, ana the material8 011
acconnt of a high t.al'iJI. Tlw COll1ll1el'Cé of any one natioIl lJavillg to compete with that
of the worhl in ull the grcat markets of l)l'oc1uctioll, it follows th:1t our government
lllust aft'onl SOllU: relid', 01' pIse OHr, , .. ilI eoutinlle tn lallguish and dimillish.


They thcrci,)re rcsl'cetfnlIy pdition that yOl11' hOllorahle ho<lies wOl1lrl pass a lnw re-
mitting" tIJe dntics npoll artieles used in the construction of vbssels; aUlI, as in duty
!wund, will ever pmy.




200 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
DOSTOX, XOt'CIIlUCJ' 2[l, 18()().


I1ly DEAn Rm: III aJl~W('l' to your favor of 20th 1 respectfull.v sllhmit 11 short memorial
whieh 1 .11'<'W up fol' cir'All:1tion so me IIlOlltllS ago, amI which 1 hdit,ve eOVCI'H the gist 01
tho w hole matÍ<'l·.


Aftor the hl'c:tkillg" out of the relwllio!l, and ",he]) ~eYf'r'¡] cOllfederato pirates \Vorc
afioat, thl' g"on:rIJ1llcnt gave sbip-owne1's to nn(ICl'st:lll(1 tlwt tltey ('ollhl uot protf:ct
their illtel'Csts ll]lOtl the oceall 01' iu distant seas hecausc thcy rcquireü allllle availabIo
yessels f(n' bluckatle serviee,


This !('tI to a 1"r:lllsf'pr, or partial transfer, of maIl,\' vessds to a fOl'cig"1l !lag.
'Vllfm peaee was couqllercd an attempt was m:l!le thrllug"h Cougress tu resture the


vessels tlms tr:wsferred to t,lwir own flag, arHI ,yhidl was l'efnsed.
'fhe eff"ct· 01' that refusal was to kecli quite a larg" tnnnaw, of Arnerican-lmilt amI


Amcl'Ícnll-owllcd vcssels uueler a foreign flag, all(l in fact making" it :t ncc('s::;ity in tlw
prosecution of tlwir husiness by American merchallts amI gro\\'Í1,g out of thei1' o"ne1'-
8hip tn sustain :1 foreigu llag,


1 was ncyel' satisJieü lllyself with th('. ,1cbate 01' t11C decisi",] of Congress llpon tbis
(lnestion. 1 Imow, frolll penlOnal observatioIl, tllat SO;llC of tIte "l!ry h('st ship-llla;;tcni
felt ullwillillg to eoutilllw l1u1'ing the relJelliull in shijl~ lllltler tIll' Alllcric:111llag", b~e::tn¡;¡'
the goyerument dir1uot pro1'08e in tlte. first, instan ce to ,~ive tJ¡"m j1r0l'cr pl'llteetioll, for
the reasolls herpin redtetl; aud seeondly, tlley were liahk tn hav" tllllir vl'sscls hnrnod
uIlller them, awl Ih~-y lalldcd penniIess on somedistanL shure, lo HUll their waj' hOllle ah
opport.unity lllight 01l:'l'l'.


These Hevt'rall'casuJl8 have rel1ncccI Americall tOIlll:tg"e, alllll¡a \'l' pl'eYl'llte,[ American
ship-builrIers frOlll cOlnpding wit.h thoRe 01' ot.]¡cr ll;¡tiollS,


'l'herf' has I)(,PlI a ;;tnmg ('ft{)rt. npon the part of BritislI lnlÍl<l,'rs to lll:lglli(\' y('sse],;
lJUilt of iroll ,,\.(')' tIlOse lmilt of wood. Truc tú thei1' illstinds, EJlglish Ü1Slm-rs ha\'(,
«one all in their 1'0\\'('1' to k('l'p np tlle c1elnsinn.


Engl:l!l(l is a eoulltry nf ebeap iron. 'Ve are a eoulltry oí' eh!:ap and gon<l \,'ood.
M,\' ow II ol'inioll, distinct fl'OIll ane of 1'l'é'jntliC'e, is in ÜtYl'l' 01' 1\'('U(1. lf 0111'· peopl(l


wonld stllrly th,·s,- qll('stions in tllfllight of patriotism tht'y ('(luid em'l'Íually, ,,'ith thc
proper ni(1 (jf gO\'('l'llllH'ut, l't'stOl'e tbe eOlllIll('rC(' of the couutTy to UIII' 0\,11 ttng, ami
thus aiü tlle co",·,lrllctioll 01' mag"nificent ,,'ooden shi]l5,


1 am, ,,'jth great l'l'SlwCÍ, yOllr very obedicut st'¡'y:mt,
GEO. R l'l'TON.


Hon. JOII~, Lyxcu, Chairman, ,fe.


nOSTOX, Dert'iJllier 22, lfl6[l.
My DE.~n Sm: 1 am t1'¡" lllorlling ill rceei[lt of :\,OUi' kilH1 fa\'or 01' the 18th. 1 am Ín


favor of woodeu ,[¡ip~ fi)]' for('i~ll commerce, for tlles!' siw]>k l'l'a"lll~:
Fir.~t. In C;U-,f' üf í-ItraruLiug' 01' ¡;;e,yern ''fn~cking nt FW:l. tIH''\~ :ll'P lun('h ]nor.~ easily rc-


paired. Of aH tlll' ports 01' tbe world, in SOllth Allleric;¡, tlJl'. E:¡,¡, 1 lllli e,; , 111111 Chilla,
fe\y 01' none IJa\'(' tlw Ilccessary tools 01' workmeu fOl':111 ('xt"ll,\i\'e r!'pair uf i1'01l yes¡,els
while tlten, i~ IJanlly olle that call1lUt repair a WOO¡]1'1l ship,


Seco ¡¡ (/, A \Hw,I"1l shill, under tIw S:1me circllllls1.ane", .. " \',ill briug" 01' carry lH-r cargu
better thaa an iron orl<'. \Yood is a ~ood non-conductor; iWll couü('nsc,. Tilo üalll-
age by s\yeat is Y¡'ry gl'üat, auu is Oll0, rnol'eoYt~r, that iil~Url'l'H do llot ('O\"t"l'. Irull Hhips,
for the reason n'\!lletl, are lllore apt to sweat tlw cargo than !l!o"e llllilt oí' \\,00(1.


Third, \Yo",l"n shil's (':m ¡Je more safl'ly Jl:lyi~atc,d thall 11""" hllilt. of üon, 1 Ulll
awal'e of tlh' iJn]lroV('ltlellt~ in eor1'ectillg tIJe (:Olll]lass. ;;till rhe faet e:dsts antl cauBot
lJe gainsair1, that in OLÍ:, re~pect wuod ha~ an arl\'anl.ng"Cl 0\'e1' iroll.


FOl/rll!. 'rlw l'nite-a St:ü,-'s have t.he lJest and chL'al'est In»,!! in tho \Yorlrl for ship-
huilding. At a goItl b'ISis, alHl witlt a l'easollahlc cOllecs,,;ioll oí' dntics lll'0ll al'tieles
which enter iuto t.he llttillg" amI sailing, 'YO can hniltl \Yoo("'n shil'~ of tlte iJest class at
about thirt.y ¡¡el' eent, less mtcs than tite Cly<ln can huil,l tIlO"" 01' i!'OIl.


Por these simple l'easuus, 1 have always Illaintaill('(l that it II':lS t{Jr onr illtc1'est to
llUild anrl c~Lrry OH our business in wootlen ships. They are tools lit' tracle. AH a 'lues-
tion ofpolitical ¡;collomy, thn ellPapest too! \\'hich tlO('S tIlO \\'ork \\'I'll is tho true OlW to
procure, und a1thollglt 1 anL in ütyor of hayiIlg' nHtl 01' ~iyillg' f'neOlll'ilgelllelll tu Hldlled
workmell in al! hrancltes of i1H1ustry, iron as well as \\'ood, 1 do "lit tllin k tlle time has
a.rrivcd when \\'e call eeolH)]nieally use iron ('ith,'1' a!ono 01' aH a COltll'0"íto in slüp-
huilding.


1 am, with gl'eat r('.~pcct, ronr most obc<1i811t selTant,
G EO. !l. UPTOX.


Hon. JauN LY:S-CII, Chair'lnan, ,re,


HO"TO:'or, !)t!'c¡¡¡!Jer :1, 1869.
DE,\R Sm: III l'epl;1' to your reqncst illldtcr ofthe 2:;th ultimo \\'" Ihi¡Il, ¡he g'un'rn-


mCllt wruug in nut taking SOlllC fl\ir amIliberal1llcasures illlUletliately .¡fter tl1" \j'ar íor




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 201
the inCre:1He of oHr mp1'C:1ntile marine. At this Jatn ,bte wo can SRe no otber strictly
safe anu sure conmll to re-cstablish onr COlllmCl'CC, vi,,:


1. Than hy g-ralltillg- the privileg-e of llllrclmsing- tonnag-o in an~' part of the wol'l<1;
that of forcig-tl cOllst1'llttioll bcarin~ au e'jnitahle tlnty Oll eost ",Ilen takillg tlw flag.


2. A dmwhack ou alllllateriaLg nseu in coustTuction oí' vessels.
3. Ontfits fol' vesseb taken frolll bont1eu stores exempted from anty.


YO!ll'S, vcry respeetfllUy,
THmJAS 13. W ALES & CO.


Hall. JOIlX LYNCII,
Chairman C01n1l!ittee on Kavigation InterestB.


BOSTON, Deccmbel' 6, 1869.
SIR: 'Yhcu 1 received yonl' favor of the 25th ultimo T was not in comlition to attempt


an allSWC1'. Since thOll 1 have seen a copy of a long artiele by tile Hon. E. H. Del'by,
of tilis city, which is to appnnr iu the eomiug' Athntic ~Ia,g-azinc: al so, a pamphlet by
Captaiu .JOllll Couman. :](1clrcssCtl to yon; amI also tlw mport of rile cOTlllllissioner 01'
tite New York Chambcr uf Commeree, the writer ofwllicL,}lr. A.A. Lo,,', i8 ,,<,11 qualifieu
to speak on tho slIlJject. J conenr almost withont reserve in these severnl papcrs, amI 1
thillk they cmholly tlw vicws 01' mcrchants. Only onB point of peculiar intercst to
lILe has not been toucheu npon, anrl to this 1 propase to conflllc IDy remarks. It had
lILuch to do witil the decadence uf American commerce.


It is this: the g'ovprnmeut by force oí' circumstances faile<1 to give protection to ou1'
COTIlIIlCrce. In a great cmcrg-ency like that whidl came ~o suddcnly upon 11S in 1861
it was 'luite natural, not to say neccssal''y, for the governn1C'nt to turn its attention
flxclusÍYcly to hlock;u1illg' tlle ports oí' the cnemy, anc1 leavo t,llH shippiug to take caro
of itsdf. If ií. cpllltl lmve turned its attentioll to l'l'oteeting our fllrei~n commerce
it wonlfl have beell oblige¡1 to semI out ves seIs wholIy unfit í'or the pnrpORI1. The
governmellt, Ilallnot tlwll amI Itas not now any effieient, ernisiug ;;hips. TIte cIass of
ycssels bllilt ,lnring the !atter part of the wal' (ni' tlw type 01' the Mntla,vaska, \Vam-
panoag, &c., kllOWll as thl1 "calleo ships," intcmled ti)r grpat speed) are l'crfeetly use-
less as cnü'crs to go in search of Alabarnas; millions of donars \Vere wastc<1 in their
conHtructioll, alHl111illious may lJc wasted in keoping tllCUl in or<1or to do notlliuf} !lsrfnl.
Ido uot ]¡C',;itate tu say that it wouM be g-ooc1 econollly to lmrn every one of them
rather than to llllish, repair, amI cmploy tllem. 1 think t,jüs s\Ycepillg statemcllt wiU
he fonnd crl1lfil'l!le,1 hy a l'el'0rt of <listinguished naval officers amI an énginel'r, ruade
by order of tilo Sccl'('tar:r of tlle Nav,\', and probabJy aecessihle to your l'OlIlIllittcc.
Tilore ar(' :t ft·w, vl'ry f,m', fair-sailing, fair-steaming, a11(1 fairIy ecoHolUical sllips in the
navy, as tite Hnl'tfol'/1 aH,1 BrooklYl1, a1Hl SOllle tltat 1 cannot identify un<1er their 11e\Y
uarnes. TIH'r,· is :11l illtermcdiate elass, lilee thc Ticonderoga, lllollollgahela, Lacka-
wanlla, amI Detroit, 1l1oulltillg Jlve hf':wy gUllS. :uul of thirteeu humlre<1 to fiftecll
hnndretl tons, 01,1 llleasurelllellt, which eame lUnch nearer to lwing usefnl el'uising
SIli¡lS than tlle "cauoe sbips;" lmt by reason of aH incompetf'llt .inrY-l'ig, they are, 01'
were, wholly nllfit to make long c1'nises without freljuent coaling'.


Tlle large dnSH of vcssds, likt' Colora<lo, l\IiuneRota, Frallkliu, :MlIl \Yahnsh, monnt-
ing- forty gUllS, alJ(1 :tveraging' aholli thirty-six hnndred tons, ol,lmeaSlIfeUlellt, are \'ery
fine. vesscls í'orílag-ships ou foreig-n stations in time of peace, lmt th,'y are too large amI
tuo cxpensiye fol' emising' s11ip8, an<l they are whoIly unfit to eOllÍ"jHI with iron-clal1s.
As an illllstl'ation of tlw w:uü, of ceonomy somctimes praet,ie(',I, I ""fluId l'clllark that 1
hay/' rp.cellil.y 8('en n1Hkr I'('l':tirs at this statioll a Hhip huilt nt Pllilatlpll'uia in 1;-)lj.:[-':;-1 .
believe eitl10r the fillcn:111<1oah 01' Ticondproga. She has heen a hnost ¡'ntirely rebuilt,
and it wouM be inÍl'r('stin,~' .1lHl illstructivC' to know how mllch has heen expended Oll
her. 1 thillk the mo~t Clll'SOl'y Oh8e1'''01' WIIO saw her vlank ()ft' \\'onl[l say that it would
have been good C[',OIlOWY to take be1' to sea allu sin k her in p1'8ferellCe to repairiug
he1'.


'Vith tlLÍs sketch of tlle illeffieiency oí' our navy in ships adapted to keeping the sea
fol' any consi<lerahle time, mostly l11Hler canvas, foI' tite pl'oteetion of onr eOillmercc
and for hitting- tilc fi1'st llar,1 hlo\Vs ai the connrH'rce ofthe euelll'y, lt iR quitc apparent
tltat at the lwginning (Jf tllC \YaI' (lnr government coultl uot h:1ve eft'cetually protected
our f()rc,ign COllllllerce, amI c,m Irl not to-day shonlrl a war oeenr. Olle great cause,
therefoI'l·. for tlH\ ¡leca<1enee ()f AmCl'icall COllllnnrce on tlw ocean \\'as tJ¡e want of <lile
prot,ectioíl. Anotlwr prominent canso was the wallt 01' dne cHeonragemnllt to l'ri vate
enterprise to lit ont \'('sBela to capture tite cnerny's crni801's, H:u1 :tn~' snfticicllt indnce-
UlCllt been 1)(;1<1 out, n:gularly cOlllrnissionetl vessels woultl lmve been fitted out by
private ente1'prisc.


Tlle relllcdy ti)l' this short list of cvils is very ~imple. It is to construct a Hect nf
fast-sailing', eflleicnt sere\\' stealllers, with faU snllpl~' of callvas, sueh fiR we see nudel'
aU bnt om' o\Yu llag, crossing tlle oeean in uiac antl ten days-ships witll light arma-
meuts, uot lit to eUCouIltcr iron-chttls o¡: old-style fightillg ships) 01" to blttter forts, hut




202 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
ships well adaptO!I to catch the commercial ships of an enemy, amI to escape from a
superior force; amI for government to grant suhsidies to tllose who should build roail
packets lit for couversiolt for tbese purposes.


Sueh ships would afIord valuable training schools for seamen, and to this en(l evel',V
eucouragement should be given to young men to enlist on board oí' them. Tlley would
atlord excellent tr:üllillg sehoo18 for )'oung otlicers, and in timo of peaee as wen a,~ in
timo of war, would prove very valnablc auxiliaril's to promote amI protect COlllmerce.


1 am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
R. TI. FOIWES.


Hon. JOHN LYKCH,
Chairman, ~f'c., /Va8hington, D. C.


BOSTOX, Dccembcr 20, 1869.
My DEAR SIR: 1 am in receipt of your note of tIle 25th ultimo askillg 111y opillion


OH the "causes of tIte declinc ami present dcprcsse<1 eondition of the sllip-Lmilding and
generalnavigation interests oi' the country, and tItc lIleans of legiolation nccessary to
revive those interests."


::\1,y business cllgagcrncnts have becn sueh as to prf'vcut me from making au ea)'lier
reply, and 1 lIlust now give you llly views briefly. Hut Iialr', hO\Vl'Yer, ueclL be saúl, as
1 tllillk it wiII be suffieicnt to review the Ilistory of OH)' :llrai)'" fOl' tlw LaHt t.'tI y.'ars,
with this subject in mind, to seo cIearly what have 1wcn tIte causes of our presellt diffi-
culties. As to tite rmne(lies, it lllay not be easy to spe:lk eOll1i(I,mtly. 'rhe cLief of
them, ho\Vcver, wiII appcar quitc pIain.


Hefore the war oi' tlle rebeIlion, in tlle CO\1t'SC of yenrs, OHr cOlllmcrcial cntc)'pr;"e Ilad
placed our country in the f¡,ont rank ~tmOll,g natillns. Tlw arnount. of toullage ()f nnr
sea-going vesscIs \Vas more than one-seventh part greater tila u that oI' EnglallrI at the
begilllling of the year lH61. amI rapillly incrt'asing. The .Icmands of ¡in'eign COJllllwrce
had directed attelltion to tlw business of slü]J-1JUilding, aud this branch of illllnstry had
grown up to great importance, eugagiug the capital, skilI, and cllergies 01' a large
nU1111)(\r of our ~citi7.(,lls, a11(1 t'esnlting in seeu1'ing to 0111' ships a rqmtnf,ioll 1w1'o1'c rill
others in the worlll for beauty alllI ~]leed. "\V!Jell tilO wal' or the rdH'llioll broke uut
ou1' governmellt \Vas uot only lillpreparerl to protect her COlllllll'rce abrnad, huí was,
for tlle time at le:l8t, maillIy r1epell(Lcllt llpon the hllil,lillg esütblislullellts ,,'lticll har!
growIl up ullllel' pl'Ívate halllls for tiLOs e ships whieh \Yere llcc(lcd·to cllfol'ce tlw bluck-
ade of the rebel port8 amI mect the attacks oi' their arlllcd Yt'ssels; while tIte r('1)('ls, with
tho substautial aid and comfort givell hy our i'ol'eigu rivals, were cllahled to sweep
the oceau nearly "itbout hindl'mnce. No vessel was safe but ulltlcr a foruign flag.
Under this state of tllings, what with the c:tptUl'O ilnr! (lestrlll'tiou of milll.V (jf onr ves-
seIs by the "cullfetleratc allies," alld thc natural tlceny allllloss, (amolLlltillg to about
ten per cent. annually,) tlle decline of out' navigaíioll inten'sts slleh as We haYA ex pe-
TÍenced was ine\'itahl,,; anrl it wonlr! take years of prosperity, under tlw lllOS! í:lyorable
círcumstanees, for us to regain tIte position wItich we tItus lost. Hut our eil'cmnstanccs
are uot f:tyorabl('.


Tlle wallts of the governll1cnt ÜUrillg tbe reccut wal' hml to be nwt by a systelll oI'
taxation depressiug to every branch of business, lIloro 01' less, 1mt especially heavy npon
th:1Í whjch WA are now cOl1sidering. ft, is not neeessary to specify the IHuticnlars. TIte
buildcr of a sltil' UlUst now pay very hcavy (luLes lllul taxcs ll]Jon cvery article used
in and upon it. The purchaser a11(l o\Vne1' wiIl pay about sevcuty per ('<,ut. 1IpOl1 h('\,
outfit, a11(l thirty eents per ton aunuaIly fOl' a licensí'. l'\o llOpes cau be clltcrtaillcrl of
a revival of these intel'csts ulltler su eh intlllcllces. 'rlw rlisahilitics of 1I11r prcscnt l'usi-
tion must hA removed hy actiol1 of the nati(mnl goví'rnl1ll'l1t.


Englalld in1S;,3. lWÜ rrance i11 lR56, 8a", tile uecessity fol' doillg sornetlting for th'j
oncoumgement of navigation amollg tIlIc'il' titizcnH. 'rll('~' Ha \\' tIlt' Fuiterl Sttü('s takiug
the lead in c0ll1111ercial at1air8, an(1 a bont to !lo tlte gl'eatt'r part or the calTyiug tra!le
of the worIll. EngIaml at ouce took oíf aIl (lnties u]>ou evcr,ytItiug b..lollging to tite
bllil(ling of a ship, amI on all outlits tak.'n ont of bond at the tilll!'. Ship-hnil(ling
was thcu in as LlepresHcLl a cOlltlitiou tllere as it 1l0IY is with ns. At tlw time wl1ulI Il(~'r
l1lechanics struck for bigber wages, she pass!'(l the lleutl'al]a\y, by "'hid, >t1\y Olll' oi
her citizens ('OH!tl hnil.l a shil' wllercY(~r ]1(\ might cl1oose, alltl hy p:lying' ou,~ shilliug
per ton, coultl procure her registl''y l'recisel." as if ,he hatl 1)('('11 lJlliH al hOI1lC. Franee
passerll1 similar law. In facf" we are tIle ou]y mariti1lle lIation that has uot .1011" tl1(\
sallle. Ellglallll, moreover, wellt fmthel' rilan this, :Inri ('nade(l a la", wlH'l'chy a fo1'-
eigner (an American lor instauce) 111ight takc charge 01' an E1\glish shil' WitllOllt d(,1\)'-
ing aIlegiancfl to his own cOllntry, amI, if lweefisity J'('r¡nirerl, Iw 1I1ip:ht (,:lJI 01\ .,ither
eoulltry fol' l'1'oteutiou of Itis rights witll refercllue to it. Tite mercantile marine (jf a
eountry i8 Oll" of ti", grentest elmnents of its strt'lIgth. No 1\ation can he l'paJly great
01' st1'ong without it. It ~eellls to lile tlmt on uatioual groullllH, as \Vel! as 011 tlte plain o




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 203
est principIes of ('conomy, tlIat our governmcnt slIonld takc espeCIal care of these
intereats,on which her standing among thA natiol1s so materially depends.


Thc course necessary to oe pursued seems to me plainly indicated in the policy
which 011r great rival has pursned so successfully.


I would recommmHI in tlw interpsts ofthe ship-builller, the merchant, and the whole
eountry, thc passagc of a 1aw rcmitting all dnties and taxes OIl whatever eIlters iIltO
t11e COllstruCtiOIl or ontfit of vessels; the enactment of such measures as will allow
OIle of our cHizells to bnil<l, huy, or eguip, in any pan of the world, any vAssel what-
ever to oe used in lcgitimatc commcrcc, amI to takc out an American regist.er for tho
samll by payment of 80me Bpecific tax upon her cost 01' tonnage, ooy twenty-five cents
per ton. TlJis would en' ate a competitioll, 110t howevcr lipcdally injurious to any of
0111' interests, 1mt resnltillg in thc general good. Thc skill, energy, anü greater effi-
ciency of 0111' mechallicR would be more tban an offset to the c11eap labor, cheap iron,
¡me! cheap coal of England. \Ve shonld SOOll be building ships for the worlc1, as wo
(lid from 1E!46 to 1E!(i9. 1 have myself built for Englana, France, Germany, Peru, and
Chili. Euglaml has taken our place now. 8hall she keep it f


iíext in the interests of our commerce, (as I have before hall occa8ion to state to
another (lepa1'tment 01' tlw government,) 1 should recommend to Congress snch enact-
mellts as 8ha11 gi"e lihert,y of a free exdlilllge of aH prodnetions and cOlllIllodities in
the shape of 1Y!wJwdcrird8. The restrictions placed UpOll a free trade should be, as far
as possibIc 11IlIl as SOOIl as posRible, removed. In a mollerately fair fillld we have no
canse to fear ally rivals. American ship-masters aud officers are, as a class, superior to
all oUlCrs, autl :;0 generally acknowlee!gee! to be such that, if there is a freight to be
had, tbc Amerieall will eOlumaIHI it in prefere,nce to othe1'8.


Anothe1' recommelldation 1 would make with regard to onr steatn navigation: This
18 :l hralJeh of ollr lÍlarille of great and increasing importance, and should receive some
special encouragemcnt. A sllbsidy law fol' lTnited Statlls mail steamers, so lilleral in
its provisiol1H ,l~ to secure the services of our own citizcns in tlIe carryillg of foreign
mails, is very dcs.irable.


1 haye thus hastily given my vicws upon the suhject presentetl. So confident am I
(Jf their COlTcctncss that, if r myself were the United States governmcnt, and my
poclG't the treasury, I 8honld not hcsitate immediately to adopt all tlle provisions
whieh 1 have recol1lmencled.


1 am, sir, most tI'nl~' ~-0111'S,
ISAAC TAYLOR.


Hon . .JOIIX LYNCU,
Chairman of Committee, TVa8hillgtoll, D. C.


The following is from a letter of Donuld ::\IcKay, ship-builder,of East
Boston:


" 1 allnex a list of duties (in gol!1) npon various nrtieles entering into the COll8truction
of a new ship of one thousand tons:
Iron, 120,906 pOllllds ______ .. __ .. _ .. _______ ._ .... ____ .. __________________ _
Iron spikes, 9,966 [louuds .. _ .. _____________________ .. ___________________ _
GalvanizerI spikes, 2,409 pounds ____ . __________ . _________________________ _
Castings, 14,40tl !lounds _____________ .. ____ . _____________________ . _______ _
Chain cables aJl(1 riggiug chain8, 58,:~00 pO\lurls ________ . ___________ • _____ _
Allchors, 10,700 poullds ____ .. ___ .. ____________ . ________________________ _
Metal amllluils fi)l' do., 20,:n8 pOlluds _________________________ . _________ _
Salt, 1,200 bnshds _______ . ______________________________________________ _
Manilb, 12,42;\ ]louJlIIs. ________________ .. ____ . __________________________ _
Hemp, 28,774 puuutls ______ .. __________________ o. _________________ .. ____ _
Duek for sai1s amI housc-tops, inelu(ling 8p:1re sails, 7, liJO yards _____ ... ___ _
Clinch riIlgs, 1,800 pounrls _______ .. _ .. _________________________ . ________ _
Foreign white pine lumbor anil tleeking ________________ ._._ . ____________ _
Forcign Ilackmatack Imees .. _ .. _____ .. ___ o .. ___________________________ _
Copper bolts, COIll[loútion, castillgs, paints, oils, crockel'Y, cabiu trirumillgs,


nails, amI slllldry outfits ________________ . ________________________ . ____ _


Total rlutiable articles for 1,000-ton ship (golc1) ____ . __________ • _____ _


$1,20906
249 15


60 2:l
216 12


1,457 50
240 75
711 83
216 00
:no 57
863 22
71490


a6 00
825 00
330 00


1,22500


8,665 33


As a partiall'clicf to the ship-ouilding intcrest, 1 would suggest that Congress permit
a ,lrawbaek of dnties paid on materials e.uterillg iuto the constrnction of new ves8els,
(whielI at. the ])l'CSellt (lato on a thonsand-ton sllil) pro\'es to be octweell eight amlnillo
rhunsand dollnm, as SlIOWll above,) amI this privilege is accorded to the ilhip-owners and




204 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
ship-bnill1prs of Great llritain, enabling them to compete with aU othcr COlllluereial
nations. alHl thcir llmwback exten<1s to aU artieles of constrnction, eqnipmcnt, and
stores lBt'll in buillling anll titting out of llew vrssels.


lutcrnsted perHoIIs cau ohtain from the houorallle Secretary of the Trcasnr~'. for plll'-
poses of compluisoll, the registerel1 amollut of tonnage huilt each oi' tlle past t\'-"llty
yea1'8. Tllere llave hc¡m 80 few yessels bllilt for 0111' m¡~rchants in recent, yeal's that. tho
average agc of American sca-going ships i8 over ten ycarE, and Oll this aerollnt OHr
insuranee eOlllpani,'s meet with many losses, aud yet the shil)-OWnCr no,," paya c!onlll()
tho old mte uf marine insuranee.


DONALD McKAY.


OFFICE OF '\V. n. '\VEnn, SIIIP-nUILDER,
Xo. 200 LCll'i8 Strcet, Ncw York, Decemuel' 20, 11'369.


DE-\R SIR: In the abseuce of MI'. '\V. n. '\Vebb, WllO is ut pl'eSellt in Clllifomia, wo
have to acknowlet1g-e your Jctter of the 20th il1~tant, since 1'cceil't of ",hiel! W(l haye
conslllted some oí' on1' largpst. illsnranee compal1it;s in this city 011 the poiuts y,m ruise,
that in tlle absellco of MI'. ,\Y;;1)h wo nJight forwanl yon tilo opinions of llIen iu WhOlll
he would repuse confidence, leaying ~lr. '\VelJh to writo you hi8 own ideas at a litUo
later day, as \Ve slmU Sfl!HI yonr IcHe!' on to him.


These gent.lcmoll, sLlch as MI'. DCllllis, of tho Atlantic Mutual Compan,V, Mr. Phlllixion,
of the Sun Mntual Company, neit.her lmowing tho other was cOllsnltctl, cxpr('sSt'S
identicalIy tlw Sl1lUe opiuiou, tllat they ,,,oull1 rate tlle compositc alld tbo iroll ship of
similar q llalit.y at same rate, iusure tbem at salIle cost, take as lUnch on tlw nne as on
the othel', amI tb~y wonld cxpect thn one ship to class as long alHllast as long as tlle
other. A~ iron ships "sweaL" a gooll Ileal, theil' con vctsation l.cft us to hcliü\"c that.,
uutil that fanlt is got over, the eomposite ships would he on tbe ,,'l101e more favorably
reganled h.v thClll.


111 TepJy to a qucstion llUt by the Treasury, asking if, in his opinion, thc eomposite
elass of vcsHel,.; wOllld snccced heTe, M 1'. We bb rcplicd so l'ecently as N ovem ht·1' ;~, of the
present ycal'. " Yes, witllOut llonbt; 0111' gl'eat cOllllllalHI of wootlen matl'l'ials in this
country puahlillg ns to compete more snccessfnll>' in building- this class oi' vossels, as
agaillst fOl'eign ship-lmillliug. than \yith those wholly hnilt oí' iron."


Hoping that, liulil ::\11'. '\Vchb is abl" to atldl'css yon, this may be of SO\lle sen'ice, wo
remain, very respectfully,


Hon. JOHN LY~CII, Washington, D. C.


C. METZUAH,
K. ::\1. GILLAN,


Joint Altorlleys fa/' T¡Cm. JJ. Trebb.


Sx~ FRAXCISCO, Janual'y 10, 18iO.
DEAR SIR: Your valucc1 favor of tlw 20th ultimo has been forwarded to me here hy


rny attorncvs at Now York.
'1 can tlo 'ímt little more ato this distan ce from home than imlorse, which 1 du flllly,


their reply uneler d:tte 01' 29th ultimo, a eopyof whieh 1 have before me.
At this port llr,arn that the Ellglisll-1JUilt iron slüp is quite as favorahly eOllsi,lered


as the Amencan-lmilt ,,'ooüen ship fiJl' shipnwlIts to Enrope,lmt 1 at.trilmte llluch 01'
this to tbe unfilrtuuate fact that mosf. (Jf tIlOse shilJ111ent~ from this port, as ,,'dI a~ fl"Om
tilo Atlantic portB, uow aro eontrollcd by agencies uf fOl'oi"n llOuses, Ol' fOl'ciguers
themst'l\'es establishcd in Ollr couutry. '" ,


I may :u1<1, in regard to the building' of eOlllpositc shiJls in our o,,"n cOlllJtr~', tltat if
the tariff Olllllaterials nsed, oUler tllan woorl, was relllo\'cd, 01' an equivalent gTanted
in sorne other mallm'r, we could snccecd cvelltllall~', as against aU Enrope, in proüul:Íng
llot only a bcttcr hut, cheapf\r room po si te vessul; but wc necd aid Ü'OIll tl¡e goverlllut'nt
to enable t.ho sllip-bnilding' illtCl'Cst oí' the conntry to l'ngage in this, to u~, 11l'W lmlllcb
of Ollr busmoss, amI one ,,'hich rCC[llil'cs a lm'gel' illvcstmellt of capital than hl'reto1om
employcd in tlle bnilding (Jf wooden y('ssels. -


1 alll confident that cOlllposite shipci ('tUl be hnilt in this C0111ltry to a,lí-antnge, a1HI
8u~h as ,,'ould ha\'e at1Ylmtages in several respects o\'c1". tilos" \Vholl~' hllilt. of il"ou, eer-
tl1mly a~ regards comtol't oi' passengers in hot clilUate~. the [lresCl'Vatioll of cal'gocs,
as \VeH a8 economy iu the I'unuing, aud tlw safety of passcngers a1Hl fl"'ight ,,'lwn
strallded.


Tl'llsting the above will satisfy your illlluiry, 1 am yours, very respectf'IlIl~; aHII trnly,
W.IL \YEnn.


Hon. JOHN LYNCH,
Wa&hillgton, D. C.




NAVIGATION INTEREST8. 205
~EW YOl[K, :l8 .John 8t., December 4, 1869.


Sm: 1 t.1.1w tho libprty of 1'1ariJlg before yOll my vieW8 of the di~advantages the
American sltip-ll1lilderR, sllilnvrig'hts, a1l(1 other mechauics are at this time labOrillg
u1lC1er, cause(1 hy llw ]¡ouvy dutics :m<1 taxt's paid on aU material used in building and
repairing YP~SelH, Hud as your comlllittec 1m"e olJtaincd so much val\lable illfonllatioll
on thc subject of building both woo(len and iron vCRsels, 1 ,viiI Ilot dwell on ihis point,
hut wil! f'llrloayol' to more fnlly aelllOllHtratc tlw faet, that tlle building ofvesscls ro hllt
a part of tite .1isadyantagcs which the mcchanics of this cOllntr;r have to conteoo
with.


It iR a ""1'11 klllnvn fact that the lifetime of a H'ssel b from tpll to fiftccn years, :~nd
that sIl(' Iw' to be 1'epaircll a numlH'r of times flnring' this lleriod, aucl in J:lally cases
the ollt1ay f()r ri'pairs is nearly eqllal to tlH, tirHt CORt. For instancn, a "lYO()(li\1l y('ss,,1
has to 1)(' I'l'calllkerl amI rcmetalcrl ('y"I'Y 1\yo yeal's, and rebuilt at I,,:!"t Ol! an average
c\,pry seven y"ars. An iron yess,'1 ref¡uirf's tn h,) flocko(] at Ie:lst evpry six lllonths fol'
¡!w lml'jlosc of cleaning' alltl ]laintillg. Y'Jll wiU at once [lel'('eiyc that repail's on i1'01~
\'?ssels ar" not so cxpcnsiye as 01} tllc w(Joden ycs,els, lmtat tlle RalllO time yon will
01J8e1'''<' that tl1<\ iron vesseI l'ü(Juil'cS lllore eareful attelltioll auu is llludl oftener
docke<l.


Another gr"nt fletrimcnt tn jllf) shipwrig'hts, ilnfl otlwr mechanies of this conntry, is
tlmt tlll' gn'ut,;r !lortion of tIte forcigll freighUIlg' husincss is carried on by forcig'llers,
[llld tlu',C' forcigll """el s willl!ot malee. tlwir r"l)airs iu this eountl'y, as a matter of
pC()llomy, (I!l aC('0l111t of the !tig'h priecs of mat,;rial, RllCh a~ iron, allll otl1('r metals,
conla~e, &.('" e<!us('<l lJy the high Lari!!'. This ülkes a\Vay frolll nnr dry-docks nnd
llleclla1lies íhat (,11l)llo;rmeut amI rr'Yl'llUe y,hic!t we did ha\'e when 011r American
Y~8,ds ('('lItro!lP!l f()1"eign freig'htÍllg' hUSÍllCSS 01" the greater portioll of it. lt is also a
well kllO\\"l1 ¡¡Iet, that tlte!'c arc uo repairs 111 a <1(' on tltcse f()reigners in tbis country,
uule:;s tllPy ar(' so (hsaltle<l th~tt it is itnpossibl" fol' tlwm to w't home, anf! even thcn
tlw repairs 1ll:1I1e are only temporar,\". As au illllstratiou, 1 will here ltlentioll tbe case
of tlw Sh'lllllShip City of C01'k,of the lllltlall Line, whicb vesse! struck on a rock
W1Wll <'llteriug' tlw harbor of Ilalii:tx, N()Y1t Seotia, in Jnly, 18gB, and eanH\ to New
York mul '\":lB ,10ckc<1 in one of the docl,s "hi('h 1 lmilt for tho "Erie Basin Dry-aoek
alHl \V:lrellOuse COlllpany." Hel' stern was h;ully (lamagü(l, hnt it was oHly tempo-
rarily rcpaired wiLh woorl <lllll iron lo umlw her safe to reach Livcrpool, where tbo
rp]lnlrs ('.oul<l he maa" thoronghly, mlll em]llo:ytuent giycn to their o\ynllJecll<luics, <lIla
also allo\\' 1hem to luak" a. hau(lsown sa"ing o\'er on"pl'Íces. This is lmt 011<' illstallce of
mauy 1 COHlrlll:UIlC, \\'11c1'eby OHr rlocks analltcdwuics are aC]J1'iycd of cwployment on
acconut of g'r<'at eost of Ilwterial, ,y¡'cn it is an acknowlcdgcfl tact that our mecJmuics
cau cxecnle fifty l'cr C('ut. more ,york in ;1 gin,n time than Enrol'e:lllltlCchanÍes; still
OUl' gO,"t'l'llIl1t'llt. gi \'l'S 110 aid (,0 onr COllllllcfcial interest, eithcr in thc way of subsidies
OI' special ]ll'ot('dion, to ('1Iahle 118 to l'llll a lino of steamers, 01' to compete with t11e
forcign shi]l-hllillkrs, nI' Oll1' mül'chauts autl otIt(;I'S illten;sted in dry (loeli:sand mechan-
ical ]lll1','mits, for tilo hea,yy dnty 011 shcathill¡!; metal ana copper llrives hy uccessity
many oí' Olll" American vessels tn Enrope to lw l'pmr-taled, and as a. llatural result our
dr,v dock, and mechanic~ rcrnain i(lIe. 1'0 give ~'ou a more clcar idea oftlwdetermin.
Mion of fOl"pig'nel'R lH,t to gi\'e clllploylllCllt 01' 'l'clHl fllly mone.\' in this conntry, 1 ,,,ill
state l1w followiug' Ülct: Tite ~ltip l\I:tyll.ow('r, ltailing from Li\'crpool, a1'rivcu at Port-
lan(l, Maine, in August last, with a cargo of coal, and leakillg so lmdly that it waH lleCAS-
8:\ry to kC(']l :1 stf'i1m-pnmp going )llO~t of tllf\ time. He refnsed to ma.ke repairs therc,
lmt saileü 1'01' Halifax, ~OVtI Seotía, so that he cOllld ell1ploy his own countrymen. 1
tItink yon wiJI lit once see that there is :w much lost to thc shipwright, <lry <locks
companies, and other mechanies, in r('pairing YE'ssels, as therc is in building. My
opillion is, if the ünty is removed frotll alllllatcl'Íal uRe<l in th,~ eonstrnetion, repairs,
amI sailing ships, within a. sllOrt time, we shaU as hereto[ore he aLle to cowpete with,
if Hot rinll thc \\"o1'ltl in lmil<ling as w"ll as sailing both wooden amI i1'o11 vcsscls, íor
we haye tlle material and ability to do so, t\lltl trust, our repres(mtntiv(,s in Congress
wi1~ give U8 that aid an<1 proteetioll ,,,hieh wiU enable U8 to rcalize our [¡igh,~st expcc-
tatlOns.


1 have the honor to


Hon . .TOIlN LVNCH,


remain your most obellient servant.
JAS. E. SIMPSON,


l'rcsÍflcnt Portl(llId 1)¡'Y Dock and Warchous6 C011lpanll.
C!w¡nllan Congl'cssional Cmnmittec 01/. Ship-bnildillg.


NEW YORK, January 13, 1870.
SIR: In r(\ply to yonr cornmnuication of the 11th instant, wc would give as onr


estimate of tlw cost of yietualing anrl malluing an American ship of 1,000 tOllS regis-
ter, say $1,100 per Illontb. It wouId be difficnlt, however, to estímate the cost per 100




206 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
tons register, to apply to vessels of aU sizes, as a veRsel of 500 tons rC'1uires as many
officer~ a~ oue 01' 1,500 tons, (\\'ith the exceptioll of tlle third mate,) alld I'ay~ llcal'ly as
high wages. Fre'1uently, t,oo, vessels of the same tOllnage hrwe a ditterence of two or
tllree sailors in t11e Tlumber of their crews, as sorne are more heavily sparred than
ot11ers, ami require more men to kandle them.


I An average erew for an eastern ship of 1,000 tons register, wouId cost, nt the present
I rates of \Yages, about as follows, viz:
I ~Iastcr, ($125 to $200, aeconling to qualifications,) say ... __ ... __________ .. ____ _
I ~late, $50; second mate, $40 -- - - - - - - . _ . - - - . _____ . _____ .. " _ . -_ ... - _ .......... .
,Cook, steward, alld carpellter, cac11 $35 ... __ ... ___ .. _____ ...... _ ...... __ ..... .
, 15 ~ltilors, each $30 ... __ .... __ .. __ . .. .. __ .. .. _ ••....•..........•......... _ .. .


$1:;0
90


105
450


795
Making twenty-one 'persons, "aH toM!' Victuals average fifty cents per day. .. 315


1,110


Sorne ships carry three or fonr hoy s or "oruinary seamen," at one-lmlf or two-íhirds
the wages of "able-bodied seame.n," and ships bound 011 long voyages can obtain
s:1ilors now at twenty-five uollars per montb, hut in tite Atlantic trade tbe cunent rate
is thirty dollars per montb, as above stated.


'Ve annex memorandum of the actnal cost of manning tlu-ce v('ssd~ of different
sizes, now in this port, aUlI aU hailing frolll :Maille; aUlI should yon re'1uire ally addi·
tional information, we are always aí your service.


Your obeuieut servants,
RICH. P. llUCK & CO.


Hon. JOIIN LYNCII,
Chairman CO'In. (}n Nac. Interests.


Dark of 563 tons :
Master. ............ __ ..•.................. __ ..... _ ..•. _. _ .... _. . . .. . ... . . .... $1;;0
Mate ... __ .. _ .. _ ............. _ ......... _ ...••... __ ..... ___ .......... _.. .. . ... 50
Seeond mate ............. _ .......... __ ...... _ .... _ ...... " ............ _.. .... 35
Cook and steward, (one m:tn for both) ............. _ .... _ ....... __ . ...•.. ...... 40
Bightseamen, at$30 .. _ ......... _ ........................... _._ ............. _ 240


51!)
Vietnaling twelve persons at fifty eents per day, average .. _." .• _... .......... 180


695


Ship of 1,308 ton s :
Master ...• _ ..............•••.••....•...•....•• _ ..........•... _ .......... _ . . . $HiO
:Mate ...•.................. _ ......... __ .............. _ •... ". . . . . .. . ... . .... 60
Second mate ............••.•..•........... __ ......... _.. ...•. . .. . . .. . .. . .... 40
Cook. _ .... _ ......••...••..•....•................•...... __ ........... _ .... ,. 35
Stewaru ............... _ ..... __ . _ . .. ...... ...•...... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
Carpenter ...•........ _. _ •. ' . _;. _. _. _ .... _ ......... __ .......... _ .... '" __ .•.• 35
Fifteen sailors, at $30 _ ..... _ ... _ ...•.•• _ ••••••.. _ .......... _ ....... __ . ..•... 450


810
Victnals for twenty·one _ .•••••••••••. _ ••••..•.••••••.... _. .•.. •••• .•... . .... 315


Ships of 1,506 tons:
Master .••••....•••••••..••••.•••••..••.•••• _ •.••••.•.•••••••.••••... _ ••... __
:Mate .••• ___ •.•••••••.••••••••.•••. _ .••.. _ .•...•••.... _ .•.. __ •...... _ ...•...
Second mate .•.•.•..••...• _ •....• ___ .••••...•••.•.•.••••••..••.. _ .. __ . __ ... .
'fhird mate •••••••••••••• _ ••..••••... __ ..... __ • _ .. _ ...••.. _ .•••. _ ....... _ .. .
8~~~~~~~~ ~ -____________ ._._.~ . ._._. ~ . ._ ______ . ~.::: .. ._:::.-:::::: __________ ~:::: :::::: :::: :: :::: ::::
Steward ...••. _ ..•••..... _ .. _ • •. . ... _ ....• _ .... _____ •••• _ •..•...•.. _ ....... .
Eighteen sailors, at $30 ••••.•.•••.•..••.•••••.••••• _ •••••••••• _ ............. .


Vietualing twenty-five persons .••• _ ••••• _ •• 0 ••• _ ••••••••


1,125


$200
60
45
35
/10
35
35


540


990
375


1.365




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 207
The master oí thc httcr ship WIlS formerly in onc of 1,116 tons, new rneasnrement,
an~l althongh nearly 400 tUIIS smallcl', site rcqnircu amI carried thc same erew as this
1I0W one.


Ni;\Y YORK, Jalluary 20, 1870.
DE.m SIR: 'Ve have <1elayetl answering yonr favor of the 15th instaut, in on1e1' to


oht:lÍn ]'('1iaI>1c inf(wmation respeeting the sailing of Freneh vessel~. The on1y l'reneh
ca¡¡tain \VIJ can íil\(l has a yessel of ahont 400 tons. Ber crcw list is as follows:


Erancs.
CaptaÍll. ___ ............................................. , . '" . .. . . . .. . .. .... 400
First mate ................................................... ".... •..... .... 150
Secolld !lIate .................................................... ,." .-.. .... 75
Cook anrl stcward, (one persUll) .................. , ....... " ...... .. . ... . . . . .. 70
CarpclltCl'. .............................. , ... '" ., .. ...... .... . . . . . .... . . . ... 70
Six seamen, at 50 francs...... .......... .... ...... ................ ............ 300
T",o apl'relltices.... .......... ...... ...... ........ ...... ...... .............. 70
One hoy ................ , ............................ """ ...... ...... .... 2:>


1, ](i0
At 5t francs lwI' do!lar in golcl .............................. '" ... '''''' ...... $221
Victualing per 11l0nth 1,200 franes, e'lual. ............. , ... """'''''''' .. , ..• 2~


GoJrl ........................................................ '''' 45\1
Add 2;"; per eent. l'rclllium on gold.... ........................ ................ lU


E'lual in United Statcs paper ......... , ............. .


Estimate for a Freneh 8111p of 1,OÚO tOllS:
FranC8.


Ca ptain ................ " ... _ .. _'" . . . ..... ... ... ... .... .... . . . . .. .... . . . ... 60(}
Mate. _............................. .......... .............. ........ .......... 200
Seeond mate...... .... ............ .... ........ .................. ...... ...... 100
Third mate................ .......................... ........................ 70
Carpenter. ...................................... , ................ , .... ...... 70
Coo k .. " ........................................... _ . .. ... ... . . . . .... • . .. . . . 70
Ste"'urd ........................................... __ .................... ,... 70
T,,-e!vc seameu.. ............................................ ........ ........ 600
Three hoys ...... , ............................................ '" .. .... ... ... 100


At;";t franes per goJe! dollar ............................................... , ..
Yictuals per mouth, 2,000 franes .......................................... , .. .


Gold ........................................................... .
Adll 25 per eeut. preminm on gold .......................................... ..


United States currcncy .............. " ......................... .


Estímate for a British ship of 1,000 tous :


Captain ......................................... , ........................ , ..
Mate ....................................................................... .
Sccona mate ................................................................ .
Thira mate ................................................................ ..
Carpenter .................................................................. .
Cook ....................................................................... .
Steward .................................................................. ' •.


i~~;b~:~~~\~~ .~~~~ ...... ~ ...... ~ ...... ~.:::: ~:~:: ~:: ~~::: ::: ::: ~::::::::::~:: ::~ ~


1,880


:j335E
381


128
185


924


~ s.
1(i O
7 O
5 ° :l ;)
5 10
3 5
3 15


33 O
2 5


79 00


At $6 currcncy per pound sterling, (being $4 80 gold, and 25 per cent. premium) $474
Victualing, twenty-two persons at 15 conta per day, ;(41 5s., equal .•••..... "" 247


United States papel' currency ................. , ............... ,... 721
=




208 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
A bark now hcre, hailing from SUllderland, pays the following, (8he is 546 tons


register :)
Captain, ;1;:14; mate,;I;:6 lOs ................................................ .
Secomllllate, ;1;:4 lOs.; carpenter, .,1.:5 108 ......... oo ......................... ..
Cook, ±:3 58.; steward, ;I;::l Vi8 ........... oo ................................. ..
}~ight atJle seamen, at ;1;:2 158.; and three boys, at 158 .............. _. _ ...•..••


oll 8.
20 10
10 O


7 O
24 5


61 15


At $6 United States cnrrency per p011ud _____ ....... __ ... __ .. ___ ....... ___ .
Victnals, scvcuteen persons, at 15el. per day .. Oo Oo Oo .................. __ Oo"


$:370 50
191 25


. Unitell Stntea cnrrency __ .. Oo ...... __ ._ .... __ Oo ... Oo_" ... _ .... 561 75


Hoping this infornmtion will reach you in season to be of service, we remain, your
obcdient 8ervants,


RICHARD P. DUCK & CO.
Hon. JOHN LYNCH,


Chairmall, ,!"e., Tra8hiugton, D. C.
P. S.-Llght dues tire still collccteu l,y Euglana, antl "\Vil fiml [l'Om onr vosscls ae-


conuts that they am01ll1t to nve 01' six pence sterliug- per tOll ill tlw Rri~tol chanuel.
'l'here are other local ulmrgcs of tl..lÍs kiutl ou the Engiisll eoast [ta(l the 13ri tisIt poases-
¡¡ions.


KEW YORK, JanltarN 13, 1870.
DEAR SIR: In I'cply to youI' note to our senior, MI'. A. A. Low, we heg to say tItat


OlF experience give~ ahont $12::; ller ton per mOllth,or 81,250 per 1ll0llth tor vessels of
1,000 ton~ eaen for vietualiug auumauning. For 811Ch vessels we have-
Master, say .... _ ..... _ ...... _ ...... Oo __ .. oo oo. Oo .......... ___ .. _ ....... oo __ .. $150
First mate .. __ ......... _ ..... Oo, .. __ •• Oo Oo ________ •• ___ • oo ...... _ ... .. • ... GO to 70
Second mt1 te .... _ ... __ ........ ________ .. Oo ................ __ •• __ ••• _ • _ •• Oo 35 to 40
StewanL __ . __ . ___ . __ .. _ .. __ . __ Oo oo. __ ....... _ ... __ ....... ,. ___ •• __ • __ ... __ Oo 40
Cook_ ... ___ o ______ ...... _ •• ___ • oo .... __ Oo __ Oo _______ o _ .............. _....... 40
Sailnmker ...... __ . ___ ... ______ .. Oo Oo Oo __ .. __ Oo __ oo _________ Oo • ________ .... _ __ 40
Carpellter ______ . ____ .. __ . ________ . oo ______ • __ ••• _ ••• __ • _____ ... __ ....... __ __ :~::;
Sixtecu ahlo scmueu .. _ Oo, .. Oo Oo ____ .... ___ ........... ____ • _ • ____ .... ___ •• __ Oo 25
}'ouI' ordilmry seamen .. _ ...... __ , ... ___ . Oo Oo, _ • ____ ••• __ • _ • ____ ... Oo • ____ .... 15
Four hoy s ......... __ . __ . _ ..... _____ . _ .. ________ Oo .. ____ .. _ Oo • ___ ...... _ .. Oo Oo 5


Average wages, atJout 8900 per month.
Average vietualillg, lLbont S350 per montll.


Very trnly yonrs, &c.,


JOHN LYNCIl, ()/wir1lttlll.


AMERICAN SHIP-BUILDING.


A. A. LOW & BRO.


Thc following Icttcr is from a gcntleman who was formerly an English
iron-master, and now in business in Philauelphia. He has a practical
knowledge of tIle subject upon which he writes:


Fl'om t11e moming l)apers of the 25th of Octoher it appears that tIte congressional
committee appoillktl to investigate the cause of the decline of the mercantile navy of
tho United States, and the best method of restoring prosperity to tIte ship-bnilding in-
terest, havearljoUl'ned to meet in PhiladelpItia on tile nrst Thursday in Decemher next;
that the questions heforc tlle committce wcre narrowed dowu to (listinct propositions,
which will pl'olmbly he recommended to Congress. These are thc relllisRion of all du-
tíes on matcrials catering into the constrnction of ships; tho permitting- foreigu ships
to he purchased allCl admitted to American register; ano! tllo g-l':lllting of subsidies to
steamship lines; anrllastly, offering a premium fol' building ships in t.Itis country, by
allowiug a drawhack on t.\lC importell materials Hsed.


Ou a subjeet of sn<1h national illlportancc, and one involvillg snch immense intcr-
ests, there must naturally be a great diversity of opinion, and any information that
may show the snbject in a new light may, pcrhaps, be deellled acceptable. \Vlth this
view the following ohservations are thrown togcther to endeavor to sItow that it i8 not
thc comparatively low standard of wages in Enrope alolle that prevents iron for ahip-




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 209
lmilding pnr]lOSp.H hp.ing protlnce<1 in this country 011 cr¡nal tcrms with that brought
from Europe.


lt iR ehiotty the I:wk oí' oJ'galliza,tion, álHl the 5itllution,_ of tlw 'diffcrcllt estnhlish-
ments, tllltt l'revellt ship pl:Ltc-il'Oll ])(\illg chcapl,' prO([llC"(1. It is a fuet beyond dis-
]Illte, th:ü pig-iroll ('un be IImde '" ellcap, amI coal <':lll hc oht,aillCÜ cheaper ou the Ohio
thall on tl\(\ T<'rs, in EnglalHl. 'IVhy, th('ll, call1wt i!'On fin' ship-lmilding he matIc,
amI sllips be lnult on tlw Ohio at tho samo price by ton with American iron, as at the
Atlantic port,., with Enropcan iron, C\'Ol1 if no tlnty iR puÍll ou it? Simply for want of
-Jw org:11lization nserl in EnglalHl, allfl the policy used iu Francn.


1t- .~ .'f .Ió .¡.r. *' *' -;.;. *'
T11e pig-iron iR dear on aCcollnt of th" relative position oftlJe ore, eoal, ancl trallsport


lO the mill~; 1[(\1'e agaill l'rotH must, 1", m:l<lp on th" pig-iron, aft.er the miner IUls m~([e
lús on tJ:e 01'/; mal coul, amI tlw ntil\\'ay l'Ollll'an~' lllu'lo thcirs on the t1'ansport; tIJas
l'vel'ything uRed is to tlle ,lisarl":llltagp, ofthe ship-builr1pr, and yeRsds eannot be lmilt
at a low l'rice, 'rhe <jlll'stion is, ItO\Y amI \ylten eun tllÍs he altercd ~ 'ro tltis no satis-
j:¡ctory mmW()l' can be givell as long as ships a1'(, buiH on the eastern coast of tlHl 8tate~;
aurl to Holve the rliftknlty a ne\\' loeation must be chosen, \vhere iron-ore amI coal are
fouml in a near ,,1'oxilllit~, t,o a l1avigable river, that pig-i1'on can 110 nmlle as cheap as
in Englaml, allll ,,~Iwre coa 1 can 1)(' ohtain,,¡¡ for mannt,wtnring thc same at as lo", a
price as it ('OHts nt works thr'l'(" :tl1l1 \vhcre ships can be huilt aud launchcd as cheap,
cxcept the ¡¡iili'n'llc" in ¡ he pricl' 01' lahor; but this diffarence can he compens:1ted hy
the üwt offhe sIIIl<'!'iority of Ameri('an iron oy"r English, which will enahle vm;sels to
lJC built oflighter irun, alHleonHcljueutly a greatcr touu:1ge for their wcight than British
lmilt sIJill&. e


Tlle pl:oposition a hont to he malle may nt first appear to 1)(\ impracticul to tlJOse
aecllstollwrl to larUld, their ve,scls iu ,alt water, hu! on cOllsiLlering the improvements
of tite aw', awl tlle facility \vitlt ,,'hid, ships are !lOW by machiucry lifted out of tho
wat.'r, tlw proposition wil! sho\\' no <lifficlllti<'s which may 110t be ovel'come.


The hest lo('ality [01' buihliug iron shil's iu the U!lited States will he found to he Olol
the Mississil'pi 01' Ohio Hiycrs, abo\'e Uairo, amI the situatiol1 where iron for buillliug
the sUllle can he marl" as elW:ll' :lS in Ellglanrl is Oil the Ohio.


HNe, thell, in thc ecuter 01' th" States, iron ships can be bllilt to any extent 01' bul'-
den, :llItI he tow,,<! ,1o\Vn to J\('\\' Orl,'alls, "ither alone 01' lmrtially slll'ported onlighLers,
aceordillg to their size, allll thcllee to Ne\\' York 01' clscwherc to reecÍve their engillcs
all(l fllll riggillg, 01' their cngin/'s can he sent to and fixer1 itl New Ol'leans.


To carry out t,lw j,m'going ~ngg('RtiOJIs it woul<! he lleee~Hal'y to fonu a comp::my of
the most practicalllwll fUl" cud, üel'artml'nt, with ample caI,ital to carry out tite whole
plan.


It iR fohe lIlagnitl111e anrl ('xtellt of tlw granrl river~ of t,hiH eoutiaent which enahles
OIlC to Hce tIJe fo)'egoillg plallH as '{nite practicable, although at Jirst sight they deviate
frolll the ol<l hl'aten track, ~~r-t on thl' slightest rt'ttection hy l)1'iwücal meno tlJe whole
proj<~et \\'i11 he accf\ptt'd, as th" ollly lIle:ms that eaa lJe rlevisell of euabliug' America
sllceessfully to cOIllpete witlt ElIl'Ol'() in l'stablishing an indepcndcnt lllmC:llltile lUtVy.
LI't liS fol' all illstant l'ef"r to \"hat has latdy hepa proposPll to assist the 8hippin¡!,
il11ercRt. 1<'irst, tll(' r"llIi~sioll of <luties OH materials entering iuto the construetioll of
8hip,s.


By hllilding ship~ with imll f!'Om Enropc t,he 8tat/'8 will be dependenl, mul continue
so, fuI' its ship-lmihlillg llwl<'1'i:II, as un attcmpt ,,'ould he made to produce Ilative ma-
terIal on th" ('ast coast, whiln úm'ign imll "ou[(\ he pnrehas('rl cheapcl' thall it cOllld be
muüe tIten', '1'h<'n, ag-aiu, llllrch:l,;illg f()l'cign shi]Js; thi" llIigbt he done ato a. eheaper
mte than llH'y are 1l0W lmilt. l¡ere, hllt is it tho poliey of this Coulltry yirtnally to em-
1'loy Enrop<'all shil'-bllil<1<,rs in Enro])" to 1)l1il([ v(',sels which cau, by a lH'o]Jer s~~ste­
lIlutic arraugelllrmt, he hllilt as che:!!,ly by Alllcricalls in thi~ couutry '1 The answers to
these qncstions are cvi<lellt.


Bnt othcr 'lne~tions may he :\s];:('<1. Can pig,iron 11e malle on the Olúo, amI coal
workcü i()I' convel'ting it into ~lti]l-l'lntes at the same 1'rioe as iron amI coa\ costs in
Ellglalld '1 Tho :mRWCl' i8 <ll'l'i,lcdl~' F's, amI scores of pIares conlr[ be poillterl out on
th,' Ohio where pig-iron can he mado :l1l1l eoal deliyererl quite a., cheap as in Engl:1nd,
amI why this iR llot generally kllOWll coull1 easily he cxplained, i1' necessary, This snh-
jeet i8 one of thc grcatcst uatiollal illlportnnce, 3ud shonld 11(\ illvestigated by those
WllO :lr(\ illt,~r(,Hterl in tl111 pr,)slwrity of the eouutry, heforc measures are taken which
\\'ill ouly 1)fo'tially assist in il1lproyiug the coudition of ship-o\"lIpr~, anll which can
lIl'\-er satis(y the lIation. 'IVitlt snch enormOI1S (lepositK nf iron-ore amI coa1 thronghout
tl1<l connt1'Y iu sit'llatiollS most favorable for \Vorkiug thClll, is it policy to let thclf¡
rClllain nmlisturhc<l, amI parchase ships, with gold, frolll otllflr natious, 01' elllploy
cal,ital at horne in rleveloping the resources of the eOllntry, and give cllIployment to
t hOllS:lllrlS of itH illlmbi tauts 01


HOll. Jorr:\' LY:\'CIf,
Glwi/'ll/(l/l UuJ/tl/liUee 011 Sltip-builclillg, <J'c.


14 NI


JOHN PLAYER,
3D04 TValnnt 8treet, Philadelphia.




210 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
IVrDlIXGTOX 11:ox 'VOJ1KS,


Willl/!II!1¡'OIl, ])1'1., Jallll(()'!! 18, 1870.
DE.iR Sm: YOlll' fayor of 13th ",as r('('eiycd, und 1 take l'leasnl'n in l'<,plying' to your


intelTogatol'ies to the hest of lllJ' ahility.
In th<) LTllíte(l Staks, whcre 110 l'o"ij ive l'rrreticp regnlates tll(' stalHlal'll oC elimcnsion~


of the pal'Ls alltl piel'cs of an il'On YI"8,!I, h1lí tite ",ltolo (lllt'~tion oí' stl'l'ngth of dM:lÍI
i8left to the oXpel'icll(,() anel kuowl('¡lgü of tll() huil<1er, 01', IllO['(! f're'lllenII.I', lo [he el'utl"
i<lerrs of the l'arty far WhOIll the shil' íM to 1)[1 huilt, it has always I",,,ntl,,, (,IlMtOlll oí'
the bnil<ler to ,letl'rmílle his l'rie<: b,\' tlw :lmouut of iron all<l otller material to be 1Is(,,1.
H"IH'" yOIl wi11 reaLlily ullderstallllllOw t\Yo ships oi' lh" samo tounage llIay eost <liffer-
en t 11 p:nrcs.


In Englanel alld Frauee, whcre ,illsnmll~e ü"l'cllIls HpOIl the killll oI (,ollstl'ndioll, tlw
huihlcI's lu,y" aHütllen iuto onc .. lass 01' spc('Íiicatioll~, in wllich tlle siw 01' tho ycssel
tldermillps the proportiolls of (':1ch pip(,(, 01' pa1't, amI cons('(jIl([lltly a Jl1'i"" pe1' ton can
([<'lsil~' be gi ven which willlit al! ~a'(·s.


SlIl'posing that yon1' inqnil'J' J'l'laf¡·, to 'ltl'ictly first-class ships, 1 ha\'() to sa~' that
the Iaho1' npon rr sailing-ship of 1,II~JU tOIl", (lmll [lJ\(1 cahiu, ollly,) tite Illaterial ueillg
i1'OIl, can be done for :iiiJ8,OOO, amI that lhe llultl'l'ial of al! kiu<l" ca11 be 1'1I1'dmse<l fól'
S42,000 to $,1(j,UOO.


Fo1' a steamHhip of likc capadty thc cost ,yonl<lnot dilfcI' lllatcria11y in the iteuls of
1rr],or :llHl material, of course, exelusiye nf machinery.


rOl' a SCl'C\Y sterrmsbip of 1 ,000 tons the1't· 'YOHI,1 }w 1'('(I11i1'I'(1 :111 cngine of sixty inchcs
,li"meter amI Hixt.,y inche~ >;tl'okl', wbi .. h, ,útIL lJOilt'l's "f ailelJll:Lk ""l':Leity, \\'ilh al!
t.lte Lleíails complde, \\'onltl 1,ost $.1:',;:;00.


For '1 sitle-wltec! shil' of 1,000 toUcl. tIten' w(lulel be, I'c'luiretl a lcY('r']l(':l1lJ engille of
flfty-six inchcs diameter, ten reot stmlu', whicIt, "itIt boilel'~, &1'., t'tJllll'lde, \\'oultl cost $,,] ,000.


Tllt' llIasts, sails, rig'ging, fnrllilnre, oHUit, mHl "lores 01' a srrilillg-sltip (JI 1,OOl! tOllS
W011111 cost Ü'OIU 815,000 to $18,000.


'Fol' a skalllship tlle figures ,,,,m1tl Ilot Illateriall;v <litrel'; tllt) dilllillislte,l l'ost, of
mas!s, riggillg an,l sails wouM be llla<le 1I[> llcal'ly by tIte stores mal jixtures fol' the
m:whinery c1epartlllellt.


"'íll he pk(lsl'd to fllrtltcr sen'e yon if in my l'0wel'.
Ver)' truly yonm,


W)I. G. GIUBONt3.
lIon .. JOIlX LYKCII, Washington, D. C.


CIlIC,\(;O, J)\'C('III/JI'I' 20, lSGO.
DEAR Sm: 1 lterell.Y aekno",letlgc tlte reC'eil'L oI ronl' CtJlllllllllli"atiol\ nf thn 11th


instant, reqnesting aIlS\YC'r8 to cel'tain illte1Togatories, fUI' tite 1!,se 01' tlt .. C'Ollllllitteu
llame,l.


1 hayo cal'cfnlly cO!lsi,ler"ü the suhject alludl'ü to, aml l)['g l .. ayc to makc tltt' t()ll<nY-
ing statenH'tlt in ans\v(ll' thel'l~t():


Tlle pn'st'nt ('tllltlitioll of ~hi]>-lmilaing in Chieago, as "olll]>arerl wilJ¡ the p(,1'io,1 fi'om
1S34 to 1 folGO, may be ü('sCl'ibe<l by tite ,yortl .( aba1Hltllle,I," with tI", t'Xt'''ptiOIl oí" a few
tngs, caual-lloats, (11't',lgt", a lit I "eo,,'s, ¡milt. j(,r local us"". khil'-lmiltlill,l!: ha" bt'en
allllost cntird,v ¡.!,'i\'ell lll' siuce tlt(· war. Frolll Id.;,! to l8GO it "'as [Iractical>lt\ to built]
Y((ss!:ls witlt p1'orit iu Cltíeago, alld 81'\'('1'<11 propellcI:s amI SCltOOllt(\'" ,y('re lmilt tlllrillg
th i8 ]>e1'iol1.


Tho prC'Hcnt average ratC' of \Va~es fol' "lH'\V work" lHay lJC set at B:L 1 think nlen
couhl be got fOl' les,; tlti:; ,,,iut!'1', ir ally !le\\' yessels w('1'e to 1w llllilt. AH thITe are no
ycsscls building tltÍs (1llOfatioll Illay 1w J:!Ol'll HOlllinal thau l'cal. Tlt!' \yag('s 011 1'('paí1'8,
01''' ohl work," are $;~ "O fi,,' t",,-!tonr t1a~'s, allel B~\ 1'01' ei¡.!,'ltt-ltonl' tlay" in \,-i"t"r; :1lul
,,-ages 011 "oltl \York" tire always all,1 c\'"rywherc al!ollt lifty "Cllts a da,\" gl'eater thall
00 H ne,,," ,,"ork."


Tite average rates of wages, frolll lS;:;.1 to lBGO, W('re fmm 82 tn B~ 2:; lW1' ,Iay.
T11e cost per ton for lluiltlillg' tlt., ltll1l~ of Hai1-\"es~([b 01' stcalllers wou]¡IIlt', 1'l'Ohal1ly,


ir :l1ly wcm Imilding, f1'olll S4U to 84". Tlw cost of samp, Ü'OIll 1";:;'¡ to V"liU, "'as fmlll
,:':lIJ to $:3". Tlw cost 1>"1' ton t,,]' tlt" sails ane1 rigging ll:mall~' alflOuntt·,1 to abollt 01\([-
h:df the price of thc llUlls: say, llllll, l,,"o-thinls saib all(loutlit riggill¡.!,' olle,thírd the
wh,'¡le l'rice of vesse!.


1'he eost oí' lllllterials fol' each ton of lmll, from 11i:,4 to lSflO, was frotll 82 to 810. 1'hc
cosí of ';;1 me )l~r ton, at thc prcseut tilllC, wOllhl be $12 10 $15. (TIte cost uf ro pe amI
c:l\l\"a~ is 1 tltink, gl'cate1' pl'opol'tionatdy tbau forme]'ly.)


It lllight ho nseful to sta te, iu tltiH cOlllwetioll, that about teu tla.l'S' lahor lIlay be
!"'gartletl as ellterillg into the pro<luetiun uf unc tOIl oí' thc hull of lnkc shippi1\g,olLl
llieasurCllleut, upou whieh tho foregoíng tLpproxímatious htlyc bellu has",!. As thll llCW




NAVIGATIO~ INTERESTS. 211
m-:.~RrrremcIlt iR al,oll( tw('n~.I'-tívn per ccut. less than in MI'" old, in the case of lakú
8,nl-vcssels, ~evell alHl a hall days Illay he t:lkt'1I ,,-lten thc lleW llleasnrement is us"d.


Tilo :unOl1llt of tlnty OlJ llJ/l,tnri;ll.., in ;l, tllorIs:llul-toll sl,;1', Ul' iti eael! ton of a ~lJip,
111lilt in this po!"t, lIJi!.dtL :tt Jirs!' sight be de,'motI to ,lepelHlllj)O!l thfl extflllt ttll \Yhiell
articlcs of f(lreign growth 01' lll:lllllfaetnl'O I'ntcr i!lto her construction. And here,
,,'here tlle "'oorl anll iron of tile lmll is of 110mB prrHlnetion,' ami the rope, callytl~,
g1'OllUcl taelde, 01' IllnehiIlC1''y, Ulay be wlJOlIy 01' IJ:lrt.ially illll'ortl'd, it migllt aplwat·
that ,luties llall hut slight inlluencI' in atlllillg to the eost IIf vessda; hut, nevertlwle:,s,
it is trile tilat rlnties 110 arltl to tile eost 01' vessels in eve1'y ease where it would ue
elH':lpcl' to import ti", ll1aterial", ('ollld they lw b1'onght iu'free of dnty, AlIlericau
ship-huil<leI'H harl IIl'('OllH' l'iYal~ ",ith tilose oí Ellgl:llHI 1"01' the constrnctioll of the lleeis
of tilo \Yorlr\. YeHsels h:ul l)('coltlt' artieles of expol't tn allll:ltiouH, as well as carríe1's
of COll,llll'ree hetwel'll tlU'llI all; anll (111ti,'s~airl UpOIl tlw material,; ellteril1g iuLo their
COllstl'lH'tion was oí' tlll' llatlll'l\ nf:t bouuty pai<l to OHr rival froltl ",hOlll lllally of tilose
material" lllll:lt, eorlle, 11 h 1I0t material, t,IJeref()ro, to euter npOll 1he detennin:ttion of
tlw precise <legrel' nf i"Ipoli,')' elllhodied in thi" most impolitic mensure of levying
<llltÍPs u]lou so !!r:llul au a)'tide oí' export as tlJe llohle sltiptlmt careers oycr thc cour"e
oi' o('ean Jil", a Ihilll-( nI' lif".


Vessl'is, 'Vlll~1l hnilt in Cltil':'Il-(o, are ge1wrally cOllstr1wtcd on coutract for tlle 0\\,1ICI';'.
Tlw lllastcn, al'<' ii"l''1l1('lltly part OlrllerS,


I thillk \'('"sl'ls COIIIII he Imilt, in tlti" port for Chicago vessel-owne1's, in cOllll'eti[ i'1l1
with 1'1'Ovin<'Í,,1 b11il<l<'l", I'l'Oyilling' \\'<: (;0111(1 ohtain tlw nulteri:1ls fre'" of Ilut)', :1nd tIJis
fol' tl](' {i.lll'" illg l'C".';OIlS: Fir,;[" [11<' <,ost nf llllticrials heillg t]w sa",w to OHr uuil<ler,.;
in tll(' 1'1'",'illcial port, tlw expense uf trmL~]lo1'tation only lleed he H,ldeü to place llH'Ul
Hllller thl' hanl1s 01' 0111' Imil,lers ia t1 ... il' o\\'n y:11'cl5. Against this disar1vant:lgl" we
sIJIlIlld oll','let the cost :lIll1 ineon H'ni"nce nf oWILt'1's guing' to a foreigu port to snperin-
telld a yessel\ constrllctloll. ~eeollÜ, the greater Rkill of A.xllC'rican llleehanics l11a~' 1)('.
f'lid.\' plaet'ü against th" lt>ss,'l' wagTs of tIlO Can:uliall workmau, with the cOlltl'olling
adY:lu1 al-(t' in onr fa ,'"r, tilat tll<' style 0(' lllodl'l :mtl workmallship of onl' hniltlcl's lJetter
hnit,., tlw tast .. uf 0111' uWll,'rs thau tIJe st."le ofprovincial hnilcl('r8.


Bul \H're 11,,· /'c""d" to h .. illll'ortecl fre't' of <lnty ratht'r tIJ:lll t!lO lIlaterial,;, lIJen
wonl" unr l)1\ild,'rs '"111 ,,'ul'l,lllcU !!" to lhe prnyiuccs amI hnilcl all Ollr VL'sseh: :mll,
the]'('aft"l', a ship-yal'll un tlw Alllel'ie:lll sllOr" oftlll' lakes wonlel be:t place non-exi,tent,
,., it h ih lllysh'ries j'Ol'got t,'u :lIlÜ llukuoWIl to oar peopl",. :111(11,11" hislury of its adü",,'-
llIC'llts 1)('('01111' as oh'1"l1re :llllllllyt11ical ns tlmt uf tlw "mouml buildl'rs" auci"ntlv iu-
ha 1,itillg' thiH ]'pgioll of (Oonntr.v. " '"'


1 ~a1Ll, ,ür, yUllrs !"espl,etful1y,
WILEY}!. EUAN.


Huu . .Ton:'> LYXCII,
()!wi,l'mal/ CU/llIltitlcc un ~Yari[Jatioll IntcrcHt8.


DCFF.\LO, Decembcr 15, 18(,0.
DE.m Sm: YOllrs o[ Hth instant i,: at It:J1HI, anel eonteuts uot.,<1, :md in l'eply ","0111,[


say:
'bt, The shil'-IJllil<1illg ¡" ,'en' 1Illlch ¡Pss 110\\" titan it was fl'Oln 1854 to 18iiO. ~d.


TIH' pn'sl'lIt a\"t'rag-<' 'Y:I,~(':-;, B:~ ~;O tI) 9;; 00 I}(~l' a:t~-. In 1,'~j4 to l~GO, tllt'~- ,,,('n', 8::? to
~2 2;) 1"'1' (\a~'. Tlt" ""st, ",hat we ('al! "hllileaSnreult'nr, WWl ill185-! to lSüO, 8:!t\ to t{lO
per tOlI; at pl'eS"llt il ¡" ~)J1i to 8;)0 1)(']' tOllo Flitch, wllieh is [01' fl':llll"S, "ix
iueheR, i1l 11"-)'1 to P:iO ,'osr 81,¿ ro i)l,\ ; uo\\' cost" $22 to 1:UI; IH'r tllOusallll. Ship pJallk,
1854 to 18(jO, I'ost 8lri I o ~:;2n 1"'1' tilons:¡ml; no\\' eosl, 8:;0 lo 8,,0 pe1' tllOusand. D:I(\ ('l!
materi:ll in 1"';"4 tu 1,,;¡O allllat ]1I'I'sel11: tilll" ---o 'l'hl're is 11O\\' a governmrml tax of
about ::>300 uu ~lll:¡]l dasK \'l'SK':V" ,,'ll<~ll tlle k,,(,l i" lir:,t laill ou blocks, "hiell l]¡cl'{'
was not in 1834 01' 1"':;0. '


At lm'sent, as in 1."~)~1 tn V'¡~;(l, ship-hnil<iers, in ,0111(', cases, O\,n intt'rest in ye,'.sIo],; ;
also, sotne lllasters. It costs '0 nll1<:11 :tt l't'I'sent tu imilrl, that the lllost oí' tlwlU al'''
not ah]c to o"n ships 01' " .. ss.,],s.


An 800-to11 wss,,1 al! rl',ul~' rOl' sea, at !ll'C'Rcnt "\vonl(l cost nhont SfiO,OOO to $G5,000.
In 18,),! Lo l,.,:iO, K:tUL<' Y(''';..! wOHM ('ost, 8::"',OUO to 81O,OOO. ,Ve conlcl unild as dH'a~)
01' clll":1lH'l' than :In,\' "th,,]' natinn, ",ith Rame l'riee ,,[' lllatl'l'ial anl] ,Inty off, as I think
onr nwc,h:11lk.s ,lo more "ork ill :l e1:l.\' [han lile')' do in C:mal\¡¡. Onr lwople are llloro
fi('hn~. Tlw sen'ral t,\'¡ull' Hnions in Unire:l ~;tates an, a <1ra",hack OH all ship :tna
otl)<;1' \\"01'1" as WC\ :ll'I' tmnbh-d "itIt ,trike~, On1' ,"cssels h"re 011 j,he lakes are far
onpcrior to'lI,,' C:lllall:t \'I'''('\S in nUHlel, strc:ngth, a111] speor1. Tlw Tca80n if" I thin!"
that w,> ha,'" I",tt('l' "hin ,1r:lng\¡t~Jl}(·1I. In lb":;, 1 l.ni1l a stC:1m l'1'opeller at a cost oí'
il:W,()I!O, allll ti\(· same pt'Ol'l'lh-l' \\'oul<llIow cost ailollL \!75,OOO to ~1i(l,()(JO. 1 llave sailed
frolll :! 1>0y' 111ltil ] "~ •. -" :llld 0"'11,,<1 au<l 110 !lenv C)\YIl steam ami sail vessels, arl<l 1 ¡in,l
th"t, f'.r 1he 1:I't ''''Y<,II or "ig'f¡(' yC::lrs Y';SSL']S It:1V,' not malle. I1ny lllOUCy, aud wOll1(lho
pk:c",,(\ (,el ,~",ll on! ii' I y"ahl <lo su. FitHl tha[, 1'0[>0 j", l \Ycnty-íivl' cents per poullll, aml




212 NAVIGATION INTERE8TS.


iu 1834 Lo 1860 it eost, ten cents per pouml, [ttld lllost everythin¡l,' elsp in same propor-
tion. "'te now pay government tax of thil'ty cents pe1' tOll, \y],ielt a11 goes to cllhance
eo,,,t of vessels. Tltirty cents per tOll is eldlCll tOllll:1ge ulIe,;, alld ineome on profits
when thero is any.


Hopillg the abc;ve will be what you ine¡nircd for, 1 am, youl's re~lwctflllly,
FHANK PEREW.


Jom, LYXCH, Ese¡.


CUSTO)I-IIOCF;J:, CnLLECTon's OFFICE,
1'0I'fSíJlOllff¡, oV. 11., ,J,W¡/((/·.lj 4, le70.


8m: From infornUltion receivccl fro m l!ommtmicatioll \\itlt IJl'(JllIilleut Hhip-lmiWer8
oi' this place, 1 am enabled to reply to the questions suhmittell ill ~'(JUl' lettel' (Jf tlltl
1:')th ultimo, as t'ollows, viz ;


Questiou 1. 'Vhat is the presellt cOlldition of ship-huihlillg at ~'OlJl' tOWIl, as COlll¡mre<l
'with the pel'iod frolll 1834 to 1H(j() ~


AnHwcr. Durin¡l,' the periocl from 18;'4 to 1850, there ",,,re in our rity fivo Rhip·yar(l~
in successful operatioll, proüucing ships equal if not SUIH'ríor lo an.)' alloat. At that
t1n1('" ship-hllil(ling was file {¡u8il,CRR of 0111' city. At the pn'scnt tillll' tllm(' are onl,}' t,YO
yarlls in ope1'ation, and theso are tlOillg a very sllIall !Jusi IH:>" cOlllparati yely.


Question 2. ,,'hat are the p1'esent avc'rage rates of wages l'aí(l to jirst-das~ lllechallics
on ship-work ?


Auswer. The present rato oí wagos to first-class mecbanícs OH shil'-\\'Ol'k Lo $~ 50 llCr
tlay-working hours f"rOln sunriso to SU!lS(·t in the v,iuter bl'asoll, amI in tlle SUllllncr
ten llOurs 1'01' II tlay.


Qllestion :{. '\VIlat ~n'Te tlw lW(,l'age,rates of sallle f1'olll 1P54 to 18,,0 '1
Au"wcr. The average rat,e fl'OlU 11'!34 to lS(j() W:LS $2 pe1' (lay.
Question 4. 'Yhut i8 the p1'e8eut cost per ton for lmiltling sail-YCilsels, alHt of


steamers ~
Allswcr. The prcscnt cost per ton fOl' llUilrliug sailing-vcssds, ro:\(]y fm sea, avernges


$75; fo1' steamel's, exclusive oi' maehÍllPry, SG:'í.
Que,tion 5. Cost of sam<>, from 11"34 to I1'lUO '1
Answe1'. Tite avera~e cost 01' sailing-n;sseb, Íl'olll 1854 to leGO, was ahont ~130 p(,r


ton; stealllers, $55 pel' ton.
Question 13. '\Vhat \Yas tlw cost of materinls fol' ¡>aeh ton, f],()1ll 1,.<,,4 to 1i3GO 1
AusIYe1'. Average cost oi' mate1'ials 1'01' sailillg·vessds, ahout B 12 per ton; stemn-


e1'8, $40.
Questioll 7. '\Vhat is lbe cost ver ton of tIw SllnH', al; tlw IU't'S('lÜ i inw '1
AlIswer. Cost of uHLterials for sailiug-vessds, aLocü $,,'2 pe'r lOIl; .,t~all1"l'i;, ,345.
Questiou S. AlIlount of <luty on matel'ials in a thoUS<llHl-ton ship, f1'om 1834 tu


18130 t
Ausw¡;r. Ahout twcln\ ]¡llm]1'c(1 (1011a1'8.
Que .. ;! ion \J. AIso, amount of thu sanIe at tlw l'rt's('nt timo?
AlIswel'. Sevcll tltonsand five lmllllred (lolla1's.
Qllcstion 10. Row am y(\ssels hnilt. <1n(1 (""11('c] ill ~'OlU' to\\'n? Are bnil<1c1's allcl


llll.\sters gcncrall~' o\Vners in t,he VCSS('],l ~vhi(']¡ tllt'y Imild :llul s:til 1
Ans,,'('¡·. Vesscls are o,yued Illostly in small sllares, l • .)' ti\('. bllilt1ers, lIl11sters, anrlmen


of slllalllllcalls.
Question 11. Could you huild vessels at tllO present titar' in COll1lwtition ",itlt the for-


oign or provincial lmilrler, providillg ~'on conl<l oLtain the matl'riab free oí' dllty '¡
Allswcr. If ship·lmil(liug lllat.Pri:tl8 \\"f'l'(' free froBl duty, wc conhl, iu II Vel'y ~ho1't


period, compete witl! 1'orcign lJUihlcrs.
Yery resp(;ctfnlly, yon1' obcdient 8('rnu1l,


Hon. JOII" LYNCU, M. C.,
JOR~ H. llAILEY, Collcc/'or.


Chairllwn COJ/í/l'c88ional COII!miftee, <f'c.


ACGnru, ~L\L"E, Fcbrllary ;" 18iO.
DE.m Sm: The ship-bniltling business in ou1' place has rl",üulleü down next to
nothin~. In 1854, there wcre t-welve ~hipH ¡milt on on" l'iver, (Dalllal'is cotta,) Iwsi(les
,)tlwr smaller vessels; 1fl13~), one barrluc; aml this yea1', une sc!wonel', is aH that lImo", of.
~o onc thinks of builcling now, except he has money c(¡nal to the cost, amI knm\'s


no otiler busiuess. 'Vagcs for COllllllon carpentrrs al'<' a\)ont $'2 pe1' day of ten honra.
In 18;,4, wages were ahont $:3 2", lmt thc llloney ¡¡auie in lhe útil 01' 1834,';,5, amI '56,
carricd wages dowll to ahout $1 75.


Th" presmlt cost of au A 1 ship, (sail,) 1,000 tons. fitte<1 for Hea, is about .$75 per ton.
Cost oi' the saulC 18;>'1, thence up to 1 (l60, was abont $;)ü to $55 p~r tOll.




NAVIGATION I~TERESTS. 213-
1 lutve no expericllcc in ~tenrners. The cost for the materials in a ship of 1,000 tons,


af, pI'l'sent tiltle, is abont $52 50 per ton; lE'54 to 18fiO, ahout $36 I)C1' ton.
Tlw dutics 011 lb tLOllSilJll] ton "hip. :.tt present time, are ahout $8 or $9 per ton.
Dntios Otl HallW in ltl54 to 1860, auollt $1 to $1 ;;0 per ton. The aboye estimatps ar()


OH old mensure. Vessels are generally owned amI saile¡l by t Iw lmiltlers and maste1's in
t11is Yicinity.


MaiJw is snfferiug: in this 1'espcct moro than any other Staic., as yon will see 1Jy tho
Senetaly of the Treasur,Y's reporto Hut, as things now are, OUI' Y'lnls are dese1'ted;
c:1l'penters migrating \Vpst, amI the rncn otlwl'wise uecoming depletcrl, so that in CaSe
01' a slH]dcn Ivar, IYC shall lleitller lmve skillcd ship-empent.ers nor American sailors.
In tlt" last relwllioll WB eOlll<l not have existed as a natioll withollt either cluss oí'
tIlOS" llH:tl.


"'e then hall wcll-trained sailors rearly to dcfeml tlle J1ag. Onr government cannot
mal", ~o prolitable au investment t<n' its <lefcuse, as to foster its na\'igatioll uy glant-
ing :lllruwhack fo1' dnties, ami remit tlle taxes on ships. It would he absur¡[ t.o perlUit
t()l'('ign-hnilt ships to hA imported freR. and sailefl under the American ¡lag, while our
SIÚp-ullilders are being slancd uy high dlltics allll taxatÍ\m.


Hespectfully,
B. D. METCALF.


lIou. JOII~ LYN<.:II.


LETTEUS PROM UNITED STATES CONSULS.


TIte followillg' inqniries "ere addressed, thl'ough thc State Depart-
m€nt, to consuIs oí' tite Ullitp!l ~tates at varíons ports oí' Europe and
British Ameriea, in l'egal'll to-


Cost in Great Britain of wOOllell ships per ton, fitted for sea, in 1860.
RallHl of iron sllips per tOIl, fitied f{n' sea, in 1860.
Saine of ,,"OOd",11 stealllcrs ]lcr tOIl, fitk(1 for sea, in 1860.
S'lIlH' of iron stcamcl's per ton, tittcd for sea, iu 18(iO.
Also, cost oí' eaeh of foregning at present time. ,
Hates of wages oi' fin'(-class mceh,mies on ship-work, in London, on the .Clydc, and


011 the 'I'ynp, in ltl(jO; mt.es oi' same at present time,
Hatcs (jf in$urauee in woo(len ami iron steamships. sailing \'essels, &e.; regnlations


adopte(] hy Ellglish gonmnucnL to aseertain amount. oi' ma.terial enteriug' into tlw con-
~tJ'ndion (jf sltipH, ",hi('h al'" exempt ü'Oltl <luíy; arlvant.ages possessed 1)y sllil'-oll'uers
amI unihlers in Great Dritain m-.,r tlle same class in t,llC C'nikll Btat(;s; churacíer oí'
Mli('('rs and Cl'e\\'s 01' EUg'lisll I'CSSelS, as eOll1pared witb those of the Unitcd Stat(;,s.


\YIJat llleaSllrPS ,11'1' adoptt'd tn secnre effieieuey in tlle lllüreh,mt marinc sen-ice, amI
in whut rcgurrl is tIJe llwl'chant lllarine lwld as a means of llational dcfcnse ,(


The amonnt oí' Rnhsidies puid to varions ¡¡nes of English ocean stcamers f
To ",Imi cxtent are iron superserling ,yooden vcsscb '1


*


MI'. Morso lo MI'. Fi~h.


No. 47.] UXITED ST.\TES CO:\'SVLATE GEXEHAL,
London, Oecembe!' 27, 1869.


Sm: In reply to a seric~ of qncstions in ref"r('l1pc to tlle intercsls 01' the American
mercantill' marine, a(ldres~"II to me, throllgh the Dcpartment nf State, by Ron, John
LYllCh, "Chairman of tlw Cornmittcc on American Navigatioll Interests," and :s'athall
i'ial'gent, psq., cOlllll1issioncr of customs, 1 lw\'ü t11c honor to subll1it the followillg re-
port, 'VitlJout all~wel'ing in tlleir onle1' ca eh int.errogatory,I have, for thfl economy
01' time and spacc, cllI1ca\'orerl tn l'cspond to tlle inqllil'ics oi' cacll gentleman as fnlly
as llly mean& 01' informntioll Willl'Cl'lllit.


fu answc1' to tlte request for :111 "English TIcport," showing the numuer, tonnage,
&c,. of tIlO vessels hclollging to tlle Bl'itish mwy, aua which oi' thClll wero unilt in
jI/'imle, all(l whieh in gOI'('l'nmellt rlock-yul'lb, 1 í'orwanl herewith the official qnarterly
.. :\avy List" fnr Oetol)(']'. This" Navy List" is pnhlishe(l by autllority of thc govcrll-
ment, allrl gives Il\,my particnlars as to tlle charaeter aJ1(1 efficiency oi' all serviceaule
Yl'"."e]s in tlte llritish ll:tVy, allllmay ue l'elicÜ OH for aecnmey. Bnt there is no officlal
o:' llllotlil'ial 1'l']>ort 01' rlocllIllcnt illf()rmi11g n8 how ll1any, and which of thesc vcssds
\\'el'e I>lJÍlt in W'I'crlllllclIt anrl ,,'bieh ill privatl; yards, ami I had to procure the infor-
llIalion 'rolll othe1', tllOngh e(}lwlIy l'eliaule, sourees.




214 NAVIGATIOX INTERESTS.
TlIt, 1'oHowing list is u faU unr! compldc recol'll of al! tll!' ~cryiceuhk vcssp], of every


elass, iTH,llllling üUnSI;01'ts) 01' troop ¡;hil's, no", c'Jlnp1'isil'g the Hl'itish na\'a] \,'s,-els,
'lt giy~,s titei!' ~¡anH's, tdl, whctlwr they are sere,,', ll:ulllle-\\h,'el. ()]' sailing; tJII' tOIl-
La~'l', I!orse-p",yer ,,1' each, ulld the llll¡\lher of g'IlIR I':tnil'd hy eaeh O]ll'. lt stat",- nf
what, lllaterials cach is eO]lstrnet('II, whethpr (lf \y()or! 01' ¡-rOll, 01' oí' iroH fralll(\ Ill,<1 t("lk
\\'()()r! planl¡jng, (calleü cOlllpusite) anll which oí' thelll :ll'e al'llllll'-l'l,!ll"l. lt "hites
,,'hich'of th~lll \\'('1''; hnilt in goverlllllent allll whi<'lt in jil'il'lIll' dock \'Il'lls, 1 h,n',' ~"l)­
amtell tllOse built in gOVIil'lllllent frulll those bnilt in private ~'ar.ts) lirst gh'Íl'g the
n:Ulll" ",)(1 p:lrikulars of those 1:milt, in go\ernnwllt, t¡,llo\Vc',l hy t]H"', hnilL illl'l'imlc
y:ml", The i'lJllO\ying; list \Vas fllrllislwtlllle by high ltntllOrity) awi i, lÓntin'ly C01Tect.


(:-lee c\ppcn,lix) table,)
TI", wIUJle lllllUllPr oi' serviceahltl tighting ships in the B1'itish 1Ia\7 is tlll','e llllllllr(·ll


all<lninet,\'-fonr, 01' this nUlllUel' thil'ty are gun-boats nf slll<tll ,ize; t\Yo ltllll(]¡\(l amI
iifry-six 01' the \\'1101e llumbcr were built in gOYl'rUlllellt doek-yarüB, ,uHi Olle lUllutrell
allll tILirty-eight in priyate yar(ls. Only lIin(, of thosl' hnilt. in gOY"1'llll1l'nt ya!'¡]s are
eou:,tructe<l of iron) eight are cOIllpositc, :Hu1 aH (]l() r('8t were lmill 01' \""0'1. Twdv,' of
tIwsp, goverllillcllt-built \Voodeu ships an,1 "igILt of the nin" il'On OIll'S al'(' iron-da,l Il['
annor-plated. Of tlw O!1e huullre<i :lllll thirtY-l'ight ships built in 111'ivate ya)'!\,; lirt,\-
ü,-e a],() iron ships of a large eIass, t wenLy-live of whiclt are annor-platetl; t 1m", 01' 11le
""00<1":1 ships uuilt in ]Jrinlte yanls are al~o al'lllor.platl',l, lllaking t\\'('lItc,-,'ight il'()(I-
CLllls lmilt in private ~':1rrlR, alHI t\';('lIt,\' in govt'l'nlll('lIt ~',Il'(I", It \\'i1l tIm" 1", "",'n
that there are no\\' iu th" Briti,h uay,\' i'ol'fy-eight larg'", H('a-goillg Íl'ol1-c!a,l" The
:1,/.2,gregate tOlluage of the~c fOl'tY-f'.ight ships is 17U,OUO t()D~. 'fJll'Y aVI'l'age :~\:-)..tl tonoS
l'Úl']¡) an<1 can¿- (;,,:) gunR, 1;:,,~Yel'al oí' tl,,'se Íl'on-e]a,ls an' ~'d ill(,olll]llete, 1ml ]'(';(d~' 1úr
He;}, The ü)rty-eighl, will cust "ClG,OOO,OOO, 01' llC'arly 87b,OI)Ü,OOO,


IrOll war Rhips and arnlOr-l'Iaterl Rbip.s are ()1' 1'"et'nt, ¡[;lt,·, 'IIICI \\'h"n tll(' admi]';¡]ry
deeidetl to iutrolluee iroll ,hiJl~ iuro th" llavy, irou stealllcrs alHl s:lilill,,\' sIlip;' 11,,¡[ t')r
somc yearR heen in use in the 1lIl'rcautill' lIla ri) H' , aall these sl'vI'ral ]l1'i\-atl' ,\';]]'(\s, \'.-..JI
eqllil'pell 1'''1' tllC' COllstrllction ot' iroll V(,SCll'IR oí' auy I:la;'8, \dll\thl'l' sailillg Ol' "¡"'"11,
while yal'lb }¡atll1ot tllCn be en lit teü fur sueh 111l1'posl's, anll l'onlll !lot 1'l';I"il,\ l'l'''l'0llll
to lhe ('al! oí' the go\'er:1111cnt for iron ,,'al' Rhips) ('n'n i1' it \\,,'1'1' j 111\ pnli,'y ot' tI];' g()\'-
ernlllent to 1'('ly Oll its ()wn yan],; 1'01' its Nllpply, Alt]¡ough HHlll' of tI", :';OYI'lllllll'nt
yaTlb are llO\\' eqnil'Pcd fol' lJUildillg irOll t;]üps, ami no ,lon1,! ('ouhlno\\' su!'!'],\' allllle
\Vallts of thc gOYel'lllncllt, 1l111es" }lcrlmp; in cases nf snddc'" I'llll'l'g"ll('~', yd \\ l' ,C:' th"t
only nine oftI10 sixty-follr irOll Hhips lll']ongillg jo tlw lll'itish ll:l\',\' \"''1'(' ¡:nilt ill ,~()\'­
l'I'llIllent y,tnb, amI of tI", thirty-three iroa annor-platcü shil's) ,ml,y l'ight \\'el'C b"ilt
in thl' na¡-\, yanb aml t\\'l'lIty·JÍ\'e in p'i\-ate ¡-,mIs,


Ther" are llOW hlliItling ünll'te('n irOlI 'll'l:lOi'-pl:itl',l shiJlH for thl' gO\'I'l'lIllll'llt, a11 of
largo :-:;ize. Se\'cn 01' th('~e íron-clads :ll'e ullilding' in gOYí.'l'llllH'llt, :Il)(l ~('Yl'n in (Il'Í\:do
yal'ds, allll the C'ngill('S tin' al! these slli]'s are )¡(;illg' ('Oll:,trlll't('11 at 1'1'i\':\t<, \"()I'ks, :11((1
alllmt OlW are on tIte illll'J'o\'cd ,'xl'allsioll l'Iall ",itIt SIll'ÜW(, "Ollll"ll8l']'N .. \llw,¡rille
Cllginl'~ oí' all;y· irU}l()I'ÜU1~(1, reqnirf'!l fu1' tIlo Dl'íti;5h ]Jay.y, arn lIwd(~ nt tlu' wOl'i"s tJf
priyab (,nginc-lmil,iers, Up to t.110 y('ar }t'lilS, l'('lln & l,I:llu1sby, two of tlJ¡, !e:llliu:.;
cugille-l)uilllers) "llOse ",orks are localt',l in LOll,1011, 1'nilt, !learl,\' a:l tlle I'II,,\ill"8 rol'
gov{'l'll1l1ent ships, \vhetht'l' the ::;hips \Y('I'¡~ bnilt in pl'i\-at¡~ 01' govCrlllU.t'llt y:¡rd:-<.. :\'O\Y,
m; a g('IlCl'all'llk, tI", \Val' Hlti]>,~ llllilt fOl' the goVel'lllllelll in ílll' :van!., 01' X"l'il'l' ot'
Lain1 have thcir cnginC's lJllilL also in the ~':\l'(l:, nf tites" gentll'IlH'Il, Though this Ífl
uot always tl)(\ (';18'-', fe)]' Penll &, :\Iau,hla~' are HtiII the ('!lid' lmil,l<-1's ot' gO\-"l'lllIH'nt
engüws, '\Vithiu tlll\ last fh;- yl'al's, Howl:¡>'lIill &: IIullI]>hrc,\" ha,'" ¡,niIt o'Tasioll"ll,\'.
1 llln,V mltl that iron ,ulJlor-l'latpü \\'ar stl"lI11l'1'N have fre:ll1Clltly b,"'1I amI ('()tltilllll' to
he lmiIt in the priyate ¿-ar,ls of this cOlmtr)' for llcarl~' aH tlw lllal'Ítiille ll:lti,,"S oí'
Europe exeept Frailee) allll sIl() has hall t1'Oo]> ships hnilt hen', ami SOlllO uf he1' large:;t
aud uest mcrchallt stcamcrs are Cl.nle-bnilt.


<iUBSIDIZED Ll';¡':8 UF ~LI.IL STJ-:.uml¡~,


1 h>1ve procnreü amI f01'\\'an1('(1, as ¡]esil'ed, (he post ;,mel) 1'1'1",)'ls fo1' jhe last tCH
years, but the\, do not gin' the fu]] inj'll'loation nsk"d fol', l>l1t fl'OIIl otIll'r n'li"ble
~Dm'I:(,s of illformation, lfinü tlw "XiRtillg eoutrads with 8t,'amboat eOllll':lllÍ(''' fOl' ,;:lr-
l'yill~ t110 lllails to be a~ fol!o\\'s:


In Decemuer) U358) a contmct "'ns made with tIw 1llanagers of the Cunar,l lillt' to
carry a, lllail twiee a wed. to thc Lnir,,(l ~ta1'''N, 0\'''1'\ ~;ahmJ:¡~' r,o l(<:w York allll,'\',,]'y
Tnestla.)' to Boston) for 1:70,000 ]ler annnlll, Lllller thi, eont"<ld 1 1", eOllq'all~' "al'! ies
tlllJ Uhlil, on the out\Ya)'(1 Yoyage olll)', This eOlltral't, l'ltn;.; t.o th .. .'Tal' l"';li, illlll I:<ln
he ll'l'mimltctl any time thcl'eafl.el' OH givillg twd\'l' lllontlI,' llotiec,




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 215


CO:"i'TIUCT WITH TITE IN~fA~ LINE.


011 th~ Bth of ~r~r("h, 18GD, a (,Olltnlet was I1w<1c with ,ViIliam Inman, mmmg'er of tlle
Illlllan liue, to ('an,\' (llIemail (':\('11 week to Xew York, ío\" ±::';',UOU p"r :inuum. Like
the coutrad wil!t tl1<" Cllllnn! lillC, t]w Inlll:tll eontmcL can ue tenllinlLtcü after the
year lbili, ou givillg twdn, lllouths' llotiee.


XORTHI GEIOL\:-; LLOYD'S I~I.xE.


In Tk(,(,lIIlwr. 18G8, :t eOlltmct, \,"as malle with Ole' N01'th Gcrmall Llov(l'~ line ~o
carry a w(·(·kly1tlail fmm i)lllü!Jaall'toll to l'\(.\y York 1()1' tl[(\ po'tag<!, 18.1;;'1' onllce for
lettcl's, :311. pC1' pOlllU[ Üll' nmY"l'al'('l'~, ,HuI ;,d. pel' l'()llutl for lJOok,;,


T() IlEIDH'D.t .\:\]) 1';1'. TIlO)L\S.


In Dec(,llIhe\", 18Gi, a rOlltract wa8 m,l<1n witlI tllü Cnnar,ls to carry:t mail every
joar!/¡ \""ek from llal ifax: to B"rllllLtbt and tlt, 1'110111:18 fol' ±: lB,GOO per auulllu.


IllL\ZIL, ETC.


In .J\111", V"":'<. :l ('olltl'aet \Yas Hla,k y;ilh tlw Royal St~a!n Packet Com]lall~' to carry
a 11lUi1 OlU'(' :t llldut It 1'1'0:11 Snllth:il11pto,l to llraÉ:il CllHl tlt,-~ riYCT Platp, tOllching a.t;
LisbolJ, :-eL Yi!l("·,,t, (e,!]1(' ,](, "enL',) Pel'lUll:¡!mco, BahÍ:1, Hio <le .TaJwiro, :l1011t('Yiüeo,
amI BIII'1I0S Ayr,·". j(ir J::.l:l,::lIO 1"'[, a111l1l111. Tlli, (,Ollt ntct can lw tcnu¡uutcü at the
clm.:¡e of the j"ear 1b7-1, OH giyill~ tY{Ullt.y-fUlll' lIlOllthf/ l'l'evion~ llotice.
FHo~r LlYEHI'OOL TO nCE),'OS AYlmS, ETC.


In .Tnl,'" 18;,'\ a cIllItr:tct ",a:; (·,11('1",,1 i!lti! witll th<, "Li n·rpool. Brazi], ,)])(1 Hiver
PIat" :-;t"a1l1 X;l\'i!2::lrioll ('''¡llp:t!l~'.'' to (':lIT;\" '1, lllail OllC" a IllOllth frolll Liv"\"pool to
Hn0üos A~Te~. iOlll'1tiug" al l\jo dt' .J~lnL'iro :111(1 l\lo11teyülco, (la 111(' ont\\'Hnl \'()yagF',
alJ(l ut '),IolIl'('\'id,·o. li.io ([(, .J'I1H'i1'O, :11]([ Bahia, 011 tlI" llOll'" yoyagt', for tbe posta;;,', at
tltn rntl' oí' '¿8. li(/. (CO("'!ltS) p"l'O\1Wl' OH kllers, nc\Ysl'a]>e¡',;, :lü. (ti Cl'lIÜ;) ]ler ]JOUl1<l, autl
011 houk.'i, 5il. (lO cellb) 1'<:1' l'0llllll.


LIY¡:IlPOOL TO ~[():\TEYI])EO, ETC.


elle ot]ll'l' ('outrad wa'; ;n,:,],; ,,'it11 t1t" (( l'acine Stf'am Xavigation COllll'ally" to
ralT)~ ac l:lail O!lCe a lllOllth fl'Olll LIY{,l'pool to ~[Ol)tc·yil1('o, 1on('hÍ1~g :tt BOi'dl':ll1X, I..i$-
b,,¡J, 11io <1e .Jauci!'o, amI ;Si. Vil!C~llt, 1'01' the ]lostagc ut tlte s:tllle rates a~ tllOse last
ll:lmeU.


LIYLln'ODL TO PCEI:TO C.\m:LLO.


In .Jnly, li":lD, aH :lgl'l"'IIl('lIt ,,':t., llla([c IYith tIte "IVest IIH1i:L amI Paeifie, Steamship
C()lll]lall~'." [.) can,\' a !!::¡il fmm Lin,rpoul, on lite ;)th 01' eaeh lllOlllh, to Puerto
Cahello, tOlldlÍug at La Guay"",


Ll\':EllPOOL 1'0 LDIPICO, ETC.


Frolll Liyerl'oul, on tlle 10th of eaeh lllOllth, to Tallll';c:J, Port-ml-Priuce, :llHl Vera
Cruz.


IxnmpOOL TO íl.\:>ÓT,\ ~L\ltTH,\ •
.


FroIll Livprpool, 011 the 20111 01' eaeh Illouth, to Santa 1Irartha.


FnO~I F.\I,~lOl·Tlr '1'0 I;rE:\()~ .\.Ylm~, UIO DE .LlXEIIlO AND )IO:\TEVIDEO.


Dnrill~.!; tlt(, l'l'pspnt y('ar a ~Olltr:tct ,,-as llIa,le ",ith the "LOllllO!I, Be1giUlU. Brazil antl
Riyel' Pl:lle Uo,\'al 1I1ail Stcalm;hip Comp'lllY" to can,\' a llluil f1'Olll Falwouth, on the
3,1 oí' l'ar]¡ lllOllth, to Bn('11os _\~T(,S, I{io d" J:IlJ('i1'o, ,:]](1 MOlltevillco. Tltese hl8t fou!'
po:;tal ,;(']'\'ie,'" an° ]lcrfol'lll('ü fol' tlw posta¡;-e IIJOllC'y receiyctl on 1cttel's, llewspapers,
:Hl(l bno:,,;, at ~.3, "d. (GO C~llt>;) pe1' OUUCe 1'01' letters, ti cent,; pe\" 1>01111U OH newspapers,
10 CClltS pP], p01111(1 011 hooks,


WEST INDIES.


In .JUlll', 1Rn.'" a contrad ,,-as rntcrcll into \vith thc "Royal :Mnil Stcam Packet Com-
J'auy," to ('an,'i a mail h'OIIl ~ont.hamptoll 011 tite '2tl amI 17th of eaeh llIouth,to .iha
lsbllds of .iutigna, Barh,uloes, Dellle1'al'a, DOllliuiea, Grellalla, GnadaloujJc, Ilavallu,




216 NAVIGATION IXTERESTS.
J[lcrncl, (Hay ti,) .Jamaica, Martinique, Porto Rico, Sto Kitts, Sto Lucia, Sto ThornaR, Sto
Viuceut, Touago, [I;:¡d to Trinidad. Also, to A~pimvall, Carthagcna, Grey To\\'n, Santa
M,trt,J¡[I, Tampico, antl Ver[l Cruz, on tilo cOlltiuent. For lwrforming this mail service
the comlJ:lny rccei ve 1:172,D14 per [lnHUm, $8:>0,362. In additiull to tbis Hnrtl the lOom-
pany receive 1:2,000 pcr ltllllUlll [¡JI' l[lnding tlw 1V,'st fndia m:lila nt J'lymolltlJ, OH t118
retllrll voyagc. TIlia contract can he termiuated illld74, OH giviug twellty-follr monills'
previons llotiee.


.
rA~A)LI. AND TIlE rACIFIC COAST.


A contract, with tllf\ "Pacific Steam Navigation Company" waH ma<1e in .Tuly, 1854,
to carry :t mail twicc a mOJ~th, on the 10th amI 25th uf each mOllth, Ú'Olll l'alHllna to
llOrts on the P,wifie const, ti)r 1:1H,2f>O per annum. 'J'his contraet runs to 1H7:¿, wllen it
may be terminated, O'll giving previous notice.


LOCAL LIlS"ES IN WEST IXDIES.


Contracts with h,o local lines have becn mmIe, our to carry a maü fonr times a
month betwccll Sto Kitts, Ncvis, 11Jl(1 l\fontserrat, for ;lO·I!)O pe!' tlllllUlIl, a!l(l (lile t\Vi~c ¡t
month betweeu St. TllOrnas, Puerto Rico, and HaV¡lna, for 1:2,DOO per annum.


WEST COAST OF AFj(ICA.


In .luly, 1866, a contraet was made with tlw "Afrkan SkalIlship Company" to ~arry
a mail once a mouth to lIfa<1eira, Teneriffe, Bathurst, Sierra Leone, ]I.10l1rOyia. Capc
Palmas, Cape Coast Casi-,le, OIHWD" Jellah CoffeC', Lagos, lileniIl, HOlllly, 01" Calahnr,
Camavoons, aud FcrnalHIu Po, fuI' the Hum of :1:::¿O,lIOO per ltllllllltl, contract tel"minaJJlc
in 187:¿, provideü twcllty-four months' previous notice has been giveu.


C.\PE OF GOOD nopg,


In Junc, 1868, a contraet was madc with the "Ulliun Stcarnsl!ip Compauy" to carry
a mail t\Vice a l110llth to tite Cape (Jf Goo<1 Hope, touching:tt Sto Helena awl Ascellsion,
for a sum c'lual in amonnt to tlle Sea an<l British inl:Ln<l p<">stage on tltemail matter
conveyeu.


TO ALEXANDUI.\, seEz, AND rXlJJ.\.


Ou t.he 19th of ~ovember, 18133, the post ofllcc department cntereu iuto a eOlltract
with the "Peniusultt and Oriental §team Navigtltioll Compally" to convoya mail on~" a
woek to aml ('[,lllil Soutlmllll'ton, Gibraltar, Malta, amI Ale.x:lllül"ia; and JJetwet;u c.lar-
seilles ltrHI Alextlmlria, anll bctween Suez and Bomhay.


AIso, once a i'ortllight, lJCtwecll 811ez aull CaIe.utta, Bomhay :lllll Hong Kong, Hong
Kong amI Shanghai, Sltanghai amI Yokohama, 1'01' the ~nlll 01' 1:400,OUU (:¡il,D·14,OIIO) per
aunum. This contract expires in 183(), iftwcnty-f(llll' IllOllths' previons llotke has hern
gin'n.


\Vith the same cOlllp~,ny to carry a mail every four wcekg uetwcen Poiut de Galle
and Sidney, fol' 1:130,000, ($6:11,800.)


DOVEU AND CALAIS.


\Vith the Sontheastern R,ülway Company ful' a daily .mail, lJetwccn DDvcr aud
Calais, for 1:6,000 per :tnnnm.


NU:VWEH OF srnSIDIZED LIXES AXD A1IOT:X¡ 01' STiBSIDY.


Here are Itcclre lines of stpamers llnder contract for rarrying the nw-ils. for whieh they
are paiel an auuual subsitly of :f:D03,í50, 01' $4,:J92,244, amI fonl' other impol'tant, liIlf:S
l'Ulllliug to tlte \Vest lndies allel Douth aml Central AUl<'l'ica, suusidized uy ltaviug
granted to tbem tItc ]losta,ge on all the lIlail mattel' thl'y eonYey.


In addition to the coutracts auoye 8(Jccilicd, cOlltracfs ha\e heellllHHle fuI' :llIlail SC1'-
vice ue-tween Halifax and N""'fonndlanrl, New Orlean8 amI Balizo, British Honduras,
(\11(1 betweeu New York au<l llallltlllas. 1'11<) nl'guti'ltioIlH of tIlese eOlltraets hay(, befll1
left to tlle local governments, tIle home governmellt pledgillg itself to ]lay olle-Ita/ftbe
cost of each service.


H is harilly necessary hcre to rcpeat tlle \Ycll-kIlO\\'ll fad, that tIlO establishnHmt, and
support of these tTan~atlantic lines of steaulers, allll tllP local lines in the \Vest IUllics
amI along tho Atlantie and Pacific eoasts of Central :llId Sonth Allwricn, has hrollgltt
by far the largest part of the trade of those cOllntrics to tllÍs sido (Jf the Atlantie. If
\\'0 wial! to extenrl OU1' trade wit-h these cotlntries, we mllst oJti,r greater facilities for
comlucting it, l1nd not ohligo tra<1ers to go to tlle IIlORt distant mal'kets, bccallse tlte
mcallil oí' commullicating with thern are more frecluent, regular, aud rapid.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 217
rnrcll OI' WOOD A.'D IIlON SHlrS IN GIlEAT nnITAIN.


Oll the snlJject of tlte \'llluo of new wood and iron fil'at-class En<rlish anu Scotch
bnilt sea-going stcillIlcrs amI sailillg-ships, Illuch depemls ou tho í'\ervlce foI' w hich they
ar~ intenücu, tlle materials out oí' which, ~lIey ~l'e constructcd, tlle standing of tlÍe
bUlldcr, amI ~~e c~aractcr of ~lIe Ol~tfits. Ihe prlCe depends on thesc scveral points
alld the elasslÍlC:ltwu Ol' stiln(hug wlth unl1el'wnters ou tlw natnre of tlH' materials and
mauucr of cOllstructinu. 1 haye conversed with ship-owners amI lJuilücl's ou tlle snlJ-
ject, amI havo the Jigures of sorne of them in writillg. Fl'Olll one 01' the most reliable
houses in LOIylon, a~ SUl'V?~-Ol's alHl va.lners o~' shippi?g, 1 have.l:eeeived the following
statcmcnt of tha pnccs of wood alllllron smlmg-sh¡ps anu oí ll'on ste:tnlcrs fol' thc
years ltlGO ana lb(i¡j :


smrs nrILT OF WOOD, 1860.


Classerl for fOl7rtclm yNU'S, 101r; lr;,. lo 101818,1' __ ______________________ _
Classed io!' thil'teen ycar8;;I;;W 168. to f:17l7s _______________________ __
Classetl for ten years, f: 1:¿ to .e 1:{ lOs _ .... ________ . ___ .. _____________ _


7215
14 to 15
11 to 12


ClasHcu fol' nino years, .e 11 to .t E!. _____ .. ____ .. ___ • ___ . __ .. ____ ... _ . 10 to 11 Classed tor cight )'(>ar8,;I;;lO to f:l0 108. ______________________________ _ 9 lOs. to 10
At tho abovn priees ¡he ships will have their bottOlllS coyored with yel!ow metal and


be furnished ",ith a compldn East Inuia outfit, w!líen ineludcs a tloulJle suit of sails,
spare spal's, <\: c.


TIlC best colouial-bnilt ships can be hought lIere now for abont ;1;;7 ($34) per ton, and
~econrl-l.Iallll American and colonial-built at a llluch lo\\'er rateo


CQi'>IPOSITE Slurs.


Composite sailing-ships anu stcamcrs, hnilt of iron, except the plauking, which is
geherally of teak-woot1, on arc.onut of its great durability, wpre a cOllunel'cial experi-
lllcnt in18GO. Tlwy hayo proyed a success, ana are much approve,l of for the Imlia
and China trade, especially fol' thc tcv, trallc. They are iron ships in al! rcspects
except their phmkiug. \Voo(1 is used fol' the outsi(le coveriug, lJccause it can be
easily COppCl'üa OL' yellow-llletaled, :1m! the ship 01' stc:tmer thllS pr(wcllte(l frollL
becoming 1'onl ti'OlIl bamacles, sca-weü(l, &e. I am not aware that a woot! bottom is
pl'cfenei[ for any otlIer reason. Dut now that a chcap :m!! !lurable rCllle,ly is saia to
h:\Ye 1)e(>1I rliscoverell alll1 coming iuto use, whieh prevents the lJottoms of iron vcssels
frOI1l fonliug, it is llot pro],able that cOllll'osite ships "ill form a mneh larger ]1l'opor-
tion of thc mcrc:\lltil,) tOlluago ¡,hall thcy do at the pres(mt time. The anthority
already 'luoted llaUleS frol1l "ef3 to f:}(j pel' ton as tilo :tvcrage price of fail' anrl good
composito H:tilillg-ships, classetl for fourteoll, fifteen, and sixteell y0:11'8, 1'emly i'ol' sea
with India onttit.


A ship-owncr iufoL'lllPtl me that he haü built two composite ships the prcscnt year
for the China tra,k, whieh ha!! eost him, eoppererl, with lIH1ia outllt, alJuut f:l7 per
tou. Bnt he called them "fa!ley ships, and 11l1nRually eX]lcnsive." lato 0110 of tlteso
ships he put auxiliary stL'flm-power at au allditional expense of abollt f:8,OOO, which,
with late~t ill1prove,! engincs, Illoyed the ship through the water. on her trial trip, at
the mte of ahout cight knots per honr, on only ¡¡¡ne 101/8 of coa 1 per day. Stcam
power 011 these auxiliary ships is used only on going into ami ont of port, and in
ealms and continuons lwatl \Vinds anrl bar! weather, whel! foulIll more eeonomieal OI'
safe than to depenll ou ~ails. 'Vh(,11 sails only are uscd, the screw is hoisted out of
water, amI the space in whieh it pl:Lycll is filled up \Vith a piee,) of ",oolllitted for the
pllrpose. There are comparatin:ly hut few compositfl ships bllilt, ami these are gcn-
crnlly bnilt wit,h a view lo sOllle special servÍce.


The authority hen·to1i,re quoted, ltllll seyeral ship-owl1ers aml lmiMcl's whom l havo
consllltcd on rhe su Itjoet, aH ag-ree that the price prr ton oi' a lirst-class iron sailing-
ship, with India outlit" raugcd, ill the year 1860, fwm .t17 to .e18 per ton. TIut such
wa~ the acmaurl for iron stcalllers from thc ;rears 18GO to 18í)1, eansed in part, an,l
Yery largely, too, hy tlIe Alllprieau war, that t11p priee tor sailing-ships was rnn up to
f:-¿O U!Hl .f::¿1 per tOIl. Siuce 18ü~, th" pricc has grarlual!y fallcn to fl'OI1l ;1;; 12 to ;1;;14 108.
per ton, according to their dassification aUl! stylo of íiuisl!. The dassitication
depeuds Oll tlw charaeter of the materialH naed, the wOl'klllauship, and, to sorne
ext,>ut, ou the rcputation of tlw huiMel' ant! the ]llace where lJui!t,.


A ¡¡rat·ciasa iron sllip, tllat will clasa A 1 at Lloyds for t,wcuty ycars, can now be built
aUl! tittet! for sea fol' less money thau the ])['st Ellglbh-built \Vool! sltip, whicb, when
huilt in t!w best mauner, umler Lloylls' surycy, ean never he classcd A 1 for more
tl1:1n fonrtccn yeal's. Tlw iron ship, ordillarily, will cost, hut little for repairs, and at
the end of twcnty ycars lila,)' coutillue (l11 in tlw HitlllC class fol' twenty ;rears more,
whj](J the woocI strnctnrc, llnring the perio!l of ho1' 1irst elassing, ia lialJle to, au<1 very
oiren UOCS, lJccolUc rotten iu variolls l)a1't8 of her hull, making extensi ve and expensivo




218 NAVIGATIO~ INTERESTS.
rcpairs a l1{'cessity. SlIe will also requirc to he ue\vly coppcred ubout c"cry thinl
year. iVo()(l sllíld general1y <1epreciat1' in 1'aln(\ ahont O1w-lwlf in ten ~'eal's, am1 then
llUSS into the secon:l, an¡l on tu the thirü cb~8, wilh i11crcl1sc,l CXl'CllSCS for rcpairs
und inSllrl1nce. \yhil(\ h(lr earllings aTe less, w!len Rhe 5001l .lisappcars í'rom tl10 reconls
oí' shippill!!;. Tite ÍrOll ship oi' tIlO smnc ago, in th1' lllP:lII 1"i1llf', conti1l11CS oa i1l her A 1
classiticati())1, \\'ith !mt little compamtiyc rlepreciation in yahl<'. ,H the SllllIe ti1llB
tIle iroa 8hip Itas a preferAncA oyor her w(Joden ,'olll[lctitor nf frOln tllrce to spn'n
shillillgs ,skrling per ton (the amount of l'rcfereuc(\ ,l"l'PlHlillg on the llatnl'<\ oí" tlle
cargo) i11 the le:l:ling freight markets, herallsc hoth sbil' alHl cargo ill~nre 1'01' les;,
un,l SUl' deli Yers her. cargo in IJetter cOllllitioll.


!ron ships UO\\' takc tite most valuahle cargo es, whcu stlch ships can 11" ohtaillCtl,
Ullll tl:e les~ yalunlJle i8 left for the \yootlcn ship, slH'h as ('oals, challe, Illlllbel', guano.
juic, sccds, rice, rm,l blllky Taw material of illeollsitlerahle eOlllpnmtiyo \':1I1l1'. On
cargoes of low valnc tbe illsurauce on the ship is highcl', hecanse i11 case oí' s"e~" tlbns-
t<'l'H a:3 a.re Lronght nlHl~1' general :lYl!l':1ge, eal'f.!,°O('S 01' lo\\~ Y:1l1l1~ ('()ntl'ihllt:~ lcss to
rcpairs th:m more yalnable OIies, ullll the loss i:tl!s lllOl'(' ltca\'üy OH tlw chip tItan it
\\'onld had ,Iltl llee11 !oatled \yitb a ra~go of grcat,,]' yal1w.


Tlw prefcl'euce given in tllÍs eOllutl'y to inlll H:lÍlill~-sltil's for th" fo1'l'ign fl'cightiJl!.;'
'business is de:1rl~- sllOwn b~' tite character 01' tho lounag(' alllUlall~' cOlls(]'uetc,1 rol' S¡¡clt
S:~l'vice. Dllring ti", ~"'~:lI' lt'G,-; 1\ve lnmtlm:l :!1ltl llinL't~'-six ,,"00<1"11 s:tilil'g \,l'S',.]S :lr
cyery dcscriptioll ",('l'e lJuiH in thi~ eOlllltl'y. TIH~ :l~~~i';'g'at 1 tonll:t,~~l: oí" th~'~~(~ n~s:wl:.¡
\Vas 87,1,,1 tO!lS, gi\'illg' aa aYerage oi' 140 tOIlS (,:Il'h, 01)('. hllllll]'(':l :w:! U')(' of ille,e
y,'sselR',,-,'n: of ;¡rJu ton~ hnl'tlen :l:ncl np\Y:lrtl, Y"l',\' f,'\\' l'(':II'llillg 4()(1 tO:lS. TI,,'.\' \n','(\
principall;v tnnall, fuI' tishinp; :u1I1 cOa~jtillg, antl tllO larg'(~."i:, OIlPS fol' HOLlJC I-ljw('Lll tutf1t',
antl \Yel't~ bnilt in 01<1 yardr-:; 111 Rf'('tiOln~ of the counti'y -,yhel'(~ il'OI1 (,hip~, ¿{ru llOf HSll:tlly
huilt, Durill,~ tite same tillll', the ~-('al' 18G:3, 01:<' Il1m,ll'('tl :lJl(1 sixl·y-h\'o iJ't11l H:Ü¡¡lIg-
ships ,VPl'O hnilt in Grt'rrt llritaill, tIle l'lltirl~ tonw.lg,~ uf \yl!ieh \Ya:" l:~ti;'n ¡ Ul!~, a ,'('1."-
agillg' 81:~ t()l~~l naJeh. ..:\..t tIle (~alne tinin twellty-l!i1w ('olnp()sit{~ Hailinf-!,'-Hbips SC"l'P, hnilt,
-Lile lluited tOlll~ap;n Di' whiel! \yas 1;.~,e03 tllllS.! HIHl ave í.'agi ti 11: 700 tOl!H cuell, TheI'l' are
ono hllndl'{·(l and -nillt·ty-ül~e ltll'ge se:.l 4 gning' Ü'Oll and ('olupo:-sit(, s:tlliug t'51Iips hl1ilt in
this eonlltr~' in OIll' ~4l::l1', th;~ aggn'gatl: tOllll:1gn of ,,'hi,,11 wa~ l:")O,~;:~\i tO~l~; \vl!ile (ln1'-
iug the t3<lllW perio41 ver,\" t'C\Y, ii' any, "del'p-~{!<L" wOllllen ~hip;-; ",ero b¡¡ilt whidl
carne IIp to tht, a\~('l'a,~'p sizc-' of onc of th(),St~ OlH~ Illlndrl'fl al~lt llil~et,\·-o:l'-' ¡1'Ol} H1111 ('0111-
}losite shillH. 1'11<' l'(',';!llt of the olleratiou~ oI the l'resent )'(':11' \\'ill no t10aht ,;l1O\y :L
~till ",itler t1ijr~l'('"e(' in I':lYOI' (JI' iron ,;]lÍl's.


In arlditioll tn tJI<: ,a¡li,>!" vessels ah'l\-e particnl:tl'izc'c1. tJ:~rc \yer" h;lilt ia th" Bl'itish PO~Hessiolll"¡ tlnrillg' 11111. ~:l~~iH', yeal' Se\'Cll hUIHll'c!l alH1' OIte \\'o()(l Hailillg v~·;-:.:"){:l~, tho
tonnugc 01' \yli:eb \\"a:~ 1-'11,:31:; toas, a \'üra;.!,'in,!.!,' :;01 tOllS l'aeh; 1iY{~ IltEJlL'cÜ .:uHl íl\~e
of the~e \'e~'il'l, \\'('n, lmilt in tllc 131'itish i\Ol'th All:erÍcan l'o"s~",jiom, tlw tOllnage
01' \,,111('11 W;l:-; 1:?J,7l0 tOllS, HYürag-ing; 2;JO;} cacho


If llny st1'ong,,1' ¡':id" ar\' !ll'('(''''':!1'.\" to H!JO\\' 01' W]¡,lt llwj,'I'inl ,l<"'p·scn \",'s",'I" llIn~t.
]lcreafter 1)1.', ~ou~tl'u('l(',l to eOlullH1IH1 a partidl'ntioll 11! tlH' (,;ll'l',\"fllg" t l':alc 01' \1w \YoJ'hl
OlI er¡llal tel'lW', tll(''y 1lI:l:'; he timll<l in th" ('lIa1':¡¡'j¡,1' (}f t:", ste'''il \'l',,,,,L, huilt in tJ¡"
lJllitetl King(tolll {1tlrill~ thn ~'('al' 18Gt3. In thi;:-; ;real' oul,\" thil'ty-Ul11.J W(){H1Pll steanlel'S
,vcre hnilt, Hltogl,tlll'l' on],;: 1~1:;.t ton~~ and aYl\l':l,~'illg hnt ';2"D tOllU l'adl. Til~\Y ,,'('Te
m'~1'e laulIches, rin'l' c'acht:;, allll perlJal's thrct' 01' fO:JI' Klllall tllgS, /lut nfl'l'Í:/iIt ol'jJas-
8CllflC/' stcamel' ((}JIO}J(J IheiJI, SlJOWillg that. iroll ouly ü; uo\\' nseü in ihis cunlllry fo1' tlw
cOllstrnetioH 01' freight alld pa-ssellger steaulers.


Continnill¡'>; OI1l' illl:: Iysjs of ship-Imiltlillg ill this conntr~" fol' th0 P:l:,t yea1', it i~ sho\Yn
that there "'Ol'!) l1111H in private yanls, :wlll'egisterell as Bl'iti,]¡ Y(,'i';¡;],;, ou" llll!"'retl aud
ninety-threo 11lercalltile i1'o11 steaU1Cl'S, t110 aggl'P~<ltC' tOllllar)'!~ of ",hie\¡ ,yas 77,:H(; tons1
aIltl a\'eragillg over .JO!) tons each. ~lilny 01" th('.m \\'ero la~~" til',,;t-('l:!ss ol:",,'n st';:Ull-
G1'S, fol' })W'5seug-er H1Hl frl'ightiug; ser\'ke. DUl'ing Lhü :-':lIl1U ,real.' (llJly ft\TU <.'fJlllpo:-;ite
steamers \\'ero hnilt. By this otli<:ial l'l:co1'tl, \Ye Rell tiw til!le has :d1'c:t<ly ('OlIH, \\-1ll'1l
llot a Holital'~' woo,l"n R",,-goin(.;' ste:ullm' iR built, ill thiseoll:liry, :tll,ll'l'Ohably 110 largo
first-class \\'ooden sailiIlg-~]¡il'. :Jlan.y uf these large ',['amCI's ha\'(' hnt lJIoikrate l'tlS-
f;(lll¡.>;el' aeCOllIIllOtlations,:l1l11 w¡,re hllilt lllaillly 1'01' th" lH1l'1'0S<! of Cal'l',\'illg C:.tI',!!;O.


Notwithstallllillg Lhe gl'l'at, I'evclation whidl 11'0n amI ,te:ull h:lYC so nlpidly 1I1tro-
rluced iuto the eOlllUll'I'cial marine oi' Gl'eat Britaill, the sncc"ss of the 8nt'z canal, it is
helieyctl, willueees.'litatll fllrtllel' eh:mges. The eOlll]Jktioll oi' tlti" grea! \York It"SCIlS
'by one-half the distnllce to Inclin, aml hy thOllS:tlHls of lIIil", the l':tssage to Uhilln,
Australia, allfl all ports east of the Upt! Sea. The (¡l]("tions \\'hieh hay,; tlm8 !leen
furced oa the cOllsideratioll of cOllllupreiallllell here are: \Villnolllte lllOSt (J[ lhe tr:ulc
which has heretoiore gone ronlld the capes pass tll!'''lI,~h tlH) canal, lUJ,l 11 ... e:!nied en
lllainly hy ste:lmers. inst<~ad of so largt:l,\' hy sailill~-sl¡ijls, as is 11"\\" d()lll'~ Looking
forwanl to sneh r,'sulls, SOIlW lllcn'hauts ar,! !lUIV ll<',iialill~ aIJ¡HIL lhe wis,lolll 01' ad,l-
ing flll'thtT to their sailing-shi[ls for tlre l'asterll tratl", whik a fe\\' otll<']':;, J k,,]']), hayo
al],c:1,ly IJcgnll sf,ealll"l'S O!l a ne!, mOtlel, \yith gn>atnl' lC'ngth, gl'cat.er ])]'(;adth ofbealll,
amI ll'ss d"ptlt of hol<] than the oId lllollels, iD!' tlI<> "ame tl':«ll' via the :->lll'Z c:lllal. 1t is
Ycry prolJ:thle that this !lew ronte, to a11 tl~e COlllltl'ies l,Yiil;;' lll':/OlH! t1w Red i:iea :IS fur




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. ~19
as Australia, i8 ,lestine(l to llring ahont great mul ral'ill elUtIlgcs in the currents of trllllc
mal COllllIlCI'CC to thnsc couutries. Iustcall of the long, ~Iow ronte over which their
trad,) has lleretotil1'l\ llecn eomllletNl, amI until receutl,Y ullIlost entirely by sailiug-ves-
RelS, this c:lllal \Vill opon a SllOl't l'oute, amI place the 1ll0st valtmlJle and probably the
priucipal part (lf tlw tralle at tIte cOlllllmmlof stellulCrs better adapteü for calTying
cargo than an~~ Iwrdofore constrncted. 8houlü tllese anticipationH be realizerl, a large
mnOllllt of Hailillg túllllage ",i11 be release,l, to seek emploJ~illent in otlwr cl!aunels of
tralll'. 8ndl an allloullt (jf ~ailillg tonnage throwll lljWn fmight markets alrcady orC)'-
Rf{J(ked \Vitlt "hips sc"ldng llllHiness ",i 11 canso a gre.ater reünctiun in tlw pronts of capi-
tal ü¡\'estc!l ill tllis ldlUl (Jf property. 1 think it is a concedel1 fact alllOll!; e0ll111wl'cial
men in tba Ullite<l ~tates that capital invcsted in sailiug-ships, talwn aH a whole, has
tOI' the last six 01' "ight years !lr;cll l"ss rf'lllllnorative by at leas!. twcuty p(\r eent. than
for ti series ()f y(\ar,~ prior to tIte tillW wlten this lltn" rovolntion in ocenu COllllller(,e,
callserl hy iron lIn,1 stemn, IltlOl ShO\Yll its strength ulll11'ower to Tide. Snch, al so, iB the
0l'iniou of tIte saute dasa of men in this eonntry. Hnt in Ellg'land it i8 1l0t so 11l1lch
fdl, lwcause capitalists are cOlltent ,,'ith a J¡nn'l' rate of intercst on their inn·stlllellts.
Yf't in ('>tfeeting thlH p;r~:tt ehangn in thn eonlllll'l'Ce 01' f,hc sea::; fl'Olll ,,,oo(l Railing-
ships to iron amI stcalll, tIte luss iu tlw tlepreeiation nf ship prollert~', as wdl as the
commercial ad\":llltag('s, ",i11 he greater to this COllutl''y thau to :lny flt,he1', amI prolJahly
as great, HS to aH oth('l'~. becall~e Hbo IlO\V has a larger l111111ber oi' lUl'ge Rf'a-goillg
woo,lcn ship,~ 'i'"killg' hnsillCS" than al! otllel' uations cOlllbinerl, ,,'hieh thcir o",ne1'S
woul.l no\\" lle glnd to diR[lose of at a l'rice very far lJelow the valno wllielt \youla have
IJccn ,,,t ou tOllllage of the Hallle alllOllllt, !:hal'acter, and age, six 01' eight yearH ago.
Sincc the yenr 1,1:;4, the touuag" of Great Britaiu has increaseu ilfty per ccut.., while in
lIearly n 11 ot 11,·]' European ('()untries tOllllage has aet ually dillliuislw(l 01' l'emaiuc<1uearly
stati"lIary. TI", Fllite,1 KillgÜOlll alnne h:ullast year 8,lG8 vesseb, largo lln<1 slllall, on-
g'uged in an l'xclusivel~· forcigll t1'11<le. TlJe touuago of these vessels mllutlutel1 to
.1,'¿(j.-',:~4D tOllR. amI tl,,'y a,v,'rag'''] G;2,¿ tonR eaeh; 8G;2 of these vessels \vere steamcrs, thc
uuit,·t!m,'nslln'lllellt of ",Iticl! wa,~ (i1D,WD ton s, ,y[¡ieh ,yon1<l do the work of 2,000,000
tOllS of sailillg~v('~sds. atHl tIte pro]lortioll of stcalll tonnag!' is rapidly illcn'asing Ü'Olll
",,·,tl' to yAar. In proportiou :lB stearners enter iuto Ole earryillg tra(I(', thA tonnage
neressary to (';11'1'\" on that trm1e ",i11 .lilllilli~h, lJeeauHe stealllPrs on tlle best 11l0Üe!S aUl1
1ll0Ht, imln'O\"eü "llgillps \\'il1 pert'ol'm ahout three times tite lahor nf sailing-vessels.


'''hile tllel'ü i8 110 ,lOllht lmt thnt fOl' certain hrauches of the carrying tuule \YoO(l
shil'S ,,'in rOlltillne to he lJuilt 1(,1' a time amI use<l, tlw transformatioll fl'Olll ",ood to
iroll amI st,,'II11 i8 StHe' to go oa ulltil the principal parí of tlle COlUlllPrce l)('t\voen natious
win he caniea Oll throngh their :tgene1"s, amI tlle adol'tioll of auy lllCaSllres, pllhlic 01'
priva te, illtelHleü to l'rolllote tlH' n'sloralioll of our commerce, whieh look to Hllythiug
short nf tite challge, oí' at le'ast tlmt po1'tion of onr lllereantil" llUU'ÍlW n''lllireü for iuter-
n:ttional COlllllleret'. fl'OIll woorl to irOll amI stealll, win surdy ü1il of their obj"et. lt is
uot tClllporary ruJief to "ti<le O\'C1''' ielll]>lIfar~' ,lisaster that is re'luircll to lllcet tite
nceessiticR ,,'I¡j(·]¡ are npoll us; hnt change, radical eItauge iu strnetnl'<;' to eff,'et \vl!ieh
govt'l'nltlcut aUll1ll'o]>ll' lllust aeí. in harlllOJly; the goverlllncllt to I'Xt"IHl ;,ll propl'r
CllCOllragclllPllt amI imlllccmeuts 1'01' c.ullllllefeiallllPll to llll'd pmlllptly the clllergelLcy
that is fur"",1 npoll ns, :t1}(1 the lIlerehant aud ship-hnil.ler to set. ahont. in gootl eal'uest
tIte lTelln.~trlletioll 01' 01lf ll[('rcantil" íteets. 0111' remetlv is llOt to he ÜJ1lllÜ iu a rI'stora-
tiou of tIte ]last; tlJat era oi' oeeau COllllllercc iB fast Inu;sillg aw:1.y, ami a lle\\' amlmore
prog;ressivc OlH' has o\'crtakl'u US. 'Vo lllnst 1ll0\'(' OH \Yith it aud tltal ,vith faets anu.
evcnts as tite" llH'et nR to-da.' 01' givc 11]> a11 i<lea of )'f'PO\"erillg our ohl occan Snpl'Cmllcy,
retin, snhsÜl11tially ",ithin Ol11' coast liues, and "ieltl lItis gl'eat alHl llohlf\ 1iehl ni' culer-
]Irise, Ollce so ga11untly cOllh,sterl alU1 \\'011, to be coutrolled amI lllOuopolize,l hy other
!teads alld halllls.


1 alll :1s].;:"(\ to state "\Yhaí. l'<'gnlations lmye l)pell ;1l10pterl hytlw Rriti~h government
to aseert aiu tite alllollnt of lllaterial" I'nterÍJlg iuto tite constrllcliuu of sltips \"hieh are
CXl'lllpt Ü'Olll <luty?"


No }egnlatiolls of snch :1. eharaeter are re'lnircd, bcclluse thcre iR no ([n!" assessed ou
:llly artielc tltat g;ues iuto tlte cOllstrnction oi vcsseb 01' stcalllcrs of ally kilHl. Not only
are all snch Illntl'rials free, llLLt a11 ,"csscIa houllcl 011 foreign voy:~ges are pennitted lo
takc a snpply of 8uoh rlntiable articl .. s as lllay be ncclletl for the sltip'H use ti'mll honded
\\'arellOllscs ['ree 01' <lnty.


"\yItat al]vnntag('s ;tre possessed by sltip-huil<lcrs Hnd ship-owllers in Great Britain,
over the SllllJe. claso in the Cnite.l Stales f"


Rore orean enlllltlerCC i8 hd,l lo he Olle of thc great branches oi' müionul inanstry
UtHl sonre('s oí' ,\' .. " Itlt, :111,1 ranks with mallllületlln,s amI agrienlttüe. lt is the pride of
a eOLlll"'~ITiall'co]lk, autl the wItol .. uatiol1 is uuited in watching over it, alld ill tryiug
to gnill fin' it cYel'y adv:tutagc tllat sagacity, ,,>,,a1th, talento mechauical skill, science,
amI ampln ]lrott'dioll on 1'\"0'\'.y sea can conull:tutl. •


Tlle Boanl or Tn\ll" is a lIe]lartllicllt of the govcrUlllent, amI is al ways in chargc of able
amI experiellce!l llJen, \ybo have bcen loug in its elllploy, ane! has tlw commercial
marinc ¡¡lId,'r its special careo




220 NAVIGATIO~ INTERESTS.
ThA menhant sllipping ad extenus lcgal protection in a ihollsanll ways, whenever


neetletl, to ship, earg-o, alHI sailor. This important law is often !lmelltleu Oi' rcvisc!1 \Vitl1
great care a1J(lla},or, as a willer expcrlcncc aml a change of circnmstances 01' nAW fi~atllres
appear to makc revisions desirable. The latest revision was reportcd at thc last session
01' Parliumellt, amI ,,·ill, no donbt, after so me ameuuIllCllÍs, loe passeu into law at the
llext coming sessiou. Again, the consular corps of this cOllntry :ue gcucmlly traiuctl
mcn. Thcy arc selectcd for their supposell fitness for the plaees t~lCY arc waufed tu fill,
aud the study of how best to extend and secure British trade atld commcree i8 ma(IA
oue of their ehief studies. No nation is so watehf1l1 over cyerything th:lt afteds its
trade amI eommerce as the English nation, ancl tho whole nation iB reaping the benefit
of thiR care and vigilance, coustantly exerciscc1 in every avaiJable manner.


Thepreparatioll of a yal'd, buildings, machinAry, &e., for thc construetion of iron
vesselR, reqllireR a mnch greater outlay of capital than what i8 uccessa1'y fo1' building
vessels of wooü. But capital has always been ready to Opf\ll as many of thp,se expeu-
sivc yarcls as the. c1emand for ships reqnirerl. It is saitl the yard beIonging to tho
Thames 1rou Ship-lmiltliug COlllllltlly cost half a million sterling, nearly $:!,500,OOIl in
gold. TIHJ Minotaur, one of the large;rf; armor-platell ships in the Rri1,ish navy, was
built there. Jt has within its limits two dry-clocks, lolliH of stonc, 01' a capacity suffi-
cielnt to receivc ships of the brgest class, thc hcayiest 1'01ling míLehinery, forging, p1al1-
ing amI slotting machines, iron spar-yanl, and, in faet, every cOllvonicnce necessary rOl'
eonstrllcting amI completing five 01' six large 8hip8, steam 01' sailing, at the same tinw.
Thcre are sevcral yards similar iu character on the Thames, scv,"ral 011 the ~1p.rRPy,
several in the north 01' England, ana a mnch lar¡¡;er nnmber ou tilo Clyde thall in nny
other locaIity. 'Vith this coustallt uational attentioll in ever~" uecessary fj'l'Ill, íheso
many large wel] orgauized aucl equipped yards in complete readiuess fin' evpr~" del'art-
meut of iron 8hip-h11i1,lil1g, wit-h nu almndance of I1ative iroH and coal deli"erctl in
them nt low rates, aucl eycrything free from taxation, it will 1m pereeiverl that ship-
builders amI owners in Great H1'itaiu have alreacly gainctl aüvautagcs ovcr HS ",hieh
only time, clo8e amI caroful attelltion, all )Jl'o¡JCr enconragement, amI a full determin-
ation to sncceeü will enable n8 to reach. Besides transforming tlw vast mercllutile
fleet of this eOll1\try from wood to iron an(l steam, more 01' less mercantilc steamers,
sailing-ships, aud ships 01' war are coutiuua1ly in progress of construction for the mari-
time ntltiolls of Europe, China, J apan, amI the British possessions.


The gt\og-mphieal positioll of EngIanc1 an(l the position hcld by her in rclation to the
halle, capital, and conlIllercial euterpriscs of Ellrope amI tho whole Eastern ¡wmi-
8phere, is of such a controlling eharacter as naturally to conc1nct a large portiou of the
trnde of thOR(' connU'ips to her. Ten years ago Illuch of this trallo was done by Amer·
ican ships \Vhich ",ere c]¡arterctl hy Ellglis]¡ merchants, but English iron und compoBit~
8hip8 now take tho m08t pro1itn,blo part of this trncle ; and althoug]¡ Amcrican ship.~ "Iill
get a portiou of tlw secowl-clllss husiness, the llumber thns clúployed is fast dimin-
ishing.


The lahor of a 11 grarles an(l cÍasses of artisan8 clllployed in the cOllstrllctioll of ships
in EngJaml and Seollaud is c]¡capcI Hum in the Unitcd 8tatcs, mnging in Lonllon from
48. to 7s. (id. per day; on the Clyde about lR. less p('1' .by, arul in the north of Eng-Iallll
stilllower. But this ,loes not, affonl tIle E!::glish bnihIer mnch if any advantage, ¡"e-
cause in Amcrica mcchanÍcs perforrn more labor in a gi vcn timo than tIte same class of
workmen do iu this country.


" Ch'1racter of officeI's an(1 crews of English vessels as comparcLl with those of the
UnHed Statcs."


1'l1e1'e is an acknowledgec1 differenee, in favor of tlw American officc>r, in the prepar-
atory oducatiou of American an(l Ellglish ship-masters. 'Vhile tilo American is a~
gool! a seaman, he is to a ccrtain cxtcnf also a rnerehallt. He iH Yl'ry fre'Fwntl~· a, part
owner in tire ship be commands, alHl wlwn ahroac1 seeking hmiinPRH iR to n gn,at e:s.-
tent intmstetl hy tIre other owuers with thc geueral manngelllent of the 8hi1' amI busi-
lless eonnected with her, 8uch as looking np husiness, decillillg on whuí otfers to ac-
cept, ftnrl protp,eting; 11"r interests in al! ways. Tire Euglish ship-lllastcr is rarl'lya
part owner, 01' intrllsted with any such rcsponsihilities. He iR g-ellcrall.\· a good s,'a-
man amI obeys the instrnctions laid do\Yn fOl' his gniclancn. His cl'Jty is to sail the
8hi]), keep her in gooc1 onlel~ anc1 (1,,1ivp1' cargoes in goo(l c()ll(lition. 'rile lmsilll'ss is
entirely in the hands oI' t,]w owner8 amI ship-b1'Okcr8. As a general rnl" Alllerican
ship-llulstflrs mnkH greater dispatch, saíl theü· ships with :L h,ss nnmhc]' of m"n, fi,e,1
them better, amI their }lort charges are less. lld'H·c:111 ElIglislr llIaster can take
charge of a ahip, he has to pass a mther l'igid examination locfo-re a board of examin-
ers appointecl hy the Honrel of Trarle, :!lHl rcceÍYll a cprtifieate fmm thPlll of ('olllpe-
tency alld g-ood charaetcr. For aHy llliscOllduet Ol· inC()lllpetcllcy as master, this ("cr-
titicate may he suspende(l 01' taken frOlll lIim. It is ,aid tlle rigid enforct'ment of this
law has )Jroduc~(l a clecided reform in tlw servico.


A llwjority of tIre scamen in OHr mercantilc service are ioreigncrs. 'Ve lraye no
liccllseu shipping offieers ancl no provisions of law rOl' their protectlon nntil tlwy 8ign
tIle shipping artielcs and go Oll hoard ~hip. No certiJicatcs of compctcney as seamen




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 221
aml of goo<l CODtlllct uro gi YPIl them ou thcir disclmrge, ami they are left while in port
to tho tender mercie~ of lalldlords a11<1 shippillg-masters and their rUllllers. ThAy are
frequently ro1Jlw(1 of tIlO ]Jl'oeoeds of thoir last voyage, amI t,heir ad\-ance wages fol'
the next, ami dclivered ahoartl 811ip hy those who control t,!wm, <1estitnte and help-
lcsR, like any marketahle cOlllnHHlity. In aU these respects the Ellg'lish sailor is care-
fnlly protected by law ami thc constant watchfulllesH of goveTllment officiaIs. In tha
lea<lirl'" porta he lms, when in them, a goo<1, well-rcgnlated hoarding-honse to go to,
with h";¡oks, papers, amllsements, savings hanks, medical attendancc, &e., formillg a
part of th,) estahlishment, ami, what is perhaps of more importanee, shipping ofiicers
liccII8cd aud controlled by thc government. At these gOYCrllmcut shipping omeos aH
Reamen for the llritish Illercillltile scrviee 1J!1l8the shipperl. 'l'hey have, !Joforl1 they can
he shillPC(I, to produce their rccommendations from the captainH of the last ships on
which they sernd, and to the shipping office pay the small fee of on" shillillg,
(twenty-five eeuts,) and jt, is made unIawflll to exact any Iarger sumo 1 wcut ov(;r
thi,~ subject with sorne carA in a dispatch to the DepartnH'ut ()~ Stat", (lated May 12,
1866, and llumherell 375. This dispateh ,,'as caUed fol' amI publIslwd, with :tllother on
tho subjcet ol' eommeree, hy the fOl'tieth Congress, seeolld 8e88ion, Execntive Docllmcnt
Xo. 28:.1, amI may b(1 fonn!! on p'lgll 22 of this documento As 1 h~t,'e not time to
go over t1l(1 <]ue8tio11 in detail heforc this papel' ought to be sent forwanl, now too
long delayed by illllCSS al](1 pressing offieia] duties, 1 must respeetfnlly rd'er the hon-
orable commHtl'e mul the COllllnissioner of CnstolllS to that papel' for further informa-
tion on t11(' snhjecL The revised lIlerchallt ~hippillg act, which win come hefore tho
llext, session of Parliallwnt for adoption, eontains a clan se perrnitting foreign ships to
elljoy the !)('unfits of tlwse governlllent shipping offiees in English porta. Tilia will bo
al) cxcellcnt tlling for American ships anÜ searnen in Rritisll ports, ami aU masters
shonld he compelled to ship snch l1!ell as thcy lIlay want through these lieensed ship-
l'ingotIices, in~tead of through irres]lonsible private shippillg of1lees, on ,,'hieh foreign
ships in British ports now depend, ami ",here sailors are so oHell deceivcd, rohhed, nnd
ill-trcated. It is to he hopetl that somo efficient measures will 80011 he established by
la", to give American and foreig11 scamen an "!lnally good proteetion within the limits
of tlw United States.


The establishment of the coast gllarÜ corp8 of mariners, amlnavy pcnsio11s, are the
chief indueements to encourage seamen to enter tlle govllrnnH'nt service when caBell
fol'. For more ful1 information Ol! this braneh oí' their illquiry, 1 Illust again respeet-
fnlly ask to refer the eommitt.cc to tho publiRhed dispatch (No. 375) hcrdufore men-
tioned. 1 wiU inyestigate this question fnrtlJer, aJl(I if 1 find al1y atlditional faets
worth reporting 1 will eomrnunieate thelll hereafter.


Frendl Lloyds is more fayorahle to American Rhips than the Ellglish, bccanse thc
constrllction of American ships conforms more llearly to the surveys amI speeitications
la id (lown hy Fmneh JJoyds. No American-bllilt ship, whether English-owned or
other\\'ise, can be hrollght withi11 the requiremellts of Eng1ish Lloyds, yet Amcrican
~hips can he c1assed as A 1 there, by havÍng the letter}' placer! against them, signify-
ing' fOl'eign bnilt..


Therc are no llxcd ami estahlishe<l "prÍnted rates of wages paiel English seamen,
firellwn. a1ld cngineers" in tho mercalltile scrvice. Such wages fluctllate accol'{ling to
supply alltl (leman/lo The rates of wages of all persons servin¡{ in tbe IHtVy, frolll Rea-
men np\yartl, are established allllmay be fUlllltl printerl in tire" Kavy LiCit," two copies
of \"hieh 1 herewith forwanl. 1 think quite full auswers to tlw inquiries put to me
will be fOliad cm bodie<l ia UlÍs paper; hut if any poillt has beca oVl'rlookcd, 01' any
fllrther infonllation Ü'0ll1 me desÍlwl, 1 will en(le:wor to slll'ply sueh omissiolls on
fnrthcr calls, with as ]jUle delay as practicahle.


1 have thc honor to he :rou!' ohetlient servant,


Hon. H.nULTOX 'FIST!,
Secr('/ar!! af State.


F. H. MORSE, COll8ul Ueueral.


P. S.-I will make thü pricc of ¡ron steallll'rS the subject oí another communication,
1 hopo, hy next post.


Al.


UXI'fED ST.\TES COXS1:LATE GENERAL,
Lon(/on, Januar,lj 15, 1870.


DEAR Sm: In allswcr to yon!' i11qniry in regartl to cOlll}Josite v .. sseJs, 1 wouId say
the~' have only olle advantage o\'C!' iroll, whieh is more tIma overeome by several {lis-
:ulnllltages, allll tiJe olle ,1(1\'alltngo 1 fcel quite c011lillent i8 only temporary. It is, they
can 1m pasily coppcred ami ¡blls kept clean longar without dockÍllg than an iron ship
\Vith the ol'dinal'y coatillg on lItr )¡OtlOlll. But this is not fouad Ú'Oill exporience oí




222 KAVIGATIO¡f I~TERESTS.
sufficient lvlvuntage to gh'e them a prefemncf\ oye1' iron, 'rhc fil'Rt cost of tlle compo-
sit" vessel is gmater tllllU if built of il'on, Tite ,yoo,l hottom w<,ars Ollt qllicker, aml
lllnst be replaeetl witll llew at Ileavy expense, Titen thpre is tlte lHlditioLlal olltlay fol'
sheathing ",ith copper, 01' yellow metal, which 1111lst he l'm}(''''''ü ('w'I'Y two 01' three
year~, 'file iron slti!, l1acl to be dockeu and scraped, 01' wash"<1 ,lown n~ her l¡ottOlll he-
comeR fonl, hut a ('heap couting, pnt on with a brnsh, like paint, is cmnillgillto use l1ere,
whirh it is sai,l afte!' trial keeps t1w hOttOlll !lloro freo frOlll Ht'a-\\'ee,l aml hal'llaeles
than cop]Jel', This eo¡ttillg has to be l'elle\\'c,l abollt oneein ¡¡ftcen ()l' cighteenlllonth~.


Yon will IIcar in min,] that a cOI1l]1osite vessC'l is lIuilt elltil'ely of iJ'OIl, ex('ept t1wt
tLe l'laukiug i~ of \\'ood, sccu1'cd LO (,Le iron frame by through holts au,l lluts sercnwc!
011 tt, thl'ir inside ends, aud by washers and l'Í\'ets, This plankillg, 011 tlJe iron plating
oí' au iroll fmme is the llIost silllple part ()f th" strnctllrt', :m,l ,,'hf'll tlw machillt'!'y i8
llrO\"i,]ell for the prepamtion of tlw othe1' parts 01' the vessel, aml l!1e fral/le up, emll-
l'lctp, iu al! its parís, except plaukillg 01' platillg, the diffienlty i8 OVI'l', aud pnttillg OH
thc outsille cove1'illg hccOIlles a very silllple au,l cas~' lllatt('r. COlll]losiff:, tllOll,gh ex-
celJc.ut vcssels, are not gainiug iu this coulltry :1l1~,thing like t,he rapi,lity that iron is,
1 hav" not y¡;t obtaine,l fn]] statisties fol' tlw yeal' just closcd, Imt 1 thillk it wil] be
fouucl that tlw number 01.' iron sllÍl's ove1' cOIuposil e, will he eOllll'arativ"I~' greater thall
the ~'ea1' befOl'c last, wltich shows t!tat tbe experiellc(, 01' persous cngag-ed in mal'itinJC
COIlnIlerce is setting their jlldgments in fayo1' ofi1'01I shi]lH,


It lIIust be evideut to al! \\'110 h:l\'c giyell any tlwlIght to thc sllhjeet that w'~ ('annot
expect a n·vi,,:.!l of om' shipping interest \Yithout ,ome meaSllres 01' ]'('lie!' allCI el!-
cuurag-emcnt frolIl !!,'overllllleut; in l'l'garcl to tlHl modo of applyil!g ",hi('h, lIH'U ditt'~l'
ace,mling to tIte stitndpoillt frolll whiel! they view tite snl\Ít'ct. 11' the ohjcd bo
mcr('/y tu ]l088C&8 iron shijls milI stenmers, withollt ans otllPr ol\j,'et in yic'w, no lIIattcI'
whel'e built, t,he way i8 ensy to g-aill sneh ]losseSSiOI!H, Opcu rlw door 'lIl,1 a,lll1it :lo
fomigll slIpply, Bnt if 1I0thing cIsc is dO\1L', tite Cel'taill cffecf· of sudl ti polies wil! he,
as 10llg as it ma'y lJe continuc<l, to pl'eyent t1:e e8tahlislllll,mt o[ iron ship-Imilcling'
yards within OHI' own conntI'Y' 'fhe object SllO!lld be, not lllerdy to possess, lmt abo
aud chil:fly to create facilitieH an,l cncolll'agclllC'lIt for opening yarcla an,l constrnctillg
iron stcanwrs and sailiug shi[ls un 01lL' OWIl Boíl, It i~, 1 thillk, au ac1111itt,,,1 f:let that
tl1CTe is llOW more tOlluage at the cOllllll:md oi' mcrelmnts \\'ho hayo frcight~ to ofier
thall is, iu t1w pn~seut, COllflitioll of tra']'l, lIccessary to do the carl'~-ing' trade nf the
world; and thcrefore capital im'cstecl in sailiug ships eloes not //U/(', tak"1I as a w]¡olf',
pay well. H is trne that SOllle steam line~ malm lal'gc divi<ll'lllb, an<l ~Olue ¡miliug
ships kept iu (;ertain tra,l(~s are ,1oillg a fai\' bnsilieSM, lmt, tak"n as a wholc, the shil"
lling interest has uot heen for the last fe\\' yC:Lrs :t l'clrtllill'rating hnsínpss,


lf this viow be eorrect, amI the iron ship-llClilders conl,] han' Ji'ce IJwlel'ia/8 aUlI coulll
l)ut a s!til' aílo:tt at as lo\\' a ]Jril'e as it. eau be clone in Ureat Brit:lin, 1 "hOlllclllot 1001<:
t01' an illlIlle,li:tte :ln,l gc;ncral r,,,"i\':1I of 0111' shipl'ing interc.'sts, ('slwcially for gen-
eral freighting service, A fe\\' yanls wonlll }ll'Ohahly he stark,l, amI ships allcl st('aUl('r~
he bllilt fo\' spccial se1'\'ice. Goycrnmcnt eonl,l also grcatl,v eneonl':lg''' iron Hlüp·lmihl-
ing by giviug' a lillf'ral sllhsicty to a few I"ncliug' lin,'s 01' postn I xtl':lI!ll'l'S, on thc exprl'ss
comlit,iou that al! tlw regular ,teanter,; 011 tite !iues ~huuhl be .,ith('1' lrOIl ()I' COllll)(»;ito
steamors of thn highest class, nn,] nt least olH'-half (11' lllOl'l~ 01' tlw lllllUbel' 011 cach
line shl!llld he lwilt in the Luit",l Statcs, Tlw gl','at ,m,l to he' kC']lt in vi,'.\V :mcl [/lfinerl
shouhl be t,]w üe\'e!oplUcnt, to lhe higllest st::te oi' ]lcl'fectiou, tIte :trt of inlll ship-
bnilding :l1nollg' onrseh-es, antl fl'eu llR fruIll depeLulellCC OH ftJl'uign cOll11trh:'R fo1' uul'
mercantile 1It:lL'Ílw alHlmeawl oí' transport" :111,1 give ns f:teiliíi,'s tor hnil,ling (he 1Il0st
efficicllt sea-iJoilliJ ships-qr/(,((¡, in tilIle oi' lIecü, Any ilIcaS1ll'es \Y!tieh loo);: ouTy tI) tlw
iucrcase of Olll' lllereantile murinl' hy the }lul'clwse of f;)1'eign-hnilt ships ,,"ill l'cnüer
no aiü in placing us in sudt an in,lepcu,lcnt ]losition, ¡mt \yill Ít'lHl 1':.thcl' to hold 113
back fÍ'Olll it,


I forwarcl wit11 this noto a letter fl'om Snllclel'lallcl, in the llol'th 01' ElIgla1l'l, ,,!ten,
the largest nUlllber o[ the \\'ood-ships Imi!t in this cOllutry are (,ollsrrnefl"l. This \vi!l
give you the pl'icc of stealllel'S, sailillg'-sbips, amI tl1<'. rate oí' ,,-agl's in that par( of t!w
kingclolll, 1 also seml a li~t of sltips, 0\-"1' a eert:tin ~i7,e, hnilt tllC'l'C clllrillg the J,'al'
1869. You will llotico only sú: ,,-oo<lell sailing ,hi]lH on tlll' list, atlllnot OlW uf t!t,'m
comeR 11]1 to the average ofthe ,,'hole·nnml,er oí' lt'Oll RailingRhips lmilt in t!te Cuite,l
Kingtlolll during' Mlc yeaI' 18li·~, A1HI wlmt is more <lisC'ouraging' fOl' ,yootlen shil's, tI",
wl'itel' savs in a letter to me, datcd :,Oth DecemlJl'l', ]t-IW,


"A gre;1t m:Uly ,,'ooc!en veRse]" that were tinish,',[ Iir81 !fCm' (1';(ií') are still l,ying Ui1-
80/d, as they have gone off ver,\" ,lo\\'l~' t!ti, yeal', "-hil,, oh the "()lltr:t1'~- a gl'l'at lIJan,\"
irou yessels lmve been contraete,l; for in fnet, ncarly all tbe iron Yl'ss(,h that han: lIl'c'u
built have beeu iuvariably Rol,l hdin'(\ (hey \Yere 1inishecl,"


If 1 can do ¡tnythillg more hCl'e (o :liü tIte ohjeet tOI' whieh ~"(l1l are laboring 1'1f'aso
inform me, ane! it shall he prom!'tly an" chC'l'rfnlly ,Ion e,


1 hayc becn rclyiug on one of tIte principal !'on,lon ship-hlliJ,ling fil'lllS, for a state-




NAVIGATlO:-f IKTERESTS. 223
IDont in rc[crellcl' to .'llip-hnil,lillg Oll thp Thmnes. silllÍlar te thc one from Snwlcrlalltl,
hnt it Iws 1l0t, yet h'~"ll ,;:'al· ¡:J 111:'. O" it:; reccipt, 1 wiU forwaru it ilUlllcuiately.


1 alll, Hir, yonr ulwdÍent sel'Y:mt,
F. W. ~fORSE.


CO//Blll acílcl'al.
Ho:.l. JOllX LyxclI. JI. C.


DI.
SCC\DEIIL.\C\n, .Tmllwl'y :1, l¡.liO.


De \n Sm: \V.' now have tlw great I'kaslll'c of lmllllillg yon e0l',v or a ldkr l'('eeiyc<l
n.\~ UD tltü, ll.llürllill~ frorn O!ll' uf 41ur entiJWllt ~hip-lnl"ildt'r~i, ill \vllü'h YOll \yill 1iucl :t
more det:lilt'cl nceonnt oí' ,\·a6e~,. Hlltl :tl~o· ill pl'iecs of iroH ~ailillg- \'('~sds HllÜ cargo
hoats, as follo'ys:


;, n:'pl,yillg to yolUS nf Dth in:;t:lIlt, \Yt1 h:,yc pll'aslll'(; in fnrnishing yon \\'ith tl,C fol-
lowing l':nticlItar:; for yOllr .\ml'l'it·:lll J'ril'Il'l.." yj¡,:


"Tlw rato (Jf wages pai,l to iroll ",hil'\\Tights [tnrl artizans in several yC:\l's:


]¡-:(¡O.
lH)l-~


Y(';~r'i.


....... ...


... ....... ..


... .. .. ..


...... ... ...


.p ~
~


~ T.,


8. (l. i s. d.
4 ~1 .,


(i
(1
¡¡


. . .. . .. o


Xc
dó el. i t ~
-r ~~ ~ ~, ~ :j


s. r7. 8. d. 8. d. 8. d .
4 (1 1 Il I :¡ o ;, ()
4 ti ;\ :i o
·1 o :l o


.l :J ;) G
;J 5 O


i


..... d.
4 1)
.¡ O


(1
1)
r;


-_._._ .. _--~--------------_._-----


TIH' prie,'s of A A iron sailillg slli]l~ (jf higllt'st, d:lss at Lloy,l's. HH,1 \\'itl¡ East In,lirt
outlit: In1diH • .El:, lOs, pel" l"I';.(i . ,tt;l' ton; in 183:! aud 1~(j:l, .t17 17s. Gd. 1"'1' r¡'gister
tOIl; iu ],Sli!l, ;1;;14 prr l'egistr'l' t.on. .


'file prictl ¡¡Ir llille :,ears on A n cargo Bteamers, fitte'¡ eUlllp]eh" with Pllgin('s :lnrl
boiler,..; rC:Hly fol' sea: In 183L, J.;1.~ 1".'1' r<',~i:;tpr tOll; in 18:3:2 amI 183:3, .EIU 28. Gd. l'cr
rr:gi,tt'r tOIl; in lHGD, ;1;; Hi 1I"r register ton,


"1 I¡0l)!' thi,., inforlllatioll111ay ue \Ihat ,i'OlU' friclHls rC'luirc; nuy furthel' 1 can giyo 1
slwll lit.' hap!'y to ,lo.


"Plcasr, Hote tllat al! t]¡o infonnation \\"e haye given :ron ahont stea.m(,l'R has bren
fOl" \\"k:L \\'c cal! cargo boats; tha! is, st.ealllers 01' largll clllT,\'illg capaeity lmt, with
01l]Y 1l1Ocl~:rat.o hOl'se-po\\-er; \vllilo '()l' O('(',lll-goillp; ~t(,illllCrS tho pricc is alJont J..:~3 per
registn ton, aUlI the l'ri.,c of tltis ,lt',eriptiolL of sÍl'all1l'l' yaries "cry littl", al'l tite f'ost
(Ji' iltting tllPse Y0sSPls np fol' ll(l:-;scllg('r~, the ellgi1H.~~ (.~e.~ are nl,,'"u,y¡) lUlH.'h about tIlo
R:llllt'; i'lII1S rOl':1. hoat of 2,1)00 ton s n·gbt,·l', Jitt"r[ IIp witlt full passl'ngel' a['C"oaullOLla-
tioll, with {lllg'ine~ OH hoard 01' lar~l' hors{'-po\\'l'l' to giyc the l)o:ü grl'at, t;)H'<'tl. :uHl aH
th,' otllr'l' ]'(·'l1lisit,·" rnf[HÍI"'([ rOl' tiJi" el:I,"" of hO:Jts. tilo prko \\"011111 lJO ahont .tGO,OOO.


Trustillg ([¡is illfonnalioll \\"ill he oftiet'\'iec to ,)"Oll,
,Yo are, ueal' sir, ~'onl's trllly,


F. H. ~IoHsr;, EStl', LOlldon.


B 2.


PK\.COCK mWTHEHS.


VCS,scl8 b/¡i/t al Su¡¡dalaud, ¡;II[jlaml, rlu/'il1[j II/C yca/' 18fi!'),
.J.Ywmber.


lronships ............................................................. ___ . 28
lr01\ Rt"am:;lIips ........................ _ ........ _... .... .... .... .... .... .. 9


Total iron ships .............................. _. _ .......... __ . _...... 37
CompoHito ships ... _ ................ _ ...... _ ... __ ..... _ ...... __ .... ... ..... 12
l'oll1l'"si te ~teamships ........................ __ .....•.................. __ . 1


Total.._ ..... _ ......................... _ .............. , ........ _.... 13


VvoOllcll sai1ing ship8 ........................ __ ..................... _...... G


Total. ....................... _ .... ____ ._. ____ . ____ ............ _.. ..• :ir>




224 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
Tou·w(Ji!.


V"Rsels frOIu4flO 10 1.000 ton~ burden .............................. __ . 42 2~,114
Yessels frollL 1,000 tous amI upwan1. ___ ... ___ .. ____ .. _. __ . _ ...... __ .. 14 18,liU


Total tonllage . ___ .. ____ .. ___ . ___ . _________ ... ___ . ____ ' __ ... ___ .. ___ . 4G,293


c.
2 COWl'EB'S enel:"!', COBXIIILL,


LOIli/Ol/, ])cwllbcr 7, 18GU.
Sm: In l'eplyto yon!" favor ofyestcrclay's tInte wc hayo lllueh l'lensnre in giviug ~'on


the followiug iuformation, as to the yalnc of ,,"00(1 ;[lHl irO!1 shil's, as iu tlw year l¿GO
amI at the pJ'esent tim(l:


In the ease of sailing·shijls the prire varios accorrli:lg to t11('. stmHling amI repute (jf
the bnilder, a11(1 the c1,aracter of the onttit.


The Rame remark al'plies lo steamerH, besides whieh th" !ittings :ulIl onttit of pas-
senger boats must be eOllsiuereu, and also the higher jlJ'ieps of l'UgillCS, by tlle tirst eu-
giueeriug firms, on the Thallles auu Mersey.


1860. lt(i9.
------------------


Woocl ~hilm v¡,'ith lCast ludia outflt and yellow lllctalcd:
Fourteell V('nr8 clase. ._ ........ _ ............. _ .. _ .. _ .. .
Tltirtpen \:ra1':-\ class .


.:i:IS lF! to.tl!) Hi O áTí 110 to .rOO 00 O
17 17 to 111 H¡ íl J;, en to 14 00 o


'l'Pll yenrs ('1:1~8 ,. __ . . ....... _ ... ____ . _. _____ . __ . __ .


~l~l~é~;:I~~'~/¡;~~~~-;: : ~ ~:: . :::: ~:::: ~:::::::::::::.::: -::::: :.
Composih' ,"{'S~d8. East llltria onttlt ana yl'llow Ilu·talp(l:


1:1 lO to U O') U ]:2 00 to 11 (lO U
l~ 0010 11 UO o 11 (lO lo JO UO o
10 1) to lU 00 o 10 0" to 910 o


SixtpPIl \"(~a1"~ Cla~H_._ .... _. __ ... ___ . ____ . _____ .
Yiftt..·en ;'·l"ft]':'l. clas~. __ .. __ .. __ ._
l,'onrtp(,]l ,\'('nrR elaRs _ _ _ _ _'.


Il'Oll shipR, Eust, Inllia olltfit:
Twdyc vpan; ('JatlB. __
XiII o yl';lI'~ d:lSH .... ___ ... _ ........... _ ..... _ ..... _. _.
SrTcw stc'amt'l's. ilH'ltHlin,!.!; :rn:ragc Jlowrr tn tonnage, cnrgo


hoatH, Hud ~llLall passl'lI~l'r accOIllIllodatioll. __ . ___ .. _ .. _.
'Vith 1m'gel' pas,~('lIb{'l' aceollllllodütioll anu greutt'T 11owe1'


} Vpry ü'w hni\(. 16 00 lo 18 00 o


18 00 to 17 no () r ,\ !I~ lO to I~ UO o
líO 00 to 10 00 tJ '!el! }:3 OU to 1~ OU U


,


;}l eo to :20 fllI () I 11> on to la 1)0 ji
:t") CO to :2,) 00 o I ;l¡ (lOto ,,0 (lO IJ


Paddle stealllerR of gre;¡tm' po,,",'r iu proportion tu toml:!""", ~:ty tliffel"Clll"C iu horse-
])o",er al. 1.:40 to ,t::lO per llOrse-power.


\VoOll Yes~els tlmt haye lJeen bllilt 011 spcenl:ttioa :l1ul h;¡.v(, rcul:linetl HOllH\ time OH
lmil<lers' h:l1ltls mar uo\\' 1)(; bought at a eOllHü!erabk rcülletiolL 011 [Jrkes (11lOtc,1 aboye,
the <1emau,1 fOl" "'(lotl H'"ds heillg llOW vl-ry Jilllite,l.


\Voo(l st":l1uers llave lwen (mtirdy snperset1u] hy iroll, ('xel"jltillg:\ fe\\' tug-l)oatH.
TelHkrilli-( onr sprYiees at auy tiule,


'" e are, Hir. yonn; respectfully,
GEO. DAYLEY & WJ\I. RlDLEY.


Ron. F. n. MOHSE,
GOl/8/tl Utl/CI"(([ ['nileil S/(,tC8.


No. 102G.] l:XITED SUTES COXSULATE,
LiI'tI~IOOI, lJCCCIII bc¡- 11-', ]'>-JG9.


Sm: 1 lHlye the hOllOr to acknowledge the rcccipt uf your .liH1Jatch illl']osing a lettcr
from tlle Hon. Jo]¡u Lyueh, chairman of tho COllllllittee O\l American Navigatioll in tIJo
I-Iollse uf Hepn;seutatiYe~, r,,<]ul'sting iuformation ab(lut tIte cost of sllips, \vage" to
workmcn, &e., in (Jn'at Britain in lti60 "uu le69.


l hayo fOll1H1 (¡lIito ;\ <lisrrepallcy in lhe costs (Jf building ,"CSS(']", O\yillg llart]~', no
doubt, to lile c(Jllll'e~iti(Ju alllOug bui](lcrs ooth uow :ul(l in 1"'(jO. 'Vitll reganl lo
woo(]cn vessels, 1 hl'l'!) \\'ere Yery ünv bnilt in Ureltt Britain in J ,':!riO, amI lPss at thc
IH'esent tilIle. So far a,.; 1 c:tn learn, tll"n' are no \\'OO<lclI st(·:t1lwrs hnilt at th~ pn'sfnt
tilIle. Priee (Jf \U)(J(!c;¡ ,.;aiIillg-ships ill G1'eat Drituill, in ¡,,(jO, fi-om El,., to 1.:,¿ll'cr
ton. Prieo (jf ,,"o()(kll sailiug-ships in 12GU fmm ;J.;l;l ro .citi.


Thl' Jlricl\ for W()O,l.!1 steamerH in IDijO is giY"1l to 111<\ ar i,::lO per tOlI. Al! say there
aro 1l01l('. Hu\\' bnil. j ~1 <~.


rrit;1\ of iroll saiJili .. ']dps in 1860 ma~-lJe givcn at about J.:IU ]'cr tOllo
rdee of irou saillL:'lIips in 1869, 1.:1;) las.
Price of irou stl'aJ '" 1'8 (JI' average eugine power, in hiGO, .c2G lOs.; in lt;GU, .;1;:22 lOs.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 225
The aboye p1'irrn are, nsslllllilll-( tIJe vessd to be in PYf'1'y case of ah out 1,000 tons,
lmildl~r~' llleaSllrelllPllt, sllpl'li"<l witlt 1Ill Enst India ontlit, JJllt. ,,·ithout passellp;er ac-
cOillmo[latio]) amI tlw f-tealllem to havo cngin/.'s of lríO nominal l\Orse-power. Ln1'ger
Tessl'ls wouhl b. [karer, ami sII1:!llm' one8 eLeaper, than the rates given,


Thc w[¡"'es of 1Il,odlaltk~; OH ,~hil' work in Liverpool, in lHiO, was fixed hy the Ship-
Cnrpentt'r~' c\ssociatioll, tl killll of trades nnion. The foreman rE'ceivcrlninc shillinl-(s,
amI onlinary wurklllcll ,~cvell shillillgS per day. These are the wal-(es paitl at tite
present time.


TIJe rntcs {or insllnmce ill Li \'['rpool, for first-class vessels, were as Iolluws:
Britislt-bllilt ve:,seLl, il1 leGO, about Se1'en guiueas ppr cent. pcr mmum. In 1809,


ahout tell gniní'aH.
ColOllial-lmilt ve>isds, in 1SGO, ninc guineas per eent. per allnum. Thc same in 1869,


ahout t\Yche guineas per el·ut. per 'Ulll1lll1.
Un ste:lmers, wootl aud irou, iu 1tl60, Irom five to six p;uiueas per ccnt. pcr aUl1um.


Th" sanie in l1'3G9, from eil-(ht to nine guincas p(1r cent. per annU11l.
TLe Dulr aUV:1lltage POss(,ssetl hy shiJl-lmilders anel O\\'llers in Great lll'itain over tbe
~anw class in the Unileü titutes, is chcaper lallor an!l cheaper iroll. In this eOllntry
therc is a redundance 01' lahor, COllSC'jllently labor is cheap. TIHl rC[IUll(lallcy is so
great that vl:ry nllad)' Olte llHlll OItt 01' every twcnty, taking EnglaJl(1 au<l Wah~s to-
"etLer, is '1 panl'cr, that iN. has to Jw provi<lfl(l for in whol" 01' in part at tlll' l'ublie ex-
pl'nse, to keeJl him frolll Ht :ll"villg. Tllc efreet of this is felt uot only ill the construe-
tiOll of v('sRels, cnablillg b"il,!t'rs to buila cheaper, hut to the owners as wdl in con-
ductillg their eOIlllll('rcial 1'l1rslIits, enahling them to 1'UU th"ir yessels at lel;,' eost, alltl,
as a gClwral [billg, witlt.n ])ptt"l' elass of sailors. As an instancp, ,vages of able seu-
m,'ll in XC\\' York, at IIl'PSPllt time, arc about, $30 1'er lliouth in eUlTl'ncy, \\-hile in Livcr-
-¡,ool thl')- are only .[,¿ lUs., ur C''1ual to 812 10 in goh1, 01' about $16 01' ,,17 in eurrency.


\'On is abo !:lw:J,lH'r in tItis eOlllltry, \\'hiel! is aCCoulltetl fol' hy the same r('¡(SOIl, viz,
tllat lahOl' is cheaper, thel"eby cllabliug those cngaged in the Íruu husiness to produce
¡ron elll'aper thall it eml he lllado in tlle St:1tes.


I have the h011or, &e.,


non. ILUITLTOX FloiII,
Secretar!} of Slalc.


TnmIAS n. DUDLEY.


lJXITED' STATES CO:\SUJ~.I.TE,
(Jllcbcc, ~YOl:('JII{¡er 2-1, 1869.


8m: Yonr favor lllHI"r <lato of Oetohpl' 30th has 11e(\U :wknowledged. 1 llaye given
the shil'l'illl-( intcresls uf (¿ncbe" cottsiderable attcuUoll thc pasí. Far, amI alllUOW able
to makc th(' ü,llo\yittg COlllltlllllieation on thc snhject of your ]eHer:


1. fl'ooden ,~ea-[joill!1 Railillf/-/·(:N8d8.-The present eost of bnil<ling tLis das~, indn<1ing
hoth material audl:tbor, iN :tllOll/' Lhc Hame as in lESO. Tho pfÍee of material is higlwr,
while labor is lowcl' tl.1Ull in l1<()O.


2. Thc eosl ojS/llJw.-Yessebofuiue ll1lndrcü tons eost ahontB:'c';lwrre.gister tou; ves-
sel, 01' fourteen hUllIIl'c:1 t,,"~, i):W per ton. This does l1ut indnde 1.h" y,'llow metal for
she,tthing, the co"t 01' wll1!·h iN ~:l pm' ton. Vessds are llsllally so Id iu Enrope before
tltey are sheathcr1.


:;. Vnl/le of M/llW in J.;1I!Jlrwd.-A t no time haye Quehcc-Jmilt. vc.ssds 1WI'11 1H'1r1 in Tery
hi~h l'C\lllte iu Englaml; to-day t,]¡cy eanllot be soltl at remnnl'l'atin', l'rie"s. Thcy spll in
Ellgla1H1 for ahout sen'u ]lol1l11ls stcrlinl-( per register ton, to \Vhiell lllUy 1w a,[,1e<l nhont
the tlollars per ton i'H' ontw,ml fl'!\ight. 8hip-owners rlonot likc W[)OLlCll \-e"da. 11'0n
amI cOlllpositc aro takillg tlH\ place of \\"ooa in Enrope, except in SOllW spceial branch
oi the s(>rvice, sur.\¡ as tlw frcighti nI-( of lumhcr, &c. Bnt iron ¡tuü eompoHite llave llever
hecn huilt at Qllühce 01" in C:iu:ub.


4. Steamcrs.-'l'hpre 111'\',,!' \\':IR ¡l1tt oue woo<1en sea-going steaml>r hllilt hcre-tlmt
was many y(\:l.rs ago. ThNO are -- oeean steamers sailing frolll t!ti~ port, :md quite
a IIUlubcr do\\'n tite rivcr tu t!l(' ports l,,,low. All of tl10m are of il'lJll, att<1 hnilt on the
Clyde, in Scothn<1. Arnollg the lalter are the GaRpe, formerly ElllIlla, City of
(¿nehec, formerly DunhartOll, 'llHI tite Seacrit, all 01<1 bloclmt1e-nlllllers in the 1'ebe1
serdce.


5. TW'((f of lSfiil.-Prcyinns to 1858, all matcrials for Hltip-lmil(linl-( purposes importec1
into Calla<1a were subjed to <l1lties, hnt with a drawhack to the f'lll amount of Ilnties
¡¡aid. Thc aet oí May :2:2, 16GeI, ~o fal" a, it relates t" tlH\ ship-lmil,1iul-( intcrests, was
drafterl by J. \V. DUllllcnmb, es'l., co!lector nI cllstom'i at Qnelwe, assistcll hy ;\[cK:1Y &
\Vame!', Amerieaus, alHllaJ'1-(1l sllip-Imihlers here. It ",as tlH' intcntioll [)f tLc"" gcnt1c-
lllf'n, aud al so of the I-(on'rullll'nt, lo ltuve allmatel'ial illlport!'d fol' sltip·Jmiltling free
of [lnt.y, Jmt, thl'Oll.l\·h ,"OH", llli,·,bkc, a few minor articles' were not, inellllle(l, Ruch as a
certain elass 01' nails, &e. All otlwr art.iclcs werc ma,lo Ü'ee elltirely, except cables of
Ile1l1p 01' grass, cordage, varlliRh; \\·!ten fuI' shipR 01l1y, free, othel'\\ ise íifteen 111'1' cont.
un!)".




22G XAVIGATIOX INTERESTS.
6. Cost of material.-Iu 01'(101' to sbol'ten this commnnication, 1 ,vill refer yon to my


report 011 the shil~l'ing interest:< of (~u{\bee, to non. J. A. Gml1:ulI, Aet.illg Hegister oI the
Treasul'y, ullller date of October 20, 18G~.


7. Wagcs oI labol'cl'sin silip-yanl8.-I will rofe1' yon to my rcport to Mr. Grabam.
8. Compositc vf88cls :11'e tbose with iron fraIDes witb planking oI WOO(!.
9. ShijJ8/ww building al Qllcbec.-Tbcre are seventeen in aU, including tbree balf


composite, for markct of lR70.
10. Clwmcttr of UffiCC1'8 aud (7'Cl<'.-Ahout tbo SltlllO as in tilo Uuitetl States.
11. GellCJ'al infol'mation.-Tl1e labor pe1' 811ip of ahout one tllOnsaml tona c1asse(l Al,


at L1oy(I~, wi11 :tlllount to ten tlollars per ton.
I ínll,v helieve tbat iron ia to tnke tlle place of wootl, eveutually; that irou steam·


811ips will fake the place of sailiu!;" fin' nearly a11 íreigllts exc"pt 11ll1l1wr. 'rhe great
majority of ships to-day frolll EnroJlo (Engh1ud and Fmnce) to llw Ellst llHlies anl
iron propellers. You IDay place tlw aclvantages of iron over ,yood for means oi' traus-
l'óríatioll in a greater ratio tban :rou would ,yater over land.


In tho classing oí vcssels, LJoy(b Jmve hcrctofcre given Qnchec ships Al, SCVCIl year~.
1 am now advised that in order to adVtLllCe the intcrest of the llolllillion, they ,vill give
eight ycars in 18iO. -


You will find t be wages ol' seamcn, from tIle master down to tilo hoy, ill my roport to
MI'. Gml1:1Ill ahoye referred too


* *' *


I Qm, sir, ~'our ohedient scrvant,


Ron. JOHX LYXCH, M. C.,
Chairman CUlnlllittce on Amel'i'mn 1Va1'Ígatillll.


CRAHLE~ HOBTN80N,
['niled S!a1t'8 CUIIW!.


1:"XITED ST.~TES CoxsrLATE,
lDlIgBtO/l, Olltal'io, So/'cmbcl' 29, 1869.


Sm: In ohedionce to a rer¡nest contained in yours oi' Odober 30,1 han: the honor to
snlnuit the, following repo1't:


1. Uo"L in Kingstou of wooden saiJillg-vesselH per ton, fitted for lake navigation. in
18GO, (01<1 cnstolll-house measnrelllent,) two hundred :.tud fifty tOllS allll under, S~)O :
o el' that, tOllnage, $45 per ton.


2. \VooLlell ste<LIners, 1'01' passengcrs, in 1860, $100 per tO\'.
3. Tlwl'e is ¡mt slight, if any, dilfercncc in tlle cost of J)nill1ing the íorcgoing at tue


pl'CSellt time.
4. First-dass mechanics, in sbip-yards, in 1860, receive<l frolll SI GO to $1 75 per day.


The samo prices are pnid 110W as IIcar as may he.
5. Stcalllers to cltLSS A 1. IlIsuranec fol' tlle setLson Rix per cent.; sailing-vcssels, one


pcr cent less.
G. 1 am 110t aware of ally re!~ulation by this goyermucnt to ascrrtain tbc amount of


material cntering iuto tbe constrnetion of vessels, execpt the re(l1üreü oath of the
builder 01' owner.


7. Al! material impol'ted for Yessel-buildillg by the ¡milde)' 01' owner comes iuto tlle
provinee free oí' dllty, while thcI'e is a hetLvy tlnty on all materÍ<Ll elltel'illg the Lnited
States ~ol' tlle same purpose, tbercby giving to tbe builder 01' OWllcr here a dcddcd
a.dvantagfl~


8. Ulmracter oí officers amI crews of Cauadian vesseJs rates as llear as possihlc the
same as on American vesscls oí SHlIle eJasses.


At tlle preslmt time, compared ",ith 1860, pitch, tal', antl oakum arl~ a shadc lowcr
in price, amI timbcr a shade Iligher.


From the best information 1 can gct these trifiillg varitLtions in price ahont nentral-
izo, tlwrehy making the cost now about tbe same as in 1860.


1<'01' a Rhort time durillg the l:tte rllbellion oakuUl, pitch, aue! tal' wcrc at íabulon.
pl'iees, hut at the close of the wal' d1'oppcd back to tlle ola prices.


AH oí \Y hiell iB lIlost reRpertfnll y sllbllli Hed.
I am, sir, vcry respectfu11y, yonr ohedient sen-ant,


Ron. JOH)I LYNCII, ChaÍ1'lllan, 1'0., Wa8hington, D. C
R B. RAKA,


United States Consul.




NAVIGATIO~ INTERESTS. 227
CONSVLA'fE 01' TIlE l~Nln:n ST.\TES 01' A~fF:RJCA,


Halifax, N. S., DeCfmUel' 2, 18m.
SIR: 1 have the honor to acknowledge the n~ct'ipt of yOllr communication, making


cPltain illqlliries in rrlation to thll ship-huildillg intercsts of Noya.'Scotirr, and in COll-
plianee with yonr requeRt havll much pleasllre in fnrnishing the following information:


1. The cost in Nova Scotia of wooden shijlH, iron fnstl'nerl, per ton, fittcd fol' sea, in
1860, was fift~'-five dollars; amI of coppcred and copper-fastenca, ahollt sixty-flvc aol-
Jars per ton, register tormage.


2. There iR no material difl<,'rencc in thc cost of huil(ling this cbss of shi)ls nt the
present time, the increase<l priec of SO!D{' of the raw materials hcing equivalent to the
abolition of the dllty of five per cent. on illlport('!l articles.


3. No ,,"ooden stoalllcrs are huilt in NOl'a Scotia.
4. T1Je rates of wages of first-('Iass nwrhanirs on ship work, in 1860, wcre fr01ll $1 50


to $1 15 per !lay, amI at tbe prcscnt time are abont tho same.
5. Steamships crossing the Atlantic are generally insurell in England. Thc rate 01


insnrance on sneb. steamers is ahout niue per cent. per year, 01' one-half per ccut. per
voyage.


6. On sai1ing vessl'ls, tIJe rates of insllrunce here on Yoyagcs from Halifax to EugJand
are frolll two and a lmJf to three per eent.; on voyages to the 'Vest Indies, frolll one
anrI three-fonrths to two per eent.; and to the United Statcs, one per crmt.


7. No specific r<lgnlatioJls are allopted by the goveI'nment to asccrtain t]¡c aIllOlmt of
material s exelIlpt from !luty cntering' into t]¡e eonstruction of vessels. The articles nre
adrnitted free merel,)' ¡¡pon the onth -oi' the importer that theyare intended Rolely lo be
H8ed in 'he cm/RIl'1Ielion of I'CRRel8. Bllt hy act of Parliament the importation (Jf' goo(l~ so
cxcwpt fi-om d¡Jt,y, and aH matters rclatiug' t!tercto, are snhject to such regulations as
may he prescribed by the governor nnd conncil for the pnrposc of preventing f'raurl oI'
abuse untlf'r ]lretext of such exewption. '


8. The advantagps )lossesserl hy ship-hnildcrs aml ship-owners in Noya Seotia over
tite sallle elasses Ín tlJO lJuitNI StaÍPs al'ise fmm tlJe lower mtes of wag'es, the ehenper
raw llHtterial~, alld thc cxcw]ltion f'rolH duty of aH imported articles requiJ'ed in tite
construction of ships.


Tltese advantagcs aro partially eount.cl'halaneerl by the greater dnrahility of Ameri-
can-huilt vessels, o\Ying to tlle het.ter qnality of tlle timhor used in thcir eonstruetioll.


Fornwrly t.lw dnty in Nova Seotía 011 ship-bnilding materials "'as fiye per eent., hut
undor tlw pl'escnt Cannüian tariff thcy are a(lmittctl dllty free.


Thero has hoen no material ehange in the priee of lahor ami shi]l-huildÍng materia]s
in this provine!' since 1866, :md 1 rcs]loctfnlly refer :\,on fol' many pal'ticulal's relating
thcrcto lo lIIy I'cl'0rt on t.hat snhject made in that rear, and puhlisherl (page 21!J) in tho
appendix to the rel'ort of the Special Commissioner oi' Revenne.


Bnt :t small num her of Amcrican veHsf'ls Imve 1wen registcl'erl in Nova Seotia.
'Vhile t]¡c adlllis~ioll of American vessl'ls to rcgistry in t.hc British North American


provinces is of hut littl" practicaJ importnnce to American citizens, tbc admission oi'
foreign vcssels to I'cgistrS in the U nitcll States r,ocessarily invol ves the opening of OHr
coastillg trude to f()reign cOTlJpetition.


This wOllld he most injnrious to the sl1ip-huilding interests of' our cOllntry.
It is not, thcrefól'c, it appears to me, hy admittiug forcign 'lessels to rr'gistr;r llpon an


equal footing with our OWll, and tll1ls o¡wnillg onr I1xtended coasting amI in!nud trado
tn foreign competition, that thc shippiug aud ship-hllil(ling interests of tlle United
States are to he restored to their f()\,lller state of pl'osperity, hut by the reduction of
dnties on all importe(l materials fol' tlle eOIlstrnetion of 8hip8, and by liberal subsidies,
llnder judicious regulations, to occaa mail stcamcrs.


I have the honor to he, sir, your obedient servant,
M. l\f. JACKSON,


UI/íted Sta tés C0118Ul.
Hon. JOHN LY='!CH,


Chairman of the Com¡¡¡ittce on American Xarigation lnterests


lJNITED STATES CONSULATE,
8t .• To/m, l'{ew Brun8wick, ~Yot'e1nbcr 2!J, 1869.


SIR: 1 havo thc honor to acknowlcdge the receipt, this 18th day of November, of
yOllr letter, dnted Octobcr 30, Ul6!J, forwarderl me throngh the Departmcnt of State,
asking certain illfol'mation ooncol'llÍng ship-building intcrcsts of tite provincc.


Inquiry of tho same charader llaving lately been made oi' thi8 oilice by the 'rreasury
Department, 1 am thercfore enahled to answer yOllr f}l1estions withollt m11ch delay.
, fhe cos1. of wooaen ships amI wooden stealllcrs huilt in this pl'ovince in 1860 aml
11':'6!J i~ thc salJJC. A eomparison of ships and stcamers huilt then and now show no
difrerenco in cost per ton worth Botin/{. Saihng vessels of from 1,200 to 1,500 ton8 reg-






228 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
j,;ier, {,olllplet~ witlt ancho1's amI sails, 1'"n<1~- for sea, ca11 11(\ hniH for $40 per ton.
Thl'y are what the Liver[lool market, te1'l1l soft-,,'oo<1 shil's. Fr:tIllCH are spruce; stan-
ClJiOllí', keclsol!s, watenvays, strillgerR amI rail, are hanI woo(I; that is, ha('kmatuek
01' piteh pille. Th,y dass :1-:l; 1-1. S""'ell y<,arH Fr<'llc]¡ Lloy(Is, ",,,orlen steaJut'I'S,
for n,0 ou tite Sto Jolm's Hiyel' aud Eay of Fnut1y, are lllü]t, Itere nt a .. ""t, ~"h(')l rl'a<ly
foL' sea, litted complMe, of $!JO to $lJ;) 1)('1' ton rt'gistt'r; tite lnrg('st hPillg ahont ();)O
tOllS registel', ,,'ith 150 hOI'se-powcr, cabi11H amI salooll,IHlilt of haclollatack amI Hay
spmee. No steamers are huilt but th08e rel)ni1'e<1 í'or local trame.


Tlte rate of wngeH for ship-carpeuters haye yarietl but littl .. in tcn yt:n's. 1 '\JI! in-
fm'lllP<l by dUl'creut partics that the differcnce has uot exeeede<l ten (',cnt, ]ler d:1~' at
Ull,' time withill ten years last pnst. Fil'st-class ship lllpc!Junies get fl'OlH (,ight to nilw
Rhilliugs a uay, that is, $1 60 to $180.


Hnte of insllra,nce ou sailing yessels is twrlvc per c('nt. pPl' annum, to go aJlYw)w1'c',
exePl't UnIf of Sto Lawrp,nep, in winter spason. Rates of inSUl'illl"" on st('alH Yessd~ :ne
t]¡e "'ame as 011 súling "c,ssels. Firc raies tiro frolll two lo two ""c-half per cent.,


TIH're are no regulatiolls ,,'hatever adoptl'(l, by ,,'hi{'h tlw amo1111t of material entel'-
ing into the eoustrnetion of· Yl'ssels wliieh are exempt f1'olll Ilnl'y can he aseertaÍlH"l.
The Dorninion government, in tlwir tal'iJIor cnstoms, Cxellljlt c('rtai11 :1l'ticles illtell<le<1
for tlle construction ofvessf'ls. Tlwro heillg no clteck othl'r thall tIt" onth ofthe illl-
l)Ol'ter that the articlcs are illlpOl'te<1 1(lr tlw lmrposfl of ship-lmil<1il1g', it, is illlposHihle
to ascertaill what part 01' how lllneh nf sl1th iwportations aetnnJl~" enter into thc con-
strneti01l of 8hipping. An cxamin3tion of tlle eustollls 1'eeord8 sllowH the ('ntire import-
at,ioll 01' tllcse cxclll]ltcd artidcs to J)(, for ship-blliltling pur]lo>;(,s.


'rhe advantages elaimf'd by ),Tew Hnllls",ick ship-bl1ihlers oye!' tllOse of tlw rllitec]
StatcH are ll1UllCrOlls, the lllOSt illll'Ortant !Jlling el](,'llllWHS of timh,'!', low \\'agps (Ir
ship-carl'Cllters and laborcrs, free cllt1'y 01' :tU fo!'cigll material elltl'l'illg' illto the (,Oll-
strl1ctioll, nSfl of le" timon :11111 holting', giving a lighkr :llld strollg'l'r v,'"s,'l th:11l tite
American Imild. (This is a f¡lIestioll (Jí' COllstrnctioll, all(I Ol1e ,vo1'thy onr AlllCl'ÍCHU
ship-bnilders' atte,11tion.) Building their v('ssela ulldp,t· the inspectiou an<l scrntilly of
LOlldoll Lloyds Hnll Fl'Clleh Llo~'lls, gh'ing' them a prcfe!'t'llce i1l markd over tbose 1Iot
classc(l, 01' t,lIose classeÜ iu American Lhl,Ylls. The ship-oIVllcrs oI the provinee g'd
their y('sseIs at very low prices, beeallse oí' tliere beillg uo foreign <1emand for colonial
Hhips. That althouglt th,. sprllee ships may not be as Ilnl'ahle as 0111' oak, still thpir
greatel' lmoyaney gi\"cs g1'eat aüvalltage in carrying ücad fl'cights. TlIl' <liftcrClll'C
tlwy r:laim to lw tWl'nty-iive per ('ellt. in theil' 1""'01', ami mor .. , than eOllll,,'n,':1tes fur
difl'ercncc in üurallility. ~ly kllowk<1gc of dile .. !'s amI erews lIeing cOlllitH'<! allllost
entirely to thost' 01' American shippillg, I am u11a13le to contrast them witlt tltose (lf
New Bl'11nSwiek. A3 fa, as my OhSl'lTatioll g'oes, I tltink onr officP1's '11I'''1'ior in educa-
tiOll amI general bnsiness eapneily, 1"tI, t]¡" New Bnllls\\'il'k skil'l'cl' is ~'(·Ilerall.\' a
tlIol'ough Railor amI ofste:uly lwhits. As to tbe crews oftl1t\ ,Iitr .. n'nt ",'ssels, it ,nll1ld
he hanl to makc ",Iistillctioll, The only llatio11:llity attaehil1g' to :my oí' thClll l)('ing
the flags under whieh thl1y sail fl'OIll time to ti lile. ,,'hell Wu tiJ.ld un American ,<ailor
who hm; a Vri<1c iu his nationalif,y, 111: Ís gt'll('1'nlly a very Rl1l'(:rior m:l,ll tn th08') nf ally
other c011uiry. ThM lw is a 1Jel ter sailo!', 1 eallllot sa.\'.


In former ypars tllfl colonial ship-ll11il/IcJ's fU11mI markd, for tI1I'i1' v"ssels in Livcr-
pool, ,,'hich onen gavc thCltl fair Jlro1it~, an([ ag':LÍn, lH'av~" losses ,ven: sl1H'er .. (l. Th .. ir
ships w('nl, to market, like any other artick of sale, tIte prim.'s dcpelHlillg' npoll tlle de-
llI:tlHl. Tltey werp Imilt of harlnnntnek. pitdl-pillC aIHI oak, :l1l<1 llll!l,'l' the serntiny of
Lloj'IIs, LOlltlon, the 11l0Sl ot' j,]lClll l'cct'iying tlidr (Llo)"lls) elassitic:ltioIl of S('HU
years, A 1, whírh was iwIispensahle, iu ca"\) 0[' Dale in that Illarket. Tite ¡J"lllnlHl 1'01'
this das" 01' VC,,"els ha\-ing cease(l, ih,' hnilder8 are cng'agl"d iu th" eonstruction 01' tlle
sprncl1 01' soft-,,·ooü n,ssel, dependillg' llpllll tlw ciiizPll, 1ll1'lThauL aUII ship-bJ'/!keL' oi'
the }ll'OyillCe as pnreliase1's. Tlic delll:lllll is (IlJitc limite(l, amI rOl' thn·(· y(':!r, the
lmsiness bas becn mpülly lleclillillg'. '1'11" fe\\" sltips hnilt ]la,- tlu) hnild"r no prolit,
llotwithstanding the aclyantag<'~ thl'~' h"ye iu cheal' m,üI'l'iaL lahor, &e. Tlw~' are
generaUy built ulH1er tllfl inspectioll 01' Fl'I'llclt Lloy¡J,.;. tihip-ownel's inform Ille tIt"i1'
sprllce yessels are gi\'ing' bdtl'l' ,~atist'leti(lu tlinn ('Xl'cctl'Ü, >11111 so ,n,n l'h'"sed are
they, tlmt they t1eclare their illtmltiou oí' ('()nTIlliug' th"ir í'ntnre iuye,i lIll\lltS to tltat,
class. They cost about fivc <101lars per ton I,'ss titan tlw hacklllahl(:k ship, ana carry
fn11y sixteen pe1' cent. more guano 01' ('oaIR.


In giving tlw cust of tlH:Sfl yesRels at S-IO ppr ton, 1 intend it as a flir average. It
wOHM pl'obahIy give a clearer 1l1111p!'"tan<ling to tlw C0111111itt"" to p;ivI' the ,1itfel'cut
kiuds of yessels and eost of each, timall veRsels. sillg'le deck, to elass in Fl'ellCh Lloyds
A 1, tiy" years, will cost $:34 to $:17 1"'1' tOll. Vessel8 classed A 1, :1-:1, ¡ive y('ars, will
cost, fr0111 $:I1l to $39 per ton. V csscIs dasse,l A 1, :l-:I, ;;lX y"ars, will cost $:19 to :-;40
}1el'.ton. VeRseIs classed A 1, 3-:J, sen'n yea!'s, will cosl $4~ to $44 per tOllo 'rhe \'eS-
RPls of tite five-yeal' class may he 1JUilt of tilllhm' wholly tho growl,h of tllfl p1'OYÍllet'.
111 thc six year class, the rudcler, stock, alllI will<llass, ltlust be ~ollthcrJl oak, a11l1 tIJe
8te1l1S, storu-posts, allrons, knight-Iwa(ls, lIills, cornera, &c., lllllKt he <'itIH'l' oa];: Ol'
Itaekmatack. In the seven-ycar class, southe1'u oak to1' uU cases whc1'e Ilacklllatack Ol'




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 229
oak is re.qnired in t.]¡e six-Yl'ar C'las8, also, tmnarack 01' pitch-pine lleaffis, piteh-pilJe 01'
oal;: keelHous, ,,-aterway~, strillgerH, rrtils, &C'., &c. AH of thesc v"ssel~, when l'unning
from two hUlldred to fon1' 11l1ndred tonR 1'egiskr, mon, 01' less iron knces are required
nll<1f'l' eVf'ry Iwam. A !H)\'t\ Rix hnntlre(l tonR, in addition to the knees, iron Rtrap"on
thc outsi,le, or an ('qlli n~lent in tlw eeilillg, with cdge holtiug, &c. Ships may be built
in this province frOIll one to two dollars pe1' ton less, lmt only when the object is pro-
únetion at tlu; lowest possih10 costo . .


Iu hlliltling spl'uce ships, much depemls upon the courlition of tlw timber aud the
care in pntting it together, it being vcry essential, im1ped, iTl(lispensahle te) long ser-
viee, that the timher he cnt· in tIlO winter sea~Oll; that ever,)' part luwe thoruugh
veutilation, antl so salted tlmt tlw salt remains where placed amluot allowpr[ to collect
on the bottom. \Vhen ready f(jr sea a sJll'llce ship shuult1uever be allowetl to crui~e in
tropieal climatcR uutil she Iws lJna a ",par's sen'ice in llortherll waterR. \Vhen earefi1l1y
nnd properly bnilt nn<1 eare,l for, 8pr11"" "psReJs am known to have ~ailed, dischurging
tlwir cargops iu gooa cOlJ(litiOll, frolll sixteeu to twenty years. Again, when eon-
stnlctctl of timhcr cut in 1m(1 sea so u and probably sent sonth, ,,,hile green, they have
become ntterly worthlcss in tivc years.


That the cOrtlmittee mav luwe some of the reasons advancerl by the h11il,lcrs here of
their arh-antages i:l eonstrnctiol1 OV(,I'·o11r American h11il([('rs, in a'fOl'Ill more ship,shtll'e
than 1 can give, I eneloso cxtract of leitcr recin'd from Mr. Tucker, tbe v:,ry intélli-
gt'nt amI long' I'xperi.mced agent of Ll()~-t1R, LOl1don, who has ma,le the COllstrnctioll
of ~hillR rt Rtnrl~' tor f,wty years, ami ,,,ho hns h"en the agent of tbe commiHee oi'
LI()~'(], iu this province .Jor fifteen ycam, iu whieh time he has iutrollucerl mallyand
l'adiral ¡'('forms in tlHl constrnctioll of sailing vessels,


1 rtllL sir, vPl'y respectfllUy, your oherLi<:nt s(\\'vrtnt,


Hon .. JOHX LYNCH,
Chairman Committec on Kavigation IJlleresls.


[Extract.l


D. B. WAHNER,
íJllitrd Sta/es Co//sul.


* * Permit me to strtto that ,ince the appointment of survcyors io thcse
provinces by the committee of LloyL1s, LOUÜOIl, so grcat has 1)ccu the rednetiou in cost
of constructioll of onr vesscls, while tlw improvements ,¡aVe been consirlel'ahlp., from :L
personal lmowledge, ami [ bp.lit;ve it iR gcuerally concordeL1. Ships of an.v required
morl"l amI bnild to elass A 1 in ilw society of Lloyds' n'gister, LOlldon, can he ('on-
strnetr·tl in t he Dominioll of Callada fOrOll"-fourth less cost tball they can hA tnnwd ont
vf ltl1y builrling yard in tlw States oí America. AH a conseqncllee, Úw rcdnction of ex-
penses in eonstrllctiou beiug so importallt, cOffil'aratiyely, where colonial vessels are
retnruiug interest upon tho olltlay to tlwir rpspcetiv" owners, the merertutilo vc~sels of
th(' CnitNl States are, as a /.(cneral thillg, rUlluillg to a disarlvantage; iu finc, are yield-
ing uo profitablc rctn1'n to those who may he illtereste,l. '


It is al so gcnerallyadlllittn¡] that, vessels cOllRtrnetetl of tamantck 01' sprncc haye a
material :l<1v:tlltage oyer othel's, hecause of thei1' hnoyancy, while they are e'lually as
dnrahle whell prope1'ly ca.red for: this Sppdl'K oí timber uot beillg of the RalllO speciiie
graYity cOlllparctl with that. which ent.ers iuto tho constrllction- of ships huilt in the
Ullitetl Sta tes. On1' colonial vessels, as rt cousequence, when either light OI' ladon, do
not hecomc so deeply iIllIlH,rS("l, sailill/.(, it is estilll:1ted, ahout OJlc-sixth lighte1', admit-
t~dl:v earrying a heavier deaLl w('i/.(ht ulHllllea~nrelllellt cargo. tonnage being comparetl,
ami hare (t mueh morefl'ce hoard than Hhips hnilt wholly of oak.


Again, yonr bnilders rt(lhf're to the allei~nt lllethoL1 of buihUng ships with wood lodg-
ing and vertical knees, whidl are p1'ett,y f.o look at, becanse of the difl:'nse l]uantity of
short bolts introdllcerl for ttlstf'lling, eOI)Hülered hy thoHe practiclLlly acquainted with
,hips, but very ilH1jfferent sceurit,y, thoso knecs Hot only increasing the weight, the
forIller of no longitudinal stl'f'ugth, occllpying a large space of the ship's carrying:
capacity, also prcvent.ing that free pasRage of :tir so essentiaHy necessary iu aH vessels,
of wlwtever may he their lllrtícrial, thus cansing, it lIlay fairl.r be presumed, the ships
to prematnrely .lecay.


In t!w hetter class oí colonial vcssels, eS]lcciall~' tIlOse cOJlstrllcted to olass at Lloyds,
wood vertical knees to hcrtln ends have, as a geneml thing, hecome ohsolete, and in
lllany instances both yertical and lodging kn0eS of woo<1 are r1ispensed with, and iu
líeu thereof, slIClves antl watcr-ways are workcd cqual in trausvers!3 seetional arca t.o
the l'e~pective bemns rtt their ends. Iron )¡aJ)gin~ knees aml kuee ridQrs are substi-
tllted, the latter ('m\)1'aCÍng aU the poiut8 oí tlw f!'ame, bo1tcd through and through,
thc h"lts beiu¡!; sjlaccd less than every twenty-oue· iuches apart, thc who1e lcngth of
rifler, thereby gi\'ing tho,'", vcssels an arlvantag¡c; 0"1;1' yonrs in rega.rd to conneetion,
general strength thl'oughout, hettcr vcntilution, anrlla.rger earrying caprtcity.




230 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
lt woulrl nlso be needless for me to state othel' than that oul' better class of vessols


are Ínol'e lilleralIy Hupplied with groUlHl tack 1 ing ancl general equipments, tJ¡ose hil-
pnrtant essentials reqnired to be, by Lloyus' register, rigidly tested at public machines
reeugnizel1 by tllelll. 'Vhile stating those advanta!!,'es and reqlliremcnts 1 admit that
there are many fine points abollt your Amcricltn-Imilt ships to he :ulmircrl: their wr~­
fine model, the application of modern appliances to reduce labor amI facilitate the
working of ships, their general smuoth tinish, the generallyacknO\derlgecl accommo-
dation fol' tile mariner who traverses the storm-tossed (leep, amI the general stores
supplied, excepting anchors aud chain eablps, which althollgh oí' tbe most vit¡¡l im-
portance for the safety of both life anrl propertr, those, as a general tlüng, are fouml
light a11(1 untesterl. " " <. " ~


UNITED STATES CONSLLATE,
Prince Edwa/'d island, Xotembel' 22, 1869.


SIR: In reply to yonr letter oí October 30, 1869, this day reccivcl1, I haye tllC honor
to atate:


1. Thecost inPrincc Erlward Islaml of wooden ships, fittcdfor soa, was;BO 4s.6d., or
$20 52 per ton, medium tonnages, in 1860.


2. StcaIDers are IlOt lmilt Oll the j,,!a.n,l.
:~, 'rile cost of wooden ships, fiUcu fol' sea, is, at this time, 1: 10, 01' $32, per tOllo
4. Tlle l'ate of wages for tirst-class meclll1nics, on sbip work, was, in 1/"160, 1&. 6d, 01'


$1 20 per dieID.
5. 'Vages of same class, at present time, 68. 6d. to 7s., 01' $1 04 to $1 12, per diclll.
6. Rate of illsurance on steamships ami s3iling-vcsscls from eigltt to ten P'll" c,·nt.
7. Tbere is no governmcnt reguhltion [01' ascel'taining the arnount of llIatcrÍals usct!


in the constructiun of vessels w hieh are cxelllpt from dnty.
8. 'rhe character of officers and crc\Ys oI' Princo Ed warrllsland vessels is very inferior


to that of the same elasscs on vessels oí" the Unitc(1 States.
9. 1 woul<1 mcnti()11, in expla,nation oí" tlle cost of constructiou, nR nbove givl'n, that


t11" pOllnd currenc!J oi' this island is equal to three dollal's and üecnl!J cenls oí' federal
moneO'.


I have tho hOllor to be, very respectfulIy, your ohedient scrvant,
. E. PAHKER SCA:r.DIO~,


Uníted Sta tes (;o¡¡wl.
Hon. JOHN LYNCII, M. e.,


Chairman Committce rm Xar'ivation In/erests.


COKSULATE GENEHAL OF THE UXITED ST.\TES OI' A~mRIc.\,
Fra"kfllrt am Main, Decc¡¡¡ber 31, 18G9.


To the Hon. Commiltcc on Amcricnn ~Va1"io{(tion IlItcrc.sts:
During the present month I hall the hOllor to 1'cceive from tIte Dcpartment of Statci


a dispatch iuelosing eertain in quiries, b,v yonr couuuittoe, coucernillg tlle uavigatioll
interest.~ of Prussia. Scusible of the import:l11ce of tho subject undor yO\11' considera-
tion, not, only as it affects aU pcrsoüs directly eng:tgerl in ship-bllihling amI cunllllCrCC,
hut also as it 1Jcars UpOll the fillanc0s awl vital iuterests of tbe goverllluent, 1 have ell-
deavored to fnrnish fulI and satisf)tdOl'Y information npon the matters involveu in your
illfluirie8, however it l1J3,Y affect yonr ühjeet.


Prior to the year 186G, PrusHia was a Illcmber of tbc old Germanic Dict, amI up to
that time, neit.hel' l'russia alone, nor tlw Did, exhihited ally inelintttioll or ability
either tú exteIHI its eommerc!', or to establish a tlavy and illcrease its maratimo sÍl'pngth.
The secession of Prussia and the evcnts of tlle year 186G attcn(1ing ami Cousetluent
thereon, scattel'e(1 that confederation. A North Gerlllan Ullio!l was form(;(l of the se,v-
e1'a1northern powers of Germany; the other powcrs rpll1aining isolatcr1. PrnssÜt is
tho head, antl princilml power of t,he twt\nty-two lliStitHlt ÍlHlepent1ent govnllmeuts
e,mstitnting the North German Ul1ion, as it alono eontaius 24,000,000 of the ;)0,000,000
inuahitants 01' the whole Union, and conrs tivc-sixths 01' the wholc territory uf tlw
lTnion.


The principa1llorts of the North German Union are thú free citü", of nreIlH'1l and
IIamlmrg. 'l'he merchant marine is mostly contined to thosc free citics, milI thcro is
but little mcrGhant marine in any port ni' l'nlSSÜt. Each [low"r of tlle L:nioll llIay re!!,'-
nIate it.'l own merchaut marine in(h'l1el1flcl.ltl,v of aH the otber powers of tlu, ¡¡uion, lmt
it call lJave no sflparate navy. The n:tv,v beh)j)g"s to the Uniou as a ",hnle. 1 shall,
theref~l', in answcriug your inquiries, inforrn rllll Ill)()U tIte Hubjeet-m:tth~rs of ilHluirr




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 231
not on]y as thcy affcct PrnssÜi, llUt al so as theyaffect the North German "["nion as a
cOllfedelatioll.


The illland ]ocation of thc states of the North German L'nion wonld ~ePlll not to ad-
lUit of a la1'gf\ mnmhnllt marine 01' relJ.1lÍre a powerfnl mamtime force, still illllividuals
are grcatl,Y ill('rcasinp; the furmel', llucl the government üUlllellsely cnlarging the latter,
and all tendillg to a g1'eat maritímc po,,"er"


1'11('80 tahl,'s * show in (ldail tilA p1'csent amollnt of the merchant marine accordillg
to the last }JulJlic accollnts milI tllO latcst inforlllatiun that can 1JO hall. üu]y onliuary
lll<,rchnllt yeRsels are lmilt in Prussia. The most vnlunble and largest of oceaÍl steamers
are still lmilt IlJlon the river ClYlle.


'1'0 tll!\ srcoml illquiry: "'Yhat encourngemcnt tho Prussian governmcnt ofI'ers to
s!lip-lmi]¡jPl's and ship-owncl's hy way of 1>0I1l1ti1'8, drawbucks, alltl cxelllption from
taxatioll. If material ellterillg into the cOIlHtruetioll of sltips is CXCIll]lt frolll t1uty, 01'
a tlr¡nl'llack i8 allowed u1'on it, "what regnlations are adopted by the goY~rnment to
asc~rtaill the alllollllt uset1," 1 reply that 110 bountics, drawbacks, 01' eXell1jltioll frolll
¡]lltics 01' taxation aro provided eitlter hy Prnssia 01' the North German Cllioll.


1'lwl'e is a genera! cOlllplaillt among those interest~d in the merchant lIlm'ille that
tbeir intC1'(,8t8 are lIcglcetct1 hy t,hc go\'crlllueut in favor of the navy. As an evidcnce
of the ftwling llpOll tlti" snl/ject, 1 call yonr attention to the discussion, at tho last
meeting of the Gnl1l:m l'Ialltical Assoeiatiou, of the lIe" law of tho fe,lera! cOllncilof
the l'Iorth Gcrlll:tu l'uiou, I'cqnirillg a more technical schoo! educatiml, a1HI more
thorollgh '1llalific:ltiOlIS ni' captains amI inferior 8hip OffiCCTS, an(l snh.i"etillg them to
more rigi(1 tl'dllliC'ul examillatiolls, ,,"itLullt n,gartl tu pradieallmowlodge. 1'his aSRO-
cia.t.ion is cOIllpo"ed oi' tite lealli11g ship-ownors, ship-builders, u11derwl'itcn.1, alld rap-
taills of lIallllJlll'g ;11111 Brellll'll. 'rlw association expresscd thoil' diss:tti,fa('tioll with
the npparent, tli.sn'gan1 hy tite gun'l'IlI1lclIt oí' tlle merch:lllt sen'ice, :111,1 scvere1y
delloulI("(:11 tlll'. t,mdency oi' Prussia to shnpc aU naval mattf'fS and regnlations to lhe
intel'csL nf tIte na"," 011 thc gl'Onml of tlm prf'telHlpd great, m,ees~ity uf lIlakillg tIlO
"Union" n, powcri'nlmaritime l'0wer, to the Ileg!cct and injnry n[ the JIlc1'dmllt marine
801'\'ic(, of tlw pOl'ts of tlle cOllntr~". 1'hey ask the quC'stion-" 'Yhnt importance as a
maritimo }lo\\er hall Pl'Ussia p1'e\'io118 to tho annexation of Rch!cs\\'ig-Holstein amI
lIallover!" TIH' an"\Y"1' \\as, "1'hat exccpt on the Baltic, where Denm;wk, í',\\,·t!"ll, ancl
Rnssia aho tlornillatell, Pl'lls;;ia h:u1110 maritime powcr :tt all; ,vhile tite Hallseat.ic
ilng, tbat of HamlJnrg, Dremen, aud Lnbec, ball canied tlw Germall nalllt' to evory
qU:ll'ter oí' tllü glol)('_" It thlls app0ars that tho ship-blli!de1's aH(l f:hip-o\\"lIers I'oeeive
lIot ollly no cllcouragelIll'ut, 1mt that tllC gOV¡'¡'lI111clIt is muro intellt ll]lon aggrnndiziug
its OWIl pO\\"01' lll'0ll tilo Kea, as weIl as upon the land, than a(l\"ancing tlm commerce
aud shippi ug nf it~ ]lol'ts.


To the tllin! ilH]lÜl'y: "'Yhether ~hipstores are allowecl to be taken in hOlHl fo1' con-
slIltI]Jtioll OB tlw H)Y;lg"?" 1 answer that no dllt.iablc shipstores are allowetl to he
takell Oll boan1, ulltkI' :lu.y Jll'ivilege of exemption fI'uIll Lluty, by uny law oi' PI'ussia 01'
of tlw "Cllioll."


1'0 the fonI'th illqniry: "'Yllat sllbsir1Í1~s am pai(l to lines of Prnssi:m steauJers?" 1
answer that no R1Ü"idy iK paia to an)' lino oí' st"amers hy tho Nortll GPrJlWlI Unioll 01'
by Pru88ia, tlnd it is llot sllpposed that the free cities of Hamhllrg 01' 1Ir"lIH'11 }lay any
sul/sitly 01' a1l0w auy priyikgc 01' exelll]ltiun fl'olll tluty to auy line of SLeUmCI'H leaving
RaÍlI ports"


Tlle Ilrclll~lI al 111 H:uulllll'g steaIIIship companies haye contraets with tl1e North Ger-
illan "Cnioll for cnrr;.-illp; ¡he lllail~, out thcy are paill only fur the exact sen-ices per-
forme", an,1 at v('r~" 1o,,- l':lteN 01' "ol1lpensatioll.


1'0 the last iIH]lIil'.r: "'''lmt IlIC:tSlll'CS are :uIoj)lcü tu illlprovc thc eharacter oi' amI
secure emeiency in t!w IllCl'dWnL marino servicc, aud what relation does thiN service
hold to tlH'- Il:l\"y 01' 1'1'II;;,si:: '" 1 I'''p!y that the 1'.'ortll CHillan lillion ]¡'i\"e Hot haü
timo tu atlopt llIeaRan's, ","hieh cxpcrieucc, the csscut ial portious 01' which are hel'ewith
given, mip;ht show tu he nsl'f'nl toitself 01' instrnctiye to othcrs.


80me of tlw pOl'ts 11"\'(\ cst:tblishctl schools fo1' tlw stlHly of lUwig:1tioll, w!rich ha ve
attaiuCll dist,illelioil. Thcre are lltws rcglÜ;tting tho sea-worthille~s of vcssels, also
laws respectiug ~hip-hllil,1illg"


TIlO relatioll of ttlO lIlerehant marine service to the nity,V iN best :mswerell by a tralls-
lation oi' t.lloso artidcs oi' the eOllstitlltioll uf the North German Union refm'ring to
llayigation~ viz :


"SECTIO);, 5:l. The fc,lernl navy is fI nnited one, nudcr the snpremc comnmnd of
PrllRsia. '1'111' organizatíon amI composition of t,he sallw iR ltwlllnlwnt llpOll his l\1ajesty,
tbe King of PrnNsia, who ap]loints al! tlle oftieers of tIlO lIavy, amI to whom the lattor,
together with tlw marino troops, lllu,t take the oath of aUeginuce.


"The ]lortR oi' Kit:! amI .JalHle :m, fot1"ral w:lr pOl't8.
"Thc cost all(1 expense illelllTctl in tIw fOlluüation :Llltllllainteuance rtf the navy and


the institlltiolls cOllneeted thcrewith wiIl be borne b~" the federal tl'ea.sury.
-------


'Tilo ropod ,,1' ~¡". 1\'('lIs!p!' was arcolUpunic(1 ¡'y an elaboratc 3ct of tables, trau"lated froID a "\York of
Dr. Eugels. dlÍuf 01' tilo Prutlsjan Htatüsticallmreau.




232 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
"TLe entin~ marine popuhltion of the Uuion, the hor1;r of ~llgineers, ancl marine


mechanics incin<led, is disJlensed from thc servic(, in tho arm;r, bllt obliged to serve in
the fede\'nlllaYy.


"The tlistrihillioll tnkcs plaee in propol'tion to the pxisting marine popnlntion, so
that the numlH'r tu he fnrnished by each goyermnent will he (lerlnded fl'Oll1 the ([uota
to he furniRh~<l ti)\, the arllly.


"SEc.54. T]¡e Illcrdmnt Illen of all the fc<leral Stntcs form a joint llw\'chant marine.
"The Union will lix the Jllode of ascertainillg the tounag" of ,'"n ycs,,'18, regulate the


issne of Lilts oí' tonnage, and ships' certifica tes, and tlle cOlll1itions uf lieeuses oí' sea
vessels.


"Tlle llwrehnnt men of aH the federal states are uuifol'tlllv aalllÍtte,l al](l rccein~d at
the SCll]Jorls, a!l(l on aH natural an<1 artificial water roa,l~ ot' tl", f'(',,('ral j','rlernl staÍl's.
'riJe impoJ',ts OH yessels 01' ca1'goes fo1' the hcnefit of ally im;titntioll HIla]] not cxcccu
the cost, oi S:lllW,"


1 haye tlms endenyu1'ed to giye the (lesircd information n]1on the snlljcct'llll1ttpr oí'
yonr inr¡uirics. 1 fear that yon will dcril'c Lut littln light. from tlw illfonllatioll tltat
will eulighten you1' investigations. The gove1'llluent, nims to cllltalH'C itself, 'lIul ma¡.o;-
nify its strellgtll and powc1' as a nation, more than to aid tlw individual 01' .l!"velo])
the imlwitry [tnd wcalth of the count1'Y. Ncithcr is gO\'Nlllllent ai,[ IllllCI1 nce<lcd
where cvcry kiIH1 of lltntcrial is so ehcap, am1 lahor so poody ]laid. If tlle lllel'challt
marine is aHo"'cd to develo!, itsdf, wherever COll1nHm'" t1elll,~lI"s (JI' jllstijit\~ its pstab-
ltshment in the ports of GCl'lllany, and is not Lun1cnctl hy g()\"('l'lllllClll, it wilI I'cgnlalo
it8elf, and will cOlllpensate aIl lWJ'sons elllployed in ih iÚtercsh. Tite killgtlOIllS oí'
Bavaria and \Vlll'telllberg mH1 the graud dnclües of llatlcn atltl Hesse-JJanllstaüt beillg
still illdepelll1ellt, alll1 fOl'ming no part 01' thc Union, are not l'eJ'elTcd to iu tbis COlll-
muuication.


1 trust that n Rntisfaetol'y result will foHow as the rell'an1 fol' your artlllous 1ahors.
1 bayc the honor to !Je yonr obedient servant,


\VM. PREUTIN \VEDSTER,
COJ/wl UCllcral.


Ron. Jou:,;, LY:';'CII,
Chairman Commillcc on LÍmerican ]{at'igafion In/erests.


Sea VC8scls amI ril'l'l' slcamcl's in tlw old Pr1!ssian prorinces. Sta/e at t//C (;lId of the yeal' 18G7.
Nr:UllEH AXD QU.\LlTY OF )lERCfL1.XT:\mx IX T.IIF. BRGrX:\T'.;-n OF 'n-m YK\H 181;8 .


S.\lLIXG VE.sSELS.


Sea yessds of a tonllage of morA ihan 40 lasts"- . _ ............ ___ .. " __ .... __ _
Coasting vessds of less thun 40 lasts _____ ...... _____ .. _ . __ ... __ .... _ ... _ ... _ ... __ _


STEA)lERS.
Sea stean1er. ___ ..... __ ............ _ ............. ___ . _. _____ .. __ .. __ . ____ . ____ ... _ .
Steam tow-uoats, rÍvcr-steamer. __ .... ________ .... _____ . ___________ .


Total. __ . ___ .. ___ . __ ..... ___________ . ______________ . ____ .


Of thc ahove steamers tlterc wero;


----------------------------------------------------


of Yt"ssi.'ls. T.U:-!.tR.
.:\l'lIu·hpl" I
--I~-


I
n60 I le3, 742
4')'· ~~, 'j"4G


1,4114


3,059
l,ün


189,124


1 TI.Hmagc Iuorse-
I of la~ts. I POW{;l".


26 sc<~ screw-steanwrs _______ . _. _____ . __ .. ___ .. __ .. _______ . _.: ___ . _. a,728 1. f>6'";
2 padLlh" ~tl~an1f'r~J .. _ .. _____________ .. ______ . ___ . _____ ... ___ . __ . _ 171 24fJ


21 tow-boats and l"ivcI' scrpw-stt.'amcrs. __ . ___ . _. _ -. __ -. _____ - ... _ _ ;J{IO I :n'~
(¡::; tow-boilts aIH1 rivcr paUd]e-8tearncrs. __ '. __ . _______ ____ . . __ .. ____ .. _. 1, li7 2, 3~J9


, ...... , ... , ... 1- 5. G;¡¡¡I- ,j, ü,~ J 12 stearncrs . ______ . . __ . ___ . ___ . ___ .. ____ .. _ .. ___ . ________ . __




NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


Challr;cs in the state of 1:J();~ lo 18G7.


233


Of tht' Yf'ASelS bu~1t ní. horno
thel'o WPI'e lmilt in-


PG:LllP6~.llBG;;.118G6. : 1~;
Por dllmf"sti(~ ~hip OWHrr~ ...................... _ - ... 0_, '·'0-- - - •• __ . ----~ l 7G I-~-I----;I~


Beaw'sR!'lsoyrr401asts. ___ .0 •• ___ ••••• _. _____ ••• __ •••• lB I 4~, 64 J(i I :n
Cuasi illg' vessds . _ ....... _ . _ .... __ ...... _ ... _ .. ____ .. __ ~. _ . _ _ _ _ _ 14 '1 14 I 12 16 4
Rt('anwrs ____ 0 ...... 0- __ • ___ • ••••• ___ •••••• __ ._____ 16]~!J 1 ~


}'orf.heroya]p:oV("rument .................. __ ............. _ _ ___ , 1:_ ...... 1
Forforeigit3Ceonnt. _____ ..... ___ . __ ... ___ '0_ ••••• _______ 7' I 8: (j 8, S


Total. . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . ................................... llOJ¡--;;-¡ -¡il--;;¡--;;
In tllO lJegilluing of tlw year 18GS there were hnil(!illg OH PrllSRüm amI Pomer::miau
whar\"(~s ::11 sea w·sHl'IH, G coastillg ve~sels, amI 2 stcalll(,n,; that is to Kay, jnst as llIauy
as in the precedi¡¡¡; yl'ar.


I Dn~~lg thc years-
_________________ 11863. ¡ lRG4·118(i5·IISG6. ~


................... . Ji I 10 I 3 1:1 5 ~~.I ~I :)1 21 1 2
13 1~ 17 17 14
1 ( 1 ( (i ( .2 r !.!


Tbcrp Wf'rr hOI1g-ht in otlwr 8tatrs ___ . _ .. ___ . __ _
Ot' 'which tlH~n' '\"{'l"n íÜr:lIld(·1I :lmi bronght off. __
Sold to ot11('r staU's _ -
JVreclíed .__ - ______ -_.-' ----- - - --- - -- - - ------


Sea and 'l'Íl'cr 1·C88c78 01 the prorince of /fanorer. Stale al Ihe elld 01 the !Jear 18G5.
NUMll];U ~L.YV QlUl~ITY OF JIEUCllASTJ!E.Y AT TIlE EKD OF TEE rE.tR lS(jj.


* A ¡ast is like two ton8, or 4,000 ponnds.


Chall[jcsin ¡he s/atc, ISG2 lo 1866.


I Sra. To:nna,~;e in Province of JIano"w!r. YC!S::-\t:b. ladsof4,OOO
I pounds.


---------------------------------------------------


1862.. .. ...... . . . . . . . . . .. ... . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . 1 843 I 54, 109
1663 ... ~ ~ ...... ~ ~ .~... . ... : :::::: I ~42 I 60,251
1864 .................. ..... ......................... .................. .... . ~ I ~14 , 60,101
11..'65. ___________ "._____ ________________ _o! 862; 64,371
l~GG...... ............ .. ...... ...... ...... ....................... . 859 I 62,123


The flve prinf'ipal ports of tlle provincc were at the eu(1 of thc year 1866 iu possession
of :377 sea vesscls, of a touuagü of 37,9:;4 laHts, viz :


VessúIs. ~fl~~&~
---------------------------------.--------c-----~ -- -~---


Rnrhurg ____ ... _ ..... __ . _ ..... __ .. ' __ o -o- •• __ •• _ •• __ • _____ •••• _ ••• __ •••••••• _ ••••••
(;-et'stnmiinde ____ .. __ .. _ ..... _ ......... __ ..... _____ ; __ ... ____ ... ___ . _____ . ____ . ___ .
l~nluen _____ .. ____ .. ___ .. _ ........ ___ . _____ o ••••••••••• ____ • ___ ••••••• ___ • 0' ____ • ___ •


~;:¿~;;b¡,~g~· ....... ·.·.· ..... :.·.·.·.· ... · ... ·.·.·.·.· ... ·.· ................. ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :1
11
44
84
.50


182


2) 759
10, ,,67


5. :l07
3 20~


16,OQg




234 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
Eiver anfl1catchillg j'erellue t·c88cI8.


Y...,r. _ \VCSSelS.! La,ts.*


¡!~-H___CL/-I ¡~ I ~¡~
'* .1\ l"lrussiau last'is equal to two tOll9.


Of the samc "ere steamers, viz:
-----------_ .... -------


i ~ I ITom,a¡>;o 1" eS8{' S. ¡ 01' la~ts.
---------------------------------------


1B62.... ............ ........ ... ...... ...... ........ ..... ....... ....... ......... .1
1863........................................................ ..!
1864.................................... ............ I
1863............................................ ...... ····1
18G6 ................. ·································································1


As rcgards ship-1.milrling, t]¡~re "erp ll11ished in tlle conrse ()j~


I Sea ve8,,¡1.-;. ! 1- C··- ._----:-
K TOll.!ln~(l i


1 o, 01' last~. i
-18-6-2-. -.. -.-.. -.-.-.. -.-. -.. -.-.. -.-.-. -.. -.-.. -.-.-. -.-.-.. -.-. -.. -.-. -.. -.-. -.. -.-.. -.-.-.. -.-. -.. -.-. -.. -'. \ 101~'
186:!.......................................................... ... _
1864...... ... .... . ~o
~~~~:::'.:::::::::::::::.'... . .... ::::::: ::::::::: ........... ·1 ¿~


~,c4G I
l:J. ~:!l I


H, I~~
P, I":I~ ,
7, !I1U


10
JI
11
n
lH


4JO
471
443
¡¡nn
7j3


]!iy('I' mul wntch
Yl'::ii'i('ü;.


::\ I 'l'onuago ~ o. i oí' la:-:.tt-i.


-l~",-(-J -1,----
2, -tl?3


1:!:J 1 1.~1~8
11111
IO()


!).'J


1,2:.!H
1. ~07
1.1;'0


Schle81l:ig-lIo!sicill ¡ncrcilant marine. Changesill fhe slalc of lt.,;;() lo lfC¡iH.


In tllü ypar


--------.. __ ._.


1860 .......... .
1861.. ............ .
1~62 ................. .
18fJ3 ................. .


~, ;j.:t~
2, finO
2, G:l3
2,6:m


63,408 ,
63 Rl4 '


I ~{¿~~ 1I
18114
lEW.).
l8GI;'


2, .')j::!
;.!, ;,:1L
;2, ~;!7


GG, !J!J6
(lP,1,3
ml¡86:i


---,--------


'0' ..A l)rnssiull la:::it it'> eq naI tú two tons.


State (JI t/¡e mcrohant marine nI tite NOl'th Gcrman Ullían (JII ¡he 18t o/ Fe/mlaJ'!!, 18(;G.


I ·~ 11~1~ C~,.~ ~8 OrD ~ ,~o ~í:3 ~t~ 1 r.n I ;::::..¡-l ,...., r.. ~ ....
i 2 I ~ ]~ ~
1


I 1.3?2 \ 40:3, ("00 I 29-::
1, :1I0 nI. :,(10 ~ SlIlI
1~_1 __ l14 .. )00 I~ .....::' (300


TotaL .................................. _........ ......... 3, (;11 I (;.-,1,110:1 I 3(j 1]4, 400
2. Hnmbllrg~ ...... ~ ... __ .. ___ ......... _ •.. ___ ... _ ............. __ ._._. ,j(i7 2r,,:l:JO ~;) ~ul.aon
3. Brenlf'll .. _ ---.--.---.----.- .. -.-.--.---.---- I :lj.)71 24-1.';(10 '. 20, 3~,:20')
4_ :ThlccklPnbllrg_._ ....... - ... -..... __ .... '_' .... _' .... __ 1 '~:W 1?:,1¡:lO I 1 I :!OO
5.0111cnlmrg ....... _. _____ .............. __ ... __ 1 :",11 .H 10,
6. LüiJeck............ .............................................. 43. 111:000 1··i21 '···f,,;,uó


ln al! ........................................................... : o, lOS 11, :lr1~~J_ 11:3 .I~G, ~OO


States to which the vessels belong.


1. Prufl.sia:
Pro\'ince of PrllRsia und Púmcrania. __ ... __ ....... _ .. _. _ .... _.
Province of Hanover _ ...... __ ... _ ............. " _ ... " _ . __ .
Province of Sle~nyig· IloIstein __ . _ .. _ ............... _




B.-J'auula¡· stalcment of new Ullilt mcn-of-n'a¡' 1l]J lo tlle 31st of Deccmbm', 1868.


No.


l
', NumlJ(~r lilorso- ITo COUlmCllcpmlIltl Date of CIasa. Namo. of guns. powel'. nnage. ni' buil(Ung. lannehiug.


,=."" oo,"w.M"''''·1 K>w, wmimn .. .. "I"~ l' -:~~,;- ''", ........... 1 A ,w. e>, ,~;
2 I Iron-clail screw-frigate.1 Cl'OWIl Princ(l ____ . 16 800 3,404 Spring of 18G6_1 May 16,lE67


3,1 Iron-clail Scrcw-frigate.1 Freileric Charles __ ID 950 4,044 Sl'ring of 1866 .1 ,Jan. 16, 18D7


4 I Decked screw-corvette.1 ElizabQth ___ .'. __ _ 9.6 400 2,640 May 1, 1866. __ 1 Oct. 18,1868


....


ExpCIllled for- "C"p 1,0 18m, iJ}-dnf'ivt:. I1l1sa8.


1. Hulk (.hOd
y) of tllc vessel, in-/ __ -- -- -- -- -- --- '1 __ -- -- -- -- -- --


dUlling; hOf:.tR anú T'otllul-wood.
:1. Tlw titting-out (cquipment) .. _ .. . __ . _ .. ________ ... _. __ . __ o ___ _


3. Machinl'Sallllmachínc-iuye;utory . _ -_ .. __ ... _. - - -1- _. --""' -_. _.
4. Al"lllaturc .. _._ ... __ . __ ... _ ... ___ .. __ .. ______ .... _._ .. ___ . _. __ o


------- -------


$1,57..!,G7~) 74 1 _____ . _______ .
=:::.===:--=[==~


1. lIulk (hody) of tho VOBRe!, in-I ________________ I $5,586 6n
cllHllllg uoats ilIlllIOUll(t-woods.


2. The fittlllg-ont (f'quipm<,'ut) _. _. __ .. __ .. __ . __ __ . 2,268 84
3. Machines and maehinc-in\'cntory _. _______ . __ . ____ ... __ ..... _.


4.Armature ....................... _, ...... , .. __ ._ 182,73287


1,210,142 47 100,589 23


1, 400, 738 60
=--=-====:==::;::


lIulk (houy) of the vessel, iu-I ________________ I 42,20056
rluding- boats ::mrl 101lnd WOOUR.


2. Tho fitting out (cqnipnH'llt) . _ .. 0_ •••••• _. __ •• 2,207 52
3. 'Macblnt'R H1HL nwchinc-il1Ycntory . __ ...... 0_' __ • _._. __ • • •••


4_ ArmatUl'c __________ .. __ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ __ _ __ __ __ 182, 732 87


1,224,:1'21 68


1, 4;)8, 5U3 :16


1. ITlllk (hOfly) oC j hú vessoJ, in-I 93,707 nI
cluding hoats antl r0l.1I!tl·wootls.


2. The fitting-out (eljuipment) __ __ 413 91
t ~~~~~~~~.t~l~~ ~~:t~~~i~~~.~~l~·.P.I~~(~I~y . _ .. __ ~~'. ~~~. ~~.


128,074 75


408,679 99


227, OH G6


142,098 15


21,103 06
11~, 393 72


6,018 12


281,625 24


z
~


S
~


O
z


iZ
~


t:'j
P:I


t:'j
771
~


V'


N>
c:>


C)l




NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


UNITED STATES VrCE-CONSl'LATE,
Copc/(hagciI, Dcccmbcr 7, 1869.


Sm: Yonr Ictter, datcrl the 5th of last montl, (ad(lressed to Georgc P. Hal1sen, formcrly
a Unitetl St:ttes eOllsnL lmt now ret'lunc(1 to thn Unitc<1 States,) (,xprrssillg:t dcsire to
obtaill illformatioll respecting tIlo ship-buildillg allllnavigalioll illterests of this COlllltrs,
has Ileen trans11Iittl,(1 to me by the Department of Statc, amI, in reply tlwrdo, l slwll
cndeavor to giyc you au cxplanation as satisfactory as 1 llave l,eeu able to obtain it,
givillg my reply in tIle same order as yonr difterent qnestions are made.


The aunexed l'egister of sIlips belouging to this country lhs hern lssnell in tIle be-
ginning of this year, and slows very near tle prcscnt state of tllc DaLLish lllerclant
marine, (01' oonrse wHh thn exceptioll of some alterations throngh shil's lo~t, shi]lH lmilt
<JI' bOll~hL frOlll foreigners, or ships la villg shiftcd O\vucrs, siuee the register iBsned.)*
The building of sailing-ships is in ft tolemble. efticienc,Y, especiall~· int/w pl'Veillcc ports,
llecallse the work is cheaper there than in thiR city, lmt steamship hllil(1ing is onl,Y ear-
ried Oll at this port, at a 1l10deratc seale, 10wever, tItere being onl,Y onc "stablisllmcnt
for snclt building, and the sarue is working at high prices. Thc merclJant marine stcam
ser vice, ou aCCoullt tItcrcof, is freqneutl,Y supplied by tIlO pnrchasc 01· drartcring of
foreign steamers.


The government offers llO encouragement to sItip-buiIders amI ship-owncrs hy way of
bOllllties, drawbacks or exclllptiou from tnxation. SIrip-own!'rs' business, howcvcr, is
frce; that is to say, nnt snbject to ally concession snch as many otltcr lÍlws 01" mcr-
chants' husiness, hut it is, of eourse, the same as all other sitnations, snbjeet to income
tax whcn 8nch is imposed. Foreigu material entering iuto f,[w COllstrnet ion (Ji" ships
bnilt for aCcOllllt of J)({¡1i8h citizens is suhject to duty accorc1ing to tlw taritr :lIlnexcrl,
(oak timber oul.\' is free of dni y.) Uut vcsse!s lmilt iu Dellmark for forl'Íl/llcn,' aeeoullt,
or foreign. vessels repairillg average sufI'ereu. 01' other dalllages, are in that r!'spect bcUet·
sitnated, as tlwy ma}" obtain lt perlllission to tako snch artieles as metal sheathillg aua
bolts, cItains, anehors, saib, and conlage, &c., out of bond. (Thc prerogatiyc thus al-
lowed foreigllers arises fmm a desire to attract work and secul'li the la hor to Vanish
citizons.) Tho material takell out of bon!l is not treated ":u1 valorelIl," hut in eou-
formity with tlte said tarift' anllexed. Ships' storcs for consulllption on tle voyage are
allowerl to be exporterl out of bond.


TItere are no subsidies paid by the government to lines of Danish 01' foreign ~teamcrs,
nor 01' sailing-ships, exccpt a trifling rCllluncration of postage 10r Ictters carried, bronght
as well as sent; hut st"amcrs enjo)' a separate favor, haYlng only to pay pOl't cllltrges
according to the quautities of goods loaded or aiscllar~ea, ana reduecd into tons, 01',
bettcr, iuto Dauish last,; eonsequentlJ', tley do not pa'y in proportioll to tbcir regis-
terea tonnagc.


There are uo mensures adopted to improve the clamcter of, alld secnre cftieienc)· in-
tlw merchant marine service, and that seryice bears no J'plation to tlw Wl\'Y (jf Del!,
mark. If tlle royal lllarine llepartment occasionally is in waut, of ship-roolll for any
kind of transport, tlw a"lxlrtment charters ships in the same \Vayas pri\':lÍ'\ eharterers.


Bcing ut present :t \Vare of no fnrt,[lCr sngg(\stiollS 01' f:wts (Ie,s(,rvillg- to be mCl!tioncd,
~I only add translations of tIte la\\'s eoncemil!g lhe rcgistration ami measurement of
:slips, amI rema in, sir, ver\' respectfulJy, yonr Illost ohedient servant,


< L. MEETSCHER,
Uní/ce! Statc8 Vicc-Gonsul.


Bou. JOHN Lyxcrr,
, 'Chail'lIwn Gommittec on Nal'Íg(ttion In/erests.


'VASHl~GTO~, D. C., Fcbruat:!¡ 5, 1870.
SIR: 1 have tite honor tn acknowledge the rcceipt of yonr lettcr of the 4th instant


askillg me to seml to the special committee of illvestigatioll Oll tI", canses of the dec:Ly
of AIllerican cOIluuerce any cOlllIllunication as to \\'hat, ill my jwlgmcllt, ba~ cl'cated
tlose canses, at least, in tlmt part of the country with whiel! 1 am aCfjnaillte(l, alHI
snggesting, at the Ram!; time, whaí, steps 1 wonhl consÍ<ler best allal'tell io remove
them, aud to establish in thcil' stcatl au illvig-oratiug imlllllsc by which AlIll'ric:l1l (',Olll-


r merce wonle! acqnire that dcyelo]1lI1cnt amI inflnencc whieh thn I'xtcnt and illlllortauen
of t,IHl agl'ieu!tnre aml illdu~try of this repnblie givc it :t l'ight io expect.


Among vaTÍous canses, too extensive to enumerate in tIw space of an onlinal'y eOIll-
mnllication,I beg to state that, in my opinion, tIre following are ~he llIW;l illl[lol'tant,
viz:


l. Neitner tho American governmcnt nor any l)Ortion of the American pcople, COll-
stituteLl as a bo!1y, h:we ever done nor dil'ectIy atteml'tc(1 :tnything to seCltre the object
they desire to attaill .


. t Accompanying this communicatiOll were Dunish olida) t1ocumcnts, whieh haye bccn omittcu.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 237
n. The commeree of tho,qe 10caliticR in Ow "\Yest Imlies \"ith whieh 1 am acquaintecl


has alway~ becu nUowcd to follo,,' its primitive courso withont GUJ' efforts froDl the
capitaliRts 01' the .l!owrJlmeut 01' this ?oUl~try t? tal~e ndvalltag-e of t,h(,ir proxilllity, iu
order tú alter tltat, cours(' amI try to glve It a (l!1'ecüou to theso shorui.


nI. In,tead oí' tllflt·, capitalists of Liverpool, Glasgow, Antwerp, .Hremell, Hamburg,
Paris, HlwrA, :llarsnilles,1>oth ns illdivieluals amI as eorporat.ions, make yenr~y advanccs
for th" l'ro<lllctiollS to lJe shippcd ti'om most of thosc islamls amI frolll Ceutral and
Sonth AlllPl'ira, aud secure thereby, at ve1'y atlvantageous l)rofits, the oonsignmeut of
Hllch pnHluc('.


IV. Francc HlHl Euglauel, cSJlccially tlw latter, have sevemlliues of steamers touch-
ing at tJ¡" V"1'iOn8 ports, lal'gely suhsidizcd, and offering g1'eat accOllllllodatiolls for
freight aud passeug-crs.


V. Tho gllYermnents of Englnud amI Frauce watch with a jealous f'yc over theil'
Hssels in t]¡OíiC ,listant, 11ort8, amI -whcther justly 01' uot, theyuen,r allo\V (he slightest
intcrfe1'euce -wtth them, be it iu tilllC oí' peaee 01' not, thus secul'ing tlll'lll, nt aH times
anel umler every circUlllstance, tIw facility óf taking amllancJiug 1'rc·ight. Tlmt policy
has heeu cnrried so far that 1lI0st of the merehnnts in those Ullsettl,>d countries rathe1'
llrefer, for secmit.v's sake, to have their freight under English (11' Fl'cne111I"gs.


Thesc are thc principal causes, acr:ording to my juelgmeut, wiJich ha\'o uufavorahly
il11l1lenCP(I tIlO developmcllt amI progrcss of American comme1'ce lJOth in Douth America
and in tlw 'Vest IlHlif's.


A contrm'y cour,~e w(luld iusure a contrarv rcsult:
r. TIH' All'IPl'Íe'llI govel'llmeut SllOUld lea(l;hy initiatorymeasures, (he American capi-


talists to iuvest tboir capital in the tralle of those cOllutries.
n. TiJ .. Alllerican capiialists shoultl, like the En1'opcan, mnke advauces to these


elillc1'eut localities, in onler to secure thei1' consignmeut in retul'll.
111. The American p;OVel'llmellt, alikc with Englaml amI Fra,ncc, shoultl encournge the


estahlisImwnt offl'p'luent cOlumnllicatious hy stemn with aH the,,,'. rount1'ies.
IV. The American agelltH in nll the diJl'ereut port8, while the countl'y i8 in a state of


-war, 8hon1d llll inst.rudcd not to allow any intere1'crellce with Americau vesseJs with-
out due, furmal, and imnw(liate redress frolIl thA party, wholllsoever it be, that may
have cansetl snoh interference.


A few ycars of this policy would, I helieve, give an unprecedentp,rl forwa1'd Ímpetus
to the (le.vdopmcut amI growth of Americau commerr:A in this helllisJlherp,.


Thongh I fe,·1 contident that noue of t]¡e a.boye consillcrations could have escaIle<1 the
Rugacity lllLll att.ention of thc committee, yP,t I se11(1 them ",ith ple:1snre as a proof
oCmy sincere desi1'e t,o be alw,tys ready to give rny service, however lilllite<l it he, for
tite goo<l amI prosperitoy of the American lwople.


1 lmve (he houor to be, sir, your obctliellt aud humble scrvltnt,
Hou. JOIlX LYNCH.


A. TATE."


UXITED SLI.TES CON.;l:LATE AT RBI>:3fEN,
,Jal/I/(/ry 18, 1R70.


Sm: In complirlllec with yonr favor oi' N(lvem}¡pr [j, 1 i-JW, trallsmitte<1 to me through
the Deplll'tment of Stat", "\Vaslling-tou, D. C., makillg iIlljuiries coneeruiug- Rhip-build-
ing a11(llIltYi)!;ation interests of Uerlllauy, 1 have the honor to "nbmil. thc foHowing
fae!:, eollectecl from stat.istics alJ(l otll(>r sourccs of Ínforlllation ll¡JOll thi8 8uhject, viz:


The Genllan govel'1lmcut ofCers 110 ill<1ncement to Gennan sllip·lmildcrs, hut tlle ma-
tel'inl entm'ing into the COllstrlwtion oí' ships .ls eXf'mptc(l from <luty, 01' lt drawback i8
allowe<l OH it ll]lon the ü.llo\\'ing cOlHlitions: The lmil(kr can ilU]lort, free of dnty, aH
raw matel'ials \"hich :lm l,"e,1 f'.r the coustrllction oí' v{'sseb, 01' in case thc lllaterial is
llartly 01' \"holly mannfactlll'!,,1 11<'1'<', tlle gOYerllment remits the tluty which \Vas origi-
na]]y ]I:1ül ,m tiJo illl]lol't.ed 1'a\\' J~letal.


'fhe ship-bnil<1er who cIniHlR thcse ll,hantages for lmilrling 01' ],I'pairing; ycsscls, be-
foro cOUlJlH:neing;. has to g-i\'() llOtieü to the enstolll of!lcf'l' in whose rlistl'iet thA vessel is
to be repaire,l (Jl' lmilt, hy pl'l'scnting a (!nclaration, giyiug- an f'xact, l1cscriptiou of the
vessel, as \yen as the llll'Íd :11'ti(')('8 wbich will he use(1 for l>nilrliug alJ(1 onttltting, either
in thcir lllannÜldnrf'd conrlitioll itllporte(l, 01' the aUlOuut of foreign metal used for
man llfactnring samc. ~


TllOse art.ielr,s lI1arked, wltieh thA ship-lmihler impol'ts from 1'orcigll countries in a.
mannfaeínrerI 01' hfllf~mannfactnrcü con,lition, must be ]Jl'cticntc<l to tlle collector of hi8
distl'Íet 111 tllO mClltiOlH'l1 <lcclal':ltiou, statillg t he nll'iolls sha pes awl coullition in which
said artides 01' matcrials are to he importcd, "hiel! artides [)re cntered accordiug to tho
weight allllnumberot' 1Ii('('('8 in tIlO COllto-J'r.rli8tm', amlmarkeel -wit.h n stamp in orde1' to
pasH the ('11stolll·iJollse <l11(Y fr"e. '1'0 control this, the custOIll olicer inspects the vessel


." Uecently minister plellipotelltiary from the Rel'ublic of Hay ti to the government 01' tbe Unlted StlLtcS.




238 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
while she is lmilt, or :tfter her completioIl, aud if these illspcctions prove that the dc-
claration is llladc corred, saúl a1'ticles 01' material are cancclled out of tlle Conto-reg~lter.


Shonld the articles lllannfactured here, bllt from material importcd frolU othcr COlln-
tries, be UACel, the buileler has to state the amount, <juality, alHI killll of material [or
every article in his declaration; on this it passes the custolll-house, evcry )licee beillg
stamped, wcighed, and entered in thc Conto-re,iJiste¡' by tlle eustom ofticers. The n UlU-
ber of pieees and the weight of the articles mallufactured frolll these matcrials is also
taken on their ('ompletion hy the cnstom officer and cOlllparcd with the COlllo-rryü,ter
allll if found corred Baid materials are cxcmptetl frorn tluty.


The bars imported for the use of building eoppered vessels, are enterctl iu the same
manner, hut whcn the bolts are cut out in the dock it must 1)<\ aone in the pl'esence of
an officer of customs, who has to count alld weigh such bolts, alld sec that theyare
llsed f()r th,) v"asel, and on hia ccrtificate the bal's are exempted from tlnty.


All tleelamtions must be s\\'oru to by the ship-builder, and shonld it be proved that
fraud was intentled, the huilder is deprivcd of these advantagcs forever, besides paying
the penalty.


Shill atores are allowed to be taken in bond for consuml'tion without heil1g subjcct
to any dnty.


No subsitlies whatevcr are paiel to lines of German stcamcrs.
Masters are required to takc on board his vcssel one apprentice for Iwery one hundrecl


"lasts" (a last eqnal to 4000 pounds) measurcment of bis vessel. Thcso ap[ll'clltiees,
after having servcd a tcrlll 01' yeara, are a(]vaucell to the grade oí' regular sailors, in
which capacity they are re<juired to serve three years, at w hieh timc tlwy ean make
applicatiou fol' adlllittancc to the navigation school, where they bave to pass severe
examinations before they can he couullissioIlCd as sccontl and first ofticors 01' t:ollllllalld-
ers. As every able-bodied man is reqllircd to enter in the arulY on arrivillg at tilO ago
of twenty ycars, so is cvery sraman at t}¡e same age require<l to cnter the navy.


1 remain, sir, very respectfully, your obetlient servant,
R. M. HAUSON,


Uní/ed States Cons1l1.
Hon .. JOHN LYNCH,


Chairl1lan COl1ll1littee on An~ei'ican Na!'igatiQn Interests, Wa8hington, D. C.




APPE~DIX.


STATISTICAL TARLES.


No. I.-Li8t of RtCll1iiRhip8 anrl !'e8RcI8 of the BI'iti8h nal'y.


TIeseription.


Rerew.
S¡~I'r".r ..... _ ... ___ . _. _ .... _
Paddlc ....... .
Sermv .. _._. __ . ____ .... __
nOll!II¡, SCTPW _____ .
Paddle.... . ........... .
Srrrw ... _ ... __________ .... .
Scrcw. __ . _______ _
St'rew_____ _0_
S(~I'(~''''- ______ . ___ . _ ~ ____ _


Scrc'w. _____ .. .
l'atldlc .................... .
s('I'I'W ___________ _
SCI'(·w ... _______ _
Screw. _. __ . ____ ._
Screw. ___ . __ . . _____ . ___ ._
Paddlc. ....... . ......... .
Scrt~w ______ .


Padtllc .................... .
Double "crew ............. .
Scre\v ami padclJ¡~ ____ _
ScrC'w ... __ ... _________ ._._.
DOIl lile Hennv _________ . _
SCl'üw. ___ ... _
Sail _______ ......... _____ _
Don ble scrcw _ ... _ . __ . ___ _
Sail ______ .. ________ _
~l.Te\,,'. ___ . _______ .


S(-re,v .... ____ . __
Sail .. _________ ..
Serew _. ___ . _ . _


~~~:~; ~~~l. ~:.s.s.c~. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : ..
Paddle .................... .
Screw ..................... .
Screw ..................... .
S(~rr.w ..................... .
Sail ...................... .
Sercw .................... .
Paddle .................... .
Rail .............. .
~('rew .......... .
Screw ..................... .
Sercw ..................... .
Screw .................... .
f;crc\v ..................... .
Hert~'Y ... "'.""" .. "'" .
Padille ................... .
~ct'e'v ..................... .
S~rc,,· .. _... . ......... .
Scrt""'······· ............... .
~(Tt'W gnn vl'Hsel ......... .
lJou blc Screw ............. .
Rere,,, .................... .
~!)nnblc scrcw g-nn vessrl. ..
fiail ....................... .
Serew .............. .
Hcr('\\." ....••........•.......
!'atl'UB .............. _ ..
ScrevV" ..................... .
l'adcll.e .................... .
Scrc,v ...................... .


BUILT IX GO"YERX)lEXT DOCK YAI-ms.


I X miles. ! ~ ;;;,(~~I Ton8.
I ~\.bO:lkll· ........ -.- -~~I--;-~


.\.¡ Illllt'~ ........... 2ti llll'U
.\(h-ico .......... . 1!)1
Africall ............. 3G
Ag-auH'mnon ... _ -'. 71 a, lO:! I
.Alhl·l'ta............... :~~Il
AltJioll ............ -. 7~ 31 117 1
Alt>rt ..... 17 ¡jI
Alg'h.'rs . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 3, :UO
AW';OlI ...•.. ........ . ;;4 al :tw
A¡·elLu.a ............. 3.) 3,141
Ar~l" . ............... 6 no1
..:-\.l'i:1(1110 ._......... 2fi 3,2H
~ll.tlas ........... 5~ 3,:Jl8
A lLl'Orll . • • • • • • . • . • . :15 ':!, ;-l.")i:!
Brcchunte ............ ~tl ~. (){)7
Barracoula ........... () 1,0.->3
Barrosa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1, 700
Basilisk ............... 61,0:11
Bt'acun .......•......• 4 4fi'")
I~lIO .. _. . _ .•••.• 0.0 ••
JkllcroplIoll .......... .
BittpI'TI ....... .
Hkl.nchc .....•........
HORca wml ......•.•....
Bnx('r ... _ ........... _.
nrilliallt ............. .
1),.i"k ............... .
Bl'istol ....... o •••••••
Britalluia ._ .......... .
BritoIl .... _ ....... .
1ll1lltinch ........... .
Hlllwark ............ .
Buzzard ............ .
Ca!~al' .............. .
Cadmus ............ .
Caledonia ............ .
Cumurillgc .......... .
Cameleoll ........... .
Canon ............. .
Castor .............. .
Cpnt,lll'ion ......•....
(:hallcllgel' .......... .
Chantidp('l" .......... .
Charybl1is .......... .
CHo .................. .
Colnmuinc
Contlallcc ............ .
(;onq lll'l'or ...•...
COIH,tanec ........... .
Contelia. ............. .
Cormol'ant .......... .
Cracker. ............. .
Crni~l'r ....... __ .
Curlew .............. .
lJaedal1l8 ............ .
lJanae ....... "' ..... .
lJapbne .............. .
Dashcr .............•.
Dauntless ............ .
DI~c .................. .
Defiance .....•... ""'.


4~
14 4,270
3 6G3
ti 1. 2G8


20 2,21:3
4 46,)


16 OÓ!
16 1, U~7
:H 3.0n


1/;) 3, !J~15
10 1, :E!2
3 6H:J


81 3,7Ui
2 9,0


7fi 2,7m
16 1.4fjf¡
:10 4,1:}5
~O 3,10l
7 9,)2


2{j7
2-2 1. 20:1
GS 2,5nO
18 1,4G2
7 951J


IR 1, ;íní)
1i3 1,4:2


:1 (i72
2!I5


74 2, H4;,
33 3,21::1
11 ;i7U


4 6!):)
4 4fi7
;) 712
3 6"5


16 1,Ob2
Ü 1,2:-\7
4 1.0H1
2 2(10


31 1,575
1 704


1. 3,473


Hor~o·
power. Of what bnilt.


--_ .. _---------


411{) "'\VO()(l.
], ;2,·.0 lroll armor·plateu.
l~JO \Vooti.


i!O Irol\. (Jon \\'00(1.
líiO \"Vf)(Hl.
4(1) \\,.oo.!.
lOO \\"ood. (ion ",\'T 00(1.
>'00 'Yno<l.
500 "'\,,","O(H1.
:~oo "'\Vood.
HOO ",Ynod.
80IJ 'Vlloll.
40() 'Yood.
GOO Wood.
300 'YoO(l.
400 \V IJOfI.
400 'Yoo".
1:1t) ComposlLe gun vt's!!cI.


1U \Vootl.
1, ~~~ ! fr,~~ ~~~~~plated.


350 1 \Yood.
\Yoo<1.
1~0


250
600


3;;0
Ifi!)
800
3(1)
400
400


1,000


200
1jU
400
400
200


'4OG
4UO
150
100
500
500
150
200
l~O


6;)
160


3:10
30U
100
500
2:10
eO')


Cmnposite gun Y6Ssel.
\1[OOll.
\\'ood.
Wood.
'1'00<1.
'\Tond.
'VOOl1.
'I'oo<l.
'Voo,lo
\Vooel.
\V·ood.
Armor·plated.
\VOOtl.
\Vooll.
'Vood.
\\orood.
"ood.
\Vood.
\\TOO(].
\Vooo.
Woo,lo
\Vood.
WO()'1.
\Vo{)(L
\,oo,lo
Wood.
\\-\JOtl.
Composite gnn vessel.
\\Tood.
Wood.
"Tood.
Wood.
Wood.
\Vl)od.
\Vood.
'Vood.
Wooú.




240 NAVIGATIO~ INTERESTS.
No. I.-Li8t o/ slcamship8 and 1'688e18 of the lidti", lfal'!I-Continued.


JWILT 1\' GQYRRXllRXT DOCK YAUDS.


D ., ,,.. INo.Of: T I IIor~c-eSC'l'lptwD. . .. :\jumo., gnns.1 OIlS. pO"\YI.I.· .•
--_. --1 . .-_,-
¡.;:,(TI'W .....•... __ I D~YnP,tah0l1 .. _. _____ ._I··_:. __ 1 4,40G rOO
~Cl'(~W Diuo. __ .•....•... ___ . _ 6, J, :2GB :J;-;O
~t:l'{"" _ ])mÜPIll ..... __ . __ . ___ '1 ;2~ 2,4tiJ t'110
S('rl'w ........... __ . Doucgal .. _____ ...... _ 81, 3,:24j ¡--OO
:'ierew _ DnT'i~ _ ......... _ ... __ . 24 :3. "1,S:~ dJO
~~~:~:~~ ~ B~:~l~~-: ~:. ---_ .... -_.. 1~ }: ~;~ ~;;~~
~(,l'ew., ' ___ " Ihtkl'of'Vt~llingloll._. 4D: a,'j'¡l '¡lO
Hert~w ... _ .......... _ _ _ Duncan. __ . _ . _. ca 3: 7-J1 EOO
Rnil ... _ _ _ _ .. _. _... .. DnrhauI ..... _. 20 ( G~"¡
l)onhle ~Cl'e,Y ____ . _. I)w3.l'f . __ ... __ ' 4 4¡¡;¡ 1:21!


l'lIl Paülllt' .. _.. .. . . ........ ... EdlO..... ... ~~Ij
Edg:ar . . . . I 51 :1: O~H SCrt\W_ .


]):ul,lle .............. .
I)Ol1blc SCI'CW •..
Dl'I'P\V •• , ••....•.......••..
l'atld!e.
Hcrew.
Screw. . ............. .
Sail ________ __
St·n·~,v ........... .
SC1·CW .••• _ •••••••.•••••. _.
Hcrew ...... .
f:jCl'Ü'v •......•.•••.•.••..•.
Sail. . .....
})onu1o scn'w ..
Sai! __ __ __ __ . __ __
Donh1e SCI'ew ..
RcrC"v .• __ ............ _ ... .
Hcl'cw ...
Sc1'cw _. _ ....
8c1'C'w ... _ .... _.
Scl'ew ........... .
Screw....... . ..
l',,<idle. ____ .. __ ...
Screw .... _.
})on b1e fl-crew ....
Sercw. _. ___ ...
Screw ......... ..
Scrmv ............. .
f)cre,v_
Pmhllo .. ________ .
Scrcw ____ __
Screw ...... .
Sai! .. __ ..... __ ... .
Screw .......... "_
Serpw ............ .
1'a<l,1Io. ____ .
Screw .... __ .... _ .
Sen'w. _ ......... .
Sai! ____ __
Ht'l'e\v ....•............•...
Sai!.
})ollhlp ficrcw ... _ ..
Sr1'úw ..... _ ... .
f;erew. . ..... "
~{,fl~W g'!TIl Yt;S:W l .. _ ....
Screw.' .... _.
Serp'\\'._ ................. .
SCfrw ~un ,"es5('1 .... .
})oltble ~,Cl'ew gUll vessd .
Sui1. ________ . ____________ .
Serew ........ _ .. .
}lalhile ...... .
Rcrew .............. .
::;;tT(~W .•••••••••••
Patltllo .. _.
Screw ....... _ .... .
SCI'(~'v ..................... .
Scn:w ... .
SCl'ew ................... .
DonlJle scrc'W gun "(,8Sl'l .
~cn:,Y ................... .
,;,'iL __ ._ ... _. _________ __
Palla!c .. ______ __
Scr!~,v .. _ .................. ,
SCI'E''''~... . _ ............ .
:-;l'l'ew .............. .
Srrl'w tUl'ret shi}) ........ .
Screw ............ ~ ...... .


};Itill.... ... .... !)~
1m, .................. 4 '1l:3
:E1ll(,l'ald . . ..... 2~ 2, fn.~ ]'.1}('l!d1l1IP~H .••.••••. 1 1 E!33
}~Jl(h lllll)ll .... .. I .... ;2, ,¡t,(,
{~~~:',iR:~~t~ ~ ~ ~: ~ : ~: ~ ~ ~:' ... ~1 2, ~~¡:i
.ExIllon-th ...•......... 7U ~t IUL}
l'akoll .......... __ .... 17 í.ji
}\':,¡xorite . _ ....... ..... 10 2, UD-l
.Fawll................. 1:í '7.~,1


i~!~Jnnl. .. _:~~::~~:~~~ '1~ 1,~~~
Flora ........... ..... 10 1)ü:1--1
i::~;i.tlL .. ~~::~~- .. ···· ~j ;2.;~1
}'trx _0_" •• _. __ ••• .:) 1, 1:11
1,'rf'l1erick ~TilliallL _ . . 74 :J, ~41
U ala tea. _. _ .... __ . . . . . 2G a, 2~~'
U:ulllet ________ ;1 j,!l
Gihrnli:u ............. 81 3,í;"2B
ta:'IIliator ____________ . fi 1,:;10
(3-b~g'nw •• __ ..... __ ... 22 ~~. ()Jj
Gluttoll ____ .... _ 2 2, ";0:)
(yolial11 ... __ .. ___ .. __ . úO ~, :i!lü
ii~~(¡i~~f,~~r~l ... ~ ~ ~: ~ ~:: ~ ~ 7~ :~, i~:~ .
lIa~t illg'S ........... __ . 50 1, ~ ¡jO
lldicOll. 2 ~;r¡
HpITu1es........ l-1,j, ~~l-!
Ht.'1'lL .. _ ..... _........ 71 3,118
Hil){'rllia .. __ ...... 104~,':d J


..JO\)
100
,1110
lUO


1:20


lIooíl __ ... .. ...... . ... 54 3. ao~ ¡iUn
liowe ......... _... .... 8-1- 4: 2-t;¡ 1, (lOO
liytll'a . __ .......... __ . 1 t!l.t:l
Iearns _____ ........... :J ;'),-·tl
11ll1ll0l·talit~........ 28 3,O.:Jn


~:..!n
¡:iO
GUU


Impn'gllflble_ ......... 7B 2.4(){j
lUtollbtailt 16 4; OGG 1, 000
l11dli~................. .... 2,OD6
lroll Dnkc ...... .. 14 3, j'74
lrr(':--i~tihle ... __ .... __ . 4 ') ü-!')
JallH·8\Vatt...... 71 J;(J¡-<:~
,JilSe\\T .. __ ............ ,j 427
Jasnll ...... _......... 1í 1,711
,JUllO ......... _. __ .... G 1,4Ii:.!
L:lllllrail ... __ .. ....... 4:.n
La ,,' ~ Di::i H~¡V?:::::::::::::: ~g 2, ~~~
~{~;llt.~i.~~ .' ........ __ .. .. . . {jO ~, ~!~
LiycrllOol . . ..... ...... 3U ;'!, kl\j
Lo('u~iJ ....... __ ....... 1 2e4
LOlHlon .. __ ... ....... 72 2, li;~í'
Lonl Cl.Fle. . . .. .. ~4 4, OG7
T,onl '\Vanlcn ________ ' 1" 4.0",0
L:;'Ta .............. _.. 7 4.::8
~ragpiB....... ........ 3 ü15.:>
:1Ial'lboI'ough ..... _.... 08 4,000
~Ial'till .. __ .... _____ ... 10 4~1
l1cdusa ............ __ . 2 -",~!',
.Thlelpomene .... ~..... 2S ~, tUl
Ml'J'"'lV. ___ .. _______ . ;Hi ;i, :'i3
~liranilfl ........ _ .. . ] ji, O:lf)


800
411U
GOO


,11


n(Jo
11:0
·1110
{j(UJ
1011
t\oo


l. PilO
1,000


{jO
11'0
,1111


(¡U j
1) 000


:l:¡n
l\Iouarch ... ' .... __ .... 7 5,10::2 1,100
JIllltillC. __ __ 17 8~~ ~OU


Of ,ülUL ¡milI.


Tl11Tt't sldlf; armor·p1atcd,
\\"(Jod ..
""ood.
"\\?oot1.
\\TO()(l.
\\'o()(L
'.\rUIHl.
\\' oOll.
\\'ood.
"'OOIl.
COlll})osite gun ,"csse!.
\\"ood.
\\"oo<l.
"\','oo,l.
COlllpo~lte glln vct;t:\el.
\\"<)I)I!.
"\\'POII.
,,'noll.
~ \ 1'1IlOl'-phücu.
\\. nodo
"'(10/1.
"Tond.
.,'\. ¡'llHJl'.platp\1.
"'pod.
\\'WHl.
COllq)(~~ite g'lll1 ,"csscL
\\Tond. -
(~OlljlHJtüte gllB vesscl.
"\\'ood.
\\"nod.
"\\"(lhll.
\\'0.,(1.
"'0011.
\\' co~l.
\rood.
\\T/liJll.
TillTd ~1lip, <l1'l1lo-r-Jll..-·ltet1.
\\. 01111.
\\"0011-
\\'o()(L
\Y(I(Hl.
\\"nod.
Tl'(JlI, :1l'lllor·plntcd.
\\'ood.
,\'ond.
\\·ood.
"·ood.
"\\Y1,od.
\\'Oil\l.
\\'"001l.
"'"oud
Il'Oll, ('aspa with woou.
\\'ooü.
Inlll) annor.p1atcll.
"\rO(ul.
\\"oo;l.
"\\'ood.
\\"O{JIl.
"\·()oll.
"\\'~lod.


I \\'ood.
\\YO(jll.


, "\\"nO!!.
"1""ood.
"\\T()()I1.
\\Yollll.
\V()1~ll.
'\'ood.
.\l'lltOl'.plntc<1.
.\ l'11l01'·plateu.
\YoocL
\Yootl.
\\'tlO'l.
\YoOll.
\\'(JO(1.
\\1""0011 .
\\'I){u1.
WomL
] l'Oll , armor.platt!u.
\\'ood.




NAVIGATION ETEREBTS.


No. I.-Liat of 81~!!1Jl8hil)& {(I/{l rC8scls of fhe Jir;!i,,7t /w/"!J-Contillueu.
Bt'TLT I~ (;OVERX)IEXT DOCK Y.'dtDR.


::\amc.


S('r~'w gnll y~\~~pI ....... -:\hTTllillol1 .... ____ ... .
~ail .x únl~i11
;-"(-]'('w. );al'ciHE-inS . ___ ..
:-;'('1"·W._ ;\n8~an_
~('n~\\ .:\ \'ptUllC __ .. _
~t'l'(·w X!'l'l·I1~.....'
:--:cn-w ... _--" ,:XC'y~'e~lstlc.. -·:~~:i
~('n'w ........ ! X(·w}lorl ... _ ,
,-:C'TI"W Kiff('l' ~!T('\\ ~ik,. -
:-:'cr('W gllll \-(,s~';kl :\'illlhlo.
;--'('P'W ••••••.• _ Xiohl'
:-;(:l't"y........ .. NyIllJlhp ....
~Cl'l'Vl. •.. 0('('<111 _. _ _ _ _.!
S('T(·W........... OctadrL. __ _
~crf'W_. _ _____ ()l'l:lllf!fL __ _
Pwhlle._ ():.;(¡o!"no
~(T(:W .••. __ ._.. l'¡dlm •................
S('I"l'W gun V('MK('] P:1I111nra .. _. _._
S('t'í'''~." _ ... _. _ .... _ ..... - .. 1 I)(,tlt'l. _________ .. _. __ .


~if~~l~ :~c~':\v ... _ .. ·::::·:·1 r!Tii:F::: .. : ..:-:
~(TPW,...... l'h;l'ton ___ .
:--;C1'<.'W_ ..... __ . __ ._____ Phll.'bn . __ .
.!I)onhlp Rel'I'W gnn ycs.sel. rlm·C'l'. , __
Pa¡hlk. _ _ POl'(,llpilll' _____ •
Salt_ _ _ Pl'cíü.knt .. _
~Cl'l'W _. _. _ ..•. ,. _. _....... Pl"ilLn~ COLl~or1_ •. _.
i'ITI'W _~ ... __ . Pl'iIlCP l!('~·('llt.
;-:aiL ...... _ Pl'illceof\\'illt,~", ____ _
~¡tiL ______ . " ___ .. ____ Pl'illt'pssCllnl'lntte
~tTeW _ _ _ _ Prill('('S"i l~o'y<lL _ ..
l\td<llc.. Pn;('ll(~ .... " ...... __
;-:t'l't'\Y. _ •. _ P:da1lcs _ _ ..
St'l'P\V .. _. _.... •••••.•. (~IH''''ll_ •.• _. _ •• _ ...•
~(T("Y_,... lt,)('t'l'.
Scrt'W. _ ............ _. _ l~a("Co()]L _ ............ 1
~('I'f'\L.... I~nll~pr. ....... , .. _. _ I
~Crf"'l_.. Ual,:tl ____ ._
;':'r1'l'w. I~<lttl(,sl1<lk(¡_ ... _
S{~n¡w. __
~(,lYW ___ ••• _
;:-;{TPW_._. __


I~('illlll·t'r
1:('110\\'11. _


.1 1: ('jI1lLI ,
t-;rrC'w ___ _


- .... -, ....... 1 lt{,:{C'3n'h_
~(T{~W_.
S('l't'w_ ....... _


.1 Hí'\'pll,t!;t'._
I 1~itl('1nan.


Sel'f'w. Hillaldo ....... .
nnllhll~ t-:fTOW gUIl Yl'SdeL_
~ercw __ _


IUll" l1o\'e
¡to\;7¡sJ,. .. _ ......... _
~nTW,._.,._
SCl'CW_ ••. _ ••..•....•..••• _
I~oclll('\" __ _
lt('~al'¡'()


Saii __ .. ____ ._
S('l'f~'V ...•.••••••. _
:-:'('rl'W __ ..


I~oY¡¡l Adplaid1'_ ~ i ]~o\':ll AllH'rt
tto:Va1 Alfn'tL ........ _


St'l't?\v ..• _ ..... _ .. _
SI'l'('\V __ ••... ___ 4 ••• • ___ •
:-;I:rew __ .. __ o. .+ __
Serrw tnrrt't, ~hip _ .... _ ...
S\·rpw .. , .... ,
Serrwram _._,
Screw. _,._,.
:-;crc,v .............. _ ..... .
Sail ....... ___
Pnddle .......... _ .... , .. ..
l';¡(}llIe_
~I'ri'\v ••• ~ •..•.. _.,
SI 'T(~,V _ .•.


~:~~·l~\;. -~f:I~{'\~C ~'~;ll -\:(~~~(~i ~ ~ ~ I
~C~'(:·w mortal' '~hjp _ ... I
~~~.~~: ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ : _ •••.•• - -1
:--;('1'f'\\'_, .••.•
S()1'ew •• 4 •• ______ •••••• _.
~crf"\·_ .... _ ._.'_
~crl'\\' _____ ... _ ....... __ .
S('I'CW gun vessel ....... __ Pa,ldle ...... _ .. _ ....... .


]ji N 1


noyal (~corge
li.o\'nli~t __
1:0'\'[l10<11\:
l~'1\.al ~¡)\('rpb;ll ... ,._
Hoyal \VllIialtl . __
1\lIpl'l"t _ .. _
~t. t }j'I)f'g-i~ _ .• _.
St, .fl',m IL~rc . _.
Sto Vj¡I('t'I1t. ___ _
SaIalll:lUlh'r _ ..... ___ ,.
SalalIli~ __ ._ .... 4 •• _._.
S,¡("litc ..... .
~rollt .,~, ..... _ ... __ ..
S,·ylla ........ _ ..... _ ..
~i.':l·.!.!:nIL . ~ .... ~ ... _ . , _
~t'a·hor:-:;p.. ___ .. _ .••.. _
Sea·lark ....
t-:PY¡'l'Il ..•..• _ .....•• _ .
Shanwlll ___ .. _._ ..... _
S!H'<ll'W"atrr ..•...•. __ _
SiriH8_ . _ ........... .
H¡lilrtflu. __ ._ ....... _ ..
~l)('(,lhw"cll_ .... _ .. _ •. _
Sl'llinx ............... .


I
~ I


;;0
:1:>


78
ti
2~
:;


l:l
713


-1
~
~4
:J:)
·lG


" 17'
11
13
;]
~:)
30
:l
:l


31
24
713


l1.i
1:!
7:1
2


17
7·1


I
11
2~~


f) ,
11
11


7
5,1
12
4


7;1


7
;]


81
'~2
:l


26
!Oí
1~
7-2
3


::!-I-
j


72


1"2
81
:;1)
.,


0


1,
:21
Hj
3
1~
8
2,~
~.1;)


5
ti


C9.'
~, o-m
~, (jO,j


fi0J
~, ~:~o
1.1I~"
3, lI:l~.
j~"


1,0";,-2
:.!,Uol-2


-1:2,-<
1. U":3
1. O;'!
4,Or¡
:1. 161
:1,7-1-0
l. ;.3(j
2, ai2


J:!ti
1. ,Hi9
3.0aG


n,,;;
GGa


2.3aG
2, <~!JG


u(j3
~~2


1,3:17
,1,0,1:í
~, 7G;l
2, u"6
2. "n
3,1:':0
,~:I;-;


1, ~7b
:l,;!W


.jjU
1,4G7


427
f·o' ,,-


1,70;)
~;;3


3.310
:l,74a
1, ':.!;i:3
:3, :~:2.!
·t~G
;'+,")1
¡¡¡itl


3.7l1j
2. ¡jO


jjj3
2,4·16
3,726
-J.I'ü6
~, (ill) I
ta¡~1


4,O;)ij
3, j(j3
'2. (-<19
3.1jD
;2, ,l.)ü4
:J.200
~_ til~


1'1B
3:1.J ¡


1. 411~
i 1.4G:2


1, !1Ii7
(i1l3


1, ~.J.3
:11f1
~, ¡Ij,
;.!, fi67


GG9
1,.2(),~
1, ~()D
4~,~


1,O(j1


lTol'",c'" !
pov,Tr·1


;!:!o


400
1:;0
~oo


tillO
eO
~:;O
:;00
~O


:100
:lOO


1, (100
;iUO


1,000
4:;0
600
~o


400
GI:O
200
150
40U


I ~IOO
1(j0
1:l2


1,000
5UO


400
2,,0
3;;0
000
1,~IO
400
~O


1',0
400
~oo
800
800
2UO
~OO
10(,
200
]¡j¡l
800
GOO
l:JU


500
roo
400
1;'10
800
eoo
,,00
7UU
500
GOO


2.>0
400
4UO
400
lGO
~OO


:;00
ÜOO
1.,0
350
330


80
500


Of ,,·hat built.


'YO()(l.
'\"ond.
,roOll.
\\·oo/lo
'V'ood.
'\TOIH!.
\\·ood.
Wood.
'\'OOI!.
'VO()(l.
"'on/lo
\\"ood.
'\·oocl.
Al'llIor·plated.
\\"0011.
'VO(JI!.
\\"70011.
L\rmor.platcd.
\\'00l!.
\VoOll.
IrolJ, armor.plated.
\\~O()rl,
"~ooa
,,~I)(Hl.
'\'OOl!.
\YOOIl.
'Voo<l.
,Voo¡].
A rmor· plated.
'Yood.
,1"'"00.1.
'YOOI!.
,\'OOl!'
',,"0011.
\\~ 0011.
""'O(ul.
"'''-oo,lo
"""001l.
,V(lO/lo
\VOOtl
'YOOll.
\'\'0011.
,Voo!l,
A1'll1ol'.plateclo
.A l'lll/lr-vlatcd.
'Voo,!.
\VOOf1.
\VOOtl.
"'OIJl!.
\'''ont!.
'\'"0011.
\""V 0(111.
'Yno".
"''rood.
AJ'lllOr.plated.
"0011.
\rood.
'\Tood.
'Yoor1.
\'''''00(1.
Iroll·elad.
\\" nodo
\\00<1.
\\Yood.
,'oo<!.
,Voo¡],
Wood.
\\""ood.
\\0011.
\\00<1,
\Vooil.
'\'00<1.
WOOIl.
\\"0011.
Wood.
"'iootL
\\00,1.
',,"ood.
Woou.


241




242 KAVIGATIO:-l" INTERESTS.
No. I.-LiBt oj sfcalllships muZ ¡:e88el.~ af fhe Bl'itish '11lll'y-C(lIltiulletl.


Description.


PadeUe,
])l!tldln
Sail
Rt'l'('w _____ ..
nQllhlp ¡';CI'ew gun vessel .. _
~lTI"\~. _________ ••
~('r(',\' .••..•• _ .• _______ .• __ .
Pad<lle _ ................. .
~(TPW ___ . ____ _


Doublt' H('l'PW ..•..••••••••
SCI'('w tUl'ret ship _ ... ____ _
~(,l't"V ____ 0_._ ... ___ ...... .
Sel'l'w. _. ____ "0 __ ". ____ _
~('l't,\\r ••• __ •...••.. _. ____ ••
Paddle .. __ , .. __ ..
Scrl'\v ...... _."._ ... ,_. __ ,.
~Cl'f',v_. ___ . __ •.. __ . __ _
S.'l'P\\' __ .•.. __ . ____ _
rutl.lk _'._
Sail_ ..... __ ..
Sail ........... ,_ .... _ .. .
1',\l1e11e ... _ ..
}':u}.lle __ .0 •••• __ ••••••• _.
DonblL' screw ¡ll.lll vrssC'l ._
Rcn~w. _ -
r:lIlIl1t~ ___ . __ .. _._. _ .. __ o_
Han. _. __ 0_' ______ .0.
SeI'(,\v .. _ ................. .
l?onhle ~('rew gUll ,"('ssel ___ ;
~~~~;; : -~ ~: : : : : ~ : : : : ~ : : : : : : : I


BUILT I~ GOYERXJIEXT DOCK YAl~DS.


Nmne. !x o. Of! Tons.¡ Horsc· '1 Uf ",hat ¡milt. i gUllS. ___ ' pu'~~~:·I __________ _
Spitefu1 . ,. .... , .. , ...
Spitfin>


1.054 280 I 1.YOOll.
, 4:l~ 140 \\' ooe!.
42~ .. ____ ,,'omi.


1:.! 5, :.!2H 1, ;.!OO I Iron <ll'nwr-pbted. 81IUil'J't·l .......... - •. SuHan , ..... ,
H\\·ullow ............ . :{ 6tH HU ' ,,'ulld.
Sy1Yia ..... .
Tene¡loH ........... _.
TplTiblc ... .
Thalia ... _ ... .
TlIistlp __ ._ ....... .
Thum1ercl'


()
lf'
6
,J 1


Topa", . ... ..... :ll
Tr:lfal.!.!'ar . _' .. '" (il)
l'IHlaullt¡><l...... ~,.;:
Vall)rou~ ... _ .... _. ]:.!
Vt'!'\tal................ ,1
Yi<'tnr Emflllud 7B


, \"ktoria .. 10~ 1
Vktol'ia·ftJHl ~\lb('rt. :!
Vit:"lol';V .. __ _' __ "1 1~!
YiIHlidi\"B __ .......... ! ~'
~:~~'.;~~'t). ___ ..• -...... :~~~:. ' .. __ .. 1
Yulture ..... _ :¡ 1
~Va,p . ... 1:¡ i
1.Y'"illo·c 'on


GD:í 1;')0 1.Vood.
1, 2GB :1.')0 'YOIUl.
1, Kl() i'OO "\VO(ul.
1,4jH 4{)O \Volld.


405 1:20 C01l1po:-:ih> I-Il.HI Y(~SSf'l.
4, 10ü ~OO.\ rmor·plate(!.
2, Ij.íO (¡OO \\ ~ ()od.
:!, !IOO JOO \\"¡)()(l.
:J, O:~!) GOO \Vood.
1, ;!,')7 40U \Vüud.
J.ORl :1110 \\'ooe!.
:1, U~7 fiUO ""'ood.
4,1;27 1,000 I \\'oo,l.
~,:H.) non: \\"O(Jll.
;2. Hi4 - ... -.1 \\'POtl.
1.7;)('1 ___ ._. ""ood.
1, tI.')!) :l:!O r "-()f)d.


a.jO JIiO ! \\"ood.
CG:1 IljU \,ro()d.
074 lOO ~,'oo'¡,
1 G.t HU "Tood.


'\VillZhl'KtC'r ... . 12 : G.)~ \\'ood.
,Volyt'I'ill(' .. . 1i" 1, jO;~ 400 W'-OOll.
:~ ti(i:~, lliO 1.Yow1.


20 :1,7Hi \ ~()(} ArlllOr-plate<1.
7 !ljl i ~OO \V vOtl.


1.Yooll·hirk ..
Zpalolls ......... .
Zebra ...... _ ... .


1 __ ",--


STg.\.~[RIIIP FOIl TI-IE DF.FE~SE OF TIIE C'OL0XIF.S, HelLT lX CO\'En.X:'\.!E~T 110CK Y.\ltD.


Sel'!\w ... ~, ......... ~~ .. : ... !:\'eISOIl ............... ,1" 7~ I 2,7:lG I ;:;00 1.VoolI.
List of scrcw 8tewn {J/lllboals froln 212 lo 2i3 tOIl~.


BUILT IX GOVEHXJIEXT DOCK YAHJJS.
,----;----_._-~ ,------- -


I norsr· ! N \ Hor"~ ~~ ~~. I
n--r-u-is-e-,r-.-,-.,-.-.-. -.• -.-.-•• -.-.-.-•• -.-.-. -•. -.-.-.. -.-.-. -. _-.-.1 ]1O\\{'1. _____ • ______ .. ____ ! POW':;\, ~a~i~: I ~ ~~~!t I ¡~




NAVIGATION lNTERESTS. 243
No. l.-List of stcalllsilÍp8 aJ/cl t'c88cls of Ihe Eriti&ll navy-Contiulled.


BUILT ]5 J!IUVA'l'E Lums BY COXTIL\CT.


DCdcription. Numo.


:;::('1'('\\'. ••.••.. 0 •••• _____ •••• A('tin~. _ ..
Jladdlo .' .\Ildl'r . __
;-O;{,I'!'w •••. ____ ••• _______ ••• ~\tln'11tnrn_
:-)er¡'w ... \~illl'Oltl't
~Cl"ew ~1111 \'psseL __ ..... .. ,\ l,!.!;pl'ini',. _ .. __ ....... .
Püddlt~ . _ 0"'_' ___ • __ •••• Alltclope. ____ ... _
Sail A~üa, .. __
Vatldlp ._"0"""'-"_ o •• --'\~lL
~{'rew gUll yC':-;sd _ Al'iHllr:l1l('(\ _ ...
l)ouhk"Hf'l'I'\V . _ .. __ . _ A Ild:II'iollS .•. _. _ ... _._
Doulll,' ~tTeW .•.•...•... Ayoll .
IJaddle _ .. _ B:lIl11 ..... _ . __
Patldlü .... .. ............ ela<"i, Ea.!!l(L ... .
SCl'Pl,\" . Bl;w k l'rillc·~._
D{~n·w ..... _._ ..... ___ , ___ HlItraln. . .•. ____ ...
ratlllIe . __ . nu~tl('l' ... _ ..
j)'lIltllp. . Call1t'l ................ .
DOllhle sen'w tlll'rd, shil'. t'aptaill ..... _ ...... 8.
l'adtlh' ..... <:<11':1110(: .••.•••••••••.
St'1'('\V... e has:-wur .. .
Sen'\\ Chl'~t{'I' ..... _ ..
f-il'n'\v ... ~ .... _.. . ... .. Cos:-;:u.'k ........ .
Hrre'" 1!,"1l11 Yí.'~$('] Dart . _ . _ .
,sni.'\\ ' l)1'fl'lIS{, ....•....
Scn'w !)l'í-'patc'h ....
r;rJ'f'W. _ _ DI"OIl1ellal"y
Sail ............ .Eagl,'
~Cl'(·\"\·. • . Eel i II~(' ..•.
:-;,ül ....... ____ Eglilont ..
:';CT'(,W •• Erehu:.; .
l'al1.11t' . Fparlt'::-;~ ............. .
radtlle Fin' (~uccu ... ..
S;ül _ . . 4 }il1 112:("8 ...••...•...••
])<lddlp .............. " (;l'iwlpr. _ .... __ .. .
Donulp bcn'w _. (~l"mvlcr ............ .
l>allcllt> .... ....•...... lIal'py ..
nOllhl¡, s('t't'W . llart.
]>:I<ldln ............ IIt':!l,tv.
f'l"l'-:m- Ht'doi·.
~crew ...... _... I ri!..!"hlh-P!" ... .
~('l'('W ..... _...... lÜlllaln.yü .. .
1)ollhl" Hcrp"\r litJl"lId ........ .
Dou hit' HI'l't."W •••••••••.•• llnt.:-;pur
SCl'l"w. Indw;tl':\" _ ............ .
!)onhl¡>, HITe\" ..••••••. .1 1I1\"iIl("ihlt~ ........... .
Palltlk .. ! ,Jiu'kal
St'H'W !l.'UU \'t'(o:~\.'l .•• Lp!' ....... .
~('1'('W ,!!11l1 ,"(·~~ .. l ... Len'u
l'atlllll'· LnrHI'l'_
})Oll \111' ~wn'w ....... LYIIX
~(T('\'I. ... Mal1accn.. . ......... .
~I'n·w ............ __ .. _ ... _ Mallilla ............. .
Pac(lIe . Malllv
~(,T'l'w. _ .... _ ..••. __ •.. _... ),ll,ga't'ra ........ .
Donblc SCT{~W )lit1,:r0 .
Sl'l'O\v ...... _..... ),[ülOtnur
Sen'w.. -:,\[illX.
Pmltl.ll~. .. ..... ........ . ... 1Iollkp,\' ..
~~~~:~~~ .~l~~l. ~'~'~".~~~ ... _ ..... ! 5l(~~~li~;1lI11;(~I~1~;I;ii:""
p¡Hlah·. OlwI'o!l ___ ... __ .. __
l'a<!,U" . . .............. .. . Oll<'j' ..... .
~Cl'('W .•... _._.. Pl'ltl't'.
f';erew. __ . _ . . __ . Pelllln'uke _ .. ___ . __ . _ .
Hcrcw gnJl Y('Nsl'I ... _... Pl'IJO'ujn
l)ouh1c' HI'l"eW ._.__ l'('l'r. ___ ~_._._._ ... _ ..
l)o~lbl(~ Mcn~w g-llll y,'I'\I'\('l . PhiLomPl. _ .. _ ...... _.
l'uddle. _ .... _. Pigllly
l)iHllllf~ ..••. _. .... ••• .•..•• l'iollcl'r ......... _
Scr('w tUTI'et sIli}!. ]>l'inl'ü Alhert ....... .
Padilk .. ____ .. I11'iucess ~\.ljce ....... .
Padclll' ...•......... ___ ..... l~l,t'l'uit ... 4._ ._
Paddle: __ .. ___ . . .. __ .1 ]~etlpole ............. .


~;;~~'l~~~ .;(:~(:\~~,. ~ ~: ~:: ~.- ~: :: ~ I {~::~t(~~~l.C_~ ~ ~: ~ ~: .. __ .
~~~~i:l~~ t.~I~I~t~t. ~~~i.I~: :: ~ ~ ~: ~ ~ ~ 1 ~~~n:::.l~~. ~ ~::::::: ~ ~-


Xo.
!-!,11ll8,


8


4
14


4


28


G
2




~
!ti
ti
1


](j


20


;.! I
j
:l
J
4


1:1


(j
4


34


2.3
3
4
:1
:1
;)


1
lG
4
4


,


Tom~. ! JTorl-'l'.
pmver.


2.3:22 000
2H lOU


1, í!l-! 400
G,fi:2l 1,330
;1~H) 80
fiSO 2nD


2, :21:'9
11:2 50
(lt<1 200
~~, 77-! 8110


,le7 1:20
2G"i' tO
510 21iO


6,lUU 1,2:;0
HO ~O
:217 100
:31(1 1;;0


4,2j':! 900
lí"i'ü 330
;)+;~ iO
ü;4 :lO


1,2nG 2S0
4:2t1 tU
:~, ¡;lO 600
2~l7 40
(j34 10U


1, 7:2:~
1. ;;!j':~ :.¡jU
1. ,60
1, n;¡-! 200


11:;;) 7{i
:11:1 ]:!ú
~. ~::-:i


;¡;U 1,,0
4"4 l~()
311 200
4U~ ]:.!U
~!21 100


4,OS(1 ~U()
],Hi[ 2.-)U
3, 4;i~S 700


4{j·¡ UO
:2, (;:l7 (:00


n:-I,"" ~()
3, jj4 ~OO


:qO 1:'0
·tn ~()
:1(1(1 f«J
:~,"'7 J~O
4(j4 ]:!O


1,0,14 :.!1l0
;2!l,í ¡O
1:1'-, :->0


1, :3H;i 330
4\i-l 1:20


G, tJ:!l 1,3;;U
30:) 10
21:J I:l1I '
4:30 RO I


Ü, G:!1 1, ~;,o
(j-!~, ~(j(l
2:$j 1:20


1 ;2~)O 40
1,7':").:'! ;:!OO


4:11 80
·W-l léO
Ge! 100
2:,.!7 lOO
14~ :l·1


2, :);{7 501)
;2.0 i;lO
S!)O HIO
:lGll 160


3,710 fiOO
4G4 l:lO


J, R:~:1 :1:;0
;,¿G8 114


Of w hut lluilt.


lroll, t'asl'il with wood.
\\'ood.
Inm.
Trtm, arlllor-plated.
\Voud.
1nm.
"'\Yootl.
\VI)()(l.
\VoolL
Iroll. arnlOl'-plutf'tl ...
COHlIHI:-:;ÜI' g1111 YP¡-;St-'l.
Il'tHl.
\\'ooll*
IroI!, Hl'll101"·plated.
Il'~ln.
\\Olla.
\Vood.
.A l"lllor-l'laf.í.."tl.
11'011.
Iroll.
Il'oll.
""ood.
\Vooü.
hOIl, arruor.plated.
\Vood.
1run.
\\'"0011.
\Yood.
\Yoot!.
TrOJ), anlUll'·ll}atl'l1.
\rllm1.
TrOJ!.
\VCHJt1.
'VootL
Co¡lItl)(l~ir(" ,S!.'1ll1 YP~.';t'l.
Iroll.
COlllpo~ir!' ,~nn YI':.;~d.
\\' OOllo
Iron, armor-plal l't1.
\\'oollo
Tl"fllI.
Cnlllpo¡;;.,it" ;:!'UI1 '·t'ssrL
11'011. ¡ll'lllOI'.l'latt'd raID.
Troll.
11'011. un/lOr·platl'll.
Troll.
\\ood.
,\-ollII.
\\~ooa.
COlllpo!"'itt·
\\0011.


.!-!'ll1l v¡'ssel.


Iroll.
Tron.
Il'Oll.
CUlll }l(l:.;i k ~'l m Yf'sseL
ll'ou, iUIlIOT-l'Lltt'IL
I!"OII.
¡'00(1.
\\'ood.
Tro11. anlltlr-lllatf'tl.
lroll.
"~OOll.
\\"'O()l1.
\"ootL
\.Vooü.
Compof:;itp gnn ycssel.
\V(lOft
""'0011.
,,-00ll.
Armor·platcfl.
11'011.
Troll.
'Vood.
Iroll, Hl1llor·platcfl
Composite gu-n Yl'sseI.
1ro11. armol'·plat0ú.
Wood.




244 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
No. I.-Lis~ Qf ~tellm8lti]l8 llnd VCMSrlS uf tite British 1líll'y-Continuec1.


llUILT IN PRIVATE YARDR BY CO"XTRACT.


Dcscription. Narne. I~. o. of~ To lH. Hon;(~-I Oí' what huilt. gnns. 1 po,ver.
~~~ -- -----------1 Seringapatam __ .. __ . __ =, 1,152 =~~ Wood. ~(l ,'W f'1.111 "\PsseL. _ -- -- __ I Serpent _ ----. -_ .. -- -1 4 üHj 200 I 'VOOIl.
~f'l'\"\\- ______ • _. ___ • ____ • __ SlHlT'p8hoot.Ar _______ . _.' (i ;¡O:I 1GO lron.
])¡¡d\Ut~ .. _. ___ . _____________ Sheerness _____ .. ____ .. ____ .. 2JJ 114 \Vood.
~(·lj·'''~_. ____ .. __ ._. __ .. ____ • HiuwUll ______ .. _______ 4 1,920 400 I Tron.
~('l'P'Y gUll v('s~('L ___ ... __ .. Slaney _____ . 3 301 BU \\r ood.
S:'T'{-\Y g-Illl vet-iseL ..... __ . __ Sparl'ow-hawk ____ ... _ 4 G7(j 200 "rood.
]'addle _ _ __ _ _ __ ...... __ _ SprightJy _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ __ _ 234 lOO I 'Vood.
:::;C,Hj\\, gnn vcssel ________ Star _________________ 4. C9J 200' 'Vood_
Sl"l'l'wgullyp.sseL __ ._.__ Ht,e:Hly _____ . _________ . 51 43l 80 'Vood.
~ __ >('.I,:ee,Ww_. '. -... - .--............ -.- ........... - Sllpply - - - -. - - - - - - - - - - - '2 3, ~.:~, 3d 80 Ir(lil .
. ~ Hwifbml'e ..... __ . __ .. _ 14 I ",:1 800 h·Oll. al'rnor-plateu.
bc-rew ..... _ ... _ _____ _ _____ Tamal' . ___ .. _______ .. 2 2, tlE! ~OO lron_
Doublescrcw ______________ Teilznr __________ ... _ .. 4 4G4 J:20 CUltlposite¡.rullves:sel.
SCl'ew ____ . _______ ' _______ .. '1'('1'1'01'. ____ . _____ . _ _ _ 16 1,971 200 Iroil: an1l01'-111nted.
l'a'hU<' ..................... Tllai, _.............. 302 80 Irou.
Screw. ___________________ .. Thundcr. 14 14G9 1::>0 _\l'lIIor-plaj(·(l.
S(;.rew. _________ ~. __________ Tlulllderbolt ______ ._.. 16 1;n73 200 In)IJ~ arlllor-platcd.
~el'ew .í.!,·un vesseL _. _. _ _ _ _ _ _ TOT'ch . _ 5 4:28 t:O "Tood.
Sai! _______ .. __________ .... _ Tl'incomalec _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16 1 066 \\'ood.
IJaddle ________________ -. _ -'1 TrHtHl - - .. - .. - - - .. - - -. 3 ' G;¡4


1


2nD Iron.


t;1~\~~~':~~I~~;:::::::::::::: ~~~~[t:::::::::::::: :::~~: 3,~~~ I i~g l;::;::: urmor.plateu.
" TI t 4 1, 981 ~ -lOO 1 ~~~~~~:: : : : ~ ~ : ~ : ~ ~ : : ::: : : : : :: v ~Ji~'~lt- : ~ ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : : :: 10 1 4.063 1 800 l~:;~~: Double.~crew ___ . __________ Vallguard _____________ 14 3''',74 1


1


800 lrHl1,aI'nlOl'.platí~(1.
Double "crew gUll!>oat .... , Vi!'er ...... _ .. _". _ _ _ _ jJ , 737 lüO Troll, armor-¡Jlatetl,
1)011 b1e scrcw gunboat._ _ _ _ _ _ Visen ... _____________ . 2 754 160 Irun,sr ,,"oou. annol'-plated~
D~-re'v ... ___ . _. __ o ____ • _. __ • Vola.!!fl. ____ . _____ . __ .. ~ 2, 322


1


600 Iron cusPü with "\"-001.1.
S'Tew, Ilydmulic ¡!;unlJoat .. 'íVaterwitch ... _ 2 777 167 Iron, arrnor.plaleLl.


~~~~:!l~:l;;,~~i :s~ii:::::::::: ~Wi~~~ :::::::::::::: : :::¡: --~,- ~~~- i 3~~ ~Y,~?,3':1l'l1l01,.]l1"te<1.
Scrm· ....... ______ ._. "'Tardor . ____ 0 ________ 3;"! 0,109) 1,2,)0 IrOll,Urlllol'-platetl.


IXDL1...~ TTIOOP SHIPS BUILT BY COXTRACT.


~cre\)"" __ ' _______________ 1 Cl'ofotlile .-----------.~ 31
Scr'·w ...... _______ . ____ .... Euphrates .. _ .. _______ , 3
1'a<1,110 .. __ " ______ .... ____ ., Hasly ............ ____ ...... ,


~~:~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ : : : :: : : : ::: : : : : : ~ :: j~(~~~~~: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~: ~ ~ : : :: : ~ ! ~ I
PJ lIdIe _ ~ _ -. _____ -. ________ '1' Pl'OTllpt - - - - - - - - -." . -. - i· -.. --
;:';l'l'(~W - - - - .. - - - - -. " _____ . _.. Serupis - - .. - - - - - - - _ - _ - i 3


I


4,173
1,173


120
4,173
4, 17:~


4,173 1,,0 I
700 I Irou.
700 11'011.
40 'Vond.


700- 1 lroll.
7(){) I Iron.


40 'V(Jod.
700 ¡lroll.


!lEn !lL\.JES'l'Y'S SHIPS FOR THE DEFEXSE OF THE COLO:S:IER, BUILT BY COXTR.1Cr.


])tmhJe 15l'J'mv tlllTei sbip ___ / Abysinnia ____________ )
Dún1Jle HCl'ewturret slt~p. __ Cpl'pbu~. _____ ... ______ :
])ol11Jle 8l.'l'ew tun'ct ShlP ... ! Ma.gdala .. ______ - .. _ --1


I
4 I 1, ~:;41 4 I 2,107
41 2,107


200 I Iroll. a['mol".plaf¡~ll.
250 Iroll, UTllll)l'·p}atcd.
250 ¡ Iron) anuor-plate~.




X A VIGATIOX lXTERESTS.


No, l,-Lisl of 8CJ'C/C sltrnn f)un-bO(tf8fl'Oln 212 to 27310118,
nCILT I~ PHIYATE L\RDS BY COXTRACT.


Namc. Kamc. I ~~~;,~~ I
--------------~----------- ---------------------------1
Alh[j('~)rc .. _._. _. __ . _ .. ___ .. 0 __ • __ _
TI;lntcrl'1' __ . _ ........... _ . ______ . _____ ... _
BOllllnT. _. __ ." ________ •
Brito!l!lll't ..... ___________ .. _________ . __ ._
1{ullITíl:!. ____ . _________ A' __ _
Bn~t;lnl_ .. _". ____ .. __ . ___ .. ______ ..
CliJlkr1' ___ . ___ . _____ .... ________ _
Cockfttrice. _____ 0 _____ ._. _._.
CO(·k~·hafl'r. . ______________ . _ .... _. ____ _


Dappn' __ . _ .. _________ _
I)ott'l'pl .... ___ .. _. ________ . _. _____ . _. ___ _
11(IYI- ____ 0 _______________ • __________ ._
Earnf:-\tJ .. _ .... _______ 0. ___ • ______ • ____ o _.
Earnc"o . _________ _
I\mcv __
l"(,l'\-;·llt,. __ .... _ ...•..... _ ..
r~nn.
}'tl!'t'."'tl\l· .•.•... _ •. 0. ____ •• _ •••• __
1:'01''''-;'\1'-1
(~~·¡j.",~lInpp,.I' ... _ ........... _. _ ......... .
H:l.\·(Il'l~ . _______ . __ _
111']'011 _ _____ _ _. __ . ____ • ____ _
rrilllL ____ ..... _. _000.
Hallt('l' . ________ . ____ _
Jl.';{·lla. ___ ... ____ .. _ .. __ ... __ . __ .. ______ _
f1~!:~\l.\~· .. -.- _-.- _- ~: ~ ~ ~ ~: ~ ~ -.. ~ ~ ~ ~: ~~~ ~: ~: :~: ~ ~i


~ !¡~~~/.i.H'1
CO Hrnen _ _ ,,_0 __ -.- •• - ••••• _ ---- --1
CO J{('(h'í'iTl!!_ •.• _... ---- .. -----
(jI) Skiniack.. . .• _ •....................
(jO 8k\"1" .. k ................................. . (jO f-;pállkcr _ _ ___ o _ ••••• ____ • _____ • _ ••
(i0 Sl' .... ,ly....... .._.-_ ... __ .. _-
(lO fo'¡dtlcl' ___ oo •• _ ••• __ •• __ 0 _______ _
(i0 S(arJiug_ __. -__ ...•... -.... -
(jO RtnlllH'h 200 tOll~ .. _ •• __ _
(il) S,,,rk .. _... _ .... _. _ .... - .. _ ...
(jO Slll'l.y_ ...•.... _._
eo ThraRher
(iD Tl'ilH'111o
(i0
(JO
GO
40
(lO
(jO
(iO


'1'\·1"i:\o
'\Fa1 {·J¡ful_ ;~:l;'¡U;~~'_" -'- _____ ... :: ::: :::::::: :·:::'·1
"-izanl _ o _ •••• __ ••••••• _. _ •• _ _ _ _
,Youdeock ___ . _____ o. - __ . __ ... _. - .... - - - i


I


245


lIor~f'­
pawer.


00
20
GO
60
GO
eo
líO
líO
00
60
60
liD
fiO
fiO
(iO


(jO
fiO
nu
GO
(jO
40
(;0
tiO
(JO
.jO


So. n,-Stattlllen! o.f Ihe l111mlJei', l1alllC8, tomwf)C, .'JI/liS, (Ou7 locntion nf I'C8SrlS bc/oll[Jilli! lo
and cOlllwclcllll'ith the Cnitcd Statc.~ Sal'!1 011 t/w 18t da!! of .dpril, 1d61.


]\nnw. I oc I I a I


----------1 r-;;
I


SI.:ll';5 OF rrm Ll~E.l
1. Vf'nll~~lnmia __ !1;}0
:J. ('nlHllllms. _____ 1 H()
~;. Ohill ____ .. __ .. 1 i-!.-t
-.l. X01'1h (';tl'olin:l.; ~.¡
~), llt·b'\-¡I'j't' ....... 1 :-!4
ti. Vf'l'llumt __ 1 P·l
i. XI'-W Orlpau~ _ .. : ~-.!
8. Alaknna ___ .0.184
~L ViI'!!inia. _______ 8-J


10_ Xc", York __ .. _ I e4


1. CnnRtitntioll jO
:2. T::-l1itc-<1 Stat('~ _ ;)0
:L P()tonlll(~ [JO
4. Bl'aHtl vwin l' _ ;-)0
;¡. Collllllhia .... _._ JO
(j. Con~!l'('s'i ______ :la
•. Hal'itan ._ ...... :.0
t:-. Sto Lm'lT('tw(' ___ ,jO
q ~anh'l' ~IO


lU, Sabinc _ _ 50


L CnllllH'rlantl. ..
,1 ~a\"[mllah
8. ('onst f'l~.ltion.
..J. ::\fa(·j't!olliall
;1. P"l'l.'mwllth __ _
ti. Ph:mollth
7. ~t.' ~Iary'~ __ .
, .... ,JaInt·stowll.
9. (j-t'1'1l1:l1l1()\rll


~4
24
q.¡


.).)


·I'¡
.).)


~~ I
22,


:l,241
t!. -t~o
;2, .;;7
:J,ti:U


~: ~~n
2. ~U;)
~, 6;1:~
~, ü:¡3
~, G33


I I
W"J.,ero unilt. IYhlOtllj' luUl "


I
·--~-I -1--


, ,
Philndrlpllia .... _.j 1?:17 I In ('omruiRsioll._
\\:l.shiut!,tOll ______ : ¡,...ID IllOl'l1illary .. ~.'
Brooklyu _ ........ Ilr-~O lll{'OIlIllÜS~ioll
Pbi1:Hlclllhia. I Jri:.!O do


::;itnatioll.


(; Otiport, _ ....... _ li'~() III on1inary ___ .
(:hal'h'stn,\-"n ______ 1 1..: lB ___ <lo _. ___ _
~a('kl'tt'H Harbar. _ 1-:].'), On the> ~tO('kR __
Kittn'Y l~lS '_ ... do _ .... __ ...
CIta rl(;Rtown 1~¡8 I __ .do _
Gosport. _ _ _ _ 1blH. _ .(lo ....... _ ..


1. fi07 Chlll'I(~~toWl1. __ .. _. 17!17 In ordiuury
1, (¡(lj' Phil:1tlf'lphia _ lj'!l7 do .
l,7;~f¡ I 'Vjl~hing-toH ._ ... _ lG-21 1. ___ .10 _____ _
ll,Z~{! I __ .do --1 Jl~~'(j~ 1 ___ Ilo -- ........ . , ¡ .... ti I ... !lo .... _ ... --_ - l.:..) - - .do -
1. f.'{,7 . Kittt'ry _ _ _ 1841 I In ('()mlllü-,~ioIl _
1,7:2(; I PhiLttlelphia 1 ~4:J ¡ In ol'(linary _
1 j")(j I e rt J t-··17 i .... do .. _ .: _.
.1: !~t~ 1 If(:~i:.ti·Y~: _: ~ ~:~~~~~~ 18,~l3 . ___ .do
1, ¡",ti llrookI5n ___ .. __ .. 1~j3 III COlllllllf.sloll .


'Vhf'J'('.


R('('f'iy;ng ~lJiJl, Xorfolk.
Nol'folk.
H!'c{'jvill~ :-;hip. Bor-.toI:.
n('('t\iyill~ ~;llip. X. Yu·k.
So rf'1I1 k.
l~ostml.
~a('kdt's Hfll'hor.
Kittl'IT.
Bostmi.
XOl'folk.


AJll1::tpolis.
XOY't'nlk.
XewYork.


Do.
KOl'folk.
CO<1Rt oí' 111':1zíl.
Xorftük .
I'llila(l(·lpllla.
Kith·ry.
01II'ensacola,


1,72fi Chfll']pst()wn ___ ._
1,7:W I l~l'o(lklyn - - --
]?.f~ i In commis::-inn _ IIampton Honds.
i~~¡ ~ i~ ~::~~~~~~~~iO~l _ fjl~~¡~t ~)rl~ti'l'ica, 1, -t;;~ I ]tl'lJllilt, Uosport


1, :H l I GospOT't
1, o:.!:! lCitt('r;y ____ _


f),-<!l Charl(,~t(l"n_
H,-':-: \\' aKhiug-tun
!li:G (~().'l.port
lJ3U ¡ Phil:lüf>lphi::t ...


1t:":Hj _ ... tlo ......... III the Gu1f .
lc·t3 <10 Cna~t oí' A.frica.
I ti-1:t T IJ OJ'd i 11 iln- _ . . J\~orfolk.
lF:·t4 [u cOlll111i~:.'.';ion _ Pnf'itie tHllliHlrotl.
1844 In of(lin¡Il'\~ Phila(klplüa,
liHti _. _ .do .. _. ~ __ . ___ i N ort'olk




2-16 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
Xo. II.- T"essds belol/gil/g to ((//(1 COIIIICC(CÜ lcillt lile [:¡¡itcd Sla/(w "Yary, ,f'c.-Contillned.


XanH'.


~L001'~ or \\r~\H_
ContinuL'I.1.


10. Snrntoga '. ___ .
11. .fohll ..J.aarus _
1:2, ,'illCI'lllH'S. __
1:). Ya1Hlalia. ____ _
H. ~t. Loui8 ______ _
1.3, Cyl1llt' _. _______ _
ld. LCYUllt .. __ ..
li, Dl'l'atnl'~---.-_-.
16. :llarioll .. __ . ___ .'
1:). Dale _ .... __ ..
~O. Pl't'ule _


1. TIainbrhlge.
~. Pt'lT\' -._
;j. Dolplliu __ ...


f'TOHE VEFSEL~.


1. Relid_ ... ____ _
2. Snllply _______ _
J. Releat>t' __ .


l'ElDL\.~E\T tiTUHE
Axn UE('E.lnX(;
~HU:'S.


1. IIHkpcndcncc .
2. A.lle~l1illl.v.
J. PrÍIH:eton . __ _
..t. \\ral'n'n
5. Fl'cllo11ia.
ti. Falmollth ____ _


1. Xiagant. ___ ._
2. Ho,:woke . ____ _
3. Colorado. ____ _
4. ::llerl'hllack ___ _
:l. 1fillTlPsota. ___ .
(j. ,Yal""h __ _
7. }'ran1.lill. ____ _
lflT CLAf-i~ ~TEA:\I
SLOU['.~.


BCfCW.


1. San ,Tacint.o .. .
2. Laneaster .. .
:3. Ppmml'ola .. .
4. Brooklyn _ . _ .. _
5. Hartfurd .. ___ .
6. HichmOlul.


Siclc·1..chccl.


1. :lrississi 11pi ....
'2. Rnsquehanlla.
:3. Powhatan .... .
-4. ~al'aIl:le ...... .


~n CLAf.f-, RTEA:\-I
::'LUOl';S.


SCJ'CW.


1. )I.,hknn ..... .
'2. ); <llT<lg-;l1lSett.
:l, Il'oqnlii:·L ..
.J. PawJI('{' ..
:J. \\Tyoll lil1!!.; ....
O, D:wotah
l. POCall()Illa~ ....
tl. Scminule


,,'hore.
I t, I 1 I


·1 " WIl<,"1 § I a Whe1'o built. lmilt, 1 Situntion. 1
v 1 ~ 1-1 --'--1------
20 I 882 1 KittelT - - - --
~O I 70) Hi.'lmill (}()~l'0rt.
20 700 BI o(I};.h u
20 7~ I PlIi1:ulplphia
20 700 \\~a:-¡hingtun
20 7!J:.! ('h:1I l!'~t.t)\\"lI ..... .
20 1 áE~ ¡ Brooklyn . - .. - - -
~~ I 56" l' (i;~~;,,;t~'';;; :':.
w I 5ü6 I Philallelphia .....


1(j :~~ j :~~I:~'~t()~ll::::-
2


12
40
40
40
40
·10
50


13


28't I (;(I~p(ll't "~411JrOOklYll ___ ... __


4"8 Phila,ldphia _ .. __
547 PUI'l'i.H1S('tl ......•.
327' ... do .......... .


2) 257 CharJesto,,"Il ....
B89 I PittslHll'g, Ppnn
900 I Hplmil1. Bo~tOIl.
mil ' Chal'h"toll ___ _
SOO ¡ !>Ilrdw .... t·d .. _ ....
7U3 1 Charle,towll_


4, 580
:¡, ~()U
:1,400
3.2:,0
:1, 20~1
3,200
3,680


I lh'ooklYll ....... .
GO'pOlt . __ _
... ¡lo
Ch:1T'~pstOWII
~Va ... hin~ton
lllJil:ulpllihia ...
Ki~leI'y


Rrook],;n 1,446
~2 :2, :160 Philadp!phia ... _ .. !
~t'nsa(yla ........ 1 J~ 2,l.it)
~5 2,070 .l\f'\\' \ ork ..... "',
Hi 1.imU Gosport. ....
14 1,029 Norfulk ......... _.


1


11 1.692 Pbiladel]lhia ••••••
15 2, ,130 . .. 1]0 .... _ ........
11 2,41., Go~port ..
9 1,446 Kittcl'y.


---


llll4 Kittery _
;) 804 Bm·;toIl .. (j 1, U16 Kew York ....
4 J , 2KH Pllihulplphia .....
6 097 . do ......... _ ..


908 GOl--opOI't
5 fi!)4 Pnrt'l!ils('(l .......
3 801 Pl'llsacola . ~ ......


In cOlllluission . Coa~t of ~\frica..
. ... do ........... l~a:-¡t ludit'M.
In onlillary ]~O...,t(lll.
lJl c.'omnlü;~ioll .. (}JI W:1\' to EaRt ludies.
· .. do ...... OH' Pt,llsa('oln.
... do ........... l)aeitk ~quae.1ron.


dI) Do.
Tn ordinar,Y _.,.. San jt'r<1.nr.1sc(l.


. ... do .' rorhmlOuth, X. H.


. ... do ........ _.. })o.
_ __ .do _. __ . ______ 1 Bootoll.


I ~-t2 Tn onlillary ..... TIostOIl.
lb4:S ! .... do Xc,," York.
le36 .. _ .<10 .. _ •.. _. _ _ _ ~ orfolle


l~jO
lF:ítl
lt'j~
1,,;)¡-1:
11".')8
li:5~


1~41
Ii-:;)()
Ir'."I\)
1011'


1t'(íB
1,S,jr'
1~.·,,<
l?'¡"
J~._,.~
lf:,j,-l
18.~)."'i
18:;8


1


In commiAsion
. .• lo .,
Hepairiug ... , ..


In ('OIllIlliR~inIl
___ do
· .. do ...... _ ... ,


(lo
· .. tlo ....... _ .. .
... do .. ___ ._._


TI! cOIllIllb-;¡ÜO!l.
III Ol'tLillary ..


.(1" ....
•. (lo


.•.. (10 .. .


. ... do .......... .
Uulillisheu ... __


In commission .
... ,110
lllfilli~}H"ll.
In eOlll111i~~i011


. ... do


.._ .,10 ......


Repairing-.
111 ('ol1lmission ..


.(10
___ do


... _ .. _-_.


In ronuuissioll . _
an


. ... do


. ...• 10 ... _ ...... ,


Coa:;:.t of ,\ frica.
111 tltp (;1111.
~ew 1"01'1.;:.


J!rcrh-'!,! sbip, 1farr If-Il\l.
Ht'c/'h··!.!,· :-;hip, BaltillHlI'O.
l{('('l'lyillg ~]Iil', Philutl'a.
~t()ri' :-.11i]l. P:I1l111na.
Sbn'p t-:hip, Y;llpal'aisl).
StOl'(' ship, .\~piIl\\'all.


On l'C·tlll'll fl'OlU Japan.
Xc'\\' York.
JlOF.tol!.
Xt))'j'olk.
BORtoll.
~('W York.
rOl't&lllUuth, X. 1T.


Coast of Afr;rj}.
I)acijj(' kqllaÜI'OIl.
\ra~hill,~t()]l.
Oír 1't'1I8'1<.'0Ia .
J.::lst 111tli.·s.
Medit(·l'l'allean.


Hoston.
J\lr.lit¡'l'l·nnean.
{\pwYol'k.
PnC'itic s{jlladron.


Coast uf ~\ frj(·a.
P:J('itk sqtwtlnm.
)ft·(litf'l'l':lw'an.
\\~a",llill,!.!t(l:l.


... do })a6ti,' -,",(]Tladron .
, .... do .......... '! Ewd lllllil' .....


1'"\ lI'lll!i" 1 ____ ,lo .......... t'on,~t.
1 •


. j l~l'aúlLm .'5tllladl'Oll. l" •• (1U .... _ .....




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 247
Ko. II.- ><'881'7., beloJ/[¡iJ/f} to aJlll con/lcctccllritll tlle rni/ed Sta/es X(wy, <}·c.-Continllcd.


~all!(·.


Se re IV.


J. W \'andottc_
2. )t(')hawk
:3. Crn~adel' ._
.1. :-::UlILtt-'l". •••• _ ••• _


~.
I ~:: ¡-


5
5


J. :llystic .' 'j' 5
Side·wheel.


Water ''\'itch.... ~ I
2. 1rit'lti,t!'tlu ...... _
:3. Pulasld
~. Sagill<lW_


RTEA:\I TE~\lIIW"".


1..~1Cl'ew.


1. .Jollll Hall('í)ck.
-:..! •• \lIa('o~tla


1 1
1 '
~


I


StU\TJlti'~ \val' st'r.· ti


Where lmilt.


4r.4 Puro h"80(1
4G4 ... (lo __ ..........
;¡,:H) ___ do
4G4 ... r1o
401 ... do


1
\,hPlll
lmilt.


1838
l;Q:=iR
J;-<.~d
1833
185t!


Situation. Where.


In commi8sion .. 1 Off Pensa"ola.
do _ ....... ". 11ltllI'Gnlf'.


... do Do.
.do CO<l!"l. of Afrit'a.
.rlo Do.


PT'l'pllT"g- for ~ea ¡
\\intt'T' qnart'rs.1
1 II t'Olnmü;~ioll __
... do """' ....


I)lliladrll'hia.
Erie. Pa.
~~:~~ii~~n~~~roll.


In (wllinnn-. ____ San FI'ftIH'iF.co.
In COmmiR!3ion . _ U sea as a transporto


-- __ , _, ___ .- -~ ___ lnÍtfiniRhra.


ltEC.J..l'IT U L.J..TIO~.
\-C'SH(']S _,. ____ " _____ , ____ . _. _________ .. ______ o ___ •• ___ o. __ o _ o' __ , _ o" • o _ ••• _,'. o o __ • _ _ _ P8
Tnullago __ "" ... _ o o _,. ______ .,., __ .,." •• _" ___ ••••••• ," •••• __ ••••• , ••• o •• o _ •••••••••••• o •••• o o 112,4fiO
íjnlla o."," ___ ••••• ' ' ••• _ o" 00'0" oo.," ., •• , •• 'o , •• ___ ,._'0_' _____ •• _ •••• _______ ••••••• _ •• o" 2,400




No. nI.-8Iatenwnt of tlw ulImber mul lIame80f all l"C88clB bllilt by amlfOj' ¡he [}or(1'nmcnt, f01" the Km'y DC1)((rlnwlIl, ÚIICI~ A]!ril 1, l8lil, 'willl 11Ici¡' tOlllla[}C,
'munva of [}1I1I8, '/IJhcrc, lchcn, (l/ul b!l u'ho/!! bllilt, Ihe cosl of <'1lclt, 1llld time occlljJitrl in cOIl8frutlioll.


[KOTE.--Thc colnmn ""hen bnilt·, in this statem<,nt is tlw ,1"t",,11cn eae11 yessclnamf'fl IVas launchcd, (if built hy the Ullijpfl States,) amI thedate of tbe laR1 reglllar paJ"ment,
if lmilt "lIy contract,.]


~
@


i-<i


1


:J
1


5
(j


7


" n
JO


lL
1:J


1:1
1,1


1;)
11)


J7
]i')


HI
~o


21


~:~
~-t
~!.I
~t;


;¿7
';.!ti
~n


30
al


Kall1e.


SC'H'U) 8loops.
Mac1awaRk,,, ..... .


Chattanooga ___ .. .
"\Vampalloag _____ _


lJisc.H:u}lW, sp .• TI.;
Gu(~rI'it'n;, Rpal'·d'l~


Shollandoilh. ____ ._
Haeralll<.'uto __ . __


CUllU1!llai!-!,-lu-I,. ___ ._
Tkoll{kl·O;.!;:t ..... _


LatkaWillJII<lr ••••..
1\Iollollgal1ela .. _.
(h~Hipt'e _ . _. ___ .. .


.Juniata .. _ .. _ .... .
JInll~at()JJir ._


Adirollda<:k .. ____ .
l\:PHI".:->aq.!,"p ••••
Tl1~e¡n'()l"a


OIl<'il1a. _____ . ___ _
,\'":lt']¡Uf;ttt __ .
1~l'8¡1l~,L ___ ..... _ ..
1";~H1ta~kd, ...... .


QUillllClxHlg _._.
~watal'a . __ •.....


Xip:-;i('
Pt·lJllilt ..
~\IallIlH'n.


Y;tlltif' _
:--;;(("0


Syack
t-;l'¡<lWlllllt __ .' __ ••.


Kausas ........ __


,;
eO


" §
H


3,281
a,2:3:1
~I, 2HI


:1. 1,-'
:1, 177


1, :l;~
l. :H;7


1, :~a;->
1, ;¡:J:J


1,:;;\:1
1, :~7t)


1. ~c10
1, ~,IO


1, ~..¡o
210


1,0:\1
U!i7
1.(l:J~


1, O:~:J
!!()O


DUO
8~1
~:ll
j~):~


.I! ~:J
;¡!1:1
;)~I:~


;")!Ja
;'I!J:~


tI!!;!
~tlJ


<lo


" [5
Where ¡milt.
~


.s
" s¡;


By whom. Cos!.
,¡1J


H ~"'


r.
1;-> , N ew York yard; macltfncry aL N(~w Y úrk .... _ ....... ~Jlll,\r, 18C,) n. S. g-ov't; Pllghw8, &c'


l
J. El'icsson .... _. $1, (i7;~, 080,j;'! ~~


1;") I Phi1addphia _. __ . ____ . __ .. ___ ... __ .. , ___ . _____ ... _._ :\1al'., H.:\;fj 'Y1ll. Cmup¿.¿~01m ....... _ ............ _... 9;;0,J:\9:1L :¿
1;; Xa,vy ~Ia.nl, Nl'w Y'ol'k; mnchinery, Nl'w York_ ... _. __ 1kl'., 1tiü--1 11. f-'. ,[!:ov't; l\OYt'1ty \Yol'k~ __ . _______ "_ _ _ 1, ;:-,7.>, 1¡4:~ ¿4 4


21 :r-.; a\"y ;vanl, K.itÜ'l',V; maehilH'ry, lluI'tJo1'l1, COUl1 __ ~ ____ .J mJe, J Hiti U. S, gov't: ell,~ill(':-i, &c .. ,V oollrllfi' & lJeadl 1, L77, f-.!),"i (J.1 :1
21 i\ayy .yarel, BostolJ; IlllH.'hilwry, HOl-)toll ............. _. SqJt., linJ U. S. g-O\ 't: (',lIgim'~, &('., (;10111" \\~ol'ks_ _ _ 1,1;,--1, :1;2j 10


'j' Na\,\' yal'd, ]lltila(klJlhia; luachilH'I'Y, Philn(h·lphia .. ,. ])ee .. U.l(\::! P.~. ,l!;Oy't,; (~llgilH'~ 1l,Y J\..f('l'h('k & Souo3. _ _ :rm,717 {j,1
7 Nn.Yy yanl, l\:ittl'l'y; llIadlillPl'y, Taulltoll, )"1a88_. _____ ,A 1'1'., lí',a;':! TT.:-;, gOY't.; l'llgill('¡;¡, l'mmtou J\l:umf'g Co. :l!I:{,21B !JO
7 Nayyyanl, BOf'tOll; lli:lchinl'l'y, Bm\hm -."¡O'----.-.--.-Il\1ar., 1l'"!ti;;! U.S.g:OY·t,; eIlgiu('::i: AtlllIltic '\"ork~_ :Jt:t!,.i41 í:!4
9 N:l\;-.r J arll, Nl'\Y r01k, lllilCÜlIlPl'y ~ew \: ol'k __ .• __ . I Od., 1~G;2 rT.~. gov't; ('Il.!!:iTlt't4, :\TOI';.!":Ul 'Vul'ks_. 'l:.!.), '1:20 ü:1
7 110 __ .... _ (lo ______ ......... 1.~1Ig;., ¡in:.!¡ tr,S g"O\"t; cllgiu{,I:\ . .Allain1 \\r()l'k~__ 4;:1,()(j~) 00
7 Na",\'., i11'11, PhiJaddphía; lllat:hiIH'I'Y, Tl]¡il:uldphia. ___ .1 .Jll1,\", 1r'();2 i lI.:-:'. go\"t; clIgiw'H. ),r!'n'jd~ s.:. ~011.'\_ :n:~. 'j'!)ü :m


G X:t\',V ,)":11"\1, KU1(')',\"; lllndthu'l',\', -:\Iy~1ie nl"i<lg'(" CUllu_1 1\0\" •• J::-.()1 I L~.:-;, g'Oy't; t'!tg"iIH'~, HrHnu('t' ~l:t('}¡ilU' eo. 3Ua.71-'7 10
jj Xa\',\" ,\"<11'11, Phil:ulclpllia: JIlill'i:.:¡H'l'Y, \\'illl1ijl;~jOl1, lid. J:lilL: V-td: l~. S, ~'O\"t; C'1l,!.!iHl'S. PUl'w,v,.J OIH'~ &. eo. _ _ ~J(j-t, tI:.!O ~fj


1:1 ~a\"'y 'yfll',l,J:I;t;toll; IIl:tl'lrilH'l',\-, B()~jpll, ____ . __________ ! Xll\·., 1~n1 ¡ F,~.t.:::Oy'tj ('II~ilH'~, .J. COll,\" &, eo. ~{jtl.81'7 ti:l
J2 1\nY~',\";ll'dlX('wYol'k; m;l('J¡ilH'l''y_~';-I'wYork ___ ._. __ II-'dJ., lbü~ (r.~.g-r,y'I,; ('ug-ilws,Non·lty \\"01'1\:8 ___ ._ ·lll.:dD 4~


7 XaY,\' ,\"an1, l\:Ht:'l',\-" miH:lJillPl',Y, Hart1'tll'll. ('mm .. _ ... , Od., h·:lil I lJ. S. g'o,-'t,: ('llgim's, \\Toodrllfl' & Bl'iU:h. 2.-.i1i, (ll~ O:;
lO ~ a \',V .vanl, ]~hilaü5'lJl]¡i:l; m,I\'ltil!('l'Y\- 1'1111:~(ldphia. __ '1 __ \ l1,~., 1 ~l: I l~.~, g:OY:t,: ('I1g'~l\('S, }'ft'lTÍck &- ~O1l8 __ .. ,. ~eO, ~!!O ~1


7 ~ ¡n-y ;y,ll (1, ~ ('W 1: ürk; m:l.dlllH·l''y, :::\ t·\Y 1 (l1'k. ___ • _. _ 1\ UY" 1 i:'h 1 1.~, gO\' t; C'lIgll11'~, .f. I'il lll'ph,\" &- Co . . .. ;.!~I-4, tJD7 .AI ~
~I ~a\ ,\" ,\"<1n1, Jj()~tnll; lllao..'llillt·r,\'. );('\\" york, ..... ______ Od., 1";(;1 l~. ~. go\"'t; ('I1g'iUl'K, ~IOl',!!,all ,\'ol'k:l __ . _ _ 314, :3{j·~ 8:; _


r< X:1Y:; ,\";11'11, Kith'ry; l!l~lI·hhl('l''y. \\·n::.;llil1!.!tOll ll:t\"y y\l.~ :';0\'" L-.in.> 1, ¡.;, ;.ltl\"(·rJlllll·J1t.. _ _ __ _ :WO, O:3~ C·l 1
lO I X~~Y,\" y:tnl. BO,::itOll;, lnadJilll'1",\ unt l"Olllllll'll:tl __ . ___ .. _ I .J ul,", l\~~ 1~,~. gt)\'~·l"ltl}}('llt. _. _____ ....... _ Xot ('(!1llpl't'll. a


lO : { ~t\~·y;j';;~,~\~: 1J~'I~~-d~I\)~'k .. ___ . ~ -. - - -,-' - - ... - - __ i _:\[_;~~',_, _ ltcüü .\;~I~.~~:;~·((~:l~~~!~'~IJ!il·I.~:::··· _. -- - iil:I;: ~:(;~ ~ I 2
1 () .\':! \'y ,\ :ll'!t, Pitila<ldplIiil; Hi;H hil1l'l"y, "Y:l~]¡.il1.::..::tnn ,Y"tL I }ta.\-,. l.'-<.Ii,> r.~, '.1..:'1)\"1; l T, ~, .~.!.o\"('l'U1l1(·llt ~:~:'!j., :W.> 07


ti ~a\"'y yanl, Kitlt,l',\: m,w!JüII'l",\,lI.artl'onl, ('Ollll . _____ ,~IlIH'. lHj:~ l~. ~,gO\-'t; \\"oodrlljr~ HI':H'lt._ :2,·I:í,~).!:~ ~l~)
1(1 ~;t\''y ,\":11"11, B,o~hIllT; llUldJ1Il('r.!·, Hart!Ol'll, ~ 'ouu. . .• JUiH', l~!!:~ lT'~' !.:o<j; \\Toodnltf ~ ~~~':H'"L ~.~~!, ;!~~l !J;l I


)\:n'y ,\":ll'd,.:\('Wltll'k: lIl,ll'llllll'l"Y, ::Scw ~ol'k., ___ .,_ .JlII,\·, lblJ.! l'.S.g()\" ji ~t(J,'('r_:"ladlllH':Co ______ ..... ;2"'''',·ld--: 03 :.!
j' XilY,\. ,\<11'11. Pldl:ul..Jlll¡j;¡; 1l1,H'llim'ry, PlllL.lIll'lphia. __ .' :\[;lL, ]H{i4 tl.~.go\-·I; J\I('lTid .. ~ ('0 ... __ .______ ;,!1)(j,;2{j;2 n:~ 1, __


10 ~aY.\' .\al'd,J~()'""t01~: mll('hillf'lY, J'J'(l\:id¡'lIí"(" H.] _ An::.., lc-ll!:) (T,~.,::.{)\:j; (:prlbÑ~tl'alll En.!.!:~J1(' (;0 _ :2!~,t'.~;) L·l 1
4. ~aYy ;;a1"lI, ::\('W \ urk; mai'lllllt'l'Y· Soutlt Hl'l)ok1,\"11 __ .' Ol't.. 1 ... 6,1 P.:--;. gi,\' t; :--;'oufh Hrllokl,\"It ,\ ol"l\H . --- _ _ ~,)j, H.):2 l;.! I 1


l) ~:l\:'\.: .\~Il:d, J~i~ ';'1'-\; 1l~:H~hill.('~',\'., l:l .. (~\-.i,tklH·I.': 1~, 1. ... 'I·Jl~H'" l~t~:~ I;,~, ~O\},; Corli~:s ~tt'aJll EugiuB eo ... _ _ _ ~J~, ~ja~~ ~:~ ....
ti N.L\~ :'1 ,ud: 1111b.l\ltlplll,l, 1ll,lti11lH.':1) ... tpIHl((l .....•.. Ud., IdhJ L., .gO\ t. ................... __ ........... ....L.,3ib í~ I 1


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Gunboats. )
3:1 Al'ooí:itook. __ ._._.'


3a Cayng'a, _____ .. ___ .
34 Chippewa. _ .. __ ..


3.> C-:hocllra ____ _
3t:i IIUl'OIl __


3j' ltaH(',t ___ _
3d KntüIHEu ________ .


aD KUWl\\ ha ______ ._
40 l('l!lH'lH'Ü __ .. ____ .
41 , l\.iIH'O ___ . __
4i! I ~rCll'lJkIH·ad.


43 fHtawa ___ o
44 ()waH('O _ . ______ - - .
43 l Jallola _______ . - -


.Jti I j>(·mhilHI ..... _ .. _
,17 PPllOh~('ot


,11" ~ag:alllurc ..
4U S('¡o1a_


• jO Sl'lll'Cit.
,:)1 TahoIll:L ..•• ___ •.


5-:! rJJ<H1i1Ll ... _____ ..
[);j 'ViIlOllH


!'í4 '''issallidwll ___ ..


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5G
~7


58
59


tjO ,
ti1


G;J
G:l


(i4
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Gil
67


()B
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70
71


Paddle--¿f'//('('l steam·
ers, (dm~Ule-clld:!r8.)


SH~8¡WUH ..
rawtl1xet
rrn llalJo()t-;a


'Villooski _._
,Maekin:n\' __ _


Hllilnll'ol'k ....... .
Tullallolll<l __ •.


'l'¡leOIlY ___ '
Al.(;l:OU(lUill .. _. __ _


Pl'oria. ____ o
[oseo ..


..:\.gawarn .. ______ _
POi.! t(}OSl1~ ••• __ •••


M.U&.'lil8oit • _____ .
I Oscl'ola .. ___ ~ . __ .


I J"l11 ttnbrsctt. _ .. _ ..
Chicopce __ .. ____ .. 721 Ascut1H~y _ ... _ . __ .
7~1 ()Üwgo ____ .. _ '.. __ .


74 J\-fct.acomet ___ '. __ .
7;)


76
Chellullgo . _ .. _. _' .


Lcnapeo .. _.0_ .. __


507
507


;)07
;-)07


!'i07
;,071


:;07
jD7


507
307


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;,07
507


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;,07


50'j'
.107


.307
tiO?


974
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974
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97,1


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51 Kennf'lmnk, Me.; machillPl'Y, N,'W"fork .............. 1 De!'"
ü I PortlmHl, COIln.; 111 <1('h1II('l'Y, llarttol'11, Ctllm . __ .. ' __ . ] )Pe.,


ti Hr(¡oklYI1,~~. Y.; mH('hill(,I'y,Xew YOl'k _. ____ ....... _ XOY ..
ti . ~~~~1.~111~: _]_L~:~(~l.lil.l~'~'y~ _l_~~l~~:i:~.-_·_· '.'.-. __ ... -_-.-._::::: ~ ~: _ :! ~:;~:::


·1 l'hilfHklphia; lllal'hiuPl'y, Phil'1I11'11lhi:1. .. ____ . __ .. _ .... 1 XO\~ ..
Ü Ha1h,)II.'.; ILladüll(·l·~·,Xl'wYol'k._ .. , .... ___ ..... );"0\- ..


4 Ea::lt lIaddillll, t'PlllL: lll'H'lIiw'I'.\", Bl·j¡lg·('])()rt, Cunll. _ .' 1)('('.,
<1 11)ortlallll,:lh"; JlladJiIIP]'Y, Sc\\' YOl'k._._. __ ... ___ .... 1 ~o"\" ..


? 1-~ ¡.~Yl¡;I~;·,~·i;o·T:t~ if·<;~:.;-. -; -;l~;-I~~;;i~~(;~~.~.: i ¡·~\"-1·';1;'.~~ i< Y ~ ~: - ~~;~~'.',
.1 ~ ew t 0l'1-;: ; llHll:hIUl'I',\', :\ ¡·w 1: o1"k . __ . . ___ ... _ ... __ I (kt.,


-1: j ~,r'y:-;!i(' IU'u'!', COllll.: ~t1;lddlll'l~,\', X¡'w 'york ___ . __ . _ .. l~t\(·."
4 1 ],alllIlIol'{', )[11.; m;1('l!llWl'Y, 1'111l¡](kI}Jllla .. _ .. ____ . _. _. ),;/)\., 41 ~1'wYnl'l¡:; machilll'l'y,X(·\\·y¡¡r1 .... _______ ... __ ....... Od"


;j Jh-Hi.1St,::\11'.: llHll'hiu(,I',\>),Tny ).·ol'k. _ ... __ . ____ ... J)cc.,
4 1 no~toll; llIaehiuery.l;o¡.)tou ____ . __ .. _. __ . __ ._ ... __ ".1 So,,",


;) l'hil:III(·lphia; JlladIiJU'l"~', l'hila(ll'lphia. ____ ' _ .... ". _.1 XOY.,
XI'W Yo]'h.:; madJillt'l'Y, );"i.'W 'York ___ ... ____ Oct.,


"\V illllillg·tOJl 1 ]kl.: maehillt\I'.", Che:stt'l', Pa .. _ d ml' l Xl'W York; madJillt'l'y,-X('\v York ______ .. _. _. __ ._ _ _ _ Ud.,
. _____ do._ .... ___ . _o' •• do .. _., .. _ ... __ ........ ____ .. ~·OY.,


4 j rlüladí.'lphia j IlJi.H:him·l'y, rhilalklpllia . _. _.' ___ .'" _ No\""


]['[,1 X. 1-. Thomp,oll; Noyclty WOJ'l" ......... ¡'
J.:::lll nilfl('l'~lt't,\·t\ &. ~nn; ""\\TO (l(ll'1ttl' L\::. Et'<1l'h_
l~(il \\T (' hh L\" g('l1; -:llol';..!;all ""\\Torks _, __ . ___ ... :


Jt-'iil Cnl'tis ó: Tild('!l' Harril-'>Oll Lm·mg>. _ .... .
h"·,íl l'nnl ('ul'tb; JL¡'1'l'isOll LOl'jnf.!:._._~ __ .. _


ItGl llill111all ~\ :--:'11'1';,1].:('1': ,f, p, ::\loniH L\.' (;0
l:-.fil 1.arralH'(· & _\lkl\; _:UOl',!.!:tlU lron ,r()l'k~ .


l:--lil (;,l,:.~\-"·.IU;oot!Hl)(.I,d; P¡¡dlieIl'(~ll \\Tol'ks
l':"lil (;('01';':"1' ","T .. 1.:I\\'1'I'J1('\'; ,xo\'dty \\ orbe


lblil ,J, \\'. }).Y1·1': .:\I01·.!!..<1ll \\·Ol'l\.ti .. "_ .....
lf-:nl (i, \r .. T:u·klll'lIl . .ir.: lIi.!-dll:llld Inl1l '\Tor1.t)


l::::til ,J. A. \\~t'sf('l'\"dt; .xo\·(.·lt\" \\rol'l¡:s.
ltlil )I:\XHIl Fi;-.J¡ ~\ l'o.: );"o\Tlh· "Tol'ks


1,..(;] ,J .. J. ~\ bl'nh:l1Jl~; ('har1{'~ ÍtP(·tll'l' ____ .
1 Hil i Tholllas Stack; .x O\·(.]j~· ". ol'k~. _ .... _'


lt!Ü1'
1


('. ]). ('¡tl'ft'l': .\ILlil'l' \\"(Jl'kM _ .. ___ ..•. ' __
1l"~¡1 _\, ... \: U. T. S<.HlIp:-'OIl; _\tlall~i(· \\rOrkR ___ _


ltl;l .LH·oh Bil'dy: .1. P. :JlolTi~ él.: en .... ___ .
]tl;l .J(,1"t'. ¡';illlOW·;Oll; XOyt'lt,\" ,rol'1.;:x ___ .. _ ...
l~t~~ 1


I


'v . ...'l,: ,~, TI!<ttt"l~(~l"? J!(':lll~?-) ~':ll&A]'('blJolll
lt'h1 .Jolllll-.ngllH; );O\(·1t~ \. 01·1 ... t-5 _ •. ___ .,.'


1'-':1;1 C. & H. ])oi11011; .Allain· \\·o1'ks .. _ .... _ .. _.
lC:ül JOI1Jl '\Y.l..yUll; M¡'rri('k &~ ~ÜIlS .. __ ._.


1~ K:nry yarfl. Kittt'l',V; machinrl'Y, nORtOTl. _ ... ____ . ])('("1 lPti2[ F. S .. ~m-'t; .A llalltie ,Yo1'1:8 __ .. ___ ..
l;! Xay,y 'y<ll'd, Kitti'r~-; lll<H'.hilll'l''y, lJl'uddt'I1cP, H.l_ 111011'., lHj;~ F. S. gOy·t.; ])l'odd¡'lI('11 ~j.i\lIlll HIl,!!,'inc Co


10 "Na Y,Y saT'd, ll(l~tull ; lIl:U'}¡iUI'l''y, N PW York. _ .. __ . rt'h.) n"'I):~ c. S. ,!.!:In-'t j -:-':I'(lt \JIH' \rol'kt-5 ..... __ - ..
lO l'.;a\"y ,\'ill'd, HOHtoll; m:u .. ·lJÍlHTy, ProYill¡'1i('t" H.l ._ .. __ .Jlll;y, lC'Ga r. M. gov"t.; Vl'oYiill'lH'(' Mtealll Eugim:: Co


10 N"a\"y ,ranl. ~ cW YOl·h.; m:w1IÍlH'l'Y. l\" PW York ___ .. __ . A I11'il) l?-:Ij:l 1". H. gOy't; .All~lil"o \r ol'ks. __
11 !\cH'.v,Val·t1.Xe'vYork;machiIH·I".\·,Bnltiulnl'I'---- ..... )Ial'., lt'(j:~ F.:-i,g·oy·t;.Poolo& IhlIlt.._


JO '¡-:aYv ~'al'll, ),"í'W York; mll('hiIH'l';V, Xcw 1'ork _____ . XI)\'" lr'(¡:¡ P,~. f2:0V't; ;':;to\"t'l' ],ladlillt' en
1;2 Xa\'y yanl, PlJiladl'1J\}lÍa; lJIat'hiIl(,i'~', rhil:uldphia _.. )f:ly. 1¡-'{j:~ l'. S. gOy·t; )lol'l'i~, TO\\'lIC &. ((J. _.


10 ~a\"y~al'<1,};"I'''olYol'k: lU<lchinel',V,.Nl:wYOl'k_ ... _. lkc.., lc'Ga r·.s,gO\·'t: P:)1I1~.Fíll'l!('~._ ... __ . __
]0 Ilo.___ _.ilo __ ........ __ . O{'Í" lt'G~) r. S .. .!.!JJy't; ]~tlJa Il'oll \\~Ol·k~_
]0 BlItll,),I¡·.; lllal'hillf·]·,\',Dost.olJ._ ... _ .. _ .. __ .,____ ::\1:11'., l/,"fj:~ L:tl"1':t1H'(' S'. ,\lIt'lI; (~lolH' \VOl"lí:;-: .. _


10 POl'q,u111, ){','.; llIadlilH'I·.\·, Jlol'tlaIH1, ~l('. _ ..... _ _ _ :,lil,\', lr:li:: (;I·or.:..:\' \\~. L¿¡\\TCIH't'; I1ol'lI:llId \Vol'ks
}~ 'iil;~t'(:~~~:- llIadJil]t'~'~'~-Ú(-I~t(I;J(: _ ~~:~~~' .. :,~:{~~ l·i;I~;.( .. i(~ol\:;Ú·I;I-(:I;;-¡~·l;)·I;I:'\'t;l:l~l~. __ .. __ _


lO .do. _'._ ..... <ln :,Jll111" IHi:~1 Cllr1.iN&'J'iltlt·ll; ... \!lalltr(· \\-ot'k,~
10 J~()¡-;t(lll; mal'hiui'I'Y, XC,y Vork. .JUJ1\' .. l.:--:n;; A. l\: (:, ;-;';¡llIpt'lOIl; .\lLlÍn· -\\'0l'l\8 ..••


10 llo. . ___ .. do. ){al'., 18(j:~ l'alllClll'ti~: K!.'ptllue\\"ol'lül .. ____ . ___ _
10 ~t\wln~l',\'pol't. l\la,:-;H; ma~'hiIl('~y, ~ew YOl'k. ____ . ____ . ,Jnw:, lt-!(~:J G('Ol'gt~ \\r, ,Jackyl:l1l.jr.: ::\Io,rgan '\"(!l'h.~ ..


10 ~ mv X 01'1.-: TlIacllllll'r~· .. ~ ('W 1.: ol'k . " ... \ prd, J;-Ih.l \ .r. ..... L & 1). 1). \\ (·~t ('l'\'(·lt: J< 1l1loH ""\'·orks.
10 Xcw ~01'k Hl;lCh~Jl('T'~', :-;~mt h !~rooklyIL, N. Y. ___ .' _. ¡\lar:, l\~:~ 'l'1101Il;~~ Btal..'k; KOllth BJ'(.Hl~d~·1l ,\'ül'k:s .-


10 N ew 1: ork JllllchllWI':V,::\ ('IV \ (JTk • ~ __ •.. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ AlJl'll, 1 th,l .T(,l'ü. :--'llllOuRon; ~Iol'gall \\ ol'l~~ .. . - - .
10 Núw York machillCl'y, Newlmrg¡ X. Y ... 0. ____ •••• JUliO, 1:'0:3 EdwanlLuptoli; 'Va::;lJillgtOllll'UIl \Vorks_


08, 814 ~:\ 5
Ui .. Dl;.! ~~ 5


101.. :.2:~5 00 ;j
~I~I. nl:2 01 4!


101. 1:!1 00 4
!I:-'. ';:-li ;,¡- 4


~:~: ;;i~ ~¡; ~}
JO:!, ¡¡!q ,Ií 4


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DI, ¡-:\!l j .. ')
H~, ·~·1O :;-/
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100. 4~ti tc' G
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!18, .'n 'j.~ 44


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~41, 4:m :HI ti


',!·11. ~:í1J ~18 (j
~:~n, lil7 ·17 1
~.)1, -tt!O 01 11
~WR. (100 ;-,Ii 2. _


;!;-,(), i-!:2.t ;I~ :n
72Gu .. j'Jt: ~a !I


;J7i, :;';2 ~.~ i! :!i
:~n:-). 1 !l!1 j;~ 1 il


1 ti .... 7tiN (í-.l " 7
Jlil. :1rl 4:J 8t
Jti;~. o:n r)1"! k.\


lfiO, (;:10 41 (jI
1(;0, :-)j,", ,jl Bt


W:J, .~)(IJ jj' n


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1I11,143 4'1 7


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No. lll.-Statmm:nt of re.Q,qel8 hllilt fOI" a/C Nary DC]!Qrtllu'nt 8illCC A)Jl"ill, 1801, S·c.-Coutillll(,(l.
--.----------,---- ----------------~------,-----


~ Kame.
" " ~


771 :I! "Ullota
7fl \\r yalnsiu.!! __ ..


".Ú3 l\Hng'oe __________ _
P:¡ Poutiac. tll ]~ntnw _____ . _____ _


82
P:!


04
r::>


t:G
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8.~


BU


Paddle·'/(lheel gt(,((lII-
as oi j¡'on, (douule-


entlet8.)
-:\foholl.!!:o. __ ... _. __ _


SUWilW\{,. ___ ..... .
SIIHllloldn. __ ... _ .. :


11})sl·(.lota. _ '_0 _. __ 1
\\ 11ll1l]lCC ____ •• _ •• '


.\:-;ILlldoL. ____ _
:\1 Ol\!H':H'Y __ . _. _ .•.


\Yat\-l'l:o', .. ______ .


Paddll'-u'heel.-:fca /JI.
er,,,, (drmrAI'-cJ/deJ'8.)


no Optorara ________ ..
Ul \Iillllli


!):! ~laratallza.
:I:J Tio~a.


94 (;(,Út'...",(,
9,) :-;.j·bu!!() ..... _ ... _._


no :\l¡IJ¡;I:·d~(l.
!n :-';':,1I01ll¡1 _._,


g¡-( ('OJJ(\I!!:llI,!.,dl. ___ •..
~!l POl't Hoya)


100 Cílll<lI'l'()U .. _ ..
101 PaHI .1 (¡IIPS .. M.


TIl[)S.


IW! 1 J>il!ta
lQ:J TdallU, ....


101 :\illll
103 ¡ li~Ol'tlllll.l ........ .


te,
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97-1
974


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1,0:10
1.0:;0


1. O:lO
1.0:1II


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l. (;:10


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974


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80:1
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J1rooldYIl, X.Y.; mfH'hin('l'~', Ronth lknold,rll. N. Y""'I ,\pril. 18G:! 1
1


BO¡:¡}('ut,m':l, N .. 1.: ~lladli!i.('~',r, \yilUlill;2.'JOIl.I).¡·l. ...... ,\1I~ .. 1~(~:1


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F. Z. T1H:l~:('r; ROllt.h Hrookl.vn 'VOl·ks .. $1:)~, (i31 ;"):l .... 7i}


n. f-;. [\Ií·l'~holl,.il'.; Pll~C.\'"JOl!('~ &Co..... 1;;;2.;1:11; OU l .... lIt
14


lH
l'1111alh·ll'hw: lIlaehlllt':I'y. \\ illlllllgtnTl Vd ......... 1Iay. 18h.~


Philnd.·lphia; maehiuerr, Philadl'll'hla ............. )lay, l~ti:~ C. JI. ,V ,""r, ~r. Cl'amp: PlH{i~;\-, ,rOll<'K"\:, Co. l(j:!, ~1I4 ~.f , ~! IIilllll:lIlI.\:-:--:'tn'n],;Pl'; X<'lItip, L('yy&Co.. ll}:~,;¡Lil 00 1 ___ ' b
10 Baltimol'o; llH1Chi1ll~r'y, .Unlt,il1lol'l~ ... _. _... .......... .Mar., ltlLl:J


.Jolm J. AbrahalUS; Vuleanll'on ,Vorke __ ¡liO,200 00 ... , -1


10 Npw York j machinl'ry, ,TI'rS0Y Citv. N. J. "" ........ , An,~" 1864
10 ! CIH'~t,'l', Pí'llll.; lll:l.thim·ry. Chi.'stt:r. PI'II1l ... _ .........• Jmln, le{)4


10 l· "",'1<'- --'." .----'. ,. ------ -- 1\0 .. ,.,.,. -- --, ,--, '1 Vl'h., 11'(;:;
Ze]}o Sí'Cor'; Flllton FOlUHlr.v ......... .


HCUJH',\', :-;011 & L\l'ehliolll. _ ..


10 I nrool.:l,rIl, N. ~.; mlwhilll'l''y, Bl'ooklYIl, N. Y ... __ ..... .An.~., l~j~~
10 1 Bo~tolJ; nwdulIl'ry, Ho~tolt ................ , ... __ ... 1\1<1,).. J~{,,1


. ___ do_ ... . .. __ ... __ .. _. _._ ..... .
TlIo1l1<lK F. Uo\,¡ lalHl; COld illell-t.aL \Vd~-,IHi.


][;¡nisoll LtH'ing:
10 I ...... di) .............. !lo..... ............ ..... . .1111", lH¡;-¡ I


1U : lbltimo1'P; maehÍllt'r.\", Ualtilllorn ..................... 1 )'la~', lB61j l)ou;¡ltl .:UcKay _ ........ .
12 Che~te1': lleuD.j JnachÜll'l''y, Chestcr, Pl'llll ..•.•.•... _. _ .. ~llg., 1~ti3


A. & \V·. ])('111111':111 & SOlI.
UealH'J', Son &. ..il·l'hlJuhl.


11 Xa\'v \"ard. N('wYork: m:IchilH'T'Y. Nl'wYork
7 !\,]\.\. ·y¡¡nl. Philaddphia; lluH,J¡Ll;'I'Y. jJhilwkl[lhia.


ti X;I\'V \"iu·d, H08t.nTI; JlIadtiuI'l'\'. Bo.,.;toIl ....
~ I ~ a \'~\l~:Hnl. B:I~_t~~~ ~ _J(ll/)I:·!I.i~I.I'~'~·, Xí'~~. ~.(I.l~l~~ ...


10' :Xil\\' \<11'(1. Kitt(,l'\'; lIlHl'ltilH'l'V . .:\PW York ".
o:! · ..... :tl;l. .......... ~ .. flo ...... : ..


])1'(' .. 1 t:!ll 1 P.~. ~\)\"("l'llnH'nf, XPptllllC WOl'kg .... __
X'o\"., lt:HiL F. S .. :.!.n\·I'T'II!lll'llt ~l(·1Tid.;: .. v. ~OJl:-:


! ~n\· .. v·'la U. s. ¡!.tlJ\"(·1'1I11lt'llt IlHl'1'isoll J,()l'ill~.!.'
.¡ . :\pril. l¡::ti:J n.~. i-..'O\-¡'rllllH'lIt :\!ol'gall Il'oIl \VUl'k ....


. Apl'il. lt'lj"2 U. K g'OY('l'lIl11t'lIt Xt'ptm](' \\·ol'k~ .....
. ~o\"., l .... lil l T • R !.!.()\·"I'Il11]('llt ~o\'i'lt.Y "\\Tork:-;.


... 8 ..... llo. .. ... üu ... ..
!) ...... 11ú... ...110


1)1'('" lt--'ta l'. S. !.!,OYI.'I'llllH'lIt ~I()l''';1ll IToa \\"tll·k::;.
........... \]Hil, l~(d Ir. f-i. ~·¡)\'('.rmllllllt );o\";:-ltY\YOl·li.~ ..... .


)1:1,\', le:-{BI __ 110 ........ _ ...... 110
8 XI'" YOl·k.
I~n1'l1('lltoWll. X. ,r. .
J~altilllo1'1:; Íllachillel'y) Clll.:ster. l'('li1l.


2 Clwstpr. P('lln_
~ 1\',.,,, \'o1'k .................... _


2 ('hl'sj(·r. Pl'nll.
:2 13o¡.¡ton .••.. 'M" 'M" ••••••••••• u· ••• _


.:'I1a\', l ..... ld I Thoma:-t Htt'('k .... . ....... .
,Tn(\". h'ü:J: 1).~. jI('l'~J¡oll.,ir. .- .................. .
~\pl'il, li:-li;2 ! J. J. ~\.hl';llw.1lls; l:eall~'Y) ~on (\:.~ Al'l'hllOld


,\l'l'il, 131;., IUI'."'''')'. ;;;OJl & .\l'ch]"'\I\
X(I\'., 1 ..... '¡;) \\'lllialll l'('l'illu .... " ..


............. S,'pt... ],""Ii.l ]:(':1l1:'~. ;-;'Oll.\: .\rdlhold
;-;('l't., JtiGj. Jalll('~i F(\}toll


30;), !)~8 11 1
27t', GfN 7cl 10


2'jt-'.0'20 ;":1
207. (i'j,tj 1:)0


2!1t"", l:l:J ;2.[ Ht
2!1~. 41:> ~~:! I 11


q!j'! 4"", fJB f 7 .... " j, •
2()~, ]70 00 . IH


1.':1,071 81 7
l'j~, :14l ~:í 5
L~j. 1:2.-; lH ;¡


1!)!!, ,o..!.-I~ 14
j!){), 4~:~ ü:l 7


21:2, .11 2:! 4t
2lO,1:17 j,'< ~


1 ~1·L !lli;'! :) 1 7~
1 !i:~. 41(i 70 H


li O. o:a 00 7
100.IIUO 00 ~
1O~, liO:¡ 33 5}


J-2.~. 000 00 . ;)
l~". IiUII 110 1 II


l:!r', uoo 00 7
l·l!I. IjOO 00 !J


I;\!)
ü.


O


z
r---


<1
....


<;¡:l
>-


>-:3
....


O
Z


....


~
>-:3


t<':I
~


M
CQ


>-:3
}!l




111(;
I[)í


JI)';
J U~I


111)
111


11·2


~pl'I·I1.\n·ll ..... __ .[
:-;blldl~iI_


:\ln\"llIJWl\l' ..• ___ _


t:~~~:lt,;; ~ ~: ~ ~: ~ ~ ~ ~ -.1
Pil.!.!.Tirll. ____ _


.:\laria


[nm-I'fad /'e,>j,w'l,~,
(,w'a'!lül¡IU, casc-


1fwtcd.)
11'1 J)¡uHli-rhí'T'g' ..... __


] 14 Ke,v rl'ousides _ .. .
Iron·dad IH:8~~el8,
(i~('n-rJm'n!J, sin,-


g/e turret.)
11,:) Il'uritau ... --_ .... .


116 Uidator ... _ .... .


I
Iron-clad ve.'~fH'l8,


(duuúle tUNet.)
117 I 1\!onaullork _.


lL~ I ~finlltollollloh
11!! I -,-\gaIlH'lltinl~ ... __ .


120 I Tüuaw"alllla. _ .. __ _


12l 1 Ouontla;:a. - ... - - -.
];,)2 \VinIlPhago


1:2:t 1\lilwank('l\. ___ . _ ..
1;l4 I Cltiekasllw. _ ..... .


125 Kiekapoo ____ .. __ _


Iron-clad '/)cssels,
(single turret.)


126 I Canolliens - _ .... - .
127 Mallo!,a". _____ _


128 Toell1n~dl. . _ . __ _
129 1\fanhaHall ... _ ... .


lao SaugIL8 ..... ___ .. .
131 'l'illPp,(~Unoc ...... .


1:12 Cata walla __ .. ____ _
1:1:1 OlH'onta ....... ___ _


1:J4 Manaynn"k .. _ .. _ ..
1:15 rilí)~njc ..... __ . _ ..


3:;0 I
;¡:;Il


a,jO
3;)U


:l.iO
170


1í"U


:;,090
3,4¡)ij


:J,2G3
~, 033


1,564


1,56.!


1,564


1, :J64


1,2;;0
!rW


!líO
g'j'O


!.líO


1,0:l4
1, ():I~


1. n:14
1,0:1-1
1,0:14


1,IJ:H
1, O:l~


1, llJ4
1,034


844


2 __ 410 • __ ._. _____ .- .•••••• _ •••••• -- ••• -- ••••••••• No,'., lRG.'í _____ .rlo •..• " _ ...• _ ..••... "" ___ ••. _
:! do ______ ... ,. ____ -.--- -_____ . __ .... _ .. _ ... ____ ..• IÜ11., I t:C¡, . _ . (l~ I _ •• __ .•• _ .. __ . __ •...•. _ .. _. __
~ __ •.. do ___ ._ -- .•• ___ ._ •• _. ____ . _____ ._ 1-\'11., l¡-':(j(j __ •• __ dt, _ •• _ •• ___ ._ •• __ •.• _ .• __ •• __ ._


2 .. ____ 11,) ____ ._ . ____ •. _ ..•. _. ____ • __ .. _____ . __ . Jllly, l?-lli¡i __ . _ .do .. __ . __ ._. _ ... _ .• _ ......... _
~ \'T·iÍ;l~\~l~i~;I: l)¿.i ~ ~ _ --------....... --... ..... :}:l\lr' !l"I¡¡¡ _, ___ .10 __ . ___ . ______ .• _._. _._ •.. __ o IH(i.j Pn:--.(,.\" .• T01\1·:--; & Co_ .•• __ . __ "._ .• _____ ._._


Hi
1~


XI\\V York --- ..... -." .. -- ____ ......... ____ JUlI.) ltli,j ,,'IlHam PerillC .. ___ .. _"." .. ' ... _ .. _. __


X.-\V York .. __ . - - ........... _____ '" •. ' .......... __ o _ A U;:!" •. lbfif.i WHlimH n. '\t'hb ._ .. __ .. __ ........... , __
l'Ililatldpllil1 - - - - - - ... - -. ___ .. _. __ . ___ . _____ .. __ . _. _. 11llg·., 1t!ü~ Menick &. :';OliS. _ .. __ . _ ........ __ . ____ . __ _


~ I ~~~\{;';Ol~:::: :::::: :::::: :::: :::::::: ::: :::: ::::::::: B(~~:, l~~! (O_l~li,f,l"~:~~(:~l_:::::::::: :::::: ::::::::::: ..


41 Kay:v ynrd. BOHtoll: tUITP1 H,Boston; lnachillery,Phila- .. -! U. S. govr-rnnH'llt; Atlanti<~ Worli:s; Mor.
ddl'hia. riR TIHlJll~ &, Co.


4 ;-,rll\'Y yal'll. 1\1"",," York; tllI"I;'d.'-l, New York; mu- ¡\U,~" 1e:G4 U. H. g-OY('l'Jllll("llt¡ .J. B. & lV". 'V. Corll('ll
clii!a'I',v, Nt'w York. " &. Co.; Koyl'lty \\~()TkR.
~av'y yartl, KitteI'y; tlU'rd~,~]1ost.nn; rnuchhH'I'Y. Muy, 11:'-64 u.~. g-OV('l']ll1lt'I1t¡ ..:..\tlallticlVorlu-<; 1\foT"-


})}lilad('l}lhia. Ti:', '1'1)1111(' &, Co.
i Nay,\' yartl, Pllil:uklphia; turretH, New York; lIla.· JUay, 1E6'! U.~. g-oVt~rmlJ(lllt·; .r. n. &, \\r. ,V. COl'lwll


I ehillt'ry,l'hilaul'lphia. 6r, en.; 1.1(,TTi{~k 0,.\., ~(Jll.s. ! ! ~~'\~(~i,~:lM~~: ~ ~ ~ :~~ ~.- ~ ~ ____ ~ __ .' ~ ~: ~ ____ ~::::~ ______ : ~ ..... -.. ~~l¡~~:, ~;~~! J;<:;J(:~~(: l~\;·~:~~~i.l~~anl. ... -: :::::::::: _. _. __


2
~


2
2


"


1i!03 _¡Jo ... _ ..... _ .. ____ o _____ • __ •••• __
Jt!n:J TlJolllaH n. ({nylon1 . ___ . _. __ .. _ ._ •.. _. ___ _
l~G;¡. G. TI. Allen & Uo. ____ . __________ .0 __ •• ___ o


I
I


2 Cillcillmui, Ohio ...... -.- - .. -. -..... -- ...... --. - oo.--. -1 )tar., 18ti(i .l\lilt'h Gl'eel1woo((
2 1 •• _ •• _do - .... ___ . _"""'._'. ____ ........ __ ._. __ .. "_'. Jmw, 18íi.1) Akxnnllel' S,vift & Co., antl Xile;.¡ 'Yol'l\H .. 21--'-'-UO .......... -.. -...... -... ---.- ........ ---- .. --- .. Tune, 1St,.) .. ____ do __ _ ___ .,. do. __ .. _. __


2 püt.'-llmI'g-, Pa ...... - ... -. -- _.oo ...... _ .. ___ ... __ .. __ .. _1 ,Jll1y, lH),) SIlow(lon~ ,& J\lasou .••....... _ .. _ ....... _.
2 llrooklyu,~. y_._ ..................... _ ••. _ ......• __ .. Nov., 1862 Jolln Eric8so11 ... '0' _ ....... _ •• __ ..... __ ..


14n, BOO 00
101;, ~411 ()IJ


101;' 2'10 (JO
1 "~, OIlO 00
l~" 000 00
~4, 000 (lO


eU,OUO "u


!I&
9


9
1
~


1,041, (lG() tii I 1
¿14, ~Gü eJ. 10


1, !174, 622 93 2
1, :l82, 991 24 2


981, '13!J 4;; ~


1,310.773 OS ;) 11}


1, OIG, 071 18 :1 10


1, J 56. ~l2:~ 82


7f)!}. f¡i:l 08
;l~,( %~I R4
:l~7, 4:1:) ~r'


at'!), Dli:l j'l)
:JU1, ~:I~ 24


6~2, 963 2~
f¡:15, :n4 :':.;)


t¡;W, 941 76
628,87n 27
581:',4ti(j 0'2


ü:l:l, :J27 84
621,424 54


621,424 54
62ti, G82 24


423,171 69


~
:l


:1
4


G


1 5
1 10


1 ü
1 8


1 G
1 ti


2 2
2 ,1


2 !J
S


z
>


<
.....


O
:>-


>-i
.....


O
Z


.....


Z
>-3


t;j
::o


t;j
m


>-3
rn


t>:l
.:.rt
~




Ko. Il L-StatcJncnt oj vcssels ¡milt JOI' the Nat·!! Depa1'lment sillce AP1'il1, 1861, ,fc.-Continncd.


~


~ I I ~ ~ Namc. g I en 5 o _
~ H ~
--'---~---------


13" I CUlIlanehe ........ 844 2 .T,'T'o,,;\, Cit;\', N .• L ..................................... ,Tun .• 18(j5, Donuhllr. R"'un &- 8ecor. ................. .
l~~ I r(f~~~~t.:::<: m ~ ~:I::(:\~t:I~I(:;:;e>.::.:.:.:.:.:.:.;;;;;;;; .. /<~ .... / ~~tH~~~ JOltIl¡[rrT/;//Y//~/:


14;2 'yeehawkou ______ ti..J:4 2 .lerse)" City,N .• J. _______________ . _____ . __ ._. ___ .~ _____ .T;Ul., 1~G3 ~l'COI' & eo___ _ ___ . ____ . __ . ___________ _
14:3 );allhu,ke1,_______ ¡":..J--! :2 BU::itoll. ____ ._."."._ )'lal'_, l¿ti:~ I Atl:mtic",Yorks ___ .. __ _


144 },'"ahallt.. ~44 2 .110 _. _____________________ . _____ . __ .. _. _. _______ .. ,Jall" 180:3' llul'risOll Loriug- __ ... ___ .. __ . ______ . ____ ._


H~ ~~;f~;:,~~::::::::: m ~ t~~:m:~~\~:~~'~:~~~;,i::::._:::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::¡ I.~~i~<:: t~~i I ~;~H<:~\t{I::¡¡i~~~::~~~E~,~:¿;):.:::::::::::
1:!':UH'V, HUll ó:... An:luuld úwl ,Yilliam
l"¡~ Tll11x:iR __ .. __ ..... 61:1 ~ Chctltrr 111)(1 Phi}:ulelpltla, Pa ..... _ .............. _ .. _. .{mle, l:"ü-! Cl'i11ilp &: ::)Oll~


1..J!1 1 "llIpqUf1 _. __ •.. __ . m-t 2 Pitt:-;llllrg, 1'lI._. _ .•. "' __ ._ _ _ .. ______ . _ )[:11'., l~li;) SlImnlom; '-\.-, }[aNOII •....... _ ... __ .
1,')(1 Klamath. _ .... __ .. G14 2 Cilldnuati, Ohio .. _... . ___ .. __ . _ ........ __ . _. __ . ,Ju]y, ltlfi3 All'x~\lld('l' ~win &:. Co. ___ _


1;,1 ),·11111a............. Gl-t ;2 ._._.110 .. __ .. _ .. ___ .................. __ .. _______ .• _ ... • 1 nI.'", ld{):'j _____ .<10 .... __ ...............•..............
J.",;! Xanhnc. ti14 \Villi:ullslHlrg,N.Y... . ... _ ... ___ .. }<'L'b., Ji-<{¡;) W"illimIlPt'l'illC'.___ .. __ ........ .


I[):I l 'Oh\lt'~ ..... _...... 611 2 (¡.rpt'1l1)oiut, X. Y ... _ .... _ ... ___ ... _ ..... _ ... __ .... _ .. 1 ,JllUl" 1'::li5 )1. F. ~[(·rritt ....... _ ..................... .


Wherc l.milt.
]


5
~


By,vhom.


1;11 l(oka 01-1:2 Cam<lell,X.J..................... All!-2-'. lHj3 \Vikux & "\\"lIiting' .......... _ ....... .
1;);-) ('a~('o ...•••.••• _.. GU HOt)toll.............. _ ................... __ . !JUJH'¡ ltGl ..J.tl:mtie "\Yol'kl'$ .. _._ ............. .


l:l/i l'himo .......... 1 ti14 .... do. "_"......... . ...... ___ ... dWH', 1~(i4 Aflui1la A.laLIIs .......................... .
l,i7 Etlalt .... I (jI·! ~t. L()lli~. ::\10. '. -:\rnr., lt<G."'i Cllill'lf':-> "\\". )'l('(\n·d.. . .......•.. _


1.1'-' :\lo(loe ..... 1 fitl NewYol'k.... . ............ __ ......... '1\lar., l8G;) .r.::s. ellfhThill. ___ ..................... .


~~~ ~r:iE~~" '1:\t: j{~;~t~~~~~;~~~~s·::·::::;: ~;;:.::: ~ ~: ~ >..:: ... ::: l~fi;, 1m ~2~~\:~~~~~~~~~/"':"';' '/ .... ;::.: ~ I
E~ ~~::,~~':::.. .1 g~l ~ ~;'~~!:¡;¡~~iE;(~lle:::::::::::::::::::::.::::::::.:::: .. :. :}!):~;:: m~ ,j~:;::l~::I~>~¡~;;I;\leIIC(, ... :::::::::::: ...... .
I!¡~ OZ:llk 5"j'~ 7 .:\ftlllml Cit\'~IlL .... . ......... IÜ(c.' U.:()~ (~('OI·.~o('.lkt"-tor ......... .


In . ...: -:\L¡ril'11a .. _ ... __ ,fin ':.! Piu:.;lllu·g-, í)a.... .. .. ... .\pl'il, l<,~,t: TOlllJ¡lI~()lI, lIartll}ll'(' &. en
H;n S:llHlw-;!iy... 1~!) ~~ ...... tl¡) .............. •.•• ... __ .. ~\pIll, 1~(j(i ..... tlo .. __ __


¡¡'(IJI-dad /,(,8,\'(,[8, I
(ca.~'c/}/((tl!d.)


170 Cltilli.·otlw ...... 1 :-l(l~ 2 I Cintillunti ÜJdo ........ , ... __ ~ .....•........ o(·t.., 1~n2 .Toseph 11ro'í"-n ................... a •••
l'H hnlianula ...... ' ·H~. ;,! r._ •••• do ........ . ............................. Jau., leG3 ... do ..... __ .. __ ......... _ ............ _ ..




_ .• ltO .•••••••.••••••••••••••••••••••••• J..far· l 18ú:1 ' .....• Ilo ... r .••.•••.•••••••••••••••• •• ••• •· 172 rl'llsculu lJia. ....... 1
17:l Kt'okuk. """""1


Turpedo 1'('s8cl.
174 ~pnytell DU.)Til


Scrcu' sloop.


5G:í
(j'Tl


:1'
~ Nc,v Yor!.;: ......... - ............... _. __ o .--- ••••• "\pr., 186:1 ¡Charle" "\V. Whitlwy ........ · .. · .. · .. ·· .. 1


llG Nt'wl!¡tYf'lI, COllll. Il.ladliupry, 1\ry~lit' Hl'hlgt'¡ CunD __ l tTall.! l:::n;y Kalllud H. Pook; luystic 11'011 'YorkH .. _.


1751 Idaho ............. 1 ~,G3tl Brookl,)'n, x. Y ................. : ...................... :llar., leG:;ll'lLU1S.J'.orllC" ......................... .
Powdcr tllgs.


176 BIne Light.. ...... ]0:1 Navy yaru, POl'tsUlonth ...................... _ ..... _ . .,--, !864 UIlited States govl.'rnment ............. .
177 I POI"t }~ij·(' ... _..... 10:3 ... do ................................................. --, 1864 .. '" .do ..............•..................


I


Il'on·clad l'es.~el.'?
Uind completed.)


1781 Monitor.··········1 77ti I 2 I ~cwYol'k.. . ..................•.........•. ::Uflr.) 186~ .Tnlm El~ie.'"I~on ........................... .
179 Galena .......... ' I 'i:.lB 6 .11YHLic JJri<lge, COllll . ............. '. _ ....•........... A pr., 186~ C. 8. Eusllllell. ...........•....


, IHi6,OOti 11, 110
_~'_. 1,


HECAPITULATION.


Vessp]s lmilt hl go"crnmcnt yartls ............................................................. ___ ............ _........... 5j
VesselH lmilt in pri nito yarülS .................................................................. _ .......................... 124


Total .............................................................................................................. 17~


Numllor of vessol" lluilt in gove1'llmcnt yards, tho rnachinery of which was lmilt in privato \Vorka........................ 49


BY punCUASE.


i


'\Vholo llUlllher oí ,,(>¡;;sel~ lmrc1m.Qed hy or tram:;ferreil to nilvy. _ .......................... 0 ••• 0 ••••••••• o •••••••••••••••••••••• 497
DiRposer1 ol' hy salo. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . . . .. .. .... .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. . .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. ... 363
Lo~t" Ul'süo¡yel1: sUllk as obstructiolls, trilllsferred to arrny, &c ........... _ .........•.... _ ............ _.. .................. ~)j


Still 111 servICC .• _ .............. _ .. _ ......... _ ..... -. - ...................••.... _ ..•.••............... _ ......•............ _. 37
497


Nurnllcr of tona ........... . ...... ........ 171,837


~:J~J. tif¡fl j':l . _ .. 1t)~
~:.!-;: ;¡Uí O~ ! .. _. 12~


·1:;, 03ü ~O 1 1 ....


5:'U, COO UO ¡ 2 6


28,8.':1 20
2~, 872 20


27:;, COO 00
2a:i,2:iO 00


7~
7~


4}
7


Z
~


--1
>-< ¡¡:¡
~


>-'l
>-<


O
Z


....


Z
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t:'l
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N:l
01
~




254 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
1'10. IV.-Statenwllt of rrssr7, 80hZ b!l fhe ,\((1'Y D11Jal'fment fl'mn A)H'il 1, 1801, fo Aprill,


1¿6,\ ¡uell/sir!!; also ji'ollt JIay 1, l¿Gtl, lo lilde.
I
I¡..imnnnt re. Name ofvesscl. I \\hpn~ soldo ""bcn soldo


r ~~
c-al-h-o-u-n-.-.-.-. -.-.-.-. -.-.-.. -.-.-.-. -.-.-.. -.-.-.-.-. -.1 Xe"W Orleans ...................... • TUJ~~,·_--~ 18,,! I $14, "no 00
Chotauk. ________ ....... __ ... ___ ...... 1 ~pwYork ................... __ ... - -,lkG.J. 70000


~;:j~·;~:;:~th-::~:_~::::::::::~::~::~~--~:_! ~~i~i~~~·l~~;tÑ:(-i::-.:::::~:::::· .. ::_ ~2~' 28; i~~:~ 1I ~ ____ ._ ....
lf.;ihla _____ . ____ . ___ ... ______ A ___ ••• __ ¡ lin- ,r-l'M __ .... _ ... _ ... _ -, lt<b~
}"foh,nvk ._. _________ ... ____ ._ . Phlladclphia. ___ .. ___ . __ .... ____ ,Julv 12, 18U4 5.00000
Ni,!:!;htiu.!.!ale ____ ...... ___ ............. : Eo~tOH. )[;¡:-:~ .. _.:._ ..........••... Vd). :20,1t'(fl 1ft. 000 ou
~i~!:~~;~~.-·· ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~: ~: ~: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ...... ~ ~ ~ ~ l. ~:..~i.l~l~l.(~l~).l~i.t~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~: .. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~. . .... ~~~~'t. 19· }~~~ I 11, ;lOO 00
!>nla",ki ..... . .. -.--____ ::UOllt(>,·idC'o.... - ltü,¡ l'
\\~alTPll __ ......... _ .. ___ ... __ ...•... P'-lllalna ... _....................... -, lHi:! '_
.Aroo~took_ .......... __ ..... _... llou.~·Knng .. --. f"kpt. -, 1:-:(¡!J I 1().O~H:4
AIgoll(lllin . ___ ....... _........... );I'W YOl'k ..... . ............ Od. 21. 1ti l;!) :10.000 un
.AJk·glJml,Y. ___ ...... __ ..... _ ..... _.. Xorfolk ... _ .................. _ .... ~rpt. 10, lF'(jf'. :">.'2:10 no
A.sClltllCy •.... _ ... , ..... ,.. \\"a:;,hiw:rtoll ._ .... " __ "'_."_"'1 Oct. '2~.l::<(jS 2Lfi . .:j:iO
Atlanta .... _ ... __ .... __ ......... l:ht1:lII~,jphia ............ __ ........ ).[ay 4, l~(i!l ;},j.700 00
Aug'llAta...................... ::\(,w\:o1'k ............ ___ ........ 1')('l'. 1.1t'ü~ :ZO.íOO 00
TIoxt'l' ..... _ ..... __ ................... 1 l)hiladl'lphia ...................... 1 SPpt. 1.1;:1(j'-j !),f)OU no
BllCktlwI'll .................. I)t'll:-\fH'ola._ .... _. __ ... _ .... ___ ._. I ~('pt. 7_ I~(i!, a,ooo 00
í)~I'S'~~~t~·!2;~). : :: : : ~ ~ :: ~ ~ : : ~ : : ~ : : : ...... __ ! ~lt~~~~~~·;~;~?;i.'~ ~ ~ ~ ......... ~ : : ~ ~ : ~ : : ~('::lt. ~~: ~~~;~ ¡~: :~;~~ ;-;~;
~l(~~i~l<~~~~-.::::::~~::::~:::~:~~~~:::~~;-i;I~Ú;I~\~'lt1h1a ................... ~. l;ll,~'~' ~~: ~~:;~: ~~.~;:;¿: ;:~
Glasgow .... " .... __ ...... _____ .. _ I Peu:-,;-1cola _ ... >0 •••• ___ ,1mlc 1. lr:{j!/: 7:i."}ú 00
G-ralllpl1¡-l, ................. ___ .. _._ '..lloundCity St'p1 1 IHH 4:iO (lO
HOrIH't. _. _" ... __ .. __ .. ___ . P"llllalb·1Í)lIla- ~ ~ ::::~:~: :::::~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ :J1I11;.; 2n: h'C;) :~;:I, 000 011
Huroll ... _ .•...•.... __ ._ ... _ .... ___ :\e"\,," Yo1'1l: ... l\lay 14.1:-::ü!1 1:3,20:) 00
~~~t~i~í~<; _ ... _____ ~::~:: ~ ~ ~. -.... ::: ~'~.~~~~1;')11tl'~lll11~~:: -. - -....... -... ~ ~: B~~~' i~: i~~~ i~,: ~3~ ~~


g~~~:n:~e~·::::· ::~::: ~~ ~~ ::~ ~~ ~:::: ¡. ~:~;;~~~~:;~:::: ~::::::.:: ~ :~:::::: I ~~:t~: :~: lt~~ I ~H~~ ~~
J\rll~(~{)ota ... _ ... __ ._ .................. PortRl1l0llth . __ •. _____ ._ .•. _ ,1\llle ~'t. It~j~; I ;)O,OOOOU
]U('lHlota _ ....... __ .• _ .. _ .. " ........ _.1 Plü1:uklpbin. _.... hla.v :!..l. IHi8 1 1~, ¡:JO O,)
NpwlH'ru._ ........................... ! \YaslIin.!.!toll ____ .. St!pt. 1. kl;~ 33,000 no
Pans~' ___ ........ ~ ... llIOlll1l1 t'ity __ . __ ......... _... Se·pt. 1, Ii'·'t;,'" 4:JO 00
l'euol»"ot ............................ 1 1'0l"t'lllontl.J. ....................... (kt. ID, l~W 6, ,IIU 00


tr~~~f~<~:~:::~: :::~:::~: ::::::.: J~lt=,~~~~~i;·:::.: L· :'.::::::. Jl¡¡r :~' ¡~¡¡} ~i: ~~~ ~~
D~IU·:ea .................................. ! ::\nrfolb.._._ ..... _____ ..... ___ ._. Sept. 10, 1~I;i'¡ 10.0:Z,j 00
Shamokiu ...... _ ................ _ ,Vashill!!toll ._ .. _ .. _._ .. _ .. ___ . (h'l. :21. "'~Ij~) 2,,,000'00
Shaml'ock ................ ___ ......... rlúh"t¡lviphia ... ____ _ .. _ .. ~t'pt. 1, h:¡j:': 1!).70U UO


~¿f.~l¡~:l:~~::::::::::::: :::::: ::::::::: E:~;~~::;\~l>::::::::::::::::: j ;\::~~ ~~: E~~ ~:t f;~;¡ ~:~
\Vinooski ... __ ....... ___ . _ ... _ Portslllouth. .. _. ___ ..... __ .. .A ll;.!'_ 21;, lr'll¡-. 19, 1;:0 no
ylll·ea .......... __ .. _. __ •..••....... __ ...... 110 .........•....•....•.••.... ..A u;.?:. ~ti, 1t'til."l 1,.1,!illO 00
Llladilla_ .............. _._ ....... _ .... lllon~Kollg_ .... _ ..... __ .......... Kov. H, 1~l}!). 24~:lL) 1íi


Total.. ......................... I.~~.~ ..... ·:·.· .. ···~·~~'~ ............... ·1 ~:;3,931 f'O
* Sol(l to ,Val' Dpl'art.mellt.~ IlOt. pald fol'.


ltECU'lTULATIOX.


Total vessels soJ¡1 írom Allril. 1805. to ).Ia:\". 1802 .................................. ,., ... ,.
Total vessels sold frolll May 1, ltlü4, to Apl'iL l~lij, antl fl'om Apl'ill, h3ljj, to .late .. _.'


Total vessels "old by Xa\"y Dcpnrtrnc·nt, !l.pl'ill, 18tH, to datc .............. .


Amollnt recciyec1 fol' ycss{'ls sol<1 frOln ~\. pri 1. U?6:l, to 2tIft¡; ~ 1 r:Gti. . . .. _ ... ___ .... .
Amount l'eceh~ed from vessds so Id t'rom _\.pl'il 1. lDtil, to ~pl'il 1: lBü':> .••... ____ ... _.
AlIlouut rcceived frorn 1fay 1, 186 .... , tu Ilate ..... __ .... _ .. ______ ....... _ ...... _, .. __ .. .


Total .........•...........................•............•.. , . " ..... , .... , .


4'20
51


ora


S~lt -; 1 o, [)-;;) ;¡;¡
-11. -lOo nll
~ 1:2. r):~·1 ~I~)


JI). ¡(i·l, ¿-,IO -1,j


NOTl~.-For tbe nnmber aml names of ,-cesels sohl frmn close of war to :Mar 1, lSG8. se" Ex. noc. Xv.
,~~) 2tll:mssion 40th CougresH. t




NAVIGATIO~ Il'iTERESTS.


GE~EIU.L llEG.\ prTT'LATIO~.


I


~
1
" v,


255


Gun •.


\(>:-:.~:-,1;-: in :-'~TYi('(' Al,rill.l;-"Gl - .. - __ .. ___________ 1
. -- ----,---


"\Y]¡I¡J(, ll11ml)(·}' lllllThasl'(l ~illce .. \pl'ill~ 1:3Gl, 01' tr::mst'('lTPd to WIYY ... " .•..... \-i .. ..;,·;d~ Inlilt ~iI1CP April1. ll:'Gt -'-._-_ .. _-- .,----... I
\\'1101 .. llumlwl' Hold .. __ .. __ . _ .. __ .. __ . _______ .


1~0 I
'HI7[
-1,1 .


I


11 B. 4ÜO
lliG.OOO
17 L H:J7


2, -100
1,110


Total }ll'icc pailL __ .. ___ .. _ ... __ O> ___ ••• ________ _ S10,764."10 45


No, V.-~Vltm/¡el' (tIul tOIlIWg/; I/f ~(tililll! alld stc(//n ¡'C88e7s built a¡¡el fil's! I'f(Jistacd ;/1 t7/C
FJlÚcr! AiJli¡do)J!.


I "-TP..\~I YF.~SR L~. I TOTAL.
~~~--I--__ - __ ,----__


¡V"'SelS.] TOlJ'. YC,"d'.!


18,")0 ......•.
l"jl ........................ .
16':;2 .............. ,
lt'j;j .. _______ . _ ........ _ ..... __
16."),1_
1t::I.'í .••••••.•••••••••• _._. _____ .
1,:<:;u. _ _ _ .••• __ ..•.•.. _
1:O:':;j7. _
h::JS . - - - - - - - ...... - - .... - .. - .. - . : : ~ ~ o ••••••••••••••••• ,1
1':;~ ............. .
],'31;0
l,slil. _
18li2
1¿li3.
1eG·l_. ___ .. ____ ..... _. _ .. __ ._
11"0,) __ .. _.
l~ljLi .. _ .. __ ..... _ .... _ .... __ .
l:Ou,... . ............. .
l~utl ....................... .


(~::! 1 !


()O~
/j.!,)
n:lrl
8üj
!l~l


1,,1;.-)0
r~47
7f.9
~18
77,1
t!:n
8:31
l:'il7
D'~:!
!Hi!I
!ll.)


ll~, 111
L!ü, DI4
l:Hi, .m
1 ;,4, H;¡G
1a;2, fi,,7
;l·E!,l1:'2
1i.:7. (J(Jj
In7, ,);)1
] ;)4, P;IQ
117,0G7
1;¡¡~, 1.::!
I;}!~, 9íO
11j .. LOIil
2:>3: ü:IG
27:2.4fH)
:2:3:,. j:,j
207, (j7,.;
11":''-1.771
2~r;: GD7


,I


I----=- ---;-;;,;:-~I
j~ 2:J, j;';:~ I ü7:!


104 :10,7,1;1' 71:3
1:J:J 48, :,:13 7!l8


I
1i -1 G4 ~)3j Hl:2 ~:I:I H: (j L<~ 1. Of),-';
~:..!Ll ~7. :i7:~ 1, ]::;0
2~6 5:2. 918 1. ;~j ~


~~~ ~i.' M;~ J, ii~~ i
10~ ;-¡:l7!H¡ 1,0111
~()1 :0, .::;nu !l'j";j
2:H 77, :tt:.¡ 1, n.¡~
~7!J 107, U,jI 1, ] (i0
371 Vi!). :1,1 1


1
., ·.~l'(IJ:


3t!:! 1in, fim _ el:
331 1:1:1. ;,11 l. :J,!'J
2\);5 07,2HJ 1:210
232 j't', ,)10 1; 01V


TOllS.


1:33, C:t;l
H!I.GJ7
1(;¡'.4:)1
:20:1,171
1:1ü, D4:2
:l~:). ~OO
:U-t. ;).,8
2jO,4.;}
::!O'.O,.O
11":'j, U-;O
211. 0t:¿
~OU. ¡:::1D
:J1I,399
aiiO, Dt:7
4:n, cj;j
41.\ ~04
:141. l~!l
2~~, fino
:llu, lD7


1\0. VI.-Tab7e 8/lOlI'iur¡ tlw tUl/lIlIfle of ['Jlitccl Stalc8 ({lid liriti8h ?'CiIHel'l'd 1'!,8Nd8,l'lIIplo!Ji:rl
iJl tite .!;)J'(;i!!1I Il'IIde uf e(/('h CVIlI/II'!!, dlll'illg /111' !!(W'8, I'(8)Jcdiccly, 1t:i:,ü, 11:',10, 1t:i::;ü, ami j'roln
ltlGü lo U-lG,~, balll incl"8ire.


--l· U~JTED S·U"fB,;. <"'E,"!, llJilLU".'
\


' I I Pal'tl.v in h0111(' and¡)¡'ll'tlV
"t":"" In 1 111' foreigll i ra!loo -~ear. ~'-', ,.1. I iu fon·igll trade.


,'" Stcam. Total. I .----~---


1830 .. 11- ",é';;' I -" H~ 1;;";~~'~J,,,"ru! T""I "":"""'1''''''
l~"'O __ , 8.),},hlü I 4,1.),) 8:)(1, jl;j I I
1 ?,'¡/j. _ i 1, ;,40, 7üD 44, 4~!) '~", ·.:)'"J'Ü~', e1,'.:l':,' 1


I
Q I4:~ ~:H -~~~, i~~ -i .. ~,- i~.~,'- 4~~ '[1' :...:;".~,)~,' ~~ ~ -II"·':~: ~ñ~ - ',2,ª~'- ~~rl


l"GO. _1 ;l, 4-lc:-:, !l41 !J7: 2~)(j. ,~ • _. 2: /,,0,1: (ilO :¿¡ t, -1:3, I .1, Oc,,,,, 04¡ , ..... ,h, ,l • .)" ...... J, bOJ ",~lÜ. 3JO
lHH_ 21 ,"),10, 020 H~, í.iO~ 2, (.; ... ~' li:2,'~ I ~, t!Liíl. ;218 y~:~, ~(j~ I :1, J:,!,)' liM;~ 2,lr~, 5:',1 ~,f, !l~-1 i ~~~. 4!~
l¿.li;.!. I ~. 177, :J,"):l U:l, !IOc< ~,:2U1, :2.-.1 2, !IDa, fi9G .h;~, 31d 3, ,3~_, ÜOÜ ¡ ;...1ü," ¡,J ..... J, 41j3 I ,;; •• ), 0-4~
l~n:L_i 1,8(1~,t'!)!) 1:~:~,2l;) ~,O:.!G, lU :J,;2·~\i,.):.W :ri'l,:201 3,G17,7;J7 i ~t!t,tU :3~~,3471 ~17.0no
1~.:t¡4. 1~ -t-.:i, :I7G lOG, :JI!) I 1, :>81: k!l;i '1 a, ;¡:~;J, ~,l;J "':,ti, ;J41 :J, !lBS, 483 '


1
2ü,-", 1':2;) :iíi, !).1.! ' aOj,OGiJ


1.'::{);).. t, .")04, .")7.") p,-~, OOI-l 1, li.;;J. ~)d;J 3, li:.;!), 0:2:\ ;:'2:1, Gn,~ -1,1':;;2, 'j':H 2f~~, :Z:J:I 4::1, 2~3 : 3:25.3::!0
lHjlj. 1, :2~H, fi:n l~h~, ~t'tl " 4!l:l, 92G I :~, lil~, U73 ~):):J, 4:23 +, ]un, aD8 I 27i-, l(j7 47, !!)4 , 3~.j. :31il
1.:3í:¡ .. 1 1, :i(¡!I, !l17 l!m, t15 1, ;¡(};~, í;:UI :~, ¡¡ 11, tjG;J GO~:" ::Z:3;} 4, 24D, t:'!J4 1 1UD, B4(i ;~)o, :201 : 2,)0,041 l
l~,ti,,:! .. 1 1, :n:3, j'!):) ;2:2l, U3U 1, 5G3, j':J;J ::1, G4ü, 1::-'0 ¡ti!!.!, l!H) 4, 2G:í, :~4n I 2-10, 9;11 ;j~, l,jO : :W3,oa


! ,1 I


.. Tlli,~ tahl(' illrl\l(h'R Chn1l11í'l T:-;l:nul YPSt'wlR. hut llOt thosc of the British plantatlolJf'. l'be horne trallo
¡.:;i'.!:llili(·~ on tho ('f)nst~ of tlll' (íllit('.l Kill~.l(llll~ 01' tn ])o1't:-; lH'tWPl!ll thc limits 01' thc rtn·r Elbc :-.~!ttl
Dl'l::-;t. 'l'JH' 111l'('igu Íl'ade HigniiÍl's tu 1'01'1:-; hQ uul1 ::iUch limits.




256 NAVIGA'l'ION IN'l'ERES'l'S.
Ko. VIL-Tolal /l/lll1be/' (/I/{7 tOl/llago of reS8C/8 ,/,I',I/is/('/'e(l ((8 bdoH!I;l/g!O tlle UHit('11 KiHlJdom,


ille/lldíll!! JC/'se!}, GIIe/'lItiCif, (/Iul the isla of JIall, a{ lIlO ('lid qj' eIIc/¡ !}CW'.


i "AlLl"" n;S;ELS. I 8TE.Dl YESbELS, '1 TOTAL.
Calendar yom·s. I -- . ..-------iveoSdS.~ TOllo. I \. "~,,'l,,. To"o. \. """b. 1


1


TOllo.


1";;0................................. .1 ~4,7n~·! :1. 3!1r.,fi.'0I 1,Ii07 11;",174 :,.'.!l8~ ~,;~¡¡~,~:13
l~jL ~.¡, t'lü I ~, 4j'J, ti,;j'! 1, ;2~7 li--'(i, (; .• (' ~I~, O~'~ l' :l, ~~,~, ~!~~
13;)2 ........... __ ..... ____ ;.A,8U I :J,;¡4n,!I(;~~ I 1,-2'7:} ;20~l,;11O ,_(¡,Or-(, .l, I,).I.:-j~
1-?,-¡:L _____ . ___ ... _____ .. _. _ ....... ___ . . ...... ;23, ~::!4 i 3,7;-10, un:.! 1, ;-¡~.) ':2:íO, 112 ;!ii. non ,1, O:W. ::04
1::',)4. .. _ .. ___ .. -. _ _ :2.), JJ.J! 3, !H:1, ;)J:3 I 1, ;J'21 :WI), ;~:17 ;~(i, (",)f) '1, ~ lS, ¡'50
L~;);)_. _______ . _____ .. __ ... _ ............•..•. 24,':274 3,9ütl,tinO 1.074 :~1"'O,(i;J;J ~.\n4,'3 4,~..f:\:i:~4
}~3(L . _. __ . _. __ . :~!, ~~? I ~1, 9~n, ~~1 I }, (iW¡ :JC"n. ·llj·~ ~(j, 1 j',' ,1, ~~~, ~:í(j
1837 .......................... _............ ~:?',,:.~ 4,~)4!,~:: I l,r-i~.f 4Ii.·HiH :D,O!)7 4,~~.!~,~~~
1'-:38 .. _ ...... >.ül,) 4,;)).),,..jO I 1.~I:~G 4;J·~ . ..J.lj::; ~~'.;i41 4,b,,., dü
lB.)!.!. .•••... " .. _ ...... " .•.• " ................. I 2;-), j,'?4 4, 2:}G, :1:).) L ni t' 4:~n, :::~i I ~~. -¡.I~~ 4, ¡iG:J, "1 n l
lBGO ......... _. ____ . ___ ..... ___ .. d •• ___ •••• ¡ ~.\(jü:3 4,204,:HjO! ~.()(lO 4,d .. t, ....... ,hh:3 -t,(i,¡,s,lit7
18/;1. __ .. .. ........ _ _ .1 23,90;) ,1, :100, ;¡¡R I :3, l:l:! ;¡(J(i, ;;0 ~ ! -2f<, U;;fI 4, f"O,¡. ,;::2()
18fi~_._ .. _ .. ___ .. ____ .. ___ .. ___ .. __ . _____ ._ .. ! 2G,;¿1-J 4,:~!)ü.JO~) 2.-;.!~~ ;J:n,¡J!~t ~~,440 4,!j:~4,400


~~~~._ : ~ ~ ~::: ~:: ~ ~:::: ~ ~::: ~ ~ ~:::: :: :::::::::: i ~.~~: il~ 1: ~~t\ ~i~ I ~. ~;:;j ~I:~: ~:~(; I ;2,~, li:li ~: ;;~~: ~~~
}i)íjj .. _ _ __ _ .. ____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ .• __ . __ .. 1 ':!G, OG~) .1. !l3G, í7G I ~: 'j 'H ~:2:J. ,-IJ:l ;i~: ~i~~ ;:¡, ~ jiO. :)[ln
1R()f¡ ........ __ ............................... 1 2n,'140 4,nO:lG,j;J ;1, ('-!:{! t2i.\I~~':;, ~;-I,!I-;I J,i7n.:rn
lBü7 .•.. _ .•. _ .... _ ....... _. ___ ._. __ ._ .... ___ 125.8-t~ 4.8.)~.~)11 2,~):31 \'OI,Oii:! ~.~.'~~.jj':j~ :í. í.):(\l~3
1868......................................... 25,300 e1) Bit', ;2;3;j ~,!).11 H,,~, ;:!)j' I.-"i 3, 7r-fJ: ':':W


No. VIII.-Ta/¡/c 87u)!cinl/ t7/C tunna.'lC, Tcspcctil'cly, uf ¿l¡¡¡('l'icail. ];I'ili,,;/,. ((111/ FI'f)u:h 1'('."."('/8
'Ichich ontci'cd ((J/lZ cle((l'cd al tTw pOl'ts of countl'ics tOlchic/¡ sU('/¡ l·C"Se!., úelollfjCd ¡JI lrarlc lrítl<
othel' cOlluf)'it·,.


Calendar yenr


J833 ........... ..
1834 ........... ..
18,;;) ............ .
1630 ....... .
lR57 .. __ "." _ .... .
1il38 ........... ..
1839 ..... _ ..... ..
ltlGO ....... ..
18liL .......... ..
Ul62 ...... ..
lRti:1 ............ .
1064 ............. ,
1863 ........... ..
186G ..... .
18ti7 .. __ .. ... _ .
1868 ........ ..


~. ~~;. 01:~
.3, ¡J'., 11..
3, 2m) :~0l
4,3,<;" .J""
4, 7f~' :~j~
,1, ,3,).1, 1)4 ...
J, ·.x;,), Ii--l-d
,), !121, ;l~"
.1, 0'2:1, nl'j'
j, 117, (id.)
·1, GIL lí!IH
3, OliG, 4:)4
2,D,n,tit}1
0, ;r¡::!, OliO
3, 4':>.\ ().:>~
:1) 550, ;");)0


Entercd inwnrd.


3, -;üfi. 7;:-!l
:~. !I L l. a!I'3
4, O¡j1~, f(¡~1 I
4, :;;~,~, :~(¡4
,1: .;,'10, n;,t
~. ;~I~. ~):~~ 1
,), :"'" .~(, I ,
n, l(jj, H;!4 I
·1, ""!í, :Ha '
4, nü1, ~1~
4, '117, ;~lit
:1) uno, n--l-¡3
~{, 0:2':>, l:H
:1, :{;::~{, 1: ~ ¡
a, 41!1, ::íUJ
3, j 17, n;¡(j


:~, -t.;j, 0."»)--; I
;J, ::1;",0,:1 I
:i, t'tU, Olí
4,;J:H,tlh


'


4, t):~o, '2:m '
4, alJ7, 1:-,-)')
-1, (j:n, ní(l
4. ,'[11. o"~
~, ~~~, ~:(::
~), .J-tb. J (,.1
5, i:l:2. Gn
ti, 4fifl, .Y¡·,"
7, 11 n, (),;~
í, ~'!:;), jjO
~. :~:-8, :~"W
R, fiO:I, ()~)1


!íl1.1t:4
l,OI1. l lIL
1, 0·1'2, ~7!J
1, '!I:5, };31
1, :1-;3, n,~~
1,27,1, "%!19


~: ~~i: ~~~
1, 4ti.'3, ·Hi1
1, ;").)\l, ci3Li
1, ():ín, 771
1, (¡GO, (¡,lO
1, 70.), ;~~14
1, G~)!l, j4D
1, :J?'3, ~~~
1, t-,H. l~,JÜ




NAVIGATIO~ I~TERESTS. 257
Xo.IX.-Tab/c, 87/OIcil1(I tl,c 7il'l'l/.w,/ (/1/(/ cl/rollcrl 101/I/afle of tite r:nilcrl Slatcs el!gaf/crl 'Í!¡


Ihe co((,IH'i,,(' I/'wlr, (///(( Iht 11//lIw!)c of Ihe Bl'itish I'l'!/i8Iaed¡'c""els (,1I!)a!)rel in ¡he hOl/ti
fradc, c/I/rill!) Ihe .'101/''', /'('·'iiCdi/'{;I.I,jÍ'lJiI! 1,:):'0 lo VlS:), úolh intlu&irc,


"GREAT HUIT .u~t.


'SOTE.-This tflble inclnllr':-; U!.J:tllll{~1 I";!a'ld:-:: vCdsels, but not those of the Britbh plantntion-.;. The llome
trarle ¡signifiet> on 1he coa¡.;t:-; oi' tilLo l"lIitl,(l Kingtlom, or to port5 betweell the lilllib 01' the llivor Elbe allcl
llrpst. Tbe fureign traue lliglli1ie~ tu 1-'urt8 ucyond such límits.


Xo. X,-A compnrafií'C l'iClI' Il 1710 10//1/((!11: (~f tite r:nitcd Statcs froln June :}o, 1850, lo JI/l/e
:JlI, 11"69, 87UJici11 !/, 8"1)(//'1/11),/, {he IOllllll!)C of sailil/g and stcan, rcssr/s, (lll¡/ tlw !/cw'l!/
'i/lacase o)' (/ccrU/8(' (~f' ('{wl, ,.111",',


Piscal ycal's. Total tounng('.


i
1'1111.-': r!lId!).'í!h . .;. i


mL:::::::::::::::: U~~:WE I
1¿34 .••••••••• _ •. _ •••. 1 -t, HU:.:!, !I:l:2.Ii:3
1,.;1,).1...... .•••.. .••••. ;), ;JI:!, un!, 10
J;-::3IJ .. ____ ••••••••••• _ 4, ~71, Ij:>:2. 4n
l''j7""""""."", ,1, !14I1,I'H/lj
J:.:.,:):3 •••••••• _ •••••• _.. :l, O-t!l, FIli<.:n
lf.o..)~~ .•••••. _ .•••• _. __ • ;" 14:í,O;n.:l!1
l~fi() ..• _., ... ", ...... , ;',:1.";'1, ·E~
]I:CiL •••••• _ •• _ •...... : j,~:~!j, 7U
1¡:¡.f)2._ .•. _ ••••••.•.•.. '¡ 5, 1U, U¡4.4K
~ ;~1t::: :: ::::: ~ :::: :: 1: l)~~: ~j0~: ~~
120.);.-- •.••••••.••••• [ 5, (J:Jfj, Z8~. f<O !'
1 ,,:,,6fi .......... _ .. ___ •. 4,310, ¡7.). 48
'h' 'j (J-' -14 q I
"",;. --,. ------ ---- __ 1 " .. J,,"' . ue
I,~GS: ...... _ ••••.• _... 4, :118, ~~I)~I.')O
l,;:'-G~). __ ........ • ..... . 4,144,64'-'. ¡ti


Tnnnagf>: em. 1 Yendy jncrr.a~('
pl() ..... ·{fin~tr.am! m,ld, decrea~6
l1:tvigatioll. I ~~ ~tr.a.m ton·


I ,gn.


Tonnngr Of~ail·1 y 1 . ing v8i:iH"l~, in. r.nr y Jncrense.
cludiug iJargp,.:! a;~(~~lecrt'a~e oí


d " 1" t I :iHlh g tOllnagr._ an C,tila ·uoa ~.
1'0115 r1./ld g5lhs.


.'í8:3, G07. 05
ts:34, :24íJ. ti7
,,14, O~17. 87
¡=;~'ii, Gf¡7_ 12
77,0, i]~l, !2 (¡d,o.I.,)..J.
nI, 784. 04
7~:1, 3!18. ·11
7¡¡P, ·J3G. 8:1
f:i6í', ~l;37. 4!J
877,203, [)1
7lU. 4{i;J, :3:1
;)75,310.17
97>', [77. 74


1,1167, 139.91
1,1183, óll.!m
1,1:22, iJ79. til
1, 1!19, 114. P9
1, 103, 5G8.:l8 í


I


-- ---1-----


TOllsr:~ldB3tlt~ I T~IlS (1l1d~~l:l~"11 1'01/$ o!.ld,9J,-!hs:.
,)/, bCO. ),) I .3, lrH, 8 )~. ,>8 l. 9, .~;.,} OJ


? 311, G33. 6J 3, ;¡IJ4, I (l~l. 8n I ~:Jli), :1h7. 4:2
t 120, 14~. ~o 3. ~q~, 91 J •. ")6 I ,J'.-:8, 7 t·1. 7/-;


-' 1 ()2, ;'}1)!).~;) 4, 1 ~t), :J'n ,")1 I :! n, asl. !J;j
"'1).3. 67~. UD 4,441,715. !!t', [ .n), 4:l0. 47
197,;207.58 I 11np,:5i1.!l2 t..!U,141.0G
"':~:!, 70n. ji) 1,:2 n (I')lí. DO lf1, 481. 03
"·23, fjJ4. 37 4, :l:W, 4:(1. 9.J 83, :1;')0. 04
O\:1!\ 0:18. <12 4, :nn, /¡O',. fíf¡ -:',j(:i, lUO. 62
x~HJ, ;jun, titi 4, ·11".), ~l:ll). !l;~ "10'),3:10.37
""9,266.02 1, ¡)():2, (jO:>' :2~ .' l7G, ti7d. 33


fHi6,741.18 4,4()1,70:?1:-1 t~fj:),907.13.
i134,952.16 4, :>71.1, .~i<1.). :10 *l77, 843.13
k40~, 607. 57 4, (~()8, 2:.!:? O;') f,).l, 323. 25
"oS, 96e. 17 4, o"~, li41. >,:1 .' 21,419.84
~-16t 372. 08 3,2:27, ;2f¡:l. -19 i802, 378. 40
-k:m, 467. (i::! 2, e:34, 5:1:") 01 t:N~, 728..46
"76, ·133. 28 3,11>'.8:14. (jI *"84,3'\9.60
Hl5. 851. RI :1,041,072. 3R t77, 822. &1


* InrrrasE.'. t Decrt"Rse.
t For 1863, 1866, 1867, and 1868 tbc tonnagc is partly "olU" alld partIy .'Inew" admeasurement.


17N 1




258 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
No. XL-.! "infcment cxhibilinfl the nllWllId of I'cf/i8lercrl tonlla,'lc of f/w U¡¡ital Sitates, steam


((11(/ anit, employul in. ¡wl,'i,r¡rltion annually, fmill 113.",0 fo 113óa, inelll¡;;l'e, ([1/11 the annnal
incl'wsc al' dec)'wse of caeh cla88.


" Illcrea:;e. t Deerea:-;e.


*23, :í;'í9


:g: ~Y.i
*10,21 tI


''''4, ;)]()
*20, Ol)~)
t :.!:), :3:):1


I :2, ~l:!
t .~, F-H}


:"14,7;2 :
-'-.t,;'):!.;-<
"'3,:3!::


"j], :j!)O
.; l~l. 217
i :?ü, 11:),)
t p, "ll


-IGO, ~'I
I 17,


~/;: ~;~


Ko. XII.-Tablc shO/dl/y the tOllllayc of Ihe C'uiler? Slatc., .1/111(' :10, lHlill.


- - --------'----


f;ailin.~ y(':-;. ,'<.lr','!!,'II'!'-,', '}' 1 1 ~l'I:-:>. I " o (1 •
---------------------- ------ ------ ----


T!.~·.gi:;:,t{'l't'<1 y('ssds. ____ _
Lict'w'!(.:tl allt1 clll'ulled vcs8els


TotaL,,_ ..


1, :~:í:1, 1 ,¡~)
.; 1, t;C:7, !lO:l


.; J, U·1I. Oj~


-11:l.-2:d! .~!:o. :;J(j I
1, lUJ, ~,tj;) I


1, ;'J(jli. ·I:.!!
:J, :1,,.... ~1~,


No. XTU.-Sla.fcmcnt ,,/¡OI(';IIf/ lile /I11¡¡¿()C)' anrl das.'! of 1.'C8Scl8 ¡milt, IIllil t7/C IOJII/af/o IhCl'cr~¡: in
tite 8P'1'lntl Slnte8 alld l'el'l'iloI'iG~ o)' lIw CI/itd Slates ji'oln ltl:iU to l",G~), il/cll/sicc.


---- ----- -------- - -- -----


CLASSOF'lSSFIS 1 I I . ,
I -, ---,-1--,,----,-·-----.1-- Total ~O"I Total ton· 1:~iscal ye~lrs. ' Sh,PR I I SI K a d of \d'''~l b


,lll(l llllg". ,schoOllel<..i.ll' 0011'b"1t I Rteamer~.11 lHll1t. lJage.
IOoU'k" I I cana - 0,\ " l


1830 ..• ____ .0_ •• ____ . ___ • __ ._ •••.•. i 247 I~I 547
1


2UO -----;;:-1-- 1~~1;¡ :l7J, :211:'.:J4
18~L. ____ • __ •• _. _ ........... 00_ •• ' _1 211 6.) 5::;3 :!86 Q:J:r i 1, :3.")'j' ::!J8, 2CG. f;r)
13~~" __ '--'---"'--"""-""'--'i 233 iU ~8.f 2G7 ~?J 1)~111 :}~~,~~:.t4,1
18.).~ .. "••••••••••.•••••.•.•••••.• ,., •••••••••••• ,., .•.....••••.. ¡,. 2()!) ~I,J' 6¿L :~!)4 __ ¡] 1, I[ JI 4:",),0/1.4,)
lf!:j4. :U4 1l:? 661 3AG ~9t 1, 774 ~ fi:}5, oIG. Ul
'J' .~·.),'í»'" .' ••••• , " •••••••••••••••••••• ' ••••••••••••• ' ••••••••••••• ', i, 3d 1 1 :!I-¡ fin;) fi~-jO ~;:¡:J 2, O:~4 ! :1~:{, 450. ue! ~ 3it¡i Hn 5!J4 I 47D ~:..!L 1, 7,1:~ i -11iD, :ma. 7:~
mL:::::::::::::::::::::::::] gJ~ ~~ ~~!:I i~~ 1 ~~~ i:~~~ i ~~~:i~~:~~
]~1¡0 ................................ 1 110:36 372 ~8H: :!G-l 1,071 121~,fl!I::.4.)
]-<1)1. .............................. llO 3;::l ~HiO 3il I ;2fi.t 1.1t~ ~:n.J~l·t:3;;
~~;;:~~::::::::~:::::::::::::::::::::I ~~ :~l ~~; l.:~\l~, !3~~ I,~~~~ :~Tg:~n:~!
le:;! .Q ............................ JI:J 4;) 3:22 1,3?9 i 4Dfl ~,:Hj() ;')14,740.64
J B¡i.). .. •• . .. . .... • .. ... ... • .... • • .. • . lO!) 41) 3mJ 8j:J 411 1, j~K :3t\;1, so,}. (.u
]8(iii~...... ...... .................... 9li I 61 437 9~lj :Hd ], ~88 :~:Hi, J46 .. JI)
J~n7" ................. _............ D.) 70 517 n:í7 180 l,;)]!) an:3. 528. fi6
1Bfj~". __ ............ _ ....... _ .. __ .. 80 48 J90 ~48 2:3ij I.~¡~~ I ~~0,~~-J4.;.:
l::;n~l* ................................ I ~H 3li 506 RlU 277 _.~_~_L~' ",30. (~




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 259
~o. XIV.-Total SIlIl!1/!ary 01 the 10/ll/aflc 01 Ihe U"ilcrl 8latcs, Ju,nc ilO, 1869, as reported lo


lite Bllruut of Slati3/ics.
Class. Vesscls. Ton!!..
~~~~~~~~._~-- --~-


'-;;hips ..... __ .... _. _ ............... __ . _. -. - _____ . - - - _ .. - - - _. -. - _. - - ... ___ . _ _ _ _ _ 537
Barks. __ o. ____________ •• __ •••••• __ o.' ___ •• ___ •••• ___ • _ •• ______ ••• ______ " __ 0 __ • 3t8
Brigo;. _ .. _______ . __ • _____ . _________ . _ .. _____ . ___________ ....... ___ . ____ . ____ . __ fi07
~('hOOIl(>rd. __ •.. __ . _. ____ ••. _____ .• _. _. _. ____ • _ •. _ ••.•• _____ .. _ •••• ________ • ___ lO, ~j()
Sloops ........................................... \ ........................... ~~~.~_J~~
Total sailingycssc1s 0 ___ • _______ • __________________ ••• _____ ••• __________ • ____ o 16,743 12'()74 tlll.W¡
i~:~¡ ~r:rl~g~:is".el~.:: ...... : .. :::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::::::::: J: ~~i 1, ~i1: ~~~: ¡~~
Total nnmlwr of VPsflp.lR llcrmanclltly dOCUll10uted ______________________ .. __ . 2o, '¡!)3 I 3 .• 1181~
Total numoer of vcsscls temporarily docmDPlltell .................. ........... 1. U:¡J 401.040. !lg


TotaL ........... < ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• ' ·1--;;:-:U;-111l;::;;GU~


No. XV.-A tablo sholl:;nq the amollJlfof American aJl(lfol'eifll1 touuaflo ell/crerl the ]JOI'IR oftlte
United Blatcsfl'omford!f/t couII1/';e~ ';1118:30, 1040, 1830, audfroln 18(iO lo lt3li9, both inclusive.


Fiscal years. American ton-
Foreign tOll- American in px- FOl"ll in eXCCi38


cess of foreign of America.n


1330 ............................... ..
13-10 ................................ .
lf-:,)(I .. __ • __ • _____________ • ___ .•... __
l;;"f)O. ___ . __ o ______ ". _________ • ___ • __ _
le'IH. . "._. _____ .. __
J ~(j2 __ .. __ . _____ .. __ . ______ . ________ _
lsn:1 ___ . ____ . ____ . ___ ... _________ . __ _
10u4 .................... ..
ltlfi;,) ._. _____ .. _. ____ .. _ .... _. __ ... _."
ldl"iG . ___ . ___ .. __ . ______ _
1267 _____ . ___ . __ . ___ ... __ . ____ . ___ . __ _
l8u8 ................................ . 18G9 __________ •. __ •. ______ • ____ .. ___ _


nage.


967, 2~7
1, 57o, ~46
2, ;)j':J, OHi
;'), fl:21, 2í-<;")
5, O~J, !J17
5, 11 7, 6R5
4, fil4. fi!:lB
:1. Olj(j. 4J4 I
2. ~'¡;I, (j(jl
3, 37~, OGO
3,435, !¡;)2
3,530,530
3,402,6GB


nage. tOllnage. tOllUUgC.


131. 900 i 835, 327
712,363 86<1. 5~3


1,77,),623 0;97, :m3
~,:J~:l 911 3, 5ü7, :n4
~, ;¿17, 554 2, son, :1t3:J
2, 24<-), 278 2, 87:':, 40"7
2, li40. :17t! 1,974,320
3.471.219 ............... .


~: ~l8: ¡~~ i::::::::::::::::
4, :J18. 6731 .............. .. 4, 4U5, 4t)j . __ . ___ .. __ .. __ .
5,347,694 ................ 1


404, j/R':)
273. :J06


1. me;. 3lH
B6;~, fi::.!l
944, Dl;í


1, !H;;,o:,:m


Xo. XVI.-Table showiJt[/ Ihe estimalerl valllc of American JO¡'eír/n carryil1[/lradc durin!f the ten
YC((¡'8 Ji'mn ltlüO lo 18W, bolh iJtclu~il'e.


Fiscal ycars.


lE:íO,< .............................. . .. .1
;~~7::::::: ::::: :::: :::.::::::: ::::::: ::::::'
j~~f ~~~ ~ ~ :~: ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~ ~:~ ~~: ~ ~ :~~~~~~~~;;~ ~ ~:I
1~fj6. _ .. __ .. _. __ .. ___ .... _. ___ . _ .. _ .. __ . __ ._


ItlG, ...................................... ..
1861l ....................................... .
jeG~ ....................................... .


Amonnt of
I't'g-istercd ton-
llagc J UUB 30.


1,58.), 190
2, ;,)41;, :.!:n
2,6·12,IJ2H
.) 01)1 ')jl 2: 02ti; 11'1
1,581, t!Uj
1, GO::l, ;'8:1
], 4fl2, g::ZG
1,56tl,m2
1, :)G.), 732
1,566,421


$38
.JI
41
4:;
45 4.,
45
43
45


45 " l'


A~gt'('p:ate
sprl'ip yaluD of


tonnagc .


$fiO, 237, 5::!4
1()4, afl;¡, 717
100.347,748
10:1, 1 OG, 2!l.)
91,173, 130
71.185,~7j
7~. ]jG, 21:>
67,181,670
70, S6l, 410
70,457,940
70,488,9,15


$~O, 0'19, 173
a-l, 7!)1~, Ji:.!
yG, 1~~, ~j~
,14, .lüe. /0,'
~O, 391. 710
~3, 728, 42.":í
;'!4, 0;18, 'j'¡1."í
22, an:::, 8~1O
23,5:20,480
21, 4B.:::;, DEO
23,496,315




260 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
Xo. XVIL-l'ablc ,,/¡owing ¡he cstilllatcd 1:alne of Amaiml! coastwisc alld inlana cal'l'ying


t/"llde dar/l/y the ten yeal'8 fl'Ollt lí-!(j() lo lt'tl\J, bol/¡, incl1l8ire.


Fiscal years.


AmoulIt nf
!icen.eu anu
elll'ollmt ton-


naffe on JUlle ~ 30.


.Ag:greg-ate
HpDeifi \'<tIlle of


tOlluage,


--.-~--------


l:':íO.
I ~ ';0 ~
l .. (il.
l:":;;~. _______ ... __ .... ____ . __ ... __ .... ___ . _ ..
1 :--~i:L __ •• _ .• __ • _. ___ • _ •• _. __ •. _ .... _. __ _
1 ;íi4 ... _. _____ .. _ .... _. _. _. _. __ ... _ -o"
l~n,) ____ ..... ____ .. ___ ..... __ . ___ .. _. ___ . _.
l/"'Liü _______ < ____ • ___ •• _______ •• ___ _
l¿.;fjj· .•••. _ •.• __ . _ •••• ____ .•. ________ •.. ____ •
1~1i8 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .... _ ••.•..•...•.... ~ __ . ~ ~ ..•• _ ~ ...
lRG9 .. __ .... >. _________ • ____ ••• ___ o __ •• ____ _


1, 94!1, 743 638 $74. ODO, ~34
2,807,ltH 41 lJ5.11:.!, B71
2, t3U7, U3j 41 118,71::14, ti,';¡;¡
2, R::20, DH -15 LW. ~I-n, l:W
3, ODD, nG7 4:' 1~:), f.f'i".', ~~~
3, ·11·1, 506 43 1J.l. NUC, , ,u
3, 4D4, leS 45 J;)7: ::2:I~, filO
2, 7:lf1, 4,")4 4;) l;2;~. 110, -130
i!, 7~ij, O~G 43 1~.\ 3: J, 170·


$24. (;~H;, í 15
38, :J;O, n.~,j
3n, 3;1-:1, ¿~t)1
42,31:5, ';10
4Ü. 4n!l, ,jo.)
51, (jm, ;)~lO
5:J. 4-1::!, !J:O
4:2, 207, :~o
4!, (l4G. HU
~J, ~~9, ~~~ 3~, ~,3,'C:>


2.817,832 43 I l:!I;, ~1I3, :HlI


~' ~~~~ 2U) J 45 lHi, OlH, 8,')5 I
~-----~---------~----------


1\0. X VIII.-Table sholring t1w lofal jorcigu comJllcrce of t1/C t/"ilc{(SfrtIC8 dad,,!! caeh Heal'
j1'om ltl:",O lo Hlü9,1l1el//8i1'c. .


Fiscal yoars.
I EX]l0rts allll im- EXpOl t8 flIHl ¡m·1
~I~~t~~~~~j~~('ri- ~:~~~~I~.l JOl(~iglll' Total.


lB~O ~ _ ..... ____ ....• ~ _ ........... __ . $239, ~7~, 084 $!Jt) jG4, flj4 8~30, 031. O:_lE'
IR:;! ~ __ ....... ~ __ ~.~ ......... __ ~_ ..... _ .. ,_ .. __ . :n6,107,232 llP .. ,03,711¡ 4:11.ÜU,!14:1
l~j:!. _._._. ______ ... _ ....•....• _ .• __ . 294,733,404 l::2:J,:nn, 817 4n,!J;)5.2::!L
18:í;1 _ .........•. ___ •. _ ....•..•• _ ••....... ____ .. 34G, 717, L27 15~ 2:n.G.7 4~1f.',n,j-l,t04
1;-3;)4 ____ 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••• __ •• 40G,tiilt;l 5:3U 170,5!Jl ;;¡-;5 ;,:7,200,414
l:~.)j .... ____ .. _ ....• ______ .•.•.... _. 40;), -1F-l5, ,1G':! 131, 13H, 004 I 3:lG, ti:!,), Jlili
l~;-¡G _ .•.... _ .•....•• _ .......•.... _ _ 4d::2, ::!tl~, :274 1')!1, :l:W, ;¡j() (;4 L (jO 1. P;jO
1,-:')( ........... __ •..•. ___ . _ ... __ . __ . __ .......... fiLO, :3:11, 027 21:~, j1!1, ';!I(; i í:!:J. r;,O, 1:-':n


1 .:.:;-¡ ~ I .... _ _ ___ . _ . . . . ___ ......... __ . . . . _ ...... .
1":¡¡¡) . __ • __________ •• ___ o " __ .". ___ •
1,<lil _ _ _ _ _ ___ . _ •.•.. _. _. __ ••...•..........
1~'1i'3 •••.. _ ••.••• _ • _____ o •• _ • _ • ____ •••••• ______ ••


]';¡I:.í_
L¡iti
l:--~n
1 i)~):) . _ .• _ . __ .• _ _ .•••• _______ •• _ •••.•••..••.
lr·,():) ..•..••••••••••••• ____ •• __ •..• ___ • _____ ._


447.101,304 1iíO, Un!;, :207


1


1


'!(I!, ~?~. ~:,;
~¡)~, ~-t!. ~~~ 2'J~I, ~lü,:Jll (Ia~) . .J~H, d,L
~O 1, ';..4 '1 ! d I 2.i;-;, 040, i!la 'j 1;;2, 28:3, 5,)0
331, ;:-.](i, ít<d ;2():~, 4'j'¡-!, ;!,;g 5-?4, !l!l~. Oll6
217. (jrl;).11~ 21rl, 01.\ ':!!)ti 4;~:í, 710, 714
~-H: ¡:¡j'~: 471 :~4:1, O,")(i, o:n , <i~-1. 9'],3. Gü~2
1~,1. Ofil. 4., .. 6 4;:;,,), :!!:I, ;,4t{ I jj(Jfl, tJ3, O:l-t
lG?! 40:2, g72 4:17, U lO. 1:~1 Gú4. 41::. !I~)ti
:1;25, 'j'll, t3tjl 13;-;,\ ~:.!ti, (;!11 1,010, !l:¡it, ;)~'1
2nn, H0F, :~i"'7 580, (l';':, 004 ti77, O:!O. :3Dl
2!l:', ~Idl. ;')7:1 J;Jo, ,"¡-w, 074 ¡:¡-t~, :12:. tin
2~9, n,io, ;2j:3 5tiü, 40::2, VI;! g7G, 44:.!, 224


'1'01011 ..••••• _ ..•••••••.••.. _ •••••••••. __ o --;;:-~li)'j19 [~~~l~~GG,:3jt


I\o. XIX.-Total eXllol'ts of dO))/l'xlic a"ü fo/'eigll mel'cl1nlll7iBC combil/rd.


Fis('al ypan;;.


1":;0 ......... __ ~ __ ~
lti:ll ____ . __ .. _._ .. _ .......... __ _
1:-.")~ ..... _. _ _ _ _ _. _____ . ___ ." _. ____ . _ ....••. __ . __ _


lt-::I-1 __ . ___ .•• _ •••..••• __ • _. _ •• __ '. _.
U ... );) .•.••..•• .•••• __ . __ •• _ •••••••• __ ._. __ • _ •.•••.•••.•
]!'),)tj .• _. - - - • __ •• _. - - - o •• __ ••••••• _ ••••••••••• _. _. _. __
J '::¡;-)1 ••. ____ • _. ___ • ____ ' •• __ ••• ____ ••••••••••••
1,-':'.i8 . _________ ••.••.•.••• _ .••• _____ ••• _ _ _____ •• _ •.
}.·:<:;9 ____ •••... __ • ____ •• o •••••••••••
1.'1;() ~ ~ ............. ~_ ... ~ .• _._ ..... _~_
]~lil _~~ __ ................ ~ .. ___ ~
1-·'!;:,? ••.•••••••••••.• _._._ ••• __ • __ • __
1.'¡;;)
I'¡;~
1 ,. (j:; ~
J ,~;{)G ••••.
H'li7 ____ o


········::::::::::··:::::··:::·:···:::·:·::·1
------ _ ..... ---_ ................ -.- .... - .. -


\o¡;:) ... ~" ............. _ .~ ... ~ __ .~ ... ___ . _ ...... __ . _. ~


~\nWl'i('aIl ves- l'ol'dgn YCS·
seIs. H('II". Total.


$!l!), til.í, IH1 e~:1 ~~;II ~~!~ ~1.")1, i-98. 7:2\)
1;):21 ·1;)1), (),~;) (),). J.n, :3:..:. ~l~, :kt. 011
lsU, 4 ¡'(j, D37 ~ n, 1:" t, 42n ~~~!l) :j~,~. :3~~
15,), O:!~, t-'O:::! ';.\ !)-I:7, :~;-)j -,-,)U . .lIb. 1.)1
Ir! 1, :~:.?:!, ~tjG t' 1, 4~' 1, 0.")-1 ~j'~. 7:'6. :3~l\
::.!(J;;, ::30, :IÜ;'! jJ, D(I(i, :2:'4 2j:í, 15ti. :-:-l-G
2:1:2, '2!I;"), Hi2 tH, (j(j!l, l.J:G 3~ü. !lljl :3."
;231, 214, ~j7 J 11.7 .t;;, ~;2.") :1li:.!. niiiJ. (i~2
;}1:~, -En, ~2.'3;3 t->l, ],j:~, 1:~:~ 3;2-1, G4-t ·En
~4n, (i1 71 D.i:1 10"i, 1 j 1, ;)Ofl :l:JG, 'j13~1. 4(j'}
2~!). 08;2, ~lO:: 1:21. O:JU. :~acl 400, E!2. :2~ki
l'm) Dj2, 7~:1 Ij~), 3::2, 1.S0 2·1D. :H4, ~n:~
1~:), 4il, 3Jd HH, Jl7) fiíi7 2:2~\ !1:~,Q. !lE'.')
1:32,1:21, ¡-mo lfiH, ~c;O. (¡DI 3:52, OOd. ,jtl
10:3, t349, 409 237, 4-U, 7.10 a-.JO, 2~)2, l:N


DO, 017, 750 26;2, ¿:m. jeS :13;J, t')7, :3-14
~l:J,tti';1t 4G6 :~.í 1 t 7;>4. 9~K ;,Ii:i, ,1:26, 3!1-1
17l\ .¡;S, 8jl ~7U, :1f1U, ~1(j0 4jD, 1<?8, E20
17;'),016, :l48 a01, 6ti6, .,Wl I <ji·O. no:..?, t3[l
153. 14t!, ::.!:tb 283, iI'itl, 7,,31 .t:J!l, 1:1~, O:2!1


------- -------------


TotaL _. _____ •... ____ .... ____ .... _. _. _ .. _ .. _ 3, j4t1, tlüü, ,17b 1 3, 02~1, 5:'7, ti;)! n, 578, 443, 63.'3
------




NAVIGATION IKTERESTS. 261
·~o. XX.-Table 8ho1l:iu.'l 'he ((II/Onut (~ffol'ci(/n llIC1'chuudi8C -i¡upo¡·ted ¡nto t7w Uuitcd Stules


iu Alllc/'iean und fOI'('il/1I ¡'c8"c18, },(,i;pcctircl!l, d/l}'iniJ the fiscal !/m/'s fram 18;:;0 to 18(i(J,
bollt il1cll/si¡:c. (Exprc88cll in -'}¡('rieralue al foró!!" ports of expol'iation.)


DIPORTS.


Years.


and torelgn VPs!o1cls. In American -vesselS.¡ In fOl'cign vessels.!Tota} in, Amel'~~~
lP30 .. -.-.. -.-.-.. -.-.-.. -.-.-. -.. -.-. -•• -.-.-.. -.-.-. -.. -.-.-.. -.-.-.-. -.1 - 813g, 657, 043 1---$~~81. 275 . '--- $.178. DR, 31 R
18,-,1 ____ . ___________________ . _______________ . 163. 650, 54:~ ! 52,574, 38U :.llti, 2:?4, 932
18.i:! .. __ '. __ .' •.... __ • 0 ____________ ••• _____ • _ 155,258,467 53,038, 3tl8 *~l'!, 9-15, 442
18j~. ____ • ______ 0 ______ .'._ ... ____ ••• _. __ o ___ • 191, fiNt", :E?;') 7G, 290, :1:22 2()7, 978, G41
H',j:'! ....• _______ ____________ ______ _ ______ _ _ __ 215.370,273 86,117,8:21 -"3()4, 5(12, 38L
le:i.j, _ .. __ . _________ ••••• ________ • _ • __ •• _ •• _. 20::, 23.j, 900 59, ~33, 6:20 ~(jl, 4Eitl, 5~ú
1S.ln __ •. _____ ••• ______ ...... _. __ ._ ....... ___ . 24n. !)7~, 512 64, fi07, 4:30 :114, o;l9: !142
18.'¡7. _____ .... _________ • __________ .•• ______ •. 25~).lHj, 170 101,77:3,Y71 :jliO,RIO,141
10;,8._ ...................................... , 203,700,O](j 78,913,134 ~F:!,(j¡:¡, 130
18;)~L _______________ . ____________ .. ________ .. : 21fl, J~~,428 12~.ü"¡4, 70:2 3:3~, 708, l:W
lt:t¡O. __ oO_. _ .. _. __ oo __ .~,,_. _____ •• _ ._. oo. - ... 1 228, líi4, F?;'),j 134, 001, :~(19 30:2, lf.í1, :234
11~~,~-.·.·.·.·.· ................................................... ' •.• ' ..•.• '.' ... ".1 201, ;'44, 033 134, 106, ()~8 3:13,630, 153


_11_ D2,2i4,lOO 1l:1,4D7,G:2~) 20,"),771,709
11~'Gj.:!, -...•.• _ ....................... ' ............................ ' .•••.•••.•..••••• '.1 109, 741, !í~1J H3, 175, 340 2:;2, 9EI, 9~O


(" "t 81,212.077 248,3;)0,818 3:2D, ;'jo-], Rfl?i


t~~L::~ ~::::: :::::: ::::::~:~::: :::::~::) ~Ii: ~}~j~~ ~~~: ~~~: ~~~, ili}i!: ~i¡
1869 ......................................... 1 __ 1:J!i,S02,o-24 ¡ __ 300,512,231 1 __ 437,:114,25ó


Total. ... _____ ...•. ___ ... .- ____ ..... ___ .. 3,273,1l9,6tO i 2,861,302,484! 6,145,1:18,998


* In the yBftr 1852 $4.648,587, and in ]854 $3,068,287, were importcd into San Franciscoj class of vctísels in
which lJrought cannot be stnted.




262 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
No. XXI.-Slatcment cxhiliiti.n!f tlw (l)"ril:lll aud dCj!((I"/u/"c, al cC1'iain 8}Jcc(ficrl pOl·t8, of


.lmel"ican ({lid Jorei,r¡n 'l"C88C/8, ,in ccr/ain pOrliUI/8 of lile jiJrei[J1l irw/e of tlw euiteri Sla/e",
1R.itl to 1860, (uld 11065 to 181j9, both inclll8irc.


No. I.-DISTIUCT UF BOSTO~.


E:::\TBHI":U.


-FrOIll 1836 to 1860 iIldll~in·. From 18G3 to 18li!) illelusi n ',
,


..1.merican. Forcigu. Total. ¡ American.! l"orcign. : Total.
Countril'S.


CLE.umu.


Boston .... '1 2~' 11, .'1-~ 5! 1, 9121 2pI1:l, ~30' 2) J{;, 1~411 3120,)01 2:;118,211 1 Dnl<']¡ E. ln,li",.
7.!OG 1.1.3, tiUü '1 4'7;)1 ;207


1
134 O""L !l4 t<h, :103 1{j 11 71i:l ' lJO !0O, ni,;, l~lltIsJ¡ E. huhe"


I


~:l 6! {JI' 1 1, ,,4j 941 ti., 1G3 (JI :J1),4:17 1 :19 2U,IU4 1UO! J'\ (jul! .'c",lr,tIta ~t 7.n-.l3 --- _____ w 1 91 70-.l"J - -.-- ¡_.- .... _- I PhiJ¡ppilleI;jlaDd~.·
38 2~, ~lO "', ___ '" 38;2~ ~1O 2,t' Hi ~O:l ;)1 :l, !)7(¡ 2!¡ :!O, }!q¡ (,hm,t,


......... , .... 1 ...... I ......... I ": 1 ,31 l' ,j, 1, dl¡ Jajlan.
'rotal .... 1 ~lt)H;138,O:3~1 7 :1,D3~,-a7G:ll,!)G~ :201 ~~, 13~!"_ ü,1 40.!l3;, ~G4,~Ol,ODOl


Bo,ton.... ~8! 10, fifi~:~ -2~~-:I' I~, 6:~'~: 1, ,,~~I-,j 1, 1:~1~!~~1 }<'],lllre on Med.
:.!-! .J, tlh,'jl 3 ~:l ~7 (i,73G, 30 ~I, t"i)7 1, Hi3 :1'; 11, :G~ Hpain on )led
:m R, í,~O 11 ~. 21'1 41 11.9G1, 10 :1,1031 3 \lEII 13i 4,oM ll .. ly ,tIld t'idl.r.
,{h 11,4631 6 ~,049 421 11, 51~1 1 :3t:4


1


1 ~11 21 ¡)f),"i' Austlia, 116 11,9121 4 2,2ü", 1201 11,170, zn R, OO~ ]3 3,5:)9 3U, 11, "4dl Turkey & (}I eece.
Totul .... ¡ ~H¡ 7d, ",ni 32!1O,4s:J! 2761 89, 064 1 n 22,9221 2!l 7,7071-1011 30,62[11




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 263
No. XXI.-Al'l'Íml (lIul depal'tul'c of American andloreig/1. t'csscls, 9'c.-Contin~cr1.


No. 1I.-DISTlUCT 01<' 10iEW YOme


E)\'IEItED.


FroIll18.,)6 to 18GO il1dllsiyt~. I l,'rom 186,) 10 18G9 illcluRiyo.
Countrirs.
I----~----~-----I-----,-----,------I m""k~ :"''''''" :m,,; I~"R: I "m",:" I ~='~ : ,TO":


,=, ~D .3 ~ Ii: ~D ':::'1' ~{ ~ ~"I.3 ~D l~' ¡ I~ ~ I~. ~ I! J ~ ! i~ ~
-N-e-w-Y-o-'-k :l) 14,0,4 - J 1--:~GOi :lO I 14, 4:1) ~Ol--í, :n511~ 14.33:)1,-:1, 21, E70 Dn¡ eh Ea,¡ IlldirR.
1.~b.1l7, :C!-: 2,:-;,. 1 '.' :23tl lG.1 l:J;.!, OOÜ: J::!i. 5'1.. \),j:311-¡~.!141' 01~, ;¿;!~,19.), \1. ~.I.:~, n.l'itlSh East lndies.


1:3 5, 1%/ l: ;';,iO 14
1


.J. -asi -li 3, lj'~ 8
1


:~, PiS 1:2: il, D!)G Anstralia.
6í el, (j!:! ·1 2, j~1{) jl, I)!\ 8:3D1 COi G~3, 273 31 1 :2-1. C03


1 911 tn, ¿DO llhilillpilm 181amls.
. :23-1 21St !(l;j 10: ~. ~G~ ;2':;0 ;.!:.!;J, S2f11 (al 46.7:)0 2:3j 108.9:21! 291 1;'),\ ¡¡ji, Chilla. _:._.:_J~_:_~_.:.~,~I~~~~! 7j~8;1~, 2:3.:31:: t)J¡ 30,(jg~l' .Tall:lu.


Total....¡"",l¡O< 04:t~ ~~ 301i 3,)3111, ":i~!~2ilP:l, 004: 5mLr.. 1031 7~i¡,'18n. OO~
Scw York¡-:! "r.. ,.J G) :)Lf'G~! lp,,1 P1, 58~!---:!, :lO, ~J:i S7, liGO! g,1 ~~~~ Fr'lIlcf'oll )[(',lit,,'n.


:201) ,""'jj IHJ4 llfi :!:2 '-'lO :~;2jl ~O, 714 Ce" ~D, 430'11411 :3H,000; 2:2f1 Uf!. 4:í9 1
1


Spnin OH 1I1'IUtC:·1l.
~.13jl U.J O:í:21 ;2.r¡ I jO,;) J 1 57::!:21), .")("{l ~;¡;! 114, 8,"),::; 4FO l!lB, ~~~Q j:{:.! 31.~, ~44 1 j ,tl\ .lw1 Hicily .


., '.20 :<, 71 '1 :~-1- 11, (,;-14 1 :i.J:! :JO, 4' ~ :2 94!)1 7ti130, U9!)1 78 :31.81;:<1 \ tlsh u., . 2~ll fl 07:! 40 1 lj, .~()71 /1: 21, lG:J (l ~,150 55 1.1,4:W; ()1 15,5t"U Turl\.cy amI GreeCt".
Total. __ ·¡-:;OCI~ 3uJI~~Po'¡I~,4O:l ~S¿:¡i33B,Sslloo,:il:J,OI'1


CLEAnRD.




264 KAVIGATION INTERESTS.
No. XXI.-Á¡·j·iml ami ÜCjJUI'tlll'e of Ámcricnl! aJ/ü furcirJlt l'e88c18, <j"c.-Colltinucd.


1\0. Ill.-DISTllICT OF l'llILADELPlllA.


E~TERED.


-----_.


_ From 18:56 to 1860, inclusive. I From 1_8U;; to lcGU, indu"i"c .


..llllCrican·1 Foreign. I Total. 1 American.! l,'or!'i"n. 1 Total.
Coulltries. DIstrict , 1 1 - ¡--~II ~n ~ ~cl'~ ~úl~, ~oif f .. ~


---- ~ I ~ ~ I ~ }, ~ : ~ 1 ~ ¡ ~ ? I ~ ~------- ----
Philadelp'a D 11,34;;' 1 1,007


1
14 12, ~:íZ 2~ 7:1,,1 ... _ ... 1I z! ¡:1I¡ Br. Ea,! ludies .


.. ~ ..... l· l' . 1, 4~11 "', 1 4~1, ..lustraha.
'Total. ___ l:J 11,~H~,_21 1.0?~ ~_~ l-J,_~~~--3; 1,157;---- ·_·~I_ 31_1.113~¡


-·-I---,-I----¡--- - ¡--I--I
Philadclpla :J' fi2-t' 3: 706 Ü 1, :i30 1 1! 2~1;) tl:~:::;) 1, ~:.!'~


JO' 2,:t")O ];~: 3, °:12 2~t' ;;,3821 31 fI:21: 8~1I· i-< 1,l:'l'2 !)~ :n, :m:~ /'1' 2-J,201 l{ji:l 01,5H4¡ ";G 27, mm; flO :.!;), G/in: 11';/; :)~, j,-)~)
----------- - ---,---~,---------


Franco on )f(',f1'n.
:-Zpain OH )I('(rll.
Italy mili Skily.


TotaL._ 110, 4~, :lU7¡ ~7 23,930 197. G8,306¡ 8°
1


23, 315
1


~!l, 2"lti1; 1,n
l


:J.), ,nn:
--~-----


CLEARED.


Pllibdclp'a 3: 2, 61) -~..I....... 3[1 2, 613
1


1
.. ... _ _ I1 1 "l' i - --- 1


I
British E. IIHli!', .


... I _.. 1" I ... .. ........ .. 1 "'.. .. A lIKIr,lha.
l' I-H .... I ....... 1 ~47_ .. ___.. I l'lnlippincIsb·<1s.
(jI ;j, b3:J _ I . _ 6 5,838


1


2 2, Ola, 1
1


7!ti


l


3 ' 2,7-J9 Chlllil .
... I .... ·1 .. ¡ ... 1" 1 .. · 1 33"1 .. 1 31"1' Jap.Jn.


TotaL ____ !~1 9,;29~1 __ !---~loi--.-?,298: 3 2,331 1 ]1 ~ll; 4 :\~~-¡
Phila,lclp'a --T~,~~'~II--~~r~I-2,~:1 -9~ 3(;, ;lOlil ~I ~ ~ol: 42 t',~, 1<'rnl1CI' on :'[e,]"n .


. l' 1:2 :'k!G 2 3:.!G -- ---- .. I H I .-)(1(11 ~ J,.,OOI Sp,lluon)I('lln
._. ___ _ al 91U :3 !JH1[ ~4 7,9;20 :13 10..JO...! ;;:1 1'"',.~2·! 11a1\ dll!l:-:'H'Ü,\, 11 29!J ._-- I 1'1 2UU ~ 2,JIY i l ~ J,022 ' ~I ~,')\1l1 i\llstll,l,
~~_1_' __ ~_1~~ __ 1 ----.:4~1 __ l ~~_~:, l't{llü'J &, Grecer.


Total.... Ji~' 0041 ~ 1, 8ij!1 l~li ~,86RI 12;;140, ~1:J Gil, l'l. '04¡1!11 G_'i_, -_'"_',,1 ______ _




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 265
No. XXI.-Al'l'ival (Uul drpal'tllrc 01 American anrl IOl'cigl! l'c88eI8, ;j?·c.-Continucll.


Ko. IV.-DISTltICT O].' llALTL\lOltE.


EXTEURD.


}~l'om 18:)6 to EGO, iuc1usiYc. \ From 1865 to 18ü9, illclllSiye.
Distl'ict. [ '! l· [ Countries. American. I }<·orci~ll. Total. Ameri("m~ FOl'e,ig~l. TOt::_
i\r,!s\~ ~II¡'ls ~ tiltDI~I~'1


----1" 1
1


1 ~ I J. ,--"_ Il ~ II J Ir ! ______ _
BaltilIlorn--l\~:..:. ...... ~¡ 1 __ 7~~J= 7t1 J = ''' ...... J-:~ =_, lll'it'h East lmlies.
BaltimoI'fl.. 4 2. ;,~o i 2 4~8 I 0l~. 024 i... 1 228 I 1 i 2.!c I Franco on Mecl'n.


i f! ~. (),t~1 : ¡"j \ I l, (:~~ I 17 ~:3, ~(j~: ~ !' :3,")4 ~ !' G~~ I ~:~ t~. ~ n i ~paill Oll 1\D~(~'Il. li~)(¡' (lu_I-=-! 1. C"C_,~¡CO .• ~" 1.2:.. .l. ~04 ~ LJ, 0.6 I~ lb, J.lOJ Italy auu SlCIIy. Total.... :;~ ,20, G(I~ i 32 [ ¡" no I n 1%' 3:371 17 !8, 238 55 [.1,937 1 72 2:1, 19" I
CLEARED.


Baltimoro .. ":/i:~il/3 .[l,.63~1 ~ I U~i 1::: :1:::::: :1.:: ::1:::::: :1:: ::: :::: :11 ~r~~;~~I~~st Illll'S.
1. I !III) 1 ...


1


...... 1 I ~1.0 l .... , ............. , ....... 1 .... 1 ....... I'hilippine Islamls.
2 I 3,4:1:1 1 1, :1l:1 I :1 4,746 1 1 ' ¡i,U' 2' 1, ~lD I il 11, OP.'l China.
~1~~I~I~~~_e_ 7,ltl;! _1_~~,8,7t.m ,fapan.


Total.... .'i I ;',7:\.' 4!~, ~J2 i 9 8,6", I 9 8,461 3 2,2D6 112 10, ¡ji I
Baltimore .. 22111. 74Ü


c
2 -~~~-I·~~. 1]2, 033 '1"~12,4~~- -~- 1, 6'l~- ~[c4~:-1 FraIlce OIl )["11'11.


1


62,116 1 1R9 7[2,303 72,121 71,011 14 :1,132 ';painon.lledn.
4 : 1,01:1 4 G:i9 H 1,672 511, il,,3 ti 1,lj6 11 12. :;3'1 ltah and Sicily.
~ 2,2·Hi _·_·, __ ·_i~12,2!6 i~~~ __ l_~_l_ 2-lG L\usbia.


Total -- ! 37 jI" l.ll 7jl, Ir;; 1 41 118.306 1 17 [5,912[1(; '1,060 133 110,002




266 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
No. XXI.-Arrival anrl departure of Americlln amI forei[Jll t'c8scls, ,f'c.-Continuc<l.


No. V.-DISTRICTS OE' nICIlhlO~D ~\.ND CIl.iltLESTON.


EXTEr:.ED.


Fl'om 1836 to leGO, inclusive. FTOln 1865 i o 18G!), iuclusi vo.


CLE.\JlED.




NAVIGATION IXTERESTS. 267
,.


Ko. XX1.-A¡Ti¡:al (üuZ dcpartllre of American anel foreign vC88cls, g-c.-Colltillued.
~o. VI.-DISTRICT OF NEW OHLJ<;ANS.


EXTEHED.


~~roIll18j() tú isüo, lnclmü ve. .FroUl 18ú.') to 1860, inclusivo.


CLEARED.




Ko. XXlI.-Slalemcnt exhiIJilinfT ¡he entranccs {(lItl e!Cflrances vI 'j'(NNdi! II'IIIII ((lid lo eaeh pl'incipalIul'üiqlt COl/nll'!! fuI' Ule 111'0 jJl'J'ivd. 1850 (1) li'G9 alid
o lti(iij lo LtitiH, ((11 illclusive.· "


Countries.


--~- ---~-,- -----


EXTEHED. CLEARElJ.


A:'IlEHICA:-i". rOHElGX.
.\-111.:mcxx. FOn.EIG~,


l"ro~n ~;¡o tO---¡~'~{~l-1l 18G~- -·~·~nn~ 'I~:)~ ~-=---I---;:<~:·:n EGO -:--- j·'rolll 12':;0 to Vrom leGO to ¡ .J":'l'om 18,)0 to
18~9,~clUBiY(,~ _~~tj!~~~~~:: __ lbj~~:~U_::¡~:~. 18GiI, illelu~in~. 1~;)~), jl1cllUÜY(,~ .~~~~_i~~~l:~~~ lB:ítl, ~HdnSiYe.


Ji'rom ) 8(iO t o
l~n!J, illcln::;in~.


:No. Tons. Xo. 1 To"". I xo·1 TOI,". Xo.: Tons. Xo. I To:". xo.¡ TOllS. :No, I TOllS. ) XOO¡ '1'0118.
, . '" ~~-j-.-, ,:-::-. q" I __ --=I--::-_-J .:~ -,-,,~ ---~.--.. -~J-->, " _ " ... _ Rn~~la __ . . __ ......... ' ____ 1 '·1.11 .1,,1.),) _I.~, dl""'1 41 1,I,U¡-1 14." ,),),fi,JII __ o 1_11, 10°1 1.1


1


~1,·L);. G::..' ,M,11.1 11"'" ¡O,!lh,l
Pnl::>:-I.i:L ... 1~~ :~,..J.7:~ 1 !lJli a 1,0ü:1 '700 ;1' I,(j:t~, 1:1 ,\4:201 :t-ll lD,;2q.... 1111 :1:-",li71
:-:'Wt'il~'1l :Illil XOl"\~'a,\ _ 10:-- .-J:~, 01:; ;,;\ ':2H, :~~l"'1 :tl!l 110, ;27!1 ~(lO, 'ji;, ¡¡;Jj 'jb ;li"', 'j():-I :,!{) !¡, ~l;) :20"1 til, li:~1 :í(,11 Ji, 1..:)
~wl,(ti,..¡h \y ... ·~t.llHlit'~:. 01 l:.!, íi:,!!' -ll ;J, 7U:2 (i .');.!-l ;2ij :~, (jti!! ~rl I:J, iJ:lj 41 1 11, \l1~¡ .-) í.l.... 1;) ';2, Oí.


])t'lllll:Ll'k :{ l.O¡-:l 1I,:3lti 1'2 :l,:};!!J ~,t''jl lD ti,.-Jijl ,1 1.:1.')..... j>.. :2.1.0"1;; :n 11, I1 ~
J)alli,h \\'''ilt IIHli", _ . _ _ I;!IIJI II'!,I;.'O 1·H; IIIJ. 01;,1 I·l~ ·1:1, ;,~I :1:);, !J.', ,-11 l, In, ~tl:I, ;,;,:1 70:1, l.-,:!, ~,(I' 1(;;,1 ,1:1. 1:1;, ;,,~ ~", ,1,2


Hallllml'g and BI'l'llll'lL .. ,. _ .... .. . ..... :tt-l¡ :1O:~, ;d !!. \/ . ..: l;t~, '1::<-; I :J, lit;:..! 1, -1:0:-:, ~(i7 :i!, l:2.1 :JI 5~7, :2m :J:2.,.-) ~n~, (i:W l-t;~ l."),~, ;)"2i; 1, !l~~)I' 1, O~;--:, liO;J , ~,:2 1:2 !! ,,-1:2, :~,-)I¡
Holl!1ll1l.;... ." :Ul:2' Vil, t';~:{ 11;) /"'t-:, (ij·J, :J!l:~ 11~, ~'j'O :I,-¡J, 1()7, 1:1·1, :HG )("'0, (;:)·1 17:~1 11;;, 1 H i;O:~ ~:.!!), !1;IGI t):2,-)i


l
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])ntdl \\ (::;;f, [Utlll'.'). '1 Hi l:lt,I""-1O :1 '~I 7,1, ;,--!, :U)I.( 4:1,O!i!) ,I!l.:--' F(i, .J.-,nl 411 i"!), !)(j!) ;2;2« :r;', 7,",1 :~!) ii, :~:-);2 :238 4!), í.:!!'í
]hJtdd;;HliIua... . ..... ______ :I:.!:.!, 1;;--:,407 1.-)::2 LW,Oq.·: '41 l:.!,Ofili l~:-< :JK,'Wlll ;2,-¡{) .)·I,:Wli I;ltl :t~,tH:~ :tl G,.tnl 174 3!'í,nW
p'.I~~:h Eal'lt llll]JéB.... ,1'~.lJ' . (,~, :!~~; ~'~I :1], t Hl .?:!. :" l:~~i • ~~! ¡):tl, IlD. !1~~ ,~jO, :!~~~ qn:~ ~:.!, ~,):'; !I~, ~:' ?~í .27 I~, ~i;17 ]~t lM1UlU. . .......... _. .... ~h_l.to. , _1.. 11 1 1.!.>, Ud ,...01 !l., 1-h, .lb j i ..... \H, 4,10 .,0_ .1.H .. )(J_ ... 10 1.,0, bt- ]·L 1 ~J 1. .1,)·1 t:O.) 40h, .U~


]1:11g1alld ... _ .. . ..... . ... , .. __ ., ~), OIi..J I tl, 1I,,"í, J·U 3, 1.:-',-) ,J, .J:l 1, :llí I .J, :W9 3, no,..:, "¡'~II' 7, :~HI 8, nl:.!, 87-1: 7, ti~~ 7, ,j!I.J. 0 .... 0 4, Ii:-<t< '1 1 91t', 17 J ,1, :W4 :J, G5U, tj:'):~ 7, ;!.':!4 81 ti:.! 1, !ll--':.! ~cotlalHl... _~...... ....... ,1:)tI :211,O!).-) :.!MIi '!l\,n5~'ll,lG4 (j(¡1,7~:J, 0;)2 7nO,4[,() :lk~ ;¿1;),Ii(l!J :.!W 1.~1,11!l 4J:í¡ ';;!~I,HMí. ;")!)? .i.'"jO,7~;-¡
~~'.l'h~.lItl .. :: .... :: .. :.... !Hj 41,,;~: J1~ !~.~,~I:l~ ~~~ :J:;ti,l,:I~ J:'~ 3~:~,(;~ :J,~!) 1:í~'r:~71 ~tl~ :~;{.1¡,.1?(¡ 5(~:, l!)~,H:I! :2,~~t~ 1,1!~:~,~~!.t (d,~n.~ltUl.,l~lrl~Ll1~,~.-:.~ __ ;. ~~~.::'-'-~;.-- ~ ~~l 0:tt:,.~,!,l ,7'! q _,",:'1~1.'!, (j~ ... ,,~~,(¡~)41,~ .:~(j ,,;:_,,)~l) :~;A n 1O·J,2:-~1 ;JOf, ,! .. ,.;,~~.:l, ~~I ~ '11;),1"'1" 13::-~1" ~~t';~;,'~ .B].~t~Hh 1\:): ~h .ill,J~lll,lll .1. m:it'il .~~101I:-;. . :" f¡~)(~ 1, ;:-:1(" ~'¡] ~':~:;! ,.." ¡,~J.¡, 4~:! 37, ~~h 3, 4-'/:-, l.~O .3.1, J::~ 4, ~l)~, r/ ~I 21 :,,11, ",,40.1,' ::;:) ~,~l:¡ .1, ,~~~, .h·;~J .f~. ~:;~ J, :--t~!, f:~..J 3~" O,~.) ,J, ~.~:I, ":'~~ Hl,~t~~h \\ C:-;t.I.l:.d~(~~L .. _,_ ......... """'1 :3, ;.~ti d!¡, ~:l(~ ,~, ,~:~J ti.~, ~.I.:)I .~. ~)4~ 'H.:.~. ~~~l, .J, 1,~9 '~~' J~;'I J, ~,-1:~) 1, O{~~, '';'''~I ,~, ~()~. () ~.4,' ~)O:; _, ;_6, .J~,~, h.~: 1, I~~~I 4::.1, ':;)IJ nllhHhlI(}]Hlmc1S~llHl(.dll,llm ....•...... , ,)U lO .. ,t3,. (, .. U Ll'!,,,,,U :lL, thJ.hj.\ ¡":b.~ 1,), "L,) JO. lh,1.I4¡ I·L l.! ... ,J-L .)()O ¿Íl,·tt:,) <:-5.ü }"::-,()'\O


.Dl'1!iHh POMt'ii~:-;:-;ioIlH ill ~\fl'ica. 17:..! "¡,;,, 000 ;t~--1 7n, ;-¡t"':~ 3c.! ¡.:, 1~1 ;¿(j7 í~, ~·J~I :2-1:1 j!), ~I!li :1Or- !).f,1.Y¡ :J!) 11, 7.)~1'1 :2'!!I ti:i,7\il
lkit-bh ~aHt Illllil'B .. __ ,... ¡-':i~\n (jJ 1, ;,01 ,i~:! ,H~¡, o:J;') 'j'~ :~i'"i, 'bG ~Wl 210, r",-.:(I í'tQ ;);2.j: :!lD ;2;)0 1~1"1 !):.!¡; !J7, ,18, n·!!! ;)7¡ :W, ;>·u


AuBtrahil............. ...... l:~() -1:1,:)7(j ¡.t:!1 ¡-:¡,-;2:5 l7j :"d:¡-::J\ :.!<":'3, l::l'~,ü:n (i,~d :i7i::..!4í, :m:~ :..!(jo,OJ'" ~~:2!l 1():{,.J:~(; ·1\J1 ';2:~t¡,~~l~
}1'nuwo. .' %,7:~DI ~,11!l.1O¡¡ L';!IH 1,Oí;,-),~.-¡!) l,tJlIil :)íi.i,;¡O:.! 1,1,):-) ü,-){i,4í'~, a,:~:H :J:, ':;",."\ (IV! 1,t':i:.!! 1:/1O,.,i"''"i¡, ;IO!) 2tll,lIlill J,0,\'11 :Ji"!I:7W
Vl'l'lldlPORSl'f:.~lOIIHjll~~!lll.ri(:a...... -1:::".'i WI,'I:..!~I [t"-I- :11)I:2qql ::..0" 'la, {;II¡' :~.Y¡ n .. ':,u;J'-<1 1, U-:2 ll"':2,li:: .. n:,(j' Il:.!,~';,li :~:2.-)1 4:),1--11 ¡;-1(jl 10:l 'j'j'j


]1'l'lmch l>ut'it'ie.s~iolls in ~l.fl'ka. :l 1, lO,) jO :20, :!.>(¡ '11 74-11':lU ~', ;-¡:t~1 'j 1. :1.i;~! J:s:l ::2li, K)[ 1,-) ;!, a·l,-): 411 1"'; ;)-1-1
~IlaiIl. . .. _, .. , f),-::.-:: a 1:---:, ,..::2~ (jli 1 2ü 1, 1!l!) tU ~ ~CO. ;.!~O Gü:--! 1!)~, f-:OOI !lO(; :W:..!, :l!;!j' ;,B~ 2:!:1, :---: tI. l.!I:J I ;¡;.o, ;d:21 !J7:..!! 3:JII, ;-l:n


Callfiry I¡;üan¡]s. . ... _ ..... _ 7'7 1;" :-<GI::' :.!Ij 9, '\qü :l-1 1:', -10¡-: :2íi t',77a BU :JO, 10!l¡ 4.-:- 1~, !);H ar-: lIJ, ~ ·Hi 4;"!' 1íl 8,')0 ~hi1il'piue lslm"l" _ ... ____ . ___ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2t'!1 ~O:J. 4;l~ ~.yl ~1', 404 40 1í'. 6~~ ~1 ,-,n. ·1;'0 r¡" 1:;", ;j¡J~ ·1, !L, 7!1"1 ~!I 1 !I. liJO ~(ll 7; 201
Cuua arIHI I"ol'to Rico .. _. _ ......•... __ •.. :!O, ::.!~f;) ;', :JI"'4, (Jj j ¡l71 'j""¡'¡.'I' \ ;>"21, n')¡)1 2, 7011 íi!:S. ... ;")\ 7, :1:~7 1, 80U, 1. •. -) 1 H, t;:.!j 4, btiK, ;¡O:~ 1 J, í:-<~ -1, U,"<:J, O( j1 Il, (f(j 1


1


' ~~7,. t-O,-': 4, ~.j711, on;;, jO(l
rortugal aud Matleirit .... _ ........... _. l.j(j 50,110 7(; :2Q ,5:2,') :234 :j-J, -le:..! 2~1 bOl, :),jql :n:~ 1-'7,47", Jí'..J, ,j~, 4'W :107 j·:.!,lN.:t1 27-1 7t4,512 :AzOl'eHaIHlCapüdoVcrüeIslaIld~ ...... ltl7 4:1,477 l~a :3~,:líO 66 lH,D;Jl 1~1 4'2,8:2,')1 :211 !:iO.ID;) 1:~1 :~I,:W;¡ 70 L\<,O:l) 1:38 3;'),72U


ltaly aml Sicily ~.......... .... ... ... . . .. 1,461 .'ltiU; dJ!) 1, ;'!Dtll 546, ,17-l 1, OUU 2b7.070 1,391 4jU,lü4 ·,na 200, ¿GG: :lj7 160, l:.!:J 316 U;), !JD3 424 162,82J
* This ucsignation uoes not include Canalla, Ilot.lIinp; 01' the Lake t.ollllago beillg illclmlell in t hi~ HtateIlH\uL


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No. XXII.-Entmnccs and cle&rances of'Vcssclsfrom &nd to cacl! ln'incipal fOl'cign MlIntry, ~f'c.-Continue(1.


ENTEItED. CLEARED.


Al\lEUIC,AN. FOHElGX. AMEUICAN. FOREICN.


Countries.
---- ~---.----- -1--------;-----


FI'om 1850 to l"l'om 18UO to From 1850 tú From lt3tiO to Frorn 18,j0 to From l~{iO to I JTrOll1 1850 tu Fl'om1860 io


::.1), ill:~::.C. ::,), ill~~~~li:.C. :~~. jl\l:~:is~C. :?jn:~~is~C. ::v, iIl:~:i:.'~ :~'i, liIl:.~~~~~1 :~'i, jll~~~:~.". :~~~~n:;:;.c.
Austria ....•...... , .... , .... , ~ ~J ~--7,97'1 G9 26, m;.! 107 41,8ü7 269 12G,0:;0 - ;¡7~~1~ - 69,0;;8 -~ 26,4;;'1


Grl·eee ................................ 10 2,4"1 4 1,:383 1:) :J,lIi'i Gil 1I,I'U4 3 ti:);'1 l' :¡¡JI .................... ..
TurlH'y._ .. ____________________________ ~é!) fl(i,[)(iU ]44 ~~,(¡i~1 ;):~ l!J,Clib 7f-( ;2;1"',;"):1:12:33 7::2,1-1,) 1~.-) 53,24~ J!I ti,2üu (ir; 18,1fj!


A1Hcagencrilll,Y .•.. ___________________ fiO:~ 1:,n,3G·l :i:20 !I;i,;!:::!;-) ;¡r-; H,O';':.! 71 ~l,:JlL II!)!) ](i;1,7;¿~1 ;1111), !"'n,t<:~:~ 'Í1 R,Ji<5 :J(j 10,004
Tluyti mul ~t. Domingo_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2, ~I/jl 44F<:,47Ii 1, :m,'-i ~ m, a!!!! 4l '21 7:1, .J~t' 1, :l'jO ~ L 1. ;¡{iji '2, .,tO.¡, :{.jO, !l77 ], -JO!! '2"7,0-10 :lG;¡ Ij:2,2fm 1, ·159 240, ll~W
H . 1 -1)1) "-1' 1")' 1 ,'" 4 ¡J )111' ... 1" ," , 1 '''t· q-r ,,-(", j ··)jl J'" 'O· 1 ') 'ti "'1 1')1 ~I'I) 11'0 "-- 1 ,,-~ '\00 S ti


.lUeXICO ___ . ___ . __ . __ •.. __ .. _ •...•• __ ..•.. ,.1 ..... J,.I ,,-,,j ,::.. I "Ji ::..¡,,,,-tt'1 ",v'l .... JJ'_·J
I


,.), ';.:..,::"::"j."':i .,::..,;,.:". ,1 _ ) , (,.v'.) ,u .. '''-' ~ , ~
Cl'r~ll'al L~ll1('riCn~l ~t.ateA: __ . _ _ _ _ ~?~; 4 '~~)<~:l~i ;2 ~~ } 1 ::~, :li!1 4: . !!' 4?') 1~r: :~, :~in ) ~(~~I ~~ 11, !r'2 2~; q ~~):! :2;:~ 1;:11 ~:' :!,HI ,1)!2 :~~, ~~~ lTmü'll Ht<.l,k~o! Colomina._. _____ . ____ 1,P.),~ 1,4ld,_cl.J 1,4,_,. ::.. U,JJ"JIJ 101 .L,(¡J4 1¡-:1 .U~01¡--. ;"',U;..,) 1,,)::":", dlO I l,r<,¡J _,:..3¡,1ll"1 1:.(): .{,)"l.k _,-):j tii:::,,),....3 V~·IH'zl1i·b ...... __ . !I~;2 ;2U-1 ;!O;2 :2.),~ liIJ,~r;1 ;21¡-<1 40,:.2!b 4W


1


JUO,:3--7 j(J\¡ 1::.;,:2.$01 ~2'" .-¡ti,;)')'j'1 ]2"1 :27,100 4(j() 10B,(¡.1~
H1':lziL _________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ :J, UlO ¡<d, :J'jIJ 1, :lq... :1'2:~, "'~li 72-, 111-1, Xli 2, :...0.3 ;IUO, 111 1 :.!, ~::.!! 744,1),-'j 1 :U:.! 4;-<!I, ~O~I 11,:--; 4::'!,O(j7 1, 1.-,.-, 2Gb, 'j 1i.!


l Tl'lIgnay fmd Arg;rnthw Itt',¡Jllhlie .... _ _ _ 5ít: 17!1,1111 L11)(I ]!,:~, q1t 1ü3
1


.í1, ().¡.;, :1,').')1 1117, (jt"~ O:!.) :m{j, /"1(,, r' U :rM,137' 1<""-1 ;iO .H ¡ hit! ~1t') 0-1:3
t'hili. . ___ ,.___ 4.~:~ 1~:3 1:0 1<:'1 10:3 lijO 1!l! 1jJ,4Qa 171 ;'-:U,OÜI tit'7 ::.!qq,04¡ ;,!.l!! 14,,<,;j(j01 (IU11 J!J1,(¡Ol 211 JO.~,O:.!4


1)('1'11. . _ . ______ .. _,,_. ____ , __ . ___ . ______ . BG:J (¡j7, fJ:J7 2j;.! ';1-11",.') 31 :2-l!J nIJ, :200 1:}9 70, Oí h'j 4. lQt<,l()¡-< :)--;2 :;I)h, 10.) :~j31 ] GD, ;,;21 :2.~2 1~~. ;)20
::-1:!IIdv.if'h I:·dulHls_ _ _ _ _ _. ____ . _ •.• _. _ 1;;20 1:ti, Jt'3 :HI~' 1;)7, U(il 1133 ;.!U, ()jI IH 'i!ti, J 7l" 7:2] :2:21, b'j41 :~!ltJ 177, ·1;21 :2:2;)1 ·H. 70t' l)~ aJ, ,-,(j:~


Olhcl'i:-;lumltioftLeJ>adllc._.___ 103 20,5:371.3;) 41,)-1-40 5b ~,;"!GO ti7 11,::-Jltj 11:2 :~q,;)(jJ 1.11" ;)7,10n :JI 7,:27!1 71 LJ,H14
('ilillamlll.J:lpall_____________ 71:~ jU,4,J4 f¡1.') 4{i!)j~-;- ::Jl(¡ 14"',:':..!0 574 :n¡,ü.jj ~:27 ()(H,t"I:2: ti!!:! td\U:2:, ~!)j 1:n,7-l0 :n~ l!J:J¡(;l)G


"\\-haloFislJel'ics .. _________ . __ .... _ 1,4:24 119,ti¿7 B;H ~:íl 5""':2 t: ~)17 ___ ,-., 1,tI:.!41 540,:233
1


t"Li> :210,:215
1


60 11.013 ____._ _.
~ -;::-:-:::-,-, ~ ~~ I~ ---:-:-::--:--;::::--:-::: -, -. --;:;-::1-.,-_-~ =------:-1-,,-, ---.-.-. -, - .. -.-. -.---:: --.,- -_--_--:-.-


{¡ j, (¡~~ :""1 Ji é, 0 ... t- .. 1:-, ,),3.) :..3) 3v~, 11:3'~lti;..., ;x.", I U, c(¡., .H')I ,3, :J ¡ ¡ :..4) .~4-1, ,)0, 16,), ~JU :''-, Ij ,J, .U53Iu:21 9 1, 1;",3, \)44, 1H¡IJ:", OÜ:3(~, ~2ti, Oti ¡ 14.,6911:2.>,00". ül.i7


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268 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
l'Io. XXI.-AlTilJal anel (Zepartnre of American anrl forcign VC88el8, 9'c.-Continue<1.


Ko. VII.-DISTRICTS 01<' 8A~ FRAXCISCO AXD PUGET SOU:-fD.


ESTERED.


From 18jj to 1860: inclut:>i"VA. From 1):165 to leüD, inclusi \~c.


District,
1----,----,-----1---- --.. --------


American. Foreigu. Total. American. .Fon~ign. Total. I Conntries.


§ g, '"I~o ti ~"I~lfrJ ~ tn'; ~"i
'S ~ ~ § ~ ~ 'S g ~ ¡¡ i § 1


_____ ~ ~ ~ .~~_H_~ Z I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~! _______ _
S. Francisco 1"[4' 9Dtl 11[ 3, 820 ~3 8, 81~' 2 46[1 l:l 473ü 1:;1 5.203 1 Dutch };. Indies,


R J,OOG 1 ')1 2.025 ]3 7,031 r . _1_ - - 11 (J, C2,.. 11 (i, (j~t] Ht d i¡.;h E. TmlIctl.
'32 14, [lJoj 40 17,436 ,2 32,3i"1 40 24, Go:; lb:! t9,6jl 222,114. :10~ Amtraha.
H, 0, 363 91 2 827 21 8.1110


1


\1 u.Oj', U 7,2.l¡¡ 1"1 1:1 2(1:J 1'11llil'I'inc IsLm~8,
1071 90, (1!1"1 69 3:>,IOb l7Ü


I
U6.lOí 62 ,,;¡ (1"1 94 63, 7~6 l3ü1118, >l07 Cll1n,1,


__ 81~~I __ l 1213~, 1. 73~ ~I 78, U73 ~ 13, ,20 ~, 91, 7!131 J "pan,
Total .... 17!1,122, ~¡<~, I:l.)1 61,~: .2lcl1~4, 2": 1;,3;IG4, 'J.J~ 3371~J, w~ 4!)~,:1;¡0, 03."


S. Francisco ~II--' ~.~ 1-;;11 2,132 -;;[ 2. 13~ ~I= --u 2,8'21 -;;1- 2,821: Franee on Me,!.
.....: ~~, 3ij[l.~I~. 30 .:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.~ ~~ ~ _ 9"0[' Spaiu on Mü,lite'n,


Tot.al____ 2 ,!GIl 7i 2,501 91 2,%2 ___ 1_______ 9 3,810 91 3,810


PugctSo·nt1 __ .~ ____ ~~~II'-;I. ~~!I' ~II 1,;~ :.~ll:::::'- __ 1 ____ ;~ __ .~I[~ __ .~~~¡.i~~~~~~l~: Med.
____ _______ 11 ;¿73 11 213 5 3,4fin 6 6,517 11 9,986 China.
':':':':I:.:.:..:.:.:.:. . :.:.:.:'.:.:.:.:.:.:.:.j.:.:.:.::.:.:..:.:.:.:.~~~~~-':_~O Jopan.


Total. ' __ 1 11 3J"1 4¡ 1,658
1


5)0 2,190 6[~, 9lel 8 7,50J 14111,4211
CLLtRED.


s. Franci'C) el .1, 571] ~ 3. 4;¡~ ~~ .R, ?2~1 1641 d ~, ~(!7 ~] 2, :~~' nntch E; Intlies, 561 J(I,319 11 4, üüe ü, uJ, [lo, 5,9111! 6 '-., 1<1]1;' ~, c.J.' lJntl,l, 1:;, lndles.
,(JI 4J,644


j


,4 32.140 111 73,7FI 2:! B,190
1


15ti (j4, ;,V!i 17!I, 7(j,7"ti ,\lIslIali<l.
q 41 ?7,000 ..,;), 1. B"3~ ') 4~ ~~, ~~3 1; 1~, ~7~ ? ~ 1, ~4~ !~I 1(, ~;2~ I~h~hp:pineI81'l.nt1s .
• 01 ;.l!, eH ,B J6. 6JJ ~8;. 2J;', 6/6 n;. 8" 00.l 8,! .,0, /0;'1 l/o 1.!.I, ;'~J (luua. ~I 2, 2H:I.:.:.:.:,...:.:.:.:.:._ ~ 2,2't.':: 711 WO~, 1, 7331~1 ~I, ,1;]5 Japan.


Total.... Jt!li'360, ~~1176: 80, 93~ 563 Hl, ;)9:


1


' 16" ~7, 52~j 261 ,!:l:l, 786 42!J:~21, JOu


S. Franeisco -- -- ------ ~~ --.1--.--. ~ :"':': :----. ~ -_111,_()1~I"~i------ ~!I 1!~ 1, O~ Franco on Med.
PngctSo'nd ____ 1--. --.-- .-- ------J--.I.------1 4 1,7:141 41 1,7341 British E.Indios.


8 5,83'i (3 3,302 14 9,1:39¡ 13, 8, 62!)¡ 21! 12,8J3 ;j4 21, 484 -,,-\ll~tralia.
7 3,026 !::l 3,104 15 6,130 t) 4,7301 24 17,839 3:J 22, 5(lil l Clima.


-- ____ .1 .... ------ .. -- ... --·1 1 ,7381 . ;----. 11 7J81'luhppineIslands
Tot,al .. __ 151 8, 86J 141 (j, 406 '29 15,269¡ 22


1


14,0971491 32,428 ni 46,5251




NAVIGATION INTERBSTS. 271
~o. XXIII.-Stafemmt 0/8lcamcr8 maUllO relJl/lar Irip8 beflcccn p01'18 o/ the Unifcd Stafes


{(mi forcifln por!."!, in 18liO audin 18(;9.


STEA'ff:.TTTr r.t\"ES FIWl\1 NEW íUl~K '1'0 FOREras POUTs.-1EGO.


~ <lme of HIle aIl(L l'ort nf u('S-
tinatíoll. Nmncs of steamers.


P,!~'ifie 11:ül Rtramsbip T~in('. j ..I.l"",."t,llta,l,'"ti,c, '.'''''' ,.', .. ,,',',',', " ,". '.', ' .. ,',', " ,1 From ~ew York tu AHpill-
walL


..ilTlantic Mail Stram~ltip LiIl(>.
From New York tu -,-~spin­
,Y<lH.


Fl'orn ~ ow York to If:JYil1Iíl. __


XOlth Atlaul ie l\Iail l-'h>nlll-
~llip Lilw. Yrolll XI''i\' lod;:
to 11a\"1'<:'.


.\ric1...,.,,"', .. ,.", """ .
Xol'lh Stal·."",. "'" """.
XOI't111'1'1l J ,i:;ht .'
Qnal.;:er City. . .. . .......... .
,\.lri:ltic . __ ....... __ ...... .
1I1illois ... __ .... ____ ......... _
Va!l,lerlJilt .,.,,' .", .. ".",


2,84G
2,723


~. ~
?:.~ 3 ~~
~ :'5
:E ;p ~~
~ ~ ~
-~"----I-
1\ OOll. ámerican. - - . . ::;, j(j!J


_.do .... __ .do.


1,2n:í Wood. .á.merican


~: ~~~ . ~:i;~: ~ ~ 1I . _. :;i:~:
1,14:\ .do .... , .. do.


4, 14;:; Woocl .A.mf'rican.
::.! 1:2.1


1


.üo __ 1._ .. (Lu.
:i; aG1 : .do ... l. __ .1.10.


9, G30


H<1Yl'(' StP.1:nl j\""a\·i.o:.~ation Com-
paIl," j<'l'Olll X(~·w York to
Han't',


.\ra.go ......................... ~·;2.21O \"VOO(l.: ...llnel'ican .... . 4,548
Fulton ... _. _................ k:'!,30t! .. do. ' ... do.


X,or1 h GI~rmnn TJoy<l,-;. From.
X('W York to :Brelllcll J da.
Suuthamptoll.


Hamlmrgan(l.Amct'ieaIl~t,('alll
})ach,('t COlllJlmly. From
Xew York tú HallllJUl'g.


J3ritish an<1 North ..ATll(,l'i<~all
Hoyal ){ail Strmnslüp Como
puny .. Froll1 New York tu
Liverpool.


I~r(,lllrll .......... _ .... _
x .... 'w York ____ ... ____ ... .


Hamrnonia
BOl'lussia. .............. _ ..... .
Haval'ia ........... .
Teutoniu . _ .. ______ .......... .


..:-\.frica ' ............ _ ........ .
",,\:.;ia, •.••..•......•.... _ •.
Arahia.. .. _'
Anstralasian .. _ ......... .
llallw" ,,'. """, .. ", ..
EtU<l .. ______ ....... _ .... ___ _
~r'l,·a ...... _ ........ _. __ .... .
• Jn1'<1 .... _._. __ ._ ..... _ ..... _
l\:pdar. ____ ......... __ ... .
l).'rsia ...... ________ .. _.
jJallla~t',l1H ...... .
~avonia ..... __ . __ ~ . _ ....... _ .


LiYf'rpool, New Yürk, :111tl City of B¡lltimore .. ______ ... __
Philade1phia Ht":tIll.'lhip (~Olll-I City of 'Va~hillgt. 011 ••• _ •••...
pau'y, ¡¡ lnm:m Lb1{',') 1,'rOlll eHy of :1\l¡lllt:ht':.-tí'r .... ____ .'
Xew Y-ork to LivCl1JOol, \"in. eity of Etliuburgh ....... __ .


QueenstoWll. . ~¡~:ff¡7!~,'~::::::::::::::::::::
AlIdlOr Line. Prom Kew


York to Glasgow.


Galway J.ine. From Xcw
YOTk to Galway.


,folm Bc-lI .. ,., __ ."",. "','
linitetl Kiw2.tlom ... ~ __
lTIlited States. __ ,."."." ...
jlrill(x' Alor-rt ..... _________ .. _
l)arana .. __ ..... _ . __ . _ .. ___ .... .
Golllt'Il Flt~('('e. ____ .... __ .. _ ... _
Circass'an __ ... _ ......... _ .. _


2, 3!JB I Irtm. Gpl'man . _ .. _ ..
2,3GG : .. 110 ... _ ... (10.


*2, %41 Iron .. 1 German., .. ",
'''';2,1:1:i ..• 10 ... i. __ .do.
*2, ,;!35 .. 110. .. do.
"·:2,027 .. 410. _·I· __ .do.


2,O,'?7 Wooc1. Bl'itiRh .. _____ .
2,031 , .. tlo .. _ . ___ do.
2, :!2G :, Iron ...... do.
2,oü3 .. do. __ .... tlo.
~40 ,.do ... " .do.


1 'Iü~ "00<1.." .do.
*2; 7~1 Iron ...... do.
2,04J .. do .... ! .. do .


*1,825 .. (10 __ ••. do.
:J. (jod \V ood. '" ,do.
1. 116 ,,<lo. . ... do.
~,:!!J4 Iroll .... __ do.


*2,323 Iron. British""",.
*2,:~t!{j __ (lo ... _ ... tlo.
*1,89;') 1 •• 110... .do.
2:188 .. do ..... uo.
1, ü4!1 "<lo",,., .do.
1, ;illi .. do. .do.
1,415 .. do.__ .flo.


1,10:1 I Il'on .. ·Jlritish .. "" ..
1,1.);)1 .. (10 ...... do.
1,134 .. do .... ".do.


431 I Iroll .. Briti"ll .. "",:
2,;J'j{) 1 .. dO.- ..... do.
2, ~28 .. do. __ ... do.
1,7jJ .. do. ____ .. do.
~ Tonnagc nndf'r ll('W adllleaSUrCDlC"ll t.


4,761


0,350


23,744


13,372


3,3D2


7,082


NOTE.-It mny he Vl'Opl'r to s.tatc that there may ha,e bren other ~e8f'd~ lH..'lm10"ing to tho aboye lines
in 1860; if so, they ,hd not come to tbb port in that ycar. ~




272 NAVIGATION INTERESTS.
No. XXIII.-Sla{cllItu{ (Ir 81C1/IItCJ's 1Itakil/!! re[!ulal' tri])" l!etl('¡:(,/I. ]lorl" oJ tlle UuifccZ States


{/I/(l JOI'ci[!1l ports,in 1860 and ilt 1869-Colltiuuetl.
STLDI--IIIP LlXE;-; FTI031 l'UU'l' 010' NEW YOUK '1'0 FOltEIGX POHT~l .JA:\L\RY 1, lt70.


Npw YOl'k awll\I('xiC'an StP:Illl. 1
~hlJl Line. .FrOlll );ew York
to Yera Cruz and Si~al, da
Uayaua.


.A.tlantic Mail Ste;l1llship Lilw,
Vl'OIll-KmY York toHayaml.


Paciac ::'fail Stca11lship Line.
From :1\0\\- York Í\.. -'\~l'ill­
,mil.


United RtateR and Brazil ~'\Ltil
Rteam~hip Lint'. T'ro1ll XPW
York to Hin 11ü ,Jallciro. yi;t
1,}w \\-~est, llldies. '


N amOR of stcamcrs.


City of Mcxico. ______ .. screw.
Ch.'uIJatl'a .... ___ . _ . __ . ___ . 41<L _


"lloro Castle ...... side·"']lc!'!.'
]~a!2,le. _____ ...... _ .. _____ .!lo __
Columbia _ _ ___ .0__ .do.
:l1i~souri .... __ .... ___ .. ¡'WH:W


II{'lÍl'Y Chaul1cc.y .. sidl'-\\ 1I('('l.
_\I'iz!ma ______ ._ ..... _____ 11(1
_\la~ka ... ______ .<1<1-
Hi:-ilng Star ............... do.


~[(.lTilllack_ ..... _ ...... Rrn'W. I
SOllth _\llH'rlCa. _ ... sidc-wll{'l'1
X orth America .. _ .... __ &Cl'CW


Nr:w YorkmHl T~('rmlllla ~tl':un- Fah Kee ......... _ ..... screw.
ship 1,illP. Fl'OHl Xt-:\\ York I
to Bermuda. '


Pon au Princc Line ___ .. - - ...


British mul "Xorth ~\ nwri('an
ltoyal _:Uail Steamship Lille.
}"'rom Nc\y Yul'k to LiYl":l'.
pooL


Liverpool. X"w York ~nr1
llllililUelpl¡ia " D:!l(' LiBI'.·'
J+"'rom Nt'w YOl'k tu l¡jv,,-'l'-
pooL


Livcrpool anrl Great, IV "skm
Hte21llship LillP. Frolll:K c'\v
York to Liycrpool.


City of Port an Prince . serew.
TIn~~ia. __ .. ____ ..... ____ 8rl'f'W
Scotia __ .......... _ .sidc-,dH'd.
Chilla ... _ ••.. ____ .. _. __ 8('1";"\ _ ~


~:I\~¡~~. ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ __ . _ ... ~~i:~. -!
Tarifa ... _ . _____ ... _ . _____ 110_
~ihel"ia _ .. _ ............... do_.'


R~~;~~~~~~;a' : : : : : : : : : : ~ : ~ ~ : ~ ____ :i::: : :
'l't'jpoli ......... _ ....... _.tlo . .'
Pulmyra ... ___ ........ 110 .. 1
..:.\.tlas" ____ . __ ..... ________ !lo .. :
Kt'tl:lI' ..•... ____ ._ ... _ .. _.clo.
Malta _ .. _ . . . __ . __ 110
)larathon ................ do .. :
i!~Y:.~li~~~~::::: __ ::::::::::: :1:;:: i
~idoIl';' ........ _ .. _.do .. :
Batavia_ ...... ___ ...... _ ._do .. i
City ofParjs . __ ........ scrnv.1
Cit.\· of _\ntwl'l1L .... _. _ .. do ..
Cit;\" of LondOll . ___ . . . do.
Ci1'y oi' Dllblin ... _ ........ do ..
l'it;'i: ot' Baltimorc .. __ ..... ao.
Cltyof ,,-'ashingtoll _._._.do._
Cit~y oí' )rall(']¡t'~1 Pl' ..• _. __ do .. :
eHy of I"imrrick ......... <10··1
Cily (Jf Hroold'yH ......... .lo .. ~
CityofXewYol'k ...... _.110.
Cit,;- oi' Cork..... .. .... <10 ..
}~tlla .................. ___ .tIO .. ¡
).r~IllLattan .... ___ ...... scrmv.
)[nlllPsota .... _ ...... ____ .do ..
Xebl'aslm ...... _ .. _" _. _ ... do .. :
XL:\-alla, ... _ .. _ .... __ .• _ .. _110 .. 1


r,I!I~;;:~~~~::·.:: ~:::: ::::: :~l~:: I
* Made no trip in 1869.


---------


1. ;cOIJ
1: l;.!,)


1. (;.'IJ
1. :5:"'::'
1 ¡¡j1 1: 1.<11
2. ;).~{;
;.!, ~-I()
·1.1111
2, ~'n


2.0:n
::J. ();¡j)
;~, 0;:-';)


I . \VOOtl.¡ .A Hlf'Ucun .
.. ,IO .. l .. ·(\o.
\'·OOll.: ... \mr·riran.
_/10 ._1 .... do.


.. do._.I __ .tlo.
.du ___ : .... do.


,y'HHl. ~\JlIPrican ....
_(lo. do.
.¡lo. __ .do.
.110. • • .do.


11'011.
\\-!JiuL
. du.


1


_\nwriC.lll ....
.In.


_tl0 .


GOL \\ood'l AIllerimll ....
i


. ~/1 Il,:on .. i '~ llwlican ....
~:~tl¡~ 1.~:tl)II~:: .~).I.\t~h ... -._-
C.I . ¡~¡¡I '1_ .10 .do.
;J. 'j, .• q .. do. .do.


t ;'~~~ 1. ::1:~_ .: ::~~:
~: :;;~~¡ l.:: l~; ~ : : ~t::
:2. t;o:-) 1" 110. . - "lo.
2.0;):1 ./10 .do.
J. :{ .... !I . ,10_ do.
1. (i.""jO :_ do. . ... do .
1 ...... ,) ) _do ... do. ~: ::lOfi : _do. do.
1. :--I!' i __ ,lo. .(lo.
1. :!I!I I..do. do.
1. 'Hi~ I .!lo_ _ .. <10.
1,7n:l :. _,lo <lo.


G,216


I
12,034


6,lGG


601


371


42) 033


:,~:~J(j-.I·l·tlo. l''-''~tl~'l "G .••
t~, G':1 I rOll. . JI'l 1M 1. ..• __ "1 '"' J, H í':1
~: ~:;~ L ::~~:. ::: ::{~:
1. !1!lj 1 __ do_ .... (lo.
;l, :';;2:1 1_.\10. . _ .<l0.
;!. :{;n .. do. .. _ .do.
1 ...... 'jl:. I .. do- .(Lo.
~: ~_:~i i· ·:t:· .. ~ ::1~:
2.0!l.! l._do __ .110.
1. :;40 l .. tI". .. .<10.
2, ::.!Ud ! .. do. . .do.


2.9!i;) TrOll.
~, (llj.) .. 110.
~3, :~!l"2 1_.110_
3,1:2.-, ! .tlo_
3., (JI.") l' .do. 3.1:J~ .. do.


Britüdl. ....... 18,59·1
,lo.


_ .. 110.
... <10.
...<10.
...<lo.




NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 273
~(). XXIII.-Statemmt (![ stCUIIW/"S 'IIIakiJl!J ¡'c(lllla/" l/"i)J8 bl:tH'(;(1! llol'l.~ of the Unitcd Stal(~


a/ul fOl'cign 1)01'18, in 18G() a/ul18G9-Coutinnetl.
STE.UlSIIIP LIXEi-i FUO:U l'OIa' OF :XEW YOHK '1'0 FOr:.EIGX l'or:.n': .TAXCATIY 1, 1870.


:;;mw nf lill!' :¡¡ul porl of .1(,,';·
tilluti(Jll. Xnme.-; oi' ,.,ti'anl('l'.~.


~\lld10l' 1.111('. :FrOlll ]\rw j~olml1bia.~~-____ scrc\v. 1 -1,~'lü: Iro:"L
1,ll.'l I",lo ...
l, ~.l: i"do ..
l. O.;,) 1,,<10 ...
2, o:~n 1 __ do
1,O:~D I_.do.


131'iti:-;h
..10.
<10.


.do.


\-ork 10 (aa~I2·()w. da 1...011-1 Cah·dolIÜt.. _____ ... _. _____ llo.


: . ~ l,;::~:r:~; ::::: ~:::~~~:~IOil;l~ a l' b.TI1)t:.:li\,(t,l:'<l:1:1:1I¡~::::.::.:::.:.:.:: :,111;0;:
portion oí' tlw ;;cftr nlIl~ to _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _


~[elliterraIH'aIl 1'01'1,.1 I ~'~\~¡~:i:'~:::::::::::::::: JL 1""1,,<10. ;,!,I-!l _.do.
_ .• 10.
.do.


.... do.
.<10 .
. 110.
<10.


.do.


L'J~j{lon ,mt1 ;";('\V York Si{':llll-
,..,hip I.inl'. Fl'0111 X,\'V York
t~l Lowloll, \-ia Dl'(,~t.


S;¡i:iOllal ~t('alllf.;llip J.JiJlC',
From );('W York 10 l.i\"\\l"
}H)O].


i ~(t!\'1'ill 'L'r¡l1l'-)allalJIk, ('om-
PdH,\' Fnntl ;"'~('\~ Y.,I'i;; 10
I Ll\T(', Yi:~ gl·'·~:'


Sl'\Y \"Ol'];;;llld n],(,l~l('1l :--:t~·:11l1.
:-.hipLilU'. FI'OlllXny Ynrk
1 () 131'<..'11H'II.


:\"ilrth Gei'lll¿!ll I.Jlo\ il:-;. 1"1'0111
;\P,V York tn Br;·lIU'JI.


I fl'i)~i;;\:~~,; ... :.: .. ::::: ~~~::
: ~;~;;\lr~;~~ft_~~_ -':{~--I
~\etl(li" ... . .. <lo. '11
l\orthnmbl'ia _ <10_
~\.ll,~lia ... _._ <1(1.
_\.tl:llltn, . SCl'(·'Y.
Ikllilll:1 .. __ . ____ ........ _.110_.
<.\,11a.____ _tIo_


1.0:m ,,(lo.
2, ;¡:~K _ .do.
2,10() : .. 110,


m;¡ __ do.
71j ,_ .• 10_
P¡;'¡ 1" ,10 '.í;; _.do
m;o "do


:z, :lOO __ do_


2, l1fl : 1ron
1.~·!;¡ I .. <lo ...
1, !n:t __ do.


. ... do.
_ __ .Ilo.


",10.
... ¡lo.
... ,10.
__.do.


nrjti~h .
____ fIn.


__ do.


RIl~lml(L __ ... . .8('1'('\\- :1. '111 T1'on Drítish. . .. _. :n. ~1(1~
'l'lu;(!uccn .. ___ .. _ .. __ .Ilo .. ! :~,J{jO _do. .<10.
llcl\'vlia __ .. __ ~ ~ ~: ~~:::~ :~"ll'())--I, 3. :~;n __ 110... .(10. lklllllark _______________ :J,171j ,._<lo. .do.
J.:ri!l .... -. _Ilo .. ! :3:~ H, 1_ .<lo. ..10.
]l"lI11:";'ylyrlllia__ _110 .. : '2,?-\"jl _do ... do.
:FraBl:ü. . ___ .. ____ . _ .. 110.. :) ,j~ü I _do .do.
Eul'opo . _ _ _ ____ .~it1c·w hl'pl. 1, ~J:~:J i 1ron.. Fl'l'llc1l.
l\'}'(·in' .. _ ... _____ .. __ .f:(T(·W. l,80B 1 __ 110._ ... __ 11?
~t. L:mn'lIL .. <lo. 2,0-1-:1 __ <lo ..... .f10.
Yi1k dI' raril":i. ________ . _ .. !lo.. 1 tWJ I_.do. _ ..... _do.
L,lf;t.\-dr(,. .sit1p·-w]¡r .. L 1; f/;Ú : __ do 1_ .10.
Nllli,[t, ..... ".,.,."'. L,7W¡ i rr,,;L i "",.tll (;('l'lllan.1 1.7"7


"\lll''l'ira. .,(']'o\\,. ~.I;l; I Iron" I );()(,lhl;"l'JlltlH.1 ~:;."g1
Ilpnll:lll do_ -..!.7-17 ' __ Iln_.' .. (11)- '
l-Ilina _do_.¡ ;J.t'j() ! __ dO ... ¡ .. do. i
gl~\\l;i\'l~;l~ti ----. --.. - -·:t:: - ~'~~'/: ::t:~::: 1: : :~t-:: i
\\'(':-;('1'_ __ __ .. ___ ._do .. ;!,~,jl ¡ .. il(). I .do.
l~ltill('. . __ ....... do I :~,()ID ¡ __ do ___ 1 ... (10, I


1 11aill ___________ a0._ :~,tJl~ 1 __ do- __ I __ .. l1o.


lIallllml'g:lIHl ~'\lH('l'ie:1ll Stf'nlll-'
Packet! Compall'y. Fl'OUl


DOf'aIl ______________ ... _._,lo. ~J,Old l"dO'''I.- .. <1O' !
Horll:;~ia _ ......... ___ .. :-:;('1'(·W. 2,1:$:1 11 T1'011. _ Xorth G(·l'lllfln.1 :~'ti, (i31
:-i:l:\:onia _o •. (10. ;!,:J(ll _.<lo ___ I ___ .• l0. I


)[p\\r '~{ol'k to lf:lIlIlmr.~. H,lllllllollia ........... __ .... do .. '3,!Hil 1--dO.-- __ ... 10.
All('lnanift. .10_ ~,~;~~ I--do--- ___ fl[o.
l;¡n-aria _____ . _ ........ do ..... , ..... 3,) ¡ __ dO_ .. __ .. 10.
rrc·ntonja,_______ _110_ 2027 do __ do
Cimhrírt .. _. ______ do .. ~,9Gl _.do ...... (10.
ITol:;atia ._ ... ___ ._ .... ___ .(10_ :1,02n .¡lo do
:~T('S~lllwJia _ do __ 1 .J,O.í4 do I c1o.
S!l(,f'm ..... _ ...... __ . ___ ._110_ '::._()()7¡ .. dO.__ do.
XOTE.-~Oli](\ of t.he a11o\'o lines have slIare ::;Í{.·amt'l\~. Hot in use at prt'bí.'nt. and lJot inr.llldf'cl in fore·


¡IloilJg list.
1;" N 1




No. XXIV.-Stt,wnsltip Nne8 froln mrioll8 port~ of tite Unilcil Slatc8 io fureiYII por/s.


K amo of lineo


BALTDIORE.


Nortb German Lloyrl Company


Total to TIaltimorü ..... .


NE'Y üULEANR.


Termini of routf'.
To v¡,'hat !wtion I In wbat ~vcar _________ ~ _____ _


be1onging. btUl'te(1. \


NOlth (Xel'lnan I 18G8 .....


In tite Uni!ec1
Statcs.


J3altiwore


In fOrl'l,L,l"Jl
cOlULt,rieH.


Bre1lléU


Kamc of cach
RtPaIUCl'.


1Vood 01' I SCl'ÚW Of
iron. side-whcel.


BaHimorc ... "j Iroll ." Sere\\' ...
B(~rllll ... . ___ do . . _ .. do _


ühio. l" .\10.. do ....
Ll'ijlf1.ie ......... do .. " .do . __ _


TOTInuge of Tot.al tonnag'C?
cach 8teamcr. oí" cuch lineo


Tons. lOOtll,.


~m·1 @ ~ m
~~ ~
~~ ID


TOlHi.


D,275


9,275


100tll ••


96


96


Liverpo,¡ aH,l t;ollthel'l1 Stcamship ]"ille .1 ])riUsh ...... ··11867 ........ 1 )lew Orh·uns .. 1 Livc'1)ool .. 1 ~,l:Y~olit~;""'1 Iron .... Scrcw .... :
=\]i~(\lJ.l~I~~,~l. : : ~ ~: 3~ :: : :: ::: ~~ ::::::'


AIJ.mmbra ...... ,10 ........ do ..... .


765 ~
1,l:.W W
J.lel M
~~ ~


Gladiator ..... I .. uo ........ clo ..... . 004 ~
St:ltt't->1Uun* .. .' .. 110 ... _. __ .do '0_. __


Olinda --- .... _, __ tlo _ ... _ ... <lo ..... .
llistorian _ . _ . _ ¡. _ do . _ . . . . do .... ~ _


1,400 00
M8 ~
~~ 00


Cu8jilh ....... I .. !lo .... <lo ..... .
. ! ! --'1--1 10 417 1866 ..•...... 1 K eW Orleans .. 1 Havana .... 1 Alhancc ...... ' .. ,lo ..... ' .. do ... ... 412 7~ ,
t~~,~{:~,);t:::: . 1;~2~d: .. 1 .. ~¡~ :::::: :g0 I ~ Allianee Line................... ........ lTnitctl Statcs.
~~ 00


54


.ITlolida ······1 Wood.. do... :J';3 1 ~G --,--I~I __ 09
..... ... . , ............ ,.... .... .... . ...... ·1·· . . , 12,095 1 63 I ____ --__


Panama .... GOldellCitY"'1 wood ... f Side·wl",el ~'GR91 G91--- ----
~~y,[;~~~'ll~:l~ ~~~ : ~ : ~ :t~ ::: ~ : ! : : : ~t: ::::: _ ~: ~~~ ~~ I
~rolit:lllil-·····I··<lo _ o" ••• l1o -,-- ~,b7b I 1"':¿ I
Si.J~OUiÍ'l··· ___ I __ dO __ .. , ... do .... __ 1,71:1 00


COll:--.titlltiOll ... _ do . __ . _. ,lo :~, ~7;1 :~(i
------ h'.02:!


Total to N cw Orlcans. . . . . . . . . . . . .... ·1· ........... .
bAN }'RAXCISCO. I


Pacirle .lI1ail Stcamship Company ........ Lnitctl Stntes'l 1849...... San Francisco.


59


t,:)
-:J


*'"


§
~


Z
1-1


Z
8


M
~


M
U1


8
rn




1 )~, .
·1 .11(1 ld!;~¡. ' .... do ..... .


North l'"cific Transporlation company .. 1 .' .do .•...... . ......... ···1· ... do ....... .


De , ................ . . do ,, __ •• _ •••••. 1. __ .110 •..


Do , ... _ .. __ ........ ___ , ....... :. .do ,"' •• ,- ••••• 1 •••• do ....
I


Total tu San Francisco ........... ·1· l
. .(- Twenty-fOlll' tl'ip!:i.




HOllg' Koug· (1.n··1 1~l\1>1I11Iil·' .. tlo .... 1 do .1 :~,I"'t:l I ¡-';~1 i
China. do '. .10. ,1 .I,::';:~(; I 1~ I


.JU.pillli tlo ". l. <lo I 4, :~.H 72 I
.3..UH'rit'[L, do ..... 1. 110 •• _- .. 1 t,300 00 I


Victoria ... :\foscsTaylor. tlo. .ao ' .. ' 1 ],.:.!.'l41--00
Ori~ammo .. ,,- ,lo 1,_.(10 _.' l,~tl:l iI~ ,


ACll\'O ... --. do ___ do __ __ ,1.;)10 4,!
CalifOl·nia~. .. __ do do .. __ .' (ii';j .'11


Jü, 36~


lI1azatlan ... 1 Continental .
.f1o


.tlo
---- 3620


do ... ',. 11 0:]61 23,," l' Sierra. N ryada. do .... ' 1,2:)7 27 !
lIonolnln ldado.


07


25


50
I '----'1 2 883 : .ílo ....... do ...... 1,077 1:~ , I


I
-----1_1,077_~


l' .... . .. 1 41 ,974 14


t Twel\"e trips. ~
H
~
~


>-l'
H


O
Z


....


Z
>-l


M
l':l


M
U1


>-l [J:l


t>:)
-l


CJl




276 NAVIGATION IN'fERESTS.
~o, XXV,-Slalcment of .Jmerican slm})! linc8 1l!ukillg 'regula/' Irips bclwcen pOI'l8 of tllP


Fllilecl 8(ales alul furcign 1I0/'fA,


Name oí' lineo 1, ,. t r' t I 'V-}Hm p:-;tah- !-Xnmh('l' ofl Xnmlj(·r ~,I 'T"lllla'_',·. o WllU .lOrfH!!ll 1H11' . I ' l' v ~
'--' islJcd. i stt'auu'l's. oí triLJs. I '


, n,m", , ,<, M., I ,,",- _I~~ ~_j' _i ~""~,, l'OR'l'J.Axn. Portland :!Jlll Halifax ...... .
IIOSTOX.


"Xi('kl'l'SOU &. Co.'~ line
I. G. Hall Se (;0'" EIl!' ...
lulpI'lJatioIlal Stramship Co.,


Chal'lott(· 1'own...... lHGN. __ . ¡ :~ i ~\hOHt :1~" 1, ti·fl, ::;;
Sto .Jollll::; l~GIL, 1 _\bollt .tlJ ·J.H\:!j


(owllC'!l in J>Ol'tlalld) ....... _. HO:iLOll alHL POl'tlaml


Total Bostan_ ..... .


XEW YOltK.


Xcw York nnd :1[cxicall )Iail
Stcumship Co . _ _ _ _ __ .' Vera Cruz ...... .


-XC\V YorkilIHl n"r11HUlaHteam-
slrip l.inn _ _ .. ____ ....... Bermud,L ........... .


A..tlantic, JUaH t-;t(~allH;llip Co I l1¡rnlll:l ..... __
Pacilie ~lail Sté'amship eo __ :::! A8piuwall ., _.
Unitctl State~ and llraúL ),[ail i}', 1 J '
X~!:~~~,i~i~~:l;(l Jlol't al~ l)riuc;~ I \-10 t e flllClro.


Lille i ror1 HH ])l'Ínce --


Total Xcw YOl'k. ....


~EW ORLEAXS.


~\llian('c Liue .. _. _ .... _"' .... ' Rayana ........... .


R.\X FlU.XCISCO.


Paeillc }fail :;:;tr:ullship Co ..
Paeifi(' ~Iail St.,alllHhip eo .....
.N orth Pacino Tl'flllSport.1tioll ('o
1\01't11 Padtic 'l'l'am;l)()rtation (:0
S o1't11 Pacili\' Tran~pol'tation C(>


Total Sall .Franc18Co


Totol. .


P:Ulflllla. ... , .,. ____ .
n01l ':!; 1\:01l~·.
Victol'la .:._
"\Iazatlali ....
JIollo1ulu


1OG8_


11'·1:) .....
I


··1


j j' • : -- --.


1~


:21)


:!Ij


1~


3, OCí. :ll


",
l·jl.:D
(¡Ol.Oi)


;, '-~--!.1. J ti
I:!, 0,;4, no


ü. n',. lí


Cío, XXVI.-Coll1}Jlll"lltiI"C 8t!/tcJilcllf o/ EI/![/j.,J¡ 8!calllo· .. ' CJI!I"/"t!l !/ud dm/"('f/ al l'v/"t/((Jlr!.
Jlaiu(", dw iJl!/ ¡lwfiscal.'JClIr 18¡¡O, (/ur! r/ul'iil!! tllc.1i''''1l1.'lI''Ii' 1,~:;U, .1')/' 11'1111811 i!IW iic pvr/s,


1. nun~;rlTlall,
:2. A 1l,~'1()-Sa '\:on
:t K(;y:t Scntiall
4. 1\ort:.h AllH'l'ican.
;). K Ol't h Britoll.
li. Bolwmian .. , ..
"¡-' Cawllli;1II _ _ _ ' .... _
~ L\ustl'alasian ........ __ .


Total tonnagc


i
; TOlllUl,~('-.


1. ,k7
1,J\;.)
:!, :2GG
1, "10
1,487
1, ·lb"
1, :110
1, :11:2


1-2, ,1:31


Cla,s~.


i {~:;:~~: 'Wn\\.
1


, 11'011, ~tT;'W.
11'011. ~(T"W.


I {~:~:~:: ~~"~~::'~~~~ :
Ill'ull, KI'n'w.


,


leO!),


1. \wtri<lll .
·1 l'l'd~:-;i:!lI.
:1 . .\"0\':1 :--ic'ori;¡lI
4. :\[Ol'aYi;:1}
J . ..:. ... 01'1 lt ~ \ IllPl'ic¡1ll
n. :\t'stO}'i:1U
7. Pl'l'nyi:m
~'. llil)('nli~lll
!J. ~t. _\wln.'\y'/,>.


10. 1)aulil~('Il~. _ .•. '
11. ~e,llll1iHa\'¡an


--- ---~----


;!, ti;')o Iron. [;q'('W
:~. 0,\1) 11'0;!. :-:/1','\\.
:2, ~~rij Ir/i!J. ~\·i',·,,·.
': .. ~ 1l 11'nll. ~('1 ( Ir.
1.81H }'l'Pll. ';nn':,
:.!. jj(i.) 1 ¡'(Jl!. ~('l'('\,"
:! .. -,lj!j 11\);J. ·'I·!\'"\Y.
:2, ~.~--l ¡ ! l'lJll. ~(T:'\Y.
1.:11;) 111'//:1, '--n ... ·w.
1, :L-I~1 l¡'(J:L M(·'\'W.
:~, ·¡(JO lro!l, ,<.""1".';,


.. ~""~~_L_




NAVIGATION IKTERESTS.


No, XXVII,-Steam8ltip U¡¡e",


RECAl'lTULATIOX,


277


.\II11'I'ií'an hup stt'anH'r.-:. tr:1l1ill,!.!.: \vitil l'ol'"igll pnrtf., 1l4lt transatlantic, .Jnnnary 1, 18iO 1;), ~., 01:3
_ \llll'riean line ~tt'amer8 tl':l(ling \'dth forcigll vort~, not tran:-;atlantie, l~tiO __ ... _ .. ". _ _ _ f3 ] 1, ¡¡-l-:1


Iuercas" ill ~\ lIH'rican tOlllla;!" ,in,'" lf.G~) "" - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ·I __ !~c: _ 1;;, :370 ,
.'l.l~:(Ti('an lim' Ht('~mH'l'~ tr:!¡\ilH!: willI Ir:¡lI~:ltbnt¡e ports, ill18GO. '1 ;, H.!';d
.\..uWl'le:lllline SÜ':1lnel'H tl':Ulill:'; with tnl11~~atLl1itie portH ~r<llmal'y 1, IH7d ..... _ .... _ ... :X011l'._ XOllP.
D~cr('n~c in ~\nl('l'k:lll tOllll¿I:~'(' :-:i1I('(\ 1~(jO ... _ ....... __ . _. _. _ ..... _. _. __ .. _ ....... _ ! H 17F


J1l'itbh Ene ::.:t(,:1~\I('I'~ tradillf.!' with tl"dll~:tflillltie 1l0!'Í;-;. ,faullary 1. 1'370_ G-1 141. :~~13
Bl'itil-'h lÜH' l-!tl':tltll'l',-' tr~l!lillg with traJl:-;atlallíic:.'. port:-.l in 18tiO ___ _ ~ü ;;1, tilQ
In{']"~lSei!l I;l'itb:l tO!llln,~t' 8jllCl~ 1Uil ____ . _____ .__ ' '1;'< '~el'lIlall]ill(' ,(,':1",,'1" tradi"e: "'it], (],:!"",tL(](1 i" ]>"1'1 s, ,f:!llnary L !SiO ::::: _:::::::::: l~~;!­


t ~\'ntl!1lI lillt' ~kaJlu'l';-; lradillg 'witlt tram;atlaIltic llorts in lt!üO _ _ _ -... -. - ... -. I b
Sl~ l;2;)
1-1, l:l~


1·1 ! 40, :J02
1'1'I'lIch Jil1\' ~:t('am('l'~ tr:dill;!' \\-ith rrall:::.ütl.111tie port:'-<, .JmlTlary 1 1 1870 .. - i ~ ;) i ~l, :118
Frl'1lC'lt lilll' t-'.t(~,lI!l1'r;-; tra 4 1iug- rdt 11 tl'all:-iatlillltie pOl'b inldGO _.. __ )); 01H'._!~~


l11cn'a~t' in 1<'1'('1H'11 tOllll<1~'e :-;incl' ]t!GO_ ~ J D,51d
Total HlIIlIl)(\}' of :-,te~1nll'l'H :11111 iOnll~,~(' l'oming' tú :Xcw York from transiltlantie l)Orts 1---1---= ---
IlIHlt\l't'nn·i~1l na.'.!;,~,.Jallltal'\' 1, lr:'iU __________________ o __ _o ________ • ____ ' Sg ~U;) :J3c


Iotal 1l111,lIIH:i'.of :-.t(·a~H{,l':-; ~i1l(1 tO!1ila~e cOll.lill~ to Xpw York fl'Olll trall~atlallti(~ VOl't~ 1 • ' .'
ll11d~·T' t()J't'lgnHil:_'>\ll1 ldhO. --.- ---- - __ o ---- ---- 0_ -.- -_o -_ ... - -- -- -. ------- -- •• -- -i~- ü:), 7:~:1


Tnbl illcr~'a¡-)c of I\n·,'ign tOllU:lg(' ~íllC~\ lHCCl .1 ;')/ 13U. GU3
1=-


Tn('111l1a.¡lJ,'l' uf ~;h<"tllH'l':-; ~1ll(1 t01lll:1,!.!;I' (';mün;! tn 13altimorc from trnwmtlantic pOl't.'3 :
'1l~d('l'lúl'(·i~!;¡t1h!.':s,.J:!ll1l;¡n:l,lGi(1 _ _ ____ • ______ •... ___ 1 4 !),~-W


j ). ¡} 111111111\ I nt ~t( ,1111\'1 ~ ,lU11 tOllLlfl~(' (,J'nillg' tu n lltimol'l' hom transatlantic ports 1


I


l:!ld(lfln(l_lItJ,I~Slll j-.;¡jO._ ___ __ • ___________________ ••.•••.. _ SOt1(',I XOIl,',


ToLJ1l1H 1,',L~~ 01 JUJ;, i¡2.11 to.ln,lgt :--.il}('\, 1- (JO _ _ _ _ _ _ --~--:--f) ::.!.J.!J
CtI!.¡] 11111111ll l oJ ,t"lIIH ~'I"> ,1,111 (1)'111 1)..,- l 11i1lll~ to rOltb1H1 from tr::msatlantIc llorts 1=-----=-=1- --


llljol( 1 tnl' l'rJ¡1L, ':-; .f."llUll'\. 1"'{)tJ -- _ -- --- __ -- _ --... .••••. 11 I ~.) cOi'
'!o111 Jlll~Ht,.r /lj ~t{'.Ul!( 1., allll tOlllln!!.t' (,Dmll'~ to l'mtLIlIil flom trammtlantll\ l)Orts '


\\IHlf11'¡1(lglllI.1go.;"J,ltld.Li},llo.:üO ____ • ______ • __ •• _ •••••• _. 8 1~,j31
J ___ ' __ _


'1'ot::1 illi'r;':t:-;" ()f fun'igll tonnag,' ~;ilH:,' 1tGO 'a! 1:1,276
r,¡t:ll Illl1lli)~'l: or ~~t ('a~l\('l'~'; ilw1 tonnag¡' r():llill,4~' tI) Xt'W Ol'll\ans frOl~l trall~fttlalltic pOl't,';¡. 1'-:::==1--
Ull'krf,ln'i:';lIiL1'-,:-<.,T:lIl\(ary.I~!~'O _________ . ____ - _____ ._0. ______________ .. __ .. _.___ !). lO,·H7
T"Llllillnl\¡~'l' oi' :-.1t';¡lI¡(T~ and tOlllla,'2:I' I.';)!nill'!.' tn Xt·\\- 01'1(';Ill.'1 fl'Olll tl'all~ath1ntil' port...,
lli~dl'l' fon,i,~lI tl(l!l~. ,Jallniu''y_ l~GO _ _ " AOllf'. XO!lC·.


Tncl'{'a,-',\\ (Ji' r()rC'i;~ll tOJllla,~;' ~i~H'(' l .. ~{jU. 'I __ .!~;.~'_:~
Xlllll1J(\l' ni' AnH'l'Ít':m :-;t.\;mJ(ll':~ anll hll1jn~.' 11':l lling lJC'Íw('rn XI.'W Orlea118 iln(l f'ol'f'i::n :--.. -:----
piJrt~.llf)tt1':t!l:-.;at1anti(".J:t:lll:lry.l.··:;1 ._ .. _0 .... _ .. _ ... __ .0._ .. _._0._ .... 0 ___ ... _____ 4 1,Gj2


::\11111hp]' nl' .\llIVl'iCall ~h'allJ('r" :\lltl1Ilnll:l~(' tl':t(lil1~ hdWCl'il "Sl\\V Ul'leallY allll foreiga !
port:-" not tl':lll~atlaIlti\', .Jawwl''y, 1«'(jO .• _____ • __ •••• ____ ••• _! XOll\\. Xnlle,


I"I'1'('O'" of .\ ](lnil':u, 10](((:1:::(' ,in!'1' 13GO ____ -- _________ 1 ~= t 078
~111l111(,1' (Ji' ~\lll(·rlí':ln "Itr':ntU'ni ;l11ft tnnna,!:!;(' nlllllin~ betwC'cll S:lll VrauCÍsco :11Hl foreigll ' 1
l"'lt~.l'/JttLlIU-ntLlllti'".J:llllI.II\,l ... ~O - ...... -- ..... -- .... _ . ----- .. -. -. 17 1 41974


,'IIllII'1 1 ()l ~\llj('ll1 au :-.1\,,\111('1:-\ ,ulIl tf)1ll1;¡~(, llllllllll~ heh-nl n !'-)au Francisco and for(,l~ll I
pOLb1 11ot tl.tll~,dl.llltl(, tLlllll,l1\_lt:GO ._ _o. ._. _______ .. __ .. __ ..... _ .. _.... 6 18,023


T1l(1(·,ls{~of_\1Il1'1H'<UltOlnl.1g(,sillC::;ltl(jO -----0 ------- ····-·-·-·---1_ 11 J 2:~,~~
Xvt ÜIlT('ltSP 01' COTPign tOlllla,:2;{\ ~·;inc(' l~fiO .. ________ . ___ . _. ___ .. _ _ _.. . _ _ _ _ ~-I 17:2, j-t7
="~!·tin('re;l:-:l'Df \lll(\li(,tIl1rmll.t~~esinceltiGO-- .... __ ._ ..... __ .... _ .. __ ... ___ ..... __ .. 19 1 26821




No, XXVIIl,-Stalemcnt exltibWn{1 the ra/ue uf lol<ü trade of UIl¡ted 8tatc8 with fOl'eigl/ fOlll1tries, a8 diridcrl bell('ccu .J.uU'I'i(,((1l alldf()/'(:i(/Il /'(;88c18,


COllnt,ries.


---- "---""-- -----1
Russia anu DCl)(~lHlmld(~li . _. ___ - - _ ...


2 Swedeu, ::-foI'way, and Swedisb ,\rest
ludies.


::1 Dellmark aud Dani:'lh 'Vest Indies.
4 Hum Ulll'g alHl DI'l.'llH:'ll ...... ___ _


IIollund amI Dntdl Colonial Pass'ns 5
(i


7
~


lkIgiullI ____ ._.
]1:lIglmltl. Hcot1<lwt, muI IrplaIHL _____ _


CalLad,t, and 13l'itish NorthAIUCl'ican
I),'oviul',cs.


Brithdl \Vpst I1lI1ie8 ana PosSCSSiOllS
]11 Cenh'al and Bontll Amcl'ica.


JO I Bl'itbh Po¡..;~essioIlH in Africa:md thp.
1!l'IUf,{·ITanC'Ull.


11 l1riti~b Bast ludies anu Australia. _.
l;! Frunce. _____ . _. _______ .. ______ ." ---


la 11~I'(;lH:h '\Vest Illuie,'3 ana Colonil's. - ..
14 Hpaill and Ca~arv IslalHl::'. ___________ _


15 t-ip~~liAh \Ves!, Im1ieB, Cuba, anu Porto
1\1<:0. Hi Phi1ipplnelslnlHl~ __________________ _


17 Portugal aJal POl'tuguC'sc Colouios_ - --
L8 Ital.> " "".. "" _. "_"" 19 ..:\ UKj rin __ . ______ .. ____ . ____ . _ . __ .. - - -


::.!O '1'111'](e',)" in EUrOpf', Asia, andEgypt __
'21 II:l~-ti allu San Domingo _____________ i


l ~~ ft~~~~¡;i A;¡l;;~,ic~: ~::: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~: ~:: ~: ~ ~ '-1
24 Xe'y (;rnnada nud V cll€'zucl:1 ___ -__ -'1


'25 l~rnzil. __________ .. ____ .. _. ______ ._ - --
~li j rl'uguay. _________ :-_._ ,


2i I lhH'llOS A;Yl'CS 1 or ArgclltIne U('publIc,
~g I i;~t.~~ -f;~;t" j,~(:t~~~;l~)~" _- _- _- _. _. _ ..-: : : ~ : ~ ~ : : : ~ ~


:10 I Clüuaand.Jnpan:. ---.--
31 Hallllwich l:;.¡,lallds and whalo íl8hl'rie~


,ni' Paciüe.


Imports.


..:l.mcl'ienn .ForcllrIl Ye~-Yl'8S(·h~. S(1~,


$10, !)1I, 41U $1, 5.')~, 7:2:1
;{, 80(;, Ot-il :1, 7:~~!, E02


;J, OIJO, • eo ;j,JO, 157
¡¡(j, 8t-J4, 4;)4, 7tl, :n-i, ;¡~1


27, 050, f):~,1 4, 'j'!10. 8-1;3
~t.i, ;¿~O, O~~tj I ] 21 2!):3, OUt!


,... I r:.-,"" t:c,¡.:,¡ • .- ¡;¡ 1''-')
.I1.J, .. )_j, ,).)(_. 39/, ,JU, .J ....


54, !Jd3, 401 74, 04b, ~tH


1.:í, 387, 383


4,213, ;jfif)
61, ~47, 701


307, l;'d, ·lD7
775,3,-:<7


15,233,7::2ti
2-1t-:, útlft, 71-1


'2:l, 4.')4, fl22
1, 7:~:..!, :H.3


21, 23,), 9li3
2,294, !JOR


7, ~t!:~, O;j(i
19, 8;23, j;2j


2\ 571, 8:~4
4, ti.).), uoa
'1~, ':lU7. G70


134, 11:\ 2~ti
;!, tlOO, ü:!:J


2;3t í'~d, Olli
23, 8;,),1: !)~,1


4, 3j~I, OI!J
!Hlt ~cJ, 2~7


:J, 110·1, 981


(i, ;2':;4, G20


em,471


3, 028, 4~~
J2, ~48, ;17,)


'7:29, ~t·J
R, GUI, j:.!.)


1(j •. 31i7, 01!l I
1. 43S, 4(;0


n '-)fl3 'um
11); ~O:l: 711
~, 703, 300


O:lO,:H'I
2, 067, ~:.W


8, nO:J, 4!)~1
:1l9, Oo~J


(j, IJO:l, (ji';')
:2a, :2:]7, ü!J7


3;)3, GlO
4, ;-)¡-l'l, DOO


3, :1HI, ,W;)
·J(j7 VJ·j


ti, 2:10: 4!)3
!1f),1ti8


Total.


$l~, 410, 14~
7, SaH, 88:J


2, COO, 9:37
133, :2,)i), 0:);3


3::;, Jl:~, 1015
:H,'f-,H.'j'tW


1, ll7, 4;2ü; UÜU
1~!), 031, Ct-l2


21, ü42, 003


5,083,040


g;1, 27~, 1,~~
3.JJ, 40 .... , 8 ¡,...


1t 504t Gil
2:~, F;;;:., 2.:í1


215,\ 03G, 733


2.t: 8~::, ~~2
4" O_J, (j.¡4


3:.?, O;)!l, (j74
4,9(18, ;.!,Jt1


e, ~l:l, 404
21t B!I:2, D51


a-t, 47;:-), :3:3:!
3, :n4, liS9


413, ;~í'l, :14.)
1;')7, :u:.!, !J~:~
:~, 1:2(~, G:~:2
~'"i, :33~3, !llf)


27,171,4l!)
,1, t2:.!, Hi~~


Do, ;)7t, 'j-::~:J
;J, !"lll, l(in


lS50 TO lBS!)) IXCLCSIV.L;.


l·:xpOl'ts.


~/:'~~l~il~~.tll Total. ~Tl~~~I~!iK~n


$1~, ;Jl6, (il~) sa, ~?8,t ~:::J l' ~21\ ~~4,1 :'~),r~ $1, O~~~l ~??
b, 100,06,1 4) ,1!Jc;, .1 ... 3 10, j ,lb, .Lti I b,..., ,J,),J


~,:l~(j, 010
2;-), OfI{I, !J;13
~;.!, ü-14, 8t)~


27, úDfI, :2l;l
:en-JI 017, [,1:>


57, 5~2, 9;20


4:3, ::!8fi, í'c3


G, G03, 074


30,021,78;)
204, (;:!;), 0:33


4, (;·1\1, G\)3
1:2, :J73, tan


t13, ;jIU, 4~,"j
F;¡a, 1~1


4, o~u, 4;)1
26, :153, ();>,)


10, :¡¡O. 411
;¡. OliO, (;81, I
1ti~ 37:2: .)~:3
1~, ~~;:' ~l:lJ~ i


,..., ( ':l_,. u
23. 7!l:2, ;,)~fl


:19, ii:.!D, H1Q
:3, ,')-11:'>, :J'jj


"'1, 633 t 79B
In, 401, .':").)u


3, ~;-'::', ;.-;27
2:~, OO!I, ¡¡j7


5, 1:l'f, n!l! I


1, n¡"1, 'j;'82
71 H"'J ')tI.:í


11: 031; ~14
:'1, :w-t, (j;::1


4J(j, (j!J~, 'HG
~~,,1;2,>, l:H


H, 301, 10:l


1,00.),439
1,359: 335


12: 1;')t\ 827
1, j:J3,:211


49, 4-14, 53-]
a, Oti7, :U4


0, e·u
1, ;-)GO, '"i I:J


7, !10-1, ~U(i
:3, Gol, i52


:280, H:23
1, D07, 1;!1


:l, U~I, ~3:1
21:!, ;-)r-:2


fl7H, :J,;tj
1,531. 107


2:3,), --!:2ü
e,~n, OIU


1. O·H::; 8jO
nJ,), (¡n,)


4tH, 7311
"2:m.;")'w


10, :lOO, ~:l2
flG t 91'1,:238
:14~ [):-32, 7~{j


31, UO:l, U42
1, a,~)o, 709, DGl


143, U-!8, 044


S7, G:JO) !H6
7, (jll, 413


:!1. 58L 1~0
3Ut.i, ¡dI, :::GO


ti, lt:ll, OUG
1J1, í:!U, ,tH


e8, :idJ, 'j'4n
Q()<) o·~·)


J, ~Hj:J(j¡
34, :2;)7, EG1


14, 4-2;-~, ltlJ
;:., :\·11, üUG
1~, 4¡!l, (j4:l
~1, T¡ 0, 4n;)
:~, 0;-):2, tlUtl


;J4, ';71, !I.Jo
41. 1 tO, 297


:1, ítla, .'301
~, ;-,44, H"¡8
~o. ,¡,lO, 4'W


ti)'2I-f.,-,:'!:'!
:!:!, ·1 ~ -1, ·1:JIi


;), ü!)'l, ~~:II


I
7(jO,730
~, 40;),531
~,(;:JtI, 4t:!:)


9, 5:j,), H:2U
3:), !lO!, 1.~4


a3, 037, (ij¿


1,126, S:-=!2


77:1,4B7


1,969,475
12, n:ífl, (i:íl)
1:¡~, ;¡iU


DOCl. ü78
14, G5:3, .:í:.!1


·1:)1, ji:!
I:JI, 104


1,710,0:H
1,271", l-!,"!;)


7:31, O(;~
2, 33J, 'j'lD


n, ~d2, MiO
44e!,04"
:~, ]47, ;2:'!ü
~, !1;)B, 112


:.;on, :214
'2, G-U, 1~13


2, :2:5,),710
:lj'¡,4li(j


f, (;3(i, :JG"
"IB,100


ltc-exporh'l.


Foreigll YI..'I::)-
HdH.


$2%, !l09 1
~17, :l59 1


130,500
A, ;)~6, 1:3:3


1 ;¡-., 0"8 I 1; 3i~: l~O
lt), 271, -lR!)


23, ÜUb, 54ti


64j, ~Ji7
!)!J,271


228,631
1, 7tH, ;)10


3U4, !leo
1~1, 7:2:2


ltO, 173


20.14:1
14-1; ;:-,t'J
~ti7, (jja


7<,:11,5 •• (1
.j~, 60~


ln:J, .'<17
1 '-J.U) n-l


, "'Gi,; 407
174,:2-1;-;


17!J, ·114
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_ j;,!, 2~j', lOS ! :H:!, !HiK l~, '-¡j()~ ;:;'j(í 1-11 .-¡:-341 j::.!ti ! "'¡:n, ,'):¡n L\ ;'11(; ~."::;I : ¡..q:l, :~\lj 1\ j,..:, ' t-';¡f), I~ni 3~ LilH'I'Ll nlld ol]¡('l' pOl't:-; 111 ... -'fril':! ~\ 11 ut hIT rQ1l11tl'ic,") :t11l1 pUl'ts
__ L_, OLin, ~1 __ :'!j!l, ;Itl¡ __ 1,_:¡-l.-~, :.).) i ___ :1_, Ot:!, ~I __ ~~~:~ :21ü i __ ::.!:!n, ~i---~~~'-- :.!:U, 4'-)2¡ :l3


TOlta) i 1, ~~l(l, 777, (17-, 7:1:1,7:1,\ 03;), ;l, 7:10, :,¡~, ,;2!J ! L, 7(111, o:'n, 7G:l 1 7"L, :1111, %G ,c.!, ;;17', ,10:1, 7;2U I 151, ¡¡U,I, ;l:i:1 I IH, 1:1:;' f11 I 21:;,830, lG4
1


------- -- - ----- ---------- - -----------, ------ --------- ------ --- --1
leGO TO 1 t{)!), lX( Ll.'8IVE. ¡


,--------------- ----------- I .------------


;;-4 ltu:>sia an<l lkpCllüclicil'.s . __ .. _ .. - .. 1 ~~~, '='30, ;)(Iij ~,i. :H":·, "i:H t;'1:3, ,""10, G-10 :;;:0, !l~-t :3U(; ¡ $~, !l~~1.1-~~)! $1.\ !ll:~. -1;10 I $34:0, 2;)~) $7lHI, ,1)51 34
JJ b\~~:t.vi~~~.XOl'W;ly~aUdSw;:di~h \\'<!8t l 1, t:14, D;!-l 4:_BUj:U13 ti,7ILU:Jtl 1,17.,:110 I l,;)l:I,~-l:~! :!,í;..!-;,O':J! 7, (iD:1 41,ObÜ¡ a5
:~~ Jklltllilrk. fllld I\llIit'oh '\~'tüJ Illílk·s _ 2, lyí, ~~~ :.!: ~~_1, 7~~ ,~. :tw, '~'~,-l .'3, ~jO, 0t:l, I (j, ~~.!, ~¡j:~: j~. (~~-l, b-!-1 ~00. jJ~O _. :~0~, 2'~~1 ~~


.3. 11 a llJl nll',!2,- :md Bn'llH'll 4, l,O..J, ,.)¡ 1~:!, dO,~, dlb Ji"., lO.::', ..J(¡:~ 11, ¡-:(Jl, 1-':--:<:;: 20l, t'.).), t~l~ i ;11b: hliO, 7~O 2~, dU. I:'~l ~.l: 3Ub, ¡~~ 3.
:~~ ll\l~l;lnd alld Dlltdl Culunial J'U,,,)~l;S- 1J, jbl:i, iJ~ ;.!,), 1 j-J: ,")!l:! 3.:!) ülj;J, a:HJ 1:3, Ij;'!-l, 'j(j;.! I :~U, ;.!<::,,~) t;'j'a I -t:~, ~Jl:l, tiJ3 1, ;-)10, !Il:il ~, :2J~, 8:Jt::, ~38


'1011', '1 I 1 3D Jklgi!llll . _____ . __ ...... 7, HUi, 1,;-;- 13, G:J~l, 4ÜO 1 :2:3, .).),), tití' 11, :le., 1~:l 3:1,831, 1 i~ i 4.), 401, :3;).1 2, dIO, ü-;8 4, 4n4, GD4 7: a03, 37~, 3D
4U En,dalHL :-':('otln.ll~l ¡1l~1111'('la1l(1 _ _ ~~~, 7~i, ~t'.~ 1,1 tI, ~()~. 7}-; !l, :{t;~I. 'ji;2, !lln 'jlj(j, :2.~~~, l~~ 11, "2~U, :~t;~, :~i~1 ,1, GU~;. ~~-J. (i¡ji' U" 2J7, (i1!) 1 57,714, ;íti;} ¡~, ~:J:.!, ;2~~1 40


41 Callada, aud BntI:-,ü ~ ul'th ..l.llltl'lCall 1 •• , !HJ1, ,H 1 HU. ¡ ':'" t'JD :31;-11 j-l~I, ü:J3 i)D, :::ü i I ~ ¡ ¡ 1,J:3, lidJ, ,;24: l' ::::!'J:J, J',Jl, 001 Id, -14t), ;'!48 10,140, !Jl ~ 2~, ;J!)O, 1I1U
I


41
rt)/,\S{·SSiOllS. I


+:.! 1 nl'itish \\T('~t Indips luul PO~S.·SEÜOll:; 1.i, j,~ü, 7G7 ::23; :1:(}: ~)DO aP
1


[I(j3, 737 3d, 1;2;;, 7:Jl 53, :JO-t, 30:3! m: G:!7, Ijj.J 335. ,t-!7 1,34:0, :\20 1, G[lj, 8;2-;'1 42
jll (~t-]ltl'al ltll(l ~O\lth .\lll(·l'Ü';1. I I


4:3 J~riti:-;]l P088l'~sioll~ in Al'ric,¡t "lid tlw 7,' 1:3:2, SOl 9, '::;0-1: :.!I~ lG, .;27. Ud 14,' 12:~, 2-:1:3 ,11, snJ, 5J!), ~G, 01U, -10:2 . 5ai,67,:2! ::!li9, r21 8G7,6:J0, 4:3
)I(;tlitt'l'I'lIllt'all. l' 1 1 4~ Bl'itisll Ea~t 11ldirH (tl1(1 Anstralin, .. ir), !in:2, !117 ~J. 0:3;!. 0:20 71. 0:2,), tl3'l' ~~112{i, SU) 2-t, !l(j:~, (ili'l 53,OnO,-1:J7 ;-jO-1. h<") I 17-1, :Jeo (17R,84j ' 4-1 '1.~ Fl'an\'\; . _____ ...... _ .. __ . _ _ _ 107, (;:~rl, 0;;0 l::2G, :W-l, --1--1 L ;2:!:~, n 1~, 4!)1 ~3{), 7::.!,':", 7;24 I 11:3, 10.í, 7i,) ~H:J, ~;U, -1UD . .), !I! (-j, ~1:~ , 'j', 4:2~, ~t1.) I 1:~, :3-14: 4 H, .t3


·111 Fl'(>lieh \\T('Nt [1HUp:-) anl! COIOlliel'5 __ . 1, lti!l, un :2, OliO, ·1;;-; 3, ;.!;.!f), ti:.!,! (i, :~2(), S,j;1' Ii, 00", :!07: J:.!. :V'j3. 'j'()() ::.!:U, Uli:¿ I 'Ha, 1)77 <i:H, il:JU 4U
47 Mp:1ill ilIHl Callary üdmlil~ .... " . _ _ ~.1: ,~JU:J, ~;¡~ 1--1-, 79;~, ¡3lü 1 2D, ;J~7, ()!k~ 10, 17n, ;:;07 :3,í, ;)t;;I, J-B I 4,>. 7-11, ~JO :In, ~"l) :on, j!)!) 1, Ot'4. :1¿8, -tj'
-1~ , ~palli~h 'V('st lndic::-\,Cuba, audJ-orlo ~~t5, l'!:20: U'"i3 1:2:2. ::HiG, 3:-;-1 40~~ Jt'1) ü::>9 111, Gtij, 80li ·Hi, 5:)1, U¡-¡;2 1SS, ~Jí, t!i8 lt3, 9:31, blti .J, U07, 020 24,838: R;_Hi' ·H


, 1" " " , " I .!~l I J'.hit~;I~~·)int\ lslall{ts 1~, 710, (iGIi n, JI<-,. m~ 2,\ ~~D, ;:¡7<S !),~)j', ~b~ :1:-3.(;, !lB I L :~-!-1. 'j'!)1j 5, ;-)1:1 7:\ lJ02 31, :11;)1 :1D
~O I PUl'tug-ul alld POltngue~c Culonkl"i . . 71ii, LHU :2, -l~;J, ;'¡¡;J , :~, :.!-l!l, ÜO-! :1, :n!l, ;2jlJ ;), ~l!l, ;~>l1 t!, ;)fI::" j~J :-)2, (j:~:~ ~O(), ;')00 2J3,1:33


1
;,0
~.~ ltal:\; .. ', _____ . ....... 2U, !¡?7'. ~i~~ I ;), ~;)~, ~;.!~ I 30, 4~~, 318 10, ~~1' ~:)~ ;!:~, ~~!I, ~~-~ 1 1~)' ~u~, ~~u 4:! 1, yu~ ::4~!, ~:¡~ ~~~, !GS 1 ~~


.- I l\ll~_l¡,t, __________ ._ .. _ .. __ " __ .___ ,:Jl,.i.J.l ,J.JO;...,f,1.) 4. Uí,Utl-l !,,,,,¡J, i'J;) :.., ,:.o,I":"(¡ 1 .l,J~U,h:..l 4::.J,.11b ;..LJ"JUt' GJIt, d-1' J::'
;)3 I 'l'ul'k,'y 111 Elll'(ll'(" ':\¡::iia, ami }:gypL 4, ~I-!:', ;.!li:2 :.!, (j-1:~: 40Z; 7, IHB, Wií' 4,1,011, 1:.!1 J, 'jn,;, !i:li¡ I :l. t".:~, 1 1', ~-1i:j. 1:::1 2-1(;,101 4:D4:: 2f-l~15~~


54 lI'IYll,HlHl S:,lll DUlllill;2."O tí, ~l-l: :HlL '1, ;l;ld" ~)¿~~ 13, -!3~, j7n 1:1, 7~,;, HUi 1~', :~{;O, 010 1 a:t ü::"'>, (111 1, i;Y7, ;lIi7 J, -wn, !14~) I ~,(¡G-t, 3,lfj 54
~j ""'\'1' "1'(,,) I 'lf "-ti ')'"'f ,) ... 1"'1 '·'U "1' "l·' 11\1 '17 j\.''''- '11" '11 ,-' 11'1 I "., '11'·' ¡'I'I " l' 'J "';0 l' '1-') 1-'1 L'¡ OG" 01'"" 1'":,-56 .J.~~x, ---- .,'" ..... _ .. ·.;'~>,'~:3 "":;' ... ::>~: ;)}'~',:,",'(~~ "',,',.":;,: ~'~ ',' , •• , ,:_ J;I,; ~"':';;; »).:t"':.:~~,-: ),,¡:,..'.~.~, >'._'" '1 ~~ Ct ut ldI .. A . I11UH.t.. ... _ •. _. _ _ _ _ ... , • ~ 1, ' '-u I .... , ,ah. OJO J, Jt<:J, ,l,{l) ,.., ,)L .. , .Ri4 1, 4.H, (¡.5,) .J, ,1-1/J, JLJJ _o í. .J ... h J 4" U L... .J')'!,59;::1, .)h


-57 I New üranada mul Y(·nezuda. _ :1:2: :W~, üUli! 10, Sati) 202 S!), j-B, r-!U3 :3;),1:30, ti7. 1:!, ;")!(í, ,17.3 1 47, 7~J;J: a5:2 1,740, LO! 1)13.0Do 1I 2, Jü1, unll 57 5t:l .. , • ... q.... ....~- .... - ..... ) . ...: - q( " '( ""1 .J • - ~. -.... -..,,. • • .. , ,,- .- '.).... ";:) ~ • lhLl:t.l1 .. _. ___ . _____ ......... _. _____ . d,~?~, '99 100, •• .),.-!J 11_,IJ'~1,-1-1,) I .... D,Or:-:h,GJi .... ,1, 48.J, l::!d I J:J .).U,.J.,) 1,0-16,6,1'1 .18,1,1"_'1 1,6,L,501 1 ;.>8 ~!) Unq2;uay ___ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _. 3, li3a, 4SB ti, 4~!J, 0\)2 10. Ut<8. 3t'O 1
1


:3, 4c';l, 030 2, Ud:), !Jca S: .;1'1, DU3 ¡ a93, mu ~:H. OH G:27, JOG
1


' jíj!)
GO TInenosAYl'es, Ol' .... \rgeutilH' Hi'pllhlic 22: O:.!l, D2rJ 23: ~~:'J, 7:m 4;\ noo, 6titl ¡-}, 1,")1"l, as 1 7, 7;~;1, :J2d 1;), SOO, ()i:! 1, 3E~), 66'1 400, jO!) 1,880, U)Ü no
~~ Chi.li ...... ~: ..... _. ___ ... ___ .. _. _ . _ _ l~), ~:~?1 ~-lf 1 ?: j -_I:~, ~~(L 1~, ~~~, ~)~,~) I 1~, ~;J~, ~~~ ~!, ~~~, ! ~~ 18, ~~?, ~~~ 1, :~h!. lj,~ 1 ~O~, 7!~ i 2, ~?2, ;50'1 ~~


-; POll] ftud Ecuador __ , .!, .11: .31.1 .t -!t'<::... bt>.l í. _::..G. ,ln-l I li, 0)"'., ,L~ ol, b'7., .l,d 10,:-,),1, (¡¡h ",h,~ j'"'.I .dG, ,),11> , íl::!O, :Hl h ...
~,~ ClllnaaIlll,Japau - ........ - _ . ~ '1 57')U-;U,.~,nn ~ll) !lU,4'j"~ lll',t:t!J,on 1' .;;-¡,!l~J,J.-,ll ~~,O¿'7,4.H I 'j!J Ot.!J,.-l:::.! 11 4;¡Ii,On j :17,~1 (¡, II I 13,190,G51I03


G4 Sanü \\ lC~lJ1jlallllH mul ",hale f!.slHTiPR lü, Ilt'U. (11:3 I :-3 14'2 'j:'!O :20, 1:2~I, (ili:~ (i, :~,)1, 233 81~, :l07 7, 19B, 4{iO 7BI, -1;)4 77, b37j 859,311 64
(ji Paeln(,. I ~31 Lihcria aud othe.r portH ill Africa H, ;)80. (jI;! I ~. '1ti3 -tol I 11, \)11, OH) I Q, ;Jf)~. 51 3 1, .,l'jj, 11.::í 9, 7'j;), b::.!d 3"j(i,37;) ;m, WI9 H~, 0111 ~5


h6 All othcr COllutlH s aud llort8 1 J, ti I i 1",,41 1, '2.>:3 ;!,l:.! 1 .~, líO, 41 j¡ (j, j í !, ~22 4, (1 U .1.) t I 10, 1"'07, 17h 1 ti!, :l27 I 41, tl-7!J 10h, ::!Ofi tiG
'rol al 11,276,4;;7,~ iG3O, 15J, Q 1~_L~,~]():.m ,1, 519,-~Ih,~~ ~2,_~'2, ;lo!), ~II;¡' li:l:l, liG,~I---;¡:¡:-533, ,¡,11i 1~4:i:\:¡;r,;I-----;m~:toI1


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NAVIGATION INTERESTS.


---


I~;~ s;1 ~ I ~
ai~~~I~


------


-!"= ~.=-
..... '¡', ,....
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~:: .. ~ f-; ,;~ ~ I:~ := ...... ~,-::: u o
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NAVIGATION INTERESTS. 281
Ko. XXX.-.1.mounlx J1aid lo American alld foreign sleam&hip" fOl' thc 8ea· cOl/reyauee of


Uniterl DlateH ¡¡¡ait" ji'om lt-!(j() lo li-!fi9, inclllsive.
-----------, -··--------·-c-------'ll-'-()-,t-"-.u-.r-s-l-la-i-(l~I------­


p '1 t· ,] , :tK compellsa· T t 1 l¡isenl year elHliJlg- Ypl"itwb. aH o,esse SI tioll f.'or t1.w o a amonnt~
lludt'T'(,Olltr:u't.: 8(.[1 ('onn'y-' paid.


I ano:' of mailso I


• Tune: :~o. lf.'G{)
.TUl1\' ;~o. 11"CO.
• Jmw :.:L< 1::01.
,T~l11P :10 1¡-'(;i.
.Lnw ::Hl, ~~(j:!
.Jm1\' :10. 1~{:2.
• Jl1lll" :lO, h'ü:l
• J Hll{' ao. lF<ü:L
.fIlJI(~ :m. ItJti4.
.fUlIl' :30, l~¡i·L
.T !--tIl(' :I~j. 1 ~Ii:i.
.JUlH' :30. Ir'ti,)
,Tl11l1' :30. It'(iti.
• 1 mh' 30. 1 :-IOfi
.Tml(· :30,1 .... (,';
.Tm:(· :m.I. ... /i7
.JWH' :10. 1~lit.
,Jnw' :10, I'-fje'
.JlIW' :w. I:,':{jj) •.
.rUlll' :)0. J.l:!li!)


I ~;:l(,ri(.nll .. l'm-du:u .... . .A llH'l~kn." . . Yot't'i;r!l .".
~\lllc'l'i(·nn. _
FOl'ei~.)l_
.i\nH']:ie:lJl .
FOl'('i~n .
.\ llH'I:il';lll.
FOJ'('j(Tll
.\Ill(·'lic:lll.
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_ \ llH'17{'al!.


.' }<'nl't'i"'lI .
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FOl'l'l°'ll


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FOl'cig']l


Tot;!l. __ . __ ...... ____ _


I ~~-4-2-í3.-G-,:J-')-0-.--, - ~ ._~~~~,-~;; ~~- '-~7;,~~~8 ~\<-
14i, 08:; :l4 B •. o:';; :H
:Jon, 070 70 :WÜ, 1).0 70
233, 71:~ ;)4 23;),7J.3 ;)1


!lO, :10:1 71} !lO, :10:3 77~
"Ní ):!-?..¡ ;2'3 1- ;2:,:,:,\ eÍ"·! ;:n~ "'5~: CG:l 13': 's,l, (itj:~ 1:¡
3~:), ~ ~~ ~o 03", 1 ~4 >:'0


,) 1, ~,4,) ,)4 . ~4, ~4.) ~:!
3~'J, 740 4:1 '!.,!' !~~ ;.),


u;i, ;')j5 ;j;;! G~), ,),).) ,¡;~
40S, 470 ;")(i 40;-), ..f7n ;JI)
l:W, Oc'!} :~:1 q-!"" '):--lq Ti
41H, D7R CO ~(j~: ;)~~~ Gil
l~f .j~~ 74 414, t;)ü 07
4;).\ 04!) ~~2 1.j5, O 1!) :L!


4D7, DIG li(j la~, U~lj on (i:JO, () 11 7,~)
aS7) ;W 1 :3:> 38j'. ::H).1 :~,")
~~, lj't~ :í4 .0\ ;lrJ t'';


:l:lG, lG;~ :24 ~MG, lOa ;2,,1


1, 586, -::!~O:U !
.~--------'-------_---'._----'-------'-----


Hw' \PrlTL,\ I'Jn'.-~11l1l tot;¡} p:lid to ~\Jlj('l'ie<111 aní! fOl'C'ign Hllips: as eOUl}HllIH:t1ioll fol' ihe ~t'a {',Oll-
Yt'),-UlCI' ofmailt:, f¡üllll~(jU tu h:I;\! ilH.'lm .. i\'v, ~G, 7V~, ();)i) 3~ .




:\"0. XXXI.-StatcllIolf of tl/C l"ate8 al dnly 111'011 lile rlcNc¡'iplioll& of h'ol/ 1Ito.,! 1I.,('rl ill 8l1ip
bllildillfl I/l/dcl" /"(ll"i()H~ fari.ff:,.


[SnlJlnitt{~J hy PIL\:'\KLIS fi.'\[JTH, of A tlalltic lron 'York:-1, Bostoll, Oetober 21, lS69.1


Descriptioll.


Platcs, (1J10~t ll~l'd in :-;bill-lllliltliug) ..
l.'ommon 1'ound" and Hquares, i indl


i
COJnmon round:-; :lnc1 sql1are~: Jl-111 inch _1


COnlll10nrOnlld;; [llH1 :;quan':-;,lto2ill('h¡'s :


Flat~, l{- io G inrlll's whh'; } tu ,j-': i t hid\.
• n'~lillf'11 4/1' Drdi' :n'y ki~:''', l'ouwl.., and
,":(Illiln'~. t. U-1ti, aUtl ~ inch.


_. __ ._-


e- i'~
~ (l..::: = -~~~~ ~~ .;:;...


y.
~ ~ >-.~ §.M'~ ~ .~ ¿; >.~-


.-> ;....::: ......
e t~:;~' ::,'l...¡
:::; 15-


----


Hl 80 :24 ¡Jet' ct I
:!!J !J:~ ~4 pel'


~g ~<~ ;14 per et


~~) ~:l "'4, prr ('Í
- ·1
:2~ ~ 1:1 24!lt'!' eL


:29 9:3 2·1 ll(!!" d.
i


34 80 24 IH:'I" ct


~~~.
?¿ § E ¡¡
-2 ..... .....,


E~~!
i~¡~


f:"20 00 OC 46
1)('1' eent.


13 CO Ol" 50
per r.ellt.


lo el! Ol" 50
IJI'r Cl'Ut.


};) o.) or :lO
per I."l'nt-.


1;') on or :lO
]1'-'1" c.-,ut.


13 00 or 50
}Je1' cer t,


1;") (lO or 43
pe1' c('nt.


$:1:1 60 or 77
per cpnt.


33 60 or IU
per ('cut. I


:33 6lJ or 11;2 :
}l81" ('cnt, I
2~ 4:.1 01" 73


lH:'r ('{'nt, I
33 (jO nI' 11~


}lt'f I:/:nt. I
3:1 GO 01' 112


$11 60 01' 77
})('1' ('('llt.


3U ,10 01' 1GB
llt'r Cl'ut.


:3;l 60 01" ll~
p('r c('nt.


;2:! 4U 01" í,j
P('I" eent.


:tJ (JO 01' ll'..!
per I:ellt.


33 fiO 01' 112
lWl' Cl'ut. per ceut,


:1:1 60 or 97 ~ fiO 40 01' 14,~
Pl'l' Cl'nt, per cent.




No, XXXII,-li;/Jle 8howing tlw mnnbel' ancl tOll1wge of sailing and s/emn l'essels built liIull'eíf'i~/el'fd at ports in l/lO Bl'itish p08SC88iolls, (CJ'c!U8Ü'll of the [,TlI'itcd
Kingdom,) in mch of tIte yea1'B Ji'om 1853 to 18G8, botll inclu8ü'c,


1833
1854


185;1
185ü
1857
1853


lB:>!)
l;>no
1~ü1


1862
185:l


1864
1865


18GG
J~()7


lb6t3


Years,


Total, 1 G :v('¡n~.


I Otl",,' llritish jlOHSPRsions. • ..


1


_ I ' Total 1~;~~~~~1 posees·
Total, essels. bailing vessels. Stcam vcssels. i Tolal vessel •.


~:~1:'1 '1'Olls. ~"""ls~ I~on,. I V.'ss"b, 1 T01l8. 1-;-':S~'18. r~':-H~-~ i Vessels. Ton8.
Sailing vessels.


I vessels·1 T01l8.


Iales of Gucrnscy, JersC'j\ and ::\fan.


Stc:un ,essel:-o.


Ve8.f;dH. I TOUR.
,


~--~2-'1' 4,o(;-I-.~~-:I~, ----I~I~-'m -:~l~¡---~';!J 14!I,:lHI
~~ ~'3~1 I -1 . _·········1 Z··2 lee, ~j ~ :~2 1~~~, o:~:~


.......... ,. N" ,1".)4. ... """, ,44 lOL16M ¡'N 1IJ., 86.


a:;
;10
:1:1


:1"
:m


:l¡< •
~!{j


17


~~
~~
~OO
~~


.),IJJ
44W ~~
~~


:J:.! ~{. :J~I~ I • ____ ~ _ ••• _ •••••• "......... tiD4 17;), (,':10 726 lin, (JI 8
·H) ti,OG:i,. ' 72L líij', !).10 71.57 173, UO,)


40 4, !ISO !. (i:l:! m). 3~~ U7:l 104, :IOH
:n :1, OH l. (;03 !)3. :1117 (i:l6 %. :H8


:ll ~,H'¡ i.... "'1 G,:; 10·1.41fl ,011 1O(j.8IiO
_. _ 3j :1, ~~a I ;¡:~:2 111,850 ti 2L1 ;)~Hj 112,OG7 ;j71 11:>, ;'iDG


I
:10 ~. ,;Gil I 401 114, ~OO 12 1, liS¡ ·103 1 Vi, 83:1 :;2:J llP.421


3:3 :3,047 7:17 i 22F!, JHO 1U :~, 7:3'J 73li 2:32, ().t;2 7,;;.:n :2:j3: 6t:9
. :J8 Í'!, 7tl:.! u'.!a :224, ;-)41 37 7, 5:1~ 9tif) 2:}:.!, 07:1 ~)n8 2-tO, :);'5


:10 5,15.) I ll4!1 ~ll(j, üüü :n 11 :1, ,IP0 n~o 210,135" l. 01ll 21;;, ato t-~ ·1 :.~,R ~,~:2~ I ~!~ .. 1?,~,~?:3 ;i)3 :~),34(j ~¡~ l!~.;n~ I,O.11~ l-;n'~),I!)
'1.,.) .... :) ~), .no I 113 1.1/, .).~f) ,..,4 ~,(HO I dL 1.1.1, JBt' tL",.) I·H,3Jf;


'I __ ~~~I G;¡I 13(i,477 :1:1 1,Ó'!IG 1 __ 08,1 ~,:n3 , __ ~, __ 14l.;11:J
_____ ''-_ ,,;lG 1.1\7,41)1 i' ,(, . i .... · -- ... ! 11, ü(ltl !", '¡[l5, 414 I 12,1:)4 I 2, ;,li2, 815


NOlIL-PrcviollS to l¿til no distiud.iOll is lIliulp, in Bl'itish .ytati~tics hetwe~ll ~ailillg alld 8tOillll vesHds lmilt in Hritish }Joss('ssious.


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No, XXXlIl.-Ta/¡lf Iilwwiu!I ti/(: iIUpOI'l", dOlllf8líe fJ]),,1'I8, aud .Ir)}'tiy" /'e-t.(por{" of lite Fuilt<l 81all'8 ill Alllfl'itan alld lord!J1I t·c",,,!.,, 111/(1 tlw."",w cornuilln!
slwlcin!J lile lo/al rain" of tll/' fo}'(:ign (,aI'l'yin!J {rade of lite l7nilul Slalcs, in .1mcriCllII anrl fOl'ci!Jn"C",NelS, dllr;lI[! fhe fi8cal !lf({}'" Ui(iO, 1d00, lrltj7, Hl08, alld 11::lW:


l>!tiO,
______ , __ o,


Dll'OHTP., E.xl)OHT~. ltL-EXl'OHTS. TOT.\L.


~-lI-'C-I~-~(~-'i~-I~ \esl~~::,-, g-'Il-'~:SclS. i ~\lll~'~,;{~n YCS.',}:'cign ycssr IS'i-A-_ll-,~-l'l~-!~-i~-~I-~-"_-S' ('01C1-' g-n-~-'~-'S-'c1s'l~me~J~l~-\-e-,---¡F-o-r P-ig-ll-,--e-s-s(-.¡,-.
llAL'l'IC .\:<U :<OllTIl iiK\ '['{unE. I 1


l,'.llSRia, OH thC' Unlti(~ ilIHl \Vhit(' ~va:-; " $1, 53;!, 190 .... _ ...... _ _ $~, ::l . .jO, G-I4 , $3,j-J, ]:Jl l' 6~1) 130 I $d, i23 I 6:~, 913, 56 1 $3G~.>, 8.41
Pt'ussia _ _ ______ . . . . . . . . . . I - $:1ti, 4ti 1 . __ ..... ____ . __ -! 4fj, mn -..... -.... -. --. ~. ~')9 ___ • _ _ - - - - ¡;5. 7 U
~'YCdell c:tlHl J\~ ol'way _ _ _ _ :~O:J, t:.jO 2J..O, :n- 1 1:87, Hh31 4~!), ;)·I:I I • ~20 I ~,lCü I 1, 191 ~üR 7.,l~; (!3U
DI~1111lal'k _ _ _ _ _ _ .. _ ... _ ... _ _ _ _ _ 4:~~ lli, 071 i ~, 3-1,0 (j2, 724 l .• - - - - - - - - - - 1.. -- _ -_ _ _ ____ 1 2 7-;'R 7'~, H.");)
Uan1Ulll'g _________ . __ .. ___ .... ___ . _______ .__ . J~.G,.O;!~ 9,.701""i'1 i 28~),G'jj). 4,007 5i1J I '1,119 I 2,7li4,lOj 4-.!O,150 16'473.4fin


ErclllC'll. ______________ . _______ . __________ .' 1,G'j':) 8.(j(j!),l~(j ],7ti{I,:107, 87'l7,Dl.:! 50,141 7j~,52'21 1,t<IR.1:J6 13,163.;")70
IIollalllL . . ....... ...... . .. ....... ........ ... 1,4:;:1. 7;;4 I l. 411j, ~O:; 2, l;d, U"U 1 1 0111, ,lü:l ~Ij, 77~ I 1" 1, 110 1 :1, G!}~. :;76 3, U!l 71/


lklgiulll . ___ .. __ .. ____ .. _______ ' _ :J, :n·1. :jU~ I 1B-1, ;I¡ f 2, 3ü~J, 16G 4Gí,1;11 1, JI::!, \115 37U, :J-1U ti, U90. jb~~ 1, 02d: 0;38


Total ................................. ='':.2.=.4311 ~U,234.~~;=--D,_7(¡O,3"4!~5,81li~4Jl 1- 1,57ti,=7J=.I,():I~),4f>1 1- 17,12(}'-~4:)r~ 40,~e(j,~
LUH01'EAX A'l'LAXTIC 'fIU.DE. 1- --- 1 ,1 --


Eng'hm(l ____ . _ tíJ, 113, 18~ 77, G~l, 78.') : ]221 4~-I, (j(j8 64, 6~1, 2e'4 2, 09?, tlltl 3,132.430' 179, 93?, 2~'2 HG, O:J5~ 4U9
Scotland - - _'. . .. __ ... __ ..... _. 7:W,5:3G:J, fj'jü, ti')1 I[ 1, tl'¡íI, ~4j ~,987', 973 ' 9~, ,09 a~, 4!17 I 2, 70t<, ;l":;O (j, 90~ 031 I;'(~lalld ... - -- ó) }', 41~ < n~~, ~JJ.:~ r:~' .12~' .'lZ~! ~~!, JJ I? 1- -' -- -: - .:.~: - . __ : - ~~ 1, 7l ~ :~, 4~:~, t3l)~ !' :ll?: j~O I:ranco _________ .________ _ __ ..... _ .. _ 3ft, ,./),1, 1(.1.... 3,L~¡,7b:J ;).i,!l'-')11.~).... 3,bJ~)1 ... U.J ;¿, ,,-,3,(j.),~ ,..,..O,Jí~() I 9.l,061,00. /,.23,1 t\.4


Spain _. ____ ..... _ 5-1':.1, 1~)7 102, 3!)~: I lj7~, lh!t\ :~·~tl, ~;j4 n, :~~M ~\ ~t~ ! 1, ~:~-t, ~.~~ 4üO; (13G
Portugal. - _ _ _ _ _ 10,lxti laG,62/ <;10;)) !I:24 i GO, /t!o 1, :JJd 4, di I 217, G(j~, :.!02, l~H


-- U::J, 004, 2;~O 1- 83,8-11,53(; --18-2, (iUO~ :J87 ~~'--4,flt-!): l:lIJ 1--4,1~7, ';(jlj I-;:;t~;¡ll:!, íli:3 -~, a14
'--=1~~~2no-l- 2,2~4,3n4 ==:,09;2091 1l0,tiG3 7;l.4~O '1·--=c~-l,-o-It'-T=;~";¡,~:. -~ -2,4:Ü-,-07-~


1,432, 127 9:J~, 3~O ::I40,1(j4 5, OG.', 5,'1 lK,107 U, D(j:.l I J, 8JO, :Jf1: (i, 01;-), bG4
3,143.1:H 1: 591, ~R7 4, ~:Jl'l, :mo 7nl,O?8 10n, 71:'4 I J:~, .-)-1;! 1 7, 411, ~1J 2, 3D!:), 837


2!)(j) :WG I 4:JG, 27~' 1:'0.), tl70 I 80, ndO . 11.),.) 11 I :W,2.')0 1 1, 2~ 7, B~O 553, :'i09
'i'03,5ctl 47:J, 02~ 'iO.),288 1U,21:J (iO, !142 I 5,7-13 , J. 4U!), l:lld I 392,9EO


Total - - - -- _> ________ • _ •• __ • __ ••• _______ I-_--~-,.-l-~-t), ~2~:-- 5, (iD~~~ .. ___ ~, lU~~ ~31 .. _ U, !~J, 337-1:-__ -__ :l7(:~~~1= __ ~~=~~~1_~~_~~30~~:~1~12~~~ 2G7
--13, 133, :~()-: ~~~, 2471 .. :,í~l~ 4~; ---~:, ;¡6211--~~:!,:!;~T-- "~::':~;¡:~I- - 21-:O!l, 7:l:1 1- -~;,~~);~


55, O!l! : ... ______ > _ • __ > .1 P~I, b5G .. ____ .. __ . _ . __ . 4tt¡ !lJ 13 l· __ .. _ . ___ , 19::J, HG5 ." _ '


COlllltTieS.


Total .................. .


~IEDITEnHAxEAN TRAllE.
Franco ______ > ___ •• __ ••• _______ ,_


Spain ... . ...................... .
Italy alltl Sicny _ _ _ _ ______ . _____ . __


.A ustria ____ . _ . __ . ______ ... _____ .. _ .
Turkcy Ulul Grcceü . ____________ . __ _


EASl' INDIA 'l'HADE. China_. ___________ ._. _____ . ___ .. _. __
.Tapan .............. : .............. .


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FiscalycI/)' 1860--Continneú,


n,Il'OltT;-{. EXl'OHTS. HE-EXI'OltTti.


Ameri1"1l W8~1~="GSSCJS,1 :n~'k.'Il~~~~S~ F()r::~:S:lS, Ameri:¡all \C:~~:r~:l ycssrls,
5(' ~. I " i SCIS. M se ~. j ,


Count.rics.


TOTAL.


--I\nH>l'ic.'nn YCSOI Foreign vessels.
2:l(·b.


--------~~~- -1'------- ~-- ------- --
EAS'!' TNIHA THADE-Continued.


Anstmlia , B;¡2 20~ $71>, ;;<nl ~~, G2~, :níl 8447,2;;1 $42, 2~31 ~7, 401 I $3, 71G, f"o, I $331,2,,2
Brii.i~h Ea~t 11llh('~{ lO, ':.!tlí', :HlO ~n:J) {) 1~ I 1, 111, !¡!J'j' l;!Fl, !).'):J 1" _ _ _ •• _ 11, J3., !)50 I :l!J3 O l:l


2;¡, ;¡:1~J~lI3,l ,-- DO~, 88G 1---1- 1-, :,aB,lli'---~43, ü13 -1, 820,133 1,----¡.¡2, 7137 I--Jü, 9:'0, :1>'3 1--1 ,680,266 Total,
WF.S1' J"lllA "'-'UADE, I==~- ~=~~~,=-----= =~'--~=~~'~=I=-~-_-=I~---


DanislJ .. , ... , .. ,.1 171 ~O ¡ I 2o, 1112 ! l, 10'2, 191 117, Og2 30,139 4,9% I 1,313,140 14B. 700
l)utch. . .... __ . __ ÜÜD,(lOO j'r:i,(j:m .)4;2,n:)~ :1;)''j'42, 4G,:J:JO! 44:~ 1,2;)9-,062 11-1,824


BritiHh _. _ _ _ .' _ .... _ ... __ . 1, (107", :~ql Hí'4, OH , 4,341, 1i(i 2, 044; :):~:l I 4;J, !lro 1
I


122.3;ia I (i, 2j~, 5;,)'j' 3, l~Ol ~21
Vrellch 44,73t' I ~~7 l><b, (j-U 05, GjO 7:),542 :l.8J2 G1:J,U41 40. :349


Cuba. . :n ~~o 'jOü ~,lD1 5iO I JI .300,11)4 I 447, 710 ~132, 443 i ;;2; 5t:l 4:3,7:1:1, aita 2, I1D1. ~02
JlOl'to Ibno. . _. __ .. ___ .. __ . 1 a lt:!t" ~·n 1 1, 0:21, 00~ I J, ~D;¡, Gfin 1;'!~ lti8 ;J;j/ 0,J2 1


1


ti, t'7L J, l·n, 5'>4 1, 15:~, 1:11
ITaJ'ti awl San Domingo, i 1, 'ID'), :J,~ :I;'¡, ll(l I ~,~11, ~07 3;¡¡¡: 7,)~ 21e: !1:l7 2l',OtG 1 4, 4;¡2, 31G 731i, ~B7


Tot::~,~:;,;i :\','[~'l;l~':~~' ~;;,~~;;',' 'I~~~:;-"Il-~-:I~_ 'LIJ~7'~;J~ ":1,('I':'~~C-- ~,-~il, ,ri~ =~~ ~~~~ - 210, ;)il4 1 Ü:-:iJ1, 113 1-__ 8, O;: 020
~cw Gn'ua{la. ., :3, ~~~, O:i9 ]~l, ;;on ! 1, ;)07, .:110 4,1, :3nO 147,lj;) :í,544;), 4fil1 j G21 I 172)443


V, , '1' .) .. 1- -rl'l "*1- 1'1I 1 11']- "-(' "O <)"1 '10 "O'¡ 1 '11(' J -"1 '1131 "S- Fl t..:llf'ZIlI ,1,. .._._. oo· •••• -:' ) '_,'" ,. .J, ' _, ,.1, ,,.4) ,';' " " ._ l ,.' ) , /'" <,. ,." 1, :)
Hl':lzil lb, :244, 0Ti 2,!l. ,¡~li J, ·1;!!1, 1),')0 !í1.i, :.!t!.:; ~:!n, :nt 14,70U 2:l, 9:1,1, a38 3,500, ¡-;JO


J, jtH'HOS.AJ re::.. _. :f, "',da, Ojj 230, 7!J~1 í'h',3Síl 10, ú:20 2o!), 73,:! fI.O 1, 7·1n, 1.'3 271. :38:l
tTrll~¡¡ay. _ .. __ . . _ .. _ ...... _.... !;Otl, ?.)ü n~w, !ld<J ;2·1, :J .. lO 1~8, (la2 1, (jj:f, 7G81 24, :3·10


Chili. o •••• _ •• 2, 01~l, 3':;1 ;¡LI. jtil ;~, tina, ;)lD 1;)1,70(; I 3:1:1, 41~ 70,O:Ul 5, 000, 2~2 281. :.W:l
Pel'll. :2C:o, ~1O ~n, (;.1;2 t;,!-!, 4~;! (j,j, ~iJ!) ! 94,2:2-.3 I 2:~, üím l, 1'j~I,':)14 llG, (ilO


Total_ _ ____________ '_'_.:-=- :jl:5~¿,'J3,) J ;l,701:~l!;} ~ 12,nHi,oon 1~=~:33,ü14 ___ 1.:!03,lG"_-=-- ~,:,:'~I __ ~~,CG7,G1~ I----¡;r¡~


)L\.LT1C _\XIJ ;';()!~TlI f'.1~A 'rH·\.HL.
.l~ll~:-i~l, l)ll TJ¡~, Hnltie ,111(1 \\rhitl..' t;t"l.'i ••. ___ .


] l'nf.,:"'l~l
S\'>('Ü('il allCl ¡";onra\"


] J~'lllll;¡rl~ .
lI<lnllnll'!.!


Hn'HH'n


B·t1i\ 330
ldG,7-H


,J:3, ;2:3:~


4:n,li!l1
ln.'),dJí'


$3:12,4::!,i
:.!. :1:),)
:~~:~. ;")j"j


:21, ~n,;,
I:!, ,!:l:. ~,]':


h.,.d.) ("-~b


Pi'cli 1 !/rlll' 1866,


2IiOH, H¿9


1, wn. a02


,SI, 987, 144
t;7, !í1O


l-l:n f.Jc,:o--, 1~4: 4~O
1:;, ":!·10, OK? ¡


11, 4:.!-J, 771


~:n, 304 I ! .. ~ ..


12, n,:;;;
41, ,n-;l i


87, mn
1,017. [\,)/ I


2n7, Iií~ I


$1, 07;"), ';1:~
lleG. -;·1-1


·1:l, :12:l


4:1G, :14-l
J, [¡7J, 677 I


~.) :~P9 "Jü9 '~"'" 7l): 075
544, :-;;¡O


14.}, H~7
~8. lflO, Ü,)(i


24, :!2~, Oi!1


~
00


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1I.,]1:I1((l.
lkl¡ ..dulll _


';1 :!~~.l, ~~S~! :.!. 2!::- (~~!~ j,~ ;¡;:!! ~':~;;' ~C() ! :~, :J~n 1
I


ln, 'i0:: I tl( - -,,. .)' I 4,),~,f¡,--.1 1",,3.h'l .1,1:... '1,'-k.J,-,lid ' .. __ .. _ 4C':'¡ H""'O "J,),"",)41 .1,_U, UL '----=-:-'---'-_-:--::-~--,-. __ . ____ ,--~I---~,. )',' j, -- 1,'.nti,177! 7.~!Il:!n7
Tutal '1 ___ J, \_IU~_. !~,ltJ ___ ~O, ¡t<3, U~ __ I ,{, GUD. ~_=- ___ .. ~{~f,--~~O,_!~~)~l_ ' ____ ~;). a04 f 1.2. 3~1, :,W~ I ~-_ -.-,-.-----;:-~


ECTIOr:c.\X .\TLX~·TIC TlLU1E. 'j- ---=----.: -, ,----=-. '"''"' _,.., _ ~ ... ,,---, ----:----- ',' ~., 1- .-- -__ o --=-=------=---1-==·---· -_~_='_-__;_ ___ ~',;:::' ()8~, ~~_, ___ ~. ·414, 2,,,,4
}~Il.d:I1H1.- .. __ .................. ____ I ]n,O.3,~.·lj(¡ 111,4¡-1,,1.r:2 lL',!J¡lI"I1"l¡ 21J.~!1"' .. ~~1 I 4G7, 07:2 I -110·1 308 l3~ ---1----


ScotLtllll ... ___ ........ _' lí;í,;Jl:,~ J,G(j!l.~n ;.::n':.!,t<:2ül ·1.1-m.j(l~ .......... ' 7';");),1 '0,47~,~3~ 3!l2, 88!\8·H
Trdclllü ..... _. ___ .. _ ... __ ~:2, ~·!.~It :2UI,t'O(j 1 .;\.:2·1,100 ._._ .. ,_" _. 14'gJ;") 4Gtl,:Ql !I,t!~ü,4ti9
l;.'l'<Illl.'~" _. __ .. _. __ .. _ _ _ 3. (J1-:-, OH; l:~, 07;1, ~(iL J~), ~~;"O, GI. 1<.~, :~~~l¡. "j:l:l :.!(;O,337 3tU: 4!'r3 1 .. ~ :H!), tl'7H I j, 81:3, ~39
~paill ... _ ... _._______ .1 ~~:,j:otl ~lC.·l.:H~l 11h,:21-.1 1 1,!"il"':,D:2.:-:i .. __ . ___ . __ . __ •.. .),~::;7,H!)O 31,7j~,n!12


Portugal _ Oo, __ • _ _ _ _ _ _ I ;1, .-)un ':.!.!l, -!..J.O G 1., 4~IJ I 434, :J:3.") ___ .. . .. __ .1 1!1, '186 144, 1~7 ;J, 100, :!41
' __________________________ ~ ___ 1_______ _ 70,O,'jg , (j!J'),170


TotaL ......... ' .- ......... .
l\lbDITTIlilL\};l-;A~ Tl:.\.llr::.


}'l'illlCe ... __ .
HPilill . ____ _


Italy ancl Sieil\'_
..t\ustria._ .


TUl'KCy aud Gn'(·l'u


.1 :2ltl,i~),j;_jcl lfI7,l:J ij,:U;2 ];-;6.0j·1,:.Hl :2-H,311, 3IJD1 'j::!74:2ql 44tij(,,.l11 t¡--j
;- =------ -=- =-=-=-=-==i-==--= -..:.=- -==- ..:. -~- -==~~ti~~i:!. 44;J:..~~:_?32


V;-t! O-¡1 I :~,3(¡2,-4·n I 1.3;)1,0011 1,:>bl,031 d~,:2'-'!) __ .1 ---.:::---=¡--=======--~
ti:'2 ,i(¡1i 1, J~l~, :2Jl I :3DO. '311 :~, li03, :!t-') _ I ~, Gl;~, 2ül j, 126, 4!J.3


-! PI 1" 17 I 2, l/n, D:~:) I 1 1:27.901 2, t:Ob, :~ .. 17 1 t)O--1 " Q46 1, CG;2, B"'¡7 I 5, Ol''':(i, :>10
I ,"íj:'¡;~1 :1'-'ljJj.:i1 '1.,-.:00 G("'~,;dB i!O;OOO ;70n 2")2~\;12 6,503,128
1 l~~I/Jj[)1 ~--1t<,!5UI 21~,t!~j ~lJ.2,(iG~ ~ 'ji;) 4:.):.!:.! 3Iti.~G3¡ 1,~7~,~~~


______ ______ ______________ ________ _____ __ DO, i3!J UO .. ), (i:JJ
_______ ........ I :3,O,n,llb I ~,:2,",1,ü!'~ I 3,,jt'·t¡¡q~ 10,]04,/"'",l 104,G(j...; 10 0.1 ~--~-------


, • E.\.HT 1XDL\ Tl~ADE, I=~ ~.~~ I ---.-. ~'I==-'-~ =---:=~-;=I== _ Q~ =-- " ~4 _ :..=~~:.!~~_ -=----=_~' 3!)(), :m7
Tolal _ . __


Lluna .. __ ._ .... _._. __ .1 ,,,,.Lb., ... J , "tO.J, t'.>-!. 4,10.1,41.1 .l,~l_,--,libJ (idl,.L.'-l 8lib,2Jl 7 I
.Tapan_. ____ . __ .___ ... ____ . ________ .1 41 1, O(j("o 1,'1\l1,:2!Hj I '1:2'1',,jlj,': -J-!,!!;;'4 43.4H7 1.J.'j':H ,();Jl,733 1 12, COO, 774


1:\UKtl'lllia .... _____ . __ .. ___ _,H.n¡:) ;ij~I,Oj:~ J,o;¡;t-1:n' -t,~~!_)7,0!).) 3;ü;~4 ._ .... _. ___ .' ____ . ~8.1,1:.!2 1, 4G4,U14
Bl'iti"lt Ea,t lllllie8 .... _. _ i ;¡, J ej. ""4 ~,Dilo lH 40l: "~iI 1 1~1J 4:l!l I ~;'IJ 3·1 ~4:l ~, ,02. UOli 4,770, 1GB


Tota¡ - ~YE:iT J~VJ~~ '~';;.~¡,~:." - .: ..~_~ !lIid,:W(i ._~,¡, :;".'í:~~+_ ..__ 7, 1~j,~~~I-=.~~:;:;I:.ld~I==~~44fi~,==!~ie28 !~~ :;~;:~ = ~~: ~~:: ~~~
J)alli~h ______ .. _____ . ___ .. __ .. __ ._ : 174,~~(iO ~(j::;,u~u! 3t!:.!,t<~,~ I 7'"'1 4-.19 ],0~0 7


,
245 1 ~- --"~ -----.-


Untel,}. ________ . __ . 1)!1, ro,)l ();11. ~R7 ! ~5:j, 4UO B7¡-( 2-.17 ;,!, 01 O 10, ::)31 ~~~, ~~3 1,051, f"l3
llritbh ___ ........ _ ... __ ... _________ 1,·Uf,:l.\:.! ~~,:~h4,4t:U ~l,]:~O,()íi,) i 6,:1fU 717 4,9;):2 71,252 4 ~~",~í)O 1,514,00.')


Fn'lu'h ... __ ....... __ .. _. 110, U:)(; 23;1. 4tn ;2~1, J 11 1 417. :Uj7 t,481 1 2, 720 ~j~, .1tJ!) !J, 8;~, 419
Cuba_ __.___ ~:!::lO:!,bq4 1.'),40:J 11M ~1,ajli,5('J 5, 1117. 0""t I ;::;:33,!)Ü7 211.ü47 " ,9,~,~18 {)"l,;)BO


}ll)rI,O Hito. __ ... _ _ ~, ¡.: lel, ¡-u 1 I :3. ,):}H ~J 1 1,701, 1 '"Ij I ¡til (j~H 1:-.; 5: l 6:1 Xl;) ;j~, 21.), 2:JG ;21, :~.);2, 7-tti
Hay ti and ;"alll)omilJgo. _ _ ,JOb, JOl I toI:1:~ lOU J, 4,";(;, O~,.¡ I ;2,110, .Oj DJ: ;)12 l:W' ;'!c't 1, :)f)0, 3t.i4 4.1;)!,1!18


1 ________ -.--------------~----------------- ,07 ... GIl' :1. IIHO, 008
Total_o. _ .. ____ . ___ o. _ _ _ I ::!7, a...:-!, -ti>..! 1 :JI, ltl4, 20j 1 lü, (jOI, 3:JtI 1ti, t)tiO, lU7 111"'7, 53!") ,j.1:~. 311 --;¡---¡------


, ,NOlll'lIAMElUCA:-<'IllAVE. :~~-~:~:~~. _ ~¡----~~-~~:-~--~~ -~ ~~ :::....==---=-----,;:=--=-=~~~~~ -=~~~657,719
NewGrcnad,1.. __ .. _._ 1,,)4,,_0 101,_JII,l,3d,lW 31,),,111 .. .1,4~4 D410 1


-Vcnezuela. .... _. _______ .. _______ ... __ ;201,l:-'K7 ;J,~71,jld ~U.)41:! J,10:2,:J2:2 3;:i,(i09 17:194 ',fl7!, 4JO 512,5G~
nl'm~iL __ .. _ ..... _ .. ____ .__ _____________ a.Ol:2 (,,,<3 t:l,7f)~,i:3t) I 1.'j:;t',4~b 3, 941,Ob,) 20,\:101 71.1.140 I 4 ~4~,!JOt! 3,391,278


Uruguay. ______ ._ .... ____ .. ________ .. ____ J,-t-t~ 1,-t5~,:IO(i r ;1:1:~t070 l:W,1-i:2fi ----.-.-.--- _ I .... ____ .. _. ___ 1 '~?i,9(jl 17, HlQ,fl63
BUt'llosArres._. ___ .... _._ ... _ .. _____________ l_{lliO 1ml 3,17;2 1j'j I Ü"'O lílH 1,O,jq,H)(j t,a:}5 57 :!Ol 1 .1H,51j 1,5tlfl,332


Chili ... __ .. _ .... __ ._ :JIIOI0 4qq:~1O '70a,J3U 1.H,31(; 370 ;W;3jU '7U,~oO (i,88~,1Gl
Pcru." •.. _ .... _ . _ .......... _ 1:0 llJl ti3ti, j7, !Jl0, n,;G ;':'dJ., :O!.l ~, 234 . h:l. ;316 ~~4, ~JIU !l5¡,115


1---,,,-,-, -;---oj-o-:;-I--~~ --.--.-,---;- ----,--_- - --~II--'-=~ 1,2:33,442
________ 1 Ü,,,,,,),,--1U ",--1,J-14,,",,,.., ¡,4Lk .. , .. í3¡ i,~)!JJ,Jt<,) 134,8¡.~ ... ,)"",UJO 130') ----


____________ ~ _________ , I ,,-,,2, 54!) 32, 391, tlG2
'------'-------


Total ...


r;: g
>-~


O
Z


.....


Z
sa
~


M
00


1-3
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PiRca 7 vea¡' 1867.


I:-'Il'()ItTS.


Countrics.


EXPO!<To. i HE·EXPORTo. 1 TOTAL.


Amel'ic. an veR- li'OT'd()'ll vcsse1~. American ve!;· !ForCiO'll vcsscls. American ve:-;-IFOl'Üiffll yeBsel'::"11 AnH'l'iean YCS-I.Fon+rll "cesels. ~i{'l~. /::'! 8 spls. b t:w~s. o seIs. . e-
.----------- --_._--- .. - ---- ------


~~~ I
r]'ns~ia ...... ___ . ____ . ___ .. ____ ......... ____ '1.")I,;2!1R ;1,ül~ 611.939 . __ ..... _. ______ ._ •... ____ .".___ 4.".il,2Ub


$1,23:3, 467
Gt3 972


1391: ::122


Russia .... __ . _ ..... _______ -' $1, 0:)1, IDO Sl!1~, :~G4 $870, 217 $1~ 0:.)8, 103 $GD, 071 1"" _ ..... __ ---- -1 $1, 9~O, 47~
S,veden nnd K Ol'Wfly .. ___ .... ___ .. _ 14D. ;ji---l 702


t
'1;);') 1 _ . 1 :25, 2f)7 .•....... __ .. _ _ _ 8:~, ()OO UD, as·!


llmnul1l'g __ ..... __ . ____ .. ___ ..... ___ ...... __ 7U.,jj;) I 12,470,ü~JU 114,172 }Ü,Hl-2,;:i:2B :lt<,1l7 1,7{j(j,t!~0 ~3~,bG4 ( 2J,14:,iHJ~
Bl'CI.UCll .... _ -, __ ...• __ .•... -. _ . ___ . <in, ,)--0 1 ::1, .).;~, 4'j~ ~, {jH3, ;:i~3 1~ 'j()f)j .,1:.!,"} 4:.!,170 I ~n4 17 1 2, ~OJ, ::n;) l' ~G, (jOl, 071


fIollaIld __ .. _. .. _____ .... ';.!~(, O ... ! I l,J;¡rl,:nG 5~7,f110 :!.4kl,;'ld ____ " __ '1 11:1,20;' I 73:1,9b4 ~~)~n1j 103
Belg:iulll - . - .. ___ .' , ... _ .... _ _ ~-¡ 1, tlí I :.!, 3~tI, l:.!l ;2 O:lt, G;'i:1 4, j1t m3 '277, JI!) 2!Jt3.900 I 3,170,224 7.131. O!JG


Total. ..' __ ._ ... __ . __ . ___ -=-2,UOI, UiH1 ~_ :W,hJJ~~1j = ~ 2:!02..5121 ___ 3:.!,~-;-O,j1!J~I __ ,J;2(),477 '1~-=--2,5~ti,b~6 __ ~,5~>t~,4b7 I-=- _ 65, 578, G3:
ElJlWl'EA" ATLA"'JIC l'OnTS. -- -- - ~-- - ~----I~ ---------------- --- -----1----- ~
~ngland .. _ ... _ ... ___ . ___ . ___ , .. ___ . __ " _,. 21. 483, í :4. I t:íO, 1 D-1, O:.!l 78, :lOJ.~, 2GR 1.10, 9D7, 1ü:J 67;), ROl 5, .':)(;0, aBO 100, 4G6, ~43 312,751,864
~cotJalld. ,. _ .. _ .. _. _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ IDO, (j~¡O I (;, lH)l, J 7;2 14ü, f!!)6 ·1, ();¡;J., 2:W 191,722 :143, :ititi 11, l:H 1, 1:10


lrelulld_. _",., _." _., ... __ .. ___ , .... _ .. _. __ . 4, ;2Uh 7:1, :J!:O 4,<>, f-l;-¡f} ti, ü:H, 9!lj !)1. O~5 l!)tl, ~IU jel,Oa:.! (j, 90~J, 595
~'I':l~lü(,. ____ .. _____ .. _ .... __ . ______ ....... _ _ _ 7, 4~~, ~~:') ~O, ()1 ~I, ~~~l 27, ~;J:i, -t:~ I 14, 2~~, ~~~ ;-)17. ~:~~ r 1, 21~, (jOO 3,>, ?~i(), 2.~;) i 3ti, 11~, ~~~


I...:p,nll......... . ... _ .. ___ .. ".),¡d ·1U,,,-_J _-l.J,11» 4_,),~)~)j L. ... :Jli 3:30.1, .. -1, B·1.,¡ .... h
]Iortugal. ...... ___ w ___________ • ____ .. _ _ 11; 7U4 2-1·1,O:JU !!l, G~H 4j-1, Jjt! ''lJU I ~. !JjO 110, 1-10 i 701,547


TotaL ............................. _~~:":.. ~'4 1--l-'''''-~l~~.¡_I_~()ti, ~:l, 2n7 1'S4~'_'2~_I~'_~' 4J!J_,=-7, itiG, e0:l I~, OU8,O~1 :l69,12l,!.::'.
MF.])JTElm.\~E.\" 'IlL\!lE. - -- ---, -- ----- 1--------------- --1'--- ---------1---------


Franee... _" _,. ___ .______ "¡I~,::.-:m ~,j;N,~i-{¡ :,!,(lJO,4~:l 4D:!,Dl.l í4,809 ... __ _ ___ __ 2,')01,122 3,222,709 ~p:lill_ ... _ .. ,._-------.--.- 8-1-1,4j-! l,701,:J:W mll,O:1l :j,n~j,Ub(j I 21,.')17 ;)O,:W(j 1,7"'~,Oti:! I J,C7!l,G88
Ttalyuud ::-lil'i1y. ______ ...... ___ __ :2 1"'4,{:7!) :3,101,20~ 1,3t<tI ~rj() 3,~3(i,Cj}0 5,(j(jU Jl,(d~ 3 3ír: 7Jl ti,4b.!,526


.AIl!-itri:l .......... _._ .. _._ .. _ J,"¡:!7 50\·1l-1 .\3UO l,-¡¡¡,;¡:~.J l'.700 21,GOj 11),427 (jd~,35;!
TlIrke,y and firl'l'l'c . _ .... " _. __ . 19U. S-!j 3G:!, l;J::J ~t4, t!Ot3 ~01, jj:! 4,31j (j, !174 -ldj, Güt! , 570, (}i16


Total. __ , _ .. _ ... _____ . ____ ., --3. tiJO, ;;!j,") i:!, .1O~, !.llj.! --4. :ia~l, O,-lt! --t<, 0:3.), 474 1--múWl--m 573 :--~, :~70, :~:!:J ¡--lti, 5t.iO, 011
, . . E_\ST IXDIA 'fUADE. --~--:,--.:~ ---l~-~-~~-' - =-~--.~~-:=-=--~-~~~71=-=---·'-:=~~: I--=--~ --~ I=r--~. '.) -~-, -,,-


ClUlI,l ... ___ .' ____ . _ .... _ .. _. __ . _' ... __ . _., __ . 3,0 ... /, e ~O " O, -l, .¡(jO h, 1_1: (, ... 0 "', fi(lO) -1fi. (¡{JI, JI", ,Jll" n91 J, IGJ: 13,.. l .... llü, n.A
.J~l]nm .. , ___ ... __ ,. _._. .. ____ ." ____ . _ "¡;).J, jc-l:J ;1,lC:1, ~Ol (j;!"J, ,'03 (j:', 4:~1 ;~::<, 8·11 71, ¡:n 1. 111"'. :HJ ':.!, :WO, ;¿(j()


.L\n:-::;trulia . __ _ _ _ ..... ___ ... __ . _ ... ___ . .. ,1!i, ~)\-:l(i :J1:..!, -1 ¡;-¡ 1, tr; -1,20:1 :1, 1-2~. OCO 1, !):2;¡ I ~~, ~U :2. o~n, :10-t :!, :W:~, Gt37
) ..• • r' -. :- .~ ... I);..!) • - ')' ,- ·• ... ·3 ~ -'--( . (1'--- -- - ,-, --Bntlsh ha8tlutlWH . ___ ._._' ___ .. ___ ." __ '" .1,G14,~)0:3 ",.ll,.c:" .l-l.),:...üb .~.),¡-.:/, I tl,li-l __ ,,_,. __ ..... _. .t,. ¡¡,J~IU ;),3".I,8.M


DlltchEa.':lt.IlHlies ........... __ 'n........... 1, 1:11:1:30 l,;)l:j,(l~)G 1:!7,Ol!J 77,:nü 1 =>,1·10 i l,;:}lt: 1.~ü:J,2~D lJlH,!)jO
Tol I --8 W'8 O'<~ --,,,, o,,¡:¡:-·--q¡f).:J "J~I< ¡- -=--;-G- ')0> 1 G"1 ''-=-!---j'~'~ "'"~(J 1--1;;-14~ '01 --~ .. ")- ,.."» a .. ____ . ____ .. ___ . ___ . __ > •• _ •••• ,. • .... / .",,-, C;,"'" " I " .Cl,;JU;) ;),. )1,_' I 1,:"',)/ ! 'vv, Iv L, ",). ....t, ' ..... ),IIi" ...
-::..::..:..-:-:==-,~-=-===,===I==-~=:==-- --:::=-=--==:-::--==:::)==_--:-:--=:----.~_=.::=


t-!I
00


O':>


z
~
~


O
~


"3
......


O
Z


>-<
~


..:3
t"l
~


l'::I
en


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\VD"'!' lXIJlA 'l'UADE,
DnniHh \''''C'Kt llltli('~.


Dlltch \\rrst IlHlíí'H.
British \Vf'st f!l(lit'F;_


Fl'('HCh ",''''C'st IIldi('~.
Cuua. ___ . __ ._


Porto nieo _
Hay ti .................. ,


Total .......


, " ... 1 !W!). H!ll :¡!¡;l, U40 I[ 4,'1 .. ,"1 ,,81, GOG 20. 1:17 ~~, G4:¡ ¡ 801 ,,49 94~, 18~
17;"), flFl7 I fi:20, ;2·19 HH,70L ;H8,2Ul 45.J: ~. 777 :u¡¡.;:, 112 771, :J4;J


I
1, :J31. 7t"~fi 1, 77!\ :114 I ~,!lIP, ;¡.!!) 4, fi~'¡', 704 ~l, I1n~~ 7i',4()j I 4, '.!fiU. o:!~ 6, 54-1, 58:~


:16. ~jO 211, ;,úfl 42:~, -1t3 24], -iD1 4, ¡.:tU 4.')t). 7:~;; 437, H4t
2j, ~P4, fl4~ [' 1:1, :~:.)il., 81.' 1 lO, :J:W, 671 :J. f:,~5, H¡4 1, 3.'tI, l1G5 ~G., ;)74 I :n, -¡'00, ~¡.;:;. 17,442, :.>.-.>5


_ _ . . .. 2,5:32, !IOB 2. 7i'<1, 7,11 1,52.\ fl73 4n7, })(id 52. 507 "2!I, :),)1 4. 11 LOBa: 3, 3mJ, 270
.! 44~), !1:l4 I :'¡O~, -tíi:2 I 6,4!l."'i 4G, :~n:l I 171, !JD-t 17í), ,HU ti2~. ·113 731,274


,-------,--------------------._----------~o, '21, G:Jl 1 __ 19. 4'~!l0;) , __ ~5, 87 ~~GO [ __ 1~. ~8-". 1". __ 1, G:¡'l.E1 1 __ ,)fl~31U_l--48, !\:!l,24:i __ JO, 1UD, il52
SOUTH ~\':'\mltl('A:\ TIU.DE. 1-------1----- ------1---------- - ~--- ----------


X ('w Grnna¡1a _ ..... _ . ___ ... _ _ _ _ :J, 200, !lü,j ~ 1:~, '!3;) 4,0:27, 441 4.)~. ~·Hi .......... . .. _ . _ ... _ G, ~lH. 109 I 6D;),501
V('IlCZ1Wla _ ._._. __ ... ____ 2~:2,L)7 1 -;14 r<1~ :20:> 412 1,10:2,,"):22 -t 4:3,) ~718;¡ -tf):!,OO-l 2.844,j~:;


BraziL 1 4, WJ, !lb.) i 14,4 l¡' !ltS 2, 37D: 7:17 ~. 4jG 1!)3 I m: HIJ 7~: 9~1 7, 3G7, 14U 1G. ~GG 1m
"Grng'llíly _1 2:::n, H;,j ¡ 1, ::.!!Il. :l~:~ t :24-,), 0,17 I 2DU_ lj~ . 2~~, D!1f1 2t:',813 4!Jti,208 ¡ 1, bl!), 28~
13n~·~lO.'3 ..:i)Tl'S ___ . _ ! 2) CCO, 19:2 . 3, 1~:2, filO titÜ, D:2:~ I 1) 4;¡!)~ fifl6 : 139,4-t:.! UD,4t-!3 3, 7UO, J;j7 ! 4, 7-11~ 7~b (~hlll ______ ....... _ _ _ _____ .. _ ... _ ... '1 4] ti,. HHU I b~O, 12G ! 2, 79:j, UlO 7:{H, 5:1~ I • 7~, :231 10, 2:~() ! ~~, 282, 2:n 1, ()1!I, ~1.15


Peru -. _ _ _ _ .. _ .. _ ... _ _ __ ...... _____ .. __ .1 j, 4~1. G~O I 2~O, :Wj I 1, 1H(j, a73 j02, 145 ! 13, O~H 19,3G2 I ~, (i31, 087 801. HU


. _ . ¡--n , !I!);'. 11;) -----;¡~, IIl!), 4DH1 .. ",""_1l,927, 94ü ¡--7.UlM37 -- JG4, ;>7~ l. _2:;8,01;0 ,- 24, ~7,li:iG1--~8!), 013 Total ......
Fi&cal y('(()' 18G8.


XOR1'II MEA 'l'RADE. ---1 . I
RUHSil.'...... ........................ ........ $1,10,;' 0:24 ~,ll;¡, 4141 $7g3,111 $1, :\87, G72 $33,220 $:n,534 $1, D31. 3;,,, ¡ 81,767.640
PrnssIa '. _ ......... _ ...... :2,')7, 7 t1 I Iql 7:!] Ü4,O:!7 88:i, 'n 1 22,1 321 'j'6~ 1,077,0:16


HWeÜCll:lwlX(lrlV:l,Y .. _ ............ _ .. __ ._._ :lfld,:1;J(¡ t)n::u~ 177,4:.W 7:290::1:lG 1,1l1,73t{
HamlHll'g ....... _______ .. _ .... __ ._... ]q,t~4 I f-1.,,)qil,1111 1l.l3,IB2 11,!)!li',()OG ,")G8 2, 23Ü,S!)9 21:~,.l~4 25,tl33.~11 I~r('men _ . __________ .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G2:~, 7;)0 I 1:.! ~ I~}:!, :dli 1. 874, 9d 1 21, 400, 486 ao, 1 un 513, 208 2, 32H, 240 1 :~4, fji5, ~ao


l[oll',mü .. _. ___ ...... ____ . 1I~, l!lD I 1, r¡:;, 6,)¡-l 1 j:l.:J., ¡¿I¡l <1, 100, 11).~ [' ... _.. _ 31,477 114:2, 1GO 5, ~~b7. 328
IklgllllH . _ GO:l, D:Jl I :2, ",¡<I, (',):2 1, O;)Ü, 0231 5,144, a22 5,1;):> h09, :259 1, fi(i4, IU!) 8,313,233


rrofnL .. __ . ____ o. --;1,017, 7Dj I---;U. i1i~l.lli --4, ;í05.¡j!),j --48,101, 81.G 1---w.0~2 --:1, 4;'!':!, 321 --7,592,442 --78,005,556
--_·--::;;--.::-=I==--=--.....::;-;;-=-:~·-·-::-:;;:::: -:::---=-==..::.==-= ~====.=----:==== ===--=---~ ------=== ===


EUB.OPEAX ATT ... AXTIC l'OIn~. '
1 Englantl .... ,1 11, OB"I, 2.;8 J09, 201, lGol GG, ,,31,7;,3 158,141, lG:; 1,048,414 1, ".n, 08(j e4, Ge4, 42;' 271, 889, '112


Hcotland . _ . _ ......... _ ............. _______ . _ '1 ..J.:H, O~:J I tl, :3Li4, ;,:);j t.D8, 78.,) li, ] G!I, ü41 1, :230 105, O:~8 1, 3:31, 10,' 12,1)39, 5:!!}l
Irelmul _ _ _ _ _1 (iJ, 7:~!l [ :~:{, :~GH :n7,8UO a, D 10,61-;' _ .... _. _ ..... _ _ _ -.1 441, ;):~9 5. UÜ3, 986


1!ra!lco _ . _ . _ . ____ .. _ .............. " . _ .. 1 ;J, ;)10, 4DO 17, 0:1:>, :~)(! 21, :20G, (J07 22) 17!', 777 210, t>71 1: 7il, 7:1:1 I 26, 936, H!7 41, ~7G, 826
~palll_. __ .... _ ...... __ _. __ .... __ .. 1 L"j:í,~!)41 :):It-,O~It, b.J1.I,t"J.l1 1,~-!;1,(j¡¡d ,',;!W . __ ... __ .. ____ .1 1,0:2:2,95'1 1,581,766


Portugal. _... .1 J~, 471 1!).1,4!XI '1:37,92:3 ,177, HiO 4,122 l1'.6BO 474, ::í18 tH:l9, ~39


Total:I~~:l~l:~~:¡~XEAX TllADE. ·1 ~ 2!l, 2~G, !)!2..! ~=~~ 04(~~~~ _ _ .:~,:l:¡~''2.'¡J ~~ 13S, 020 -=1,"~'-bí3 ~ (5,,133, ~~_ i. 11 ~~~~~!, . ,. 3:4, 640, ,,48
l!ra!lco ................. .... 1 1,710, G09 I 1,7G6, 1,17 2, :J03, 410 I 2.,4, 070 1 2,4l7 .............. 1 4, 018, 526 1 2,000, "07


Sp,Ull. .... _._._ .. ___ ... _ .. ___ ............ ___ ' ],'2~::J,G(j~l ],10:2,710 74~,573 4.7>-l7,1G7 137D5.. ...... ~,O·!7,033 5,890,177
Ital:. and Sicily, ....................... , .... [ 2,374, 030 ~,U:i, ;'d3 2,233, ,In 2,712,312 12: 004 12.214 I 4,639,545 4,890,109


z
>-~


...... (¡l
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Pi8ml !f<w' 18til3-Cuutiuuctl.


COUJltrics.


BlI'OR·"'. EXPORTS. i ltE-EXPORTS. TOTAL.


Allleric¡lll ~~'-~~¡~:O-1~~:1-1 YCS:~-::' A1ll(ril'Ull ,( M-lrOle'iOlL Yc~sel:; I dJUcl'ican Vf'S ¡IFOT't'i(fll V( ¡.;:-;d~. :1-l(lli:~:~-·~ll:nll"ll :~:~el~.
Gds. I ' o :.;pf:.;, ~ ~('b. ¡-. ¡.illtl. I o
I~---- I I-~- - ---I~-


- '1' l' e,_ 1 '¡ ,- 'G' 00' 1" "U .', '4" 1 < 'IG -')() ~,)'''',:",,.. v'¡(¡l""",,,) :;-:'.1 .,1;'). _ ';"',~)Jo r;rJ_,:"',. 'it~, .1",
I :Jtd,Onl lB Uc:<:..! t'3~.j, 11;! I l:JLi, 111 :j~1, J!)l 3, 133 9G~, fJ21 ;;~~. :~4G


MBDlTElmAN.E.\~ TH.Al)E-COlltillned.~
Aush'in _ .. ~ ... ___ _


TUI'koy mal Ul'CCCC


Total
,i--;;,7lq, .. ~~ __ ~ ;;~2 J:J3_--'''~!'O,~-;;:::=--",l'7'2~~=_ GI,GlI71--__ !~~9~ 1--11,'i3::J.,2'iO --1¡,~19,t!0!)
i,~r~1~';li,;:,·: .. ',·:C'-,L:P:_:-'H:U:'~~:: ........ ..-I - - - ------- ------ ------- - - ------------- ---~


;¡, 0','11, on I
¡17,I'jl


:),', ;21)\) I
:2, ~.\;~, :m~


. '111 ')'" , ," • 'l-" ' ',,' 11 ~ j'- '''41 1" " 1" (")' n', '1 'l~U 4')1 ti. <' •• , 1 ¡ , t.lt"'" 1,.. I 1: 0, .... 3,·1 . ""', ,)1, lió "", ü,)O ..J, j, h, 1)".... .,' _ , ""
1: (;::-~. 011 "a:í,4"}« : ;)4.7-40 c.\ .~~ ].")0 I 1, :>58, :EH 1. 'j':~ü, 901


-1- '1'- <.) {I'," ("'1 ' 1 "111 '¡('U l~ -',;) 'F) l'l- I q nl)l 41' 1 q';¡ll ~I'¡
. (.;/,) ~';";"¡"':.I ,v~,'._~_ <.,;),~ "" ... ,1,. :-,:I,.:,.",~; ':"""~'. )3l'iti::-h EH~4 11lditl :-) _ ••• _ ••••••• _. _. _ . ¡


DlltcllEasj, IllIlietj ______ .... __ .. __ _
Total .. , .. __


WE~T I:-';D1.\ TnADE.


D::mish \YCHt ludks.
Dntc11 \\~(':-:i IlHli{'~


Bl'iti¡;h 'vr~t j1H1ies.
Vn'll{'h ,\r¡\KI, 1 ndit'iS


Cnba _
Porto Hicu_. _ u ••


[la,,!i _
To{.,.l_


~OUTH .\":\lEmc.\x TUAUE.
New Gl'muHl:L


Vcncl,llda ______ ....... _ .. .
Hl'azil .. *_
rl'l1~lla\" ._


J(. :1l~,i.ln6 ~\\ re~.
...'lllh _ •..... __


Pel'll_


Tntal


1 , :1'2(;, ~ ~ 11


''', 111.\ ;-J:l~


;¡·k!,:2.Jj
~:2;¡, ;2í;~


J, ,11:3, ~jO
.¡¡¡, u.,.)


:W, rlí:~, ~~1 ~
:~, !l1í, 011 I
:~·11, 4;2.)


'1:(,(1,.).11 ~¡J..J.,..J.I,(I I L~,Oí,,) 4,JO!) '. ______ . __ . _ ._ .3,-1ü.3.()ib 4, ,00,0.lb
__ ~I~";{j.l i ____ t~:3,;H'1 i __ GlI,i4U ~ __ -_-~:~~I __ j,LHO,3;15 __ ~~


1
- "I"J lll' I J" '4(1 JI) 1 I '¡ 1',- 'J'), " "Gl' 0"- , ')4 "')' "3 1"" -"J3 le I'¡" "31


--- ", -" ,-'::.. -, r '-- ---'-'---',,:..-::...-----.. '~--"-Cól 1 _____ ' __ .'''.':.. __ ..:...:....::..': __ 1 ____ <-' ~-:~'''...:
---- . - I ---------i-~~-- ----~---, ----------


, ,


.j" .. ',1 ")( -. 1": I l' , , ,.. ( , "") . ~ ,"' , .'w :':-¡~:~', I:~),..I II~.!, 4:~,~ :',l:l, {:~ I l.~ . .1:} , 1.1, ~~:'~ ?~.), -H,' ;~~, ;-!~ .):~,). (~3~ I IIJ __ , ).JU ! .l3J, ,),J¡ 1 OU3 lO, ¡:Jh .~t-<~, 4L:2 .1 __ '_' .J.B
L :,!Ii, I~!f~ I :~, ~~I¡~, li~~ I a, :3t~.~, ~,~.j 1~. }O.~, :l:l, f),l!l .¡, ~~l, ti;):! I .1. ~,~3, ly~


¡l'!, l";I,' d j, !)f¡'J l:::íl, ¡bU 1. ,l;--.¡ , 1, (lO~ j 11, 1O¡-; ,{/jO, lJtih
1:~, j,j ·un J:2, :);21. :1:i.; ! D, 934, 4.~" a¡ 12tt, n·J:~ ;20;1, (j·l:2 G~, 4t!~~, 37f1 1(), Bl.j, 5ili
~,-I:;o, Oi'! :1, ;¡t~, o:m ' 4Fl,líill j 1: P17 I!J, (i,--<ii ¡;, :l:U, ~Hí' ! ~. )~!n, Pti7


·tl"', GU;! :2,~, \11:2 :33, Hk< 1:H1 4lil 107, ;2.l!) I ;:;01, .n~ G:21, lO!!
-1:3, ;2:J~, ~)GO ,--1!1~. lUn, ~!-.--1?1 '7';;2~ :d:~ --.-. 7, 7G:l, Ot;4 1--3, 4G(): oi¡l--.-~ UO~ i


=_- --~,=c .. ~c,~.='~~~~=~~=I=c==-==_~==,.
ÜO, 407, 16,1 ~7, 408, D7!)
----=---=,=-~=.-=---==:=


I ' I
'1 4"" ("'" 1 1'1 (1 '1 ,-, -14' .,01 4'-~, ;J 1, ).)v I ,).. ,". .3, <'"',¡~) •• J .... :.. , "1,) l' I
~.'"'-l, ~IO I ~,:~1!1, :.!:Jl ;~l"O: :31;") 1, J:t(jI, ~!I;.! !!4, OO:J 1~. !l.~-t


G, ,1(),~.1!16 ! 1i, :2~·l.l;~~ : :3,0:2:;, 411 ~,nn, ()1:1 la:~, (¡~O ¡j.!. liD!
4D;i, r'1<"'5 : (;-:~, G}"l I :1:11. (;o,') ·H;;-¡, ¡'::in :.2, t-'·t~ ~:\, ~():J
;~,li:':),Or':; i :3,11:'.7\" L:2:íI>.,:JG 1,:~!~:2,:)(J:! lj~,10H iI7,í{i~1
:~:)fI, !l..Jí' I (í-20, '-'::10 :í-I.\ ¡-:Iil ! !}j'tl,731 :IO,ltil ':.!n. ':..!~G


___ ~~~~.I __ ~~~I. __ I. :2:m, :~_' __ :Hi:J, 5P;. __ ~4::!~1 , __ ~DD!I
14, íP~I, P:,:9 ; ~:~, ~(i;2, (i!r; ! lO, ;~):I t, ' t~·l 7, SO:.!, !'H 1 a¡,"',2;2·1 i ~7:\ nnn


I
'j, a;");3, l:í9 I :n:l, ;)2F:
;J8i~, ~J;2tl I 4, l~H, 310


1) - ...... ,~( (1"... .., ~,.¡(,j, '-",) 1,), 9~1" .119.
. t,:~(I, :2!1,) " liU, ::!:n


J, 117, !l:2H :~, JO!!, Ü(i:.!


~, ~~~: ~~~ I 1: ~~~: ¿~I
~~', Ij~~, !1l71--~41 601


~
00
00


~
> ~


~ ,...,
.....


O
Z


.....


?\
-i
~


P:I
t"j


en
>-3


rn




~(JH'rJl bK\ TIL\ 1 'E.
- ] ~n~~iH . _. . .... , ...... ..


1"'';: 1'1'1I~:-,ia. . ..... _ ..... _.
~ :--;\\'~·d.~n aJlIt X(ll'\YilY


• lIallllllll'g:
J:1'('lllt'lI.


II(db1l11.
l~d!-!iultl .


'l'(lfa1..
ECHOl'E.\S .\TL.\}.'IH' no!;¡-,",.


El1!-!lalld .... _
~(;(lt lalHl .


Il\.lawl _ ......
Fnll1l·(~.


Sptdll
l'Oltll~:l1


'l'ot;tl.
\!EI)[']I':la¡ \':-'1.\\ '11;'\1'1'.


Hah <t!JtI Sidh
.. \ lI:·Úria .. '


'l'nrke,\", (;n'('('(', ;md V'2"\"llt.
ToLd,


ChilW
,Japtlll.


.\ l1stn11ia .


L\:""l D:Pl.\ TIt.\1)1·:.


nriti",h EaE>t Illt1ic~.
])utdl Ea:-:t Il!dil':';


Total ~ ~ ~ ~ ~


WEST l\"llL\ 'I'IL\llE.


l):lIli~~h '.V{'st 1l1(11c8 1l])~1 Ih:lllllíl1'1{ .
nntrlt ,VC'Rt, Illtlit·p, :\l1ll (;niaJli\.


nl'itish \V('~L J1HlÜ~.:-I ... .
Frelleh 'Vcst Tndü·s .. .


'lO> -" e 1·\- ", o I ~ ., .:.. I ,..... ." .• :,.) ,,1
:J(l~. 4'~~ :ll.í, 107
~'·\I 0- ~ '--1 r.-,. I ,', "./,) I // ,1.),


I
.-,0, ,-),'-7 .-<, fH:. "'"2lJ
:'(~iI, -¡·IO Lí,·H t, !lf,-, I


I
',L\, ",":¡;,III.-, I


. __ ~_; __ ~ .. -':\'.'. ::l0


Fisru I yem' lt'GfJ.


~:~.\~, ~:7
;.. Jo), b.J4


1i-', lee
:':'t;,~, 7d!1


;2;H,fl-1!1
;), O, :.!,":~


;- ~i:!, \;;kl


:1, 0-1-:2) 3;'!~


$:1,3:211,4:111
] I],J') 'Jj,)


, i 1~: ~t'(;
1"..!, (j"':7, tlji:{


5],1. ;:tlti, :2~-n
:3, ·1'2.\ t-lo


;\;dl;,:l-U


S1, ;).1[1, '¡til


:--.1:3, .}43


In, 1..-
'7 íG


;-;¡, ·21.~1


I ~ ~ ~ ~
I ~ ~ ~


li·t, ti!). I


$10, ~tl8


1,0·18, ';0:1
:n", :'40


r-r:, ¡-<47
:2~i', (¡¡-r:


J, '75:3. ,~5t¡


~1, :;04, 01:1 ,
,:d~, n,~t


:1:;11, 14:1
;{It,:nli


1, -;'~~: ~;:~~
J, :~~~, tU:!


~'), .-,"; t. U':,!~I


~J, '¡ti(i, ll-J7
~, ltlj, ·hl (¡


!1;20,44-'2
:.!::!, li~)-J, ltü
4~, ':71, ~3~


.l,.IOO, ..1 .....
~. :I3é', 741


-------


.! 2, 4G7, UO 1 I 30, 4::.:n, ;j.l:,! I
~-~-l-~--I~)~:~l-I=~l~l~-~:-¡--=-I--)-I ¡- ~.:) -nD "'3" - J 1- 1"··1 q-') "~(I ['.') 1 '" 1-- -() jl"- '""¡tl "11 0',- ")-


l., ,k J, v~. • ,""', .:.. • :... I ":1:", 1:',-,) l \J 1, ) Jo , ' ,J. ,) 1" I,).J • , i""~" ... ,-',1 ,1, , • ;-;.1, I ;,., ,-., 1, ;1, .)
·-1::4, (;:.!! 'j, (l"21.1VIl L ..J, ~.t:~, !I,~ ~ 1liO. k'·,·.( -1:2·', t¡:21 ]'1, U:2(;, :2\:0


t:':3, 7:lO, lj!)


~,~!, 4.:0 I JI'!., :2:~:) I 1. 0t31, n87 .\ H7. {;lr) :H¡!l 1, ¡"-:1,:17 J, ;j:.!~l, -;:l:1
-) , 'l' - • {, j" ,-' • -(,- ~" ")- ,',- )f'- - ) '.) ') '1 ( -.: ) .......


,1, :..:--1. ,n.~ ,,(), ,),JI), ,,11 :".1, ,"",·1, !)(,1 1~), .1.1.), l,,~ 1;.",.), t'" .• I 1, ;""',),10;... , 31, ,JI::", .. OU ·L, ~,lj, dl
J.(;C~l.:.!,-d l,l'!;,\i, I:n l.t;'-J,:~0~; 5,1Ir:L!Ir-d :.!.:~(\,' 1


1


1:~.-l!!l ;1,:2'jt-<)fl~.l 7) l'"'!!I,Ijll)
:' 1, l!!(j I ¡""-', r-:l·1 I .,I:~:1, 08t! '1;);), :311 : Jj', :l:.;() ~,;, 0'2;) '1;:-1, (jO-J !iíil. '2CO I--~-----------------------,------------


:2 L :n,-l. '-):l~ I I ~ic~, :.!~l(;, '-'cn I 71. 777, 07~! leO, !\3~. :J:~i) ! __ = ;~~~~~I (l, :~.1-1, í30 f'~,_ t~~:_8:~ -=-_
~" -",) I " ",., 11', ' " 1-" o-o '1 "lit} '-l (~ 0.171 1" ti'" - 'OCI' ']'1-1 " ,''') ")1 j ~\ I~ "~:-~'.)~;_ I ""', :',.,1 .,~_~,c:,) ),d 1): 1/ .l,_~,~,,,,j 1, ,':1','.',,, .


__ '_~~~I ')~~'-::':)I !ll~'~2~ .t.,,_,~,L .. :: .. ~. ~nl.~ L,~,~,,~)~'~ l,~l.~:,_~~,
) (1, (1 .J¡., (Id I _1., t!l~,l 4.l.), .1W ,d, !:L-4 4(, ,JOu tc_~ _.lÍJ .lü .... , tJ...J


--:\.;¡-¡-t, jl~~I---!,c-!(I~?j~!--=::~;¡~'lj;:; 1-_-_ -.1, 1:2:~,4:2:~ -=-~_~~531 1=_=--f~UO¡=-G,:J70, G~G ¡---!j:D2f?)Ojn
-',11>1, 1 ~I - ---~~f-;,~~:~- 8.-, --;,-~ l,m 1I:1t}-~~;;~~~1 L~hl I


1, :2.2J ;: lt i ':1, (I'.!O 77(j ~,'¡'ll,;!17 1'\ ;)():~ 1, lOq, l:'dj' I q 4')-J I
!,(\]7: t'.~,í:~(jl ~,l~q,lqn 2~I1"'q,i"17 1 .... ,21.1 4040!)


J, :0,), }~)! I 1, '21~, :l~(~ J/7 ;,:;1 J?~, ~~~) 7, 4~~ L (JO!)
4,..1 j ,.) 1, 4(¡,), 4:..ü I ')-l, ¡:.t~ ,~j, • j' 3:..,)


----,---- --'-~- -----------------------
11, !'n.~. ~~~~ .I __ .. _.l~~._~¡=~, 1 ~1! ] !, :24·j~ ;¡:H ____ ~~~_~):~~~~!_.~J ~t, ~:~_~~ _______ ._~~-~~~j3 I
--~ - ------ - I-~ - -. ~- --~--- i - ~ ~ -~.- --~- -----~~-- --- ~ - ~ ~-- -~~-
:~~::-~, ;'~::) i ::m, ~::,i ~~~, ;)~7 '1 !ltO, ;~~~~ I l~, ~:;~ ~~:1~::~~ L ~,I,I, :tll, 1, 2~O,4~5 1.)". ,1(J.) .00, ,),,0 .. ".l, 4 .. 4 GIO) b_1 l •• t .. ,~ . __ , ,~I_ '.l.-], ,Hh 1, '1(,3, -L.,9


• -.i "'. , ._, _. ',- .... ...:. >< ~~~ ~ ''''¡ - .,.... ~ ... , (' ~, o.) ., ~( ,l,()(l~[,J11 :3, (J •• l,t,(¡(I 4,ü,¡7,1,-,'! 4,·1,,-4,;),),) 'l("L-l ,l-I-,.5IÜ 1,11.1..U4 1"', .... 1 ... ,,),1l


:~();), :in·j, I:q


1(:, :t'"i,;;:¡, OJn ji, :.!'2íi, t-<~4
.1, 1;'!.i, (j·Li 'J, O'j:-í, í:tl


') l(jl W){j .¡ (il'~ Ill;') ~: 14~: H~~lj :;: :~:5~< :í7~
,-)'¡ti, f~J 1, ;-)0:3, ;203


-----


;2!l, ·lOO, 07!) 19,7.17, 1 F!


¡ ') :$;~,¡~(l1 ,~~)\I.'~;::J 1 ... 4 • (_Q--'" .) ... __ ~) ,!,~~~ .:1,:1:(: ~'l ::~~\l~:~ :l!~i,(j(~
. ....•...... 4_,'U,,)(),-t, ].)_d,h,~.(J, 1,t'",l·.~1 _,IG.l)";'" C,90.~,(¡;).) ](¡I,].:'~ .),;;I,)"J;..;~ lP,G,U,JJ4


4, 114, :l:);) I :1 ';<I.l, .")Li I 2, OO:t,1: 1:2 I (¡l;/i, :~5:; (t:! :..!UO '1;), ¡-:,fj (¡, l' (j W: 4. OU5, 734 (;nba ..... ___ . ]lorto IUco ....... _ .... .
···1 ~jG, P()7 4'):2, j,n ¡ .í:31, U;27 I :-:11,511 40, la:> }<f\ :327 Q4', °3!J 1,350,5.3


--;Jo, tnc~ !jt1l I~-~.J.1'77, ~';!~~n:¡(), ~l:.! 1--w.:l.:J:i.:G"ii ~ 7, Oil~, UI;!) ------:308., !H6 !---;(;. (I~l, 772 --33,231. cut!
llayti ~~~~~~ ~~~_~~


Total. __ ..


~
~


23
~


,....¡
O
~


..-.


Z
,....¡


t:1
~


t:1
ifJ
,....¡


en


t>!>
00


c.o




Fiscal ycar 1869-Colltinued,


--------~::;:.~- - ----- -- >:XI'OI<TS. I RE-EXPOItTS_ TOTAL. ____ _
\ . \ . I \. I I \' i CountrlcR.


I : mpl'l~':1Tl yj'S- .FOI'Ci;;ll YCS:,;('I1':l. j m(ll'l(::I~l \-Pf,- FOldgn Y('S~wl~.' .1 lllPn~:ln ves- !Porcign vcssPls,'.1. mel',l~a,n ves- I Forl'ign vcssels.
______________ ' ,ele. ,- S( ls. Rd". _-1-______ 1 __ 8(18' ___ 1


~cw Grau:"la $:;,1:2",748 $lü2. !)5~ $4, HJD, :1:2!1 8no,146 .. 1 _ . ¡in, 038, 077 $:2:;3,704 ~O¡;TI1 A~IEmC.AX THADE. I ' ¡ I
\ - "'lel'1 " ... '-, ,j'() ., ()-ti ')<I() 1,-Q e,o·, 1 (1'1'1 U"6 .,.,) ,h",) I ~)6 8'14 ' ',30 ','4 ., 1')') ')'-,0 onez. ,. ..... ..--........ '"'' , _. J ,_ ""C" , ", • 'h-"" ,", • , ,.v ", "","


Bl'Hí'.il 7, :hZ, J;Hl I 17, ~~~) ~I \ ~,~O:, ~?~ 3, !O~, ~~¡~ I 97, n~~ I ~O, ~;)~ 10, lK~, 7~~ 20, :~1, ;32
UrugUilY_· ,.:tIU.lÚ ."".).)1;"1 :"xl,.l.3.) ,)4,11/ ')')1 .le,.,!.) 1,03J,OvU 1,331,tl0-1


HuellOS AyrcH .. __ ... _ :2, .~!I:Z, !).j,) :2 7'70, O:!l !l:~4, aor¡ 1, :100, -/80 I 17:1,57,1 m..:, f<.íO a, .")00, H2fl 4, lG!l, tl51
Chili. (:'7(j,OnO :UO "'!L2 !'(){j, (l:n l, (lh2, fl40 :W,5.010 t";-) :1;).) 1, b1.1, 271 J, 4.)11, IH6


I)t'ru ...... o ........ o .. o............... __ ~71,8a() __ ~J,4jl' __ l,120,j30 1 __ ~6,Obl __ ---..:2,t03 i __ ~10;} _~175,~ __ ~,584,(j57
Tolal ...... _ ........ _ .. __ . __ .. 17, !Ji!l, 7::7 \ ;24, .ti:), (ljj 11, OLi, 7;)31 7,58-1, O!JO :387, ;2:~~ 1 :Hi:~, Hli9 ::.W, ·ld~, 'HZ I 3~, 713,114


XXXi V.-C'ollljllll'lltirc tablo ,hOlcillg IIw rallle qf"iJJ/jlo/'/" illtO, ((1/(/ 0.rpu/'18 ji"OIl/, /he Cllí/e" S/a/n5 IlIlel (;/,CaT 1I/'ilail1, )"(c8}JI etitely, dl/dl/g the ,1/('(//'8 1867 ancl1868,


Tmpol'ts into tbl' 1Tlli1(~íl Stat(·~, (~pí'('in ynlue, ____ . o ••• ".·
llllports illln L'llitl'íl King(lolll. (~I)('''¡r- \'<llltl')
]~xport~ frOlll tlli' Ihlit(-íl :-it:ltí'~ :


1 ).omc:;;tic (-'xl'0rt. .. , (mix:cd .~oll1 :uul ClI1Tl.'lH'y y,lhu') .... , .... - --
FOl'd;..:.u pl':Hlm'(' l'(·-(·.\portí'd, (Illixed ~old :ulll ('liI'I'l'll('Y yalilp).


Totitll"lIitpd StnÍl'R, (mixl'(l gold Ullll (-lIlTl'lll'y"aloe)
E:'\p\lrt~ frolll tlH' Fnitl'tl Kingílom:
l!()~Il~'sti(~ p\:prn·t . ...:, (slwci(' \·;¡lup) ......... .
Fnl',·i:~ll alHl eoloninl pTlllllwC' l'eo(lXportC'a, (sprcir- yahte)


Total Unite(llGllgdoJll, (slwdr ,ahwl.


lfl(i7.


~417, ~:Il,:í71
1. ~:J1, ~b[;, ~,,3


4:~S, 577, 312
~O, 011, ,,08


-1'::'0, lt-'R, 8:20


0'- 0'- '(1' I r ¡,), (",).), j j !
217, 12ü, 1El


], O!l:~, O-H, ~~t¡


NurE.~rll t.hi:-:, tah}l' t"adl yenr ('wh·: in tlH' l':Ií"H~ 01' (;n'Ht BI'itaín, IkeemlH'I':11. mal in tlw ca:-;l' oí' the Uuiteü ~tat(':4, ,JUIIP :W.


1868.


$371, m4, F08
1,426, :-n7, Ofi3


404,3,1,71:1
~;.!, GOl, 12ü


-1,'6,902,83il


fm\ 6·10, 610
2:1':3, ::-:(17,107


1, lU~, 447,717


~
c.o


O


'Z
>


<i
2)


> ,..,
,...


O
Z


,...


Z
....,


t::l
~


M
::JO


....,


~




INDEX.


l'ESTIMO:-lY.


Namo. I Snbject. I Page.
]3001(', L. n .. _ ... ·.· ... 1 Amprican ¡.;hip-bnilt1crs cauIa compete with remis!:;ion of dntil's ta aid 11671 17~


them. Can:uliall"\ essclA COlit .11lol1t 40 pe}' cont.lc~s ihan OlUS.
TIrett, Gustavus A .... OlIca; ldt{'l ni.J. T. "\VootllJcrry favoring abrogatlOu 01' llil\Ü!,ation ::;-61 8-9 I ];1\\~. CJ¡{'up ~hlP8 is tho ncetlcd remed\'o Buck, n. P .... ". _. _". _ _ TIc;pstrntioll of.fol C'lgll f>hipR woulll dcstro~r an sbip-buil<ling intcrests 42 amI t IH' (,O:lstlIlg trafIc. li'ayors drawbacks. Clark. Captain J. S ... _ Tlwught htbor cheaper horo than aUl'Ollfl, as moro work was done. 138 I Ul'p;ed tlw lIse ot I"hip atores free of dnt.y.
Cobh, FranciA .. o •• o •••• "\'lages of ship-cnrpenterB. Cm:ü, oC buildiug' ships portan ..
Copo, 11'rallcis l! ..... _. Compctition with UH1' Hhip.lmilt1ing interests. Reduction of taritl'


llCC('S$IT·V.
Coy le, J. D............. Onerons taxes irnposc<1 un coasting stcamers. Opposecl to appea! of


lln,vigatioll lnws.
Cramp, ChnrIcs n ...... Eng:lisli marino sllpel'lority !lne to thcir building best engines in thc


world. lligh t~rii1' on ship ma.tcl'ials inj Ul'ious. .A.nwrit~an labor
best.


Curtb, Panl ........... TIates nf rabor. Cn,t of materials. Price of ships. ,Vith drawback
cOlIl<1 compete in ,,"ooden ¡.;hip~..¡. Donhtfnl alloot iron.


Davis, Captain Charles American St'amcn IlOL tld(\rim'ating. :No domand 1'01' bhips occanso
),1. of hi:'~'h pI'ic~'s. Cause of declino in w1yig,:tÜOll inte['e~ts. Quality


of provincial Bhip8. l<'nv()]'~ d]'~nvbnck.
Dcrby, E. 1I .""""" Declino of OlU' e01ll1llC'l'CO. lts canses. Efl'cct of tariff...... Favors


l'lllIlissioll of tlntles nnd :l p~lrtial adrnissioa of forcigll-ulTilt ships
to rcgi~:;tratioll. ArglleH 1'01' Hllb~idi('s.


Dyrr, ,TORC}lh \V .... _ .. TIatc:-Iof wag-t'H in J\[~il.lo. Co~t, of ships now amI beforn tlip. war .....
Edlllunu8, IIcnry l~ .... CoastwiRC irade, slüp·builuiug and ownill'r injuriollsly afft.:cted hy


high tarar alHl taxes. Ü •
Eh·.dl, Jame::; W .... _. DOl'H llot 1'<-1yor vrl.'scnt repenl of JU1Yigntioll ln:ws. }~a\"ors drnwbac1¡;.


ing' lIony il.v OH eOJ,stille; trat1C'.
Fitzpatrick, Philip .. _. If eost 01' ~hip·buildil!g cOlllü be rcduccu it woultl revive. Favors


dl'il\vlw(·k.


42
151


140


156


CO


133


95


130
132


G2
130


153


E ... ~crIllall, ,Jo1m \V ..... /I)l'CSontüll (.110 compulsory pilotagc, harbor dw..:J, &c., ilS abusc:s bear·


Fonlko, WilliaUl ....... J~ett('r (Jf XOIV Yor~, Hllip·hlli1<lers amI shiplllcchanics. Ship.bnildin~ 167,1G9
almosL gOIl(', bnt ca:1 be ro\"iYCl1. 1:1


Gillbons, Wlllimn G ... Cost, of Ü'OIl ship·bllildillg'. CIJ:lmdpr oi' ships bnilt at Wilmington,
DeJ. llig!l l'al (':.1 of Y;ag-c~~ and dutics. Superior qnality of Ameri·
can iroll. II~a\"ol's a dl':nvuae k.


ITall, Amll'cw T........ A dl'awback WOllhl l", 01 material hclp to ship.buihling. Opposes
bOllnti{'~.


llall, 8amud .. _ ..... _ .. Allmit, Dritish Rhip~ to rog:i¡jt.ration una American ship.lmildin17
-wonltl CPW;O. Pn'scat condítion of onsineSH. l''¡l\~org dl':1v;back. b
L{~t1('1'fád~l!~ 1l1'CScut COllllitionof irOIl ship-bnildiufi' illterüst. Causes IIarlall l Samnf'l, (ITar·


lau and 1lolLillgs'
,yorth.)


TIaydcll .. J ohn ......... .
Hichbol'Il, N. G.
llincl .. en, .E<lwarll ..... .
lIo1l'mire, J olla E ..... o
ITonsc, Ebcn ....... ~ .. _
lIolH:lc, O~born ........ .
ITow lana, 1Ifr. ¡Uo;y!anrl


alld It'r.0thinglw,lll.)
LOl'in;;, U ¡les _ ........ _.


LarillG', IIal'risoll ...... .


Low, ...:.\. .. A ...... ~ ....... .


ilfeK"y, Nnthanicl. ... .


lIIcihm, L~IVis C. . .. ..
NcIHO!l, \Villiam,jr ~~~_
:x cornilh, Ur .......... .


Nickcrson, Thcotloro ...


oí' ucprcssioll lllHlloüllle(lies. 1:1
Ur,~cs t-hc remisf5ion oC t1atiN~ i:1 intercst of ship.bnihlers ....... _ .. _.
Favol's dI'a\vl)~u'k~. Urges the ,~altlü of enlcicnt. mCl'cautilo lnarillC ..
Fayors ft'cc tl'a~lo in shipf! aR Hll{~l~:ljpBt mCUllS of revidIlrr eommC'l'cC' ..
LcUcr selilug' fOl'th dcprcssetl contlitioll of ship·building in .N Ü\y


York, &c.
Statemcut. \vith rf'gnl'c1 tn l1ndcrwriting. Favorr; romission of <lnticA
\Vi!,h dl'awback -..á.lllel'ic~l,ns coull COllllwto in ship·buíldill~ aral run~


11111g.
Favor uf remitting- an dntics OH shlp·buih1ing- mutC'riftls .. ~ .... _. _. _.'


\V'hcl'O t lw o\YllCr8hi:) of v{,Rs:~ls lmilt in MOlino usual1y bcIongs. Ca-
opcrntioll. Pft\'Ol':; ¡ll'a\vhacl;:~~.


Agaill;.;t a l'apitl eOll":'l\wtioIl of tIlo currCticy. H.e<1uction of interest
lITul dntie81lrcC's8:ll'V to l'cvh',-, c:mI[!H'l'¡~(·.~
Fft;'or.:-ll~om:.:: ¡:.¡hit,)·tlllrl:li~lg. Gl'2':1t decrease of our commcrcc. t7'rges


tlr:nvh!ek,q anl 8nlJ;:;1I11c:,.
Subrnits lnttel' on CUSL 01' Hllip·bai1tling' matcrblR. Cost. of iron ships


llera a!l(l in E!l,u;limd. ])epl'C'ssillg' ('ú'ect 01' llig'J¡ tariff.
Chmtcl'l'r of vC's~;ds. Thm~g'ht. tilO ei:,;;ht-lloul' law injnriously affect·


ing CDSL 01' I'l'pairs an(l b:ltl(lill,~. •
Ol:ly reme!lk's 1'01' impl'ovillg carrying traclc aTe cheal1 ships, good


lIlsnranco 8ySt'-'1ll, :EHI pmver to lJorrow on thb RcellI'it.y.
AUH'I'ican WOO:lCll ships can ba Lnilt a~ ehcap UR English with c1raw.


Ladc, lmt llot iro:a. Srmeifieation oi' irol1 s;:üliug suip. !la.tes un
iI'OIl. Umlpl'wl"itcr8 !lC:11t ll11fairlv by out' bnil¡Jel~s.


AlJility to lJnil(l irOll Hhil's \vOHl(1 dé'eL¡i(1 wbothcr We could ma.intain
a cOIllwcl'cialrnul'i110, Opposes repeal uf navigatiolllaws.


1GO


107


82


1G5


10
15


1
167


115
117


59


143


103


43


n9
153


35


68


llj




292 INDEX.
Tcstimon!}-Continned.


Subj"ct. N:llllC. I Puge.
.-~~-~-_._------~--------:


Ni.ckrnwu,F .......... .
Optlyke, Gl'Ol'gc._


PoilloI1, 1\f T • _ ••••


Tortf't" Yic,'-..idllliral
Jl. U:


Hoa('.h, John ..
l~OWlalld) T . .Fa ... _ ....


HO\v!anu, ,Yilli:l111 '-..


TIns,sell, TIohert A ___ .
H,\":.lll, Capt,aiu \r ash·


iUgtOIl.


Sargent, C.rrus F


Siml1S0Ill J"amf's E


Srnith, L ... 1.. ....... .


Rrnif.h, Franldin "\V .
S110"\"1 Alllbl'osc ... _.


Spofforil, Paul :;r ...... .


Síark, Thomns ..... _ ..
StilllCl'S,..1.. c._ .... __ ._


StnT(livaut, Captaiu
C.rrn~.


Stlllllp, Johu F.


Tatnm. R('nry .
Tarr, D:ni<l.J
TaO'lor, J Oh11. . __
Tohf'iy,E. S .. ___ .


Wc1.>1.>, William n.


'Vcstcrvelt, D. D ..... .


Hebat", 011 coal ,loman,]('!1 hy ~t['am llayi~ati()n illtpl'PsL. _ ... _ .. _ .....
Favol's a. ura\'dJack. l'rollü.ses gradual alxl111.1011Ulcllt of l'l'otcctivo


sysielll.
A (lrawuuck on importr/l materials (lemmlll('(l. Freo trullo in ships


woulLl Hot cna1Jh', llEJ tn C-Olllpeto wil 11 .Englawl.
PresPllt COll(litiOll lhlitl'd Statcs Xayy. Co:;t tlllrin.~ t110 wnr. Vnlnc


of swift, llwil stl':llIll'n'i fuI' dd\;ll~e. N ;;CCl"lútv i.l::l a 'Yal' llleaSlll'l~
oí' aidillg: out' lllpn:anl il¡~ marill('." I
D~\:~:!:~~ :1~:<~\~T,<~'~ [~'yi~.~ l;~~~l~:H t~~R:~ir:t ~~; :;~}, ~.:i ~t~~ if~ }~~;~1~~~~.&11 i p8. ¡
SUlwrior ('11n1':1et('1' of .\mel'ic[tn iron a1l(1 JauoJ'. \Yitlt dl'awuo.ck I


.A.llllTiCflll ships can be lmilt as dH'ap as ]jl'ilbh.
lJdirwed tlw tlay of wnoden Sllip::; wa~ llOí. on'l'. Somcthing moro


thall a. tll':nvback ,vas uceüc(l to r(~\'he Olll' hm-inr¡.;,s.
Ldtel' of Kew York sltip.lmi1<1('l's lIr\(l :--;hip.llW(~]¡aniu:L. . ... __ ..
Asl\:s a tlturollgh l'cvisioll of law8 l'dalill.:.!; to llH'I't:!wnt ¡.;,(~allJ('Il lIlul


oflicerf'. Ollr marino doJ nriol'atillg. OPPOdL'::; l'élJéal 01' Ila' igntioll
l¡nv~ hIH1 ÜWOl'S dl':1\vuac}¡:s.


'VorH:lI..'ll ships cOIllll Lo lmilt :1IH1 sol:1 \\"11h a rlrmyback. ()pro~('s
I'pppal of llavigatlon laws. Ship'L1llihling 110t payiug ellout;h 1.0 ill.
llnco capital to ('n1el' iuto it.


Cosl ofm;¡jpl"i:¡l::; IlOW :11111 in lflGO. natí'~ of \\-~l.º,·('s. \Vith protection
.AIlH'l'icUU8 ('ilU hnihl iron ships.


Snpl... ... rillrlty 01' Alllerican iroll. ..1. druwbnnk wou]rl rl'licyc ship-
hnilaillg".


A sks 1'01' Ú l'C'missinn of llllties OH imported iro11: &e ...... ___ -. _. __ .. '11
FJ't~p, hallo ,volllrl I','vi"e t}¡e: Ciuryillg" tl':'HlL'. .D.. llra\y])ach... woulrl


hclp sl1ip·buih1illp;.
Fa\'ors aLlIlIi¡.;~ioll oi" forpigll yp,,;~wl~ 10 .1.\ nwrif'an rf'gistrtltion, (':'\c;'PJ.¡


eonstiny; ~ri.l,lc: .Also.th:l"\\:backs aurl Rl~hsidicf:) tO.lIlili! sll~alll:-;hill~.
Lettel' 01 .:sew York Rlllp-1J\1l1(1{~r::; illal Slllp.lll{~t'halll('s '. __ . _ ...... _.
Jl'nn Rhips ('onll1 be lmilt f1.." elll'apl,y ncl in Ul'I'Ut, Brit.::lin with a draw·


uack on iUll>Orted mal,('rial. t-;Ill'(·riorit,y 01' ~\lIl('rit'an molleL~.
Lrgell thc rcmissioll of dutics ...... ___ .... _ .... _ ... _. ___ ...... _ .. _ ..


D~S;~"';~~i:~Hl of cnrrcllcy chicf canse of dcpression in n.:1vigation
011 .ilriUt->h p()li(~y with rp.~ar,l tn our cnmmcrür. Fayors a (lrawback ..
Lutcr of XC\"\'" York shjp~lJllihh'rs ilml,ship·mcc]wlIic'l ... __ .... _ ... __ .
Depl'PRSod (~Ollllilion of slliJl.bllil(lin.~ in J\IussadlUsetts. Rates 01'


wagl'S. üpposes ropeal 01' lla,>i6"atioll laws. :Favol"s ura.wba(~ks.
Arnel'ican commerce conld ue rliYiv('(l ir g-o\"('l"llnJeIlt, air1(~ll, a~ '\-as


Uw eafiO in UJ"(~a.t. Britain und clscwherc. 1'3V01'3 urmybacks amI
suushlieR. Adyalltago to tho \V ~st.


Düc1arp.s )[mv York t:;]lip.owllPl'S opposC'rl to Tf'gistering forcign-builL
Shi.P8. Favors l'cnlbsioll of auties alld t.ax(;s.


Ship·buih1crs have ncgloctl'(l thuir illteresJ8. Iron mnst be usctl.
Favors (lrawback. Pri"nl.te yard:j bcst for hnillling naxal Yl'ssels.


\Vehnore, Pro.'iper II .. : Ul'ged the grautillg oí subsitlil'S to OCf'iLH mail Rtnamer8 . _ .. _ .... _ .. _
,Vhitlock, "\Villiam ..... Challge in motive.pO\yür. Snbstitution ofst.ertln 1'01' sail. _ ....... _ .. .
'VilliuIlIS, MI'. (\Yil- Chango frolll wood to iron cammrl depTt'::;,:üOll .in shippillg interests.


liams & Gnioll.) St,ealll~]li.ps proiitublc without subsidies.
1Villdsor, Henl'y ....... Believed iroll Yessel~ could be built, i"or eOlIlmprdalllse in pr-nce, ana


naval pllrposl~H in war. St,eum navigntioll has affectcu tho u~o of
Wilson, Allston.


Youngs, Joshua


.Amcrican slüps. Demands i1 drawl)[t(jk.
HccolllllleIHlH l'BlInal of laws rcqni.ring: crcws and officers to be ffii1illly


.Alllf'rican. Free ships and írce sailol's.
Letter of New York ship·lHlilül~rs amI ship-mechn.nics _ ... __ .


119
56


52


123


17G
~~, lC6


167


107
Uli


147


31


12;}
:3,7


G:i


lG7
19


1.,0


160


121


37


40,167


14
68
32


37


167




INDEX. 293
LETTEIlS FIlOM AhlEmCA~ SHJP-13UILDERS AND OWNERS.
-----_.~---


N::nu(' nna l'l'SidpIlC{'. I I I S\lh,i~;ct,. Page.
13"il~~', .Jolm -rr-.,-p-Ü-l-'t-s--I ~:t--: SlliP~, rates of ",ages, &c _. _ -. __ . _.. I 212 D;'~~~!~il~{,,~T(:f;lll C[lp:~ Costof ship·bnildillgin 18üO-'üD ..... .. -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 196


N(\(liek, )h'.
Dnc~:;:! n.r.,Ó::: Co., K ~'v Lc'tter and tahll's gi\"Íng coste of 1'1lUDUl2, t:>ldp 3 of \ alions uurl1c!ls .. ~05
~~ I


Da\'. ,To:.wph, D;llll,-,-l'l:q· COtil of Rhip.lmilililli2," il1 ltGO-~G!:L
e'otta. 11 tI,
E.~all, \Vi1{~y .M., Chi·
('a~o.


l'orl.Jc3, n. 13" !lastau


Gibbon~, 'Vm. G.) "\Yil·
IIlill~t()Il. 0('1.


Gman', N . ..\L, (:11 j :JlTlfy
i'or "~ro U. \rc;¡h,)
1\ow Yor];.


Illlstoll, Calch S., J~;!:)t·
port" ...:\1('.


:\lcKny. ])ow;]¡l, l~:l~;L
J:O:,tOll .


.:JI¡'!c:df, ]}. D., Au-
gusta., :J.le.


.:\l(·lzgar, C., (:u; :-:.ttor·
lICyfOl·'V.lI. \Yebb,)
:XcwYork.


Xpal, J\r;¡thnw~ &.
Brooks:, Kittl'1'y, )1('.
Pen~w,l"l'ank, Bnif,ilo_
PhI V ('1', Jul)1I, PlJila-


d<'lphia.
Sil1l]l.'ioll, ,Jas. E., )T(\W


York.
'1'a.,)-lo1', IM:l~c, n:Jston ..
Thowr & Lincolu,
n(;~toll.


TllCkel'l ,Toscph) Wis·
¡'¡¡ss\~t, )'I{·.


Uptoll, l~corgo n.,
Hosr.on.


Cost oC slül'-lmil¡lill~ OH tIw Iak('d. ___ o
Ell'~li:~11 an\ll"l'uC'l ('nn~C'R ;t1T:.:ct in:; 0111' CO:lll~H'lTid 111ill'bc. W:1~l'S
1.~lliJdill;:';: (;1" s\vift, ~t('allJ{'r:.;, &c.


Cü"L ni' lnü!dhl,~ i1'Oll ::,hip::;_ ... __


011 t'()lllvn~itc l:illips. __ .. _ .... __ . _ .. __ .....


Dniks on ship·lmilüing ma..tcl'ials _ ................. _ ... _ .... __ .... _


Cost oi" Rhip-building in 18,J.f-'GO-~G:J ......... _ •. _ .............. __ .' __


L\'t,t('r 011 comp~:sito sllips. _ ................... _ . _ ....... _ ........... .


Lettcr on CO;3t of ship-buih1illg in ISCO-'t'0. HaU"\G (ji' \vag::s, &e .....
Cost of lmililing ships no'W: in lcüO-'G!1 _____ ... ___ ... _ ....•.... _ ...• _
C;.11)~city of westlTll l'i\'Cl'H fuI' ¡ron ¡;hip·bnil(ling ... _ .. __ ..... ..
ITigh pl'ic.c l,f lnatcrials and labor .......... __ ... _ ............ _ ... _.


Lrt t el' f;l,ToTing llra"\yuacks anü free trn.üo in r¡¡,wmn.tC'rl::l~; al~o fu\"or·
in,g subsidies.


Letter Oil n~me(Lics Iwc~lll'J. Drawbacks. ClwJ.lgc of ln.w~J l'í~latingto
~WaTnen, &c.


Lottc.:l' showing grcat.decline of sllippiu6' intcrests, &c .... __ ... ~. _ ._


Two lcttcrs and llGtiLloll, rnlating: to causcs of dccny of COlll!llC'rcc .•.


Wak~t ThOlnas TI., & ' Ldtcrs urging free ship.i, ¡lrawbacks, amI freo ship stOl'CS .•••.. _.
CO., !lostoll. I


"\V t'l)h, ,V 111. 11., Xüw T~ctter from S~ln Franciseo on eompositB sllips .... _ ......... _. _ .. _._
York.


LETT.ERS FIW)[ "C"XITED STATES COXSGLS.
~----------~--------------------------


Namo and consnlate. Snbjcct.


JJmllry, Thoma:i ll.,
Ij "\Tci'pool.


llana, H. B., Kingstoll,
Ontario.


I
1


I
Cost of ships in Grcat Britain, wages of seamen, &c . __ ... _ ...... ~ ..
Ship-lmiMing1 cost, wages, conclUion of tr:u1c ......... _ ... _ ... _ .... _.


Hanson, H. M., Brcrnell
Jack8on, },{. 1.1., JIali-


fax, Nova Scotia.
~feetse1wr, L., (yice-


consul,) Copcnhng::oll.
Morse, }'reclllan n.,


LondQn.
Do ......•..........


Rol.Jinson, Charles, Que.
hen.


Scammon, E. Parker,
Prince Ed ward 18land.


TatlJ, .A.lcxandro, Havti
Warner, D.n., Sto John,


N cw Brnnswick.
Webstcr, William P.,


]<'rankfort·on·the·M'n.


German lawK affpcting nn.vigation intcrcsts .. _ ..... _._ .. ~ ... _. _ ..... _.
Conl1itioll oí' ship-building. _ ..... _ ... _ .. _. _. _ ..... _ .. ___ ... ______ .. _. __


COllclition of Danish ship.building. Laws rc1ating tbcreto ......... ~ __ .


Cou!lition of tha English navy ship.lmi1<1irlg. Moil stcamship service.
Causes oí" Auwriean <lecauenco, &0.


On eompositc shipsj antl inclosing leUr.rs OTI pricc of ships, &0., at
Lou,lon anll Sun<1crland, England.


Conditioll 01' ship-bnilding, rates of "agüe, 008t of ,"cssels, &0 •••••..


Cost of ships. Condition of trado ........••...............•.....•.. _


Condition of American commarec in tho West Indics ............... .
Cost of ships, condition oí' trado, &c.; also rates of insurance at


Lloyas'.
Condition of German main, naval an.d commercial, witb tablce ...... .


197


210


201


210


204


lGG


203


212


204


195


211
208


202


199


196


199


200


204


Pa¡;e.


224


226


237
227


236


21:1


221


225


230


236
227


230




294 INDEX.
STATISTICAL TABLES.


1'umbor. Subject.


l .. _ .............. 0.' _0_ Eritish navy, armamfmt ancl tOTlnage .... ___ . __ . __ 0_' _____ •
TI ....... __ ....... _ ..... Number, llames, tonnagc, locatioll, &c' J 01' vcsscls conuectcd with


Ullited States Navy.
rn ................. __ . _ VesscIs llUilt far Ullite,! Stntca N,wy fram April 1, 18G1 .. ____ . _. ___ .
1 V _________ . _________ .. VesseIs soIl! iJy Navy frollL 18Gl to 1863, and from Mny 1, 18G8 . __ .....
V __________ .. __ o •••• _ •• Nnmbcl' and tonnagc oí' y<,ssc]s built and re:;istpretl in (rl'cat Brit:üll
V L _____ .. _______ .. __ . _ lTniteu States altcl Hritish n .. "fdstercd veíSsd~ cl1lpl0.Yrd in fordgll tl'adp.
VIL .. _. ______________ . rl'otalIlUIlLl)(~r aIIll tOIlIlHg'O of Y{-'ssl'ls l"Pl-!:isLcl'CÜ ;:8 belongin,g' to t he


Uniteu lCinp;"dom, illcluding Jersey, GUCl'uscj', ami tlLc Islu uf Man,
ut the en!l (Jf ('<1('h yl'ar.


VID ... _ ............... TaLlo showing tho tonna;:re, respectb;ely, of American, TIritish, 311tl
French ves~els ,vhich ellteretl ami clcared at t110 pOl'ts oí' l'Olllltl'il'S
f.o which suoh vcssc1s uelonged in ü[ulc with otllt·}" CUlllltri{'s.


IX .........• _ .......... 'rabIo showing the licensed 3n-d ellroll<:d tOllllago of tho Uuited Rtatt'~
(~ng-agetl in the conshvise tradC', and ilw tOIUJUg-O 01' the Dl'iti::;h H:,!.!;-
istcrcd yessds cngaged in ",he homo tl'ade, dUI'illg the yCHI'S, respt'ct-
iyol.r, frOIll 18:)U tu ltlG8, uo1h indusin".


X ............. _ o •••••• _ A comparativo view ('fthe tOllnngc uflhc Unitcd St:1tt'S from .rHIlO I
30, 1850, tu .Tulle 30, 1Hu9, SllOWillg, HPparatl'ly, tho tOlluago of sailill!; i
mul stemn \"C88(·18, and tIte :real'Ir illL'1'enSt~ or <1c('l'{'m,o uf l':lt'h el<l~~.


Xl........... ....... ... .A. :itatenlPllt exhihitiul7 tllU lllllOllllt 01' l"p;:;i:-3tert:(l tonnagc oí' 111c FIli,
te tI States, steam ruHl sail, cmploycll in Il:lvh!::ttioll :luullall,V, fl'Olll
18jJ to 16(;!), inclusive, und tho allullal illL'1'eni3C or dl'crL'a:5c (¡f eadl
clas~.


XIL ____ . ________ . ____ . T"ol" showing the tOllnnge of the Uniter! Statl'", ,TlIl'" :10. H'W .... __
XII!. ................ _ ~tatelUellt HllOWill!J,' 1110 11l1mbel' and c1rus~ oí' Vl'~Rd~ lJUilt" n!Jfl tile
tonnn~e t~ll,t't~of, in tht~ sf:'\'l'l'nl StateH aud 'l'errit0l"ks uf tllU Ulliü:d
States- f1'01l1 ld.:O tn 1,Jj~,. inclusivC',


XlV ....••. _ ....... _. _ Total HUmlllal".\' of t1l" bIl:la~(\ of1.ho UllitcLl Statc!'3) JUllO :::0, H:ü~l, 018
repol'ü'd t') thc Bnl'~~au ni' Stati:;tiC8.


XV ••... , ....... _ .. , _. _ A tahlo ~hov, ill~ tll/' alllOUllL (ji' AIIllTÍCm1 UlHlfol"t'ign tOlllln~{; rntpl'('(l
the pOl'ts oí' tIle UllitC(l Htntps frolll forl'igll cOll~Itrie:-- iu 12JU, IdO, I
Hi30, :tIHl fnnll lSGO to l::!Gn, lmth illclnshc. I


XVI ............ _ ...... Taulc shO\\"iIl~ tho r-stillJnü,a YHlno of Allll'l'ieaH forl'i:;n cal'l'ying
tl'ado (lm'ÍIl'" ypan; frOlll 1ECO to l~ü!J, hoth indusi VP.


XVII,., _ ....... ~ ... _., Table showiug 111(' C'stinwtctl Y:lIno oI" American cn,lst"\vis<:' :lTIt1 inlantl
CUrl'yillg' :1'a<1e dm'Íll,(~ tIlO tt'll years fl'OBl lFüU tn 1 [:(i9. lJoth indmü\,p.


XVIII ...... _." .. _. _ Taulp shO\\'iIl~tllt, t'ltal f(lI'(li,'~1l ~onllll('ITG uI"thu Udted Statcs duI"iug
euch :real' frolll l~';O tu 1tOD, iadnsil't'.


XIX .......... _ . _". __ ~ 1'ot;l1 t'~,::port:-; of dUlllt's1ie aud !"O!'l·i,!.!;ll IllPl'chandisc' ("ombinctl
XX .. _ ....... ,' _ ...... _ 'l'ahle sho\';illg the :umnmt oí' fCl'cign ln('rchalltli~o illllJortetl intu tllO


Ulliteü ~tatni in Amel'kan allll forei.::,!;11 YI':-isl'b, l't'!'l))CdIVt·]y, tlul'ing
tIIe fis('~ll yl'an-l from L~.)O (,0 lSGO, IJuth iuchu::ioi,-c. (Expn.'ssl"tl in
~l)('cic yalue nt fOl'PI.gn l)orts oi' expúrtation.)


XXI. .. _, .... _.,.... Statplllt'ut {'x1Jihil iug tlw arri\"d aud Ill'pal'tUI"('. nt (,cTtain 811crificd
port~, oi' .. Amc)'ic<lll fttlll fOl'l'ign "(,:-l:wl~, ia l'!'rtilin portiolls uf tIle
fOl"t'igll 11'al1e uf tllu t'uited Statcs, k')ü to l~t:O, aJld lC'o.) to 18W,
both illcln~i\·('.


XXII. ...........••. _. Statí.'llll'ut e::...}¡ibith1«~ t110 clltrallcC'8 nnl1 dC'flrH1H't's of Y(,~~i'l:-1 fl"Om
~1lI<1 to ('at'll prjllt~ipal forpi~~1l cOlmtr.y 1'01" tilo two pl'l'ioll~, ltJO tu
lt::jU, :111(1 10'0:) to l~liU, all inclush'('.


XXIII ..... _ , __ ......... Stntemellt. oí' stt'm!l(,l'S l~lakillg 1't';_pllar trip3 oeÍ\ve-cn ports üi' the
UIIitn<1 State~ and forei.~(ll portA, in l~(i() i1lHl in lt()!).


XXIV., .... _...... .... Stealllt3hip liUCH Ü"OllL yal"iolls pUl'ts oí' thu Ullitt,ti ~tat(,8 to forcig'lI
ports.


XXV o. _ •• a •••••••• __ • _ Staf.(mwnt of .AllH'rican fltram lilles maldn~ regnlar tl"ips bctv,;een
ports 01' tIte Lllitell t:itntl's [Ultl forl'Í:";-1l ports.


XXVI • ........... _ .... Compnratiye ~tatl'mcnt uf Englislt Sh'nllH'1"S C'lltcl'etl !lwl l'lparpil at
PortluDfl, Muiw\ dtuing" the fi:i~al 'yIJar 1860, alld duriug tho 1is::al
year 1869, fur tl'an:::latlalltic 11Ol'tS. ~~~ni::::::::::::::: ~~~~~~:lI~ 1~~;;~bÚ;;li ii;~ -~~i,;~- ~¡; ¡,-.¡,;¡ -t;;;,¡;, -;,i' 'j¡;,; -¡;;,ij,:,i' S;,;¡;·~ I
with foreig"ll cOlulil'ies, f'.fl llidded bctWCl'll American alIll fordgll
vcsscls.


XXIX ..... a.o. __ • __ •••• Impol'ts, expor-t~, una r('·pxports, 18:0 to lE50) ille111~i\"c j importt',
t'XpOl't~. [llld re'{'x}lorts 1t-:GO tu J 8GH.


XXX. _ .. o ......... ~... Amollllts puid to Am~Ticnn ~lllil fOl'('igll F.tt'n1l1Rldps fol' tlJ(~ sea eOIl·
YI~yHlIe() ()f United Stat{'~ mail~ frolll lbUU to ltu!), iW . ."ll1:-lin'.


XXXI .. _............... Statemf'ut of tIte l':1Ít·S (Jf <lut.}' ll}Jon tlle d{':scrilltioI!s oí' ¡ron lllO.st
llst~d t(J[' ,,,¡ril'-IHlildilJ~ IllHlel" ,·;n·Ú;llH b.u'ink


XXXII. .~ •. _ .•........ Tab1e 8hov.'ill;l· thu nHInUel' fl1Hl tml11fl:!n oí' s:lilin:~ :lIltl stl':tlll \'(lS~·;('lH
lmilt, ~md n',~i:;t('l'ed nt p()rt~ in tlle Bl'ith:ih po~s;':;:-<iOlJ:4. (l'x("ln:-iin'
01' tho Ullitl'tl 1('illgtlOlU,) in IJac!t uf tilo yC:lrs fmIll lc.');3 to ld.i3:
bo1h inclnd\'c.


XXXIII, ...... o •• , .... _ Tabla showhl~ the imTIOrt8, d0111estic l'xports aIltl fOI'cigll l't'-pxporfF.
oí" tIto Ullited St<.lÜ'S in Amcl'icrlU ;md f(l)'t'Ígll Y('~:-;e18, :l.lltl t111'
samc (~OJlllJillPtl. ~]¡mvill~~ thc total yahw (lf Jlw for{'ign c;:'IT.\"ín~
tra<lc cf tilo Lllited ~tatcs, in .AI1H'l'ic8.n alld fOl'dga \TS~t.JS, <1111'·
iug tIte iiseal ,Yt'H1'H 18G01 IEGG, lSG7, ldi8, nnd l2GfI.


XXXIV._ .. _ .......... Cümp::'~rnti\"·c tnhlu :;ItO\Villg t1w \":llno oí' impUl'tH into, mH1 pX}lort~
f1'0l1l1111o Ullit{~d State::; aIul GrcatHritail1, r~~specti\'el'y, tluriug the
Jcurs IEG7 unc11I:iG~.


-------'------------_._----".


Puge.


230
243


2j1


~53


2CO


~J()
~ül


2il


27G


221


221


283


290




41sT CONGRESS,}· HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
2d Session.


f REPORT
) No. 29.


B. F. WHITTE3fORE.


FEBRUARY 21, 18iO.-Ordered to be printed.


Mr. LOGAN, from the Committee on lVlilitary Affairs, made the following


REPORT.
The Committee on Jfilitary A.tf(tirs, wlw were authorized by the m~oltttion


01 tl/C House of Representatives of the 4th rlay of February, 1870, to
inquire into the aUeged sale of appointments to the Meilitary anrl Naval
Academies by members of this ancl preceding Congresses, t'espect/ully ,mb-
mit the following t'cpot't:
The committce ha ,-e takell testimolly in thc cnsc of B. F. 1Vhittemore,


member of Congress for the first district of South Carolina, which testi-
mony, together with a statement mude to the committee by MI'. vVl1itte-
more in excnlpation oi' himself, is herewith sllbmitted.


Tbe committee~ huving carefully considered the sume, have come to
the conelnsion that, in making the appointments to the Military and
Naval Acadernies fl'om the district l'epresented by him, the saitl B. F.
vVhittemore has been infiuenced by improper pecuniary considerations.
TItey thel'efol'e suhmit the accompaIlying' resolution and recommend its
adoption.
JOII~ A. LOGA~, Chairman.
AMASA COBE.
J ASPER P ACKARD.
Wl\-I. L. HOUGHTON .
• T. l~. ASPER.
J:NO. S. WITCHER.
GEORGE W. MORGAN.
W. 'V. SLOCUM.
S. L. IlOGE.


TESTIlHONY.


,y ASHINGTON, D. C., February 14, 1870.
G. R. UATHCART sworn and examined.


By the CUAIRl\IAN :
Question. S(,ate your residence, age, and occupation.-Answer. 1


reside in New York Uity; 1 am twent~'-eight years of age; ruy occupa-
tion is a jouI'llnlist.




2 B. F. WHITTEMORE.


(~. State ",hat yon know, if all.),thing, in reference to the sale, 01' offer
of sale, of cadE'tships to the Kaval 01' lVlilitary Aeademy, by auy member
of COlIgTess, Sonato!', 01' government officer.-A. 1 haye an office at 48
Broad street, New York, where 1 do a good denl in the way oí' eommer-
cial reportillg. 1 have a friend llaIlled Philip II. Kegler, who has au
office in the saIlle building. He was formerly a wealthy bal1ker in
Charlestol1. 1 was in his otlice one day in September 01' Oetober last,
aml he mentioned to me the circnmstanct' of a correspondence between
himself and 1\11'. vVhittemore, mcmhcr of CongrE'ss frolll South Carolina.
Mr. Kcgler desired that his son Freddy shonld be appoiuted to tIte
Naval Academy, amI he askell ]\ir. vVltittE'lI1ore to make tbe aplloint-
meut. 1\1r. Kegler WCllt on to te11 me that the appointmcnt had hecll
offered to him for $~,OO(), in Boston, by a gentleman named Sha\Y. HE'
eame from Boston to \Vashington, with a 1etter of introdnctioll from
Shaw to \Vhittelllorf'. 1 do not lmow whether \Vltittelllore told Kegler
tllen that the nppointment wonld he giyen to him or not; hut he aftel"
ward, in answer to a letter from KegIer, addn'sspd him a lette1', oi'
whieh 1 made a eopy, as follows :


P. H. KE(;LEH, Esq.:
D.\IlLIXGTOX, S. C., JIay 12, 18¡}9.


Iu rcply to your commnnication I have to Ray that so Illttny have applied far thr
positiou yan llltllleu that 1 Ila\'c set thc valuc of thc uppoiutmcnt outsitle of my <1is-
trict at $f>oo.


Yours, &c.,
B. F. WHITTEUORE.


By MI'. SLOCF::II:
Q. How do yon lmow that, that is ¡j, eopy ~-A. 1 made the copy my-


selt: }\fr, Keglpr showed me the origiual1ettcr, with .llr. Whittemore's
t'rank. 1 judgcd it to be in his hau<l\uiting. The lctte1' was in the
.'lame handwritillg as the sig-uatul'e 011 the eu\'e1ope.
(~. \Vho has t,he original1etter ?-A. ]\fr. Kegler has it. His 011iee is


at 48 Broad strect, N ew York.
By the CHAIRl\IAN :


Q. no yon kuow 01' auy other case f-A. 1 do noto
Q. \Yho is this }\fr. Shaw that, j'Oll haye spokell of '?-A. 1 do IIOt


kuow hilll pel'sonall;y. llis name is \Villialll F. Sha,w. 1 do 110t kno\\'
his business. T think he is more 01" less engaged in \Vashington.


Q. Ts he a newspaper mal) '/-A, 1 thillk uot. 1 heanl Kegler sa~'
that )'11'. \VhitttmlOre was in his emplo;ymC'llt OIlC(~.


By}Ir. SLOCUl\I:
Q. Did Kegler take tbe offiee ji-A. No, sil'; he did Ilot propose to go


into that kiIHI uf business. In the fil'st place, he tlid Ilot han~ tIlO mOlley
to huy the place, lmt he mlS in hopes th.at he would have heeu uble to
get it out 01' frieudship.


By ]\1r. Homo: :
Q. Theu this boy did uot get the appointment~-A. ~(), "il'; he díd


110t.


WASHINGTON, D. C., Fcbnwry 18, 18¡-O.
PHILIP H. KEGLEH, sworn and examined.


To 1\11'. SLOCUM:
}Iv residence at present is Staten Island. It was CharlPRton until


AUgllst lasto




B. F. WHITTEMORE. 3
Questioll. Did yOll cycr luwe any correspol1dence with a member of


Uongress relative to securing an appointment fol' yonr son Y-Answer.
1 did. 1 wished to g'et him au appointment to the Naval Academy.


Q. Who wrote the first letter ~-A. The first letter was written by
Senator Sawyer, of South Carolina. He gaye me a letter, addressed to
:;Uro \Vhittemore, in reference to the appointment.


(\Vitness produces the original letter, of which the following is a
copy:)
'VA~HINGTON, Deeember 16, 1869.
~Iy D~;An SIR: The bearel', ~Ir, PhilIp H. Regler, of Charleston, S. C., has a son whom


]1e is desirous of having admittetl to tile naval sol1001 at Allnapolis.
lf yon have not ]Iledgea ~'onrself to a lIominntioll, :fon Illay Le willing to 1I0millate


Mr. K.',s son.
l llave given MI'. Kl'gler tt eop." (lf tile regnlatiolls goverlliüg admission, whieh he


will show :fono Anythiug yun lllay do iJl this matt.er ,,'ill oLlige,
Very t1'n1)'. yOllr~,


(Siglled) F. A. SA WYER.
HOIl. B. F. WIlITTE,rollE, 2:3 J"dial/a Arel/l/c.


P. 8.-8honl(1 :\11'. Whittelllore llot he so Hituated as to ttid ~Ir. Kegler this letter is
n'spedflllly ad,lresHed to HOllorables :\Iessrs. COl'ley or Gos~.


P. A. S.


Q. What followed thiR letted-A. 1 had an intervimr "ith ~1r. \Vhit-
tPlllore in Jalluary, 1869, amI presented to him tllis let.tcr.


Q. 'l'1Iis letter iR dated Deccmllcr, 18ml '¡-A. TiJat \Vas a mistake of
::\11'. Sawyer's. 1 reeeiyed that letter in ,faunar.)', 186fJ. 1 reeei\'ed it
]¡cre in \Vashington City, at hit; boanlillg lJOHse. He wrote it yery
haRtily. It was ünring the sesRion of the fortieth Congress. 1 handed
the lctter i1l persoll to 1fl'. \Vhittemore at hiR hoardillg-hollse in Indiana
uyenue, 1 think. He -was jnst 011 the point or going out to a meeting
whel'c, 1 tlJillk, General Kilpatriek made a speech, and 1 walked with
hilll m; fiu as the elmreh. l\1r. 'YlJitteIOOl'C tltcu told lile that he regretted
exeeedingly that he did not kllmv T wished an appointment for IDy
SOH, but tltat he had, unfortullatcIy, pledged himself. He said he \Vas
YPl'y sorr .... ; tltat he thougilt 1 was as de¡;;ening as au.)' man, in consid-
pration 01' wlutt 1 had lost in South Carolina, amI of what 1 had done
dnring the \\'ar. He talked very nice, alld 1 thanked Jüm wíl1'nlly for
hü, kindness, 01' his iutelHled kiudness. 1 dropped the matter, thillking
t hat nothing lllore conld lle dOlle. I thel1 wen! to tile Secretar,\' of the
Nayy anü made applieation tltere. 1 also went to Mr. Charles Suml1er,
asking his aid. Jly son en'n \Yent alone to see General Grallt. vVe
failed. .Four months after\\'ard 1 happened to be in Boston with my
son. Tlmt was in A.pril, lS(m. 1 hnd lived in Boston from 1843 to 1857.
1 there met aH old business acqnaintallee nallled Shaw, aud introduced
mj' SOIl. He said he wonld mnke a fine eadet. 1 said, "1 wouid like
ver.y much to give ltim tltat o}l}lol'tnuit.r, lnü 1 am afraid it is a harü
mattel'-a matter of impos8ibiht,Y. rt l'eqllires too much infiuence."
"O," said he, "as far as tha t is eOllcernefl, 1 can gi ve .rou au appoint-
ment; 1 haye it iu my ]loeket." 8aid 1, " YOlL ,,"ouId do me the greatest
fa\'or in the world." He took ont tlle appointment, a blank for the
name oí' the appointee, but signed. The moment 1 took hold 01' it 1
reeogllized the handwriting.


Q. WaR it a regular appointmeut, signed b.r the Secretary of the
Navy?-A. No, sil'; it was a letter oí' appoilltment to the Navy Depart-
ment, signed by .JIr. \Vhittemore. ("V¡tuess exhibits a blank torm-the
same hanüed to ltim h,y .JIr. SawJ'er.)




4 B. P. WHITTEMORE.


Q. 00 on and state what took place betweell you alld Shaw.-A. I,of
couI'sc, thonght that ~II'. Shaw was willing to pl'esent that appointment
to me, alld 1 thanked him foI' it; but, said he, "TheI'e is a cOllsideI'ation
foI' it." He said, "1 will show you a letter from MI'. Whittemore." TIe
showed it to me; 1 did not I'ead the whoIe of it; 1mt he poillted out to
me where MI'. Whittemore stated that these appoilltments werc worth
from two to three thousalld dollaI's. 1 toId him that it was nllfortunate ;
that 1 had lost everything during the wa1', and even afteI' the wal'; amI
that 1 could not, even if 1 wanted to, pay any money for the appoint-
mento 1 said that 1 thought that 1 was entitled to it. TIe said, "That
is all 1 can do; 1 am willing to waive my inteI'est in the afi'ail'; 1 ,,-ill
give you a letter to 1\Ir. Whittemore," who was then, as he expected, in
vYashington, He gave me a letter, of which 1 preserved a copy.


(Witness presents the copy oí' the letter, as follows:)
BOSTON, .dpril21, 1869.


MY FHIEi'iD: This will introduce to yon olle of my 0](1 cllstomcrs, who (lpsirps to
l)lace his son in position as lw may explaill, and whieh, as 1 lIw1crstand, )'011 llaye
power to grant, pl'Oviding rnatters m'e to your mind satisfaetory. My letter by this day's
mail wil! íhlly explain my meaning.


y ollrs, truly,
W. F. SHAW.


Hon. B. F. 'VIIITTEMORE.


P .. S.-The name of t,he bearer of this is P. H. Regler, a resident of South Carolina,
whel'e his family now resides and where his taxes are assessed.


WITNESS, (continuing.) vYhell 1 reached Washington 1 found that
l\ir. Whittemore had gone SOllth. 1 thell a<ldl'essed a letter to ::\Ir.
'Whittemore, .of which the following is a copy :
\VASIlIKGTO~, May 4, ltl69.


DEAIl SIR: 1 hereby inclose to you a note frolll ::\11'. 'V. F. Shaw, of the city of BostOll,
whkh 1 expected to delive¡ to yOll ill persono On my arrival here 1 find that yon ha,!
left for home.


1 "\Vas inforllled in the Navy Departmellt that your appointlllent is still OpClI. 1 agaill
heg ofyoll to give the same to my 8011.


By gTanting me this reqllest you will cont;'r the greatest fayor on au ulIfmtunute
lmt devoteu ft~tllCr.


Very respectfully yonrs,


HOll. B. F. 'VHITTE~1O]{E, "~[. C. o[ S. C.
P. H. KEGLER,


Cal'e of Astol' Hou8e, N. Y.


Here is l\ir. vYhitternore's repl,y to that letter:


DAHLINGTON, S. C., .1Iay 12, 1869.
Dt;AR SIR: In reply to yOllr comlllunication 1 llave to say that 80 lUan}' have lIl'-


plied for the positioll yon mlme that 1 have set the valuc of the appointmellt, outsitle
of my district, at $500.


YOUl'S, &c.,
B. F. WHITTE::\fORE.


P. H. KEGLER, Esq.


Q. "\Vhat followed; <lid you make any reply to 1\Ir. Whittemore'l-l
letted-A. No, sir; not at that time. 1 waited foI' some time, and 1
spokc to one 01' two gentIcmen in rcference to it, telling them how 1 was
treated. Then 1 w1'ote to }\fr. "\Vhittemore sa~'illg that he had actcd in
a YCl'y equiyocal way toward me. 1 also said that there were parties
who wallted to get possesí:lion of his letter for political pnrposeí:l, as 1
thougbt; that money was offered to me for it, alld that 1 would not gin,;
it up. 1 expected that h1S cOllscience woul<l prornpt him to give nI('
that aplloiJltulf'nt. Instead of that, he wanted me to retum tlle letter.




TI. l<'. WHITTE~IORE. ·5
(Witness presents to the cOIllmittee the letter from J\fr. Whittemore,


of which the fo11owing is a copy:)
DARLIXGTON, S. C., OCÚlber 21, 1869.


DEAR Sm: 1 have jnst retnrned from a visit to the \Vest and find a l/'tter on my
table--of the 8th of September-from you, in \\'hich you say, "A gentleman of puhlic
repute i8 cxtremely anxiou8 to get froIll yon a letter which yon received from me rela-
tive to the admission of your sou to the ~aval Academy, and oficrs $500 in exchange."


1 certainly cannot nnderstand what there is in that letter of snch valnc to " a gen-
tleman," known or unknown to me, 01' why my honor as a politician, millister, 01' other-
wise, is to be compromised.


1 am astouished that yon shonld allow any letter written by myself 01' auy ouc clse
to be used 01' songht for "deep political 01' other action" agaiust me 01' auy gentleman
who corresponda with yon.


1 hope yon will retnrn the letter to me, as 1 should to :ron, if it was to become the
meclinm of injnry in the hands of base designing' men.


The ouly reason yonr applieation in ;I(onr 80n's behalf eonld uot be eutertained, was
that others were before yon in their rellnests. 1 Hhan be pleased to advance the inter-
ests of any young man, if in my power.


Yonrs, trnly,
B. P. WHITTEMORE.


P. H. KEGLER, Esq_


Q. Did that close the COrI'espondeltce ~-A. That closed 1\11'. Whitte-
more's correspondenee. But-here is a letter which 1 received after-
ward umler l\fr. 'Whittemore's frallk.


(Witness produces the foIlowing Iettel', inclosed in an envelope directed
tú him under the frank and apparelltly in the handwriting of l\Ir.
1Yhittemore, and postmarked " Washington, D. C., Decem ber 7 :")


WAf;HIXGTON, (Boston erasec1,) November 29, 1869.
SIR: 1 learu that you claim to be an acquaintance rif mine, and as 1 caunot can to my


minc1 among my fl'iends one of yonr name 1 would he plea~etl to hear frolll yOll on
what gl'ounll~ the claim i8 founded.


1 also learn that you seek to injurc a formel' employé nf mine, in whnse 1l'e7fal'e 1 take
mue/¡ il1lm·&~t, and as Ulla1' as 1 can judge, yonr object i8 hut to save 8 lila 11 Cl.J8t t,o yourself
in the lIlattel' of henefiting yonr 8(m; if this is the case, just bear in mind what ha8
b~1I dOlle can be lIndolle at a cosl, alld if 1 find you have played false 1 can t'olleh for it
that l can find means sllfficient to bring abont resnlts that win canse yon to r~gret
,00U movements .
• Dealfail'ly with my frienrI or trust to ,,·hat resulta 1 may be able to bring ahnllt hy
untiring efforts. If unfortllnate, you wil! tinrI :ronr account in dealing jnstly towanl
;ron1' fcllo\v-lIlen.


Yours,
W. F. SHAW,


615 Washington stl'eet, Boston.
Mr. P_ H. K};GLER.


Q. This Shaw was the man who hall 'Whittemore's appointment ~-A.
Yes, sir. Mr. Shaw was Tlot aware that I had seen or applied to )Ir.
1Yhittemore four months hefore he offered me that appointment. I saw
MI'. Shaw in April, and 1 saw l\fr. Whittemore in January previous. It
was oue of those instanecs which do not happen once in a hundred
thousa,ml times. I did not say that 1 had seen MI'. vYhittemol'e, nor
did I mention Mr. Whittmnore's name; hut 1 thought it very mean for
l\fr. 'Yhitternore to extort thanks from me while he wasacting double-
faced toward me. I was offered money for bis letter, bnt 1 would not
seU it. l\Ir. Cathcart one day got me to show it to him and he took a
copy of it.


Q. That is a11 that vou know of the case ~-A. That is all that 1 know
of it. •


Q. 'Vhere were yon horn 1-A. In Germany. I lived in Boston from
1842 to 1857. I was a manllfaetnrer of cutlery and of surgical instru-
ments. FroIll there Iwent to Little Rock, Arkansas, where I was wherr




6 . B. F. WHITTEMORE.
the war broke out. I was a Unioll mall, anu my Gnionism nearly cost me
llly ncek. 1 was eonseripted on 3d February, 18G3, anQ. Oll the 8th of
February I ueserted, 01' skedaddled. lf I had been eaught, that would
have be en an end of me. I maue llly "ay to :\'femphis, and \Vas away
frOlIJ llly family ele yen lllontbs, until Little Rock \Vas taken by General
Steele. Allllly property was taken 01' de8troyed by the eonfeuel'ates.
1 urought llly family llorth and returned to Litt.le Rock, but after a
eouple of weeks I was taken sick and came north. In abont four mOllths
after I bad recovered suffieiently to look after business General Barnes
gaye me an appointment as inspector of surgical iIl1:\truments to Sher-
lllan's arllly, but when I reacherl Savannah the army had marched nortlJ-
\Vard. I \Vent to Charleston, and, having made money in Arkansasafter
tbe close of the war, I weut iuto the urokerage amI bal1king business.
1 remained in Uharleston from 1865 WI AUgllst, 18G7, engaged in that
business.


By Mr. ROGE:
Q. ''''ere you connected with any newspapeI' in Charleston while yon


\Vere tbere ~-A. Cathcart was an acquailltanee of mine. He haü been
eonnected . \Vith the London Post. I thonght that another papel' in
Charleston could do very well; and having the llleans, and feelillg desi-
rous to give Cathcart a start, I did so. 1 did not invest one cellt in the
papel', and was not interested in it financial1y.
(~. "Vere you eOlllleeted with the protits in any way.-A. No, sir.
Q. What was yoar eonnection with tlle Charlestoll News ~-A. 1\lerely


to give Cathcart a stal't in life.
By MI'. WITCHER:


Q. What were the polities of that paper r.-A. 1 real1y do not know. I
think it was on the fenee; willing to do allything to make money.


A. SCHOEPF examined.
By MI'. SLOCUM:


QuestiOTl. Is this (l'eferring to previous evidence g'Íven b;y witlle8s) tIte
only case of sale 01' pI'oposed sale of such positiollS with which you are
acquainted ?-Answer. I know of another case of pl'Oposed sale-or' the
same ea se ; it \Vas in the case of this same young m:1Il ; but it was auother
gentleman that proposed the sale 01' the plaee. I was introduced to
him, but have no\V fiJrgottell his name; ShOllld perhaps kllOW it. if I
should hear it-I am not certain; I shoultl know him if I should see
him; (witness gives a detailed descl'iption of his appearanee.) I know
he \Vas oI'ig'Íually a Massacllusetts man, and a 1\<lethouist minister;
during the \Val' he was chaplain for a Massaehusetts regiment, and wheu
the \VaJ' ended he 8ettled in one of tbe southern States. WeH, I \Vas
intI'oduced to bim, without thinking of money at aH in eonnection with
the lllatter; I asked him if there was auy ehanee to secure au appoint-
lllent túr General Tyler's son 1,0 a vacallt cadetship, whieh 1 ullder-
stood there \Vas in his district; he asked me to write down the direc-
tion; [did so. "WeH," said he, "yon can get it; my price is $2,000."
I \Vas snrprised, greatly; but \Vent on to "ay tbat I believed the youllg
mall \Vas a little over ag'e; he said, "No matter; paper will bear ally-
thing." Then I left him; I didn't Wrtllt anything whatever to do with
auy bribing. I wa8 introduced to this man by allother southern gentle-
man, from Georgia, I think; he was formerly an officer in the rehel
arm,y; his name \Vas Young; he wa" not present at the ahoye conver-
satioIl; nobody \Vas present excepting ns two: he took me into a COI'·




B. F. WHITTE~WRE. 7


ner llere. 1 had simply asked YOllng if he knew anybody that had a
position of this kind that conld be ltad for the son of an old army offi-
eer; then he mentioned this man, ami introllueed me to him.


Q. Was his name vVltittelllore '?-A. 1 think that was it.
Q. Have you be en engaged in this business of proeuring sueh posi-


tions to any eonsiderable extent?-A. Never, sir, execpt in this one
case. General T.ylcr was an old and intimate frielld of mine. While
tr;ying to do what 1 could for his son J thought a lawyer lllight help me
OIIé, aud so I lVew; to Geneml Este, because 116 wu..,. t~ l[~wycr. He WCllt
to investigating, alld finally told me the position could be obtained for
$1,500. 1 wrote to Gencral Tyler so, and he sent me the $1,500, aml 1
gaw it to General Este. 1 did not keep a dollar m;plclf; 1 was 110t
working for money.


At the conclusion of the examination General Sehoepf was taken to
the hall of the Homle of Reprcsclltatives and asked to point ont tlte
gentleman who told him that the cadetship could be had, but that the
priee was $2,000. He idcntified .MI'. Whittemore, of South Carolina, as
being tlw mall, and so stated on his return to the committee room.


W ASHI~GTON, D. C., February 19, 1870.
E. P. BROOKS reeaJIed and examined.


By MI'. SLOCU~I:
Question.'rhe committee now desire yon to answer the question pro-


pounded to yon yesterduy as to the parüculars of the other cases to
whiel! you referred.-Answer. T would like to explain that thc reason
wlty 1 declilled to allswer was this: ]\[y transactioJls with 1\11'. Whitte-
more were of snch a eharacter that 1 did not like to couple him in COll- \
nection with the gentlemen 1 had mentioned. They were men who, to
my mind, were in the market. 1 approached ]\[r. Whittemore earl.V in
1868, and asked him if r conlll get his cadetship to 'Vest Point. He re-
fused to have any transaetioll with me in the matter. 1 saw him fre-
qucntly; \Vas with him a good deal. 1 was obliged to arguc with him a
good deal, and to assist him in proving to him th:1t he had no boy in his
district capable of taking the place before 1 conld make any headway.
He refuscd altogcther to receive mOlley for it. 1 told him that 1 under-
stood it was a usualmatter for membcrs to do snch thillg'S ; that it was
a politieal perquisite; that he could use the money foI' political pur-
poses, as wen as to gain the friendship of polítical friends which he might
ruake. With a distinct understanding, and, as 1 believe, a reJigious un-
<lerstamling, on his part that the money was to be used fuI' political and
educational purposes in his distl'iet, he consented to reccive the money
which 1 gave to him. IIe also insisted that the boy should go to his
district amI acquire a legal residellce, which 1 arranged.


By the CHAIR~IAN :
Q. How much money did you pay ?-A. 1 cannot remember the exact


amonnt. 1 handled considerable amounts of money just abont that
time. 1 thillk it was somewhere in the neighborhood of $1,500 1 am
not sure as to that, however.


Q. From whom did you get that mOlley l-A. 1 got it through a draft
on New York from ]\[1'. John T. Dailcy.


Q. How much in aU did you get for the appointment of his son ~­
A. That 1 do not ~emeIllber.


Q. Did you get more than $1,500 ~-A. 1 did.
Q. How mneh 1II0ref-A. H. S. Olcott, the agent, whose llame 1




8 B. F. WHITTEMORE.
mentioned in my testimony yesterday, was concemed in this matter.
I think that he brought me money enough so that I put in rny own
pocket about $750.


Q. Row much did he get for his influence~-A. I do not know. The
draft I spoke of was made by 1\'lr. Olcott on Mr. Dailey.


Q. 1\11'. Daile.y paid the draft "?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. 1Vhere did you pay this money to MI'. Whittemore ~-A. In his


rooms in this city. I think he was living on Louisiana ayenlle ut tlmt
time.


Q. You are sure that tbe amount was about $1,500 ~-A. I feel verJ~
certain of it.


Q. Haye you given an the facts in connection with this case1-A.
Yes, sir.


Q. 1Vhat was the name of the young man who was appointed ?-A.
Thomas T. Dailey.


Q. Wbere díd he reside ?-A. His fathel' live<1 in New York. The
boy went down and accepted a place as clerk in the office of assessor of
internal I'evenue in the district from whicb he was appointed.


Q. Di<1 the boy go down there foI' the pllrpose of making that 11is
residence, so as to get this appoilltmeut ?-A. He did. The bO.r was to
comply with the requirements of the law in that respecto


By 1\11'. MORGAN :
Q. ·Who got him the clerkship in the internal reycuue office?-A. I


do not know.
By 1\'(1'. SLocu:;vr :


Q. Can you be very positive as to the amollnt yon paül to MI'. 'Vllit-
temore f-A. 1 cannot. 1 was handling at that time a good <leal of
mouey that did not belong to me. I do not kIlOW how lllllCh 1 paid !timo


Q. You must have known how much you got of 1\11'. Dailey ~-A. MI'.
Daileyand :1\11'. Olcott had been in business together, amI lVrl'. Oleott and
myself had a great deal of business in the vmy of the proseclltion of
claims and matters of tbat kind.


Q. Are yon sure that it was over $1,400 ?-A. I am not positin.
Q. Give us the lowest limit~-A. 1 should place the lowest limit at


$1,000, amI 1 think $1,500 would be thc extreme limito
By 1\'11'. MORGAN :


Q. For what purposes were yon handling so lUuch money at that
time ?-A. Nothing that belonged to this transactioll.


Q. vVas it for the purpose of influencing the action of members of
Congress f-A. 1'10, sir.


Q. 'Vas it for the purpose of inflneneing the action of conrts ~-A. n
was nothing connectcd with this investigation.


Q. I want yon to answer my question.-A. 1 decline to do it.
,V ASHINGTON, D. C., February 19,18.0.


JOHN T. DAILEY SWOr'll and examined.
By the CHAIRMAN:


Question. State your age, residence, and occnpation.-Answer. Age,
forty-six; residence, :\'ladison avenue, NewYork; occnpation, merchant·


Q. It has beell in evidellce here that you have paid money for tlie
appointmellt oi' yOUl' Son to the l\lilitary Academy at West Pointj please
state aU the facts connected with the procuremcnt of that appoint~




B. F. WHITTEMORE. 9


ment.-A. 1 wanted a "\Vest Point appointmcnt; 1 wcnt to a gentleman
whom 1 have known for twenty years, and who has been in Washington
a good deal of the time, and told him 1 wanted an appointmeut.
(~. Give lIS the uame of that gentlcman.-A. Hcnry S. OIcott. He


said that he would use his infiuence to procure one for me. He carne
down here, 1 think, three times for that purpose, aT\(I finally succeeded
in getting one for me frorn South Carolina.


Q. \Vas your son appointed?-A. He was.
Q. vVhat is his name '?-A. Thomas Dailey.
Q. By whom was he appointed ?-A. By J}fr. 'Vhittemore, a memher


of Congress.
Q. How much, if any, did you pay for the procurement of that appoint-


ment ~-A. 1 paid MI'. Olcott-I do llot recollect how much-I think in
the lleighborhood of $2,000.


Q. Díd you kIlOW anybody eh;e in connection with the tran::;action
except MI'. Olcott ?-A. N o, sir.


Q. JIad you eyer seen MI'. \Vhitternore '?-A. 1 had neyer seen him
ulltil ufter tIte appointment was made. MI'. Olcott represented to me
that this appoilltment was made through his illfluence, hut that a por-
tion of the mone,)' tItat eallle from me went to a political fund that was
being raised for clection and cdncational purposes.


Q. He did not propose to get any of tIte money himself"!-A. Yes;
:1\'11'. Olcott did.


Q. That portioll then did not go for educational purposes ?-A. 1
presume noto 1 did not ask him how rnuch he kept, 01' anything of the
kincl.


Q. 'Yhen did that transaction occur?-It occurred either in Deeember,
1868, 01' in January, 1869.


Q. Did ;rou know anything of )[1'. Brooks in connection with the
appointmellt?-A. 1 knew sornething of :afro Brooks in connectioll with
it after tbe whole tralH~actioll was over; BOt betOre.


Q. 'Yhat did "OH know of his connection with it afterward '(-A.
After the appointment hau been made 1\11'. Olcott said tlJat 1\11'. Bl'ook8
aided bim in obtainillg the appoiutment; that is aH.


Q. vVhat is tllc hU8iness of this mall Olcott?-A. He was formerly
employeu in the 'Val' Department jlllooking up frallds in the nrllly aud
Kavy Depal'tment. 1 don't know what h1S position \Vas there. He
was also conueeted with tllC prcss in some way. 1 do uot kIlO\\' with
what papers. 1 think he ",rote fol' quite a numbel' of papers.


Q. Do yon know where he is now'?-A. He is in RUl'opc, 1 believe.
Q. When did he lcaye for Europe?-A. It was oyer two ll10nths ago.
Q. Do ;von know by \Vhom he was mnployed in tIte army alHI Na,-y


Department?-A. :Xo, sir. He went out of that bn::;ine::;s illlllH'(liately
after the war. 1 wis11 to say in referellee to .MI'. \VlJittemore, alld ,ron
will of course take it [01' what8\'er ,ron thiuk it is wOl'th, that aftcl' the
appointment had becll made 1 proposed to give a present to MI'. \Yhitte-
more, ullderstandillg that what had been l'reviou¡.;ly paid \Vas for
political 01' educatioIlal purpose8; but MI'. Brook8 told me 1 had uetter
1l0t do it.


By MI'. COBB:
Q. Mr Brooks seeroed to think it would llot do to off el' .l\lr. 'Vhitte-


more any present~-A. He gaye me tbat reason. He said 1 had better
noto lt \Vas one of those things 1 had uetter uot do. The impression
on roy mind always has been tI1at 1[1'. 'Vhittemorc never receivecl any




10 B. F. WHITTEMORE.
of this money; and T may sa,)', furt-hermore, that there seems to haye
heell a feeling particularly against my son, at 'Vest Point, ever sillce
the appoilltment wa8 made, on tite ground of his being a non-residellt
oí' tite district It was some two ll10llths afLer he had passed his first
examiwüion hef'ore 1 eould get him into the corps, and the difficulty
seems to haye followed him down to the present time, so that, were it
not for the feeling that 1 haye had in thi8 mat.ter, 1 shollld have allowed
him tn reHign three mOllths ago. There seems tohave becn some in-
flnence at work in regard to him that 1 eallllot explain. 1 commlted one
01' the most distinguiHhed law:ycrs of New York, as weH as a gfueral in
the Hl'luy, who told me that if my son went to any }loiut amI acqnired a
residen ce, an appointmellt frOll,l that distriet would be lPgal. He ,,-ent
to South Carolina and remailled seyeral ll10nths; arter whieh au ap-
poinbnellt was solieited, aud he was appointed from that distriet.


Q. 'Vhat distinguishcd general was it that gave you that opillion ~­
A. 1 do not wish to mention any names as he harl 1I0tllillg' tu (lo with
tllis matter. It was General DOlluelsoll, of tlle Quartermaster's Depart-
mento


By MI'. MORGAN :
Q. \Vhat was your son doing in Sont1l Carolina 'f-A. A part of tIJe


time he \Vas in an assessor's ollice and a part of thc time Pllnmiug his
stLUlies.


Q. Who got him his appointmcnt in thc assessol"s ofilee ?-A. 1 do
1l0t know. 1 sent lJiIll (lown tbere.


Q. Had he ally friendsor acquaintanees thel'e"~-A. Yes; two 01' thrce.
(~. \Vho were they~-A. 1 think MI'. Fillebrown, of Dal'lillgton, got


him his appointll1ent in the assessol"s office.
Q. \Vho was the tutor of .r0nr son in Sonth Carolina ~-A. A J-oung


1111111 hv the Wlllte of' Lalldoll.
Q. \Vhell did he become acqnainterl with MI'. Laudon ?-A. I adver-


tised for a tutor, amI that gentleman allswcrl'd the ud vedisclJlellt.
Q. Do yon know wlLere MI'. LaudoIl is uow '?-A. I do noto
Q. lIad he allything- to do with this trausactioll "?-A. 1 lleVel' saw


1Iim lu l'eferenee' to it'-that 1 lmow of. '
Q. \Vhat is his llame '?-A. 1 think his name is D. Lalldon. lIe re-


plied to the ad vertisemellt 1 had put in fin' a tutor.


,V ASHINGTON, D. C., February 1!), 1870.
HOIl. n. F. 'VHI'l'TE~IORE, 111('lllber fl'Olll South Carolina, appeared


before the eommittee, aml the testimony of General Schoepf and P. H.
Kegler having been read to him, 1Ie asked alld obtained permission to
make a statemellt 011 his own behalf, whieh he did, as followi'l:


\Yith refcreuce to the appointment to thc nayal cadetship 1\11'. G"oss,
who \Vas my eolleagne in the fort.iet,h Congl'ess, carne to me as long ago
as Deel:'mhl:'r, 1868, and told me of the treatment whieh he had reeeived
at tbe hands of 1\11'. 'Vallace, who was a claimant for his seat. He said
that he had made an arrangement with MI'. \Yal1ace that, if Wallace
,,-ouId ;;tep aside alltInot run against him, he \Vould give J\1r. 'Vallace'¡;;
son thA appointment to \Vcst Point. As }Ir. Goss's 0\\'11 son was not of'
:-snftieü'llt age to enter 011 tile appointmellt, he was willing to wait, antici-
pating that he sllOnld be in the forty-first Congre.ss, aud woultl llave
an opportunity to appoint, his own son to the Nantl Aeademy. -:\11'.
(inss saÍll, "MI'. 'VaIIacA has 1'n11 against me, and 1 have been defeated.
1\1.\" son has been at school here in vVashington, mull have been ai gr!'at
e,peuse in his cducation. 1 fecl considerably mortified nt my defeat,




R F. WHITTE~1CJRE_ 11


and lJecansl~, f1ll'tbermore, 1 shall Ilct be able to send my son to the
Academy; amI 1 wish yon would appoint m.y son to that Academy." I
saiel to him that I hael not malle np my miJl(l with reference to my
appointmpnts at aH; and that llly first idea was, ir I conld find a pOOl'
boy, who had sufficient educaíioll to wa1'rant him in st,[tIlding an exami-
natioll for tite Milita1'y Academy at vVest Poillt, to Hppoint hillt.


:aIr. Uoss said so lllllCh to me tbat I finally tolcl bim 1 ,,"ould consider
it. He fiually eame to me aud said: "1 will g-iye yon 8500 fol' tIle ap-
poiutlllent, and you lIlay use the mOlle.r for auy plll'pOSO ,rOll pleat'ie." I
told hilll that I should not seU the appointlllent rOl' all~' consideration
whateve1'. He said, "You are doing' a g'ooll tIea] in elhwatioual pllrposes
there, in building- chu1'ches, &c. If yon giye llly son the appoiutment [
wiII gh'e yon $500, to be used for e(lllcatiollal purposes 01' for any ot]wr
purpose in the district that yon pleaHt'." I thauked him for that, I told
lJilll that he knew very weH that the people in my distríct were all Yery
Ilcody, that we hacl to keep l'uttillg our hallds in our pockets all the time,
that 1 kllew tIlat there was llO Jloor boy in my distriet that conld talce
fhe appoilltuwllt; amI, ful'thermore, that, as far as I kIlew tlH\ white
peoplc oi my distriet, thel'e ,yas 1Iot a boy, except tIlo son oí' a disloyal
rnall, who conld possibly pass the examination, amI thM, as to the
appOil1tlllel1t oí' tIle son of a disloyalman, 1 should not make it. [Iuul
suffere¡l too ll1uch during- the war to do anything oí' the kind; amI I
thonght we liad hacl disloyal men ellough at \Vest Point and the Nanll
AeadelllY. 1 saitl that if 1 could not find au,)' boy in my distriet 1
sltould give the appointment to the best boy I cou]II ±iud out 01' my
district. 'fhe lllatter stood there, so far as tIle affaír bet\Veell .xlr. Goss
and myself was cotlcerned. Up 1,0 tile time of bis leaving Congl'ess it
\Vas ullQ.erstooll lJetweell him and me that his son sllOuld haye the
appointmellt.


In .January, as :NIr. Keg-ler says, I re(~eived a yisit frol1l him, with the
letter of illtroclnetioll fl'Om Senator Sawyer; ami, as he states, I told
hilll (as ally gelltlemall woulcl be likely to do uncler the same circllm-
stance) that 1 was sorry, ¡mí. tlmt tlte appoilltmeut was already prom-
¡sed, llleaniug' the p1'omise 1,0 Mr\ Goss's SOllo He walked alollg' ",itll me
up tlw Ht1'eet. lt was tite lirst time that I e,'e1' saw him to my lmowl-
edge, though 1 had heal'll of him as a bauker in Charleston. \Ve
separated. ~othing was done about the Nayal AcaLlemy appointment
from that time fOl'wanl IIp to the c10se of the fortieth Congress. I
wrote 1.0 MI'. Goss, afte!' he wellt home, askíllg ltilll to let lile know if
he still desired the appoilltlllellt fo1' his S011, as I hall not heard allytlliug
more abont it. He never replied to llly letter. I thell made up my
milld tlmt I shou]d seek 1.0 make the appointment sOlIle\\'here el se ; and
1 thOllght of my old friend Slutw, with whom I used to be au elllployé,
who hall been always kiIHl to me al\(l hatI always treated me ve1'y eourto-
ously. I thonght to myse]f tllat 1 wouId giye my frielld Shaw au oppor-
tunity to make an appointmellt if he pleased. I sat dOWll aud filletl out
a blauk appoilltnwnt amI semt it to him, \vith t,he Htatement that if he
hacl auy fl'iclld whom he \mnted to appoint to that positiou he conld do
so, amI tlmt 1 wOllld forwar;~ the appointmellt to tlle Xavy Department.
As to lJly saying' that frOlll e~,ooo to $;1,000 \Vas the price of the appoint-
mení, that is not so.


I l'etnl'lH\(l home arter the close of the 11rst session of the foI'ty-first
Cong'l'css, wltich, 1 tltínk, was about tho milltlle 01' Ap1'il. In the mean-
time I hall hall cOllversations with a gentlemaullamed I,Hn<loIl relative to
the appoilltlllcnt oí" a hoy to the Naval AeadelllY. 1 told him that 1 did
not know what I should do about it; but that 1 should seek the best




12 B. F. WHITTEMORE.
boy 1 could find. 1 was satisfied that 1 could not find oue in my own
di"tl'ict who would pass the examination aml do credit to tIte appoint-
mento 1 wcnt home. Somc time in May, 18ü9, 1 think, 1 receivcd the
1etter from MI'. KegJer, amI ll1ade the repJ,Y just as he states, witll the
U1l1lerstanding, in my own mind, that J di(l not regard him a" of ally im-
portancc whatever. On the contrary, there were very many disrepu-
table thillg¡; 8aid of him in the Sta.te relati,-e to his faiJure tlLPre as a
ballker, and to the m:1llner in which he left the State. 1 was \1ll(ler 110
obligatious to him; he was not in my district. 1 made the statement
that 1 had heen off'ered $[íOO for the po¡;ition, and that if the a¡¡point-
lllent was 1Iot rnade in my district 1 felt that it should be malle good in
m~- district some way 01' other.


The conversatioll that 1 had with MI'. Landron \Vas this: 1 Raid that
1 had been offered $fíOO by MI', Goss to be used for edncational pur-
poses in t1le district. That understandillg was left in that way.


Early in the latter part of May MI'. lJillldon wrote to me that if J hall
llot filled the position he would bring me a young man equal to the
young mau whom 1 had appointed to t11e 'Yest Point Aeadf'IlIY, and
w110m 1 regard as one of t1le hest appointments that lm,-e lwcll made
tllere. MI'. Landon came down with tllis yonng mallo Isa\\" him. T
(lid not like his appearance as well as 1 did tilat of tlle yO(llIg lIJan
whom 1 had appoir~ted 1,0 the Wpst Poillt Academy. 1 said 1 waH afraid
he \Vas not ofthe right caliber. He said 1 was mistaken, that he was a most
excellent young man, amI that he would do credit to tile appointment.
1 said that it was uttel'ly impossible to find any lJoy in my distriet, and
that if 1 did not make the appointment before June 1 wouhl lose it.
Hence 1 \Vas anxious to make the appoilltlIJent at once if 1 mude it at
all, because T \Vas notified by the Navy Department that if 1 <lid not
make tl18 appointment before ,Tune tIte department would make the
appointment itself. 1 said, "Here are my people, Yel'y pOOl'; they are
at my door eyery hom without food 01' raiment. 'Ve luwe to put food
in their mouths; we haye to put onr hands in our pockets continually
to aid thern; \Ve have to send to tllü 11orth, to tlw west, amI to tlle
east in behalf of those people, They are here after my wife,c,-ery day,
aud e\'ery ltollr of the day, amI almost eyery 110ur of the 11ight. Now
if ,rou say tlmt yon are willi11g to gi,-c $;)00 t¡w thiH nppointment rather
than not haye it, 1 will not aceept it for the appoilltment Ululer any
consideration wlH~teyeI', (1 \Vould rather not make the appointment at
aH.") "Rnt," said he, "if yon will make the appointment, 1 wiII g,ive
$300 towanl the relief of thos6 pOOl' ])eople." "\Vell," said 1, "1 do
BOt know how 1 can do my people au,\' more good than in helping them
to $i')()() 01' to $5, which will aid their necessities amI relieve t1le1r POy-
erty. IIoweyer,I will not aocept aIlj'thing at this time; but Jet yonr
boy prepare himself; let him go to the Aeademy, and if he paH"p", ami
if yon then want to fulfil1 your engagement with referenco tu giying
5;,)00 to help the pOOl' in 1Il.Y distl'iet, you can do it.,: TIte boy went to
the ~~eadelIly amI passed, and 1 am happy to say that he oe(~((pies a
good position in his class.


:Now, so far as the letter whioh l\Ir. Shaw wrote to :JIr. Keglpr is con-
cerned, 1 will say this: 1 was exeeedingIy annoyed with a lettcr whieh
1 had reeeived from MI'. Kegler. He does not make tho full statement
to the committee in I'egard to that Ietter, he makes hiH OWIl "üIe of the
case good; bnt, if the committee will permit me, 1 will read the letter.


(l\fr. 'Vhittemore presented and read tho letter reterred to, 01' which
the following is a copy:)




B. F. WHITTEMORE. 13
ASTOR Homm, &pfetnber 8, 1869.


Sm: A gentleman of l'uolic repute is extremeIy an:s:ion8 to get frolll me the lettel' 1
recciveü f'l'om yOll, relative to the udlllission of Illy son to the Naval Academy, and
OlierA me $500 in p:s:ehuuge.


That thel'e i~ SOlllC !leep politicaI or other action illtended against you is certaiu,
amI yon can jll<lge fol' y01ll'self how fal' tite Iette!' in qnestioll compromises yonr honor
and integrity as politieian, minister, and gentleman.


Before, hOlYever, handing it to the gentleman, who has appIied to me, 1 8ha11 await
yonr unswer, in case yon shonld have anything to propose as to its disposition.


Respectflllly, yOllrH,
P. H. KEGLER.


Hun. B. F. \VHlTTIl~IO¡¡E:


The Ietter shows on tlw fa ce of it that, if he was annoyed, as he says
he was, at not receiying the appointment for his son, he was ready to
put tho letter out of tlle ,,,ay, jf 1 shonId offer him a Iarger amouut, 01'
au eqnal amonnt. On tIJe haek of this letter of his is tlle brief which
1 made of tlle letter written by me to 1Iim:


Ans. Octh. 21.
Do nor l'l'gal'll the Hmtter out with the astonishment it deservcs. Do not llndcrstand


wby sudl a valae i, attached to my letter. ¡"¡othing in it comproJllising my !tollor, &c.
Ask hilll tf) l'dlll'n it, aH 1 would, ii' a Ietter oí' min¡; conIa ]¡¡; usea to his hllrt.
So faI' aH hiR eommnnications with Shaw are concerlled, that ii> a mat-


ter of whieh r know nothing'. 1 Rent this letteI' oi' Kegle1"s to 1\11'.
Sha,,', together with another letter which 1 receiyed from 1Iim, in ",hieh
he i-lays that lw has met MI'. Shaw, alld tllat MI'. Shaw had promised
him the appoint,mcnt. If 1\11'. SIlaw malle any Htatement tn him with
reference to the llI'ice of the appointmcllt, he made it entil'cIy on his
OWIl aeeoullt, alld llot on my acconnt.


MI'. SLOCU~I. \VouId you pl'efer to go Oll amlmake yonr staternent as
yon are doing, 01' wouId yon like snggestiol1s to be made to ;von by aH~­
mcm 1Jel' oí' tite (~OlIllIüttee as ~'on go alollg"?


1\11'. \VUITTK:\IORE. 1 will heaI' any snggestiolli-l that the eommittcc
llIav (lesil'c to lllake.


:;\11'. SLoclm. It appeal'i-l fl'OUI tIlP evidellce that this Iettel' fl'om .:\Ir.
Shaw to MI'. Kegler was franked by yon.


MI'. 'YHIl"l'E}IORE. 1 do not recollect it; 1 canllot conceive it possible
that it was sent from \Vashillg"toll hy me; [ do not think that 1 was hcre
as early aH that time, but ,vet 1 wouId 1l0t del1y that it was franked by me.


MI'. 8LOCtnr. We wisll your Rtatcmellt to go exactly as yon prefer. If
you prefer to go rig-ht OH without intcrruptioll, of eourse you ean do so;
but if you prefer to haye qnestiolls asked you, 1 will put some questiolls
to yon.


l\Ir. 'YUI'l"l'E}IORE. 1 am willing to answer any questions, 01' to sub·
mit to any suggestions that muy be made. 1 do not recollect anything
about the fraltking' of that letter. 1 was so astonished at the letters
received ü'om KegIer, in whieh he imp1ieated MI'. Shaw, that 1 sent MI'.
Shaw his IeUers, amI ~fr. Sltaw in his Ietter to me denieR lmowing any·
thing about MI'. Kegler. He says that a lllan nmllell Houehins, from
N ew York, eame to him amI had some cOllversation with him about the
appoilltment,lmt that he <lid llot kno\\' an,ything at aH about aman
uarnea Kegler. :MI'. Shaw SCllt me a letter similar, 1 thillk, to the one
prodneed; hut 1 do not know whether it was sent to me at homc 01' here,
and 1 thillk it altogcthel' probable that 1 SP.llt that letter to KegIer, but
1 willnot say whether it was sent from llere 01' from home. ~ow, MI'.
Shaw sl'lHIs me this note which he recei\'ed Oll the 11th Febrnary Iast,
from Uds mall Kegler:




14 B. F. WHITTEMORE.
NEW Yorm, Fe/¡}'uaryll, 18iO.


DtHR Sm : 1 w0111d allvisp o'on to t'lke steps to protpct y011r friend, the HOIl. B. F.
"\Vhittemore, at once, 1'01' 1 fear he will stalHl in neca of a l'owe1'f'nl Ü'iend lJefOl'c 101lg.


Do you rcad the ¡mpel's ?
1 heard of a COllllllitke to im-estigate appointments for e'Hlets!


Yonrs, in haste,
P. H. KEGLER.


·W. F. SILI.W, Es(!.·
4Jol ]Jroar/ sl/'eet, -""'1' For/;.


What 1 desire to sta te in rt'p;ard to tbis appoilltment is tllis: tlwt 1
lle\'er intended to receive a sitlgle fal'thillg as paymcnt for all appoint,
111C11t in any way, shap<', 01' manllt'r; 1I0r haye 1 dom' so. \Yhen tlw
snbjed oí' appointments was first broached to me 1 \Vas elltirely at sea.
1 was Ilnaeqllailltefl with tltem altogetlwr. 1 \Vas not !lolitü'ian ellongh.
1 was freqnently approached npoll different hallds by difl.'el'ent llar,
ties, who said that 1 he appoilltmellts of eaddR \\'ere l'egartled m; perqui-
sites of eongreRsmen, amI that it \Vas uot ah,'ays tlle case that ."adets
are appoillted from the same 10cnlit,Y in wItieh tIleS li\'e.


Hui tIte comlllittee will reeolleet, ill eOlllleetioll with tIwt: tlr.lt 110
allPoilltment was made hy lile of a naval eadet nlltil .Tnlle, lIIHl that n])
to the p1'eceding .:\la1'c11 tlmt appointmellt was ullllel'stood in my lIJilld
to belong to 1\11'. Gm;R's SOIl. 'l'hat was tlle understantling' betwf'en j¡im
alHlllle, amI llO othel' perSOll ontsitle could hayo rceein'(l Ule appoillt-
ment if Mr. Goss llad answered IDy lctter and expressed tIte same Ilesil'e
tinally in reganl to ltis ROIl that he flid whell he first hroaehed the tmb-
ject to me. Finally, the appointmellt W¡lS maüe in the manner that 1
haye stated. That is all that 1 haye to Sily in regard to that appoint,
ment. 1 llü,c1aim ally erimillal 1ntentioll, 01' any WI'Oug illtention, fI'OIll
the begiunillg. It is eYÍl1ellt to me that 1 cOllllllitted one 01' th(\ greatest
ÍlIflislTdiollS of llIy lite when 1 \\'l'ote the IIlall Kpglm m; 1 did; but 1
l'eganled it as a sort of getting rid uf him amI disposing oí' h11ll alto·
gether. 1 did not lmow him personalIy, amI 1 onght not perhaps to
llave w1'ittel1 a lette1' of tlJat, (}efwript.ioll; Imt, as 1 say, 1 reganled it as
a SOl'Í of getting rid of 11im. 1 was undel' 110 ohligatioll to l~iJlI, and ditl
not care alJont being troubled by him, aud tlle seqnel has ]1I'OH'(1 that
1 was Bot in tILf' ham]s of au hOIlOl'a.hle gelltlelllull ,,,hen 1 was writillg'
snch a Ietter to him.


lUr. SLOCU3I. Perlllit me to can 'yonr attentioll to General Schoepfs
eYidenee.


MI'. \Ynll'TK.\IÜ'RE. That 1 totally deny. 1 haye no reeolleeticl1I 01' ulJy
such mall, 01' oi' auy sueh cOllversatioll. 1 ntterly deny it. 1 had no
sllch e(mn'rsation with auyholl.r. 1\TI'. YOl1ng JIlay bave illtrodneeü l1im
to me, as he illtrodnced different lmrties to me, but 1 hall no snoh COlI,
yersation "'ith anyhody.


In l'eff'rellee to my \Vest Point appointment T \VisIL to make a "tate-
mellt: As long; ago as Deccmber, 1SU8, a gelltlcman n<lllwü El'ooks
ca.me to me, (1 thillk lw is a llewspaper lll11n,) alld nsk('(] uw if 1 had
filled my \Vest Poillt cadetship. 1 told llim T had 1Iot, alHI (IInt 1 waH
BOt going to do it at presf'llt; that 1 hall not time to tllin k oí' it, a l)(l
that 1 wallted to look <ll'OlllH[ and see what 1 ",as goiug to (lo ahout H,
aN 1 did not kllow wherc r was gOillg' to get a muleto 1 aIso lWHlp, 1
tIlink, something of the same staterueút to him that 1 malle to }Ir. Goss,
that 1 would prefer a pOOl' 1>0.\', if T eonlü filld OlW, aR !loor ho,ys n'ry
¡,;::!(IOIll get to slwll p1aees. " \Ven," suid he, "if .ron ha\'c 1Iot got, a11;)"'
holly in yonr part of the conntl'y 1 hase got a ver,V excelleut yonng
lIlau WhOlll 1 wonlcIlike to introclllee to yon, alld pel'hal'R .rOl! wouhllike
to appoiut him." Saill 1, .¡ 1 do uot kllow wllether 1 will 01' lIot; lmt 1




B. F. WHITTE~IORE. 15
wouId like to see ~'our yOllllg man, aml see ,dmt he is." "\Vell," said
he, "if yon !lo lIOt kilO\\' an:yho!ly do\YIl iil ;ronr part of the COUlltr:y,
Hnd if 1 can brillg yon H yonug lllHIl who pot-lset-l¡,ws aU tite qnalificatious
l1ecessary [01' a eadet, alHi if he satísnes yon," (he allnded to my beiug
in the army, aml haying an rtl'my experience, alld said 1 kne\y something
abollt whether a boy wonld make a good soldier,) "wiII .yon appoint
ltilll P 1 saí(1 1 dÍl1 lIOt kIlOW w1lcther 1 wou!d 01' noto "Send OH yonr
boy and let me see him." •


he t<ent to New York, and the hoy erLlne on; as fille a yonllg' bo.\' as 1
eyer laíd e,Yl's Oll; of fine frame, Yery tall of llis agc, amI with atine,
open, free, frank face. He won 11is way to ltl,Y good ¡.!.Taces nt once by
1Iis 100k8, aml 1 hall some talk \\'ith 1Iim. 1 said to him, "Tom, }on
,raut to go t,o \Vet<t Poillt JI" He said yes, that he liad set hh; heart npon
it, aml that Ilis father hacl set llIS heart npOll it. Said 1, " \Vlwre h:we
}OLl been g'oiug' to school '1" Hé' saÍl1 that he had been t\Vo yeal'S at
ChUI'chill't-l sdlOol at 8ing' 8ÍlIg, and that he ,,':1S the adjutallt of his elass.
1 said, "Yon Illnst be a pretty g-ood t-lol(lier now '?" He "aid .res, tbat he
understood something ahollt it. I asked him ho\V long it \Vas sillee he
ltad left the sclloo1. He said about ayear hefore, a11(l that lw hall lwen
since travding in FraIlee witb his fathcr's' f'amil,r. 1 talketl with him
about bis father's family, aud fonud that tlley were cOllnectetl \Vitll ohl
arllly fi:iell(ls' of mine in business. 'l'lw hoy was a fine Frenel! sdlOlar,
aud aU these things were ver,') plem;iug' to me. 1 said to him, ",V(.ll,
110"', if 1 gin~ yon the appointmeut, will ,rou go clown in m,r distl'ict :11[(1
sta,\" there nntil ,')on He(¡nire él l'esideuc<" aecorrlillg' to law; bt'eansp, ae
eonling to ]¡t'v, 1 eanllot appoillt :lllybody lmt an aetnnl resi(lent oi' In,}'
diiltriet '1" He said he wonld. 1 asked him when ]¡t' wonhl g'o. He
said he wonld gojust as "oou as he cOllld l'etnrn hOllle aud Ree ¡.is father.
lIe eame to Iny roolll, in Indiana an'l11W, tiJe Ilt'xt da,)'. 1 had thong'ht
HIt' lllatter ove1' that night, alld callle to the eOllclusion tllat it \Yould be
ti Yer,') good appointmeut, amI r toltl lJill1 to W:l it nntil he ¡¡¡"ar(] fl'Olllllle.


1 w1'ote clown to Illy home to find ont if thel'e was _any place 1;)1' him
to board with a propel' white family, ",bere lw eonld fe e! at hOllle alld
plensalltly 8ítuated. A gentlema1l.an 01<1 aeqnailltanee 01' milll" \rito
\ras living in Ill,') town, agreed lo take 1Iim, ami he \\,Pllt do",]. aUll
stopped there, after rceeiyillg my letter. 1\11'. Brooks, when he spoke
01' this boy alÍd asked'lIH\ if 1 wonld apl'oillt 1Iim, saúl, "If .\"on do, ,ron
,..hall llot losp anything' h.y it." Sai(l 1, "1 do llot illtClld to ask allr-
thing 1'01' it; if the hoy Ruits 1111', 1 \"ill appoillt lIim." A He!' 1 gaye him
tlte appointlllent 1\11'. llrooks said to HlP, " IYlwt shall 1 l'Hy }Oll fl)l' that
appointment,·~" 1 sairl, "~otlting; 1 wil1 reeeiye 1I0thing whaü'yer for
the appOilltlllent." SnÍ!1 he," You lta\-e pretty hnn] times, politieall~',
llave yon uot"l" 1 said, "Yet<," "Yon haye a hanl hattle to figIlt '!"
"Yes." "Yon are llot lwlpe(l III ueh ?" "~o," said 1, "thp national
eomrnittee has Bot helpecl us Yery Illllt'h, 01' an.y otIler ('OIlllllittpe, we
llave ha<1 to hoe our 0\\'11 1'0\\-, am] to paddle OHr OW11 ealloe." Said he,
" Yon say yon Willllot ref~ti í'e an,Ything' fol' the appointment '1" " No;
110t, a dollar." "'Ve]]," ;,;"id he, " if \re \\'ill fnmish ijil,jOO fol' yonr politi-
cal fund clown thero, fol' the pnl'post' of ean.rillg 011 the eampaigtl and
ltclping yo nI' people throngh, 1 sll]l]lotie .ron wonld T10t eare :lnything
ahout t,llat '?" "No," "aid 1, "1 (lo !loto Ir ~'on ehoose 1,0 gin' S500
1()l' the politieal eall1paign do\\'n tht'rc, 1 1m ve lIO ()l~jedion to that; uut
1 ,vill not reeeive a Ringle dollar fol' an appointnlPJlt."


That is aU 1 IHlye to say about that allPoillttllent exeppt t1lis: that my
ellOicc of a boy hat< pro ved to be a good one. In a elass of senmty he
stand s muuber twentr, aml hai'l, for the last 8ix monthil, reeeived




16 B. F. WHlTTEMORE.


but two demerits. He will not only honor rny district ami do credit to
me, 1mt he will be an honor to the country when he graduates. -:\'Iy pur-
poses, in this particular, were just the same as they were in the other.
The appointments have been of no pecuniary 01' personal benefit to me
from beginnillg to end, except that the funds for them have been given
for the relief of the pOOl' peoplc in my district, and for help in the politi-
cal call1paign.


1 wOllld like t.o add a few wonh; about this man Cathcart. He was
the editor, 01' OIlC of thc e<1ito1's, of the Charlest.on N eWR. Kegler says
he does not' know what shade of politics thc News represented-
regards it as being 1'athe1' on the fence. He mURt be very ignorant of
polities indeed if he cannot statc thc polities oi' the Charlestoll ~ews.
1t waR tIte most bitter, vindictive, scurrilous papel' in thc State. 1
was chairman oí' the State Central Repllblican Cornmittee, whick had
charge of the reeonstruetion of t11e State, and b1'ougItt he1' into the Union.
Circumstances seem to compel me to say, what 1 otherwise ol1ght not
to say, that during the wholé campaign oí" the eIeetioll 01' delegates to
the constitutional convention, and the campaign preceding, 1 \Vas, politi-
cally, in a position oí' the mORt prominence oí' any manill the State
on the republican side. ]jverything that conId he dreamed 01' WtlR
said against me, and the News was the medium of these slanderons and
unfounde(l chal'ges, Catheart heing one 01' its editors. lt is no new
thing for Cathcart to desire 01' attempt to do me an injur¿-, and 1
am not sUl'pl'ised to find him a COllyellient, and willing, and ready wit-
lless against me in this case.


Resol¡'ed, That B. F. 1Yhittemore, a representative in CongTcss from
the fil'st congressiollal district of South Carolina uc, aml is hereby, ex-
pclled from his seat as a member of the IIouse of Represclltatives in
the forty-first Congress.


o




41sT CONGRESS, I HOrrSE Ol!' REI'HESENTATIVES.
2d Session. i


CHAlaJES COOPEH AND OTH1~HS.
[To arcomp:my hiU H. R. K(~. l:m;,>.]


~L\HCIl 1. 1>'l70.-0r<lere<l to h" print,p<l,


{ H~PORT' No. 30.


Mr. KERR, from the COllimittep OH tlw .Judieial'Y, made the followiug


RE PORT.
The Committee Ol! tIa: ,]w],¡eim'!/ to >/Clw;n le((S 1"I;!f:/"Iwl flw memorial (~f


Charles Coopcr, 008h01ll A .. ,Tones, ,1croll/e NO/eley, TVülinm Hanncffan,
and .107ln Hn1llleffll1l, asJ.-illf¡ fOl' ec,'tnill rc7i/:t; /'c8¡J1:/'ffI/71.1/ report that
tlu'y l/(ll'e had the SIIiIlC IIndcl' cOlIsirlcl'lllinll. mu7 ho1'c takciI {cstimo}!!!
tO'l/c/¡illf! the '/IWttCI'8 tl!cJ'I;iJl 8ct/llrf/¡. lI1u7jií/(7 tite jircts to be (18 follO/I'S :
III Septellll)(·J', 1~!i7, ,\'illi:lI11 aml JOllll II.nllllPg'i11l 1)('(':\lllc elllltraeton;


111Hlpl' tllf> gOH'rnmellt fOl' t]¡\, illl]ll'OH'llll'lIt oí' t]¡(' Des :\IoillPIi HapidH oí'
tllC' }fi::-~is~ippi Hi\'\'r. Ji)]' tlw "tiplllatp¡\ Sllln or *i"lO~nn!), alHl tIte othel'
llIemnriali::-t" Iw('allH' t]¡t'il' "nn·ti\'" ill;\ hOl)(1 in thp 111'11:11 Hll111 01 $17;),000
('OlHlitiOlH't1 fol' t]H' faithfnl pC'l'fill'lIl<1Il('P by tlH'1ll ()f th('i]' ('ontrad. The
t'lIg'ill(,(,], ill ('ll:Il'g(' oí' tll(' illlj}l'On'lllellt \ra,; aJl(l 1I0\~' ji; .1. JI. \Vil~oll,
h~ltt\'llnllt cololl"] Thi1'ty-tifth 1n1';11It1',\ :\Ec] ]¡n'\,pt lIwjOJ' g\'llC'lal Unitcd
St:IÜ'::- Al'IlIY. :ll)(l hy lliJlI tI1\' \york \Ya~ Ol'ig;illaljy l'~tiltl;1t('d to ('ost tl)('
gOYNlllll('])t ahollt ";l.~OO.OOO. ,\t tllt' tilla: tl1\' (:olltr:H't wa,; ma(le with
tht' Hallll('g'aJJ~, tlJP lI\'xt lmy('~t hitl to theil';'; wm; 8n~\I,H¡S, :llId tlJP
]¡igl\('~t wa~ ~1.;):.!7 ,S!lO. 111 O('toIH'I'. lSGI', ;1ft.']' haYillg' dOIlP \Yo!'k i1lH]el'
illPil' ('olllr;wt <llIlOlllltillg' to ,1 lotmt ~F¡O.()OO, tlll' \'OllÍl',l(~tOl'" J;(,('HlllC' PiIl·
hal'ra~~('<1 :llHl llllahle Yigo]"llll"ly alld pl'oJII'l'Iy to jH'o';('('ntl' tII!' \'1'o1'k,
:111<1 t11('1I tlH'il' ('0111 raer W:b, in tltp ,il!(1),(IIH'llt oí" tilE' ('OHllllittt·p. yer,Y
l,rolwr]~- tl('('lm'pcl t'ort'pitf'tl ,Iml ,llIl111l1('(] hy tlw C'llg'illP('l' ill ('l!:¡rge, (iPll-
\'ral·'Yi1sOIJ. :llItl tlw \\"ork "'a~ "OOll nft(·l' lpt ])Y lJitll to othpl' I'Ollti':lf'tOl'R.
1t i::- al1pgf'\1 lhat ,111 thi~ \1':1'; tl0lH' \ritllOut 1]1;' ('on';E'lIt 01' l]¡p ('ontnlt'tors
;l:IÜ ",hile ¡'\)('y \\'t'1'(' ill g'oo41 j';lit1J jll'o"l'f'ntjilg' ,,,jlh yigol' nl(~ \york 011
thf' illJ]lrovemellt. l'1lI1l'l' ni(' t'olltr:1t'l. llí¡' gon'l'lIl1lC'llt ,,'a:.;; {'Htitll'(1 to
l'4'taill in its hamls tith'ell pel' \'('lItlllll fo]' tll(' (·"timatl'ü alllOllllt oí' \York
tlune, flS additiOlJal liPenl'ity j'o]' it~ j;\itllt'ul ¡wd'Ol'lIlai)(,(,. 1'1w lIl('llltwiaf-
i "Is allpg'(' awl tlH' eOllllllittPI' fill¡] tlwt a ~nm aplll'o\.illl<ltillg' ~;~,tO()O wal'l
»(\ 1'C'taillPtl 01lt 01 I hp (';.;timal \'~. :111d mI" d('clan'(1 tÓl'f<,it\'tl to the gOYl'rll-
¡Hent, 1mt aftC'l'\\"a J'(1. ill ()f'tohl']" Isns, tllt, l'lIgÍJIt·(,l' paid OHt oi' ttat
""::!4,OOO, to C'(,l'tain \'lIlp1oy(:" ni' th(' l'OlIÍl'a\'lol'o', tlll' ,york done lJy them in
t1wtlllOllth,alHHlt 810,000, 1(,:~,'illg':1 hala])('('ofahout814,OOO ofth(' fifteen
jPl' el'ntnlll to "talld as í'Ol'ü·it\,(l to th(' gon'l'llJllput. lt j" llOW elaimcd by
,Ílt' O'O\Pl'llllll'lIt that tllí' ('Olltr:H'to]'~ all\! ¡¡[('il' ~lll'('Íi('" sltoultl he COIll-l!i'll(~1 ro r('ÍllllJlU'''P t1le g'on'l'lIlIl\'lIt ill tllt, Slllll 01' saiti ~lO,O()O, amI to
that C'])(1 all aetioll Ita,; 1)('('11 illstitnÍt'(1 in tllC' Ullite'(l Htates district eoul't
fuI' th(' 1l0l'tlwl'll \li::-Íl'id. of 01lio ng-aiu"i the eontradoI's and theil' surco
tj(.,.:. Tllt' d!"fl'll(lants dnilll tha~ it \\'0111t1 lle unjust alld manife'litly Íu-
('qHil"]Jh' fOl' tll\' ,~'()\"I'nl!ll\'nt (,lthf'l' to ('OIIlpel the repa:ymC'nt oí' tIle
~lO.()OO so 'H!\-:l!!(,\·tl to ('Il!ployl:" oí" tlll' t'l)1itJ',~I'tOl'S h.y thp engille(~r, 01'




2 CHARLEf-l COOPER AND OTllERS.


to ,ritlJh01d ft'olIl rIle (;olltl'adOl's thfll'elfl,tittill~' 814.000 of thp resel've;!
fiíleen per centum. TItey t1wrefore ]ll'ny to he l'eli~~Yed by ad of COll-
g'ress frOlll that bond and the velllliltg aetion OH tite same, alHI to have
said 814-,000 paid to tlle cOlltl'adon; fOl' tlw n:-;e of tllü sUl'etles, who
eIaim to lwxe made large ad\'HnCeS to them to ('Halll!' thcm to pJ'o~h.:ute
tho \york, ,r11id1 llave Bot lWPIl·1'<'P:1Ül.


Tlley rest tlwir elaillls c11ieJiy ()J~ tIle foll(millg' alkgatiolls:
l. 'l'hat the Hmmegalls iunde tlw eontraet at too low a pl'i\:<" OH tlle


t'aitll oi' tIte repOlt 01' t.lw ellgillt'l'l' illat tiH~ \\atel' in t1w 1'i\"p1' wlwl'll
tlle emlmllkmellts 'H~l'P l't'quil'I'Ü to JI() lmilt wm; 01l1y fl'om eight to
twcnty illelWS deep at or<1inary lo\\' ,rater, ,rILen iJl fae!> it \Vas fWlll two
to twpl\'e feet'th~pp, alld tllat thel'cby tlw ~()"t oí' ~OIlsÜ'tld.ioJ\ \Vas Ye1'y
gl'eatly illcreased a1Hl tll(> tillle l'C(lnil'ed gTeatly lengthl'lled, aml th{>
~laJlger to expusure amI illjul''y Ü'O!i1 tlw dUlllg-illg' of seasotls alld
conditiolls oí' tlte l'in'l' grpatly allgulPlltl'd, alld that tlw WOl'k was in
Ütet i'roll1 time 1'0 tilll0 gl'eatly J't'tm'<1p<l awl Ínjm'('ll in t110 W:l,YS :\1'01'1'-
saül.
~. That dUl'illg tlw ti)llrteell lilOlltllS tlw eOlltl':ldonl wen'· 1>llgagcd OH


tlle ~York, the1'e ~Yel'ü more illstanC\I'S uf hígll ,yatel' ill the l'in'l', antl oí'
longer üllratioll, tltau \Vas nsna! fol' similar lleriods, ,"'hereh'y t1H~.v Wf'f'B
both direetly (lamage<l a ntl :,;pl'iüllo\ly hiulleJ'pd ill tIte work


;:1. rrhat ,,'orE: ,"as t";actcll oí' the eontradOl':'; 1I0t s]ll'eifieally 01' equi-
tably l'f'qllil'pd hy t]¡p eontral't, 1'01' wl!ielt 110 sHl1kiPJlt allowauee was
made them.


J. Tlmt t11e cstimutcs wete llot fn]]y mal fail'Jy madI' ti'OIll time to time,
whereby tltl','I' m'l'n dl'jH'iyed oí' as tú!! p:l'ylIwnts as they \\"('re pntitlpd
to have, ,1;1(1 tllllS a],:o \\'('re. l.'lIlhal'l':\ss('d in th" pl'osenlltioll ot' tlw
\York.


Aftcl' tlw l'xalllimttioll ot' :-;1H'h P\~ilh~llee ;IS \\':1;'; fnrnishl'll by rhe lll(;-
lHOl'ia1istí<, tlw eommittce S('llt 1'01' ¡[nd ('x<llllil)('rl, lliHlcl' oatli, tite t'ngi-
llPCI',0<'1\('1':11 \\'ilsOlí. Bis tl,,,titllOIlY, whi(']¡ ,\'a;.; qnil\l fll 11 , Hlltl ap-
peare<l to be emilll'lltly illtt'lligl'llt, tilí]' :llld .I11st, sllst<lillS tlH~ a Ill'ga tioll s
oí' tlw lll!'lll()rialists ,in pmt o1l1,Y. Th(' tliÍnl ;2,TOllll(l rOl' n,lid' i" llot
at a11 snstaillnl] hy Ttilll, ml(l tlw í"O!ll'th 0111,\ ii! "In;dl parl.;, hllL tIlO Jirst
an<l se":olld al'e more fnlly snstaillt'(l. COlll'('l'lIing- tlll' l'lItil'l' gooll faith
oí' Gplwral \Vilson as au nfHeel' oí' tlle g'oHTlIllIt'lIt in tlte t1isdwrg'e oí'
1Ii8 ünties, tlwre is no ]'oom f()]' 11olllJt. Tiw üOllll'adol's apppal' abo to
llaye adeü ill gOOíl faith, antl to han, dOBl' m: \\"t'll as they t'on1ü with
thc means ¡Ir theil' COllllItHlll!.· 'l'he (:ollll!lith'ü deelll it prOlWl' to quote,
fol' tIlo illfol'lIIation nf tllü Honsl', tlw llIatt'l'ial pm'ts ()i' thl\ te"tilllou'y oí'
General \VilSOll OH tite most illlllortant poilltS:


Queslioll. 'Yil]¡ the Imow!t',lge y01l !lO"" hay", do ;"'Oll (',,]).~ider thaL the,\" (lhe ~Oll~
tractors) IHul a sufficicut awl remunerativo 1'1'ic" 1l!l(!Pr tlwir cOlltl'ad. t;", ']O;ll¡.( that
wmk t-Alls\\er. 1 kilo,," tho.\' íl:lrl BOí.: 1 cau ,lalo Lo the "flHlmilt,,,, plaillly tllar it ¡:l
goillg tu eOf-it tho gOVt:1'l1IlH>ntjnl"it ahollt, the ol'igin:ll p~tinlatl~ tí) ,lo thi,...; work-J{)(/I' (Ir
jil'e hl/ilal'ul tl/OII&(/iul '¡ullal"s 'mon: tl/flli tIre!! 1'001f/'rl('(cillo do it .túr,


Q, 18 the cost to which the gOY"l'Ilttll'ut wil! be snll,jcded j,[]( ¡he r.'asollahle l'(lst oí'
lhe workl-A. y(,S, p,ir.


q, 'Vill tlle governmellt l,e Hul'jeet(',l to I"ss hej'OIl1l fhe filir eo,-t. by th"il' ill<1hility
lo ,lo the wmk at their inslltiici"llj; l'riee f-A. lt "jI! 1H,c('s~al'ily ('0,"1, tlle goverlJlllellt
Hm/lffhillfllllOl'fl tll:m if tho cOlltl'ad II;\([ )¡cell fll'igillnlJy let at :1 H'a~ona\¡l,\" reml1l1era-
tive priee, whiel! wonld ¡1<1\'., ('lLabL',l the l':lrti.·~ t"Lldllg it. to JiniHh tll" work. Fre(jlwnt
('hall{rps adtl to thp. t\:Xllell~!e: th(~ \\'Ol'k i'"-i llI...'ce:..;:-;al'ilv l('t'tJ in :l 1.:111 :-;hapí'; Ill'W eOIl-
tnld;J:s \y'l1l1ot. t:{ke ¡;old-ot' it e:-ce";,!, al ;[,hailCnl" r:l¡(,~, :¡1HI hr tI"" time a \York is
dor:o, vlhich has lJet'1L eH1Tle(1 OI) in thl'-; \\"aY.l it cost··\ HlOl'<' th:u! if it hatl lH'ell lt't. at
rcasu1I:Ihle rates at tlle lH'gillnillg, '


Q. 'YI::,t wns tlle adual <1eptlt ofíl", wat,'r thert'-tlll\ ¡"w-w,lt"r ,l"l'!]¡ ?-A, _\IOllg
th" lin\' ofille "lllhankment, it. wOlJld lIot ayer"!!:,, thn'ü :llld :L hall' t.,.'t, alld I think
1lo1 ~" mn,.], ", th:\t.: hetW("'H hvo and t1\n',' ::ud a hall' {'.'l'!. I slloll],] ""y: l1Je p)'e~


..




CHARLES COOPER AND OTHERS. 3
cise average it ,votl1d be Íinpos~ih]~-, f;tr Hle t() UH':lltiou. In pla{'eH it i::-l eight 01' ten feet
4leep; in other pJacc~ ollly a few iuches; thiN iN, 1 .mean, in low water. Oue thing it
might be \VeH to ~tnte, sOllw\vhat in jURtific:1tioll oí' t1wir complaintR, to some Axtent;
thit i8 \Ve haye not hn<llo\V water any S"USOIl ,inee tia)' ",cut t]¡crc. 'Ve haye thought
tlmt \Ve could cOlllidelltly rely UpOll having ,!ea,llow WlLkr two SeaSO!lS out of thnle;
hnt sllch has not h .. ('l1 the <,ase túr the last tl:¡'~(. n'a1'S,


Q. Can yOIl ,tate whethcl' the ~ueee~Nful llI'os .. :eutioll of tIlO Y,01'k was, 01' waN not,
llrejUllicially nll'ccte<l by t¡w ullusually high water \\hich l'l'eynil.,ü .1ming the time
thcy \\'ere cmploYc'rl 11p011 this \\'ork '/-A. [t, trla~' h:we ll,'('n sOlllt1whnt pl;ejurlicially
alrecte.l hy it, huI llot lH'Hl'ly so lllll~h a~ it has lWl'll ~ill~(" lilHler la tu cOlltl'actm'H.
Bu(, c'o'en lll](kr tlwir cOlltl'ad, tlJe water was g"ll"l'nll~' 1ligh"r thall it \Vas when the
HUI'Vey wu,s mat!l', lmt tliiH \yas n, eirelllllRtall'''' \yhiclt tltey kll"'" \\'as likely lo oeen]'.


He fl1l'ther ¡.;tateR that tlle estimates "NO always YI'I''y t'airly und fully
made, exeept fol' OIte lIlonth, wlwn, by tl](~ aer. 01' oue of his ussistallü;,
tIlO p¡.;timate "as made ~olllewhat too 1011', ('()jltrar.\" to Lis t'xpl'es1'l ol'(lers.


Aftor t'nll cOIl1'lj(kratioll oí' all tite eYitlellrc, and 01' the eireumstallees
attelHling tIlo making' m141 pí'I'fOl'lllallCe 01' tlw (';HI trnet, alld tlle cOlldud
oí' tIte parties, giyjng' cOlltrolJing inthwne(' to tlH" tt·¡.;tilllOIl~' of tlte ellgi-
necr, UIC comlllitt(~p fpP! in dllty bOlllld to reeOlJllllC1Hl as follows:


1. Titat tIte prayel' fol' tl!e pa'yllIcllt to tIte (,oarme! 01'1' 01' tlw baLlll(,\~
ofthe l'es(~ned tifteell per eentum be dellied, lmt tlwt thl'y be pcrmitted,
as ~t mattel' of jm;tit:e, to litigato tlJeir daim t o reeoyer the "amo hefore
tllP Conrt of Clailll8.


2. Tlmt the praser fuI' relicf ag'ninst thc lJlmd Hlld the pemling' actlOll
8honld he grllllted, aud t11e eOllLluittpp, llwl'efol'e, reeoll1ml'llll tlle pas·
suge ol' the ac;<,oJIlpHn,villg' bUJ. Tite comlllittec hclieve that, to the
extent indieated, Lile c"idenee elead,)" e"tablisheH n 1lI'0lWl' case fol' I't'lief,
by the adion oí' (Jongrp¡.;s, amI that, a¡.; to tlle ré'scn'pü per eentum, the
government eallnot be illj1ll'e(1 or in.instiee he clonü by rcferrillg it fol'
judicial examinatioll to the Conrt oí' (JIaim~.Tht'l'c is suftieient apparent
merit in their elaim to rt'mler ('millel!tly pl'OpPl' ~ndl a rd'Cl'plI('P.






41sT COKGRESS,} HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
2d Session.


GOLD P ANIO INVESTIGATION.


í REPORT
I No. 31.


MAllCH 1, 1870.-0rdered tobe priutcu anu recommiHed to the Couunittee on Bauking
aud Curreucy.


1\11'. GAHFIELD, chairman of the COllLInittee on Banking amI Currency,
made the followillg


RE\ORT.
Thc Oommlttee on Banking (tnd Gurrellcy, lutving been d'irecfed by a resolu-


tion o/ the JIousc ofRepresoota.tives, pa8sed December 1:3, 1869, ¡, to 'invcs-
tignte tite eaU8es tltat lelZ to the unu8ttal and extra,orllinm'y jiuctuations
of gulrlin il,w city of New York, from the 21st to the 27th of 8cptember,
1869," be.rr leave to submit the follow'ing report :
In obedience to the order of the House, t,he committee resolved to


examine the following topies, in the order named :
First. Tite GoId Exehange and the Gold Exehange Bank; thcir his-


tory, the charaete1' of 1,hei1' o1'dinary ope1'ations, amI their relations to
the gold pUllie of Septembe1'.


Second. The allegell conspiracy of September, to raise the priee of
gold; tLe perSOllS engag'ed in it, and the in8tl'lunentalities made use ot".


ThiJ'cl. 'Vhether any offiee1's of the natiollal government were dil'eetly
01' indirectly engaged in the alleged eonspiraey.


TLe peculiar char~cte1' of the operations to be inve8tigated, amI the
secreey witL whieh thoy wero earried on, maele it difficult for the eom-
mittee tu find the clue to many transactions, a knowledge of which was
essential to a fllll lllldm'standillg of the snbjeet; and the large number
oí' penwus engageu in the movement anel the reluctancc of many of
them to diselose their own transaetions, have protracted tho investiga-
tion amI swelled the volnme of the te8timony to an extent whieh the
cornmittee regret, but could not reasonably avoid.


In narl'ating tLe faets developed by the investig'atioll, 'the committee
have nsecl the langnagc of the witnesses themselves wherevel' it could
conveniently be done, and have, in the main, followed the ehronologieal
orde1' of events.


The Listory of the gold pallie will itself inelnde aU the topies abo\Te
llamed, and they need uot, therefore, be treated separately. In orde1'
to exhibit the fllll history, it ~\Yill be lleeessary to review briefiy the
movement of goldduring the year p1'evious to Septembcr lasto


On the 1st of Septembel', 1868, the pricc of gold was 145. During the




2 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


autumn and winter it continued to decline, intcrruptcd only by occa-
sional fillctuations, till in J\Iarch, 18GD, it touched 130;\;, (its lowest poü::t
for three years,) and continued near tlwt mte until tIte middlc of April,
the earliest period to which the evidence taken by the committce rcfers.
At that time, MI'. Jay Gould, president of the Erie Railroad Company,
bongbt scvcn millioIls of gold, and pnt up the price from 132 to 140.
Other brokers followcd his ex,tmplc, and by the 20th of JVlay had put up
the prico to 144¡, from which point, in spite of spcclllation, it continucd
to decline, and on the last day of ,Tuly stood at 13G.


The first indication of a concerteclll10Vemellt 011 the part of those who
were prominent in the panic of Septembcr was an effort to secure tbe
appointment of sorne person who ShOllld be subservient to their sehemcs,
,1-8 assistant treasurer at ~ew York, in place of .MI'. H. H. Van Dyck,
who resigned in tIlo ll10nth of .Tune. In this effort MI'. GouW and .Ñl1'.
A. R. Corbín appenr to have been clmlely amI illtimately connected. 1t
t he testimony 01' the witnesses i8 to be belimccd, MI'. Corbin suggested
the llame of his step-soll-i¡l-law, HobeI't B. Catherwood, and J\Ir. Gonltl
joined in the suggestion. This led to an intcrview with Cather",ood, tl!c
objeet of whiel! is disclosed in his own testill10ny, as follows:


1 went the next day to lmve a eonversatioll with Mr_ Gonltl ami Mr. Corbin, anü 1
found that thc relllarl~ was simply this: That 1he parties eoulll operate in a lebritimato
v;cay ami makc a great deal of monoy, '111el that aH ('oulr1 he bcnefited by ji iu a legiti-
mate lllalluer. 1 sat.isfied myscIf that 1 eonlü not fin the bill.


And again, (p. 441 :)
Mr. Gould, ~Ir. COl'bin, lllyseIf, aml SOlllC other associates, hac1 au ulldersíaneling that


\Ve woul<.1 go ¡nto somo opcratiollS, sucIl as the pnrehase of golc!, stocks, &c., anc1 that ,ve
wouId share aud share alike,


And, (p. 441:)
1 declined to go into this sub-treasnry husiness,
On what grOlimls ::vrr. Catherwoocl declined to be a candidate cloes


not appear.
The parties next turned their attention to General Butterfield, and,


both before alld alter his appointment, eIaimed to be his supporterR.
Gould and Catherwood testify that Corbia elailIled to have seeured tite
appointment, though Corbin swears that he lnatle no recOlllIuelldation in
the case. General Blltterneld was appointed assistant trcasurer, ancl
entered upon the dnties of that offiee OIl the first of ,July.


It is, however, proper to statc that the committec have no evidence
that Catherwood's lwme was cyer proposed to the Presitlent 01' Secretary
as a eandidate fOl' thc position, nor that General Buttel'lleld was in
auy way cognizant of the eorrnpt sehemes whiel! led tIle conspimtors
to desire his appointIllent, nor that their reeoIlllllendation hac1 any
weight in securing it. In addition to these efforts, the eOlJspirators
resolved to disco ver, if possible, tIJe purposes of th!~ Presidcllt and the
Sccrctary of the Trea8ury in regard to sales of gold. Thc first attempt
in this direetion, as exhibited in the eyidcnce, was made 011 the 15th




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 3
of J une, when the Presidellt was Oll board one of l\Iessrs. Fisk and
Gou1d's Fall River steamers, ou his way to Bostou. At uiue 0'c10ck in
the evelling supper was seI'ved Oll board, and the presence at the table
of such mell as Cyrus 'V. Ficld, with severa1 leadillg cltizens of New
York and nostoll, was sufficient to prevellt any suspicion that this'occa-
sion was to be nsed for the benefit of private speculatiou; but the testi-
mony of Fisk and Gould ilH1icates cleal'Iy thc purpose they had in view.
1\'11'. Fisk says, (p. 171:)


On our paRS'tge oyer to Boston with General Grant we ellcleayorecl to ascertaill what
llis position in regarc1 to flnanees was. "\Ve went clown to sUllper al.Jout nillc o'elock,
intending while we woré there to lmve thís thing pretty thoronghly talked up, allcl, if
I)Ossil.Jle, to relieve him frolll nny i<loa of putting the price of golcl clown.


MI'. Gould's accouut is as iollows, (p. 171:)
At this snppc~ tho <Illostiou eamn np alJout the state of the conntry, the crops, pros-


pects ahend, &0. Tilo Prcsic1cllt was it lis tener ; tho otller geutlClueu were c1iscussing ;
some '\"ere i11 f,lYOr of Bontwell's sclling gold, aml somo oPllosocl to it. After they
hall alliuterchallgcll vio,,"s, somo Olle askoll tho Presil1ellt ",hat llis vie", was. He re-
mnrked thut he thongltt thero was a certaíll mllollut of fictltiousness alJollt the pros-
perity oE the country, amI that tho huhl>le might as well be tapporl in one way as
another. vVe nllpposed, froID that cOllyersatioll, tlmt thc Prcsiclellt ,,>aS a contractionist.


His remark struck acro~s llo like a wet blanket.
It appears tlmt tl.J.ese skilIfllll:y·contriyed efforts elicited from the


President only one l'ernark, and this opened a gIoomy prospect for the
speculators; for }\Ir. Gonld testifies that early next rnoming he was at
the telegl'apl.J. office, aml fonnd thore onc of his associates telegraphing
to :New York to seU oút his stocks.


Upon their return to New Yorl;:, Fisk and Gould detcrmined to lJring
a great prcssme upon the admillÍ1:;tration, to prevent, if possible, a further
decIiue in gold, which wonId seriously interfere witl.J. their purposes of
spccnlatioll.


This was to be cffcctctl lJy fads alHl arguments presented in the
name oí' the conntry and its bnsiness interests; and a financiaI theory
was agreed npol1: which, OH its facé, wonld appeal to the business ínterests
of the country, and enlist ill it:,; 8upport lllauy patrjotic citizens, but
would, if adopted, incidentally ellable the conspi1'ators to make their
specuIation eminently sncccssflll. Tbat theory was, that the business
interests of the conntry 1'cquircd an mlyuncc inthc pricc of go1d; that,
in order to moye tho fall crop:,; and seeure the foreign market for our
grain, it was np(',essary that gold should he put np to 145. According
to l\lr. Gould, this theor.y, for thc bellefit of ~-\.meriean trade and com-
merce, was snggested by ::\11'. Jame:;; 1\[cHenry, a promincnt Ellglish finan-
cier, who fUl'Ilished MI'. Gonld the (lata witl.J. wllich to advocate it. This
tbeory is exhibited very fully in the testimony of 1\1r. Gould (pp. 4 and 5,)
[tmI of llJr. Fisk (pp. 171 and 172.)
. The chosen instrnment throngh whoJll theso views we1'e to be laid
before tbe President was MI'. Corbin, who soon became a willing C011-
nl't to the theory. The previous pllrchase and carrying of two millions




4 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
of United Sta tes bOllds by Ur. Gonld for Oorbin's profit may bave aidcd
in his conve1'siOll. Gould says, (page 152:)


)11'. Co1'lJin is a Ycry sh1'cwd olcl gentleman; mnch more far-seeing than the llews-
papers giye him credit fOl'. He saw at a glance the wI10Ie case, and said that he
thonght it was the trne platform to stand on; that whatc\'er t110 gOVCl'lUllcnt conld do
legitimately ane! 1<.ürly to faciltate the e:s:portation of breal!f;tnfl's, alld procure good prices
fol' the products of the 'Vest, they ought to do.


Havillg thus secured a conco1'd of purpose to put up thc pricc of gold
fol' the public good, their next RtCp was to pl'ess these views upon tlle
Pre~idcnt. Oorbin also testifies (page 243) aR follows :


1 l]Ud been out of politics for a gOOfI many ;rears, bnt still a rememhrauce remained
with me; and 1 was nowthe more illtcrcstcd, as 1 hatl a natural desire for the succcss
of thc administration of the brother of my wife, cspccially during ita first year. WhiIe
at home ~Ir. GouId used to caU at my hOlLRe occasionally; amI as 1 had Iwanl that he
was a 'Vall street operator, 1 aIways ímproved the opportlmity to talk with him, 1
took adnmtage of every occasion to impress upon 11im what 1 thought \Vas a vital
point, amI that was, to let the farmers [tUll mechanics au<l mannfactnrcrs have good
prices for their proc1uctions.


Mr. Gould testifies, (page 152:)
Corbín was au:s:ions that 1 should see the Presic1cut aud commullicate ta ltim my view


oí the subject. Beiug couuected in my railroad business with tile matter of tmusporta-
. tiou, aud knowiug the views of those mall~ging thc other trunk lines, he t.lJOllght that
1 kllew tIw substallce of the concelltrate(1 views of t.hese peopIe; and he was anxious
that 1 shonld see the Presic1ent anél talk with 11im, aud he maüe an llppointmcnt with
me to do so. 1 weut to MI'. Corbin's auc1 was introtluced to the Prcsident.


It appears frO'I11 tho testimonythat in these illtervicws secured by Oor-
bin, great care was takcll to urge only the patriotic sidc of the questiO'll,
and its rolation to the great lmsincRs intercsts of tIle country. Sti]], MI'.
Oorbin says that the PreRidcntengagedin tlwsecollversations with reluct-
ance, and the moment any allusiol1 was made to tIlc futurc poliey of the
government 110 bccam0 Yory reticellt, amI O'n one occasion l'cprimandcda
servant fol' aHowing'}\fr. GonId snch rcady access.


In pursuance of this system of espionage, :1\11'. Fisk, hearing that the
President had gone t{) K ewport, followed him. He says in his evidence,
(pageli2:)
G~neral Grallt started to go to Newport. 1 then ~ellt clown to see him. 1 hall


seell him before, hut llot fecling as thorOll¡2;hly acr¡uainted as 1 I1c8i1'e<1 to for this plll'-
pose, 1 took a Icttcr of iutroüuctioll fi'OIll MI'. GouId, in which it Wf1S wI'itteu that there
wero thrco hUlllll'ell Haíl of ves seIs on tlHl l\Iediterralleall from tIlO DIuck Sea, with
grUill to suppIy tIle Livcrpool lllarket.. Golél was then abont 34; if it continnctl at
that pl'ice we h:1(l v(',ry littlCl ellance of clLrI'yillg fOr\vnnl tIw crop tluring the faI!. 1
Imow tha.t we fdt very llervous alJOut it. 1 taIker1 witl! General Grnnt on the suhjcct,
amI elldeavored as far as 1 cuul<.1 to convince him thut his policy was one that "'ould
bring destructioll Gn us aIl.


This visit of Mr. Fisk brought no comfort to him 01' bis associates.
On his return he fO'Ulld that Gould had joillecl with two brokers, W.
S. vVoodward alld Arthur Kimber, amI had bought a large amount of
gold, but had not be en abIe greatly to adyallCe the price.


AH thcir efforts hacl thus faI' failed to securo any p1'omising prospcct
of a riso in gold, and GouId \Vas still ullablc to imlnce Fisk to co,operate
in his purchases.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIQATION. 5
A new scheme was started. If by any means they could make the


people believe that the Treasury would not seU gold for a month or two,
this helief would be almost as vaIuabIe to them as though it were true •.
They therefore sought by stratagem to makc an impression to that effect
on the public mind, through the press, and in this they came very llear
lIeillgsuccessfn1.


On the 5th of Angust, the Hon. John Bigelow, editor the New York
Times, bad an interview witb the President during wbich the finan-
cial condition and prospects of the country were discllssed.


The statements in two editorial articIes which appeared in tite Times
of August 6th and 7th were understoou to represent the President's views,
if they were not direetlY,inspired by him.


On the l!Jth of August the President passed through New York, aml
immediately tllereaftcI' the conspirators sought to use tite columus of the
Times fúr the publication of an artiele which should appear to llC a semi-
offieial deelaration of the financial poliey of the administration, but which
should have the effeet to raise the price of golu, amI thus aid their spec-
ulation.


At the suggestion of Jay Gould, }Ir. Corbin, on the 2.3d of August,
had completed au article (thc manuscript text of which, in his OWll halld-
writing, is in possession of the cOlllwittee) in which it was declared to
be the poliey of the auministration to auvance tIte pl'iee of gold, and in
which tho transportation theory of Goulc1 and Fisle was advocated. This
artic1e was headed "Grant's financial lnli~'y." It \Vas agreed that it
should be publishcd as a leauing- editorü11, foI' only in that form could
the purpose of its authors be aceomplished. Its publication was to be
mallaged by 1\11'. Goulu, amI lest his personal application to the editor
of the Times should carry with it a flavor of vVall stl'ect, he secmed the
scrvicesof .!VII'. James l\ícHeury, II prominent Eng-lish capitalist, alld II per-
sonal friend of 1\1r.Bigelow, who called at the Times officr amI prescnted
the artic1e as the exp1'cssion of a pe1'son in the intima te cOllfidcncc of
the President, and wItose ntterallces \Yere fai thful pictu res of tIte presiden-
tial mind. TIte llrticle was put in t,rpeamI double-Ieadeu, foI' a leadillg'
editorial; 1mt, on reading' it oyer, sllspiciollS were arollsed, a11(1 the
financial editor, lVIr, Non-eH, was sent fol'. IIe testifies, (p. 276:)


Not kllowillg whoro tho al'riele ealllc froHl, yet, frOlll wlmtevf:r Houree it originateu, 1
suspcctetl thcl'e Illight be, from tlle statemcnts oi' th" last paragmph, a sinister pnrpose
to bull golc1; so thc !lonble lealls were taken Ollt, the tail of the article stricken off, and
thc arliclc, as it appears, pnhlished Oll the 25th."" """


The intentioll, 1 have!lo doubt, was that it Hhoul(l appear just as muoh semi-officially
as the other article oi' the. 6th of August, whieh MI'. Bigolow himself wrote after hi
interview with the President.


The article as it was written, aud the amended article as published,
appear in parallel eolumns in MI'. NOI'vell's testimony, (p. 276.)


A comparison of the doctrines of the two will show how cunning was
the frand attempted.


Hoping still to lllakc this article useful, MI'. Gonld addressed a Ietter




6 GOLD PAXIC IXVESTIGATION.


to the Secretary of the Treasury, Augllst ::W, wit11 the manifest purpose
of drawing' out a denial 01' admission that the article in the Times C01'-
1'ectly 1'eflected t11e intemIed financial poliey of the administration for the
next tluee 01' four IDOllths. This letter is made a part of MI'. Boutwell's
testimony. (p. 372.) The brief aud formal reply of the Secretary gaye
Gould uo cIue to the pU1'poses of the government.
Ab~ut the 1st of September, and just before leaving New York.


the PI'esident wrote a letter to SecI'etaI'y Boutwell, who was then at
his home in Massachg.setts, in which the Presidellt spoke of the finaneial
condition of the country, alld snggested that it would notbe wise to sell
gold in such large amounts, to force down the price, while the crops wel'e
IDoving, as it might thus embarrass the West.


This letter was 1'eceived by the Secretary on the 4th September, and
though it gave no order, but left the whole sul(ject to ltis discretion, "
yet he determined not to seU so large an amount durillg Septern ber as
he harl done in the preceding lllonths, and telegTaphed the Assistant
Seeretary at Washington not to seU any gold in addition to the amount
requircd for the sinkillg fundo


'Whether the eOlll';pirators obtained any lmowledge of this letter amI
telegram, the committee have been unable to determine; bnt on the 3d
and \tth oí' September gold again eommenced to rise rapidly, amI Oll tIlo
üth touehed 13Ig.


AU this time Gould eontinued to lllake large pnrchases. But, as Fisk
well said, "the whole countr" was against them," and oue after another
of Gonld's associates became alarmed. vV. S. vVoodward testifies, (p.
220,) that he bought far more than he intended to, and that he gút Gould
to take aU but fo.nr lllillions off his hands. Other brokors teIt the same
alarmo It was evident tha.t the movement was wholl.y artificial. Tlle
confidence in United Sta.tes bOllds increased in Enrope every day. The
prospeet for a.bundant erops was flattering.


In Rpite of many forced operations, the export oí specie was unusually
light. Gold carne pouring in from aU q uarters, and even commenced to
return from Europe. Jay Gould himself testifies, (pp. 135, 136 :)


1 did not want to huy'so much gold."" 1 had to huy or else to hack
down ami show the white feather. " " " 1 was forced into it by the
bears selling out. They were bound to put it down. 1 got into the con test. And
al! these other fellows deserted me like mts froID a ship. Kimber sold out and got
short.


In Mr. Gould's efforts to force up the price of gold he seems to haye
left no means untried to opon every avenue of information, and tú huy
or conciliate all possible intluence and aid. He plaeed General Bntter-
ficld nnder obligation to him by a private loan, amI by ülVitillg him to jOill
in buying a controlling share of the stock of the Tenth N ational DanL.;
and he swears, though General Butterfield denies it, that he bought alld
carried, during August and September, OH tlle gelleral's order, alld for
his profit, $1,500,000 of gold.


To secure the more earnest aic! of Corbill, amI his pretended kllowI-




GOLD PANTC INVESTIGATION. 7
eage of the views ana purposes of the President, he bonght, in two lots,
and carried for Corbin, one and a half millions of gold. This is admitted
by Corbin, and the memorandum of tbe purchase, dated September 2, is
a part of the evidence. On tbe Gth September, Corbin received fron!
Gould $25,000, tlle profits wbich had accrued in one week on the smaller
of the two lots. These purcllases were made by Gonld without margins
01' seeurity.


In addition to the influence thus obtained by purchase, he pretended
that tlle President had becomo a convert to his theory of puttillg up the
price of gold to aid tilo busineBs of the countrYi amI he had heard tho
President tell Corbín that he (the Presidellt) had eountermanded Bont-
well's order to seU gold .during the month of September. Corbin sweam
that he never ·heard tho P1'esident make snch a statemellt, and .1\11'.
Boutwell test~fles that the President gave no order on the subject.


Such were tlle means employed by Goul<1 to secure influence iu his
effo1't to depreciate the curreney of the conntry.


'\Vith aU the purchases he ]utlI made np to tIle mi<1dle of Septcmbcr,
he had not been able to hoM tIte price aboye 135 and 136. Dcserted
by vVoodward and Kimber, and unsupported by his old associate, Itis
situatioll grew desperato, and he once lUore invited Fisk to join him.


Fisk replicll that the skies did llOt look bright; that the tendeney of
gold was downwanl; that evcrybouy was opposed to an npward move-
ment, and that if tIley should buy much tlle tl'easury would sello


It would appea1' that nothing but the seent of corrllption eould sItarpell
the appetite of Fisk fol' the game whieIl 11is leader was pursning. nü:
owntestimony on this point (pagc 173) exhibits his singular deprav-
ityand tIte kind of inflncnccs which conld moyo him to act in opposition
to his own juc1gment.
"- He was told 1ihat Corbin had e1l1isted tbe inte1'est of persons higIt in
autbority, that the President, 1\l1's. Grant, General Porter, amI General
Blltterfield were corruptly interestc(1 in the 1ll0n.\lDent, and that t'Íw Sec-
retary of the Tl'casury hall becn forbidden to seU gold. Though these dec-
larations were wickellly falsr, as tlw evidence abundantly sItows, yet tIte
compoundecl villainy presented hy Gould am1 Corbin was too tempting a
bait for Fisk to resisto Hejoined the movement at once, and hrought to its
aid an thc force of his magnetie aneI infectious cnthnsiasm. TIle malign
influence whie11 Catilinc wielcle<l oye1' the reckless and abandoned youth
of Rome, finds a fitting parallel in the power which Fisk carried iuto
\va.n street, when, followed by the thngR of Erie amI tha debauchees oí'
the Opera Honse: he swept into the gold-room and defied both the street
amI tho treasury. Indeel1, the whole golcl movement iR not an un-
\Yortby copy of that great cOllspiracy to lay Rome in ashes and delnge
its streets in blood, for the purpose of enriehing those who were to
apply the torclI and wield the dagger.


With thc great revenucs of the Erie Railway Company at their COlll-
mand, and having cOlwerted tIle TentIl National Bank into a 11HtllllÜtC-




8 GOLD P ANIC INVJ<~STIGATION.


tory of certified checks to be used as cash at their pleasure, they tel,'ified
all opponents by the gigantic power of their combination, and amazed
and elazzled the clissolute gamblers of Wall street by declaring that they
had in league with them the chief officcrs of the national government.
On thiR point" MI'. Hodgskin testifies, (p. 35:)


Witcn titoy itad purcitased a large amonnt of this gold, probably thirty or fortymil-
lions, they began to cirenlate tite rumor, 01' at all cvents tite rumors bogan to be afloat
-about tite middle of September, as nearly as 1 can recollect-that the partics who, as
the expression was, werc manipnlating the gold markct had inleaguc witit them pretty
mueh everybody in authority in the United States, beginning with Prcsidünt Grant
and ümling with the doorkeepers of Congress. Thc Prcsidont was reported as having
a large interest, as well as every member of his eabinet, espeeially tite Secrctary of tite
Treasury; also, a large nnmbcr of tito mombcrs of Congress. 'l'here is no c1011bt buf
titat these stories wereset afloat by these men themselves, in order to frightoll people
into bnying gold.


Possessed of these real and pretended powers, the conspirators soon
had at their command an army 01' brokers, as corrupt as themselves,
though less power1'ul and daring. They opened an account for the
"pool," whieh they styled the l1ational gold account, hoping thus to
streng'then the pretense that officers of the national govenunent were
interested with them.


They gradually pnshed the price of gold Íi'om 135~, whel'e it stood on
the morning of the 13th September, untilon the evening of vVednesday,
the 22d, they held it firm at HOz. Russcll A. Hills, clerk for William
Heath & Oo., had boughtseven millio11s for the clique. James Ellis,
partner of the same firlll, had bought for thelll $6,8D5,000 more, uJHler
orders to put up the price and hold it there.


Woodward testifies that he bought eighteen millions, of which ten
milliolls were taken by Gould.


H. K. Enos testifios that he bought ten millions.
E. K. vVillard testifies that he bOllght ten millions.
Ohas. E. Quincy, ofIIeath & Oo., testifies thathe held over fourteen


rnillions.
On the evening of Wednesday, the 22d, gold stood at 140~, amI ac:


cording to Fisk's testimony the conspirators holel calls f'1'om fifty to
sixty millions. 1\1:1'. Gould thi11ks it \Vas 110t more tha11 tWOl1ty-1;ive mil-
lions, but his partl1er (Smith) testifies that they held frolll forty to fifty
or fifty-five millions, in tho pu1'chase of which they had employed from
fifty to sixty brokers. ,No better proof was necded that the natural ten-
dency of gold was dowllward than 1,ho fact t,hat it required these
enormous purchases, with all the accompallimellts of fraud, to hoM it
th1'ee cents higher than it hael stood sixteen days be1'ore.


During the ten days in which these purchases were made, the con-
spirators were disturbod by the mOVClllcnts 01' the Secretary of tho
Treasury.


A.bout the 14th of September it became kllOWIl in New York that
withín a few days Secretary Boutwell would pass through tho cíty, alld
that he had ~1Ccepted an invitatioll to (Hne at the Uníon Leaguo Olub.




GOLD Pfu'UC INVESTIGATION. 9


It was noised about that the clinner was gotten up by parties short of
gold, who expected to use the occasion to influence the Secretary in
favor of increasiug his sales of gold, and breaking up tIle supposed
clique. :1\'11'. Gould became alarmed at the confident mauner in which
the Secretary's inteutions were spoken of, amI solicitous as to what effect
the bears alld busiuess men might have on the Secretary's policy.


He caUed on Corbin,. and communicated his fears. The testimony
sIlows that hc distrusted Corbin's pretended inflllence. For nearly a
fortnight he had calleu twice a day, and while studying thc situation
wasnarrowly watching Corbin's behavior. He knew that every cent of
advance in the pricc of gold adc1eu $15,000 to Corbin's profit from the
gold mmiement, and that this fact might explain Corbin's.pretense of
knowing thc President's purposes, and of being able to influence them.


Corbin continued to assure Gould that there was no danger, alld on
the cvening of the 17th Septembel' it was agl'eed that the formel' should
aclclress a Jetter to the Presitlent, urging him not to interfel'c in the
gold market by onlering 01' permitting salesfrom the Treasury. DUl'illg
that night Corbin wrote a long letter on the subject, which was not
considered worth preserving, but was destroyed soon after it was
received uy tIle President. The testimony shows that the letter con-
taineu no rcfcrence to the private speculations of Corbin, but urged the
President not to interfere in the fight t.hen going OIl uetween the bulls
and bears, nor to allow the Secretary of tIle Treasury to do so by any
sales oí gold. The letter also repeated the old arguments in regard to
transportation of the crops. Its contents a1'eexhibited in the testimony
of uoth Corbin (p. 240) and Gould, (p. 155.)


While Corbin, was writing it, GouJd called upon Fisk to fnrnish his
most faithful servant to carry tho lotter. vV. O. Chapin was dcsignated
as the messenger, alld early on the following mornillg' \ycnt to :1\'1['.
Corbin's house amI rcceivod it, together with a note to General Portero
TIe was instructed to proceed with all possible haste, amI tclegraph
Fisk as soon as the letter was delivered. He 1'eached Pittsburg a little
after miullight, and proceeding at once by carriage to\Vashillgton,
Penllsylvania, thirty miles distant, delivered the letter to the President,
amI, afte1' waiting sorne time, asked if the1'e was anyanswer. The PresL
dent told him there was no answer, anu he hurried away to the nearest
telegraph office amI sent to :VII'. Fisk this dispatch: "Lettcl's delivered
aH right," anu then returned to New York.


Mr. Fisk appears to hm'e interpretetl the "a11 right" of the dispatch
as an answer to the doctrine of thc Corbin letter, and says he pl'oceeded
in his enormous purchases upon that supposition. The relation of this
letter to the whole transaction is sllfficiently important to warmnt a
fuller statemcnt in regard to it. The messenger Chapin, in his evidence
before the committee, details, with grf'at millutelless, his part in this
transaction. He says he delivered a Ietter addressed tú General Porter
in the parlor, and that a few minutes afterwards, as. the Presitlent




10 GOLD PANIC IXVESTIGATION.
cntered the porch of tho house, he deliycred theletteraddressed to him.
Chapin's testimony, (pago 232,) is as follows:


Question. 'Yere any words said either by the Presldcnt 01' General Porter gi ving tIte
least information as to what these letters containetl ?-Answer. No, sil'; there '\Vas noto


Q. 'Yere yon informed before you left New York wlmt, the substanco of tho Iettcrs
was 1-A. No, sir; 1 was noto 1 had no knowledge of it in any wl1y.


Q. Did yon mean by your telegram to say that the President answered that the con-
tents of the lcttcr were aH right ?-A. No; 1 did uot knowanything about thecontent5
of the letter. 1 meant to say that he had received the letters and read them; that thcy
had been delivered an right.


Q. You did not, in your telegram, allude to the eontents of the letters 01' tlw subjcct-
matter of them ?-A. No, nothing of the kind.


The account given of this transaction by General Porter is as follows:
Evidence, (page 444:)


'Vhile we were stopping at \Vashington, Pennsylvania, the President amI 1 wel'e
engaged one morniug playiug a game of eroqnet in the yard. 1 ",as told that there
was a gentleman there who wanteel to see me, anc1 1 sent him w01'd to wait till we haü
finishecl tile game. 1 then waIked into the parlor, the President' takillg a seat in tIle
l)orch, near the window. A gentleman in the room handed me a Ieíter, which Iopouetl
It was to this efIect:


"Nmv York, (1 forgot tIlo date.)
"The bearer has a letter which he elesires to deliver to tho PresÍl1ent. PIcase afronl


hilll an opportnnity of doing so.
"A. R CORBI~."


1 eallcel to tho Presidcut, amI he steppcd iuto the pal'lor, amI a lettcr \Vas hamled to
him by tilia messenger. 'l'he President 'walketl out, 1 think, on the ~toop, re:Hlillg it,
an(l in a few minutes I walkecl out in Hnother üirection. Thc mcsscnger was still sittillg
in the parlor alone. A few 11l0ments afterw::ml the Prcsident ret.nrnecl; :mc1 tIlis gentle-
man a1'osc, hcsitatCll a mOlllont, anü saill: "Any re]lly'/" or "Anything fnrtller 1" The
Presiüent saiel "No an8wer;" ana tho messenger starteLl off, got into a bl1ggy, anll drove
away. 1 saiel to the Prosident, "'Yho is that lllan f" Ho said, "1 (lo not ¡mow. 'Vhy~"
1 saiel, "1 merel,)' asked on aecount of tilo peculiarity of the Iett,er of introductioll ",hieh
he lJl'ought to mo; his name i8 not mcntioned in it." He saitl, "Letter ofintroduction
frolll whom ~', 1 replied, "from MI'. Coruin of Now York." He saill,' "ls that messen-
gel' from K ew York "1" 1 saiel, "He appears to be." He secmec1 quite surprised, amI
was silent for a few moments, and thon, amI in so me subseqnent eonvorsation, he gaye
me tlle impresúon that he snppose(l this mau was a messenger from the post offiee, who
had merely uronght themail up. It had been eustomary fol' the postmaster himself, 01'
one ofhis clel'ks, to bring themail to the President, and deliver it in persono


Question. In ,vhat the President saiel to the messenger, dia yon nndel'stand that any
reference was made to the contents of tho Ietter!-Answer. No, sir.


Q. Is the ldter which yon received in existeuco !-A. It i8 noto It was an ordinary
note, whieh 1 tore up a moment afterwards.


Q. Do you know whether the letter aeldressed to tho President is in existence or not?-
A. My understauLling is that it is noto It was destroyed at tho timo.


Q. State what is tho habit of the Presülent in that respect; whether he is in thfl
habit of destroying lottcrs addrosscd to him 01' not ?-A. He destroys a great many, an
that are not of importan ce fol' the files.


Q. Do yon kecp his filcS'?-A. Ycs, sir.
Q. If that Ietter were in existence, would rou haye knowledge of it ?-Á. It


would be iumy custody in all probability.
This letter, which Corbin had led his co-conspirators to trust as thoir


safeguard against interference frolll MI'. Boutwell, finally proved their
ruin. Its effect was the very l'ovel'se of what they anticipatec1.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATlON. 11
Genelal Porter testifies, (page 448:)
Thc lctfer would have been like hundreLls of othcr lettcrs rcceived bythe President,


if it hall not been for tho fact that it was sent by a speci:J.l messenger from New York
to Vlashillgton, Pellnsylvitllia, tIlc rnessengcr having to take a carriagc anel rielo sorne
twcllty-eight miles frorn pütsbnrg .. This letter, sent in that way, nrgillg a certain
policy on the administration, taken in connection with sorne rnmors that hacl got into
the newspapers at tlmt timo as to Mr. Corbin's having becomo a great bnll in golel, ex-
citecl the Presidcnt's suspicions auel he believed that Mr. Corbin must have a pecuniary
interest iu thoso spcculatious; that he was not actuated simply by a (le8irA to see a
ccrtain policy canie(1 out for tha bonofrt of the aelrninistration. Feeling in that way,
he sllggestcll to Mrs. Grant to s:ty, in a leHer sha was writing to Mrs. Corbin, that rnmors
had reached her that ~Ir. Corbin was conuected with specuJators inNew York, and that
shc hopell that if this was so he would disengage himself frOln thern at once; that he
(the Presiclent) was very much distresseel at such rumors. She 'wrote a letter that
evcniug, which 1 did not sen. That.I think, was tho night after the messenger arriveu,
and while we were still at 'Washington, Pennsylvania.


Both '!\fr. Gonld and MI'. Corbin have testified in regard to this letter,
and they state its contents suhstantially as given by General Portero


It vms recei~ed inKew York on the evening of Wednesday, tho 22d.
IJate that nigbt MI'. Gould called at Corbin's house. Corbin disclosed
the contents of the letter, and they sat down to consider its significance.
Both have detai.lcd at lel1gth in their evidenee what transpired between
them that night amI the following mOl'lling. (See Gould's evidcl1co, pp.
156 and 157, and CorbiIl's evidence, pp. 251 to 253.)


This letter created the utmost alarm in tho minds of both thesc con-
spirators. It showed Corbin tbat his duplicity was now strongly sus-
pected, if llot actually diseovered. lt sllOwed Gould that he hall been
decei\~ed by Corbin's represelltatlons, and that a blow from the Treasury
might faH Ul)Oll him at any honro


The ¡¡icture of tbese two men tbat nigbt, as presented in the evi<lence,
is a remarkablc one. Shut up in the library, ncar midnight, Uo1'bin was
beIHIing over toe table and st1'ailling with dim eyes to decipher and
read the contents of a letter, written in pencil, to his wife, while tho
g1'cat gold gambler, looking over his shonlder, eallght witb his sbarpcr
vision evory word.


The enve.lope was examined, witIt its post· mark and date, and alI the
e1rcumstances which leIlt significance to the documento In that inter-
view COI·hin bad the advantage, for he had had time to matnre a plan.
He seems to have determined, by a new dcception, to save his credit
with the P1'esident, and at the same time reap the profit f1'om bis specu-
lation with 1\11'. Gould. He rcpreseuted to Gould the danger of allow-
ingo the President any reason to believe that he, Corhin, was engaged in
specnlation, and said he had prcparod a letter to the President denying
that he liad any interest in the moyement, direct- 01' indirect, and said


'


he must send the lette1' by the first muil, but that in order to send it it
must be truc. He proposed, therefore, to Gould that they should settle
the purclmse of a million amI a half by Gould, paying to hitn the ac-
crued profits, which, as gold stood that night, would amount to oyer
$100,000 in aclditioll to tIte $35,000 he liad already received.




12 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Gould was unwilling eitllel' to refuse 01' accept tlle proposition. Feal'·


fuI, on 1,he oue hand, of losing llis money, ana OH tIte otlLer of incurring
CoriJin'" hostility, he asked a delay until morning, ana in the lllean time
enjoined and maintainea secrecy in regard to the existence of the let·
ter. The next morning they ruct again, and coucernirig this interview
their testimony disagrees. Corbin says that Gonld offered l1im $JI00,OOO
on account if he would remain in t11o. pool, lmt swears t11at, byan 11oroic
o:l1'ort oí' virtue on 11is part, and urged by tho ontreaty of his "ife, he
declined the oft:(ir. Gould swears that Corbin insistcd on receidng full
payment and discharge. Corbin says that Gould gayc him a look of deep
distrust, exclaiming, "If t11e contents of }frs. Grant:s lettcr is lO1own,
1 am a ruined man." Corbin pro mi sed sccrecy, and the confercnce
broke up.


Gould went from Corbin's honse to the oflice of the Erie railroad, still
keeping Mrs. Grant's letter a secret from Fisk. Later in tho day he
discloscd only enough of the truth to malee Fisk jointly responsible for
whatever amount of money he should pay to Corbin. Of this trausac·
tion 1fr. Fisk says, (page 31 :)


Mr. Gou1tl says to me, ,. Old Corbiu fecls tronbled nJl(l llel'VOUS abont SOllle gold; lJe
w:mts n hnndred thons,m!l dollars." "\Vlmt!lo yon thillk 01' it f" Huid 1," If he wants
that 1Il0ney to cleal out to people, ancl it will help to süengthcll 0111' positioll in reganl
to this gola, we wi11 give him one hundrec1 or two hnndred thousand." "'V-ell," saül he,
"do as yon pIease." 1 went illllllediatcly aml got n. check fol' a hnndretl thonsaml
tlo11ars autl gave it to Goultl, who saill he w01l1d give it to Corbin that night.·


MI'. Gould testifies that the check was drawIl but never paid to
Corbin.


MI'. Fisk knew only of Corbin's ncrYOllSneSs, but Gould knew far morc>.
He says that Oorbin had decciyed him in prctellding to possoss know·
ledge of the President's pnrposes, aml 01' beiug in auy way able to
inftncuce them. IIe saw the whole cxtent of tite dau,ger aml the nlin
which a Treasury sale wOllld brillg upan him. New yictims were prc·
pared and a uew scheme devised to save himself.


1\11'. Gould's plan appears to have been that Fisk and others should
push on the worl\: of buyiug and crowding up tl1e price of golc1, but that
he himsclf would buy only enough to keep up appearances, while he \Vas
quictly and rapidly selliug as large amoullts as possible withont excito
ing the suspicions of his assoeiates. "\Villiam TIeldeu, a formel' partller
of Fisk, beoame a ready tool for the accomplisItmellt of this pnrposc.
Bringing with him l1 crowtl of frcsh brokers, he went Iloisily into tl1c
street, proclaiming eyerywhere that gold was going up much higher, and


. gave unlimited orders to buyo That he might llaYC the credit OH ,,"hich
to base his purchases, he refened to l?isk amI Slllith, Gould, :Martín &
Co., and his principals and backers. "\Vhether it was an aftel'thongitt
to cover the retreat of the cOllspirators, 01' a c1evice pre.paI'pd in advallce
to enahle them to repudiate their lmrcllases, is a matter 01' douht; huí
it appears in the evidence thnt Fisk held a letter 1'rolll l3elden; whieh




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 13
p;ave him unlimited anthority to purclll1se gold at Belden's risk, and to
give an~y orders he chase to Bclden's brokel's. Belden swears he has'no
remembran ce of this letter. Early Thursday morning Belden brought
into his back offiee ~fr. Albert Speyers· amI iutroduced him to ]'isk,
Gould, and SmitIt, telling him to take orders from Mr. Fisk, and made
tbe undoubted impressioll on Speyers's mind tbat he was to act as broker
of the whole party. Arrned with thiR authority, and iu common with
many other brokers, Speyers proceetletl to buy gold. His first order
was" buy quickly two milliolls;" and a fe\\' minutes later, "continue to
buy." 'Vhen he hesitatctl he was tohl to g'o on ami buy without fear.
Mr. Stimsan bought many millions muIer an order to put gold to forty-
four. Many otiler brokers bought vast sums nnder similar orders. But
while these taols anel victims of the clique ,vere buying, Gould himself
was seIlillg. He says of ,that day's business, (p. 142:)


My pllrdl:18~S \Vere very light. 1 was a seller of gold that day. 1 purchaserl merely
enough to makc believe that 1 was a bullo


'Vhile Gauld was quietly selling lllany millions, and Belden buying
more lllillions than he knew of, Fisk spellt half an hom in the gold-room,
tIte scene of' the greatest excitemellt, received tlle adulatioll of his
satellites, and struck terror into tlle l1earts of the bears by offering to
bet any part of $i30,000 tl1at gold would seU at 200. After gloating
awhilc o\'er the impendillg ruin whieh tlley had plallned l1e witlldrew to
colleet his f()I'ees for tIte llext da:y's \York.


Thursday aftemoon goltl closed at about i44, amI the conspirators,
fiushed with apparellt success, held a meeting that evening to lay plans
fol' the uext da.r's campaigll. Tile operations of tile goltl clearing-house,
whieh nSllalIy. alllollllt to sevellty millions, had reachad tItat day two
humlreu amI thirty-uinc lIlilliollS. The clique hehl caUs for more than
one llUudrcd lllilliollS of gold, amI as thero were not more thall fifteen
millions of actual gold amI gold ccrtificatcs in New York, outsille of the
sub-treasury, they seellleu to be masters 01' the situatiol1. Every lUan
tlmt hall bOllght 01' 10ane<1 golll owed it to them, aml must bUj' it of
tllCll1 01' settle at snch rninons rates as they lIlight dictate. The.r had a
fulllist of all who were short 01' gol tI, including !llore tllan two hundred
and fifty promillent firms in Ncw York, lllany of them leaüiug ballkers
and mereItallts, whose legitimare lmsillcss req llired large pmochases of
gold.


At that meeting it was propose(1 to pub1ish this list next lllol'lling in
all tIte city papers, st~ltillg tIle ltmOllnt eaeh lll'lH was ¡.;hort, amlllOw
much gohI the clique hcld, amI illforming" tlie yictims that if they did
not s~ttle at 160 uefore 3 o'e1ock a higllOr mte wonld be demanded.


So strollgly di<l this shameless proposal comnwlld itself to some of
the conspil'ators tlmt they sent fol' (!OllllSel to inquire whether there was
ally legal obstaeIo in the imy. 1'11ey were iuformed that fmch a comse
would eOllstitute a conspiracy uueler tho statutes of New York, und for
this reason, 01" perhaps for fear of popular fnr,v, the scheme was aban-
lloued.




14 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
It was finally determined to put gold up still fllrther and to eontinue


tIle work of the previous day on a still larger seale. Early on Friday
morning Fisk and Gould drove clown to ",Vall street, readiug' on their
way fi'om the morning papers the unmistakable signs of the wrath in
store for them. Nothing can more strikillgly exhilJit the artifieiall1ml
unnatnral character of speculation in gold than one of the allSWel'S of
MI'. },isk when asked why he feared auy sale the Treasury eonld
make, while the cUque held calls for six times as mnch gold as titere
was in New York outside tbe sub-treasury, and IIlllch more than both
tIle Treasury and the city conlíl eommaml, he answered, "0, our
phantom gold can't stand the weight of the real stuff."


Titey made Heath's office their headquartC'_'s, amI, witb bullies standing
as guards at the door and a crowd 01' rnnners at tllCir elbows, issned the
final orders for theil' graud assanlt upon the commereial commullity.


Belden was the mun of straw, in whose name aH parchases tlmt day
"ere to be umde. :físk was to gh-e the orders to bll,y, so as to leaye it
to be inferred that,iJllCY were fol' account of himself aml Gould, otIler-
wisc brokers wouId not have cxeeuted the onlers. Vv'illard was to at-
tend to tIle loans and to force the colleetioll of aU the mOlwy they conld
by way ofmargins [roro borrowers. Speyers, deceivetl and confidillg, but
utterl,Y imprudent ¡¡UÜ illjudicious, was to be the convenicllt tool to bid
up tIw market in tho gold-l·OOro. SmitII, Osborne, Dater, and 'fimpson,
and other leading brokers of tIlis eliqne, were to frighten the borrowers
of goId into pri vate settlements in their ofllce, ::md ,Jay GouhI, tite guilty
plottel' oi' all these erimillal proceedillgs, determined to betray his own
assoeÍ<ttes, silent amI imperturbable, by uods :111(1 whispers, direeted aIl.
He knew that day better thau evel' the vallle of silenee, amI as he testi-
fietl to the eommittee, (p. 143 :)


1 had my O\Yll plan s, and. ditl not mean that anyl.ouy shóuld say that 1 had openec1
my month that day, amI 1 did not.


At ti o'elock Speyers reeeived his first il1strnetions. He testifies (p.
(4) that he mct Belden eoming Ollt of his office, W[lO saitl:


"Come with me to lIcath's oIllce." He 'lIso said," This will be the last thy
of the gold room. \Ve ltayc got over ~110,OOO,OOO of calls, (meaning tlmt they
hatl a right to call for $110,000,000 at a eertain price,) aud wo lJave au im-
mense amonnt of money amI can buy an the goltl the governmcnt dare to
sello Yon need not be afraitl af any orders th!1t are given yon; yon will he all
right." 'Ve harl now reaehcd }lr. Reath's office, (tlü8 waR Sitia on thc way to
Heath's of/ice,) where 1 found l'isk aml GOllld amI others, Fisl, told me to lmy al! tho
gold 1 cunld gct at 1·15, or nnder. He 8pokc Tonel ü¡ Ihe hearillll of Ci'c/'!fbod!f. Tho
lllarket price (that ,vas befare t.ho buanl) \Vas tlten 1,t:{!. 1 theu went to tho gold-
room aud bogan to huy c'tntionsly nutil it passed my limit of 145. Theu, while 1
was st:lIltlillg there, a slip of paper was handcd to me, OH whieh was written, " Put it
to 150 at once," sigucll" James Fbk, jr.," amI addressed "A. Spe~·crs." 1 continued
to huy nntil 1 got it up to 150. 1 ",cut. haele to }lr. Heath';; oflice several times ünring
my purchases, and reporteü to Mesars Fisk anu Gonlü, showing l)()th of tltem wh!1t 1
had done. Fisk saül, "Al! right. Go back amI take aH w]¡:tt yon can get at 150."


Again, (p. 65:)
1 thcn wcnt back to Mr. Fisk amI toltl hün what had happened, [viz: that gold had




GOLD PANIC INVESTÍGATION. 15
gone aboye 150.] Re saiél he hall hcal'd of it, amI he added: "Go :tnd bid gol<1 up to
160. Take aH you can get at 160. Hut you will be too late, fol' 1 have given orders to
other brokers already to buy at 160." 1 then went back and bought gol<l until J gotit
up to 160. After 1 had bought a lot at 160, 1 reportea again to MI'. Fisk, aud he told
me 1 shoultl continue to buy at 160. GolU pas~ed 160 and went up to 163t.


Before noon Speyers had purchased uearly sixty millions, nnd other
brokers had so swelled the amount that Belden swea1's he has no mean S
oí' knowing how much gold was bonght in his name.


In the meantime Osborne, and vVilla1'd, ami Smith \Vere taking the
borrowers of gold, one after anothe1', into theír prívate offices, and by
wo1'kíng on their fears, and threatening them to aüvance tlJe market to
200, f1'ightened amI bnllied them iato making prívate settlcmcnts at
ruinous rates. At sllOrt iuteryals \Yillard, and Smith, and others, carne
into thc oflice where Gould was sitting:, alHIl'eported these settlements,
and stiU Spcyers was ordercd to lmy, buy, buy, and to not let the price
go helow 1GO.


Ono thing was, of conrse, eSRential to complete success that day. The
cliqnc lleeded vast Slllns of mOlleY so as to be abIo to pay for the gold
that partics 1,ho declined to place margills in their Ilands might return
to them. For this Gould had made, as he thougIlt, ample proyision.
He hall som\í time before purcltased a controlling intcrest in thc Tenth
National Ballk, amI use!! tlwt institution as a convonieuce to certity the
cltecks of his firmo To this lmllk he wrote a letter the day before the
panic, guaranteeing them from loss througlt certifying the cIlecks of
William Heath & Co.


Russell A. Hills, elerk oí Heath & Co., says, (p. 398:)
He told me that t.llC Tel1th Nationnl Dank 11a(l agreed to certify t., an uuJirnitetl ex-


t!\l1t, d:1y uy day. A short time afterwal'ds 0110 of thc officers of the ]Jal1k came into
thtl office oí' \Villi:1m Hcath & Co., amI Gaia that it was impossible for the b,lllk to ccr-
tify, as there wcre three bank examillel's in there tu 11revent it.


It is in evidcnce that on TlmI'sday the_1'ank certified ehecks to tlle
amount of twcnty-five millions, and ~l'iday, llotwitIlstaudíng the
presencc of tIle examiners, certified fonrtccn millions more.


\Vhile this desperate wOl'k was gOillg on in New York, its alarming
and rnillous cfl'ects were rCHchillg un(1 paralyzing tIle business of the
whule countr.yand ci1lT'ying terror amI ruin to thollsands. Business
men everywhere, from Eoston to San Francisco, rcad disaster in every new
bulletin. Tilo p1'ice of gold finctuated so rapid1.r tllat the telegraphic
illdicators eould not keep pace with its movement. TIle complicated
lllecIlanism of these indicators is moved by tlre eloctric currellt carried
over telcgraplüe wires directly f1'om tIle gold-room, and it is in evidenee
that in many illstances these wires were melted 01' burned off in tIle
efforts of operators tu keop np with tIlo no",s.


In tlle meantimc two force s \Yere preparing to strike the conspirators
a blow. Ono was a lllovement led by James Brown, a SeotcIl banker of
~ew York, and supportecl by many lcading baukers and merchants.
Tbo sit;mtion of a11 thoso whose legitimate business required the pUl'-
chase of gold was exceodingly eritical, al1d the bolclest of them, nnder




16 GOLD PANIO INVESTIGATION.


the lead of Brown,joined the great erowd of speculative bears in des-
perate efforts to break down the conspiracy aud put down the price of
gold by heavy sales. The other was a movement at the national capital.


Tlle Pl'csident returned from Penllsylvania to Washington on Thnrs-
day, tho 23d, amI that evellillg lmd a commltation witb the Secretary of
the TreaSlll'y cOllcerning the condition of the gold market. The tos ti-
mony of MI'. Bontwell shows that both the PresitIent alld himself con-
curred in the opinioll that they should, if possible, avoid auy interfcl'ence
on the part of the governmeut in a contest where both parties ,vere
struggling for private gain; but both agreed that. if tho price of gold
should be forced still higher, SQ as to threaten a general financial panie,
it would be their duty to interfere aud protect the business interests of
the eountry. Tho llext mornillg the price adyanced rapidly, and tele-
grams poured into vVasbington from all parts of the country, exh ibiting
the general alarm and urging the government to interfere and, if possi-
bIe, prevent a financial crash. SOOl1 after eleven o'cIocle the Secretary
called at the Executive ~Iansion. Concerning that visit 1\11'. Bout\Yell
says, (pp. 3,.15, 346:)


He [the President] oxpressed the opinioll, almost at the beginning of the convrrsa-
tion, tlmt 'YO onght to sell $5,000,000_ 1 rccolleet expressing the opinion that we
should seU S3,OOO,OOO, bec:1use thn,t was the :1mount th:1t 1 hac1 in my mind whcn Ileft
the office, and 1 thollght it woulc1 be sufficicllt for thc purpose, "Ve hall very little
conversation lJeyowl th:tt, 1 retllrllCfl almost immcf1iatcly, without S:1yillg to him
whcthcr 1 ,,"ould ordcr thc s:1lc of$5,000,000, 01' of $3,000,000, 01' of ally other sum, ex-
eept that it was n,greed that golc1 shonld he 801ft Upon going bucle to my oilice, 1
camc to thc conclnsioll th:1t 1 would ad ycrtisc the sale of 84,000,000; amI ilIlmediatcly
upon my rcturn to my office 1 üictatetl a disp'LtclI, whieh \Vas taken by Mr_ Bal'tlett,
my short-hallcl w'riter_ The '1!lowillg' is a eopy:


'11;;::- "Tmusuuy DEP_U:DIEXT, ScpteJl1bm' 24, 18GO_
"D_\XmL' BCTTHHFIELD, LÍs8i8tant Treasl(l'cl' [r_ 8., Xcu- )-01'1;:


"SeU fonr milliolls ($4,000,000) goltl to-mono,,", ¡¡ud huy four milliolls ($4,000,000)
bOlllls_


" Chal'ge to (lrpartment,
"Scnt 11.42 <l_ In_"


"GEO_ S_ BOUTWELL,
"Sccl'efal'Y Trca8U1'y_


The messagc was uot in cipher, and tbere was no attempt to keep it
secreto lt was dnplicateu, and a copy sent over cae\¡ of tho rivaIlines.
The one sellt by tIte vVestern Union line ",as dated nt the Treasury 11.42,
'\Vashington time, amI reaehed General Bnttel'fioh1 12.10, New York
time. 'fhat sent oyer the Frallklill line was dated nt tho Treasnry 11.45,
and was dcIivered to General Bntterfield at 1~.03, ~ew Yori( time. The
actual time occupied in transllittillg the disllntch fi'om tlw Secretary
to General Butterfield, includillg mossenger tn1Yel at both entIs of the
line, was eight minutes, the samc over each line; but in the branch office
of the Western U nion Company, at Washington, there was a delay of
cight minutes before the opprator conld get control oí' t11e w1rp. The
eommittee, ufter careful examination, found no pyidence that any officers
01' employés of either company were nnfaithful to thei1' dnty iI'!. regard
to this dispatch. Its contents may have been heanI in some of tIle tele-




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 17
graph oflices in New York, by outside experts standing near the instru-
ments, amI thus thc llews may have been known in the gold-room ir
advallcc of its publication; but the evidence on that point is not conclu-
sive. A few minutes before 1I00n, when the excitement in thc gold-roolIJ
had risen to a tempest, Jamcs Brownom~red to sell one million at 1U2; then
unother million at 1G1; alld then five millions more at 160; and the mar-
kct broke. About ten minutes afterwards the news came that tI1C Treas·
nry would sell, and tIte break was complete. Within the spacc of fifteen
minutes the price feH from 160 to 133, and, in the language of one of th<J'
wituesses, half of \Van strcet was inyolved in ruin.


lt ;vas not without difficnlty that the conspirators escaped from the
fury of their victims and took refuge in their up-town stronghold-the
officc of the Erie Railroad Company.


During Tlmrsday an<l Friday they lu.d sold out, at high rates, a large
part of the gold tIlO.y liad preyiously yurchased, amI had madc many
priva te scttlements at rates rninous~) their victims. They at once
repUfliated aU the purehases thc'y hall n2;tde throngh Belden, amounting
to sevcllt,Y mipioIls, and it is eviclent that, either b~fore 01' afte1' the fact,
they bought Bcldeu's consent to this villainy.


Tlle goId clearing-honRe, with its almost unlirnited facilities for set-
_ tlingo tIle aCCoullts of gold gamblers, ~wa5 snil'ocated nuder the cruslting'


weigIlt of iü; transactiolls, allcl its doors were closed.
vVhatevel~ may lmve been the final pecuniaryresults to the conspirators,


it is evidellt tlmt 011 that day MI'. Fisk, at 1cas~, snpposed they had snf-
fered enOl'IllOUS losscs. He callcd on Corbin and overwhelmed him witli
tIll'cats ami delllllleiatiom;. In his evidence concerning this intcrview
he says, (p. 175:)


1 lene\\' tltat sOlllehoay lwcl rnn a saw rigbt into n8, and saiel 1, "This whole thing has
tnrnec1 out jllst as 1 told ~cou it ,,"oulel, 1 eonsülerec1 the wbole party a pack of cowanls;"
'lncl 1 m:pt'ctccj that whcn ,ye carne to dear 0111' hanels they would sock it right into 118
1 saiel to hiUl, "1 dou'L kno\\' whcthcryonhavc lit:cl ornot, andIdon't Icnow what onght.
to be dOlle wiíh you." ne WaSOllO]l<' siclo oftlle tabla '1"eepiugand \ntilillg, audI was
gnashing llly tcct11.


Gould scemed to have hope that COl'hin llligltt still be of sorne sen-ice,
by going to "Washington amI representillg to the President that the
effect~ of tile dísaster on all padies might be lllitigated by suspending
t.he governmcut's O1'l1er to seU golél. Fisk joined in this proposal with
but litt.le hope, alld said in reganl to Corbin's going: "1 thought that.
the furthcr ofr he was the happier 1 ílbould be." Two days beforc this
Corbin had Wl'ittell to the President den.yillg, in fhe most positiye terms,
that he had any interest, direct 01' iudil'üet, in tIle gold Illovemeut, and
ventured to go to vVashingtoll on Satunlay nig,ltt, aneI on Sunday
attempted to talk with the President OH the subject. According to his
own testimollY, am1 ulso that of General Porter, the President cut. him
Ahort with tllC remurk that tliat snbjeet was elosoo up. Uorbin pursued
the attempt no fllrther, am1 that night returned t.o New York. The fact


TI. Hep .. 31--2




18 GOLD PA~IC I!\'VESTIGATION.
that they received no dispatch on Sunday, and that the next morning
further sales of government gold were ordered, showed Pisk and Gonld
that Corbin's mission had failed. He made noreport, ancl the three con·
spimtors neyer met again. Fisk says of this mission of Corbin's, (p.176:)


:\fatters took Ruch a turn that it was no use. It was, caeh man drag out his own
eorpse.


On ]\fonday, the 27th, Fisk aneI GOllld tl'ied another method of saving
what tItey conld from the ruillS of Friday. To answer the demand for
setUelllent, lllade by scores of yictims, they obtaincd from somc of thc
courts oi' Nm,,~ York City, in a single day, tweh'e illjunctions andjudi-
cial orders, which placed the goltl-clcarillg' 1I011se in tIle hands 'of a
receiyer; restrained its officers fmlll making scttlcmcnts, except on tIte
order of the courts; restrailled tIte officers of the Gold Exchange from
enforcing against the cOllspiratol's their rules to compel sdtIements
among its members. The eommittee do not considcl' it neccssary to
follow the history of the settlements further.


In reviewing the whole snbject, the eOlluuittee SUblllit the following
eonclnsions :


Fil'st. The Golcl Exehange and the Gold Exchange Bank are creatiolls
of this cOlllltry and this clecade alone. AH their opemtions are founded
on the diffel'ence between the pl'ice 01' gold amI of papel' moncy. AH
the foreigll trade of the eOlllltry, and indeed all transactions whel'e the
commodity is pnrchase!! in oue eurl'ency and sold in another, require a
purchase, loan, 01' sale of gol!! tn complete the transaction. To mect this
legitimate llecessity of lmsiness these institutions '\Yere orgallized, in
1862-'63, hut thcy SOOI1 beearne the illstrullleuLs o[ reekIess sjJccuIation.
The prominent bankers alld merelmllts w ho testifled lwfore tIle COlllmit-
tee were nearly unanimous in tbe opinion that therc was no sllfficicnt
reasoIl fol' the existence 01' thei:ie institutioIlfl; tltat tbey were the source
01' measnrc!N1S e\'ils, ancl ought to be de;;;troyed. '1'110 testimolly oí'
William E. Dodgc, sr., exprusse8 tIlO opinioll oí' the cOllllnittee amI oí'
1I111I1y witllcsses. TIe 8<tyS illlregan110 tIle gold~I'OOlll, (Evidellee, pp. 186,
187:) ~


My opinioll ii', th:1t withont that ol'gallizatioll it \YouId lmvc l)('en Iltterly imposs1ble to
have got up thatpanie. In tlw open mrrrket no fmch excitcmcnt can oeen!'. In tlw gola-
room, gola-or, rather, the mvncrsl1ip of golü-chauges hands at fwtitions yalucs; lllen
uf almost no capital uuy aud se]] ¡¡okl, W111C11 tlwy do llot, in r<'ality, po,.,scss, lllerely
01' purposes 01' ~peculat,iOll. Tucre 15 no legitimate uusiness a ]¡out it, uwl the COllllllcrce
ofthc country is ohligcll to makc settlC!lWllts at the currcnt rate 01' g-old, acconlillg to
the fictitious pr1ees establiiihed hy thosc gamlJlcI's. UnsernIHllon~ :1lH1 irn'sponsihlo
mcu, withont a hUlll1rc(1 tlolbl's iu thc worh1, dtltcr lLl goltl or (,urrcncy, huy and seU
to the extent ofmilliolls, at ilditions priees; und eY('ry 1ll(,J'chant in tho Unitc('[ States
iR at thcir merey. The legitimatc golü tralmactioIls are Ycry largc, hut thcy hear no
kim1 of proportioll to the amount that clumges hamls in tl)(· gO],l-l'DOlll, sol!!!y as a lllat-
ter of specubtion. On a retnrn to spccie paylllcuts, tlttTe woultl be no llcccssity 1'01' a
gol<1-rool11 nI' Goh1 ExclJange Bank, in the regular conl'~C <Jf eomnH'l'eO-llot t]u: h;:lst in
the worlt1; it lllight exist for a 1 ¡mo as a mere gamlJlillg ltonse, Ilothillg cIsc. 'ralce
the goltl-l'üOUl out of tho way, :md the eommerce in gol<l will rcguIato itself. 1 looJ¿
"pOli (he wllOle thiug a,; n gambliug opemtiOlI. ::o"ch transactiOJl8 ought to bu l'JaculI
entirl'ly otl[,i<le t!t" paL of COllllllCl'Ce. Tile la\\' ol1ght to t¡,cat it as !)llmbling, fuI' llJa't




GOLD PANIC INYESTIGATION. 19
is what it is; gambling in the very life-b1ood of the nation, in the currency of thú
\!ountry, in which eve1'y pc1'son throughout the lallll is interested.


It is proper to add, that tilo testimony of Mr. Hodgskin (Evidence,
page 2;;) gives the strongest poillts that have be en presented in favor
of those iustitutions.


Second. TIle gold conspiracy has aIready been so fully exhibited that
but little more necd be suid. It is evident tlt,at the telldeney of golll
was downward, amI that the movement of the~~onspirators was wholly
artifiá11 an!! uIluutural, and that its effects wcr( most disastrous to the
legitimate lmsiltess 01' tIle cOLlutry. It dealt a heavy blow to onl' credit
abroad by sltakiDg tlle ülitlt oí" fOl'eign eapitaliilts in the stability of our
trade and the llOllcsty 01' onr peoplc. At homc its effeets extended far
beyolllI the drclc uf thosc ",110 p;lrti¡'ipated in it. Olle prodnced ltllot,her,
alld hundrctls 01' firms cngaged illlegitimate bm,iness \Yere wholly rnined
Ol' serjoHsly erippled. Importen; of foreign goods were for mally dars
at tlw merey 01' the g:únblen" and sllffered heavy losses. For many
,reelí.s tIw business oí" tlw wllOle couutl'y \\"as paralyzed-a vast \"olurne
of cnrrelwy was drawn frolll tIw great ehallllels oí" ill(lllSt¡',Y amI JwJd in
the grasp of tIte ('onspil'ators. Hnndreds of active, ambitions lllf'll 'I'.ere
Jured frOlll tlw llOuest pmsllit of w('¡¡1th hy tlw delnsive vision 01' sUrldPll
fUl'tuue.


The eftccts of the panie are tlms stated by ::\11'. fjeOl'ge Opdyke,
(Evidenee, p. :tJ.t :)


It pl'()(lnr"(',l:tn illlpl','~,ioa Oll th,', lllcre,ulli1e aml l1mwd:ü lllinü, Ilot on1." ill thb
co¡wtr:; lmt all O\-el' lh" ',,:orld, that w(' hac nre (\ set oí" gnmhlers, a]l(l tha¿ it is llot
,af,' b ('al"" i"io :1lI'y ",,:!tract:; \\,;(11 IlS \\'lH'-ll it is po~sih1c 1'01' a slllall cOllll.illatioll of
sp"eul:!t"n' to ll!o:lOl")liw 0:1(' ]¡rallch o[ our currPllcy, tho coiu, whieh pe1'fol'm,; il~
fn1lC'tjon~_no\\" ;l¡: it di.l h:_,fol'C' tite sn:-ipollsion of Hpt-'eÍü p:tylnents, AO far as onr for~i~jn
tr:ule i, (;ollcerucd.


Tili,; ,ILO"];: \\"as '<o llllin':'i';:11, 1\ot (1)1y in .. \lll;'l'ica lll1t ahrou¡[, tlwt O\lr raill'Oa!l an<1
otilc]' N(\(,Ili'it¡r:", \\"IIi,,1t h .. CIl!'(' t:lat h:ul h''':ll ,;"lling v('ry fredy Oll t1H' ('ourin"llt, es-
ll<'cially in ({cnna:t~ ,,,ul flollalUl, han', "i!lec t;>1111(1 hui litt1 .. mnl'kl't ahl'O:ld,


TIte f()nll(latioll~; onlH"ille~s 1110l'nlity were rudely sIJakelt, amI tlw nu-
merons defalc::ltions that "il;)rtl,r follo\Yí,'¡l are clearl,Y traceable to tIle mad
spirit eugellder~~ü by í'pel'lllation. Dnt, however Rtrong1y we lllay con"
dcml1 thc cOllspirators tltumsch-es, wn tHllIlOt lose sight oí' thosc c-anses
wllich líe be!liml tlm adüT's am1 spl'illg' fmm Otll' /iwllleial eOllllitiou.
The cOllspinwy amI its b:mcfnl eom.er¡nences must be s::t dO\\"ll as oue
uf tIte items in the great bill of costs whidl the nation is pa:ring' fol' the
snpport of its prcsPllt financial maelüllery. For all pnrposcs oí' internal
trade gold is llot lllOIlCy, lmt :m Hl'tiele oí' mCl'ehamlise; bnt for aU
pnrposes 01' fOl'pign commeree it is 0111' ollly CllITCllCy.


So long' as w(' ha ve two stfl.JltIards of yalne recognizetl by law, which
lIlay be mude to vary ill rpspcC't to caeil other by artificial means, so
long will f'llücn1atioll in thc llrice ot' g'old oifel' temptations too great to
be 1'l'sü,tc41, and HO long muy eapita.l eontinuc to be diverted fl'OIU ellter-
prises which ;:11(1 to tlw lIatinnal wea1th, and be used in this l'eekless
galllhlillg \\"IIidl l'llins tlw great majority of thOHC who engage in it, and




20 GOLD PA~IC INVESTIGATlON.


endangers the business of the whole eou1ltl'y. Xot the Ieast alllollg tIte
eyils whic11 grow out of the condition of onr eurrency i8 the necessitywhich
lllakes the natioual govel'llment a dealer in goId. \Vhether the surplu8
goltl be hoardeü 01' sold, Ü ereates an artificial interfGrence in the bnsi-
Hess of tho COll1ltl'y, and deyolyes upon the officers who manago it most
delicate and difticult duties.


Tlle cOllllllittee fiml tllat the eustolll aclopted by SOllle of the nutional
banks of cel'tifying cheeks wllich do llot represent cash dl'posits, and
~wlüch if presentecl illllllecliately CaTlllot be paid, is a tIung'crous and pcr-
lliciollS practice, and that the use of sucil checks greatly aitled the COll-
spirators. It is in eYÍdence that one ballk, tile Tenth ~ ationa 1, certilled
thirty-nine millions of doBars of checks in tIle course of two üays, alHI
with an its cash reserve was mmble to rnakc settlelllent, and only 1.Jy
large loans was sayetl frolll brcal;:ing.


TIli1'd. In regard to the relatioll of oftlcen; of tlle gOYCl'Jllllent to tIJe
gold movement, the committee find ihat the wicked mHl CllllllillgloY de-
vised attempts of the eOllspir¿ltol'i> to compromise the Presidcllt oí' the
1Jllited Sta tes 01' his fami1y nttel'ly faileu.


1\11'. Corhill, USillg the opportnnities whielt his family relatiollship to
tbe President affol'ded, amI Ululer tbat worst fOl'lIl oí' hypocrisy whieh
puts 011 the guise of religioll aUlI patriotislll, nsed an his arts to learu
sometltillg froill the priyate cUllversatiollR of tIte PreRidellt wbidl ('ouId
be made profitable to him amI his co-collspil'ntol'''. Hnt with this and
all the efforts ofhis associates, the testimollJ' hus 1l0t elidtetl a \yorÜ 01'
an act of the Presidellt illCOll"iRt,~nt ,yith that patriotislll amI illtegrity
wllieu beílt the Cllicf Executiye oí' thc natioll.


Even J\fr: Gould, notwithsta])(lillg aU his attt>mpts to (lisconr thc
purposes awl illilllence tIte OpilliollS oí' tlle l)l'esident, te"tifies m; 10110\\"8,
(pp. 159:)


1 nm sati,fieü that thc Pl'l'sident has lH'y,'rl¡atl Hn,l' COllll<'c1 ion, t1i],l'ctly ol'ilHlircetly,
with HUy of the,c 1l10,ClllClI ts thnt ha H' ]¡C"ll Ill:IIl/'. * "


Nothiug e,el' occnrl'c,l in ally of thcse inter\'i",ys that l1itluot illlpreso me that tllt)
Pl'esident was a ver;>, lnll'(', high-mi1ll1e<l mtlll; that if he ",as stLtbfie,l what was the
hest thiug, that was y;]¡at he ,,,,mlíl do.


Qllcstiou. By tlle CIUI1:}U:\": 'Vas thcre all~-thillg sai,l Ol' illtilllat,~,l at any of thl'se
illb'l'views to the Prcsü1e](t, 01' in tlH' P¡'('sidcllt'S 1H'al'Íllg, 1hnt W()(]Jel ]¡av"lc,l 11im to
suppose any lll'h-atc pnl'po.;;l~ of ~lH'C'nln non 01' ~nill '\Vas R.rmght tn he T'C'ac1tcd thl'onglt
these intel'views, so far as yon l<no", !-AllSW"!'. C\o, sir.


The followiug' lette!' to t he Secretary of the Trrasnry exhibits botl!
the wisdom of the Pn'"illellt'K OpilliollS alld the prudellce of hi::i condnet
ln reference to the gold 1ll0YPlllent :


XEW YOHK CUY, Srptcmbcr 12, 1,%H.
J)EAll SIR: 1 lea,-e Jwre fol' westl'l'll Peull"yhauia tO-lllorro,,~ Illol'ning, fllHl "ill !lot


rcach 'Vas1lÍugton befol'c the Illi,hUe 01' last of llcxt "'Celi. Hml 1 lmowll beülI'l) mnkil!g
ll1y aTl':mgemPllts fol' starting that yOll ,yonld he in thÍ>; city ea)'ly this week, I,yonlrl
haye remaiued to lllect ~'on. 1 am sa1Ísllcl1 that ou ~-0l1l' ani ",11 yon ,,,ill be Illl't l,;\'
the hnlls and l)ears of 'Vall stl'ed, :Illd 1'1'Ohahly by llll'l'C]¡auts, too, to ilHlnc(' y()U to
scll golll, 01' pay tlle !:iovcll11Jer iaten'st iu :tlhaucl', OH the ono bide, ~~Jl(l to hola [as! 011




GOLD PANW INVESTIGATION. 21
the other. The fact is, a despemte struggle is now taking place, and each party wants
the government to help them ont. 1 write thiR letter to advise yon of what 1 think
yon may expect, to put you on your guardo


1 think, from the lights before me, I wouId move on ,\ithout change until the present
struggle is overo If you waut to write llle this week, my arlc1ress will be 'Washington,
PennsyIvanill. 1 would like to hear your experience with the factions, at all events,
if they give ~·ou time to write. Ko douht you will have a uctter ehllnce to judge than
I, for I have avoidod gel1eml discussiol1 on the snbject.


Yours, truly, U. S. GRANT.
Ron. GEOnGE S. BOUTWELL,


Sccl'ctary of Tl'caslll'y.
The lIlessage sent to Corhin, when his duplicity was first suspected,


and the final onler, whieh luid the stl'Ollg hand oí t,he goVel'llIneut upon
the conspirators and lJroke tlteir power, are the most significaut declara-
tions that the Prc.'lidcnt lleld amI treated them as enemies of the credit
and business oI' tilo countrr.


It is impossilJlo to sar whether the groundless amI wicked eharge,
tlmt ::\I1's. Grallt was illterested in this specula.tion, originated with Fisk
01' with CorlJin; ami the clmrge is only malle on tIlO hearsay testimony
oí' )11'. Fisk. He swears that Curuin tolú 11im that Si500,OOO oí the gold
that Gould was carrying for Cürbin's account wris 1'01' ~Irs. Grant, and
that the 82,),000 protlt paid to Corbill by GOllld liad beeu forwa1'ded to
:JIrs. Grallt. Titis statcmcnt i8 denied by CorlJin, and unsupported by
Gonl!l. The committec required JUl'. Gould to produce the original
check I'or $25,000, and required Corbin to sitow what use he made of it.
The chec.1{ \Vas produced, ami COl'biuproduceathc aecount oí' theofficers
oí' the llank ot' Amel'ica, sllOwing that immcdiately on the rcceipt ot' the
check, Corbin paid it OH a debt which he owed to the bank. Corbin
swears that he never sent 01' promised to semi any money to 1\11'8. Grant
01' to any of the President's fmnily; und that he never proposed to give
any of thern ally intorest i11 thü; gold spoculation. And l\Ir. Gould swears
that he did llotbeliove that auy member of the Presidf'nt's family had any
knowledge oI' this gold speclllation.


The pretense oí' MI'. Fisk, that Horaco Porter, private secretary of the
Prcsidcnt, was interested in this specnlation lS ntterly gronndless.


Fisk admitted that he lenew nothiug on tlle subject except what
Gould and COl'bin had told him. Corbin swears positively that he never
proposed to ::\rr. POl'ter to take auy interest in their speculation, and
ncver told Fisk tlmt Porter had any such interest.


JUl'. Gould was askod if he knew of any offieer of tIte government
whowas intorested in the gold mOyeUlCllt, amI, Ilnring a long and seal'ch-
ing examÍlmtion, he not only gave no intimatioll tJmt J\Ir. Porter was, in
<lU'y way, COilllected with it, but his testimOlly1Ilakes Sl1clt a conclnsion im-
pORRible. :Uoroover, it is in evidcnce that GOllld once proposcd to buy
gold fol' :\1l'. POl'tcr, amI receivell from that worthy officer a prompt alld
mürited rcbuke.


In regard to General Bntterfield, it appcars from tIle evidence that,
dUl'ing' his a(lllliHi~tration, tite affairs of the sub-treasllry worc managed




22 GOLD PANIC l~VESTIGATION.
with vigor alld intelligence, and all the 11 ublic funds intru:'lted to hi:'l
charge were faithflllly accounted foro


It i8 not conclusi veIy pro ved that he was illterestcu with the COJl:'lpil"
ator8 in rai8ing the price of gold; though on this poillt the tcstimolly is
eOllflictillg. MI'. Gould swears positivel,)' that he bonght two lots oí'
gold fol' General Butterfiold, amolluting in all to 81,¡)()0,OOO, and on
cross-exalllinatioll details the conversation that occnrred hetween theru
when the Ol'del' was givcn. General Buttel'field, under oath, denies this
statement. He aumits that Gou1d pl'oposed to buy gold for him, but
says he made no response either of assont 01' dissOllt.


Both Fisk and Gould sweal' that they reeeivod mossages from Rut-
terfield, and answel's to messages which they sent him during the dayH
of the panie, in reference to uews from vVaHhillgton, amI thiR statement
l'eceives Rome SUppOl't frolll tlle testimony of Robert P. Brown, a mes-
sengor of the sub-treaslll'y. General Buttel'fielü SWeal'H that he
allswered aH inquiries sent to him, lmt sellt no other lIwsHageH to theso
men. But it is proved by tho testimony that during tIle days of tbe
panic two firms of brokerR, 1l0t aeting for tho eonspimtors, süld gold on
General Bllttel'field's o1'l1e1' aIld fol' hiH }lrofit, and that during his
whole ter m oi' offiee he was dealillg in Uai tml StatC's bond,; Oll hit; OWll
account. Early in tIle week of the panic he sent 1'01' Joseph Seligman,
a prOmillellt bl'okcl', to come to tlle tlub-treasnry; told him he thought
that the tl'eaSlll'y wou111 iuterfel'e, aml tlwt tIlo pricc would eome dO\ru,
and gaye him onlül's to sello Dlll'iag thü ~~d, 23d, amI :Htlt of SeptülIl-
ber, whilc tlle panic \Vas reachiug it.s erltlitl, SdigllULIl soll1 011 this o1'der
$700,000, on which General Butterfielrl malle a net profit of $:3;1,000.
Morton & Co. also bought bonus aIld sold gold 1'01' (h~llt'ml Rutterfield
while he was in the sub-tI'fmSllry; amI oLl!er ill'llIS bongltt bomls for him ..


The explallatioa oí' General Bllttpl'üeld tltnJ tlw gold soId fol' him
was not really specuJation iu go1tl, 1mb all illciüent to deaIing in bOllds
OH a gold llasis, <loes not, in thc opinioll oí' the eommittee, ehallge tho
real nature of tlte transactioll. Aml if it did, it is in e"idcneo that his
salo of gold through Selig'nl<tu \Yas made indepelldently oí' the purellase
of bOllds, whieh haü ueeJl bonght bnfOl'e, aud the profits on whieh were
m;ed as a margiu for the s~Lle of g'old.


It does not appear from the testimou,v that Ge1lora1 Dntterfield dis-
elosed the dispatehes of the Seeretary before making thmn public; but
it is in evidence that durillg' tho last day of the panie he reeei,-ell im-
po1'tant dispatehes from tIle Secretar.)', allll sellt several to Ilim, in whieh
he exhibited the state of affairs in thc gohl mal'keL Before the break
in thc market he sent t11e following dispateh:


FlL\XKLIX T"¡'.;(l]UPII CrmPAXY, 8cptClnbcr 24, U'W.
1 am reqnested to rcprcsent to yon condition oí' ajfairs here. Gohl is LíO. :\lueh feeling


and aecllsatious of goyernmeut cOllllllieity. Tlw ]Jropositionsof 'IV catlwrspoon, Dlluc:Ín,
Slwrm:m & Co.,and Seligman, if acceptell, wonld relicyeexchangc nmrket amI be judi-
cious, Should be done by tc1egmph.


DAN'r, BL:TTERFIELD.
GEOUGE S. BOUTWELI..




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 23
The proposition referred to in thi8 letter ,yill be soell in the letter


of Dnncdu, Shorman & Oo., thc writing of which was suggested by Gen-
eral Butterfield himself; amI waR that the government should loan gold
to cortain banking-honses, and thus relieve tIJe market amI bring dowIt
the prico.


vVhilc giving tliis addee, and while holding, next to the Secretar'y
01' thc Treasl1ry, tlle most important financial trust confided to any
officer of tilo Ullited States, General But.terfleld knew that whenever
the price of gold was pushed down ono eent by thc actioIl oí' tlle treas-
ury, it wonld make him a profit of Si,OOO dollars on his sales through
Seligman alono. In a IcHer to Seeretar'y Boutwell, 01' Oetober 22, 1866,
(whieb is made a part oi' the cvidence,) General Blltterfield writes as
followR: "1'lw eharge tha.t T hase nsed my private means in speculat-
ing in gold, OJ' authorizctI othel's to do so, is wholly false."


\VIWIl askcd b,v tlle committee whethel' he knew of an'y officer of the
"Guitcd States \vll0 was direetly 01' indirectly interested in gohl, he au-
slyered l111qnalifieüly iJl the Ilegatiyc. Rut ,,-hen afterwanl confronted
witlt the t.estimolly of Joseph Seligmall concerning 11i8 purchases of go]d,
he admittecl that it was true. (Seo Seligmun'il testimolly, pp. 238, 239.)


In eone1usioll, the committee lwg lcave to can attentiOll to t1le yalu-
a111e facts and snggestions on t11e financia1 sitnation of tIJe conntry in
re1atioll to goltl alld currency, aR gi ven illeitlelltal1y in th8 testimony of
}IcssrR. Low, Opdylw, Douge, SdH'll, Vel'lUilya, Stewart, amI Hodgskin,
the cOllsidel'at.ion nf wilieh eanllot pl'opel'ly forlll a part of thi8 n'port .


. JA:\lES A. GARFIELD.
JOHN LYNOH.
NOIUIAN TI. ,JGDD.
,JOHN OOBUUX
WOHTHIl-lGTOK C. s::mTH.
.JOHN B. PAOKER.
ISRABL G. TJASlI.
HOR1'" TIO C. BURenARD.


The committce rccOlllmelld the adoption oi' the following rCRolntiOllS:
Re,~oll1ecI, That the Oommittce oí' vVays amI Means be instructed tü


illqnire iuto the expedicnc'y of rcpol'tillg a bill to levy such a tax on
'such transactiollt; as tllose oi' tlle Golc1 Exehange and Gold Rxchange
dearing-house, as, in their jndgmellt, tite illterests of tbe conntry shall
I'cquil'e.


Resolved, Tbat the COlllluittee on tIle ,JU\1iciary be instrncted to in-
quire into tIle expediency of rcporting a bill to define anel punish COll-
spiracyagainst the credit of the United States ancl the business of its
peop1e.


Resolved, Tlmt tIle Oommittee on Ranking and Ourrency be illstructed
to illqnire whethcr any further legislatioll i8 ncccssary to prevent tlw
improper use of certified checks by the national banks, and that they
have lea ve to l'epol't by bill 01' otherwiRe.






TESTI}fO~Y.


vV ASHINGTON, January 15, 1870.
JA:t\JES B. HODGSKIN sworn and examined.


By the CHAIR}IAN:
Question. Pie ase state your place of residence amI occupatioll.-An-


swer. My business is broker and banker at 14 Broad street, :New York.
1 have been in that business about four years.


Q. State whethcr :ron are a mcm be1' of thc Gold Exchangc; and if so,
what is yon1' position in that body?-A. 1 am a member of the Gold Ex-
change. 1 am :tu oflicer oi' tlte executiye cornmittee, amI also chairman
of the arbitration committee.


Q. State tlte class of business :ron are doing as a broker.-A. 1 buy
amI seU stocks, gold, goyemment bOlH}s, am1 foreign exchange.


Q. PIease state, in your own way, the history and eharacter of the
Gold Exeltange, giving its origill, nature of its business, its modo of con-
dueting business, amI the gcnera] amount of its tmnsactions.-A. 1
think 1 onght to hegin bjT statillg that no ullderstanding oí' the nature
of the business, espeeially 01' tlte Gold Board, ean he arri,-ed at by any
man not direetly familiar with jt, llllless we begin by dispm;ing of the
idea that its busines is aH speculatiye. Tbat is a perfect mistake. Tbe
grcat bulle of the business of the Gold Board is absolutely and fa,irIy a
fegitimate business, just as essential anll llnavoidablo as tIfO business
done at the Produce Exchange. The \Vholo foreign bnsiness of tIte coun-
tr.)' absoIutely reqnires, so long as we have a flndnating papel' curreney,
that there sItoulU be some exchange where the transactions of the whole
foreign importing and exporting trade can at aH times be promptly
liquidated, and transfe1's made frolll gold iuto currency, am1 fl'OlIl cur-
rency into gold. Tltat Call oe done only by buying and selling gold at
aH times. There are oecasiolls, of coul'se, WhOll the legitimate business
of tlle gold-roolll has been frightfully pervel'ted, as yon lmow, by the
wildost speculations; hut the business of tho room is, in tIto main,
logitilmtte and necessary, alld those frightflll specuIations Ul'e always
brought about by lllen who take advalltage of 1 pgitj mate bnsiness to the
great injury of the merchallts, 1'espectahle bankors, and the people on-
gagecl in Iegítimate tra(le. 'l'hat is t,xaetly what tltis last gold spe(~nla­
tion did. 1 rnight go on ancl state that whell you 1'ead theso fabuIous
transactions at tlle gold-room, as they appear in the papers, yon are
clrawn into another elemcnt of eonfnsion. The daily statemcnts oí' the
business done in the gold-room compriso tho amoullt of g'old tl'ansae-
tions whieh are ckared through the bauk. Each transactioll is quoted
doubly, becanse the lmnk 1'O{101'ts fol' oyery transaetion-both the sale
and the purchase. If 1 seU a million dollan; of gold, 1 1'o])ort it to the
bank as sohl, alld tlle person buying reports it tp the bank as bought.
Thereforc each amount is state<1 twiee oyel' in the reporto In the next
place, the largest amount of business done at the Golcl Exchangc is done
on time. That is to say, 1 make a contraet to seU a million of gold to-
day. 1 have 110t the gold to delivcr, and may uot have it for some days;




26 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
but, as 1 ha,e soId, I must deIi,~er it, amI fol' that purposC' have to bor-
row it. When 1 borrow the gold, that transaetion is reported in tIte
clcaring-house, hoth by the party wIto is the horrower and thc partr
who is the lender. But it appeul's again in this \Y~ty. 1 borrow gold
to deliver to-day, not knowing when 1 lDay get it. Each day 1 h'l',;e to
ronew that loan, amI each day the clearing-honse l'epo1'ts tlmt millioll
of dollars as horrowed and as loaned, so that yon can understa11l1 tbat
the origiual transaction of se11ing a million do11u1's of gold wi1l be first
l'eported as four millions in tbe clearing-bouse, amI tlw same millioll
do11ars lDay be repol'ted over again evel'.y day for a month as bo1'rowed
and loalled. That is the way in which the fabulous amount of business
wlúch appeal's in the l'eports as having been transacted is made up.


The ordinary business of the Exelumge involves the purchase 01' sale
of gold sufficient to pro vide for cvery dollar of foreigll goods imported
at aU the ports, amouuting to about one million amI a quarter a day.
It involves about thc same atllOunt oí' transactiol1s for the goods exported
froID all parts of the country. Ithas al so to provide for the now enormous
transactions in govel'urnent bOI1(I8, State bonds, all(l l'ailroad bonds, ex-
ported ti'om and imported iuto the country, aH of' which h,1\'e to be
settled by gold transadioIls in th8nature of exchange. It is weIl kllown
that tIte export of goyerumcnt bonds alone durillg the patlt real' has
averagcd about a million a <lay. Add to this tite State bOllds and rail-
roadboJl(lR, and you have ])erhaps llalf a million a day more. The
whole gohl produet of the cOllnÜ'y aycrages about seveuty tuillions oí'
dollars per annnm, the bulk of which is scnt abroad. 'Ve ar6 also in
receipt frolIl abroad, .wconling to diffcrent estimates; of i'rolll twenty-
five to torty milliOIls dollars in gold, brought he re by emigrants amI
otller travelers, amI that whieh is brought frolll thc \Vest Indies, amI
from aIl parts oi' SOllth America alld Central America t(w goods pm-
chased llere, and which comes in small lots by morehant steamers Hn(I
sailing~vess{~ls, al! 01' whiclt has to be scttled tltl'ough the GoId Bxchange.
l\Iy estimate is that the legitimate ineyitable tl'allsactiol1s at the Gold
Exchange, in the prosent cOllditioll of thefol'eign tralle, are not less tlWH .
from 1iYe to eight millions a (by, aml mllltiplierI, as these 'transactiolls
are in the rcports, as T haye stated, tlle amount appears to tho puLlic
as between forty amI fifty millions a day. _


Jt, is easy tu understand in a general way thatso long as the people
of the 1; nited States pcrsist in transacting theil' business in a currency
which hcars no difect and estahIislted reln.tion to tIte curreney in use
anywhere e1se, just so long will they absolutely require a gohlroom, 01'
some similar establishment, in whicll theil' transactions witll tllP onter
wOl'ld can be translated fl'OUl thc vicious, fiuctuating, ullsettled, local,
greenbaek cnrrency iuto tIJe sound, stable, illternational, gold currency,
which alone is l'ecognized in all othel' parts oí' the worhl. Bnt it is not
quite so eas.v to ullclerstand, OI' imleed to explaill, in few words, the
precise practieal working of these transactions. \Vith the permission
of the committee 1 would like, thel'efol'e, to 1'enl1 a more elabOl'ate cxp1a-
nation of these tmnsaetions, which 1 prcpared some tillle ago íor ]lubli-
cation:


"Tlle cotton crop, OU1' largest export staplü, 1S now going forwan1.
Its value in rouud figures, say 3,000,000 bales, at $100 a bale, i8 three
hUlldred millions ($;300,000,000) oí' clollars. Of this ahout one-thil'd is
worketl up in ou1' home factories, ma1 two-thirds, say to tIle valno oí'
two hundred millions oí' dollars, are cxporte<1. Tilo process oi' cxport
ing this cotton is practically as follows :


"The Liverpool cotton mel'challt telügmphs to the New York COllllnis~




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 27
mission housr: 'If yon can bu,y one thousand bales of middlillg COttOlI
so as not to cost me more thall ten-pence, 01' twenty cents, go1<l , per
pound, laid down here in Liyerpool, yon can do so.' Tlle commissioll
mcrchant fimls tbat the íi'eigbt, insurance, and other eharges will
amount to about two cents. He call, tl1erefore, affonl to give eighteon
eents, gold,for the cotton itself. He goes into the cotton market and
inquiros the p1'ice of eotton per pound in gold. Tilo cIoaler allSWe1'S
that cotton is solel for eurrouey, not for gold. The planten; ut the Sonth
haye to pay their labore1'8 in eurreney; they buy their prOYi8ions, their
agricultural implements, amI their manures for eurrelley; they owe
thei1' debts in currency; they can teU what tboil' eottoll eosts thell1 in
curreucy, aud tbey don't want to seU it except 1'01' currenc;y. Tbe ~Olll­
mission me1'cbant telegraphs to Charlestoll, Savallnah, Mobile, New
Orleans. From all these places he gets the same ans\ver: Middling
eotton is selling 1'01' about twellty-senn eents a pound in currency; no
price can he gi,-en in gold. Finding that he CUllnot buy t11e cotton fol'
gold, but knowillg' that he is anthorizetl to pay cighteon cellts gold per
pOlUld, he llext proceecls to the gold-roOlll to ascertaill the 1)1'i08 of gold,
so as to know how lUuch, ill eurrem:y, he can affol'd to pay fo1' the eot-
tOIl withont execeding' tlw orden; of his Liverpool co1'1'espondent. TIe
finds gold selling at 150; in other wonls, his eighteen cents gold· are
worth exactly twent,Y -se yen eents ill enrl'ency, por poulIll, for his
middling eotton, witllOut L'xeccding hi;:; correspolltlellt's orders. 11 ow, if
husiness wero all as simple as llome people imagine, t11e proceeding of
tItel:ornmission morelwllt would be simple enongh. He wonld only
hu,-o to take as lIllH.:h gold as wonhl pay for the thonsand bales of eot-
ton, to seU it at 150, amI with the Cllrl'Ouc'y pay the eotton dealer, and
tIte wllOle tl'ansaction would be eoneluded. Hut, to begin with, he has
uot got the gold. The Liverpool eotton merchant <lid uot sond the gold
to pa.)' for tbe COttOIl; and if he had sellt it, it would not al'rive fi)l'
SOllle time, as tlle Ol'dor eallle by tIte Atlantic cable, which is uot ;ret
arrauged fol' the t1'allsportation of specie. The way in wlúch tll8 ~ew
York COlIllllission merchant expeets to get tIte neeessary gold is this:
He reeeives the or(!e1' by cahle on IIfonday, and eoncludcs the purchase
01' tlle cot.ton tlw same day. He tIlen has to ellgage a yessel to take tlle
cottOIl 1,0 I,jyel'pool, the arrangements fi)!' which ocenpy tbe Ilext day.
On ThurstJa,y 01' Priday tho vessel i8 ready to take he1' cargo on board,
a process whicIl is pel'haps cOlllpleted by next }Ionday. The captain of
tlte vessel sigus the reeeipt fol' the eotton on a docllment called a bill of
laeling; tlte mcrchant makes out a bi11 f'or the :1lllouut 01' tIte eotton at
the priee in gold whieh 11is Liverpool eo1'respondcnt antllOri",ecl him to
pay, aU,aehes tIlA bill of lading to it as cyidpuce that the cottOll has
been shippe<1, amI takcs the bill to one 01' the fOl'eign banking houses,
like Belmont's 01' Dl'oWIl J3rothers', "ho thrl'eUpOH pay him in gold the
amount 01' thc hill, less a small commissioll jür 1'Ol'warding the bill and
eollecting it from the merchant in Liycrpool. Two 01' tItree days are
lost. in negotiatillg and 88ttling witb tIle banker, so that at ]east ten 01'
twelve days elapse betwecll t.he time of eontraeting for the cotton and
obtaining the gold to pay for it. vVith this gold the merchant goes to
the gold-room in order to seU it at 150, amI obt.aill the eurreney to pay
for the eotton. To his disappointmeut he finds tllat goJd has fallen to
145, and that instend of getting twenty-seven eents eurrency for the
eightoen ecnts gold, which his IJivcrpool correspondent authol'ized him
to pay fol' tlle cotton, he only gets twenty-six cents eur1'ency, while he
has aetllaUy bought th8 eotto11 and agl'eed to pay twellty-seven eents
1'01' it. In other words he bas lost one cent on every pound of cottOll




28 GOLD P ANIC INVESTIGATION.
purchased, 01' $5,000 011 the thonsand ualcs. It is very trne that it
might have been the other way. The market might have gone np five
per cent., instead of down, and then the merchant :yould have gained
$5,000 instead of losing'. Bnt that is not what he wants. He does not
want to spcculatc on the market-to gamble. His is legitimate busi-
ness. All he ,yallts is to conyert his gold into Cllrrcney so as to pay
for the cotton he has bonght. He ,yanted to buy his cotton for gold, in
aeeonlance with his ordcrs, unt the owners wonld uot seU to him for
gold. They compelled him to bny currenc,r, aud in doillg so compelled
him to run the risk of all t11e fillctuatiolls of' the gold market from the
time he plII'ehased tIle cotton uutil the day when he solel his bill. ~ow,
this is a risk whieh no prudeut business man willrun, 01', imleed, can
run, without degenerating into a mere gambler. Bnt the risk is foreed
upon the business community by the existenee of our present eurreney.
Of eomse the risk is evaded. Unless it eOllh1 IJe evaded there wouId
be a total stoppage of aU foreign tradc, as was the ea se duriug the great
Septemuel' panic in the gold-room. But it was the attempt to evade
this impropel' risk, forced upon tIle business eommunity by our uunatn-
mI curreney, that delivel'ed thc merchants, uoulHl hand and foot, into
the arms oí' the despcmte elique of gamblers alld cheats, who rnade
havoc of vVan street in SeptemlJel' lasto


" We haye ilupposed tlll1t goItl was ].'¡O on the day whell the cornrnis-
sion rnel'Challt exccuted his Liye1'pool correspondellt's order for a thou-
sand uales of COttOll, and that, ií' be liad had tllc gohl at that moment,
he could llave sold it at 150 and thns evaded the Tisk of an future fiuc-
tuations of the mlLrket. He did llOt h~we tlle gohl tIten, hut he knew
he would receive it in ten days 01' a fortnigllt. vVhat ,vas to preyent
him froill horr'owing the gold, selling it at once at 150, and then rptul'Il-
ing it as soon as he had sold bis bill OH tIle Liyerpool eotton merehant
and obtained Itis own gold ~ Tbere was notIling to prPTent lIim, aIHI,
indeed, t11e lmlk of thc export of tlle country has fol' years past been
comlneted on the same basis.


" The merchant wIto expects to reeeive golc1 to,mo1'row, llCXt week, a .
illonth, six l11onths, 01' ayear hence, for goods "'hiel! he eX]Jorts to,day,
bo1'rows the gold am1 sells it illllllediately, ill ordel' to avoid all risk
frolll the fiuctuatioIls oi' the premil1111. This is tIle reason w]¡y so Illany
merchants are bo1'rowel's of gold, and wlIy it was in the power 01' the
gold clique to iufliet so lIlueh illjUl'y npon lmsincs:,;."


1 bave stated 'whut lIlakes the apparently large amount of business
in the room, and what is the real amoullt oí' legitimate business whieh
tbe rnerehants cannot get alollg without. 1 1I0W waTlt to explain more
fully why thc faet oi' the mcrchants having to borrow gold, as 1 haye
just explained, exposes thelll to 1118 terrible losses whieh tbf'se specnla-
tive gamblers may intliet llpon them. The practicc of borrowing' gold
is tbis: The borrower receives frolll the lender, say one lmndl'ed thOll-
sand dollars in gold, and has to gi \'e him, as security 1'01' that gold, the
market price of it in cnrrcncy on the day the loan is matIc. That i8,
gold being 125 to-day, 1, borrowing' a hunclred thonsand in gold, deposit
wíth t.hc lender $1~5,000 in cnrrency as seelll'ity. As SOOll as 1 return
him the gold he l'eturns me the cmreney. Bnt if, at any time afte1' 1
have borrowed the gold, tIle price of gold riR('s in the market, 1 am at
once obliged to deposit wit1l t1le lcnder as mnch more cllrreney as gold
is worth more by its rise in the market. The additional amonnt. oI' eur-
reney whic11 1 pa;y to bring up tIle deposit to the markpt, priee is ea1Jed,
in vVall street parlance, a "margin." Fo!' instancc, having borrowed at
125, and tbe pl'iee having snbsequentl,y risen to 130, the lender ealls




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 29
upon me for five per cent. more margin, amI this is the meaning of tho
term usea in 'Vall stroet, "callillg up margins," or " marking up gola."


'YlWIl these conspimtOl's began to bny gold the price was about 131
01' 132. They bought a large amonnt of it, oi' course lending it in the
onlillary course of business to merchants w110 had to borrow. After
that they continued to huy gola, und to spread the report about of their
ability to control the market, una about the extent to which government
oflicíals were lllixed up with thelll; amI thcy frightened a great many
pcople into bllying gold and tllcrclJy assisting them in a(lYallcing tlle
price. As the price adVl111Ced they called upon tllo merc11ants to whom
they had louned gold fi)r their additioJla 1 margin, as they wero elltitled to
do; and tIlo moro goltl they bought t11e more the price adVl111Ced, and
t11e larger became the aillollnt of currellcy in tho shape of ma1'gills,
which came in to thmn without Rellillg a dollar of gold on their part.
Thc comwittcc will understund by this statement llOW theso men were
enabled to possess themseIves of an ellormous 111110Ullt of cnrrency with-
out sel!ing a !lolIar of tIw gold tlley liad lJought. As the price wellt up
day by da.", they callcd upon the merchants 1'01' tllei1' margins.


By 1\11'. CODH1N :
Q. IIad they any right to can for thcsc additional deposits cyery


day'?-A. Certninly; and c\'cry honr in tlle day. If gol!] is 135
in tItc morning and goes np to 13G au hom at'ter, tite lender Itas a right
to caH fol' t11e additiotlal pe1'cl'Jltagc of margiu. Tbis explains how
thcsc men \Yero ünablod to go Oll buyillg aU the time; anll by this llleans
they were cnabled to reap a prolit f'rolll the me1'chants to whom they
loaned golu, jURt tlw same as if tltey had actllally RoId the gold. Ami
whcll gold wont np to 1GO they were posReRsed of all tbe clU1'OIlCy which
their goId would htwe giyen tlWlll if they had soId it out at 160.


By 1\11'. Cox :
Q. Bnt whell gol(l began to decline the rule worke(l t11c othe!'


way, did it not?-A. YeR; the merehallts theu calleel upon them to
retmu thcir enn·pucy. Hnt iJl tIlO case of tllis gold panic these lllon
we1'(~ al! prcpan'u with illjnnctiolls by tlle courtR 01' New York, prohibit-
illg thelll 1'rOlll giying np t11e currency.


By MI'. Comnm:
Q. lIow could íhese illjllnctious be pl'epared in atlyance"?-A. I


alll not familiar with the machinery of tllÍs mattm', ¡mt within a
ver y sltort time after golrl begall to drop, IJyery oIle of tlle brokers who
\'Iere known as tlie 1>1'okel's of tlle c]jque \ras enjoined, by different
o1'uc1's (Jf different conrts in N ew York, í'roll1 payillg out any money to
anybody 01' in any muonnt.


Q. Bnt ll1'eYionsly to that there hall already boen a considera blc tIrop-
ping of gohl, hall tlterenot'?-A. Yo,,; lmtllurÍllg thattimeso great was
tlle confusiolt in the stJ'eut tltat mell were not disposed to im;ist llpOll
their rights to demalld the l'ptnru o[ enrrene.)' illlllwüiately. 1 \Vill now
llrocced in my statOll1ent of tIte \rorkillg's of tIte Gold Exchange Bank,
aml endeavor to explaill anotller point upon which a great misunder-
standing exists in tlle publie mind. The Gold Exe1tunge TIallk is just as
llluch a necessity as the Gol!1 Board itself. It has not existed quite so
long as tlle gol!1-rOOlll, hccause its necessity was llOt felt until after the
e,stablishmellt oi' the gold-roolll. U p to t1le time of' tho pstab1isltment
of tIté GoId Exchunge Ballk eVel;ybody who soId gold for legitimate
business, 01' otlterwise, was obliged to jake gold ill his hands amI deliver
ir t J the persoll he hall solll it to, anel take a check for it. ~ow, the gold




30 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


in the country, and more particulal'ly the amount of gold at the disposal
of merchants amI haukers in New York, is, comparatively speaking,
small; but the dclivcry of a certain amoulIt of gold, hy eounting it, 01'
by llInkillg out a check in payment of it, illvoln~H a certain amount of
time, aad it was fimlHI t11at people wbo bad a large bmliness to transad,
snoh as the largc foreign bankül's, absolntely coul(lnot pl'et'is tite amount
oi' lmt'iillc"s they desired to transad into tIte busilless 110urs oí' t11e day.
Tite proeess 01' recei\'ing allll üelivering tIle large amomltsillyolno(} such
an extraordinary amount of time amI so maTly elel'ks tlmt it 1l1'actieall~'
eoulü llot be done, and daJ'- after day tbe deliveries were ddayeu \lntil
lato in tlte day, dUl'illg e"e1'y day in tite week, ulltil people oceamc unahle
to comply with their contracts. Tbe most, reSllollsihle Ilonses in New
York wel~e freqnently unabl~ to mcet thcir cllgagelllC'll!s, amI seemillgIy,
though of eourse not l'eally, msolyent, lleeansll tIte,)' alisolntel,Y couId !lot
get the gold inyolved in their transactions fast enongh to pay it ont as
their cOlltracts reqnil'ed. Great risk \Vas aIilo illCUl'redill tbe transporta-
tion oi" these large amOll1lts in coin, or in the l1eliyery oí' cprtifieates,
whieh ,vere made payable to bearer, ,tnd for month" it \ras llOt too much
to say that scarcely <1 week, and frequelltly uot a day, wonld eIapse without
somc messeng'cr being Imocked (10\V1I umll'obhrd, 01' withont SOllW mes-
senger 01' elerk rnnlling away with goId 01' gold certifieates. 'rile tempta·
tiOll \Vas too gi'eat. The facilities 1'01' getting away with aetnal llloney
"ere so largo that tlle temptation IJroyed irtesistibIe for wpak meno 'l'he
merclumts alld brokel'sof New York found that tbis ",hole lmsiness would
come to a dead lock an<l be exposed to frightful risks, expensiye dcla;ys,
HlHllcUfl to interminable confusion, nnless sorne rernedy \Vas appliell by
wllidl all parties could meet ut some oue place amI oaeh pay oyor or
receive the money dne as it mlght be frolIl Olle to tllP otIler, just precisf'Iy
as the Hame lmsilless is done by tlle banks in New York, who fOllnd it
illlpossibJe to take eyel'y dwck Ilanded ihelll on eycry bank and get tIw
mone,)' fo!' it, but establislwd a ell'al'illg-1tonse, wItere tllPj' allllll'et, :lIHl
a general statemellt is made out, exhibitillg 1tow lll11eh padl bank 0\H'8
eadl other lJallk, aIHI oftell SllOWillg in their Yl'ry large transactiollS
onlya small balance dllC to olle 01' the otller. Tile ~ew York Gold Ex-
clu¡lIge Bank is to tite gold hnsille'iS of Xl'W York pl'eei"el,Y ,\"l¡;¡t tltl'
dp:Il'illg-hou'iP is to the l'ntire curreaey llllsiness of tlle cOlllitry, alHl the
lattel' cou!d jnsi as little be ea.rrietl 011 ,vitllOut thiR lll:1chiueI'y for clearing
as the fOl'IIH'l'. '1'11e Gold Exohallge Bank, of New York, is Ilothillg more
tllan an institntion wllere dt'alel's in gold come and present their state-
ments with aU the other dealers, alld tIle general settlement is llladl' ot"
aH tlw accoullts oí" eaell da,Y, insteall of there being a sepal'ate (klin'r¿-
of eaeh transaction; the ballk nw kes up its general statE'lllcut, nnd
divides up tIlo ualance amollg' tIle different parties to ",I1011L it belongs.
In that way theyllotollly save tIle noeessity oí' makillg scparate de1iveries
for each transaction, hut tlle small halanee duo is not necessarily taken
out oi' the bank at all, so tllat actual Ileliveries 01' gold are done aWHy
with, cxcopt to a vory limitetl extellt, and tIle business formerly reqniring
six 01' cight hours, antl ",hich was attende(1 witll great ri'iks, is 110"-
dOlle in one lIour and a lIalf and with no risk whateyer.


"\Flwn the legal-tender act was til'st adopted, in 1862, gold at Olwe
bceame ,,"orth a slllall premium; tlle :No\\' York banks amI tilo hank"
througllOut the couutI'y had snspPIHled specie, payIllent; no Oll(' 'I'as
'obliged to pa.y any debt cOlltracted in golü; the gold seemcd to disap-
peal' frolll tlll' lllal'ket, aild no oue coúld get it when wante(l, excPJlt hy
gOillg to tlle fOl'eign houses, wllo always lü'pt it OH hanfl; mnny peo})]!'
bügall to lun-e tlle idea that gohl wouId probahly go IIp to a ltigh pro·




GOLD PANIC I:\'VESTLGATION. 31
minm, and if they hall gold 00. huml ywuId decline to sellit, un les s they
eould make Romething by it. For so me time after the legal-tender act
was passed, gold wa,s fhrnislled by those foreign houses, and by sorne of
the hanks, at a merely nominal pl'emium; but, as gradually the war
extended, ftlld tite export demalld fuI' gold tltreatened to uC00me large,
the owners of it wero no Iong;er willing to sell at this nominal premium.
:Not only was there fear of a UCmLtllU fol' export, hut p20ple throughout
the country, who \Yere in douut as to what uepreeiatioIl lHight take place
iu the cnrrency, bonght largo amounts of goId and hoardcd it. There
were thonsands of people iu tlw coulltry possessed of wealth, who did
uot know whether, if they took greelllmeln;, tlley were ultiumtely to b~
worth anything. Tbey had llea.nl so mucll about tlle Frenell "assignats,"
and tile Anstrian alld Enssian failures, that they were fearfullest tlle
United States legal-tendel' clll're!ley would go in tho same "'ay; and in
order to make sure of a little scnnething, they uought gold und hid it
away, amI it "as largely on account of this, although a great lllUUy
ncver conh1 IHHlerstallü w1ly gold was at a premiulll, amI attrilmteü the
advallce merdy to tlle influellcc of persons ullfriendly to tlle goverllluellt,
or to tlle \Va1', tbat gold steadily aml rapidly advanced. 'fhe heavy
premiulI1 on gold was tIlo eOllscqnence almost solely of the hoarding of
it by timid people. 1 have in llly possession tahles which 1 think are
illdispntallle-:-at auy rate, whieh luwe often boen pllblis1led and never
Leen dispnted-showillg that tilo am0I111t of go1U hoal'ded in tlle United
States, bet,,"ecn Novcmher, ISOI, alld t1l0 flmt 01' December, lS62, \Vas
oyor eigllty-senm milliom; oí' dollars, besides the whole mnount, that ,vas
in t1le halHJ:..: and pockds of t11e people 011 tIte first-mentioned datc.


As the prcmium went up, for tlte cause:'i 1 have mentioned, it of eOlll'Se
began to attract the attention of illicit speeulators. Thel'e nevor was
anythiug more erronoom; than the uC'1ief that tlle establi::;hment o[ the
gold-room eaused tllis iIlicit specnlation. 'fhere \Vas no speeulatioll in
gold untiJ gold bogan to go IIp an4l people begall to see tlmt they could
lmy gold and seIl it ont at a ]lrofit. \Vhen th~ dealin~!'s in gaje! llegan io
be largo tile unlk oí' tlw business fdl lw.tl1rally illtO the lWl1ds oi' the
large lmllioTl (kalcrR in N(~w York, who ]¡atl uéen al\Yllys unyillg' aml
sclJing forcigu coin brought llore, alHl bllying and selliug gold bars oí'
our OWIl dOlllesticJH'Ofluction. Gradmlll'y tIlO dealillg8 beelllw so largc
tilat ilL fh)1lt, oi' tlle ofti(~l':'i of two 01' thrce of thesc principal Imlliou deal-
ers so gl'cat a erowd of people collectctl as to obstruct the stl'eets, and
the 1l01ice COlllIUissioller:'i of New York passed a resolutioll, somo time
in tlle Sllmmel' of U)(l:!, clptailillg ClfllUuls of polieo offiecrs to keep the
,Jillowalk8 of "Vall and \Villiam strcets, :Ne\y York, cIear, tllcy having
become entirely impassablü O\yillg to thPR(~ eI'O\nls. Up to this time
1I1OSt oí' the (Iealings in gold "'ero emnllarath'ely sUlall in HlllOl1nt. The
brokers wero llrincipally insignificaut people wIlo lmd lJothillg eJsc to
do. Fillding tlwlIlildn~s .lrin'll away fl'olll t1le sitlewalk, they gathered
in a :;!mall room in a l'c:;;tanl'H!lt, lleaI' by. After a while trallsaetions
llecame so large that it b0CaUll' llCCCSSal''y to reut a lal'g:~l' room; lmt so
lUally were t,he delays, disputes, trouhle:'i, amI f1nmTels nrit;illg out of
the transactiolls in thüJ room, amI so large had tIJe bnsiness hecome,
that a numueJ' of ballkers and large hnllioll dealers l'reog'tli:oed the im-
portallee oí" haying tIteir pnl'chases amI saJe,; maüe iu somo l'i:,cognized
placo, a1l(1 of appoiuting' some of theil' OInl cOllJidential clerks to go and
attend. AmI tllen thi:'i Nrw York GoW Exelwngo \Vas foullded. Tite
ol'ganization was in a YCl'y loose and informal way, by thirty 01' forty
of thes8 men meeting' together and agTeeing j hat tltPy would rent a lit-
ti!' l¡al!, iit it IIp witlt sUlIIe e1wirs, amI ano"" any respectaule man who




32 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
chose to pay $100 ayear to come in and buy and seU gold. This was
sorne time late in the faU of 1862. In the sprin~' of 1863 the business
had become so large tllat it was found necessary to perfect a more regu-
lar organization, amI these men got together, adopted a constitlltion,
and ineorporated themselve,s. Umler that constitlltion, whieh was Ycry
careflllly amI prudently drawn, tlle bnsincss has since been earried on,
and undcr it the organization is no,," existing. AH these transactions
are earried on in aeeordanee with the strietest rules, mul, until rccently,
with the utmost good faith. The organization has no regular .charter.
It was urged by many that a clmrtcr should be obtaiueel, but it was
.eared at the time, on aeeount of tho great amI ulll'easonable prejmliee
existing against dealings in gold, and the bclicf by thc great mass of
the peoplc that that business was carried on exclnsiyely by the enemies
of the conntry, that they might not get a charter, amI t11at somc action
lllight be taken whic11 would preYellt thcm fI'OTn incorporating tbem-
selyes. Rence, we are bound together only by a compact, whieh eyery
one who enters into the assoeiation is obliged to sign, under which he
engages to transact all his business in accordance with the regulations
of the board, and to submit aU matters of dispute to, amI abidc by the
elecision of, what is caUed a committee of arbitratioll, UpOll tlle penalty
of losiug his seat iu the board. I wonld fnrthcrmorc say that I doubt
whether there is anywhere in the world auy body of the same nUlllber
of members that the Golcl Board has that represents a larger tlmouut of
eapital 01' business inteUigellee, 01' a larger amount of 11igh eharaeter
and general fair dealing. Tbe gold-room is often a seene of eonfusion
and play, from the fact tbat there are hours of the day when, owing' to
yario11s eircurnstanees, ycry httle busillcss is transaetcu; whcn the large
houses are only represented by elerks, frequently by boys, whose only
<lutS is to be there, and, in case auy great change Rhould m'ise, to notify
their principal s, and also to attend to any slllaU transactions that roay
be required. Gentlemen who have heard of tIle seenes tr::mspiring there
can nllderstand precisely how boys, wllo huxe nothillg to do, sometimes
for four 01' fivc homs in the da y, will lllake a good denI of fun ana mis-
chief, and how it is that serious meu \\110 are obliged to stay there, with
Iittle to do, will sometimes join in the laugh. Tbe Gold Boartlllumbcrs
about four hundrcd amI fifty mcmbcrs, incln(ling, almost without exeep- .
tion, every leading foreigll bunker in New York, and also the leading
bankcrs of tIte U nited States, both dOlllestie alld fmeign. It ineludes,
also, almost all of the highcst class of om forcign and domestic mer-
ehallts, who do llot, perhaps, habitually transad their business them-
selyes, but hayc it transaeted thl'ongh hrokers, yet wIto ure memhers of
the Exelmnge in order to have the privilege of being tbere, goillg in alld
out, amI, if they ehoose, trallsactiug business themsel,es.


Q. Can you strrte what alllOl1ut of eapital the rnellllwrs ofthat Exehange
represent~-A. 1 eunnot; but, as I havo stateel, they inc1ude rnost of the
largest rnercantile alld banking honses in N ew Yor1c I rnake tbis sta te-
mont because, how8\"er it may be understood by this eomrnittoe, it is uot
gcnerally understood hy tho nIaSS of the eommuuity that this Gold Ex-
challge comprises a lal'ger amollllt oí' wealtlt, eharacter, respollsibility,
and honorable, fair dealing than any other organization with which I am
acquainted any\\'here in tlle world. And it does husiness ill\rolving
hundreds of millions of dollars, withont tho first shrCll of lmper, upon
the good faith and simple wonl oí' its members. No written contracts
pass het\Yceu its membel's. AH i8 dOlle wit11 the knowleelge tllat tilo
bulk of it::; YNbal eontracts conld llot he enforccd in a eomt of. law.
And yet, uutíl a quite recent time, there has neyer been a ease wllore a




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 33
memhel' of that oxdmnge has repudiated a coutract fol' five dollars, 01'
fol' auy otller sum.


By 1\11'. Cox:
Q. 'Vlwt do .YOII mean hy contl'ucts whieh cannot he enforced by law ~


-A. Most of the contraets made hy tho gold exchange could I1ot, at
least untillately, he ellforced in law. 'Thore \Vas a law, in tlw first place.
whieh ah,wlntely pl'ohihitell lmying and se1ling' gold for a premium, but
whieh was aftcl'\vard repealed. In the seconu placo, there was a law,
"Ilieh 1 helieve is still upon the Rtatute book, whieh fOl'bids t11e lending
oí' enrreney npon gold sc(mrity, exeept at par. Besidos, tho legal-tendel'
aet itself makos evcry eon'Gnlct for gold payable in greenbacks. A.J aur
rate, it has not ulltil reeently been RUl'Posecl that it was possihle to
enfol'ce in the courts ally eontl'ad made in the gold-room; hut, in the
faee oí' this, as I have stated, until reeently every contract made in tlH'
gold-room has been complied with in goüd faith.


By tlle CUArRillAN :
Q. You gayo durillg yOlU' general statement an explallation of sorne of


the tcrms llsed in goltl transactions. PlAuse explain precisely the tech-
llicaI Il1t'mIing oí" "long" and "shol't.," as used in 'YaH sü'eet "I-A.
A lwn-;oll \\110 has gol(] is said to be "long? alld tbe 111'oke1' or
d('alcr \VIlO h<'ls gold. on hand, whether in large 01' sma]] nll1onnts, j,',
said to he "long," to that extent. 1 eonld not giye you t11e m-igin oi'
thp eXIJl'(~ssioll; it has been in use in the stock exchange for twellty
years. Any Olle wllO has sold gold which he does llOl> l'0SSf'SS, lmt ex-
peets to get, is saitl to be "short." lf 1 to-day sell a lmndrcd thonsand
dollal's 01" golll, wlüeh 1 have not got, but expect to get in Rome way, 1
am said to be a 1nmdred thousand dollars " shOl't."


Q. Picase explain the eharacter oí' the duties of the arbitl'ation com
mittee, oí' whieh .ron are ehairman.-A. 1 haye heen ebail'lllall oí' that
committee on1y durillg tIte !ast few months, covering, howeyer, tlle gold
panic oí' Snpt!~UJ.hel'. Tile (llltics of the arhitratioll eommitteo are sim •
p1.r to take cognizanee of~ and e:xercise juriRdiction oyel', all lllattpl'H ,oi
dispute bet,ween mClllbers of the board arising out of an.r of their COll-
tracts. ' l\1tlluhers are obliged to bring any di.spute which thoy call1lot-
settle amieallIy before the arbitration committee í'Ol' its deeisioll; alld
tbey are obliged to ahido by tl1at deeisiOll.


Q_ Does YOIll' eommittee sit in thc character of a COUl't ?-A. To some
extont. .


Q. Administer oaths, aIld take testimony ?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. State to tlle eornmittee whethe1' any aetioll has heen taleeu by


your eommittee tonching tIle reccnt gold panio i and if so, what has
beea its g'üncl'al eh:ll'aeter '?-A. Yes, sir; the committee has necessa-
rily had before it a great man-y disputes arising out of tI,le panie in
September; and in exmnining iuto t1le facts conncctod with those dis-
lmtes so as to Hett.1e tho same, 1 have, of course, hecome possessed of a
large amonnt of evidence relating to the mattel'.


Q. llaye ;you hall before ;ron as ,yitnesses a large number of persons
conllected witb t11e panie!-A. Yes, sir.


(J,. \Yas it ShOWIl before your committee that any considerable ll111n-
ber of pen;OllS coneerne<l llt it refnsed to make their settlements ~-A.
l0S, Ri!'; a very largo nnmber.


Q, 'Yhat c1ass of mon refwwd, t1l0 buyel's, 01' the sellers ?-A. Both.
Q. From ;ronr ofJleial position in t-he Gold Board, as chairman of tbis


al'bitration eOllllllittee, aml having liad before yon the testimony of a
large number 01' persolls coueemed in the gold panic of thc 23d and


H. Hep. 31--3




34 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION •.
24th of Septem ber, and frOID your expert knowledge as a practical bro-
km, as weIl as j'our general personal knowledge on this subjcct, pIease
state to the cOlllmittee what is your umlcrstanding of the origin, pro-
gress, and results of that IDovCIDcnt, its connectioll with the gold-room,
and the Gold Exchange Bank, givillg the history in chronological 01'-
der.-A. ,Vith tIte pel'lnission of the cOIDmittee, 1 will proceed to state,
as clearly and in as connected a mhnner as possible, the histol'y of the
gold panic, ancl its causes so far as 1 nnclerstancl tIlem, and \Vill try to
state as far as possible tIle SOl1l'ees of my information-whetber the
facts come to me f1'om evielence takea before the eOIIlmittee, or by hea1'-
say only.


Early in the spring of 1869 tIle p1'ice of gold was 10wer than it had
been for a long time previously. Tbe lllerehandisc exports oi' the eOUll·
tl'y had been 1argel' anel 01' greater valne tItan had been anticipated.
'file alllount of bonds oí' the United States goverument, amI of States
anú eorporations, sent to Europe, had likewise be en lurge; amI the so-
ealled balance of tl'aele against the country \Vas judgeel by experts and
merchants to be less than it bad been for mally yeUl'R previous. The
probability therefore was that ItO large exports of coín wonld take place
(luring tIle sumll1er 01' l~(j!); antl these üwts caused tIle price of gold to
decline to the neighborhood oi' 130. Tile merchants and bankers \Vere
aH antieipating continneellarge shipments 01' merchamlise amI securities
ro Enrope dnring the SUll11l1el' of' tlJat ye~H, amI wel'e therefore in exp'ect-
ation oí' having 11 largo amount of gold to seU dnring~the summer,
against these shipments of lllel'chamlise and secnrit,ies. TIte conse-
(¡aCllCe \Vas that dnrillg" the summer 11l0nths the great mercantile and
ílnaneial interests of' New York were at all times what is teeIlnically
caqeel "short" oE gold; that is, they liad sol<1 gold which they llülllot
expect to get llntil thcy hall sent tIlO bond s, securities, and merchandise
to Europe, wlüch theykllew, 01' allticipated, they wonld have orders fol'.
Hnrillg the sumIller llIonths, thl'ee 01' t(ml' attempts \Vere mude by difier-
,-mt persolls, wholtl r do BOt kno\V, to put up the price 01' gohI by spl'ead-
illg reports whieh should induce these mel'chants awI ballkers to stop
;.;('wIing honds to ElU'ope, amI buy lJaek aL an advallced pl'ice tlle golel
which they had solel. These ef'forts \Vere mainly ullsucces:-¡f'ul. They
sncceeded in puttillg np golel two 01' t111'ce times to the neigbborhood of
18,3 01' 136, never much aboye that. The pl'ice ofgoId, dnri11~ the entil'e
~>Ullllllel', rauged fl'OIll 180 to 18G 01' 1:3i. 1 llave said that the merean-
tile alld financial people of' New York expectetl tlmt large Rhipments of
~nerchandise allel gold would be sent to Enrope dllring the summer and
tallo They coulel rlOt semI it all at onee, 1101' conld they send it to aH
püi11tS at once, becanse the transactions were too large. Hut they had
advices from their correspondents on tite other side that tite disposition
01' the people of EUl'ope was to lmy large amounts oí' American bonds.
When American bonds are sent abl'oad tite y are puid to1' abroad in gohl,
which gold is brought ile1'e and soId to pay for them. That is to say,
the bonds are paid for he1'e in eurl'ency, sent to Europe, and paid f'or
thpl'e in gold. The bal1ker here has gold to se11, when he semIs bOlHls
to Enrope, althongh he does not actually bring the gold from therc, be-
cause, exeept in exceptional cases, tIte current oí' gold is from Itere to
Enrope. But, by whatever process the exchange is made, the bomls
¡n'e paid for in gold tilpI'p, amI in cnrrellcy hel'e. Knowing that these
tl'lLllsactiolls were to take place, neul'ly aH the merchallts alld ballkers
",-ere, as 1 have said, lal'gel,y "short" in gold.


Some time in the lllonth of August, acconling to common report, a
l;:rge spcculative clique \Vas formed, consisting, as is kno\Vll, of James




GOLD PANI\.J INVESTIGATION. 35


Fisk, jr., Jay Gould, the firm of Smith, Gould, Martiu & Co., William
Belden, amI E. K. Willard, and probablya number of other persons,
whose names are not lenowll to me. They formed a plan to take advan-
tage of the position of the l1lcrchants amI bankers HO as virtualIy to rob
thel1l of a largc amount oí money. Their plan was to buy up aU the
gold there was in the l1larkct, amI as nlUeh lllore as foroign agonts and
bankers or speeulators were willing to scU them for future delivery; aml
then, by malleu vors which 1 will hereafter explain, pu tu p the market price
so high, aml produce sucha panic among these men as to obligo them to buy
the gold bucle from these men constituting the clique, atalllueh higher price
than they sold it fol'. They lJPgan to buy, so fal' aswe haveascertained,in
tlle early part of September, when golll was in the neighbol'hood of 131
or ];3:3. They hought more 01' less cvery day, ancI sometimes sold a little,
until tho 2:3d of Sept.ember, up to whieh time they are l'eported to have
bought about fifty mi1lious in gold altogot11er. On the :33d of Septelll-
ber tlwy bonght abollt sixty lllillions more. On the evcning of tIle :33d
they are Haid to have had one hnndred anel eighteen lllillions i11 gold.
Tltere were aJtogether in the market abont thirty milliom; in coin, 01' in
United States certÍlficates representing gold. They had bought aH 01'
nearIy a11 this, unll in addition eighty mil1ions more, whioh had boen
Bolel to thelll by foreign agents anel bankers, and to a certain extent by
Hpeeulators who had sold them t110 gold when they did uot have it, but
who, in on1er to make thoir deliveries, had to borrow it. AH this, of
comse, was not generally known at that time, 01' previous to the :34th.
'(lLere is reaUy very little golel to be hael outside of the Treasnry; hut
the fact 1 have stated t11at those parties, on 'l'lmrsday night tIle :33d of
September, had in their purchased possession one hundred alld eighteen
millions oí doIlars oí gold, comes to me on tIlo sworn statement of one
of their principal bl'okers. vVhen thcy had purehased a large amount
of this gold, probably thirty 01' íorty miUions, they began to eirculate
tlle rumor, 01' at a11 events the rumors began to be afloat-about the
middlc of September, as nearly as 1 can recollect-that the parties who,
as the expression was, were manipulating the gold market, had in
le ague wit11 thelH pretty mnch eyerybody in anthority in the Unitod
States, beginning with President Grant amI ending with the door-keep-
ers oí Congress. The President was reported as having a large interest,
as welI as every member of his cabinet, especially tile Secretary of tilo
Treasufy; also a large numbor of the members of Congress. Thel'e is
no donbt but that these stories were set afloat by these ll1en thcmselycs
in order to frighten people illto bnying gold. AmI 1 might say 11 ere,
that so far as llly investigations have led me, 1 llave found nowhere thc
slightest tittle 01' evidence eOllnecting any one with this gold clique ex-
cept tlle knOWIl mem bers thercof. Rut theso rumors were cil'enlated
witll a pertillacity whieh s110weel that it was being done with an object.
A great many people heeame scriously alarmed, and began to think, frOIll
the bolel action of these men, alld from the recklessness wit11 which these
statements appeared every day in tlw publie prints, and also from sorne
aetions of the Secretary of the Treasury abont that time, wilidl 1 most
fully believc were entirely straight :1lld ul'l'igltt on his part, but which
seel1led to eonfirm the belief sorne people hacl tllat he was mixecl up with
them-I Haya great lllany became seriously alarmed, amI began to bllj'
buck the gold thcy had soldo Aml a great many nervous people, wll0
lIad no gold, and who had llotbing to do with gold in a speclllative way,
tearing the cOlllltry >Yas going to wreek and l'uin, also went amI bought
large amnunts of gold. A large nnmber nf speeulators also bought
more 01' les,.; gold, bccause the.y tltOugltt they Haw an opportunity to




36 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
make a great ül'al \Jf lllolley. T1lt' cOIlRPqnellee was, what. with tIte
mllonnt of go]d whieh tIte dique had already hongltt, ami these oth(~r
large pnrehnsp", lI('1'vons peoplo hecame Rtill morp frig1ttenerl, and abont
tite' middle of September the price of gold began to rise rapidly, adYllll'
eillg to 33, 34, ;3.3, 40, and as 11igh as 4~, wItell ppople became lllOI'(~ alld
more cOllyiuced that tbese stories 1TI1lHt be thlRe, nlHI tllOse who had
gold gellerall..,. Rold it out; amI llot mlly sold w11at they 1Ia<1, but, be,
lipúllg that tIle pri(,é of gold was preposterons1,r nml nllllCCeSSlll'ily high,
amI tltat it \yns at an,r 1'atl' to4:allJ' impossil.le for it to go lJiglwl', HO]<1
for plll'110Sf'S of Rpecnlntion largp HmolllltR il! H(hlitioT! to tlwt whieh tl1('~'
lwd preyjon~l..,. bought; i11 other words, sold large amollllts of gold
"shorU' The bu!k of tlw gold h1'ought on tIte Illarlu,t amI ¡.;old \ras
bonght h~' tllis clique, al! this time, nntil, as T haye llef()J'(~ said~ on the
2~d 01' Septclllber 1hey are llPliE'"ed to lmve had sOl1Jc\YllE're near lifto\'
mi11iolls oí' do]Jars. Th!:'y thell llegan to dcY<~lop thelr plans lllore fllll~'.
On the ~3d, they bonght up sixt,Y milliolls, pntting' the price up frol1l l;Y¡-,
where it was th!:' day bcfore, to 144 and 145. Un Fri<la,r t!wy bougltt
sew'nty,nye milliolls more oí' gold, whieh ptli tlte pl'i(~n IIp to lOO. Ou
Thursday the clique had a meetiug; pl'eeisely ",;lI('1'P, r I¡¡¡ye 110t hCL'li
able to ascertaiu, 1101' do 1 know to a certaillty who aíh'lldetl it. Hnt:1t
tlwt meeting yarions plans ,n~r\' diRcuRRed 1'ol' renlizing tite pl'Onts \r IJ ¡eh
theyexpeeted to mak(' fl'olIl tIlese opel'atiolls. .James Fi~k, .ir., i¡.; l'(~p()rtc'd
to have suggest(~d tite following plum;: Tilat on tlw morning of Fl'iday,
September ~4, eyc1'y llmr"papel' in Np,y York should eontain au adyel"
tisement, ill a promillent v1aee, statillg' in snllstanee tIla,t "tho Ulule]',
Rigned, brokors 1'01' tiJe gold dique, are tlle p004SCSRorR of 0110 lnmdred
nnd eighteeu milliom; oi' gold; tl1at thC' following named genUemen and
nnlls are knowll lO Ile short of g'01/1 in thc follo",illg <llllOUllts-gi\'ing a
list of the prOll1inellt broten, anü <1enl('rR in gold, eaeh being sllort s(~\',
eral milliolls; tilat thest' pmti<'s OWil a1l tIte go](l in tlIe hUllks, :ml! all
the gold w1lie11 tlle brokel's amI ílrms !lamed hall hOl'rmYed~ am1 gidn~
11otioo that nntil tlll'PP o'doek tlwt nft('rllOOll gohl eontd be obtailled of
thl' diqup ni lüO, amI that pal'tips 1101 \rilling to !lay .lGO tluring that !lay
would huye to pas 200 fol' it tll(' next ¡by." Aft,,¡' sorne l1iseus¡.;ioll it
,ms agl'eed that thi" pla11 was too lwzanlolls; tlwt tlle goYCrnmellt \Youhl
1I0t }lPl'lllit a tlling like tltat tu lw ([OIJ(', alld t]¡(' pr~jed \Yas t.lJ(~]'d(Jl'('
auandoned. Hnt llwy did ndopt tIle follo\Yillg plan: 'l'lll'y >Yere tü select
t\\"o Ol' lhrce 01' theil' pl'iueipal 1;1'01;.('1'8 ,,'110 ,yen\ to g'O illto t.lte lll~ll'kpt
on Fl'iday 1llOrniug amI huya II tlle gold 011'('1'811 fOl' sale hy Hllyhody; amI
tlwy were uot to he Ratistictl with bllying aH tlle gol<l ofl'E'red for sale,
lmt tIH'Y \Y(,1'e to hid f¡¡l' gohl (''-Pll wlteH therc ,YHf; 1l00W ofTl'l'p!l, HIl(l hny
nt high prices, in accordauce ,,-ith illstrnctioTls whielI might be ,,('nt in
tú them from tilllP to time.


Gold opened tlwt mOl'llil!g at 143. Two or tlIree 01' ilw bl'okm's con,
llcctcd ",itlI tlle dique were early at the I~xeh:lIlg(', amI bougltt Inrge
amounts at 143, H4, aud 1,15, ']'hey wcnt on bU'yillg at illereaflell íignn;s,
np to 1GO, buying during tltp da~' 1101, lesR tlIall sjxty milliom; of gold at
priees Ylll'ying from145 to lGO. It was 110 cloubt prenl'l'allgc(1 that these
mCll sltould 110t l'ecei\'o that gold, 01' pay for it, but tlIat, as Roon as t]¡e
pl'iee had been put U]) to HiO, thc'~- \n~l'f~ to force people WllO w('re "shnrt"
lO come to thelll amI buy gold. 'fIle'y \Vere tll('ll to l'eplHliate tlle brokf'rs
W110 hall hecn buying fol' thern, and refuse to aelmowledgc that they e"er
hall unything to do with t,llelll, bnt Iet thl'lll go by tll(\ board. The
brokel's oill]lloyed fol' this purpose wero 1Yillinm Belden, Albert. Spf'y\'1'S,
ami ,Y. F. Lh'ermorc &; eo. 1 ean prodlH~e de1ailed eviüellee of tlIeir
tl'ansaetions, i1' the eOllllllittee wisIt jt. The plan lllHlonlltccll.r was to




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 37
send these t11ree firms iuto the market, amI then to put up priees to
HiO, amI keep them tlle1'r. Several of tlle orders giveu these b1'okers
have oeen presented hef(we me in tite course of 1ll,Y inYestigations. Oue
of tllose orders rlireets thmll 1I0t to huy gold, lmt to put np tlle priee tú
15(). Anotlw1' Ol'dE'f saJ":'l, put gold up to 1;:;5 at ouoe. The third order
said, put it 1111 to HiO l'igItt away. Tlwse ,vere the terms of tho instl'uc-
tiom; which thrse hrokrfs 1'ecciyetl frolll tIte HH:'.l!lben; of the cliqne. As
SOOIl as tlwy Itrtd tIte priees up to 150 01' 15;:;, tbej" iustrneted thei1' broke1's
to ~('Ild fi)f' tIJe mel'dlauts, bankers, ando b1'okers to wholll they had
10aIwfl g;old belonging to t11e e1iqne, <llHI to get thelll wheueycr they
eould iuto thei1' private offices, amI frighton t11e]]) by sIJowing them
statelllents of tIle position of the clique, th1'eatening them if they did
not hny baek the gohI OH sndl terlIls m; the elüluo SllOllld clictate tlwy
woulU be eompeUed next day to pay 200 for it. 'rhe sfatmuE'llts whieh
tl!ey l'epeatedly maue OH these oceasions were that they had aIl tIte lead-
ing mt'Jl in ,YashillgtoJl witll t 1I0lll; t ha! Grant and aH his family. were
with them ; tlwt no 011e ",unId daro to illtürfcre with tlH'1t1 ; that they had
lIlO!JPy enollgh to bll~' all tlle gold in the Gllited States treasnry, i1' tho
Tr'easurel' sltonltl dl1l'C to seU; amI that if tlte¡;e parties dülllot Imy gold
at once, at lij5 01' lGO, 01' whateyer price they chose to ask them, they
wouId be compolled to pay 200 the l1ext day. On tIte strength of these
rCl)1'('~elltations, mHl \,'ith tIte fact áetually befol'c them that g'old had
risen to lGO, no one could teIl wlwtl!er they had 110t tlle ahility to puf np
tile priee to 200; and most 01' those who "ere" sl101't'' of gold bonght tlli8
go1<1 haek of tl!PIIl at tlwil' own ilgure. It is believed, tllOugh uot known
positiwly, that tllCy sold in t1lat way not far f[,()lll fifty lllillioIlS of gold
OH that Friday lllol'lling, nt prices ranging from 148 to 15;). Bnt the;y
.lid llot :'len HIl:ything" like the amount which they expeeted, aud there-
fore gayo fnrthe1' instruetiOlls to tltl'il' o1'oke1's to continue buying at 160,
flnd they did buy gold in large amonnts at that figure.


TIte effed of tltese Hales, a11(1 tIle appl'aral]ce oí' tile mal'lwt duriug tIle
mOl'1ling of the 24th, ea 11 Ilot, he bettel' ShOWll than by reading, as with
tIte permission oi' the eouullittee 1 will do, an extract f1'om a newspaper
pnblisllCd abont Urat time:


lu the spa~ious Ex.chanp;c room oí' tlw (;old Board, crow<1cc1 as it lwd never hcen
crowded, even in t.he wil<1est ('X(,itenH'llt oí' 'I·ar t.ime.', mnid the stranP.'<:st variations of
deathlike SilCllC(\ all<l tlllllultnous uproar, the pallíd, lmlf cOllseiencc-"trícken lJrok('rs of
tbis p;amlJlinp; cli'jue appe,m,a, ,me atIl·r :luothcr, to do tl1('il' dirty "'orle


By the Jittl., fOlllltaill wltiC'lt plays in lhe cellt(~r of tIlC tloor, a11(1 arounr1 whioh tIw
prillcipallJllsiness is tr:msadcll, Jirst lllW hid al'llse, 14::> iúr $100,000, aJl(l tltero was no
r~spollse, 'l'hcn anotaor 1>i<1, 14G for ~.i1UO,UOO, alJd again IlO 'lIlSWCl', 140, 147,148, 14\1
for $100,000, with a pause hetweell each, all amid llelLt!Jlik() ~i[¡mce,


The llU1Hlrt'<lH gathereü tilen', allll tite thonsauds who reaü lhe olllillOUS words on aU
the telegr:1phic ¡nüicators in ti", principal husim'ss oíliees in thf' citv, a1l(1 tIre lnllHlreds
nf thousalltls who "':ltchc(] thl' tdegraph omct',~ t,llrlJllglwut tIw cOl!Iltry, ~tood appallrd.
Eadl out' 1'er ('cnt. :ulY'lllCe illvolvedlosses of lllilliollS; tlle p;aill was witll tlw dique.
'Who eunId teH ,,'lwt wonltl lw the ell,l? There \Vas llO resistinp; snch 1'ower. 'rlley
c01l1d advauce to 200 if tJH'y .-110'<'. Awl lile u'lIally slIrp;illp;, hllstling, sholltíng lIlass
ofllurnanity erow(]('11 thcrewas heltl 8ilo11t, nllllost lllotiouless, as hy a llllLgic spel!. 1,,0
i8 llOW lJid for ~l(JO,OOO, anc1 .JeRpai!' sluMollly gin'f\ hack Jife to mal1y, TI1p,y rnsa
cagerly to b1<J al1(] hny, Onkrs comc in by telegmph to buy at :llly príol\, l\Iessengers
fl'o!ll aH pa:rts of the city, the p;reat baukr;rH, t1>" Illcrc11ant pri11Cl"8, from np-towll anü
dowll-town, fin'ce t1>eir way in t1>rough tlll.l crllsh, 'lllll givl\ haek tn the brokers tlle
~ellHe of reality ,vhieh they S(ll'Ill to have Iost llmill tlw llrcam-like terror, The stilllless
is sudllenly sllccccded hy fhmtie excitl'mcnt. TrnnsaetioIls oí' enormOllS magn1tmlll ari;
malle alllid tlw wil,l"st ('onfnsioll amI tlw mosí IlIlcarthly sereaming of me11, always ex-
citabll', now tlriven to the. vergo of temporary íllsal1ity 1>y the consciousnesG of ruin, 01'
tlle. delusi vc lll'cam of imUleIl~1J wealth, Bn(, amill fi II the noise amI eOllfllsioll t11e pene-
tratillg voiees (jf the Iea(litlg hrokers of the dique aro still heanl all vancillg thc priee
at ea('h hi<l, :nu] illcreasillg (Iw amonnt of their hi(lsat (,fieh aclvullcc, until at last, with
voice ovcrtol'ping the he<1lam lJelow, the memomble bid lJurst fol'th, " 150 fol' ally l)art




38 GOLD PANIC INVES'rIGATION.
of five millious." Again thl'. 110ise was hU8I1p(1. Terror hecamc del'iete<l 011 every conn-
tenance. Cool, soh"r llH'11 looked at Ol1e allothcr, [llld 110tel1 the ashy pulellesH that
s]Jl'l'nd over al!. E\'en those who hacl hut httle 01' 110 inteI'0~t:tt stake were seizcrl \Vitll


'the illfectio11 of fear, ami wen; eOl1seíolls of a great cvil approaehillg. AmI frOIll tlle
Rileue(, agniu ('ame forth t1mt shriekiug bid, "160 for fi ve millious," allllllo Ullswer i
"161 for Ü\'C millions;" "IG2 for fin; mili ion s," 5till 110 'Uns\Yt'I'; "162 fol' an,)" part oI
five millions." Ami a qnitlt Toiee sUÍ<I, "Sohl oue milliou at 162."


Tllat qniet Toiee broke the fasciuation. The bid oi' 162 was BOt rCll()wed. But, 161
was agaiu bid fin' a million, amI tlle Ram e quiet, Toiee said, " 80ltl i" amI the bi<l of lGl
was not l'ellewed. Bnt 160 was again bid 1'01' íil~e Ulillions. 'fheu tlilllly it Üa\YlH·tl
UpOIl tho 'l'lickcr-witted oncs that fol' some l'eaSOll m' othe1' tito gamo wn~ np. A~ ir hy
magnetic sympathy the SltIlle thollght vasseü tlll'Ough tlte ero ,"a at ouee. A dozclI m,'a
leapt filriously at the bidder, amI claiuwtl t;) havo 801<1 tllc wholo Jive milliollH. 1'0
tlleir horror tltc hidder stood his gl'Oun(1 al1,1 (I"clar"d Iln wonl,1 take all. Bllt before
the words llad fairly passed llis lips, beforc the terror at, his aetioll had had tiwe to gain
Ulcn's heal'ts, thorc was a 1'1I8h amid tho crowd. ~ew lllCll, wild with fl'e~h excitmucut,
crowded to thc harriers. In an instant the I'nmor was ahro:ul, the 'l'l'(,asnry is se·lliap;.
Qnick as thought rnen l'ealizcd that it was 1I0t safe to se]] to tlw di(lllO hl'oke1'8.
Scarcely any oue no\\' wHuted to huy. All \y]¡o hatl boup;ht were maLl Lo sel! at auy
IH'ice, hut íhere \Yere no buyers. In leOis tillle than it. takl'H to wl'ite ahont it tlw llriee
fel! fl'Om 162 to 1:~5. 'l'he great gigalltic goll1 hubble hall burst, awl half 'Vall stn'c;t
was involvcd in J·uÍn.


This break in the p1'ice evidently created a ve1'y decídC'd disarrangC'-
ment in the plalls oí' the clique. They had sold la1'ge alllOllllts oí' go!d
at príyate sale, as I ha,e already statt'd, lmt llothing ]i1;:e as much as
tbey expected to sel!; and the conseqnence "as, they "ere 1eft, b.v t11is
smldelL fa]] in the p1'ief', tlle holders of a large allloullt of gold, \\'lti!'ll
had eost them llluch lllorethan it, eonld he sol<1 1'01' in t11e market. Xot
only tlmt, hut tlwy had loaued tbis gold to a great mally mercbants amI
hankers, fi'om wl10m tbey had reepived enrrmwyas sceurity, in 1l1Hlly
cases as higb as 155 01' 1üO; amI aceonliug to the rules of tho hoard,
tlle llIomeut the p1'ice fell to 135 thpy were in a POSitiOll to be eallrd
UpOl1 by ever,yllOdy who had hOl'rowcd golcl oí' thelll or oí' thcir brokt·1':'"
to l'eturn tlleir margins, amI if they were not ahlo to respomI by 1'('-
turnillg those lllal'gills, t11ey would be deelared ballk1'upt, aud t11e g'old
wonId haye beell sold out fol' t11ei1' aeeoullt, at the hoanl, by t.IlO ¡JPl'-
sons who had borrowecl it, in order to get as mueh as theyeould of t1l('i1'
money haek. It was, t11el'pfore, a Yory great o~jeet with them to pn'-
vent any one from hcillg' aIlowed to sdl nuy gold fin' their aeeouut, lill-
del' tbe ruling of tlle board; amI in order to pren'nt, that, t.hey ob-
t.ail1ed, in a very extl'ao1'dinary spaee of time, somo of thom as early as
tlw next 1\fonday, injnnetiolls from varions eOllrts in the State, pl'enmt-
ing t11e board, Ol' auy member'of tho board, from se1ling out any gold,
for aeeonnt of any one oi' tlle numel'OUS strillg of brokers \1'110 had be en
doing business for them; and, also, against thcir O\vn hrokcl's, l'estraill-
ing tlWIll frOlll settlillg an,y eOl1traets; amI, also~ agaillst. t.ho Gold Ex-
ellallge Bal1k, re8t1'aining it ti:'om payillg oyel' auy lmlnnces; amI agaillst
tho officers of the board, restraining them fl'OlII tl'ying HlIy of thoAe
membel's fol' t.heir default.


By the CHAIRi\IAN :
Q. In the eon1'8e oi' yonr testimoll'y yon stated tllat tlle eOlldnd of


the Sceret.al'y of tIte Treasul'y was sue11 as to gi\'e tIte impl'cs;o;ioll of hl.~
being in sorne way 01' other in leagne wit11 tite gohl dique. 'Yhat \yuS
that eOlHluet to whieh ,ron rofer '?-A. That he hall fi)}' sotlle tinw }ll'l'-
Yiousl~~ dimil1ished 01' suspended 11i8 8ales of gold. 1 do not re 1lI Clll be!'
the preeise time whell th(~ Iast gol!! mlS sold by ltim lweviouH to tltat.
As llear as T ean remember, there was no go1(I oftt\l'pll iJl Septclllhel' llil-
til after tIte panic; whereas, in pre,'ious months it had he en sold witlt
sorne degree of regulal'ity.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 39
Q. State :llIy other fhcts on wbicb that supposition' was based.-A.


I cannot mention anythillg else, except the l'eiterated statements on the
part of the persons supposed to be interested. They asserted that the
President, aud, as the expresflion was, " Bontwell," was in with them.


Q. Please state to the cornmittee, as near as you know~ who made
profits, alld who lost, in these operations.-A. TIle great gaillers by
tIte operation were tIle clique, aud sorne few speculat,orR who joinetl
hands 01' feIl in with them. The principal losers were the 111erehants
and bankers of New York.
(~, vVe1'e any considerable number of the mercltants, hallke1's, aml


men doing a legitímate business, 10se1's by these operations ~-A. Ycs,
sir, a very large lllunber; almost eyery one of them, to a greater 01' less
extent.


Q. Can yon make :tIly appl'oximate estímate of the alHonut lost
by the whole transaction ?-A. 1 can estímate from some state-
ments made by their brokers, not under oath, but prívate stat.ements
made by them on the day of tIte panic, that the cUque must haye Teal-
ized over twelve milliolls of dollars profits. In the latter part of tho
day, thcy no doubt 10st severely; fOl" they were lal'ge sellel"s of gold at
10wer IH'ices than they bonght fol'. :;\Iost of tIte gold bought for tbem
on Friday tIte,y lmve uot aeknowledgecl, nor has it eyer beeu reeeiycd
bv tbem.


o Q. If they had settled aU their tram;actions, aceonlillg to tho rules of •
tItc Golcl Exchange, whut would lmvo been tho result ?-A. Thcy would
haye lost twellty miIlions of dollul's at the lcast.


By 1\11'. I~YNCH:
Q. Do yon mean to say that they really mude twellty millions 01' more by


not seIli1lg ?-A. Bxaetly. In thpil' OWIl offices, Ol" in tlw offiees oi' theil'
Ill'ivate b,mker¡.;, they 1I1:1(1e, 011 that Fl'iday, 1Iot less than tweh'e mil-
lions of dollars; amI if they had succecded in selling an their golcl
10an8, they prohably wonId have malle not Iess titan thirty milliol1s,
But on a part oí' the gola they 10Sí, insteau oí' making; ancllost heayily
ou that Jast day.


By }\fr. JUDD:
Q. Did tllPy pay all those losses 'I_A. Yes, sir; on the transuctions


whieh they chosn to acknmyledge. l~nt, as 1 have said, uot on the
transactions oí' tbeir brokers, at tIle high rates of Friday. In fact, it
is well understood, altltough tlwre iR llO positi,'e proof of it, that thel'o
~\Yas a ¡Il'üconccrtcd plan that those brokers \Yere to faíl that day.


Q. PIcase statc whether tIw bl'okers, whielt 1 nnuerst.ood you to say
were ahout 1 \Vcnty in IIUlubel', 111 tlle emp]oy of tbe ClifJllO, wore
thorong'hly posted in what they \Yere doillg.-A. Somo of them were;
others \Yore noto


Q. Who were tIte ODOS takcll into tItcir confidenee ?-A. E. K. 'Vil-
lard, Osbol'lle & Cammack, Chapin, Bowcn & Day, are generaIly be-
lievecl to have been in their confidence; and 1 llligltt mention others
abont whom 1 am more Oi' h~ss Ilouhtfnl.


Q. State in what l'cspect the cliqlle ,'iolated thc rules of tlle Golfl
Exchange in their trallsactiolls.-A. In almost every respecto Thcil'
brokers rcfnscd to reeeive gold which titey had bought, amI refused to
dcliwI' gold wlJich thcy had soldo


Q. What action, if auy, has :rour Gold Exchange taken with rcference
to these violatiolls of theil' rules'I-A. None.
(~. vVhy noto/-A. Bceause ít has ueell forbidden by the courts.




40 GOLD P ANIC INVESTIGATION.
By the CHAIRlVIAN:
(~. Please exhihit to the cornrnittee thc illjunetions or decrccs of tbe


court pre\'enting your uoard fmm bl'inging these people to their l'espon-
sibility nnder your rules.


'file illjlllletiollS were here exhibited, and are as fo11oW8:
Suprcmc court.


\VILLLDl n. LLOYD AKD CIIA~LES H. HA~IILTOX, plaintiffR, ~ 8Ulllmon8 fOJ' rdicf. Com-
ar¡awRt )laiut sorved


TIIE NEW YORK GOLD EXCIIA",GE llXN'K, defemlant. 1 L •
1'0 Ihe defclIdollt:


YOll aro lwrcby SUllllllOIlCtl anc1rcquircd to auswer tho complaint in this aetiol1,of
which a copy i8 hcrcwith sen-cd npOll ~-on, aml to sm'YO:1 copy 01' yonl' answer to thc
"aid cOlllplaint on the sul!s<TilwrK, at tlleir otlicc, No. 4 Pine strcet, in file eity of New
York, within twcnty (1u~'s aftor tho sCl'vice hcreof, exc!nsÍ\'" 01' tlw d~l.)' of such so\'vie~',
amI if you fail to :1nswol' tho cOlllplaint within tIlO tilllO afol'csai,!, ti", plailltiíl's in tlus
action will apply to t.lle court for tilo rdicf ,1emanded ill thc eompl:lint.


DatedNcw York, October 4, 1S6D_
FIELD & SIIERMAN, I'laiJ/fijj:" Attorr!<'Ys.


Supremo court.-city :lnc1 county oí New York.


\VILLIAM M. LLOYD _-h'íD CIIAHLE,; H. I-I,DIJLTON, plaintiffs, ~
agoil1Rt Complaillt.


TIm NEW YORK GOLD EXCIIAXGE R\NK, dcfemlant.
Tho ]llaintifI's cOIllplaill amI allegc-
:First. That tbc dcfendaut i8 a ha11king corporation, <lnly organizo!l uueler tho la~s


01' this State, loeated am1 l10iug husiness ill the city of Ncw York as a gol<l clearillg-
house.


Second. That the plaintifis uro crc<litors 01' the s:Lil1 cOl'poration in an tlmouut ex-
ccoding twenty-ono tllOusalld dol!al's.


Third. That the saiel corporation has admitted to the plaintiffs that thcre is a large
lJalalH'f) to tlwir c1'cclit in its hallrls, hut tleclarcs its illahili1,y Lo make out n. stn.tcmcnt
oi' such halances, 01' to ascmtain thc mnollllt thercof', and has r<li'llii,:(l f.o lrlako an'y s11ch
staten1f'nt 01' to pay tlle l)!aintiffs any part tlwreof; alillOugh the pIaiJltiJt:~ l'egucstc!l it
tI) do so.


Fourth. That, as the plaintiff.~ aro informel! an<l helieyc, tlle said corporation is in-'
solvent., amI is ilHlebt.cd to variolls Iwrsoll8 10 tho alllOllllt oí' sevoral millions oi' doIlars,
which it i8 Lln,¡,ble to payo ,


("inh. That the affairs oi' tho said corpomtiOll are in a state of clltiJ'<~ eonfnsioll; it
has beca unablo to makc up its aCCollnts fuI' several da.ys, amI thcm is great dtmger
that unless its afl'airs are wouml up by this court, its fUl1ds wil! he paiü out to persons
not ('ntitlod to mceivc thli sanw, aud its assets Wllsted :Llld irrotrievahly Iost.


\Vhcrci'orc lhe plaiutiíI's dClDall(l jnclgmcl1t-
1. That the deJendant be dissolved.
2. That tlle üefemIm1f., its offi('crs, agouts, ancl scrvants, be restrail1Cü by Ífljullction


fl'Olll exercising any 01' its corporate rights, privileges, 01' fmllehises, frolll collecting
el' rcceivillg any dohts 01' demall(!s, anlf frolll paying out (Ir iu ¡wy way transfclTillg ()r
Llelivel'illg to any person auy of the 1D00le~"S, propel'ty, 01' effeets oí' tIw (1cfcudant.


:'. That a receiver he appoint.cd to takc chal'ge of the propcl'Ly amI eft'ccts 01' tho <le-
fCl1dal1t, to eol!eet., slle for amlrccover tho dehts am1 domands that. ma.y he tluc, aud i he
p1'operty that lllay helol1g to the dcfelldant, aud in general to '\'llld 111' am1 settIe its
affairs.


FIELD & SHElnlAN, Pl([illfijN Allomey8.


CiTY A]o,'D COUNTY OF NEw YOTIK, ~8:
Charlos H. Hamilton, beil1g duly 8W01'n, sa.ys that he is thc plaintiff in t.(w a.hoye


elltitlcc1 actiou; that the eornpl:lÍllt. henlÍn i8 inlC oi' his own kllow1edge, oxcept as to
tite matÍl'r therein stated on illfol'lllation aml belief, amI as to tltose maitcrs he helicves
it to be trUll.


CHARLES H. IIAMILTON,


8,,'oru to bc>fol'o llle, this 4th (by oi October, 1869.
T. B. ELLIOT, Nota/'y Publico




GOLD PAISIC INVESTIGATION. 41
Supremo court.
BEXJAMJ~ F. CARVEI1 AND OTHEHS ~


a{Jaill8t Notice of appearancc.
TIIE XEW YOUK GOLI) EXCIIANGE llXNK.


Sm: PleaHe take notice that we aro retailletl by allt1 appear fol' the defendallt ín thc
ahoyo cl1titlcd action, aml herehy dClllanu that a eO]lY of thc cOlllplaillt, ancl an other
papers in saü1 :wtiOll, he scrvcü on us, at onr officl', No. :H Nassau street, (corne!' of
Cedar, B:tllk of Commercc Building,) in the city o[ Kcw York.


YoUl'S,&c.,
~IAl{TIN & S~nTH, AttO¡'¡WY8 fOI" Drfenc7ant.


H. S~L\LES, Esq., PZaintiffs' Attol"ncy.
Sllprcme court.


B:~.'O.DlIN F. C.IUVEH AN]) 'Y.lTTS C.urnm. l'lailltiffs. ~ S ti· l' f C l' t
. t . . ummons onc I!'. omp mn .


a(lall/8. scrvcü
TIlE NEW YOHK GOL]) EXCIIAXGE ll.L·\K, tldcndallt. .


]'0 thc(/(fl:1ldalll:
YOll are hl'l'(,loy HllllllllOllCd mH1 requircd to alls,,'cr the cOlIlplaint in this action. of


wbi"h :1 ('0I',Y ¡,. lwn'\\'ith serve,l npoll you, an<1 to scr,\,() a copy of your answer to tlJo
said l'Ol:!pJaint OH tlle Hubscrihcrs, at their ofllce, No. 4 Pille street, in tll() city of .:\ew
l' ork, witldll h\'crdy day" aftel' tIte sCr\'icc 11e1'oof, exclusive of HIC day 01' sucb servicc,
nnd if ~'Ot1 fail tu unswel' tIlO complaint wit.hin tlw tiUJe at'oresaid, tllü plaillt.iffs in tbis
IIdioll ,,:in nl'ply to tIlO eourt, fOl' thc rclicf demanded in the complaint.


J)att-Il Kc\\' York, Oclohcr tí, 1809.
FIELD & SHER~IAN, Plaintitrs' Att01'l'fy8.


Supremc court, cit.y ane! connty of Xew York.
llEx.H.;.nx l"',CAI:n;,11 AXD.\Y.UTfJ CAItVEH, plaintiJfs, ~


{{f/(WI,t
TlIE ::-IEW YOHK GOLn ¡·;XCII.\XGE R\XK, dcfcmlallt.
1'he phtintifl~ eOIllplaill and aUe¡..(e-
First. That t1w ddimdant is a b:mking eorporatioll, dnly organized under the ht\Ys


of this State, and cloillg business in the city 01' Ncw York as a hank and goltl cleal'ing-
hOURC.


SccolHl. That t,hn 1'Iaintift;; (11'(, c.reditors of tho said corporation in un amount cxcecd-
ing fourteell thOllS:UH1 do11ar", tlmi alllount haying ueon rcceivccl by tbo (kfnndant
for the p!:tintiffs' use, amI tI", dcf"nülIi,t h:,Ying rpf\ls(\(l to pay t.lle l'h:intiffs aH'y part
thercof, although requeRt,,([ h~- tIlO l'lailltitfs to do so, anu althougll the dcfemlant has
ilcllllitted tn t ho pl:tintifti-J thnt tlJe sa,ne iR dm' to thl.·lll. '


Thi1'(1. TIJUi, as the plaill(ift·" are infol'll\('(l :Ill,l h"li8YO, thetlefcllllant is insolvcnt, aml
is indebtcd to variollR perHOlW in vlOr.\' large nlJloullts whirh it is unublo to l'ny, a;1<l it
has pai<l ont largo SUlllS of lllonc:y t.o persónrJ "ot elltitlerl thcreto, to thc llrejUl1iec of its
real <:retlito1's.


Fourth. 'l'hat t,hc llffairs of the tlcfendant are in a. state of üntirn confnHion, and it
has benll unablc to make up its aeeonnts fol' R",yenü tlays, aud tItare is grcat daugcr
that ullle~s its affair~ aro \Yountl 111' by t.hi8 ('unrt, its 1'lUuls will be paitl ont to persons
llOt cntitlecl to l'()CelV() tho samo, amI its assd8 w:mted amI irl'etricvably lost.


Wherdon, the plaintift·s ücmaml jn<lgmont-
1. 'l'hat tho (kfell<1:mt. he (lisso!\'étl.
2. That. the üefcllüant, ils officers, agents, and servants, he rest.raille(l by injnnction


frolll cxc1'cisinp; ally of its cOl'porate rights, privileges Ol' frallcltiscs, [rom ~ollccting 01'
l'eceiving any debt::; or (lt~n1:11HI.:-!, anc1 frorI1 paXing ont, 01' in aur "~:1y transf~~r1'ing- oI'
clelivel'ing tu :cuy persoll, any of the moneys, property, 01' e:ft('cts of tlw,lüfclldallt.


3. Tlmt a recciver be appointcd to take: eh argo of tlw ]Jropert,Y and e1l'eets 0[' the de-
ft>ndant, to ()llllpct, Slle fin', atH11'üco\'cr thü debts am1 demands that may])'" flne, and
the prope¡·ts tlmt !llay heloug to the defclldant, :11u1 in gc;neral 10 wiml up aud set-
tIc its affairs.


FIELD & SHElnrAN, P/a;nti,U's' Attonwy8.
CITY AXD COlJ:->TY 011 N¡.:w Yo](](:


Benjamin F. Carver, heiup; üuly s\\'orn, says that he is one of tlw l)laintiffs in the
ahove entitle<l aet.ioll; that tlle eompla.int hE'-l'f~ill is trne of his O\\'ll kuo\\'lerlge, except
as to tlw 11lattonl which a1'('· therein state<l to be Il]JOll iuformation allf1 helid; alld as to
those mattem he hclie\'cs it to be true.


Swom to before lile this
llEN.TAMIN F. CAHVER.


(lay of Oetober, 1869.
lmWARD ENSIGN,


Notar!! Public, New York County.




42 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Snpn'me conrt.


CHARLE:; J. OSHORK, plailltiff, ~SUlllmollS for rclief.
agaillBt


'fITE NEW YORK GOLD EXCIIANGE DANIe, llefcllllullt. servcd.
COlllplaint


1'0 the defenilant :
YOIl are' hcreby summollcd alld rcquircc1 to allSWCl' thc eomplaint in this 'lctiOll, of


whieh a copy is herewith ReJ'TC(lllpOn ~'on, ~lHl to serve :t copy of yOlll' allSWel' lo 1 he
sai<l cOlllplaillt On thc subscribeTs ut their "mee, No. 4 Pine strect, in tIlO eity of Ne\\'
York, witllin tw(mty (layr; atter the servicc hereof, cxclusive of tlJe (1<\y of snch s(;l'yiec',
:md if you fail to :tnswcr tIlO eomplaint ,,'ithin HI(' timo :tfol'csai<l, llw pluilltiff ill thi,
llctioll v;il! apply fo the eourt ü)r th(' rdicf demaudc<l in the cOlllplaiut.


Datcd Xew York, Septembcr 28, lSfJ9.
FIELD & RIIEIDIAN, PlllinliJJis' AttOI'IIC!J8.


Supreme eourt, cit.') amI eounty of K e,,· York.
CHARLES .J. OsnORx t
agllill~t Compluiut.


NEW Ymm: COL!) EXC1IAXGI<; BAXK. 'frIE
The plnilltiH' eomplnills [LmllLllegc8-
FiI'~t. That the <lef('l1llant is a l'ol'poration <lnly orgallized b~' ana un der the laWR of


the Srate' of New York, located amI lloillg ]¡usiuess iu tlle city of New York, as a gol<l
e}f'-:1rillg-hollse.


Secolll1. Tht!t the plaintiíf is a creditor ofthe sairl cOl'poration in an amonnt !'XCl'P<!-
ing S:iJ,()()().


'1'hi1'(1. Tlwt, in n(lditiou to its nsual bauldug business and in its charader of a cIcn\'-
ing-hollse, it ü; the custom all(l bnsÍlwss of the sai,l corpomtiou· to rccei \'0 from its
dealcrs dail~' statcmellts 01' 1l1eit· trallsac1ions lJetween ca eh otlw1' iu g-olU ckarin¡!, tlle
aUlOunt llne 1'0 01' mYÍng by tIll'lll to cach otlter. 'file suid bauk titen malees a dear:mce 01'
general babuee of sai(l several acconnts of its ,lenlcl"H, and places t,o the dehit, or cl'edit
ofits <lcalel's, as tite case may be, nl'0ll its books, the bal:1ll~e~ w[¡ieh in such el"arauce~
ap]Jcnr to 1'0 (lllt, to nr from tllcm, respcl'tiyclYi tlw dealcrs havillg balances to tlwir
(],>bit pa~' tlw StUlle iuto tlw han1" whi<-h tllell ll11rlcrtakes, f()ríhwith, to pay to tlw
orlwr (k'all'rs tlle balan~cs stallll!llg to thcir Cl"l'dil resl'ee1ivel:y.


Fourth. Tlint, hy 1"C:lS011 oí" 811ch a con!".',!, oí" lmsinc'ss amI eustolll. tlle eOl'l'cetlH'S:< of
8nl'h g"lwml dear:lllce of ~ueh de bits aJHI crc<1its is entirl'l~' <!"l'cwl"lIt lIjJO]l tite ('01"-
rl'l'tllt·"", of su,,]) s('vcm] <luil" stat~llleuts, so as afol'csaid 111a<1e to it, ~nrl thl: aiJility of thp
saidl.lauk tu ]llty its SG\'{'r:ü',lealors any ÍJal:l.ne(·s (lne tot!1()1ll is libo eutin:ly(!eI;(:IJ,lent
llJxm 1110 ]la~·lllent to tll(' ballk oí' the aCI'Ollllts or balances (b", lo it frotll ih ']"alers:
and 80 nnmeron:; are the transactioll\; of its de"Iers among th(,llIs(,I\'(,S th"t tlw failn!'e
of any OJI('. of tllCm to pay to t1w hank t!tll hal:lllce llne from !JiJll wil! inedía])ly till"()W
into ~onfllsion t1lC acconnts (JI' a largc 1l1llubcr of its ot.her deall'rs, ';0 that saí,l l"lllk ,
eaullot s:tü'ly pay to :llIy of jts ¡]{'a.1el's any h:llllnei'S (lne to tlwm until al! aJl(l "Y('ry
oftlw aCl'onuts or balances ,lu" Ü'OIll tIte othe!" ,lealem are lmill.


FinJ¡. 'J'hat, as tlH.l plainti11 is ill[ornwt! amI Ldien's, tlu:re is a lal'g-e amount to his
credit llllll to tlw ere.dit oí" nl:lny other 1)(,1'8ons in it,; ha1HIs, lmt. the offi.ccI"H profess :m
I'ntil'e inahilit,l' lo lllake a statemcllt oi' 811<:h balances orto ascertain tll<: [Lmount thereof,
alHl llave refnsp,] to make ally sueh staÍ<'meut 01' to l'ay tllO I'laintit]" any part of tl1<'
balancc <lile to !Jilll, aHhough tll<'. plaillti1f has re'lll<:sted i1. to <lo so.


Sixth. That tlle f;ai,1 COlUp:nl'y is illsolvcnt :lml iudclJtell lo \"lIriOIlS l'prsons in tlw
amOlUlt. of several milliolls (jf dnllnrs ,,;Ilich it is llll~l'¡e to pay,


Seycllth. '1'hat tIlC affairs of tl1<' sai.l comp:llly al"e iJl iL statn of cntil"l' cOllfu~i()Jl; it
has becll ulInble to make up ils accouuts rOl" ,;everal da)'s, alld the1'e is great <langpr
that unle~s its aft':tÍrs aro wOlln(lnp hy this court its funds will he pai<l Ollt to l",r801L,
uot elltit1cd to receiy,' the SlttIJC', aud itr, assl'Ís wastt-d aml irrelrie\"ah]Y lost.


"Thel'eforn tl)(' plaintiff demallrls jnc1gment- ..
1. 'l'hat the defl'lldnnt be llissol\'ed.
:!. That the defencla.nt, its off1ccrs, agclIts, amI sC1"\"auts, be rcstraiJled by illjundiolls


fl"OlH (;xereising any of tilo corpor'tÍL' l'igllts, l'rivileges, 01' franchises, of tho defeud-
ant; from collectiug 01' rccci\'illg any (lebts 01' <1c1l1'lIlfls, amI f1'Olll paying" out, or in any
\\'a~' tr:msf."Ting 01" cleliveriJlg to :my pcrsoll, any o[ tIlO 1lI0lll'yS, pro]lcr1y or dI,:c!:; in
its 1'08st;ssioll, anll from rl'e<:idng from its tl('"lers any balances tluo from tlWlll, nllll
frolll eleal'ing auy 01' the accoull1-s of its (1<>al('l's, and fmm paying to an~T 1'''1"80U or p<'1'-
Bom; whatsoo\'er any halances which lIla,\' appcar hy its books,or by said account.s of
~s dealers to be dll() to thelll.


:t That,;] rec,·iver be apl'ointed to t,ake ch:tl"go of the prnpnrty:tml ofr"cts of t!J(·
<lefelHlant; to colleet, sne for, aJl(1 r('cover the llebtR aUtI tll'lll:tmls. bala\{c('~ \V hieh llWy 1),·
due. aud the propcrty that lllay bclong to tlw <lden(laut; tu receiYc the staÍl'llIl'uts a1\(1




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 43
accouuts of its said dealers, an,1 to make a clearauce thereof. uuder the direction oi"
t he eourt, amI in gCllfwal to wiud np amI settl,) tite affairs of tIte saillllefelluaut.


FIELD & SHER)IAN, Plaillti.tf8' Att01'neil8.
CITY AXD COU"'IT (JI' 1\E\\" YORK:


Charles .J. Osuorn boing' duly sworn, says that he is the plaiut,iff in the above eu-
titled actioll, amI that th" foregoing complaint is true, of his own knowlcdgc, cxcept
as to t hot:e mn tt,'rs t hercin stated on information amI uclicf, and as to those matters
110 believes it to he truco


C. J. OSBORN.
Sworn to ¡¡efore lile thc 28th day of Septeml¡er, 1269.


I1IOR'l'IMER SMITlI,
Xotaril PlIMie, XCH' rOl'k.


Supremc conrt, eity :mcl C011nty of New York.
CIlAItLES .T. OSIJOHN ~


lIf/aill",1
TrIE KEW YORK GOLD EXCIL\1\GE BAXK.


eny AND COUNTY 010' KI';w YOIlK, 88:
Cn.\RLES J. O,mon:\", heing duly ·sworn, says :
First. 1 am tlJe plaintilf in this act.ion.
Secon(l. r llave re:HI tlw eomplaillt herein, and except so faI' as tbe same. i8 true of


my OWlI kno",lcdge, t1HJ statemeuts thcrein are founded 11pon admis8ious made to me,
01' in llIy prescncc, hy oflieers ana agents of the defellüant, having fnll Imowledge of
its af'tilirs.


Third. The acconnts of tlle df'fen(lant for its transactiollH OH Tlmrsüay Jast, Septem-
ber 2:1, lBG!), covering Illally millions of dollars, \\'ere not made 11P whell tlle dflfendmlÍ
dOClcll uusincss un Saturday, the 25th of Septembcr, HioB, a11l1 thfl halances due upon
snch aCCollllts W(\l'e uot paid nt 12 o'clock, noon, of thiB ,hy, if thoy have been paid at
al!, amI Hw ddjJlldant's oflicers have openly dcclarcd their entim imLhility to make a
statemcnt of such account, or to settlfl thfl halances thereoll, unlcss some of thcir cred-
itors woulll !t,lYance to tlw <lefemlallt a \'c1'y large Sl1m of money to pay dehts dne the
defendant from otller persons, which it was unahle to c01lcct; amI one 01' more 01' its
créditor" have a!lyance(1 a eonsitleraule l>art of this 8lUn, hut have, nevertheless, not
attainetl a settlelllclIt of the saÍ<1 account.


FOllrth. The transactions of dealers with the said hanle, on Frida,y last, Soptemher
24, Hl(jH, alllollllt.e(1 to H(weral hUlHlrelllllillions of aolla1's, amI that the said defendant
has not yet heg-ull to lllakc any statemcllL of 8uoh trallsactions; an!1 tlle officem of tlw
defclldant, having charge ofits affairs, havo llot dnly d"elare!1 their cntire inability to
make up tlw. a!:counts of t.he saill Friday, until the s:lid Thursclay's acconnts haye been
settlc!l, 1m!, l'efusc to say whether they wonIc1 be abIe to make a settlcment of Friday's
accounts in aHy case.


Fifth. 1 ftlll illfonnml by somo of 1.he officers oi' the dcicmlant tlmt it has made con-
sideraulc paymellts, on aCcollnt of its transactiollS OH tI", said Thnrsday, to a fey¡ ÍtLYor-
ite ncditors 11pon a basio of a statclllellt of t1w accounts, whieh was afte1'wanl f011m1
to be unrcliablc, ana 1 helieve tlmt the paymcnts thns made have so far rp,duced tlw
assets of the üetimuant as to have !lt'8troyeü its a lJility to settle the accounts upon
their tme basis.


Sixth. 'rhe defcndant's capital i8 only five hlll1(!reü thousalld dollars, aJHl 1 mil in-
forme/l, anel believe, that itA Iiahilities, uy reaso:J of tIte saill payments amI thc general
cOllfnsion of its aecolluts, cxceed its good aUll collectaule assets Ly much more th:m
tlmt, sumo


Sworu hefore me this 28th clay of SOl)t,emher, 1869.


By MI'. S:UUTII:


C . .J. OSBORK.


MORTIMER S~nTII,
~Yotal'y Public,","V. 1:


Q. State whet110r certified check s on national banks were used by this
g:ol<l dique to onable them to inflate the price of gold.-A. 1 llave heaI'd
t11ey were, to a VPl'y large extellt. 1 lmve be en told t11at t11e Tenth Na-
tiollal Bank, on t110 23d of Scptembor, cel'tified for brokers of the clique


. to the extent of thirty millions of dollars, but 1 do not know it to he
tho fact.


Q. PIease state yonr opiniou of the effect upon the commercial inter-
ests oi' No\\' York oí' a law forbidding natiollal banks from issning ce1'-




44 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
tified checks.-A. 1 think such a law would he highly injurious. The
right 01' uational ballks to certify checks is very easily almseu, jnst as
the right to do business at the Gold Exchange, ¡¡ud the right of cIearance
at the 001<1 Ex(~hallge Bank, hayo heen shamefully abused. Bnt it is
most essential to the transaetion of business clown town that the banks
be allowed to eel'tify cheeks.


Q. ls Hot the practice as now canie<l OJl a practical inflatioJl of the
cnrreucy'f-A. 1 tltink noto This certification of checks by the hauks
is uot eqnivalont to an iuflation of tlle cl1l'l'euey, becamlC it is simply a
piece of machinery. The maia use to wllÍeh cel'tified cltockR are put is
t1lis: 11'01' oxample, suppose 1 do business for three 01' four of tho Iargest
hankiJlg-hol1ses in New York, lmying' alld selling large am0l111ts of gold
allcl government honds for them. 1 fl'equelltly may lmy ovcr a Illillion
of bondR at OIHl time for one large hOllS(' whiclt expol'ts t1le b01l(1s to
Europe. It is vcry illlportant for the secret alld }ll'op(>r way of con-
ducting business 1'01' that 111'm tllat it should 1I0t be ImO\nJ wllO 1 huy
those honds fol'. A honse, for im;tunce, tlmt has prior inforlllation oí'
some evcnt in Enrope, bllyS bomh;, perltaps, thl'ough half a dOZCll dif-
ferent brokers; and if its purcltases were illllllcdiately li.nowll Oll t11e
street, it might freqnelltly prevent t11eil' huyillg more fol' tIte sallle pCI'-
son. TIte faet of hrokcI' huyillg is of no importan ce, ",11('rcas if t11e
fact is kllo",n that a certain honse is buyillg, it sometimes affccts the
market to the extent of Íl'01ll threc-quartel's to olle per cent. .No"" if 1
were prevellted Ü'OIll l'eceivillg those bomls myself, 1 wonld be ohliged
to declare to the seller that 1 hall bought them 1'01' aCCOUllt of tlüs helltse,
and their plans would he interferefl \\'ith. TIte p~ll'ty (Ir whom 1 pUl'-
chasotl would not be wil1ing to deliYcl' to me the bomls uuless 1 gave
llim a certified check; amI as 1 am 1l0t 1'ich enongh to !laye tllree or
foul' IUllHIred thommlld dollars lying in hallk, tIw haBle of'ticer", kno",ing
that llly representations are trustwortlly, agrec to eertify my checks for
these large amoullts, with the 1l1l(lerstanding that the eertiíied cbeeks
of the p9.rties on whose account 1 make U¡e pUl'chnsn wiU he (lelin?l'cd
and deposited in exchalJge fOl' my eel'tifieü eltecks. That is tIw kgiti-
mate use which is made oí' certificd checks in the ordiuar.y trallsactions
of business. TIley greatly facilitate tlte transaeiion 01' lm"ines". Again"
the denial to my bank of tIle pl'iYikge oí' cel'ti{yillg to lll~- ehecks, ,yonld
compel me to giye up the llame of my principal in the trammctioll, dis-
closillg the natul'C 01' his business witbont auy corl'eRponding bellefit
ellsuing. One reaSOll w1ty 1 tItink it, would be illjnrious to the banks
tltemselyes to deny them the privilege of certified checks is, that the;y
would be strollgly tempted to acccpt on deposit checks not certifkd, ¡;nh-
jecting them to a mucll greater danger than 1l0W; for, aIthough my
hank may certify my check to the alllount of two huntJred ami fift,y
thousaml dollars, it w{)llld not receive from mn any eheek until it has
oeen certitied hy a hank. vVheu my hank, howevel', eertities llly eheck,
it incurs a modemte risk; uut it is a Yery limite<l risk; ami by tbis
meallS tltey facilitate business greatly, and by allowing tltiR mmlilllil 01'
exchange they ohtain a ce1'ti11e<1 eheek from the party wIto is llIy prin-
cipal, upon the bank in which 11is 1Il011ey is deposite{l. Hut if tIley refuse
to certify my check, tltey CHllllOt expect that checks whieh 1 t1ellosit,
dl'aWIl on other hallks, sllall be certified.


Q. Is thero any way by which the abuses wltielt are pradiced from
the nse oi' eertified cheeks can be pl'evented by 10gislatiol1 ?-A. N01
sir; the ollly way in which tItoso a buses can bo prevellted is by tlle
strictest investigation of snch abuses whenever tlley eome to th(~ knowl-
cdge of the government officers. In other wonls, tlleil' cOl'l'ectioll is




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 45


rat11e1' with the :l(I111illiRtrative thall thf' legislatin' lmmch oi' the
gOYOrllmellt.


By :MI'. Cox:
Q. Yon tltink ""O oallllÜt make a la" prohibiting tIle URe of eertifiec1


clwekfl ?-A. 'ion eall mako a law, lmt it will Hot (Ió any gOO(1. It will
only d!'in~ tIlO ballks to tlw mloption of flome otiler plan, lllncllmore haz·
anloufl to tlwmsclve:-; and to the COllllllllllity. 1 know of no "ay to pre·
vent it, excf'pt by tlle strietf'flt control oye1' the uatiollal h:wkfl, and
fl'cquellt inn:stigatiom; by t110 proper officers--inyestigatiollfl by men
higll in l"ank, charactel', nlld standing in the community.


By tho ÜIIAIUJlIAN:
Q. 1 uIHlorstand yon to say that, so fal' as .Hm kIlOW, there \Yas lICVPl'


any such illstitntioll in exü,tenee as tlle Gold }}xchallgo until afte!' the
suspt'l1sion oí" s¡K'cie p:!yll1ellt ~-A. No, sir, Hot to my Immrlodge.


Q. Call thc Gold Exehange lJallk exü,t arter t11e reSlllllption of speeie
paymellts '?-A. :No, Hil', Ilot in it~ prc,,<:'llt eouditioil. Tlleso trallsactiollS
must neeessaúly eea"e ill1mel1iately UJlOll resumption.


lly lUr .. lhmCIIATID :
Q. St:lte ,,"hL'tber hrokct's aro cllgagcd in ¡lpalillg" ill gol!1 exe1nsively "~­


..c'L A v(~ry smull numher are; a vel'y llllleh larger llumbel' aro ellgaged
i!l dealing in stoeks, homls, foreigll cxehallgc, &c.


By}Il'.üox:
Q. YOl1 are a hroker, as 1 understand J'ou, representillg whñt housef-


A. 1 represcntmy OW11 ltollse, ollly.
Q. State whethel' y0111' honse, 01' tIle members of any of tlleNo ilrms,


snfti,red by this gold pauiCf-A. Y('N, sir; sorne oí' them did, more 01'
lp~tl. Out' O"'Il üousP, ho",eve1', and most of out' friends, sutIered onl,r
to a limited extellt.


lJ,r tlle CUAllDIAN :
Q. Di,1 ron purehas,: 01' "dI g"ol<1 spceulatiycly during tIle September
pallÍ!~ "?-A. ?>ro, sir; Ilot a dollar, ío1' my OWIl hom;e 01' HUy othel', so úlr
as 1 kilO\\'.
(~. 'Yhat i~ tllC llame of ,rOlll' firlll, alHl the precise uatare of yonr
lll1"iIlP~S ?-A. Tito title 01' my 1irm ii> Hodgskiu, Hundall &, lIobson. 1
do au e~~dm;in~l,\" commission bnsiness for a lllLIlllwl' of t11e leadeI's,
ballkers, aJl(1 me1'dwlIts of Kew York.


Q. H ,you do ]Iot yio]¡¡te llB,\' business secrets in doillg so, state as many
as yon e:m l'eeollcct, oí' tlle JUlllWS of tIJe principal hallkcl's a1\(1 mCl'ehallts
01' Xe\\" York rOl" whom yon do hmülle'isP-A. 1 (10 more 01' les s lmsi·
Il<:'SS for Dunean, Shl'l'llli'íll & Co., Bngene ICelly 8:: eo., thB lhmk of
Bl'itish North Ameriea, the nrm 01' li'. Schnsllanl & SOIlS, ,1. & vV.
SPligmaull & Co., Gl'imlPll, Mintlll'll & Oo., Howlalld & Aspillwall,
Fahhl'i &, Chauneey, amI a numller of othe1's. 1 have ollly referl'(~d to
tlle p1'illf'ipal names.


By MI'. Cox:
Q. IlaH~ yon hitherto dOlle a speculatiyo class of business '?-A.


Seareely ever-T may say neyer. 1 \\"ill stat.e t11at, l'epresenting the
interests oí' thesc honses, doillg a yery largo business, 1 hall for some
time pnwions to the panie beca watching the oppratiolls of this dique,
all(1 Iw¡J heeome cOJlvincetl that thero was dallgel' of tlJeil' eausillg very
greüt and serious trouhle. 1 \Vas so thoroughly con" illced 01' this that
J l¡iul l'epeatedly consultcd a nlllnber of the leuJillg' bankers aml busi·




46 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


ness men of N cw York, to see whether there was no means of prcvcnting
their operations. In order to be 1)('tto1' able to follow up the matter, 1
liad watched the operations of the New York brokers nntil 1 knew pretty
,veH who were the brokers of this eliqne; amI I specially avoided any
transactions 01' any cOl1nection with them. lu this way 1 escalled t11e
sc,-el'e 101313 which otllerwise would hay e inevitably fallen npon me ami
my clicnts.


By tlle CUAIR.l\IAN:
Q. \Vill ,ron state how, in your opinion, th(' l1iffienlties and misfortUlH'S


arisÍllg from that panie conld have becn ayoilled, alld can be ~1Yoit1c(l in
futnrd-A. I know of 110 legislation tlmí eouId he beneilcial, uuless it
would be snch as woultl enable the board to cllforce its OWJ1 laws ami
rules. Tbe board, if it hadnot beell depl'ived of its anthority, conld han~
prcYellted that punie. Tf tllPse men had uot kuown that they could defy
the board, they never ,,-ouId haye darcd attcll1pt what tbey did.


Q. \Vas not t11at board the thc<1ter of an t110se transnctiolls ?-A. TIlo
unwilling tIlcatre-yes.


Q. 113 there uo othe1' federal legislation that yon mm snggest, whidl
will preyent snch transactions ?-A. N one that 1 ean now ll1cntion, nn1ess
it be the l'esllmption of spccie payrnent.


The following papers were snbscqncntly furnishell:


A.
At a special.terlll of the supremo court of thlO Stato oLNew York, held in amI for the


county of :New 10l'k, in tho eon1't-houso in the saül city, this 29th uay of Septemlwr,
18G9. Prescnt: Honorable Albert CaruoZü, ju~tiee.


CIURLES J. OsnoHx ~
o[foinst


THE NEW YOHK GOLD EXCHAl\GE BAXK.


On reauillg amI filillg the cOllll'lnint he1'ein ilnly w1'il1etl and the aftidavit of Charlü~
J. 08bo1'n, plaintiji'; amlon motioll of Fiehl and Sherman, 1l1:tÍlltiW,¡ attorneys, it is
ordered that the defendant, the New York Golc1 Exchangü Ballk, its oflkers, diroctors,
ageuts, ntto1'neys, anLl se1'vnnts, each anel cvery of them, rcfl'aill fmm exereisiug an;¡- of .
its corporate l'ights, privileges, 01' üanchises, ltlHI fi'OIll (\ollcetillg 01' n:eeivillg any delJts
01' tlcmantls, amI from payillg; out, 01' in any ,yay transfl'rring 01' deliw,ring to any per-
son 01' pc1'son8, a·ny 01' the llloneys, propert.y, el' dTi'cts in the possessioll of the defcnd- I
ant, ami fmm mceiving fmm ita dealem nay balances duo frolll thcm, amI Ü'01ll clearing
any of the aecounts of its dcalers, and frolll paying to any pel'son or persolls ,yhOlll-
soever ally balances" hieh lllay appear by its books, 01' by said aceounts oí' its dcalers,
to be due to tl1om, unt.i1 tlle finthcr onlcr 01' thi8 eOLUt.


And it is hereby fnrther orc1crcd thnt the defendallt show canse hefom a justice of
this conrt, at a special term thereofto be heltl at cham;¡ers in thc cit,.v ofNo,," York, OH
tIle first Monüay of Octolwr, lS6a, nt ten o'elock a. m., why areccivcr of al! tl1<1 m01wy~,
pruperty, effcds, mal fmuchi8cS oí' the saiel defeudant should not he appoiuteü, ]lnrsu-
ant t.u the proyisions ofthe rcvised statlltes in sueh cases malle auü p1'oyiel.,a, ,,.ith thn
110wprR and antllOrity eOllfcrrc(1 UpOll receivc1's in suc]¡ f'aH~s, :l1Hl why tll<\ pl:lilltiff
shonldllot hay e sueh other and furthel' l'elief as may he jnst; :tIHI in tite lllcalltilllc :elll
until the hearing amI flecisioll of tho lllotion, Augu"tus L. DrowJ1, esquire, is Iwr<íh:; al>-
lJoillted such l'ccci ver, l1[JOll his presentillg to this comt, 01' a jnstiee thel'coi', a gooü amI
snf:l:icieut hont! to tlle people of this State, to be H]l]lroYcd by said conrt or a jnstiec, in
the penuJt.y oí" ten thoUS:tllll flollars.


A copy.
UUAS. E. Lm~w, Clcrk.


A.C.,
J. s. e




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATIO~. 47


B.


Illvcntory of propel'ty ,in the NClV York Go/el Exchangc Bank, rcccircd from Áu.gustltS L.
Brown. rcceilleJ', by Conrad N. Jordan, roceiL·e¡·.


NEW YORK, Octouar 11, 1860.
Mutilated bills, sixty-seven (loIlars_. __ .. ____ .. ____ .. _ ..... __ .. ______ . __ . $67 UO
Fractional eurrcncy, six hUlHlred and scvcnty dollara ... __ ... _ ... __ .• _... ü70 00
American silver, twenty-seven do11al's aud t\venty-seveu cents. - - - - ..... _. 27 27
Currcncy, one lmndred and slwenty thonsand three ImnarclI ana scventy-


five dollars_ .. _ .......... _ ................... __ .......... __ .. _ .... __ ..
Fractioual ellrrencv, tv.-enty-eight dollars a1l(1 j1ve centa .. ____ . _____ . _ ....
Nickds, thrcc dolhll'S amI ftfty-eight ceuts .. __ .......... _ ...... _ .... ____ .
Cnrreney, two thonsaml and sevellty-six dollars. ___ ..... __ .. _ - - - - - - - - - - _.
Fractional cnrreucy, one hllutll'ell allll thirty-sm·en dollara. ___ .... ___ .....
Che<ók, payablc iu eUITeney to B. H. Dixby, at In-iug N¡ttiollal Bank, two


hUllllred dollars_. _ .. _. _ .. _____ .. ____ ..... _. _ ..... _ .... _ ...... _ .... __ _
One buekskin bag, contuinillg t.weuly·thrcc dollars amI eighly-cight eeuta


in <óurrency ami fraetjollal cuncno;), and nino dollars and sixty-nillc ccuts
in coiu, aIHlmcrnol'andurn ticket sigued i' Sal1ct,on," fol' twcnt;y-fiyc dol-
lara gold ............ __ .. ' ............ _ .... __ .. ___ .... _ ........ _ ... _ ..


SiJ\ccl' ('oiu, i()l·t.y-four (lolIars anll fifty centR .. ____ .. __ . _ ... _ .......... _ ..
Gold coin, f(lUr huudred anel thil'ty·t\\O llolIars ... ___ ........ _ ..... _ .. ___ _
One r01l]101l, No. lü:~,2G2, t'or thirty do11ars, (pa:yablc Jalluary 1, 1870) .....


170,375 00
28 05


3 58
2,07600


1:{7 00
200 00


58 m
44 50
4:~~ (JO


30 00
• Ono l'ad,et, rnarkell H. L. Chi<,hestl'l" oont:IÍlling two silver watehes_.... . .... __ ..


Onf1 package, marked $24, onc murkcd $50, ouo markcd $15, alld eleven dol-
lars iu niek¡;l. coi n, (rolla) .. __ ... ____ .... _ ............. _ .... _ . _ ........ .


United States gold eCl'titieates, oue lmmIrell aud thirty-two thousaml se\-cn
10000


hllndrcll aud twenty dolIars .. _ ....... _ ..... _ .. _ ........... _ ......... _ 132, 720 00
Gold coiu, one thousalHl tllJ'(~e lnwdl'ed Hl1(1 jlfty-two do11ars ... _.... ...... 1,352 00
Fradioual currcue.}", seveuty ceuts ............... __ o ._._ •••••• _____ o •••• 70
Gold coiu, fifty-two hnlldr('11 amI forty tlollars. _ ....... __ . .... .... .... .... G,240 00
One bag gold coin marked" Dlmk oí' Eug1alHl," eontainillg fiye thollsand


do11ara (by weight) ..... _ ......................... _ ..... __ ....... _ ... .
Fiftecll bags goll1 coin, containing each, hy weight, fhie thousaml dollara ..
One hag g"old coiu, cOlltlLiniug, by woight, tbirty-follr hundred dollars_ . __ .
One hag niclwl coin, fifteen do11ar8 ... __ .......... ___ ... _. __ . __ ........ _.
Five dollars, two cellt pieees. ____ ......... _. _ ... __ .......... __ ....... __ •
Six dollars in cellts in twcuty-follr ]lnckagc~ ....... ____ .. ___ ............ .
One tiu hox, (oak colo1'e<1,) containing, iu niekel coin amI currcllcy, sevell-


tecn dollars aml seyeut.y-follr eeuts ... __ ....... ___ .... _ ............. __ .


S.OOCl 00
7G;OOO 00


3,400 UO
1" 00
G 00
G 00


1774
One check (certifiod) on (he Bank of New York, by l\"ylor & Co., payable


in gold coin, $HI,~22 22 .. ____ ... ___ .............. _ ........... _.. ...... 10, 222 ~~¿
'l'hree certiücates of doposit in Sixth Kational B:mk, "'()~. 1781,1782, amI


178:1, eaeh hy C. Darling, presi<1cut, iSSllcl1 10 Mrs. E. 'IV. Il<1ven for $;¿OÜ,
GOO 00 $200, aral $100, rcspeeti vdy, in golrl. __ . __ . ___ ..... _ ... _ ....... __ .. _ . _ ..


Oue memorandum, "\Vm. Bird 10U I. H. Gold." ............... _ ........ _. _ ........ .
Two rncmoranrlllm gold checks OH New York Gold Exchangc Blcuk, Xo. 82:,


and 830, dateü Angllst 16 alll118, 18GO, reRpc¡;tivl'ly, OlIO for $100,000, thc
other $150,000, eaeh drawn by Angn~t Belmont & Co .. _ ......... ______ . . . _ .....•


One check (president's) to order Dakin &, Gillespy, onc hUllllrcc1 dollars CUl'-
reney, Septcmber2, 1860 .... _. _._ ..... __ ....... ____ ............. _._ .. _._ .....•
~{emorandllm of settlcmcllt Vall Schaick & Co., Septombcr 27, 1850 .. ___ .. _ ._. _ ... .
One package memorandum ... __ .......................... _ .... _ .... __ ._ .. _ ... _._
Thrce boxcs, rnarkcll one ".;ornrnissions fl'0111 dealc'rs," ono "first di visiou,"


uu(l one "8cco11(1 division " . _ .. _ .................. _ ..... _ .. _ . ___ . _ . __ . . . ..•.....
One box rnarkc(1 " Breunen," OllC markod .i H. C. Rogcrs," one "\Villiarn .Fos-


ter, jr.," saiü to have been left fol' s~fe-kr:c]1ing ánd llOt tho l'l'opcrty of
the bank .... _ ..... __ .... _ ... _ .............. ___ .. _ . __ ........ ___ ... _.. . ..... __ •


One ompty till hox .• __ ..... ____ ... _ .............. __ .. _ ......... _._ ... _.. . .... __ ..
Sundry sccuritics, supposed to bc worthless; Olle thollRanrl Ilollar bond


Brooklyn Stnamship Company; $:.!,OOiJ bomls I'ittsbnrg, May,;ville, mul
Cincinnati Railroall Company; $2,5()() Logan Co. bouds; Ol1C 81,000 bond
l'remont & IndimHt Raill'oall Company; one hnmlrell shares Kew York
Consolidated Coal Compally; eight hnndred shares St.. Domingo Copper
Company . _ .. _ ..... _ .... __ . __ .... _ ........ __ ... _ ................ __ ... . __ ..... .


Oue large iron sate, officc fnrnitul'e, llesks, chairs, tablns, inkstunds_ . _. _.. . ....... .
One sot scales for weighing gold, with weights .... _ .....• _. ___ ... __ .. __ o _ _ ••••• _ ••
Gas fixtnres .. _ . _ ........ __ ........... _ . _ ............... _ ...... __ .. __ . . . _ .... _ .. .




48 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
OliO tclcgrapb appamtwl f()!' flto('k operations ______________ - - - - - - __ - - - - --
Lot of miscelluncous Looks in use, consistiuló of check hooks, divisioli hoolm,


lcclgers, &c, ___________ , ______________________ .. ________ - - __ - - - _ - __ - _ -
Lot 01' ncw check hooks in sufe _____________________________ - __ - _ - _ - - - - --
Lot of 01c1 books for refercnce in safe __________________________________ _
Lot of yonehem in saf<; ________________________________________________ _


c.


F. L. EAMER,
FTIAKCIS 1\I. BIXBY,
.J. H.. Cli~IE\(i,
W~I. l'. l\1ATlIEWS.


At a speeial teym of tIle sUl)l'cmB COllrt of the 8tatc of Kc,," York, lwll1 :lt tl1<' court-
bOllAr in llH" eHy of :New York, on the !Jth clay of Odubcr, 1869. rres~nl: HUll. All>l'!t
Cardow, jllstice.


CUAS. .T. O"nOR:<; (
{(gaillsi. (


TrIE KEW YORK GOLD EXCHAXGE BANrL ,
\VILLIAM M. LLOYD AND OTIlERS, ~


a[lt.
THE SA~IE.


REXJ,UIIN F. CAHYER XKD OTHERS, ~
ayt.


THE SA)IE.
On rcac1ing thc 01"(lc1'8 to show cansf' why l1 receiver shouh1 not hc appojntccl, ('utl'yecl


in these adions, ancl the verilied cOlllplaints berein, whieh are now ou 1;1<·, all<l on filing
the afli<,1avit of Eüw,ml Ensigll, Yé'l"ifiec1 on the 8th clay of Odober, Í1lHbmt, amI tlH"
consellt of tlllJ paTtie:; Ilcrcill, it is hereby or,lerec1--


First. Th"t Angnstns L. 131'011'11, esq., rcceiver hereiu appoinfcd o(!intcl'im, be anthor-
izec1 anc1 <1irectcrl, amI 1", is hereby antltorized and <1ircctcd, to pay out of tlle llloneys
in his ham1s as snch recciver, amI out oftlle assets of tlJC'. saúl Kmv York Go1d Exelmugc
13a,lIk, fuI' the expenses of the legal p1'occcdillgs haü in rcspect tu his appointment, tlw
followiug sums, to wit: Tu tlw p!nintiff's atto~'uey, Jiye thonRaud 11011a1's; tu I he de-
fend:mt'H attorncy, two thonsaml Ü\"C lmn,ll'pd dolla1'8; to JmIW" Elliot, ("'h of coun-
sel fuI' tlw llcfeml:mt, two thouRa,ml fiyc hUl1l1rcd 1l01hll'H, amI to A .• T. Yaatlcrpod, csq.,
of connsel for the said reccive.r, Jivo tholl8flUd tlollars.


Seeond. That tille said receivcr 1"" allLl he is lwrehy, anthOl'Í7,(,(! 0111(1 dil'l,cte<1 to pay
out ni' tlw moncys aforc~aid tIlO follo\Ying BlUtlS to crcditol'H 01' Ihe dci,,,"lanl, to wit:
To E<1wanl K. Willanl. & Co. the SUlIl of RflYCnt,y-five t.ItOllsaIHI dolh:l's; to 'Villiam
Heath & Co. sueh bal:lllco as ma;.- 1)0 ,lile lo thClIl in COill :tlul ('U/'l'l'IICY, ÍJ'OIll pa~'­
m"llts nct.Jwlly llla<1e Lo tlw RaÍll b:tuk in tlteil' aCCullut alHl fl'Olll dl'p'18its, 1\lHl abo tlw
balallee COI\IÍllg to said J-Ieath & CO:ÚOlll C. C. Parlm, :lI'I"mlillg to tlw HtatCl1lellt fUl'-
nisherl l¡y Healh & eo. to the sni,¡ banlc.


Thin1.· Tllar the prescut amI any fntun.. reet'ivl'r :lppoint,,,¡ in theso actimIS, 01' any
of tllem, be amI nrc hpl'C:h,Y (¡ircctel1 to pay to the Raill \VilliamlIeath & eo. Hndl fnrtlwl'
811ms as may fall dne I () ¡.hmu, in eoin and cUl'reney, frolllllloneys here¡tftl"l' l'ai<1 to such
l'eceivcl' 01' to Raid hank túr account of Haid IIeath &. en., sucll RumH to ))("llaid over ad
SOOll as ]'('ccivc(1.


Fonrtlt. That the [ces aIlll eompellHntion of the Raid Angllst.nR 'L. Brrnnl, es,!., rOl' hís
Hcrviecs as l'ee"iH'l" hf', nnd tlle sallLe are hCl'l"by, fixed O1lH1 ,uljustcü at tIlO HUlll of íift.e01 1
thousantl dolb:"J, allcl ihat he ))" fnrther allo\\'ed lIte snm of ¡in, ltulI,lre,l 11011al's 1oí'
his ,lishum'>llli'llts lwrciu; amI that he is her,,).y antlwrizec1 to tl"lhicl, t.ltu Raid several
SlllllG Ü:Olll an)" flllH!:' in his hands as such I'ecl'ivcl' befol'c tlll'lIing O\'Cl' ally lIloneys 01'
property to any other rceeiYI'r to hp, appoilltcll in these actions 01' ¡¡ny oi' tholll.


CHAt;o K LOI';W.
D.


Kow York Slll'rCIlH' conrt.
CU.I.RLES J. OsnoH:-' }


a[lt.
TUE NEW YORK Gm,p EXCHAXGE BAXK.


\VILUAlIl J\f. LLOYD, AND Crr.mL,"S H. H_DIILTON ~
, agt.


Tlm SA~IE.
BE;<;,J.nu:s F. CAnVEll AND W.\TTS C,\Jt\'ER ~


agt. (
TITE S.\~IE. ,


Rcceiwl1. Kew York, Octoher 11, 1869, from Allgn~t. L, Brflwn, ¡'eceivcl" of thú defCllCi-




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 49
nnts in tbe abovc-entitled actions, antl in ",bose place and stead 1 h:1VO bccn substi-
tuted as receiver by order of this court, euteretl in the aboye entitled actiolls and datcd
the 9th day of October, 18G~), all the property, money, efI'ects, and franchises of the
defen(bnt w hiel! camn to t,he possessioll of the said Angllstus 1.. Brown, umler tIle order
of this court (ht1 ed the 29th day of Septemuer, 1869, entercd in the first abovc-entitled
aetion, a coPy whereof is herdo al111cxed, lll:Hkcd A, aud which receivcrship \Vas ex-
tended aftenv:mls by 01'(1('1'8 dnly entere(l in the Recond alld third entitled actiolls, a
true inventory nf which property is herdo mmexeel al1l1111arked D, l)[)illg a CO])y of the
original inwntory tak"n hy said Angnstns 1,. Drown as sncll receiver, on the said 29th
day of Sl'[ltelllber, lbG9, cxccpting; only therefrom the following HnillS of moncy, which
ha ve breu p:lill out by sai,l re.:eiver, Angustns L. Brown, under tIle ordcr oí" thiH COllrt
datcd tIJe 9th (by of Ot"tober, ltlli9, :1 trne copy whereof is hereto anllexed, mnrleed C.


1. 'ro tlle plailltiíP~ attorneys, jjye thousand dollars in curreucy, ($5,000.)
2. 'ro tlw defcndant7s attorneys, two thonsauc1 five hnndre,l dollars in currcucy,


($2,GOO.)
:J. 'ro .lames Emot.t, esr¡., coullsel for ,lefcndallts, two thousalld fivc lnudrecl dollars


in currellcy, ($2,500.)
4. '1'0 A. J. Vunderpocl, cOlluscl for recei ver, fivc thollsaIlll dollars in enrrellcy,


($5,000.)
'r,. Edward K. \Vilhml & Co., scvent,y-ftve thousand dollars in eurrency, ($7;;,000.)


G. \Villiam Hratlt &. Co., two IlllnLlred auit ten thousund dollara iu coiu, (~'2l0,OOO.)
7. \Villiam Ik<Lth & eo., thirt~·-thre" thollsand three hunc1red dollar~ in currency,


($:1:1,:100. )
8. 'ro the rceeln:r for f(\<'8 aH snc]¡, fiftecn thousaud do11ar5 in currency, (~l5,OOO.)
9. To, the rer:elvcr for dislHlr~emel1t8, five 111lndred dollars in currency, ($500.)
Alt;o, reecived fmm said Au;.?;n~tuG L. Bro\Yll the Hum of sevcu ]¡nndrc¡l :l11(l thirty-


nille dollars aJl(l ~ixty-t\Yo (,<luts in coin, an,1 the sUln of six thonsaml one llUlldretl alltl
tW(>nty-(,ight P04¡,. dollars in CIltTCuCy, rceei\"c<l by sahl Angllstns L. BrmY11 Ü'Olll thc
XatÍ<Jnal American Exehanw, Bank 011 the 10th instant, boi]};.?; the proceeds of eollectiolls
by said last-mcutionc<l bauk on aCColluts of tlH\ dcfendants.


C. H . .TOUDA;", {lclil1tel"im.


E.


At a special term of the supreme comt of the State of New York, helel at tilo conrt-
house in tlle ci tv of N ew York, on the 13lh day of October, 1869. Present: llon. Al-
herL Car<luzo, .illstice.


CH.\I:LES .J. OS¡;ORX ~
fL!jllin8f .


Tm·; NEVó Yora;: GOLD EXC:UA:\GE IhxK.
\VILLLUl M. LLOYD AXD üTIIElt~


{l.l/aitu:t
TIlE NEW YOI:K (lO!.D EXCI!AXGE BAXK. }


BENJA:\IIN P. CAHYEl: Al'ill OTlIlms )
fLgaiust t


'l'lIE KEW YOl:K GOLll EXCI{ANGE DANK. J
Au or<lp}" lmving heeu !tNetofore madc h~' tbi,~ court at a special term thereof OH the


twcnty-uiuth day of SCl'tmnhnr, H<¡[J, in the f!rst aboye entitled nction, hy whichAu~lIs­
tns L. Browu \Vas, peruling a ruotion for the appointment of u receiver tllerdn,- ap-
pointcd rpcpivcr in the meautime, oí" tlJe moneys, property, cfrecí", :1]](1 fmnchis(,~l
of tIlo Ncw York Gold Exchangc Bank, amI saiel Allgustus L. HrowIJ, as reqllired by
sai<l ()l'(ler, eXPclltcd, togethcr with two snr"tics, a hond to the people of tlle 8taÍi\ of
Ncw York in lit,· Iwn:1ity of ten thons:Lml ,lollars, whieh was appro\'ed by a jllstice of
this cOllrt, alld l¡¡etI ou sai,l twcnty-ninth (by of Septcrnber, 1869;


And t,lwreafter in each of the two oUH,r ahoye cntitleel uctions, tho said Angnstns
L. Bro\Vu was also appoillte<l rcceivcl' of tho same property in those actioIJs;


And allother 01"<101' in tite three ahovf\ entitled actiolls having be ,m made by this court
at special term thereof, OH the ninth d¡W of Oetoh"r, 1839, elirectill;.?; certain paymellts
t~ he made hy saia Augnstns L. Brown, aild allthorizing him to rct:lin certain fees amI
,hsbllrsemcnts;


Aml thercafter on the sume day allothcr o1'(le1' of this court ha\"Íllg hel'lJ malle at
special term thereof, appoiuting Comad N . .Tordau receiver of t,he ;'{ew York Gold Ex-
change Danle, ad inte,.ün, in thc plttce and skad nf AngllstllG L. llrown, uml on the
eleventh day of Oetobe1', lH69, sltid Augustns L. llrown havillg tmnsferred and deliv-
ere<1 to the saiel .Jon1<ln, as 8neh receiver ael üttcrim, a11 the property, moneys, effects,
and frallchiscs of the saiel the Now York Uold Exchange Bank which came to tlw pos-
session of said Augustus L. Brown under the said order of this conrt, dated Septemher
twenty-nillth, 1869, cxeepting only thercfro!1l the sums of money whieh were paid 01'


H. Rep. 31-4




50 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
rc1 ainco. hy the saia Angustns L. Brown, under tlw ~aitl o1'o.e1' nf t11i8 court dated tlle
niHtl! day of Octohp1', lHím, as appears by the receipt of the slúLl JOl'Llan file(l herewith :


Now on reafIing' amI filillg' tlte saitIreceipt of the said Jordan and the schedule of
prol'erty taken by said Augnstl1s L. Brown, as such receiver, amI hy him trallsferreü
to saiel Jonlall and thc otIler papers anncxed to said l'('ccipt, showing tlmt s:lÍd AllgUS-
tus L. BÍ'own has accounted fol'. tmusfcrretl amI tlelivp,rerl to saiel Jordan as such re-
cdver aü intel'im, all the property, money, eilccts amI franchises of the said bank
which carne to his hand, excepting only the SUIl1S paid out and retaillcd therefroUl Ull-
llel' ~aid order dated October 9, 1869, and OUl1l0tiOll of A . .J. Vanderpoel,of counsel tor
said Augustus L. BI'own-


It is o-rclereel that the saiel Angustus L. Brown he, amI he hereby i8, elischarge(I frolIl
aH dutics ancl 1'csponsibilities as receiver uneler the said orclcr dated the 29th day of
SeptelIlber, 1869, and undel' the several onlprs m:ule in the second and third aboye en-
titled actions appointing him I'eceiycr thcrein; and furtheI', it is ordered that the bond
executed by said Augustns L. Drown and hi8 snreties, amI filetl in t.hi8 conrt on said
29th day of September, 1869, is hcrcby eaneelletl antl tlischarged, and s:üd 1\1'own ana
his saitl sureties released ancl discharged fI'OlIl allli¡¡bility tlwreupou; and the elerk of
this conrt is directed to c¡¡neel the same.


1, Charles K Loew, elerk of the saiel city and county, ana elerk of the supreme court
oi' said State for s:tid eonnty, do certify th¡¡t 1 have cOlIllmred the pI'ecediug with
the original oI'der dischaI'ging reeeiyer amI c¡¡nceling bon(1 ¡¡nd I'eceipt oi' C. N. JoI'-
dan ana schetlllles and papers ¡¡nnexed thcI'eto on file in rny office, amI that the s:tnlt;
are correct transeI'ipts thcrefrol1l alHI ofthe wl101e of snch originals.


In witness whereot; I haye hereuuto sLllJ8crilJed my llame alllI affixctl my officiaI seal
this 13th tlay of Oetober, 18G9.


[L. S.] CHARLES E. LOEW, Clel'k.


Supremo court.


HENRY N. S)nTH, JAY GOL:LD, HEXllY H. MARTD!, AXD)
J.ums B. D.\CII, plaintiffs, l


agaill8l
JOHK F. UXDERHILL, AS l'RESWI';NT ()l<' THE NEW YOI~K InJ'unction by O1.der.


UoId Exchange, Thol1l¡¡s P. Akers, aH sccI'etary of s¡¡ul (
Exchange, James B. Hodgskin, Thomas F. D. Parker, alHIJ
Richard B. "\YhittcIllore, John 1\onne1', amI Arthur L. Sew-
e11, defendants.
It appcarillg satisfactoI'ily to nw hy the compIaiut duly vcI'ificLl by the lllaintiffs tllat


snfficient gronnds for an order of iu.i Llllctioll exist, 1 !lo hero hy order and enjoiu,
1. Tbat the tlefelHhtnts, James l\. Hodgskin, Thomas F. l\. Pal'ker, and Richard B.


"\Yhitte1l10re, I'eÜ"ain from arbitratillg or ¡]eeicling 01' attcmpting to arbitratc or decide
tlle ¡J'lims of t he c1efendants, J Ohll DonncI' amI COilljlall'y, agaÍnst the pbintifts, or either
of thc said elaillls.


2. That the defendants, JOhll F. UU!lerhilI, Thomas P. Akers, amI thc New York
Guld Exehauge, :111(1 eaeh of its ofticers aud mCl1lbe1's, I'cfraiu fl'Olll expelling 01' ¡¡ttempt-
il1g to eX]Jel tbc }llailltift~ IIcury N. Smith, fmm the New York Goltl Excllang'e, alltl
frolll snspending 01' in any manuer illterfeI'iug with him in his right and privilege oi'
attC'l1l1iug the saitl Exehange mHI transacting husiness thcrcin.


3. 'l'hat the c!cfclHl:tnts, .Tohn BOllner lmt1 Art1mr L. Sewdl, their agcnts, attorncys,
hutl sf'rv:mts, reü'¡¡in from pressing theiI' prctclldCfl claims against the pla,int,jfff),or
cithcr oi' thClll, before the arbitration cOllll1littee oí' the NeW York Gold Exchango, al1lI
from taking any proccct1illgs thercon nI' iu relation t.h8reto, except in this act.ion.


GEORGE G. DARNARD, .J. 8. C.
NEW YORK, Decembcl' 29,1869.


\V ASIIINGl'ON, D. C., January 15, 1870.
IIENRY 1\1. BENEDICT sworn and cxamined.


By the CHAIRMAN:
QnéRtioll. PIcase stateyourresiclenee ancloeeupation.-Answer. Ilive


at Grccllwich, Uonnecticut; mybusiness ¡sin New York. 1 haye been out
of the business \vhich 1 followecl for some twenty .years. 1 took ehurge
01' tire afl'airs of tllc Golcl Exehange associatioll foUl' years ago, and




GOLD P ANIC IKVESTIGATION. 51
ol'ganized thc Golll Bxehallge Ballk, of which 1 \Vas president f()r thrcc
ycars. 1 rcsigned in Oetober lasto Since tIWll 1 have SOll'le business
conneetioll with two 01' three enterprises whieh occupy my time.


Q. P1ea:-;c st~tte in yonr OíVn way what yon kl10íV of the causes, history,
a ud results ofthe g-old panic in September last; also, state tlle 11istory and
charaeter 01' the Gold Excllange Bank with which you were recently
connectetl.-A. 'fhe bank was orgal1ized OH thc 11th of December, three
years ago-in lS66-for t11e IHlrpose of carrying OH a clearing system,
tor the transactiolls by leatling houses doiug business in the two curo
rencies of gold alld papel'. The object was simply to diminish tbe risk
and expense of those exchanges. 'fhe forms adopted were based upon
the clearing-honse pmetice, as organized partially in London, and also
in'New York, among the banks, for settling their balances, instead of
dctailed statements. Perhaps it \Vould be de si rabIe to present to tbe
committee the clearing- plau, whicb can be done in a few words. 1 can
also exhibit before the committee tIte papers nlld hlanks used in tbat
process. The bUllk was org-anizetl umler the general bankillg lawof tbe
State oí'New York, fol' thf~ purpoiie, primarily, ofreceiving and deliver-
ing gold. That is the language of t.he charter, 1 believe. 'file capital
of thc ballk \Vaii 101' a million of dollars, with the privilege oí' incremüllg


In the S(\ttlPlIleIÜS made tíVO classes of documents \Vere used; oue
blullk fo!' l'eceiving from, mHl t1le other for delivel'ing too Two mcu
make a bargaih; one buys and t1w oiher sells, 01' one borroíVS and tbe
other lenlls; oue i8 to reeeive, the other to deliver. These tmuiiaetiollS
are mnltiplit'd during the tlay, ac(~ording to ordets l'eceived and bnsi
lless to be done. A great many sllch transactiolls will have to be seto
tled by the ::;ame house with variolls honses. Before the orgallizatioll
oí' the ball k, the Rystem \I'as for the banker to receí ve tIte gold ando
dmw his check 011 SOlIle bank fOl' every itern. He hall to l'eceh'e a
dozell, t\Yünty, or thirty differüllt 10ts of golcl durillg the day; Lhe g-olü.
wonld be delin~red in coin or certifieates, or on check drawn fOl' tlll'
a1l10illlt. To m'oÍd the mnltiplieity oí' ehecking for eaeh transactioll,
tIte denrillg' s,ystem wa:;; adopted, umler which a statement i8 made 01'
,tll tlw trallsaetiollS of tho day, and balance struck and paiel ove1', what
eyer it, may be, to the propl'l' pady.
Tlwn~ are, 1 thínk, about fonr hnndrctl membcrs üntitled to use the


clearillg·11ülHiC', ,,\-110 beloug to t11e Gold Exchange, and out oí' these.
probably tí"iO 01' tltl'ee huudred will send in their statements en.eh day
Balallces are made in the casc of each statement, and the mOlley raid
over; so tltat \Ve paid out exactly the amount we received in settling-
aU these trallsaction:-;. 'rhere were some other leading hOllses, SIlClt <1<;
Brown Brothers & Co., not membcrs of the Goltl Exchange, who had
the privilege oí' clearing ut the Gold Exehange Bank:. 1 ha\~e here.
sorne specimen sheets, showing tlle settlements made OH the 24th of
September. llere is tbe settlement of Brown Brothers &, Co. for thar,
day, showing that they delivered on1.r four parcels of gold, whích they
paid iuto the bank, and rüceived frOlIl the bank the Hmoullt in currency.
In additiou to tbese blanks tbere were two others, called tickets of mI-
,-ice. A wonId seU gold to B, and they wouId exchange ticket s of nd
vice, corresponding with thei1' süttlemüllt oi' accoullts, which were pre
scnted nt tbe bank, so that we had two signatures for cvery transaetion
with the bank, eacll party sending his statement and also his advice-
tieket, fU1'l1ishing a perfcct check agaillst errors in these settlements.


The o"l\jeet in organizing the bank was to accomplish safety and eCOll-
omy in t.hese sctt1cments, aud under it the settlements were made in
perhaps oue·follrth of the time, labor, and expense, illcurred nnder the




52 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
old system of exchangos amI scttlements. The av-erflge flmOtll1t of busí
ness "lvhieh the books of tho bank show, has been <l bout sixt,y or seventy
lllillions in gold every day during tile year. Tilo firt:\t yem' of tho bank
the average was abollt sixty millioll8; the Jast yeaL' abont seycnty mil
1ions. lt should be stated, 1Iowe"l'e1', that in making t11is aggregate
each transactioll is coullted twice o"er, each salo appea1'illg 8S so mnch
gold solc1, and agaill appeal'ing as so ll1uch gold ¡mrchascd; so that, for
the fin,i; yeal', thc real tram;aetions wonld be thüty ll1illions a (hy.


On t,llP 24th ot S(~ptcmber the tlrst intorrnptú)u iu tile lm"illess oi' tIle
l)ank took place which hac1 over oceurrcd. Tho diffiellltips in makillg
settlements for tIlat day grew out of the largc n11mbe1' oY failmes whiclt
occurred. We have had llefOl'c that Heveral faihtl'CH occtll'l'ing in olle day,
but comparatiyely limited in extent. 1 have h01'e, ti)!' illstanep, tite settle·
meut sellt in for tlH' 24th oi' September by .Tay Cooke & Ca" in which, of
the honses named, tbere wel'e not less thall twel\'e Ol' ilfteeu tililures,
These failul'es grew out of tilo faet that th(~ro hall heCT! a Y('l'y oxteltHiyo
combination mado to buy aU tbe gold there \Yas. TIw 0stimatc of tlto
amount i8, of course, vague amI illdefillite, but probalJly l'ullniug' np to
sixty 01' eighty ll1illions of dollal's. The aillollllt was sud<1(mr,r called in
on that day, aml the forcillg oi' a settlemont oí' tlJe ctltire ml101lllt,
obligillg people to rcspond amI furnish the gold, rOl"nlted in thcse fail
uros. vVhen the settlcmeut8 caille iuto the cleal'ing-ltol1se thcre mIs
ntter eonful"iori, as yon will see fl'OIIl this statement. Thmn wonld be
fl'om a do",en to two dozen mistakcs in every scttlcmcnt; all(l the cm·
barrassment with the bank was in haying received thirteell millions nf
mouey tlmt day, to ilnd out to whom it beIongcd. Ahout cight milliolls
of goltl had beell rcceived, rtnd fiyc or six millions of Cnrl'Clley, in certificll
checks and i"uch dealings ai" go to make up thc nsnal banking moye-
mentR oi" tbat eity. The bank was intmstetl witlt tllP \\'Ol'k oí' tinding
out to wl10m that llloney belollged. ""Ve hall beell in the habit of re·
ceiviug 1hree, four, and flye millions, and in some installtes rtluning up
to eight millions a day; but 011 thiH l1ay the Wl'y lal'ge amount receiyed
was, as I have stat·.>d, complicated by t.he nnmcrons failnres tlmt took
place. '1'0 llaye retainctl in tlle bank this large amount of. mOJ)("Y lllltil
the time necessary to make tlle spttlpllIent e()tllph~t(j lIad elaprwd would
llave (~allsed the fhilure of a good lllHny leading honses. rOl' installe(;,
therc ,vas a balaneo due to.1. & 'V. Seligmann & eo. oí' six hundrcd
and fii'ty-one thousand dollars. '1'1Ioi1' statement. ,yas tolernbly accurnte,
so that, \¡-e wel'e pnabled to pay oyer to them t]¡e appl'Oxirnatc all1Ol111t
of theil' balaneo; alld hy paying (hese approximate nlllolluts we cm1eav
ored tú get cnongh out to preYellt a 1arge mnn!Jpr oi' ]lOuses Ü'om trouble,
and possibl,y haukl'uptey. "Ye retained cnongh in eadi easp, l!Dwm'el',
to make tIle bank go()(l in tllC llllal adjnstment of aeeonnts. 1t may be
asked llOW a system "dlie"!l lwd \H1rked 1'01' t.hree yenrs witllout a single
mistake 01' iIüerruptioll, and \',ith pcrfeet sneet'ss, t'!lould bn O\-(\1'tl11'OWII
in one (lay. 1 can only answer that it was bccanse it was in t11e power
of certniu men to eombiuü Hnrlmake eontrads to tho ü-xtl'ut oí" sixt,r 01'
eighty millions, and to ,üeld an mnonllt of e~lpital whiel! \Yould giye
thelll cl'edit and POSÜiOIl suflíeient to do it, and tlwn, by a slHhlcn eall·
ing in of their contraet", to f'Ol'ee people to a se! t!Ptll8Ilt, aull lllake their
OWll p1'ioe out of it. Thcl'e is tllc secrot of tlle <1it'ticnlty of 1,11e gold
mOYPUlent on the 24th of Sep1ember. The bank oftieers used aU their
ellergil's and t11oi1' best, discl'etioll in nnmveling t1le (]illieuIt,l.


The rule has been adopted to pa,y Ilothing ulltil al! tlle balanees weré
paid in, lmt in this case it was absolutely llecessnr.v to deviate from that
rule. Ol'dinarily, all the balan\;es mllst he paid lJy half-past twelye




GOLD PANIC I~VESTIGATION. 53
o'dock, anu by half-past ~l1e o'clock the ballk is ready to pay out its
balances.


liy 1\11'. JFDD :
Q. \Vero you in tIle habit of tloing husiness as a ballk as well as a


elearing-llOllseJI-A. Tlw two uepartmentFj were kept s<"pnratf'. \Ve al-
ways <lid llllsitless as a bank, mude loans, and carried on a general hank-
illg busil1cHs. TIlo money reccivcd through the clearing' department
Waf; paül illto the bank, and again chcckcd out by the clearing depart-
mento


Q .. Preyions to this time, hall it been your habit to pay out mar-
gillS, throllgh your banking departmcnt, while tlle current business of
tIte day weut on, and be1'ore yon struck yonr balances '?-A. 'rIw bank
had no ma1'gins. \Ve knew nothing of the natnrc of thc tntlnmetiolls,
which lllight be by purchasc amI sale, 01' by 10:llling. \Ye simply 1'0-
eeived the statcments amI made the settlements.


By MI'. S}IlTIl:
Q. \Vlm~ Gould amI Fisk customers of thc bank ?-A .. James Fisk,


jr., was not a cnstomcl' of our bankp no!' did we knO'iY him in auy ,yay
whatcvcr.


By thc ,OHAIR3IAN :
Q. Did your banking department certi(y c11cq,ks dmi1lg' tIlose two


days-the 2:ld alld 24th <Jf September; and if so~ to "hat, amonnt f-
A. I cannot ,;ayas to tlle amount \Ve (~ertitied eheeks. 'Ve had, pe1'-
haps, two 01' threc hUllc1red dcpositon;, and wo eertitied tho cheeks of
dealers as they came in, as other banks do, but not a donar bcyond thc
amount of IllOTley Oll deposit in each (~ase. Our hank has novel' cortified
checks unless the money \Vas in t11e bank on deposit; amI that rulp was
uot violated Oll these days, to lÍly knowledge. Tbe only illstancp, if any
at all oceUI'l'üC.l 011 that tlay, was of some of these par/ies who hml bal-
ances coming to them in the clearing department having thcm tralls-
ferred frolU tilo elea1'ing to the banking department.


Q. ,Vho <1i<l that '?-A. Not more titan two or three parties.
Q. Did t110 tirm of wItich Jay Gonld is a partner gct, any balances in


Hch'anec "I-A. No, sir. They had that day a balance in cnrre1lcy
against them, \Vhi(~h th('y paid. Thpy IHUI no eurrmwy aecount in the
hank; t11py hall a gold aeeol1nt, whieh, howen~l', !lid lJot amount to
mucho They did not bank with us as a rule. 1 think they hac1 no bank
transactiolls with us that day at aH.


Q, State thc amount of transactions of yoar clearing' dcpartment
OH the 2:3d and 2-1th 01' Septcmbed-A. The 2:3d of Septcmber therc
was no ditliculty in 01 u' business; tlle exehanges amI eleu1'aucfls went
on as usual. Thc amount whieh t11e books of t11c bank show was
ahout three hundred millions; 1 think, perhaps, th1'ee hundred and
twenty ll1 iHiolls. Of the tnlllsaetiolls of thc 24th oi' Septemher we have
lw,er yet had a 1'ooting-. I 8honld say they wonld excccll th1'ec humlred
millions. That is to say, one hUlldred amI fi1'ty millions sold, and one
hnndred aurl Jifty milliollS tleli,'ered. One l'eaSO!l why tIlese largo
amonnts figlll'e ou our books is that thc enti1'e loan movcl11ent in gold is
snbjcct to rcn8wal eyery day. There is a market price of loans as well
as of gold, and the market fluctuates, cam'¡ug a constant changing 01'
loam,; ami the8e loan s l'cnewcd c\-ery day figure as a large pl'oportioll of
thc business of tlle clearing-honse; aud this is a business entirely legiti-
mate and propel'. N carly the entil'C forcig'n trade of this country is carriecl
on through thesc gold transactiolls, and must be as longas'we have two


.




54 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
enrreneies. Hereare twentypeople whose bllsjllessillyolves g'ol!l mnonnts
to perhaps a million 01' two lflillions a day in tlwil' trammetions with dif-
ferent hOl!ses. They uorrow gold, aud 'tgTee fmm day to day OH the
mte at which it shall be carrieu, varJ"ing' aceording to tIlo fluetuations
of the market. AmI tIlese transactions appear fl'orn (lay to (layas a
part of tlle transactions of tIle cleariug-l1011se. A. T. Stelyurt & Co.,
for iustancc, will have two 01' tllrcB mili ion dollars to loan, whiclt ,rill be
borrowed by one broker one dar, amI by another bl'oker the next (1ay,
and all this going through the elearing-house. 'Ve han~ llothing' to do
with makillg these trausaetions; the partIes lIlalee their O\Vll bargains,
amI seTHI their tickets oí' ad vice to the banker; A sending B'" ticket,
and B sending A's ticket; one says receive tIlat, amI tIle otlWl' says de-
liyer that. 1'11e responsibility of the transactioll is uetween tllemselves,
amI we know llothing about it.


E.v the CIIAImIAN:
Q. I understand .your banle was closed on the 24th. Please sta te tlle


reason oí' that ~-A. No, sir, the bank ,,'Ui; Ilot dosel!; it was kept open
i'or the pnrpose of endeavoring to find out wilo 0\\'11eI1 tllis mOlley. "Ve
eontinuec1 to pay out and to adjust' settlements OH the 24th and 25th;
Sunday was t1w 20th. 'Ye Comll1l'llced again on ~roltllay tlw proeess of
settlillg' up, and had sueeeeded in payillg out, withiu a lwlf fI rnillion oí'
dollars, an the money which came to llS oa tlw 24th, whe11 there was a
receiver appoillted, flnd tho affairs of tIle uank wellt iuto bis hallds.
They becflme very llIneh illyolved 011 aecount of tlle large failnres tlmt
occnrred after }Ionday mornillg.


Q. vVhen did tlle clearing department open regnlarly for uURilless
agaill"?-A. It opened again in Noyemuer. During tlmt time we were
cngagcd in endeavoring to settle up üamiactiollS of that day, at least
the recei vers were fOl' USo


Ey lUr. JUDD:
Q. What do you lllean by paying out approxill1atü balances Y-A. If


a balance oí' half a millioll was apparently due a part,y we \Vouhl reserve
perIlaps a hUlldl'ed thousaml, paying fonr lnmdred tllOuSall!l dollars.


Q. \Vhat urokers clrew out balances dnrillg tIw husiness honrs of tlle
24th ~-A. Probably two-thirds 01' tllOSC havillg tmllsactions at Lhe dear-
ing-honse. 1 supposo such ualallces wero paid out to oyer u lnmdrf'd of
thom. I paid out between seven and ('ight milliom; dollars in tIlat way
to brokers who had sent in their statcmollts, which statementR appeared
to be tolerably within the rule.


By J\1r. SlIfITH:
Q. State whcthor tho banking department was responsible í'or pay-


ments tú the clearing department~-A. Yes, sil'.
Ey ~Ir. JUDD:


Q. Ilad yon an idea that there was a gold dique orring whose opera-
tions eaused these very large transaetions ?-A. Yes, sir. 1 Imcw sume-
thing \Yas going on, oi' course.


Q. Did ,ron know the names oi' the brokers WllO wero understood to
be operating~-A. Yes, sil'. 1 do not know tha,t I was eyel' told that
one brokcr 01' another was in the ring, bnt I judged from fads that came
beí'ore me of the relationship existillg uetwcen th('lll.


Q. vVonld your uooks show what alliount \Yas dmwn Ollt by ul'okcrs
snpposcd to be in the ring, in tIle shape of appl'Oximate balancc8, dur-




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 55
ing the business honrs of the 24th of Scptcmber 1-1\. 1 think they
wonId.


Q. CouId yon make up suell a statemellt 1-A. Perhaps 1 conId. Thü
difficulty is, however, that the parties WllO wel'P operatillg for the leading
men also had separate transactions 01' their own, and fol' acconnt of otber
partics. Such a statement, at any mte, wonld be of ve1'y little service to
you, fúl' you will recollect there wcre no lmlances actually struck. These
parties simply drew out approximatc balances, amI a statement of these
would give llO iudication as to wbether the partie:-> made 01' lost llloney.


Q. Take, fúr instance, the case of Speyers, \Vho was a seller that day;
conld you state how much mOlley he obtainetl froIll the bank during tlle
business Ilours of tlle day'?-A. The balanccs, as a general tltillg, are
Yery small, and would giyc no idea of the magnitnde of the actual
transactions.


Q. vVas it your custom, in t1le ollerations of the bank, to pay apllroxi-
mate balances ?-A. No, sir. "Ve did it {hat day for the simple ren80n
tllat there was thirte('1l millioll dollars, \\'Iliell, if we retained until the
actual balanees eoulu be ascertailled, would prounee very heavy failurp.s.


By t1le ClIAIRUAN:
Q. Do yon kcep separate aCCollnts, exhibitillg' thc clearing husilles8


aneI the banking business separate from eaeh other '~-A_. Yes, sir.
o Q. \Vas the'l'e any reason for closing tIte ballk, outside oí" the compli-


cations in these settlements of the 24th ?-A. Injunetion:-> wem seI'wd
on the bank as early as Saturday, to prevellt the settlelllent of certain
accounts, which we at Ollce thl'ew ont of the lllovement. The receiver-
ship, whieh was the great trouble in rmtking 0lU' settlelllents, was sned
ont OH the petition of Charles G. OSborue, who was supposed to be one
01' tite brokers of the ring. This \Va:-> when \Ve lIad paid out aU the
money l'eeeived on that day, except about half a millioll of dollars. Snit
\Vas hronght fúr this alllount, and without a hearing, without anyehancc
of showing OUl' ease at a11, and withont any standing in court properly,
.J udge Oardozo grants this receivership, and pnts ns into the hamls oí'
the sheriff aneI receiver. This was on the 20th of September. :Mr.
Osborue's application was OH tlle a11egation of thirty tllousand dollars
being dne to him for an aeconnt, while we ltad i1l t1lc banl\: a l'eceipt f()r
that amonnt, with his signature to it. Yct, on that allegation tlle judge
grants tlle receiversllip, and takes out of our hands tl1e papers and books
and funds 01' the hank, amI witllOut gü-illg' ns a hearillg in court at al!.
And we not only hall the rcceipt of Osboruc foI' that amollnt on w1l1ch hc
sued out tite receivership, but he never pres(~nted bis demand ut aH sub-
sequently, and he \Vas Tlot l'ccognized at alI in tlle final settlemellt whicll
was made.


Q. 'Vhat other injunctions wem servcü npon ,rou ?-A. Tile ot11e1' iil-
junctions were simply to restmin ns frorn paying' out money to ce1'tain
parties. They dill not intcrfere with t1le general operations of the bauk,
and these cases w-ere aH settled out of court.
(~. Were there any injunctiolls orderillg' yon to pay speeific SUlllS T-


A. That was in a secolld order of the conrt appointing another reeei,·cr.
Tlle first rceciver was appoillted temporarily; the sccond receivel' was
appointed, as was snpposed, in the intercst of the bank. Bnt tlle judge
ordered the fil'st l'eceiver to pay nearly the cutire amount of balance 011
Il;wd t,o eertaill parties before he was to be discharged from the receinr-
sllip. The order stated Rpecifie snms, ;tll(I tite llaIlles oi' the parties to
wlIom they were to be paid.


Q. vVere you represcllted in comt by connsel'?-Yes, sir; but t11er6




56 GOLD PANIC IXVESTIGATION.
'.Vas no hearillg, aml ¡yo neyer hall any standing irl'court at aH, exeept
h,val'l':lugemcl1t. TIlcse proceetlillgt1 cost. tIw bank in lawyer's amll'C"
ccivc1":; fees ahont sixfy thousand dollars.


Q. lIow much was pai<l to t1w l'ecein'l' 1-A .. Thc .indgc gan~ t.1) 1\11'.
Browl1, tlle 1l1'st receh'er, fifteelt thousaml do11ar:;; uml gan~ 11is pal'tllCl',
who was a htlYY01', "1h'o tllOuSUlld dollar". Tlw fil'st l'eeci V(~r eOlltillued
in chargo for ten days, Ulld the uext for fiftcen 01' tW('uty days; tIten ''''l'
got the ballk bucle.


By 1\11'. BURCHARD :
Q. State whetIler t11is arder, OH wllic1l these speeific SUIllS were paül,


was not a compro'lúse o1'<1e1'.-A. Yes, sir; it vms an order in w11ic11 tIle
lawyers employed hy the ballk are suppoHed to haye acquieseed.


Q. Did the plailltifI give honds npOlI g'etting this pre1iminal'Y injnm:-
tiOll ?-A. 1 am not aY{are 01' it. Tlle recoh'er, howen~r, gaye bOllUS to
the a 1l101111t oí' ten thollS<1ml dollars.


By the CUAIHl\IAX:
Q. State whether the banle, aside from the expense which you hayp


stated, ineiüellt to tlw l'eeeivl'l'ship, lost an~' moner in eOlJSeqnellce oí'
the panic; if so, how mnchi-A. Tho hank ¡ost, 1'01' llUlllPl'OUS elnims,
umloulJtedly, b"GWeell oue hUlltlretl and se\'enty·tive aIHl two llUudred
thonsuntl tlollars. Some of t110 dairns are good, aud prohahly a eOllsid·
erable pOl'ti01l of them may n1timately be realized. They aro no\\' in
process of suit. TIlo ballk 10st, al together, in cOlIsef]uonce 01' th0se
trausactions, betwcen tltree alld foul' hundred thousmld dollars. Tlw
10ss occur1'ed by pl'ccipitating the settloment of disputed accoullts, in
addition to what was lost by tIle receivership. Those claims are mostly
against parties who onlel'cd 11S to malee e(~rtain ueliveries, alHl the pal'til's
to take the gold from tile banIr. \VC ealled npOll thelll tn take gold, lmt
they refused to do it.


Q. Stato whethm' yon 01' uny of t11e ollicers or stockholders of the
Go1d Exchange Bank were ongaged or illtel'esÍ(~d in purchasing 01' sell-
illg gold OH the 23d alld :J4th oí Septemher.-A. ~OIW of tIte oHicers of.
the han k ,rere engnge(l, to Ill.Y kllowledge, to tile extent oí' a dollar, in
tllese transaetiolls. As faI' as 1 l1m eOlleel'lled, 1 hall no interest in goltl
or stoekR, and bad not had fo!' a long time. As to the stockholders,
most oí' thelll were Jlwlllhel's of thü board, and 1 suppose most oí' them
were interested in the market in Olle way Ol' unother.


By l\fr. JFDD:
Q. Can yon give the llames of any of these?-A. Therc are sevcnty


or eighty stoekholders; prohahly fifty of them are memhers of tIte Gold
Exchange, aml were doillg lmsiuess in gold.


By the CUAlRJiAN:
Q, Have yon a pl'inted Iist of the names of the stockholders of t11e


hall Id-A. ~()t llere; 1 can furnish it to the committce.
Q. State what inten'iews, if any, you had with Fisk amI Gou1d, 01'


with Smith, Gould &; JUartill, dnring the day oí' the 24th 01' Septemlwl';
amI state the suhstanee oí' slwh illteiTiew.-A. 1 sa,v Fisk for the first
tillle to talk with him 011 tIw mornillg oí' t he 24th of Septmnbe1'. Knowillg
the excitement there was in ~e,,' York on tlw sul~ied of gold, 1 WliS HlI·
del' an apprehellSioll that tite ballk woüld not he able to complete its busi·
ness dUl'illg that tlay with the large 1ll0yemf>ut t11en pendillg'. 1 Nund
~Ir. Fisk sittillg with MI'. Gon1rI in tIle haok otlice of vVilliam Hcatlt &
Co. 1 said 1 had called to ask whetller this was to he the settling (la~·




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 57
for closing tbese cont1'acts. 1\11'. Fisk hesitated at fi1'st, and then said,
"1 might aR well tell yon that this is the day." 1 said that 1 did not
p1'op'Osc to gct lJetween tlw npper amI the Ilcther millstone in this moye·
ment, amI that 1 did not propose tbat tbe bank should clear .Ully of his
trammetiolls that day. IIe ,vas Yer,)' illdifferellt abont it; said he came
down to do lmsiness, and expeeted no tronblc. 1 went away and con·
sulted with some of the leading meno 1 founa that thl\Y were I10t wiJIing
tIw actioll 1 had proposed should be takeu. ,Ve lIad eontracted to con-
dnct the lJusiness oí' t1le clearing-honse; lmt it bccame a se1'iou8 ques-
tion whethe1', if we declined balances when parties ofi'mwl them, we
would uot be 1'esponsible; whether, haviug been nppointcll to rcc('Íyc
these lmlances, \ye were uot hO\llHI to go on; aud \Yhether \Ye would
not he responsible for any failures that might occur, if ",e did not. l
founel that none of the directors 01' elealers were willil1g to take the
com'se lllad sngge"ted ¡ aIHI, thcrefore, 1 gaye it up. 1 aftcr",unl sal\"
MI'. Smith, of Smitll, Gonl(l & :Martin, who said they \Yere making a great
mauy scttlcllleuts ontside. This was about ten o'elock. 1 sa id that 1
thought 1\fr. l<'isk did llOt talk l'ight. He said, "Fisle !loes 110t 1;:11o\Y
wlwt to say," anü reIlll1rkell that they were settlil1g outside, aLld that h('
thonght we woull1 llaye no trouble¡ that they would Jwlp n8 aU they
eonld ¡ that transactions \Yere beillg l'llpidly settled ontsiüo. He called
his partm'1', j\'Ir. 00nl.1, ",ho gaye assent to \Ybat he had said; and 1 left
in the lJOpe that throngh the assistance of these outsül!~ RnttlemclIts \Ve
probably could get throngh tIle business of the du.r.
(~. lIad ,ron llny otlwr interyiews wit.h any of tho¡:c men '?-A. I saw


:'tIr. Smith laterin the day, whcn he came in to pay bis balances, and again
on Saturda,r and SuudaYi and kllowing that they hatllarge illte1'csts in
the IllOY(,IlHmt., ~11l(1 in g-etting the yarions parties to settle up tlJeil' bal-
mwes, I askml 11im whether they would not guarant('e· the ballli: againi5t
loss in passing accoullts 01' cel'taill dealel'R, amollnting in tho aggrcgate
to four 01' íive llllllfÜ'e(l tltOlli5HlHl dollars, supposil\g it would be fol'
theil' interest to do so iu facilitating the settlement.


By ~Ir .• TUDD:
Q. "Tho \Yere those parties J"on wflllted to make good '?-A. Thel'e


wel'C fifte('!l 01' twenty brokers nflmed, \yllo lHlt! failed to makt' their
alllount goot!. 1 did uot tIlen kIlOiY much abont t110 relationsbip \Yhich
exist(>ü hptwcen certaill broko1's and this mOYCmellt. But in tho settle-
mt'nt of t11e acconnts, if tIle stnt.ements in tllese papel's ,,,ore tlll'OWll
out and their balances llot paid, it \nmltl thro\Y back a largo Hmonnt of
higll-pl'icetl gold UpOll them; amI 1 thought, therefol'e, it wouId be for
t110ir int.erest to ha;'\(:I t4e settlement.


Q. Yon understood wll0 thes(' pltl'ties \~·eJ'e whenyon called oa Fisk?-
A. 1 liad a pl'etty g-ood idoa who tlley \Yere.


Q. Fl'Om aU yon had ascertained, WllOlll llül yon nndel'stam1 to he at
t11e !lead of the mo,-pmellt ?-A. 1 had no o]linion about these matters,
tll'rivetl from :my accnrate il1foI'matioll; but 1 liad maüe up llly mind to
apply to Gonld and Fisk, the head of th(~ nihil'; a!l(l frolll tIte lllfll111er
in which they hall dIe.] variom; transaotiolls, as the.r came np, 1 was
sati,,1iell that tlwy \Yero the parties.


Q. Alld yon were fnrtller satisfied t.hat. tlle bro1;:e1's, whose aceounts
.ron \vullted Lhem t.o gunI'Hntel', \Yero in their illtcrest '~-A. ~ot entirely
so; lmt, as 1 i5:lid, it was for their intel'est to haye these trClllsactiol1s
settled; alllI if the aCCOllUt.S oi' theso fifteen 01' twellty brokers \Vere
thrown 01lt, it would so complicatc mattel's as perhaps to throw back on
tlwm a large amount of higlqH'iced gold. Aft('l' eonsiderahle conversa-




58 GOLD PANlO INVESTIGATION.
tion, 1 reduccd thc nnmbc1' of accounts to Le protected to th1're or fol1l';
but they were Hnder no obligatiolls to take eare of any of thcm; it was
simply a matter of whethel' they wel'C to make money by tIte operatioll
01' noto The mistake Oil the part of the baule was in assurning eel'tain
statements to be good, which proved otllerwise.


Q. Wlloso statornents \Yere these 1-A. There were sorne fiftren 01'
twellty; 1 do not 1l0W rcmcm ter the names of aH of them. 1 think
Chase & J\1cClure ,vas one; James Boyd another; Galway HUllter
auother; J. O. Anderson & Oo., lluvill Tweedie, U. C. Parks & Co.,
llnrant & Irwill, and otllers, whose llames 1 do not recollect.


Ey tIte CI-IAIR}fAN :
Q. Did yoa IUlVe any cOll\'ersa,tioll, duriug tIle days of tlle panic, with


auy officer oí' the governmcnt oí' the lJnited States, Ot· oí' the sub-tl'eas-
ury?-A. No, sir; 1 did noto


Q. jJid ally suclt otlicer make ally settlement in your bank ?-A. No,
sil'.


Q. Bid auy broker of auy offieer kllown to yon, have auy account in
yonr banle on those days?-A. ~ot that r know oí'; there is no business
relation between our bank ana the TreasUl'y Department. Ol'iginally
there \Vas between O. 1\1. 1\lyers & eo., who sold goId for lVIr. J\IeCnlloch.
AH that ceatleü at the dose of tlw last administration.


[Tlle witness was llore direded to prepare and furnish to the commit-
tee a list of aH the loaus of the Gold Exchauge Bank, fúr the "eele pro-
cPfling and Íllclnding the 24th of Septernber, 186!); also aU tIle certified
checks of the bank fúr tho smne perioa; also a list of the stoekholdors
of tile Lank, aua of tIlose who received approximate balances on tho :!4th
of September, with tlle amount nnder such balances; also the order oi"
tho comt, requiring specific SUlllS to be paid in the settlement of 1)[11-
ances.]


By MI'. J"CDD:
Q.' ls it not a fact that every party to WhOlll these sUlllsof money


'H're onlered to Le paid by court, '.fas a broker in the riIlg '?-A. Yes; r
think the,r werc ulldorstood to be. '


Q. HO\r Illltch, nnder tlüs Ol'del' of tlle comt, was paid out ?-A. My
impl'essioll itl, uetween three and fonr hnndred tllonsand dollars.


13,r ::\11'. BURCHARD:
Q. Von say tlw1'e \Vere facts which lea yon to understand the1'e was a


ll10YCIllent nmollg" the broke1's that wonld result in raising tlle priee of
gold. vVImt were those facts ?-A. The general course of operations in
gold; the tenclcncy OIl the part of a set of lllell to buy alld hohl gold;
that eyeryboc1y \VIlO wauted to borrmv golcl hall to apply to certaia
pal'ties. The l'emark was mude generally, "yon can1l0t get auy g-old
this morning', 11nless .ron bny of those in tlw ring." Tltese faets, in eOll-
llection with t1le statement by sorne leaky persons, WllO gave out that
tl:ere was to be a lllOyement OH foot whieh would corner gold, ll,tl me to
the eondntlioll 1 have stated. Uold was uot scaree heí'ore this clay; on
the eontrnry, it was rather heavy upon tho market. These parties ,dlO
bought gold, \Vould le11(l to anybody who wanted to borro\\'.


By ~Ir. S}Il'l'H:
Q. Do yon lmow where these parties kept their gold on cleposit ?-A.


It was IlOt li::ept 011 aeposit; it was loaued out to parties. _
Q. Who "ere tlle parties tlwt loauecl it '?-A. Tho brokers of this


l'iug; the principal of WhOlll were ~Willialll Henth & (jo., E. K. ,Villan!




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 59
& CO., alld Lockwood &; DaYfmport. 1 thillk there were abont twellty
brokers who were supposcd to be opemtillg fol' the clique; 1 do uot
l'emember an the names.


E,y MI'. Cox:
(~. 'Yas thero ally of their gold 01' certificates of deposit in your


ballk "?-A. N o, sir; we had none of their gold.
By .Jir. LYNCH:


Q. ""Vas 01' not tIlo faet that this movement was to eulminate on thi8
daya matter of newspaper talk '?-A,. Ycs; it was a matter of eOlIllllon
talk in the papers; amI my impression il:! that thc money artie1es of that
period would convey about as nearly a statement of the facts that
existed as yon can get.


By l\J1'. Cox:
Q. Have you any r<,ason to believe, 01' have you any information upon


which to lH"3dieate any belief, than any ofticer of the governmellt was
illtel'ested in this gold panic, 01' in the speculations of this clique ?-A.
1 llave llO pel'sonal knowledge of it. 1 gather tbrough statemellts made
publicl,v that one 01' more parties intel'ested in the government hall to
do, direetly 01' indireetly, with this movel1lent. 1 have no personal
knowledge.
(~. Rave yon had any information, direetly 01' indirectly, fi'Olll any


offieer oi' the government, or an,vbody speaking 1'01' them, in l'elation to
this mattel' at tbat time, 01' sillce "I-A. 1 never exehallged a worel ,üth
any oflieer of tite governrnent, nor with any pal'ties speakillg fol' them.
1 have licanl brokers say that certain parties were interested.


Q. vYhat brokers saiel so ?-A. 1 have only heard ít repeated as the
general rumor of the day. No eommunication has been malle to me of
any names of partics eonneetccl with the government.


,VASHINGTON, Jnnuary 17, 1870.
J OHN BO::-<NER sworn and examined.


By the CHAIR::\IAN:
Qncstioll. State ;your residence anel oceupatioll.-Allswer. I l'eside in


Riehmond County, New York. 1 do business in tlle eity of New York.
1 am a stoek-broker, amI pl'csitlcnt of the Bankel's' amI Bl'okers' Asso-
eiation.


Q. ,Yero yon aeqnainted with the general movement in gold during
the lIlOllth 01' Septernher Jast "?-A. I was.


Q. State how the pricc of gold ruled during tIlc week cndillg the 25th
of September.-A. 1 thínk gold opellcd in that weck at abont 37. It
rose on Friday to 62k. lt feIl snbseqnently on Friday and on Satnrday
to about a.3, I think.


Q. Explain, in brief, the eircnmstances attending its rise, as yon know
thcm.-A. 'l'hcrc was a powel'ful clique cllgaged íll bnIlíng gold, aud
they foreed it np by tbeir pnrehases to 43~ 011 Friday morning. It was
thell sudden]y advaneed in the eourse of two 110ms by the eliqne brokers
to 62g, whieh priee it reaohcd bctweell 11 alld 12 o'clook on that day.
It fe]l as rapidly nnder sales, by.other clique brokers, to 33 before the
elose of the day.
(~. 'Yel'c yon a broker for the clique ?-A. I sold gold fúr the clique.




60 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. State to tIte committee "hat persons ;rou unde1'f;tood, frolll your


lmowlcdge as one of the brokers, to ha ve bcpl1 mcmlll'rs of the dique?-
A. So fuI' Uf; 1 know, the members of thc clique "ere Jay Gonld, J. Fisk,
.ir., Hem;r .M. Smith, Smith, Gonld, JV[artin & Co.,Williulll ljpltlplI, E. K.
'VilIan1, aneI others, of whom 1 alll 1l0t certain.


Q. Sta te hm\' lllany fil'IflS these persom; WhOlll you haY(~ namcd 1'cp1'e-
sellted '?-A. Tlle brokers of the elique"werc Smith, Gould, l\Iartin & Co.,
alld 'Villiam Belden & CO.


Q. Do these two firms include a11 the persons ;ron huye llamed as
belonging to the elique '?-A. Thcy do noto J. Fisk is iu uo firmo He
is a specnlator amI a director of the Erie railroad.


Q. By ,,,hom "ere you employed to buy or seH gold'?-A. 13;r Carver
& eo.


Q. Ditl you nnderstand that they belonged to the dique '?-A. They
representcd the clique. They were b1'okers 01' tlle dique.


Q. vVhaL instructiollS, if ally, did yon reeeiyc in respeet to youI' pur-
ehases of" gold, as to the mte at which you were to buy, and as to tIw
peI'SOllS with whom you were to make transaetiolls f-A. 1 malle lIO pur-
ehases; the.y were aU sales. 1 waf; instrueted not to seH to Speyers 01'
Belden.


Q. vVas any reason assigned in your instruetions w11,r .rOl! WCl'e IlOt
to seU to them '?-A. 1 do not thillk there was. 1t wal'! obvious to my
millc1.


Q. \Vhat, in YOl1l' jwlgrnent, was the reason ?-A. Because they
were bllying 1'01' the parties that 1 ,vas sellillg fol'.


Q. Did yon reeeive orc1eI's frol1l anybotly else, besitles the persons
named '/-A. 1 did noto


Q. Have you any clailll against the clique, or had you any tlealillgs
with the dique whieh have led to ally claim 01' diffieulty'?-A. I ¡un-e
large elaims against the clique.


Q. State the charaetel'er of them ?-A. They arose frolll sales of
goltl malle to Speyers.


Q. IIa,e yon made your settlelllellts, 01' attempte(1 to make tllCm ~­
A. 1 have attelllpted to colleet the money dile to me withollt' snccess.


Q. 111 wlmt ",,-ay have you attempted it, alld what has been youI' di1'-
ficulty in the way of settling thelll 'I-A. 1 have sued tlw dique, t11:1t is
to say, Slllith, Gonltl, l\fal'tiu & Co., hefore tlle aI'bitmtion CCllllmittec of
thc Gold Exehangc, and have he en stopped by injl1nction issl1ed b.y J udge
Barnard.


Q. Have YOll that injunetion with you ?-A. I have a copy of it.
(\Vitness presents copy of the injunctioll, which is annexeu to the tes-


timony of ThIr. IIodgRkin.)
Q. 'Vas this injunctioIl sernd 011 yon personally ?-A. Tt was.
Q. By whom 'I-A. By a elerk 01' Field and Sllerma1\, cOllllsel for


Slllith, Gould, l\'Iartin & Co. The eoncluding paragraph enjoins me
frolll pursuiug my claüu and frolll taking ally proeeeüillgs t11el'(~OIl l'X(~ppt
in that actio11.


Q. How has that placed you; what rellledy llavo yon now, i1' any;
aud have yon trieel to use that rellledy'?-A. 1 lLm ad\'i:,e(1 by 11Iy law-
yer that 1 am enjoillod by tllat injnnction fi'om proeccding' in all.)' eonrt
01' before ally arhitration committee to collecí the llloney tlmt is duo
to me.


Q. In what way, if any, are .ron permitted to proeeed~-A_ 1 mn
permitted appaI'ently to proeeed ollly in an aetion in whieh 1 aru defeml-
aut aud in whiel! the partíes whoml am suiug are the plailltift·~" (Sl1Iith.
Gould, 1Iartin & Co.)




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 61
Q. Do yon understand therefore that :rou are suut up mereIy to de-


fense ?-~I\. :Mel'ely as dcfendant.
Q .. At what time was this injullction sen-ell npon yon, relativeIy to


the time tItat JOu brought yonr snit before the arbitration comilltt-
tee ji-A. 1 call1lOt reeollect the dates preciseIy. 1 hrougltt snit. They
sought delay to put in tlwir aIlswer. It was granted to thero. At the
expiratioll oí' Lile deIay they songht fresh delay. 1 resisted the appIica-
tion, and tIle committee overruled tbeir request. "Vithin half an honr
oi' tllat timo tIley serve<lllotice 011 the cmIllllittee deelaring that tIley
"ithdrcw frmn their jurisdiction. The eommittee thereupon rendered a
judgmellt by Ilefault in my fayor, and "ithin 10 minutes 01' Lheil' 1'elH1er-
ing judgment by Ilefault the injulletion was sen-ed forbidding them to
pl'oeeed with tIle case amI fOl'hid(lillg me to prosecute thc case.


Q. Dül -'i0u SllmmOll auy witnesses in yon1' case 't-A. 1 had not got
so faro Tlw'y ll(W('I' joined issue.
(~. llaye ~:Oll had au,y trouble in getting at yonr witnesses; ha!,' any


diffienlty illt~~rlM;ed betwecll yon alld that purpose ?-A. I had sought
tf'stimolly :tlld inqllired fi)l' witllesses. The principal witm'ss, aH!:'I' do-
lllUlTing to m,r l'cquest tliat he sllOnld COUle amI be a witne8s when tIle
case (~alllO Ol!, ha8 sinee, unoxpectedIy, and suddellly, and nuder circnm-
st¡trJe(~S oí' secrcey, departed fol' Europe. IIis llUllHl is \Villiam IIeath.
Other inlpOl'taut witnesses, LoulIslwl'l'yalllI Fansllaw, haY() aIso gone to
Europe.
(~. Wltat do you know of the past history and preflcnt. situation 01'


tIle l'cllth National Dank of New York "?-A. The Tellth National Bank
"as originally a brallclt oí' tIte 8hoe and I~eather Bank. At the time the
stock IJn"illess becallle very active in ~ew York, abont flix years ago,
the llaTlking lmsiness alllong the brokers beeame yt'ry pl'ofitalJle, and
tlle Shoc ami Ijcather Bank established a branch in "Vall street, to carry
on thi8 husiness. Tbi8 branch existed some two 01' tilree yei1l's, 01' per-
Itaps four, ulltil the hank examiner 01' the bank alltllOl'ities tlecillcd that
it was llot competellt fol' a ballk to hayo two hanking' houseH in ihe same
eity. Tlw \"a11 street hranch oí' the SIloe and Leathel' DUllk thell cea sed
tn cXlfit, amI a eertain quantity ot' sjock was issned to represent it,_
That stock was t:tkell by direeton; oi' the Shoe and Leathcl' Bank, and a
Heí\' bank ,va8 cstahli8hed llmler tlle llame 01' the Tenth .N :üiollal Ballk;
alld this hank lt:~s cyer since thell eontinued to t~xist in \VaH street. A
few mOllth" ago tlle bnlk oí' tile stock was aeqnil'ed hy Gonhl, Fi8k, amI
othertl, amI aho·nt a, week Oi' tml (by8 ago a ehange in the dil'cdioIl \yas
lllLtde, in which the old directioll has gone out, and au elltil'ely new di-
l'Oetioll gone ill, eomposed of tile lenders oi' w}mt is lmo,\,\-ll in KéW York
as the Tammany Hing_
{~. State what transactioils, ir any, yon have had "ith that bank


dmillg 01' llcal' tIle timA of the g'old panie?-A .. The only trallsact.ions
of any conscqnence I had was, 1 think, on tIle :l3cl 01' Spptemhcl', 01' at
aU events dUl'illg tbttt week. A repnrt reached me that tIte bank was
in tronhle. 1 wellt to tILe B~tllkel':-\ alHI Rrokers' A~ss')eiation, of whieh
1 mn presidüllt, amI illquired if we had auy of their ehÜc!,:'8. 1 fOllud in
the drawcr a eertilied eheck of theirs for about $~8,OO~_ I went over to
the bauk with that check and dem:1nded greenhacks fol' it. They eyaded
my dernaml amI asked for delay. 1 sent the check to t.lle maker of it,
(Stokes & Saltenstall,) and told tItem tIle circumstallees, amI they gl1ve
me anotlter amI u good check. Tlle Tammany Ring \Yere owners hut not
directors then.


Q. \Vhat reason was assigued for the non-payrnellt of tIle cheek?-
A. No speeifie olle, and no specific refusaI was mude. 1 thillk the pres-




62 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
ident said "Wbat sbonld we do if everybody carne npon ns for green-
backs '1"


Q. In general, have you nny otber personal knowlCllgc of matters ..
directly in consideration befare this committee ~-A. 1 do not recollect.


By IVIr. Cox :
(~. Rave you any knowledge as to wbo the owners of tIte Tonth Na-


tional Bank were during the panic ?-A. The pnrchase of stock had
taken place prior to tbe panic.


Q. How do you know it 1-A. 1 know it by statements of ofiiners of
tbe bank.


Q. 'Yho were the officers of tho bank ~-A. IVIr. Stont was the cash-
íer, amI MI'. Díckinson was the president.


Q. Was MI'. Corbín interested in that banle in any WlJ.y ~-A. I think
uot j 1 neVAr heard that he was.


Q. "Yas MI'. Butterfield ?-A. 1 never heard of it.
By the CHAIRJ\1AN:


Q. Rave you any knowledge of yonr own of any oflicer of t1le gov-
ernl1lent of the United States, either in vVashington 01' in ~ew York,
haying allything to do with that goId panic ?-A. I havo noto


Q. From your kno",' .dge of the whole trnllsaction upon those two
dars, js jt 01' is it not .)'our opjlljon that the fan in gold was caused by
the sale, or by tl18 notice of sale, of Tl'easury gold '?-A .. I do not thillk
that tllat liad mnclt to do with jt. It was Olle of many circumstances.


Q. State what you think was the principal cause of the breakiu
gold ~-A. In my opinion, tho cause oí' the fhll in gold was the settle-
ments tltat \Yere made by l'ersons ,vho were short of gold-prh'ate and
public settlements. ThIany of the shorts bought their gold in open mar-
ket at lüO j others went privatel,)" to Smith, Gonld, IVIal'tin & CO.'s oflice
amI settled in large amonnts. From tho hom of tltose settloments there
was 110 fnrther o~ject in putting up the market, and the salo of govern-
mont gold was, 1 think, only one of tlle incidental causes oí' the t¡¡J1.


Q. Do you think that the panic wouId lmve lmell any more severe if
thp gm'erumellt ltad talmn no a.ctioJl ,YhatC\'cr ?-A .. If the govcrllmcnt
had sold gold the day before, 1 tIlink tIle panic wonld never ha ve taken
]llace. 1 do not think that the sale of gold on tIlat day matle mneh tlif
fel'ellce.


BJ' )'11'. Cox:
Q. How much tlid the govcrnmellt seU ?-A. Five millions, 1 have


ulHlerstootl.
By MI'. S~nTII:


Q. Row would it have relievecl the market to have sohl OH the day
befo re 1-A. It would have broken the momIe of tito movcment. If the
governmellt conld seU five millions, it cOllld sen fifty millions. The gov-
el'llmellt had eighty millions at tIle time, anll if it had begnn to se1l, it
wonld have demoralized the l)UU clique. .


Q. 'Yas it understood that the governmellt could 01' wonld seU gold
in mIYanee of the amount advertised ?-A. Precisely tIle contrary was
ullderstood. The government did not gh'e notice till five minutcs lJefore
the sale. The prevailillg jmprcssion was that the government would
uot sen auy more gold than was advertised for sale, which was a small
l1mount-l1 million at a time and at wide intervaIs. It was nnderstood
by tlle parties in tIle eonfidenco of the clique that the government would
seU no more than that.




GOLD PANIC INVESTlGATlON. 63
B.y 1\11'. P AcreER:


Q. Do yon mean that tlle c1ique had mnde their Rales of an the gold
that they expected to sell to the shorts, anu had tlms made all tIle profit
they expectml to ll1ake, aad that for that l'eflWll the,r stopped l'Ulllling
up the market '?-A. PreciseIy.


'VASIIINGTON, D. C., January 17, 1870.
ALBERT SPEYERS sworn amI examined .


. By the CIIAlRIIIAN:
(~uestion. State your place of residen ce, ,rour place of bURiness, what


your oecupation iR llO\V, and what it was in Septembcl' last.-Answer.
My residen ce is N ew York; my place of business is 33 Broad street; 1
was a gold oroker in September last, and am still such.


Q. Are yOll personalIy familiar with the moyement. of gold during the
Iatter ha]f ot' tite month of September lust, amI specifically on the 23cl
and 24th clays of that month ?-A. Yes, sir.


Q. ·What part did you take in that transactioll ?-A. 1 actecl as
broker .


. (~. Por whom '/-A. Principally fúr William Belden & Uo., on Thurs·
day.


Q. State yonr relation to the transactions on those two days, naming
the parties for whom yon bought 01' solcl; the total amounts which you
bonght 01' sold; thc l'eturns that J'ou made; amI the interviews that
;you hacl with the parties cOIlcemed, so as to make a connected history
of the whole tl'ullsaction.


'Vrl'NESS. 1 suppose that there is no objectioll to my I'eferring to sorne
notes that 1 have.


'l.'lw CIIAnDfAN. Yon may URe any memoranda to uid yonr recollection.
'VU'NESS. 1 have it ull in writillg, amI theretore I may refer to my


notes. The ilrst principal transactions that 1 Lad with 'Vm. Belden &
eo. were OH Tnesday the 21st of September. 1 was asked by MI'. Belden
to buy a million of gohl at 1B7~, which 1 could not get at the price tixed.
I got $7\.10,OUO. At tIte same time 1 loaned out for 3fr. Belden & Co.
tluit day $;)00,000 in gold, which he sent in. The next day 1 bOllght
tIte balance llP to the million, and got some small fUl'ther o1'de1's. On
vVeduesllay 1 bougltt f'or the same firm of '\Tm. Belden & Co. abont four
and a half millions. Mr. Belden reqnired me that day to loan out sorne
gold fo!' ltim nnder compensation, as he had too lllllCh to do in his own
husiness. 1 hall that day to loau, altogether, $3,170,000. 1 only loaned
out $1,670,000. The rest he took himself.


No\Y ,ye come to the 23d of September, Thursday. 1 went to MI'.
Belden about f) o'clock of the morning of that day. When 1 entered,
MI'. Belden told me he was sorry 1 hacl not come befo re; that he had
sent for me, aml had given large orders already. \'Vith that he said,
"Uome to my hack oflice now with me." There he introclllced me to
1\'11'. Fisk and 1\11'. Gonld, whom 1 dül not kIlOW before. 1\11'. Smith,
of Smith, Gonld & Martin, was also presento Him 1 haJ known hefore.
After a few minutes lUr. :Fisk noclded his head to 1\'11'. Smitlt alld said,
" Here is lUr. Speyers." Then }fr. Smith told me to come quickly ove!"
to his ollce. Before 1 got into his private office, in the oack part of llÍs
office, he saÍll, "Huy quickly two milliolls of gold alld report to Belden."
That was on Thnrsday morning. 1 began to buy golcl in the gold·room,




64 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


and in tite mean time :1\11'. Belden came in amI tohl me, "Contillue to
buy." This was before 1 had completed tlw two millions. 1 hesitated
a lllo"lent, t11e amount" being so large al1'eady. 'rhen he said, "YOIl
need T10t be afraid. In aU our purehases t11e ~entlcmcn whom j'OU sa,,,
this morning' in 111y back office are eqllally interestct1." These are the
gelltIemCll 1 have named.


A little wlrile after MI'. Smith came to the ~old-room, Mr. Bl'lden being-
aIso jll'eSl'llt. 1 said to them, "How about loans?" ("Ve had every day
to loan the g'oh1.) Thell S111it11 told me llot to loan ihe golLl at Iess titan
one-sixteentll of one pel' cent. pe!" Ilay, to be paill by the h01'1'O\\"('l'. 1
gan' thp ordel' to my c1e1'k who attellds to tlw Ioans, but he cemId uot
loan at that l'ate, as otller borrowers were loaning at olle-thi1'ty-s~cond
01' one per eent. 1 repu~'ted to :XII'. Smith this üwt. Then he told me
to IOlm at one-thirty-second, aIso, and 1 loaned a liUle at that I'ate¡ ¡mt
1 could not loan any large [l.mount, 1'01' the same reason that other
b1'okers 10aneü at less.


Then .:\11'. Belden CHme over, ami, OH reporting' to him my illability to
make loans, he told me to loan at the uest rlltes 1 eould, l\1r. Belden
again repeating' that he wouId pay me liberall} 1'01' IlI,Y t1'ollhln, as he
conlc1 not attelld to the business. 1 snccecI1ed ill loaning' all hut
$1,740,000, ,vhich 1 could not loan. That day's ¡mrchases were llot
lmllled at al1. vVhat 1 purehased that day \Vas to be Ioaned tllC next
day. Wlwt 1 loaued wat,; the goIcl that 1 bought tile day hefore, alJ(I tlle
gold whieh they had sellt in for me at alJont half pa8t U. 1 l'eccived a
mes:,;ag-e Ü'Olll the Gold Exchange Ballk to semI in my clearauce, as they
were waiting- for llly settIement. IIII'. Belden illen took me O\'Pl' to the
office oí' ",Vm. IIeath & Co. afier 1 hall n~ported that 1 could lIot loan
that gold. In the back part of tbat oflice 1 fOlllld Tllr. Fisk, MI'. Gould,
}\fr. Heath, (of Heath & Co.,) aud Tllr. Smith, (oí' Smith, Gould & !llar-
tin,) allíI several other gelltlemen WhOlll 1 dill lIot 1mow. T stated to
them that 1 hall about two million dolIars over, whiel! r <,ouId noL loall.
}\[r. Fisk tIten asked me ,,'hy 1 hall llOt loalleu it. 1 ltllswerel1, "On
acconnt 01' the limit ",hieh 1\11'. Stuith has givplL llW.'~ l\lr. Smitlt then
replied tbat he had "ouIy given me two lilllits-one-8ixteentll amI one-
thirty-seeolHl. J\1r. Fisk said, "Sll1ith, yOl1 can take a millioll ¡ amI,
Heath, yOll take the halaIH~e." 1 iIJen ellh~l'hl tllese amoUllL8 ou 1ll,Y
clearallce sheet to Smitl1 amI Heath, amI tlwy reeeived, probabl.r, tlle
golll frOlll tlw deal'illg-house, for wl1ich t11ey were obliged, oí' eou1'SI:', to
giye certilied clwclm. That deal'ptl llly trammetioll ror th\:' üa;y. As 1
sai<l bei'ol'e, it \Vas $1,,40,000 ,,,hiel! tlw"n t\yO pPl'SOIlS took off 11l~­
har}(l~-Smith, $1,()OO,üOO; aud Heath, $740,000. On that 'l'hnrsl1ay 1
had bOl1gltt between fiye anll six lllÍllions of gold altogether.


N ow we come to Friday, tile 24th. I :lgain \Hmt dOWll tOWll at !) o'doek,
and met lUr. Belden coming out 01' ]¡is oftiee in N ew street. He :,;aid,
"Come w1th me to Heath'R offiee." He also said, "This will he tiJe lnst
day 01' t11e gold-room. 'Ve lun-e gol: OH'r ;i311O,()OO,OOO uf eall", (mean-
ing that tIte,\' hall a right to caU for 8110,OOU,OOO at a ee1'tain pricp,) amI
wp llave an illilllense alllount o[ lllolley, amI can buy all the g'oltl tlte
govcrnment c1a1'e to sello "'Ve are all OIle Ü1miIy-Smith, üould, aml
Martin amI othe1's, (he !lid not tell me 11'110 tite others ,,-en',) amI my
partnpl' is l\1rs. Fisk's brothel'-in-la \Y."


Q. 'Vilo 1S that r-A. T do 1l0t know what ltis mune is. He wcut on
to say, "Yon need not be afraill oí' ally onIers tha.t aro g'iven yon; yon
wi11 be all right." 'Ve hall llOW reaehed l\lr. Henth's o/lice, (thifl was
:,;aill Oll the way to Heath's otlie(~,) ¡y]¡cl'e 1 t'ol\llll Fisk amI Oould, amI
several other persons whom 1 did 1I0t kno\\'. Fisk toll1 me to buy a11




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 65
the gold 1 could get at 145 01' uuder. He spoke lond, in the hcaring of
cvc1'ybody. The market priee (that \Vas before the board) \Vas then
1431. 1 then "ent to the gold-1'oom again, to lm,V eautiousl,r, until 1
pm;sed my limit of 145. Then, while 1 was standing there, a slip of
papel' was lmnded to me, on which w:,s w1'itten, "Put it to 150, at once,"
signed ".James Fisk, jr.," and addl'essed "A. ~peyeI'R." 1 will produce
tlmt papel' hefo1'e the cOIDmittee. 1 continued to buy nntil 1 got it up
to 150. 1 wcnt back to MI'. Heath's office several times during Iny pur-
chases, alld repo1'ted to J\IessnJ. Fisk amI Gouhl, showing hotlt oí' them
whut 1 had done. }<'isk said, "AH right i go lmck an(l take aH that
yon ean gt't lit 150."


1 returned and bougltt somc more at 150, amI aguin I'<'portml to Fi8k
and (iould; amI aftcr aU that he 811id: "00 back and take all yon can
get umleT' liJO." During thc time 1 W118 bidding 150 a 1\11'. Horton, a
stock broke:' amI gol<1 hl'oker, (~alllfl to me from tlle stock board illto the
gold·roolll (tl1e stock board i8 in tlle next building) and toltlme that if
1 eontilllH'<! to bid 1 certaillly would be Rhot down, aR thel'e was a great
exéÍtl'lIlellt alllong' the "toek brokerR. 1 went. at once 1.0 tlw Rtoek hoard,
lllOlluted the platfonll in spite of the excitelllcnt, and tolll thClll t1lat 1
was a ml'mher of the stock board; that 1 hall bcen thl'eatened 1.0 b(~
s1l01, amI that r ('ame to tell thmll tllat 1 \rouId .~ontilllw tn bid, amI
that 1 merelr ,yallted to sec tlle co\Yanls amI 8conndrcl" ,,110 intended
tn 81100t me; that 1 was there as tIllO targ'et amI told them to shooL
away. 'rlle",- did lIot tire off, though, hut tIte board WUR Ym'y llmdl ílred
H)). 1 thell wcnt hack to 1\f¡-. Pisk amI toI(1 him wllat ha.l happenml.
He said he had heard of it, and arlded, " Go amI bid gold nI' to 160,
Tak(~ aU yon can g'pt at lGO. Unt you will be too late, fol' 1 hanl givCll
orders to ot1lcr hl'oke\'" already to Imy at Hm." 1 then WCllí h:wk an([
hougltt gohl lllltil 1 got it np to lGD. 1 bought some fol' le"s. After 1
ha(l hought a lot of gohl at lGO, 1 reportetl agaiu in 1\11'. Fü,k, amI lw
toIl1 me Bot tn rüpoJ't ISO often; that 1 wa~; p:>rfüetly safó; that tlley luu1
thrir o\\' 11 way of <1oil1g' bU:'4illcss; alld tlUtt 1 should cOlltinue to buy at
}(jO. Gol(l pasISe!l ] GO ami WCllt H}J to W;>l, and 01' comse 1 <li(l Ilot lmy
at that pricc. 1t thell llegan t.o lJreak down to IGO, ancl 1 reported
agaill.


By 1111'. S:\IlTII :
(J. Can yon tdl what timp it was wlwn t,lle lllal'ket tnT'lle(l?-".c\.. 1 ea,u-


1l0t tell exactly; 1 eouId giye a gne8s merel,)'. 1 reportcd agaill aml
}1 r .. Fit,k staLed, "Do IlOt let it <1rop, hnt take aU ,ron ean get." (el. Do yon mean Ilot to let it tIro}) helow 1GO 01' 1>elow 1 G;"} '?-A. 1 GO.
1 rememher that :VII'. lleath ca me in amI hid at a higher rate tllan HiO,
1 t:lul'JlOS[~ alsll fol' L!leJll. vVlIen golü paRserlHiO, :VIr. Hpath eame in ancl
bougllt, at, a higllel' rat(~. By the bye, 1\11'. Hf'atlJ also told ll10 ,,-!len 1
"tood at the platfol'ill oí' the Stock Bxelmllge tlmt ir 1 wonlllllot bid, !lo
wOllld. :VVhenevllr 1 Raw Visk amI Uonld, thcl'e al",a:p; were .ROlllP gen·
tlemCll IH'psent w110m r dil1 not know. Uolfl bogan to brea,k to 1:1;") til'flt
W lIen 1 reported. Htill M 1'. Fisk toldillO that 1 l'lhonld uot lllilld it at ail i
that J R]¡ould bi(l ltiO allll tak\' aU that 1 (~Olll(} g<'t at WO; t!mt 1 was
merclya hl'okcl' all(1 ,,11onl(l Hot miml tI\() market. He was sittillg there
in his Rhirt·slee\:ül'l, amI with a big eane III l1i:-:; h,md. Fin:llly tho market
hruke dOIVIl lO 140, alHl Rtilll\lr. FiRk, in spit? oí' HI'y ol~jections, told me
always that T W<l8 Jlerfl~etly safe; that 1 was nwrely a b1'o1;:('I'; tlnt they
had t,heir o\Vn Wlty oí' doing businesB; tú keep np that statn8, (that was
tlw elcgallt lallgnag-fI he Ilsed,) to kecp np that 8tatuS of lüO; HlId, tum-
ing to UOllld amI Smit,h, they appl'oved oí' it. .Finally gold broke down


ll. Hop. 31-5




66 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


to 133, when 1 broke down too. 1 really was so exhausted that 1 stated
T conld do 1I0thin¡¡ more, and they reqllcstcd me then to send my clcrk.
Bnt they could not get any more even at 160.


By the ClIAIRJ\IAN:
Q. 'Yby could you 1l0t get bilIs uccepted at 160 ~-A. On accollllt of


the abRurdity 01' tlle thing, when people were ofl'ering ut l:n. 1 bought
a million at 1G0 fl'om the llIall Ilf'xt to llIt·, who hong'llt it ut 140, and
who thought he had made two hUlHlrcd thousand dollars hy tIte trans-
action. Tile reslllt of it was that MI'. Fisk did not take tIte gold at 1(;0,
and tlw party who bougItt ut 140, instead of mukiltg IllOI\('y hy the
transactioll, probalJly lost a good deal. 1n fhet, 1 kilo\\' tltat a good
(leal oi' tllat gold which 1 bonght was sold thl'ongh their OWIl b1'o\;:ers
tu me. TbiR 1 fOllUd out afterward frolll thp hl'okenl themse!\-cs. In
fact, 1 can namo OllC man of whom 1 hall bonght t,,"o lllilliOlIS at um,
and who, WbCll gold got down to 1:~:~, caUle to lI1y ollice and tolll me
t,hat he callml to strike it out; amI whenIl'l'fnsed to llaVO ii.. strllek ont,
he said it was aU for tlle Ramc parties. 'rile firm was Gray & PrilwP;
1 do 110t know whetber the lIlall who camo to the oflieo \Vas Gl'aY Ol'
Prince. He told my clp1'k to strike it out. AllOt her eX:lJlIple: L 1\11'.
~Ia.rks, ni' ",hom r hong'llt. a millioll :Jt Hin, eanw to me in th(~ g-oJ( 1 rOOl!1
to strike out thc trallsactioll, ,,-hich 1 refnseü tn <10, statillg" that 1 c1id.
not, flo that killd of business. I thcn WPllt oyer to Fi"k & üonIrl, awl
stated the eil'cnmstance of :\orl'o 1\larks's ü~lIillg lile to sirike out that
millioll, and they suid: ",Vell, if I1larks Raid so, yon botter stl'ike it


.. ' out." Al1<l so 1 did. And so 1 lt'anwtl tha t a gl'eut vart of this gold
which 1 bonght ut lGO was sold to nw thl'ong'h tlteil' OWIl brokf'rs. 1
boughL sOll1e oí' lVIr. Parks, but it never was elainwd, unquestjonably
beeanse it ,,-a.s sold t'0l' tIte samo parties.


Q_ State ·whether yon fOUlld out in tlle course of thc ,,'lIok lmsiness,
alld sllbseqllent examinatioll oC it, tltat a large part 01' tlw g'old whidl
yon bonght, wa" solel to YOll hoY tlw brok(,l'~ 01" thn elicpw !,--A. Ye8:
1 haye stated these cases. I tllon retlll'!lt·(1 to mv (ltlif~l', a/'ter 1
ll1yself hall broken dowl1 in strPllgth. I uonght altog'('th(;l', tlwt (la~-,
oypr tW\'!lty-six lllilliol1s. Tbat \m,; Ihe last day-LlIe day of .inclgmont.


By 1\:Ir. Oox :
(~. Ditl yon 11a,-e ltl1y 11l0llCy at all to huy go1d with"?-A. ~(), si1';


no margin ut alI. It was llot customary. 011 SatunIay mOl'lling 1 wcut
m-el' Lo tiJe gol11 room amI Rtatetl l'ublie1y that :lll the gold which I
bOllght. 011 Tlllll'sday was t'or Bdtlen & Co., all:1 a';';Deiat(·s, al1<1 that aH
th6 gold that 1 bought OH Frida.y was fOl' ,T, Fisk, .ir., amI a"soeiates.
1 stated tllat Lo aH t!10 urokpl's. 1 gaH~ up llly ]ll'ineipals at ollee. 1
really eaullot t.ell wltetlwr that \vas OH ¡';atlll'llay 01' Fl'i~la.v, lmt 1 \vil!
come to it latel', aud 1 \yill remember it.


The aee0l111t of aUmy purehases 1 triecL to ltalHl i II to 1\h. Fü;k Ol' }Ir.
Goulü 011 13:tLun!ay, unt r eonld !lot scc thelll. 1 SP11t. S(wt'l'<l] tilllPs to
tlle Gran!! Op~m1 Honsc, \vhieh is their otlkp, amI tIte.\' ,,"(mIlI neithel'
ll't tIte persGu WllOlll 1 seuL eome in, 1101' \\"Oltld tlH'y l'(~(~ein' :luy pape!',;,
so 1 wa,; obligetl tu senil the aeCollllts bymail. The 1)[\I'('1In,;(\s of Tltlll'8-
day 1 SPllt to 1\11'. Bell1eJl, al1tlressed to ,Villinm BelllPl~& en. amI :¡,,~o­
datl's. At oue time 1 weut to tlw otliee oí" lfeath t,o ask sOllle lltal'gill";
fOl" 1ft'. Fisk and. MI'. (hmltl. :\11'. Belden, \Yho was abo thpl"e, spoke np
<l1l(1 sai(l, lwillting t,o "Fisle ami Goul!l, "Tll('sP 111('11 \Yallt, 1 sllppose, tu
put al! t]¡(· tmnblp 011 our shouldpl's, as tltPy I'd"nse to gi\'(~ llHl.rgills."
So 1 Jpi't with au 1'1Ilpty pod,.(,t. 1 "'Hnte(1 the llIal'g'ills, beeausc 1 W<lS


'calktl npoll .hy other partil'S for tIte lIlargins; :L1I;;mg' tJW/Il \ras :\[1'.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 67
James Brown, ofthe firm of James Brown & Co., of whom 1 had bought
seven millions of gold for their account. 1 introduced MI'. Brown, say-
ing, "MI'. Fisk and .1\11'. GonId, here is 1\'11'. Brown, of whom 1 bought
1'01' your account soven rnillions of goId. He wants a margin, but as
yon have not given me any Ileave him in your hands to settle with."
1 then wif,hdrew. After that I tried to get into the ofliee, but was re-
fused admittallce, two rnen keeping guard all mornÍllg at the oflice door.
This was on the morning of the 24th, Friday. 1 did uot see them on
Satul'llay at aH. When gold was at HiO .1\11'. Fisk toId me ir I eoul<l
settJe with any pal'tips at 150 to do so, hut I couId not make any settle-
ments at aH. In an interview with 1\11'. Fisk he told me that he had
reeeived my reports. I harl no challeo to soe :;\11'. Fisle for the next fort-
llight, until he t-\ellt for me one dar to come to his offiee-the Erie rail-
wav officc.
(~. State auy illterview that ron had t-\ubsequently to the week of the


gold pallie with MI'. I?isk 01' MI'. Gonld Ol" either of them, and state the
whoh~ Cil'CUlllstallce oí' tlte illtel'vie",.-A. 1 went in t,he afternoon with
.MI'. B(~ldell to tlle Opera Honse, l\Ir. Belden telling me that ]\:JI'. Fisk
wouId lilw to see me. 'l'lwn\ 1 fouml 1\lessrs. Fisk and Goulrl. vVhen 1
arrived 1\11'. Fisk told nw, ":\fr. Speyel's, yon ean ask anythillg oi" us-
1ll0lWy, capital, 01' serdce. "\VItat do :ron care abont tIte brol~rs~ Yon
haye a family of ehildrell. 'fhe hrokers are aH rascalf>. 1 have got in
rny desk hore aeconnts f1'oll1 twenty-seven brokel's who owe me four
luimlred tllonsand dollars on sto('k ·trallsaetiolls. 1 have, foI' instauce,
1501<1 fineen thOUSillld shares ofNew York Central at 180 which 1 hOllght
in at a mnch low('r rate, aJl(i !LOW they will not pay it. Tlley want to
mix it up with tlle gold husiness." 1 told hün t,llat aU 1 wanted was
that he ShOllld pIaee me where 1 stood on \Vednesday. He understootl
that to mean that he shonld thlfill his engagernents wit11 m.... 1 stated
to him that 1 wanted him tn put me wllere 1 was on vVednesday. He
s¡tid that tltat wOllld pul; him in a vcry awkward position, l'eferring to
\\Tittell eOlltracts whieh 1 had gin~n to the diffel'ent parties from whom
1 lIa(1 bOl(glü gold in tllO W1Jlle oi" James l<'isk, jr., amI hi" assoeiates,
and w1liell r ,mppm;ed made tlH'm liable. 1 told Itim that he put lIle in
a far worse jlositioll, and tlmt 1 walltNl him to get me out of it. \Vith
that tlJe eOll \'(~n;a.tioil bl'Ok(' np. Some time later-I sup])ose abont a
week latt'l', whidl would be about three 01' iour weeks after tIte gold
pamc-I either wellt ni> again to f;PCl 1\1r. llehlml or 1 was Sl'lIt í'or to t,he
Opera IlOllSC'. 1 thiuk 1 wellt to Olee 1\[1'. Belden, w¡wn 1 fOlllld J\1r. I"isk
alld Mr. Gonld íhere aguin, amI he told me that "Ir. Sheannan, hill law-
yer, ,,'ould like to see lile. 1 lttLd aH iutmTiew witu "[l'. Shearman in a
}Jl'ivatp oJlice in th", sallll' bnilding, w!len 1\11'. Sheal'lllan asked me who
my lawyers \Yerc. 1 told him. that Mr. Charles A. ltapallo was lllor lawyer.
liill ans\ver \Vas, "Ah, lw wiII hp, of (:Olll'SP, agaiust ns; he is 1\fr. Van-
del'hilt's lawycr. He will not giye ;\'on two IUlIldred thousand dollars to
get yOll out of this Il(·rape." 1 ioId him tIlat 1 did llOt expeet a law,yer to
giYC me $:.!OO,OOO; that it· ::\11'. Hapallo hall got me iuto sneh a sera pe,
he wonM tl'y to get me out of it at any amount; that aU 1 wanted was,
as 1 had tolfll\Ir. Fisk hefore, to he placed in the Ilallle pOllition in which
1 was on "\VeduesdlLY, wllen 1I1y cl'edit was gooll, when my mlllw was
g'ood, amI whell 1 had a good business, aud that the whole oi" it \Va,s
l'llined by tlleir }lroceedillgs. [liad a tllÍnl inteniew with yonng Mr.
I>ndley D. Field in rl'spcet to a transaetion in the purehase of gold frolll
::\lr. ,JOSlYIl. He, )Ir. Field, ,m:; a mcmber of tIte legal firm oí Field &
ShearmHIl. He sellt for me in the evening to the Opera H onse. Tile
tl'aUsact.ioll with 1\11'. JOSlYll was this: 1 had bonght on that Friday h«if




68 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
a millioll of gold from MI' .• Toslyn for Fisk and aS8ociates, at 160. As
1 coulJ IlOt see \VeJl 1 requestetll\'Ir. Heed, \VIto stood next to lUí', to write
my purchases dO\V1l in my book. Among other pnrehaseswhieh he
wrote (lown was one lllillioll bonght of lhondi, Springer & Oo., at
] GO, a180 for the Fisk party. TIte name of DzonJi was not clearly "rit-
ten, allcL "hen the entries from my first book weI'll tI'ausfel'red to my
pl'iueillal hook in the oft'we tIle mune of .TosIYJI was enten~d illstelld of
Dzondi, the latter being so ballly writtell. Instead oí' an entl'y of a half
million l)()ught frolll J os1Y1l, tlIe elltl'y was fol' a millioll a11(I a hulf bongbt
frmn .Josl)"]), all(llVIr .• JüslYII aceepted the pnrehasp, as gol(] W:18 thl'll 133.
MI' .• Joslyn aftenvarl1 ealfil' to my office ancl iustitute(l a snit against the
clique, for the sale of a millioll and a hall' 01' gold. The mistake hall not
be(~u dis(~oveI'ed then, aud IIOt till a few dllyS latel', wllt'1I tlw (~olll]laI'isOll
was made bet",een !Hy til'st notes and thc principal hook. 'l'lIc1l it was
fonud that 1 had only hought hal1' a millioll ti'om .Toslyn and Tlot a mil-
lioll and a. half. 1 Matpd tite mistake to my 1 aw.)'(' 1', MI'. T:apallo. 1
then met lII' . .ToslY1l, in Broad stl'eet, aud said tn 1Iim: "'l'l!cre is a mis-


o take. 1 ollly bought of yon halí' a million of gold ai WO, and I)¡p other
millioll 1 honght 01' Dzondi, and not of .'lOIl." Ht> said: "1\1]'. Uapallo
tohl me yon said yon ¡lid 1I0t buy auy gold of me." 1 Haill: "No, tltat
is a mista.!,:o. 1 bonght a halr a milliOll of yon, hut no ilion'." JUl' .• Jos-
lyIl said: "1 will COlllP O\Ter nlld f.;t'(; ahollt it.". He üi<l llot come to Hee
me foe a da.y 01' two, aIH1 t.lte1l 1 rL'peatml in writing to him what I statl'd
verbally, that it was a mistake, alHI that 1 had uot bouglIt. but ha1f a
millioll ofhilll. At tlw sallw time 1 l'(~pOl'te(1 to Fisk a1l(1 at-isoeiates, a.lso,
the eirenmstanee that 1 liad ollly iJought half a million of !\fl' .• Toslyn,
unll Ilot a million and a halL l\Ir .. JoslyillWyer eontrmlict.ell it, allllllcvel'
touehetl that suldect agnin. That \Yas dw ean,;e of }Ir. 11'ioltl eoming' to
:seo me, amI to get my aftitlavit SÜttillg' that eircnm,;t::wce. r~llCn :\1r.
David Dudlcy Field him¡;;clf sellt 1'01' me about a \\'cel;: Oi' two latel' tlWll
tIlO iuter\'icw~' with 11i,; son, reqnestillg' me Lo 8tate to hilU the wbole dr-
cmLlsüuweR of the transadiolls of tiloso two lla~'8, as lle lwd uot bren
in tDWIl then, aud he want::cl to kno,,' all tltat ha(1 takt'll place; whidl J
stat¡'d to hilll fnlly. Sinee then, 1 have seen lIpitllt'r oi' tllose g'putlemen.


Q. 111 that couneetioll, state what 'yOíl nllüen,toOll to 1)(; ltwuut b,v tlle
81lggestion tllat Vamlel'bilt's lawyer would Ilot pay yon $20n,O()() ?-A.
1 ulHlerstood that it was merely holding' out that kind 01' a brille to me;
that ii' 1 would aeeept 8200,OOl) they w01l1d give it io lIHl. l\:ly idea was
that tllell r should hold tltem cIear, <tlld take t1le whole thillg on my
shoulders.


Q. Srat.e to tlle eOHllllit.tee whether we are 1'ight in lllHlerstalHling
yon, froill the drift, of your te8timoll~r, that Fisk, UOUll], amI aSHoeiates,
repndiated a large portioll 01' .ronr pnrehases of gold '?-A. MI'. Fisle
told me, in the first illtpl'view r IUlIl with Ililll af'tp,), tIte trallsaetions, tlmt
he did not deny tIlat he gave me a11 thosp onlel'H; hut that it, ",as OH
~weouut of Belden, amI :.\1r. Dl'I(len saill at. the sallle time: "You know,
Speyers, tlw.t yon diü it aH for HlP." 1 Hai(l: "1\11'. Hp](lpll, aIld 1\11'.
Fisk, that iR allnollsPu8e to talk to me HO. ~ot (luIr <lid yOll, 111'. Fisk,
uot tellmp tlmt it ",a,; fOl' aeconnt 01' .!\Ir. Bdllen, bnt ,ron, l\ll'. Belden,
told me al1 the timo that aU tllO:le trammetiollS wem fol' Olte falllily, ami
J'on named tlw partips YOllrself-Smith, Gould, aJl(1 Martin, l\1r. Fisk,
autl sen~ra1 othel's. It is no use to talk 1,0 Ille in tIJa!' mall1IPr." 1
thonght, perhaps, that the sllggestion oí' tlle 8~()O,()OO ",aR a Ilillt tlmt
if 1 would aeeept the S~OO,O()O, amI say that my ]Hlrehases were fol'
aeeollnt 01' Belden or for roy own aeeount, 1 could have all~T alllount 01'
mOlley.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATlON. 69
Q. Have you eyer received, since the transaction, any amounts of


mOlley fhnIl wllBt Ü, lmowll as tIte dique, 01' fi'olll ullyhody else WllO is
knowll as cOllllectcd in t1le matter '?-A. N o, sir; not a dollar.


Q. IIow muelt 1ll0lH'y did you ever receive from the clique during the
tl'ausaetiou,,; ti)]' plll'ehases, cOlllmissiom;, 01' anytlüllg el se "I-A. 1 neve1'
rcecived a doUar COllllllissioll; 1 did 110t receÍn\ auy compe11sation. (J. 1Jid yon receive 110 funds fl'OIll thClll with which to malee pur-
chaRle'>: '?-A. No, sil'; 1 Itad hOllgllt S0111e gold fol' tllem at 100re1' rates
which 1 loalled out <tt higher rates, deposit-ing tlle umoullts in trust
(~ompallics.


Q. 'ro wllose em(lit '?-A. 1 deposited to my crec1it, lmt J lJad to give
it n}1; it was a margill, ilL tlw íirst, pIacf'; tIten, also, 1 calleel in large
,UllOunts of margiu ou tlwt Friday.


Q. To ",hat aínoullt '?-A. 1 do uot know; 1 snppose, $100,000. 1
I'dm'lled all tlle (:('rtiJied elteeks tlmt 1 had receiyed as margins; T did
llot depoí:iit 011<'. or t1le1ll ill tIJe ]múks, hnt retul'ned tllem to tlle original
g"iyerH.
- Q. no'.\' llllH:h gold, il1 all, durillg tl1€' whole transaction <lid yon hny
fol' the dique ?-j\. 1 Sllppose ahont thirty-five milliolls; that is as near
as 1 can COlllP tn it without my books.


Q. ¡loir 1l11H'll (lid ,ron loan t-A. 1 llave stated tlle loans; 1 <lid lIot
loan allytlting' (·l,,;e. Tlw lmrehases of Fritlay 'H'l'C not l'ceeived; tltey
di<lnot go to the deal'ing-holU:ie.


Q. As tite rí~tmlts of this ",holo tl'allsaetion what is now your l'elation
to the Uoll! E"dlallge '1-"\. ], 01' cOllrse, 10st my seat in botll tIte Hold
Exchange amI tlw ¡.)to('];- Hoara by e1aillls heing made again8t me \v hieh
1 (:ould llot nlep1., 1'lwy wel'e aU 1'01' aeeoullt of the elir¡ne. T cli<l not
hu,v :llly 1'01' ll1y OWII aecollllt <1u1'ing tite t\\'o (Iays. 1 did BOt do ally
bm;ill(':-is at al! {ni' myself, and 1 <lo Ilot sup])ose that tol' the wllOle mOllth
1 uoug-ltt 01' ¡;ohl fol' myself $~OO,OOO. 1 did not do allythillg whatewJ'
<lul'iug tite tillH' oí' speenlation.


By 1\11'. ~mTII :
Q. \Vhat <lOyOll estilllatc as.yonr aggl'egate losses in tIte t.ransactioll '1-


A. l\Iy business i:-; rnined. \Yith that exeeptiou 1 do not suppose 1 will
]¡aye HH} lost"'s. H will he IH'Ptt.,Y lIluch malle np by wllat 1 deposited
in thc tl'llst cOlllpanics \\-itlt that which 1 got frorn tlw loans;


By tIte CTIAUDIA=":
Q. \Vhat illtercst, Oi' eompcllsation did .'Ion l'ecei,-e foI' the pnrdmse oí'


golü ]liad" hy yon cIul'Íug' tltose tIYO days ~-A, 1 had no intel'est pxeept
my cümm¡';~ioll, whieh J han~ llen~r receiyed.
(~. Ji' you llatll'ccl'iY('(] (:ommissiollS on tIlP usual tenas, wllat :lIIlO1ll1t


wenl,1 'yO\l haTe l'eüein'd fl'Olll yOl1l' transaet.iolls '?-A. 1\11'. Beldeu to1d
nI(' that lw IYonld }la,)' me a liberal cOlllmission. )ly eOlIllllÍssiotl \Vas
l1("\'e1' fixed. 1 ,nmhl eal! a liheral eOllllllÍ,,;;:.;ioll oue-sixteenth oí' oue pe1'
e(,~It., 01' en~1l less. JUl'. Bpldcll told me to halHI in Illy aecoullt for eOIIl-
mi;:.;siollS, aIHI that 1 wonld be entitled to onc-eighth of onp per ceut.
Thati8 tIte g('ll(~ral rate oí' ('Olllmis¡;ioll rOl' a broker, lmt in tIw g'ohl
l)\[~iÍll('"'' tlH'y do it fol' less, amI 1 lllulonbt('(lly would han~ dOlle il for
less.


Q. \Vlmt (~har¡.re (1i<1 yon !H'esput '1-A. Al onc-eighth oí' olle pel' eent.,
:11l1011lltiug tn ahont forty-o<l<l tIlOusaud dollars. 1 wou1d llOt lmve
l'harg('(1 th<'1Il OIle-eig'hth j1' ~lr. Belden h:HI llot toltl me so. 1 wOllld
jJan' ]('ft it to ",hat they t!tought fail'.
(~. ~t.ate to the cOlllínittee c what eifol'ts yon IHLYC maele, if aH,}', to




70 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


prOC1\re a settlemeut of J'Olll' transactiom; for the eliqne.-A. 1 was
,uh'ised hy my l:m'yel's 1l0t to hegill au,\' snit. TIlC'J told me, in faet,
that 1 conld llOt hegill any snit, hccanse [ haO. llot l'(>(~(>iY<~d the gol!1,
pxeept for my eOlllmissiollS. l\1y lawyen; told me fllrtlwr, that it \yas
lJIlH"h hettpr fol' lile to stmHl neutral alld he a witness, Hmllet othcrs SI]('
fol' their elaim8. They said that if they were willillg' to lllake a settle·
HH'llt thl'y would do it. WithOllt m~' sningo, uccansc othprs \\'\'1'\\ tl1\'1"p
W 110 \';onl<1 sac. allli wl10 haY~'\ SIlNl.


Q. Haye YOll given yOUl' testimOllj" hitherto hpf(ll'(\ au,)" eourt ?-A.
Yeso 1 havl:' gh'en, in the first place, thc tcstimolly ,Yhi(~h 1 han' here
i:l ll!allIlS(~ript, hy order of llw superior eOllrL be1ún' Judge }1'l'eedlllall.
(\YitllC'sS exhi1>its the maJmseript of his testilllouy.)


Q. '[OH haye aIso, in ad<1itioll, given yOlll' testilllOn~"l)('f(Jl"(, tlw:uhi-
tration (~Ollllllith,p in Ne\\- Yol"ld-A. Yel:i, sir.


Q. Botlt nmler oat,J¡ ?-~\. Yes, sir. 1 belil\\"ü tIte tr'l:itiHlony in t1le
:1l'bitratioll committee il:i uot finished yN.


Q. Have you auy klHl\dedge that au'y oiiieer 01' tlw lhJited Statc,~
was i·n any way cOlleerned in tlle gold trans:wtiolll:i oí" thoMe t\\"o days t-
A. No, sir; uot the slig-hte.st.


q. Had yon yourself auy personal conference dnrillg" tiloso days, 01"
IIl'al' that time, with ally ot'ficeroftlwgonmnnellt OftllO Ullited State,'j!-
A. No, 1:i¡'1'.


Q. Or with anybody reprl'Sentillg them?-A. ~(), sir.
Q. I-Iad .ron auy eOllyel'l:i,Ltioll 01' COlUlIIUlücatioll with any oflicer 01'


tlJe snb-treasury in ~ew York ?-A. No, sir.
(~. You kuow \VIto tIte l<,adillg otlicer 01" tlte sub-t1'easur.r \Ya::; ?-~\.


MI'. Bntterfield was at tltat time.
By 1\11'. Cox:


,Q. 1 woullllike yon to explain a little more eX]llieitly hO\y it W<1:, that
)-OH made no loss ?-A. For illf>tance, 1 bonght gold 1'or tlw cli:llw at
l;k~, and 10Hlled it out at 140. That lpft a lmlance in 1II.Y hamls. 011
tIle tir~t trauf>l\{·tioll T l:ient a check for the halalH:p oí" til:J,OOO to Mr.
Bel(len for lc.'llS. The llext dav 1 hnll in my ltallds :l !tUllt ,as Illneh ¡lS
would eo\"(>r tlle dt>pmütf> whieh'l IWH!e OH lIl~Lrgin:.:; witb tlle trnst (,O!ll·
pallies, whieh, of course, WIWll tlle go](l \\'cut (IOWll 1 gayo IIp t;¡ tlle::;e
]lartie . ;. For illstauce: 1 remembcr 8:!;:;'O!.D fl'olll K<Lllllalt, ~aller & (!o.,


. alld SJ,OUU fi'Olll 1)1'pxpl, 'Vinthrop & Co., wllieh \yas dl'lKlsitell in tl)('
\vay oí" IlUlrgilll:i, amI when gold \Yüllt !IO\nl 1 hantlcd O\Tr to tlwllI
tlmt Illoney in a frienüly suit. Fisk & Gould wonld hayo llothillg to do
with it.


q. Yon hall a wl'itten onle1' from Fisk?-A. 1 hall thaí little oh1er
Ú'Olll Fisk.


q. 'YllO brought j-on tlwt onlp!, ?-A. lt wni; lwmlel! to me whik r
was in the g·old-rooll1 hy a littk boyo


Q. Do .ron kno,," Fisk'f> ]¡alldwritiug ?-;\. Xo, sil'; hut otherl:i Slm it
who kllew Fisk's halldwritillg.


Q. You did uot kllO\Y tllat it ,yas Fisk's hmH.hniting ji-A. X o, sir.
Q. And ,)'on aetml 011 that onlel"?-A. Yeso
Q. How \Vas it phras:"dP-A. "l'llt it up to HíO at ouce." Sigller1, ",J.


l<'if>k,jr.,:' anl! adl1ressrd, "A. Speyers."
By the CHAIlDIA~:


Q. JJi<1 1\11'. Fif>k e\"el" dpny that he l:iellt yon this llOtp?-A. Ko, sir; J
do 1I0t thillk i1, (~allle np. 1 <lid llOt sho\\' to him. He Jl(wer (Ienie<l to
me any]mrchasef> tltat 1 made tú1' hilll. In faet, the snhject was onl,)'
toueIted once.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 71
q. Did MI'. Relden fam-A. lIe told me that he had gone into bank-


l'uptey, amI 1 saw tIte schedule of his assets. He elaimed an the gold
which he lIad loancd ont to parties, and daimed tbat gold without re-
turning the cnrI'ency which he had received for it. He claimed five oi'
six or seven millions, amI told me when he got tlJat money he would
payme.
(~. So that tIte clique said to you, "'Ve ordered you to buy on account


of Relden, aIHlyoLl must look to Belden ~"-A. Yes, sil'.
Q. And Belden still says to you that if he ever recovers his money


he will pay you ?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. SO ,V0n understaud that yon are dropped in this matteI' through


the suppo"ed faillll'e oí' Belllen '?-A. Yeso 1 believe that it was the in-
tention to induce llW to take that brilw, because when 1 said to risk,
" It is an llonsem:e to talk to me in that way; you never told me that it
was fOl' Bel(}I"Il, HlHl Uel(I(~Il, on the contrary, to1<1 me that it was for you,"
he never sai.l 011(' word more.


Q. Did this gold dique at auy time let j-OU into theil' contidenee so far
as tu explain to you \\' lwt tlley were going to do "?-.A .. No, sir; only that
it was a geneml rüport tbat gold was going up,aml tbat the government
",ould llot sello 1 ncycr had scell Fisk 01' Gon1d ulltil that Thursuay
morniug, aud 1 had IWYf'r dOlle any business for them before.
(~. The te~tiI11OlJ~' whieh yon have given bef'ore this committee has


been giycnfrom fnll memoranda whieh yon maue in t11e regular order
of umüupss during tlle transactioIls themse1ves ?-A. 1 made thc mem-
oranda, tlw VPI'j' llPxt da.r, amI t.he very day of the transaction.


Q. Which original memoranda. .ron possess 'I-A. Yes, 1 have the orig-
inals in ll1y pocket. 1 wrot@l these memoranda 011 thc very next day.


Q. State whet.her yon han', in t.he course of ;your business as a broker,
a book in which ,ron entcrinstantly evcrJ-transaction as it talces p1ace?-
A. Yes; the vcry mOlIlent 1 make a pnrchasc 01' sale, it is entered in
mybook.


Q. And ;your statemeuts to tIle committee haye been made OH the
basis oí' tlIcse memoranda, as well as from yonr private recollcction?-
A. Yes, sir.


By l\fr. Cox :
Q. 'Vhat time did it dawn 1l1l01l your miml t1tat thiswas a eonspiracy,


and t1tat yon were being used by these parties ?-A. FiI'st, when 1 asked
for a margin aml t11ey l'cfused to giye it. Their transaetionR were all so
mj'sterious, that CYCll wheu tll(~~' honght gold at IDO while it was selling
at 140 1 thougbt it quite natural for them. 1 thonght that probahly
tbcy knew something about it. J\Iysteriouslj' they issued forty millions
of Erie stock, aml put the lIlOlle,\' in their pockets. \Vhen 1 went to
them over and oyer agaill, they said~ "It is llone oi' j-Olll' husiness; you
are perfcctly RaÍÍ"\;" alld so 1 thonght it quite natural that t11e gold ",hiel!
1 bouglIt. at IDO was sol(] to me by their own brokers.


Q. 'Vere j"OU yers muc11 cxeitcd uuring the day'?-A. Not t11e Rlightest.
1 was excitp¡], of eourse, in doing this kind of business. It was very
natural that persom; Rhould think me excited whell 1 was busing gold
at HiO that was ofterillg at 140; but 1 was no more excited than 1 am
now.


RS thc CUAIRl\IAN:
Q. Did a poem which appeared in the NewYork Tribunc, whieh de-


scriued yourse1f amI your bius on tltat day, express the spirit of the
transaction, so fal' as you are coneerned '!-A. 1 ltaye never seen it. A
gentleman told me tItat he passed the Evening Express offiee in the




72 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION;
afteruoon, and saw 011 tlw bnlletin tlmt Speyers was a ravillg maniaco
1 uelieyL' that tIlese lllen tllemselYcs spread that reporto


By Mr. BUUCHAIW:
Q. Did yon loan out golc1 011 Frida.y'?-A. No, sir; 1 did not make auy


loans ou Fri.la.\~.
By lUr. P ACKER:


Q. Did yon suy yon did not bid oyer HiO ",hen gold rau up to 1(j3g?-
A. 1 did noto


Q. \VhatmnOllnt. wassold tllat dayat a price aboye}GO ?-A. 1 know one
mall, J'lIr. Oakley, who bongbt oyer $~OO,OOO atlG:~J. JJ\ll'iug tite time that
gold weut up from lGO to IG:3} 1 weut on~l' to thcse partics, all(l in'
the llwantillle gold mIl n]) to lü:)J, 1 Imow tl1at l\h. OakleJ' bOllght $:Wn,OHO or ~l;)OO,oon at lG;)J, amI took it at that price.


Q. \Vas au.f bonght fol' ally persom; oí' tlw clique ahoye 1GO?-A. 1
uIlderstoo.l t]¡at gold was bonght at 1G:>J 1\)1' al! illlllOl'tillg' ]¡OUS(', amI
thcy paid for it. Theywere afraül it might go U]I tu ~()O; in fact, 1 umler-
stood .1\11'. Smith' to sa,)' tllat it wonhl go np to 1'4;) 01' ~OO.


By the CHAlR~[AN :
(~. At what time, as llcar as yon cau fix it, \lid yon bny sen'n mil-


liolls frolll ,James Dro\\'11 ?-A. 1 bought 8500,000 at 150; $:::;Ü(),OOO at
155, amI $GOO,OOD at lGO. Hut ",11('11 1 bought ni 11;0 gold had broken
dowll aud \\~as already offeretl aU Hl'ouml at ] ,H). 1 lJonght immediately
half a millioll at 15:::; aml haH' a million at 150. Thcn, ,,,!len 1 began to
bu ,y nt 1GO, golü had alroa(l,)' broken .10WIl to lJO, amI, in fact, 1 UIHlcl'-
stand that Brown lJonght the golcl at UO wl'lich he so](1 to me at lGO.


Q. lIad thPl\l been auy acccptallcC 01' bilis 1'01' somo time before that
at lGO 't-A. Oh, yeso


Q. l\'[y um1cl'stallding was that thero had beell a considerable pause,
and that yon were oll'cl'illg lGO C8I' gold, amI that .)'on1' offer was !lot
accepted.-A. No. 1 thillk that i11 tite hegiuning 1ll,Y llitIs wcrc accepterl
to ver,\' large amonnts. AH ",110 hatl bouglIt gold at 140 eame al'Olllld
me amI were ver,y anxions to seIl at lGO.


By l\Ir. S:\HTII :
Q. In auy of tlw interviews \Yhiclt yOll liad "ith tlle parties cOllllected


with the gold cliq lle, was t11e objcct 01' pur]1()SO of tIte parties in forcillg
up golll stated Ol' alhule<l to ?-A. N o, sir. 111 this cOlllbinatioll ~lr.
'Voouwarü played a great part, bnt he got out of ií.. He \Vas in the
combillation, m; far as 1 understand, to driwo, gold to í1 eeltain ])riee.
'1'he itlea waíl to brillg- tlw g-ohl up to 14:::;. That \Yas the reporto K eithpr
oi' thcse gentlctnell spokc to mc abont it. ]\oh. vVoo<lwal'd \Yas (lile of
the pal'ties. 1 lludel'stood he had thJ'ee or folll' millions of gold; lmt 1
undCl'stood that he sold it to tilo ver,)' partics with whom hc was in eOll-
nect.iOll to drive gol<1 np.


Q. \Vas it for tlle purpose oí' llffecting the price of stoeks generall.'",
01' of goYernmellt bonds?-A. Tbat 1 do HOt know. 1 only nmler:o;toud
thut they \Yunterl to pnt, gold n]l, amI as 1 Ilaü not hl'PU doillg í111,)'tlting
in homls 1Il111 stock, 1 took no uotice of it.


Q. 1 snppose<l thnt sometlIing lllight ha\'e trauílpired that indicaíed
theil' real ohjpct.-A. No, sir; they üillllot spcak to lile uhout H.


By the CUAIRi1IAN:
Q. vVhat did yon untlerstalld by the exprcssion of l\fr. Heldpll,ol1


Friday, that that was to be tlte last day oí' thc gold room '?-A. 1 sup-




GOLD PANIC INVESl'IGATION. 73
posed it rneant tila!, they wonld break tho gold room down, and that
thoy wonld drin, golcl H'l'Y high. It was IVIr. Belden that told me that.


By 1Ifl'. S:mTH :
(~. "\Vhat was tlle effect of tllis inffation of gold Oll tho general


market ?-A. It broke down stocks. 1 do 1l0t know how far it affected
governlll('ut seeuritieR. It ruined a great many people aneI broke down
the gold room.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. How long \VaR it before the StockR rallicd í'rom thc shock oí' thosc


trauRadiolls '!-A. 1 do not know. 1 did not· tr.ke auy illtercst in the
stock mark~t.


Q. \Vere ot11er brokers of the dique lH:'side yonrself broken down~­
A. Li \,(~l'InOl'e & (Jo. honght ~t 1GO for their account, alld were broken
110WII, and lUr. llarrison and mnny otherR were bl'oken tlOWll.


By l\fr. Cox :
Q. Do :rOl! kllow a mall by the name of Corbin el_A. N o, sir.
Q. YOIl have never !tean1 of him ?-A. Nothing more than in the


uewRpapcrs.


"\V ASIIINGTO::'i, D. C., Jwwary 18, 1870 .
• TA:\IES 1\1. BLLTS ¡.;;worn amI examined.
Witness, at his OWll reque¡,;t, was permitted to make the following


statelllellt :
JHy partnel', ;\11'. Heath, hm; gOllo to Europe simpl.y on account of his


health, at thl\ solieitation oí' his íhmily and hiR physieian, amI witlt no
tlesil'ü to f\yade gi\'illg llis tesLimOlly llere 01' clsewllere. He wouId be
llcríeetly willillg', \\'(,l'e he Itere, to give tlle eommittee all tile informa-
tion he po~mesl:iel:i. He Jeft before tllC serYÍce of the proees¡,; of this COlll-
mittee, HJld \\'itllOUL auy idea oí' i'\Ilch sel'vice heing intended.


By thc ClIAm}IA~ :
Q. State ,rour place 01' rC3itlence, ,ronr business, amI your place of


bnsineRS ~-A. ~e\V York is my place of resi(hmee amI place of lmsi-
ness. 1 \VilS fOl'lllerIy partner in t1le fil'lil oí' "\Vm. I-loath & Co., and 1
amnow closillg np tlle affail's of the firm.
(~. St~tte t11e business oí' tllat firm.-A. Stock-brokel's.
Q. Yon \\'(,1'e a llWlllhel' oí' that iil'll1 dUl'illg tbe lllonth of September


last "I-A. Yes, sir.
o A. liad .ron becn in the habit, hcfOl'I? Septembc1' last, of doing business


fol' any oí' tIw followiug partics: Smith, Gonld, J\Iul'tin & Co., .Tay
Gonlü, lIelll',y Smitll, ,James D. Bach, .J. FiHk, jr., Wm. BrIden & Ca.,
E. K. \Villanl; an<l j1' so, fol' \v]¡iclt oí' them 't-A. A t tilll(,s for nearly
all of tlWTII ; hut as to olle Ol' t",·o whose munes ;ron have melltioned Ido
not meolleet. For the principal ones w hORe WUlleR are lwre mentiolled,
\Ve haY(~ pxpcuieü orüen; 1'or tlle last th1'pe .F"HI'8.


Q. Did ,ron in Scptelil her laHt huy gold í'or any of theHc pal'tieH ~ if
so, Hlweif~' the amoullts bonght and the eireumstanceR.-A. (Referring
to tlle books oí' t11e firm.) \Ye Hemll to ha ve honght gold ior Smith,
G(mId, .:'llartill & (Jo., J ay GonltI, ana J. Fisk, jr., on those days; dif-
ferellt amolllü¡,; and <tt diíferrut tUlles.


Q. If yOl! haye t'lltries so as to be aule to give 11S items and prices,
do so.-A. \Ye eommellced bUJ"ing golcl for Smith, Gould, Martin &




74 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


CO, on the 8th Septem ber. Tbcre is a Ion?' li:-;t of golrl bonght for them
at different p1'iees, $110,000 at 135~, 83UO,OOO at 135}, $iUO,OOO at 135:i;.
'l'h0SC purchases were llladc Oll thl' Sth ,of Septembl'l' fol' SlIl"ith, Gould,
:Martin &, Co.


(\Vitnc:-;s ¡'mbsequeIüI.y fnrnished the 1'ollowillg figures in allswer to
the questioll:)


\Yillium Heath & Co, hought hy onler of ,Jas. Fisk, jr., tlw following :unonnt~ oí'
gold:


Sept. 11, S750,000 at ]:~5+; S"pt,22, $,,50,000 at 1:~7j, $200,000 at l:lD}, $70G,OOO at
140), :';i100,{lI)() at 110j¡; Sept. ~n, S!)¡'í,OOO at 1421;, $~75,OOO at H2}, $10f),OOO at 14411,
$lr,(),OOIl at 14~; Sel't. 24, $100,000 at 145. Total, $:1,025,000, aH np]lPnm 1,,, n·e()J'(lH.


'Yilliam Heath & Co, Hohl 'aJHI ,]dh"Cl'c,1 hy 01',1(']' of ,Juy ()onltl tIlO followillg
allloU11t~ of gol,]:


Sept, 11, $50,000 nt I:lGJ, $G8G,000 nt 1:1,,'t, :1;200,000 at 136, :¡:;:lr,3,OOO at 1:~5~, 8200,0011
a t 13G1;, $:íOO,OOO nt 1 :lti;}. $400,000 at Utii!, :'¡i:lOO.(I()() at 1 :Hi}, $!);"OOO nt l:l(i~, :'¡i40;,,0()() :1t
1:16.)" $GOO,OOO at 1:3G~, $:375,000 at 13G}, $170,000 at 1;l()}. Total, $:\,845,000, aH al'pcars
lJY l'ccon1s,


·'Yillímn Heath &, eo. lJotlght fol' MeR81'~. ~Illith, GOlll,l, Martín & Co, the fol1owíng
alllollnh oí' gol,l :


Sept, FI. Búo,ooa at 1~5g, $390,000 at I~G-l, ~4DO,()OO nt l:lG,}, 8JO,OOO at 1:1G, ~\l,OO(l,OOO
at 137-}, 81,000,000 Olt B7.)" $",,000 Olt 1:;8, $1,14:;'000 at 1:19, 8;)O,(JUII Olt l:m~, 8~J81),UOO at
1:l9i, $~8(),OOO at 139+, $GUO,OOO at 140, :f;1,7G5,OOO ut 140}, Total, $7,c()G,liIlO, as :lI'PC:1l'S
by reconls,


By ;\11'. S:\Il'l'Il:
Q. Had yon bought any considerable :11110Ullt before that '?-A. No,


sir. Thj¡.; jí-l ahont the fin;t of the large pnl'cltasl's 1'01' tlWlll,
(~. Had yon auy kllowledge of a cli(Jne lwing formed at that time


fol' the purposP 01' (lealillg in gold 'I-A. N o, sir. 'l'lte bnlk oC tbe gold
we bought on tlle 22d of Septembel' foI' Smitlt, Gonl<l, l\lm-till &, Co,


By the CUAIR:\IAN:
Q. State fnlly thr transactiolls of that <lay.-A. ¡Ve bongltt two mil·


liOllí-l at l:líg; $75,000 at 138; $1,1.45,000 at 1:39; 850,000 at l:mA;
$H80,OOO at 1:~H;1; $2S0,OOO l!t l:m~; $GOO,OOO M 1+0, aJl(l S 1 ,7n."OOo at
n!I:}. Thnt srelllS tu haye bren aH the g-oItl honght ful' Smith, Gonld,
yrartiu & Co., OH tIte on1pr oí' :1\11'. Smith, out' oi' the pal'tuel'l'\ oi' the
finn. He ('ame iuto 0111' offiee aml gan° tllO:-;e ordl'n; Y('l'halIy.


Q. Yon haye stated all that yon bOllgllt ti)!' this til'Jll ?-A. That jl'\ a1l
from t:-]pptelllher 8 np to amI ineJlHliug Septelllbel' :!2.


Q. No,," :state what yon honght fOl' .TauH's Fisk, ,ir., ÜUl'illg tllP l'\amB
lw1'iot1.-A. \Ye bOllght from SeptemlJer 11 to S\'ptemlK'l' 2:3, indllí-liye,
$:~,025,()OÜ, nt al! a\,(~l'agp (ji' about 13tlJ, OH .JauH'í-l FisI¡'s onler. \Ve
do llot appeal' to han~ lIonght ally gold j()1' _,Ir. (Jonl(l. \Ve ~1old gold í'or
]\fr. Gonld. \Ve' sold 8:3,845,000 bet",een the 11 th and ] 8th of Scptem.
bl'l' al au ~wernge 01' about 1~l(j-1'


Q. Ditl yon loan gold fOl' ally 01' thos(' partjps (l1ll'ing that tIme ?-A.
Yes, sir. D,Y thc order of Smitb, Gonhl, 'Martin & Co., we lomw(l gold
i'rom day to da~'.
(~. Abollt the saIlle mnollllts that ~-!m bOllght?-A. Ye~;, I'\ir.
Q. Did :ron lmy 01' sell 01' loan goltl for Bl'](lell &, Co, 'I-A. Ko, sir.
Q. 01' fol' auy otller of the firlll8 that 1 nmned in my forme!' Cllwstioll ?-A.


1 shonld ha\'e to refe1' to tlw bookl'\ 1'01' B. K. WilIanl. W (' lIla,y ha ,'e
bonght or :-;0111 sume little gold for hjlll, but 1I0t to any aWOllllt.


Q. For CUlTer & OO. ?-A. No. sir.
(~. YOll haxe stated sllhstalltii,ll~' the amoJ\ut of :YOUI' trallsaetiollS in


g'old ti'OIIl tite 8th to the 22d of Septcm be1', inclusive '?-A. Yes, si!'.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 75
Q. State now wlJat trallsaetiow~ in gol(1 yonr house had 011 the 23d of


September with any oí' these parties.-¡L TIlO memorauduIll ,,,hieh 1
gayo yon for MI'. Fisk incll1ues aH the transactiollS that we did fol' him.
\Ye bouglit $:J,025,OOO 1'01' him. .1<'01' Slllith, (}ouhI, Martin & Oo. we .
lJonght 011 the 2;Jd 01' SeptellllJer, or reeeived on purebase frolll other
brokel's, (,ron Ilw1crstand, of cOl1rse, tlJat one man conld IIOt exeente aIl
t110se orden; himself,) $3,400,000, at an average oí' abont He1. That is all
t1le gold that we bought preyions to Friday, the 24th of Scptelllber, fuI' any
of tlle parties whom ;'>'ou haye narned.


Q. l'roceed to l<'riday, tlw 24th, and state yonr transaetions oa that
tlay.-A. On Friuay, tIte 24th, we bonght no gol<l exeept $10U,OOO f()r
Fisk at 145, aad tltat is incluc1ed in the statf'lllellt oí' $3,025,000. That
we bought in tIJe lllorning early. OUl' trallsaetiolls OH that day were
entirely for other parties, and to a yery limited amoullt, our attention
being eatirel:, dp\"ote.1 to loanillg' gold already bought, amI in trying' ta
a,ye1't tlw RtOI'm w1liell \Ve saw coming.


Q. Did .pm sel! gold on t118 24tlI'?-A. N o, sir; uot fol' any of the parties
lUl1llf'd.


Q. Did .rOl! loall gold?-A. 'Ve IO:lnerl al! the g'old that we had bought
by tlw on1('1' or thoRe parties, mal whicIt ,,'e had not soldo


Q. '1'0 whom (lid yon loan tIle gold '!-A. 'J'o ,"ariOllS parties in tIte
stl'eet, bankep; amI bl'okers-tlürt,r 01' f()I'ty t1itl'ercnt fil'lUS-whoever
woni<1 t:lke it.


Q. Dit1 th8 pa1'tipf.l to whom yOH loalled gold understalHl that yon were
'tILe brokers oí' Smith, Gonhl, ~Ial'tin & Co. amI Fisk in doing so'?-A.
Yes, sir. Thl'yumlel'stood that we lwd been fDl' two weeks bu.ying gold
for tltem.


Q. Did yon make p1'iyate settlements dming tltat day with pal'ties
who were shOl't oí' gold '?-A, N o, sir.


Q. Ditl yon make aH.}" :Hljnstmellt of margills O]l that day pl'iyate]y
with parties '1-A. NOlll', cxcept to 110tify parties who had gold frolll US
tn make it u}I to m:uket l'l'iees; to seml check s fol' elllTeney.


Q, Prom ,ylmt lWl'son oí' tllc finll of Smith, (}on](l, JUartin & Oo. tlid
~'on reeein~ ,)"0111' orden; ?-A. Prom 311'. Smíth almost elltirely. Ocea-
sionall," onlers would come frolll }11'. Gonld by telegraph fl'Olll his rail,
way oftice, in ,yhich case tllP;'>" al\n1'ys eOllfirmed it ami took it.
(~. Did ,ron han~ intClTiews ,vith auy of thoso parties t1nring t11at


timo'i-A. No, sir.
q. 'Yere ,'Ion informe!l of tlte purpose of their mOVPlllcllts; oí' what


they iatended to rlo'I-A. r ongln to state that 1 was 110t llresent durillg
that week. A11 the faet~ tltat 1 am giving ,'Ion are frolll my hooks.


Q. Yon are giving ,YOLtl' testimoll'y as an accouutaut, kIlO\\"illg" the books
to be eorrect?-A, Yos; 1 have eXHmilletl them. All tite information 1
can give flllt1lel' ",unId be as tn ,rhat has takell place since in illtervie\Y~
whielt 1 have ~d willt Fisk aJHl GOll]d.


Q. You han~ h:HI illtenie'ys with Fisk :111(1 GOllld since in the settle-
meut of your affairs t-A. Yes, sil'.


Q, '1'0 wllat extellt llid parties mllke t11ei1' purcha~es gm)(l '[_A. AlJont
ten millioIHl 01' goll1 were ]oalled ont to difterPllt parties on the ~tl'eet
through tlw deal'illg-ltonse. It would lJo impossible, without sending
Oll to llIy ofti.ce, to :,;a'y to WhOlll we loalled gold. 'Ve ]o:llled to aH the
brokers amI lmnkel's OH t1l0 street who were iu good oredit, aud as fasí
as gold rose 011 Friday \Ve sent to them to ehallge tlle pl'ice 01' gold from
145 to 150 or 1;j,), as the case lllight be. We sellt to aH of them, amI
sorne of them responded.




GOLD PA:NIC INVESTIGATION.


By MI' .• JUDD:
Q. Can yon givc us an idea to what tlw atlditiollal margins on that


day amountedf-A. 1 should think pe1'haps tlve 01' six ]llllltlJ'ell thou·
RalH 1 dollal's.


Q. Rot morethan that?-A. 1 shonhl thiuk not more than that on
that day. Previonsly gold had been llHtde np on that dlly tn 14;¡.


Q. \VaR tlús illcrease as to tlte 24th of Septemuer?.,-A. Yes, sir; tlte
uay of tite culrnination.


Q. Row abont tlle preeedillg day ~-A. lt is onr cllstom a]wa,YR to
make parties to whom \Ve loan gold keep it at t1le ma1'ket price. Con·
sc()nent]y, if we loallcd gold at 137 ami it wellt 1Ip to 14;}, we sent around
to thc partics w110 borrowed it to givc ns clIccks to make the go]d 145.


Q. llow much margin did yOll get on tIle 23d ?-A. Th¡l (]lliekest way
to allRWel' that wou1l1 Le to say that whell tlle wal'kpt bro1re amI weut to
1:)1) wc owed the street abont $1,000,000, wllich liad heell 1lI0lH\Y placpd
in our ltalldR throllgll tlle eleal'illg.hollRe belongi1lg to parties w110 had
been compellell to JIIake it np to the high pric(~s-all tlw wa,y frolll 145
to 155 and 160.


By the C:HAIR;HA::f:
Q. State how ml1ch gold Heath &. Co. were cal'l'yillg' on t]¡e ::!4th of


Septembcr [01' Smith, Gonld, :\Tartill & Oo.-A. ALont $7,800,000.
{~. Has that all becll settled wit11 Smith, <}ould, JUart,in & Co. '/-A.


Ycs, sir. This cIoes 110t iueludc Fisk's.
Q. 'Vhat persoll oí' tltl' til'lIl of Smith, Gonld, Martin & eo. Rettled


with you!-A. 'iV e had interVÍews \\'i~h several 01' t11e firm; with ::\fr.
Smith and }1r. Goul(l. 'rlw lH~gotiatioll extendell fl'om t11e ~[íth of Scp·
tember until wiíhill 11 hont a w('ek. TIte conferellces g'ellcrnlly hase been
with :\1r. Smith, 01' wíth bis aglé'llt in tlw matter, ::\11'. vVil1ard. :MI'. vVil·
Janl seemed to act as fhe eOlltülelltial ag'ent of SlIlith, Gou]d, 1\Ia1'tin &
Co., and hall lIIost oí" the intel'yiews with out' c011llse] in the settlemellt.
(~. Ha8 that 1irm scttleel with yon in tlle nsual \Vay'!-A . .No, sir ..


The ma11l1er oí' settlemellj, has lwell ill t\w nsnal way, but tlwy have Ilot
8ettled nt the rates eustomal''y in trallsaetiolls of slIlaller mngllitude.


Q. Dirl Smith, Gould, & J\Inrtill repmliate any of ,rou]' trallsaetiolls
malle hy their orü('rs durillg those l1ays 'I-A . .No, sil'.


Q. Did any oi' the finns ",110m T 1I1('lltiOlll'tl in tILe lJeginning', as pro·
hably helollging' to t11e gold cliqup, l'cpm1iatc aüy of t1le t1'ammetiollS
whieh yon did to1' them durillg tllOS(~ <lays '?--A. No, sir.


Q. lit otiwr \\'o1'(ls, they rec~gniz('(1 th~\ valü1ity 01' tlw trallsactions be·
tW8PU you alld them, amI settletl theUl 1-A. Ultimately tlwy díd. A1
one time t11el'e was a dillieulty a[¡ollt tllp Fisk gold.


Q. But thcse dift'en'lIces ha\"(\ bCl'll spttleIL-A. 8mit.h, GOl1ld, :Jfmtili
& eo. aSS11llle(1 amI seUlf'd the Pisk gold. (¿. 'Vas that settlcment a settlmnellt in tbe natnrc of a eOlrtlll'olllÍsp,
01' a settlemeut based upou t,]H~ yali<lity oí" tlw transactioll '1-/\. It "'as
in t11e nature of a comprornisc.
(~. 'Vas it a pecnnial'j' eompl'olllise, puttillg' tlw rates clowlI Y-A. Pui·


tillg' thcm up. Tllat 'ís, gold \.as setti<'ü Oll a husis of 1:33, when t1le
market priee of gold rallged betwecll l~n HlH11:3:{ dlll'iug' t110 sett1ellll'ut.
lastillg fi ve 01' six weeks.


Q. Did your finn receive fol' ,\'on1' scrvÍees OH tlmt oecnsioll anythillg
eIse than tllP usual commissiolls ?-A. \Ve eonld 1I0t get the usual eom·
rnissio11 s. 'iV C '\Vere obliged to eompromise t11a1., too.
(~. Bid yon receive any bonus otllpl' thall eOll1l1lissiollS¡ or ill li('ll 01'


commissiollS, as a consideration for t1l(' settlement ?-A. Not a ecut.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 77


Q. Thc $7,800,000 gold which ;ron caniet] f01" Smith, Gould, 'Martin
& Co., OH tlw 34th, 11as all heril s(>ttlet1 '?-A. Yos, sir.


Q. Allt1.yomaecomlt witll .J. Fisk,jr., ha;,; also been ;,;cttlcd ?-A. The
$:J,O:!;"),OOO was tl'aJmfcrrell to tlle aceollut 01' Slllith, Gould, 1\Ial'tin &
Uo., am} was spttled.


Q. I;,; tlwre a halauce 10ft 11I1settletl'?-A. Tbe1'e i;,; a disIl1Üed mattel'
npoll lleal'I~' 8:2,000,000 oí' gold ",11ieh \Ve llaye 110 couueetion witb, hni
whieh a street hl'okcl' honght 011 the on1crs of 1\11'. Fisk.


Q. \Vhat is l1Ís llaBlO 7-A. Lin'l'lllOre & Uo. That golü has l¡(Wel
1wp1l spttletl by ally (me, although T lJelie\"(~ 1\11'. Fisk does not di;,;pute
giving MI'. AlloH, of Li\'(,I'more & Oo., the ortlpl', 01' to some party w1l0 •
gaye the 01'(1e1' to l\Ir. AllcH.


Q. no", \Yere ,ron eOllnpctetl \Vith tlJat '~-A. No "ay, eXI'ept that MI'.
J'isk ",nI' in 0111' llrinlte oflícc ",11pu he gan~ the order, anü t110 lJroker
who expcnte(1 tho ()l't1er I'lailllcd tIwt one of OUT' c1el'ks gave 11im to Ull-
derstautl in some ",ay tlIat we ,yere to take eare of tllc gold, whieh was
110t tlw fado Jlr. Fisk has t11at matter to settle.


Q. 'Ye1'e all tIte ()l'(le1's fl'Olll t110se partips recoin'd by :rou in the usual
lIWllllCr?-A. Yes; tlwy were yerbal oruen~, 01' telegrallhic, or in w1'it-
illg.


Q. Ditl an:r diRpute mise hetweell :ron anu those parties eOllcerniug ,
the yalidit;(o.f ally of them; did they claim that ally of thelll were uot
t11eir o1'(le1's; was there ally attcl1l}lt to l'opudiate any of them '?-A.
No, sir.


Q. \Vhen was this final settlellwllt that j-on speak of'?-A. 1 thiuk it
was about two wccks ago.


Q. 11efo1'e JIl'. llt~ath sailed fOl' Europe '?-A. Yes, sir; ten daj's hc-
fore.


Q. 'Vas Mr. Hpath a part.y personall:r to t11e settlement ~-A. Of
conr",e; I rnyself with lll,r COUl1sel acted in those lllatters.


Q. Are ;\-011 and tlle ot11er mellllJers 01' ;wmr 111'111 mcmbers of tIte Gold
Exchange o?_A. JUl'. IIcatlt alld ll1ysdf are tmnporarily suspended.


Q. \"h,Y wel'e ,Y0n RlISpPIHkd ("rom t1lt" UoId Exchange '?-A. 'Ve were
110t preeisely sns]1Pllded. Ce1'tain pm'ties dailll that \Ve han~ uot paid
dift'prpnces «J tltrlll, aud so, ulHler at]Yiec of OUl' coullsel, \Ve have with-
dl'awll thnl1 adnal pm'tieipation in dealings.


Q. Iüwe ,Y0n llml any Hnit, pit 11('1' as pfailltifts 01' deft'lHlants, hefore
tIw arhitratioll eOllll1littee oí' t1le board "!-A. As defelldallts \Ye llaye
hecn HllIlIlIlOIH~t1 hefol'e the Hl'bitratioll COllllllittee.


Q. llave ~·ou, thl'Ong'll yOIll' eOlll1sl'l, obtaillell au,r injnnetion 01' order
1'l'om tllP eonrt against any oí' theHe partieH '!-A. Yps, sir.


Q. 'Vhat ol'tlen; or injulIctiol1fl haYe 'yon obtaine<l "/-.e\... An illjUllctioll
restrailling t11e al'hitratioll eOllllllittpe fl'Om al'bitratiug ccrbLin cases
bl'ought against uso


Q. llave all thOHC ill,ÍlIlwtiollH been witlHIrawn ?-A. Tlle telllporary in-
jUIlctiol1s llave lJecll dissolve{l.


Q. lian~ you any pel'manent Í1~innctions agaiust tlWlll ~-A. No, sir;
tIte eom'Í, l't'fn:-;ctl to make them pel'lllallent.


Q. 'Vhat jlHlgc grallted tl](' ill.inlldioIls "t-A. J udgc JJoew, oi' tIte eOIll-
ll1011 pIpas.


Q. 'Vho was yOl1l' ,attOl'lw\' ~-A. 1\f essl's. l\lartin & Smith.
Q. In any 01' tlw tr,msaeÚ()lls (]i,1 ,)'011 gin nl! ~'0Ul' prineipals '1-A.


No, sir; tltat \Ya" Uw reaSOll why we had sueh large ol'uel's. \Ve were
eontidential, am1 gaYe IIp 110 one. .


By jIl'. Conunx:
Q. '\Vhat do yon mean hy giying np yonr prineipals '?-A. Genemlly,






78 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
,,-11el1 a oroke1' 1mys, rOl' eX:llllple, a lllllHlrcc1 tbonsa1l(l dollars of gold,
he states j()l' ,,-110m he hllyS i(-" alld t1H' llHUH'S or t110 prillCÍllf!.ls are put
dowll. '''e \lid IlOt \10 tiJat in any case. Of COlll'se, if \Ve did in Ihis
case, it would ha Y\~ ¡lIjarell tllC op('ration of thc lJull party.


By the CHAIR:HAN:
Q. lf .ron are huyillg- golll fOl' another lIIan, aIlIl t11e perSOIl n1' ",hom


yOll bny hegills to donbt whetller yon are respollsible fill' it, he says that
you lllUSt eitller séttle 01' tell hilll who is n'spollsihle lJellillll .rou~-A.
Yes, sir.
(~. AmI whell yon eOllclmle to do t11e latter thing' ~-ou giyc up yOUl'


}lriueipan-A. Y('S, sir; if tlley He llOt satisfi('d witlt the broken .. they
nsnally illSist on tlle pl'incipals. U1lfol'tn1lat<~l~-, in t11is em,e, the~' wprp
hetwr satistiell ",ith tlie brokers thall they were ",ith the prilleipa]".


Q. vVho g-aye yon tIte ol'llers to loan t]¡p g'oltl t lIat yon IOHnel1 l1lll'ing
those da,n,'!-A. }lr. Smitll, 01' SlIIitli, Gonld, Martin & ('o., gell('l'ally
l'eglllatell the loans. The general instl'uetiow; wer(' ~illlply to loan tlll'
g-old.


Q. Did ,yon receive auy ol'(lers 1'rolll l\Ir. nl'll1<~ll Illl\'illg' tlwt tilllP ?-
A. ~o, sil'.


Q,. Did yon loan to tIlO shorts altogethel' '!-A. Entirel,\-, \~t]¡ tlte cs-
eeption of a few lJUlHll'cd t11011S:11111 do]la!'s, "hiel! II'P \n're olíli!:!'I~,1 to
loa\l olltside.


Q. Dill yon llaxe any transaetion 01J eithel' (Jf t1tOSE' da:ys with ~\Jbert
Speyers?-A. Not f()l' ::my of tliose p:urie:,:. I thillk tl[(~l'e \ras 8100,000
of gol(l bOllgltt 1'rOlll him, alHl $100,000 of gohl soltl to lllrn t'l'OIll ont:,;i\I('
parties.


Q. Vid yon nl1c1erstal1d fol' whom Alhel-t Sp('~'prs was a('ti1lg Ilming'
those \lays?-A. 1 \lot lJeillg thel'e, eOllld Ilot lllHkr:;.;talll] ¡ll'l'sonall'y all~-­
thillg' ahont it. AH tlle brokers in tlle stl'cet kllclI' tltat Speyel's \\'as
opel'iüing 1'01' tlle eli(J!IC'.


Q. lIo\Y many brokpl's ,lid ,YOlll' til'lll llllde!'.',tm)(l t1l(' goltl l'illg liad ill
their f~ltlplo'y (lUl'Íllg' those da,Y:,; ~-_\. lt \\'()(lld bC' illl]lo,.;sihl;' ro tdl.


Q.Ha\'ü y<llll' m'eonnt" yet bccn ele<Ll'ecl tltrollglt tlw Gold KxdIHlIg'l'
Dank '?-A. TItI'Y han' bCPIl all sHtll'(1. lHllllot t!l\'()\[gh tlt\' (;0111 Ex-
ehange Ballk. ~\Il tltOSl~ tnlllsactiolls ;)f Fl'illay W('¡'l,'ohliged ro bp set-
tled eX-deHl'illg-llollse, TI\(, hank i'ailcü to e!car Frillay'ti transaetioll:-';,
and tlle,\' \H're ]lut in tile ltanüs oí' a n'\~('i\'f'l' amI lte\\' I~leal'alle('s \H~i'P
llUlIle. As [al' as \Ye are eOlle('l'lIl'd, 1 belien~ t1lat thl'\'(' is ouly ~;30;()OO
llüt eleared. {J. 'Vas yonr firm (lirecte<1 not to sell to any }lart ienlar hrok<'r" Ol' a u,)'
dass oí' brokel's"?-A. \Ve hall 110 onle1'" to :,;e1l 011 Fl'iday. Tlit' 19th
was thc la:,;t Ilay tltat, we sol<1 aH,Y.


Q. 'Yere YOH direetC'd llot to huy of some particlllm brokers ~ \\'1';'('
t1tel'(~ allV broke1's 011 tlle str'e{~t ()I' in tlw l'oom fl'olll WItOlll YOI! ,,'P)'P
dil'lwted ¡lOí to huy'?-A. :No, sil'. Onr general directiolls \\'el"e tn huy,
01' COIU'SC', fl'0ll1 good ]larties w!Jo ,,-onlrl fllli11l theÍI eCllItnH't.s.


Q. 'Vere thcre persons in lhe golü roOlll sdling gnll1 t'l'Olll w1lo1l1 yO~1
difl IlOt as a rute hl1,)', pithel' fl'OIll illstrnetiolls 01' from ,Y0nr O\\'ll jlHlg,
llleut in tlle ea:,;e '? \Vere tlwre respolIsible b]'oke1's, Ü'Olll "lWHl 'yO!1
a:,; a firm did Jlot buy aml woul!l uot hit\' '?-A. )[0, sil'; 1I111ess \\'(' j{'lt
tllat tlIPy were pOOl' "pal'ties. '1'11e finl1 ai' 'Ym. He'atll' & ('o. "':IN tlll-
ployed by Smith, Gonll1, :Uartin &. Co., aJl(l by Fisk & .lay Co¡Ilcl, iD
hny large amoullts oC gold. 'l'lH~ l'('H SOl I ,,'as tlle l'l'pntaticllI of lIIY 11;1l't-
\1(,1', MI'. Heaih, fol' the ahility \\'ith wJ¡ieh he eXl'elltell onler,;, milI tlle
:-;ecrecy with ",hiel! h(' kept his hnsÍlHw, to lJillls('lf. 011 \V\'¡]IIP~d;I.\' \re




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 79


bought thc last g'old that \Ve bought,oUl' hooks showing then tlmt we hall
abont elcnm milliol1s. 1'hat was too much foI' one lll'lll of bI'oker¡.; to
llave. Thcl'c1'oro, OH Tlnm,day aJHI Friday we eXflcntcd no orden; 01' auy
COl1soqnen('c for t110 purchase of gole! 01' sale 01' gold. vVe bought $100,000
on Friday lllorning fol' .MI'. l;'isk. The am0l111t of gold tlwt we ]¡ad
bougllt fol' (Jonld amI 1'01' Fisk, and for Smith, .:\Iartill, Goul<l & Co.,
was so ('llOI'mOUS that we did lIot eare to takü any lllore. 1'he1'e1'o1'e,
on 1'hursüay alHL Friday we w\~r(' simply ellgaged iu taldng care oí' thü
gold, 01' loallillg' tite amollnts 01' gohl that 'Ye ha(l. vVr bought for the
firm oí' M. Dodge & Oo. 8:200,000 in goll1 foI' a mercHlltih~ hOllse at 1G2.
Bryúnd that J thillk that lmrdl,y auything was done by ns.


D,Y MI'. OoncRN :
Q. lí; thel'c a l'egular eOllllllissiOl! ostablished for gohl trallsactiomd-


A. Tlwre iN a rl'glllar s('a10; Olw-eighth oi' Olle ver eent. is tIte regnlar
COll1miSNioll 10 ontsülel'f;. 'Vith brokerR, betwccn thelllReln:s, they di-
.. ide tll\~ (~oJr,lJlisNion. 'rlw l'eg-nlul' rate wonld b0 olle-eigllth ta any onc
eXCl'pt 1I<llIkol''-; alld brokers. 1'he,y make au,\' terllls that tlw,V p1ease.


By tIte CnAIR:?tIAN:
'Q. III I he iJlHtmetioml tltat yon receiYC~d fl'Olll Fisk 01' Gonld 01' any oi'


tIte pmtirs, 'PIS there allything more Hum a simple' ordcl' to hny 01' seU
, 01' loan, as the ensc lllight be; 01' (li.l tlH'y explain tlw pnI'pose tIte,y had
iu \'ipw '!-A, Tltcl'c \ras llOt a wonl in exp1alla.tion.


Q. \Yll~; ;'1"0111' tirm in tbc clJllfideuee cf tllOSC P(01)]C as to tllcif plans
Ol'IHHjHls('s ~-~. Kot in tIte 1eauL
(~. IIad yOlL kuowlcdgfl of their plalls 01' purposesi!-A. Not ill the


lpast.
Q. Did your firm 01' any of thmn know that l\Ir. Speyers was a pHr-
dHl~illg bl'okel' t'Ol' these {ll'ople ?-A. Of cnurse we kilew iL OH Friday.
1 y,-ill Rtatp tltat Pisk a.wl Gonl<l g'H\TC rnost ot' their ortlers Oll Friday in
onr priyate oüice, aJl(i SpC,y<~l'H ~\-llH scen ]lURSillg in and out fl'Olll conr
mnill o/li('p ro om' pl'i\Caü' office, amI reepi\'illg !tis on1('rs from titos\:'
1I('opl('.


Q. Vid an," of tho.<.;c people sa.'- to ,\-onr firm, 01' auy of them, t!tat t!tey
wOllld raiH(~ tite pl'iee of golü '!-A. 1 did Iloi hear Hllything 01' tlwt killd.
TII('r(' y .. m; 110 cOlTes]londcnc(' ai'l to al!ythillg except OI'(h~l'S, mal tlwt ,yaS
telcgTi:lphie.
{~: 111 t.[w trallsaetiolls whiell yon earried O!l fDI' tlwsc part ¡ps, (Ii(l ,ron


l't'c('iyp enrl'ency 01' gold witlt whic!l to makc lHu'chases? Hid tlw,\'
fnrui¡;;]¡ ~'on \,ith 1ll0llP'y to can.'" 011 ;.;neh trammdiolli'l, and if ~o, lO what
nmount'!-A. 'L'hey (1i(1 HOt.. Ol! Fl'i:lny ~h. G(mId, at ti\(' l't'f]llC:'it oi'
llly partller rOl' more mnrgin, said t!¡¡¡t !tc' ,,"onM illslnH't tJI(' propel' ofii,
('(T, 01' wOllld \\Tite a k~tt('l' to tite Tl'lltll Xntiolllil n~mk tó illstnld them
to make a loan, 01' to certify ehecks il! SOllW \Yay, to gin~ LIS (';'edit, whieh
mig'ht faeilitate our bnRillP~s il'llllSadions 1'01' hiR firm_ (l. Did you reeeiye ;,;nch ('eI'tilil>d ehed::s 'I-A. X o. Tllllt W:lS pre-
n·lIt(·.l by tIlO l)l'CSellec of bank ('xamille;'t':, as 1 ,nlS informc<l by .:\11'.
IIeath, ,dIO ,yonhl llot pCl'illit HUy ('('rtitiemioll lWyOlH1 tllc fnllds wlúch
\Yere thl'l'(\. As 1 llIHlpl'"too(1 it, tllC' ln'eRcllf'(~ ot' those examillcrs WHH
tite eaw,(' tltat. the promiHc \ra~ not l;.ppt. He \Yl'ote the ll,tter how-
(,y(lol\


Q. "\Yhat mnonnt (lid 11P IH'omisc to ,:PI!(1 yon in t1](' \Yay 01' nWl'giuf-
~\. A ltalf millioll dollar,;, 1 thin k, Tllh; iR merp !tp:miaY from m,y
pal'tllel'.


Q. AmI he Wl'ote to tlte 1mu].;: ro giYI' a eertifiecl eheek ?-A, YeN; 01'




80 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


to give us a loan-to give us that necessary margin, so that we should
feel safe as brokers-so my partner informed me.


Q. Did he give ,ron auytbing in lien of tbat cortifiea check "?-A. No,
sil"; not tben. He made llO ofi'(~1' until subsequently.
(~. Did your firm win 01' lose as the l'esnlts of these tram.;actioIlS?-


A. The only I't'sult to us has beeu an eutire stoppage of onl" bnsÍness,
and very hem'y losses, besides some claims now in dispute and in
lawsuits.


Q. ,Vhut eharacter oí' elaims are they!-A. Certain parties have sued
,us in lawsuits, amI hefore arbitration cOlllmittees, Oll tIte g-rOl1nd tbat
",'o ",ere brokers for more g'oltl than wo aclmowletlged. lt is a mere
qnestion of fhet to be settlecl hy a jnry.


Q. vVilo are those pal'ties "?-A. ,Joslyn has tlm~e suits against uso
The l'etmlt to us has bel'u almost 1'nin atl far mi Olll' lmsint"ss as 1>1'oke1's
is concerned. vVe are llUerly nnable to go on, nllll we haye malle vel'y
heavy losses in our stock lmsiness eOlISe(l1leIlt oI'l this panil'.


Q. HO\v would yonr firm hayo come out of t11e tm.IlSaetiollfl of thoRe
two da.ys, if those stoppages 01' collisiolls lJad llot occnrred-if yonr real
transactíons, as yon adrnit thelll, lIad gorw through ¡yitbont au,V inter-
feronce "?-A. If the pallic liad not ocenrretl, Wl' sllOul<1 ]lrol)lIhly lJaw~ got.
our fuU commissioIls, \\'hieh wo did uot sncceed in getting. That wonld
have been tbc only lwnefit we SllOUhl ha n~ goL They only allowed one-
half tIte üsual eOlllmissions, alld wc wonh1 havp saye(1, 01' eourse, aU tbe
losses eonseqnent upon tlle pallie, whieh were yerJ" large.


By MI'. BUllC;IIARD:
Q. What was the shape in w1lich :ron heltl the eleven millions of gold


whieh YOH hall 011 'l'hurslhn' f-A. 01' eourse it was loaned ont. Our
eapita( was not snffiei('llt to (~aI'l'y so mucho For installce, I bougbt
$lOO,OO() il1 gold at l;)í, anrl immclliately loanetl it to ,Von at l:n, amI
yon p.aid me foI' it, tll(~refól'e 1 \fould he jnst sqnare 011 that tI'HIIS,H'tioll,


By ]\fr •• J OKES :
(~. In these variollS lomm oC ,i.('ol<l, was gold l'ea!!y t.nmsfened '?-A.·


No, sil'; it was done tll1'ongh t11e eleHl'iug-llOllse. Tlw deHl'il1g-house
was the machillp hy whidl those partieR wero a llk to hmHlll> so lal'ge an
amOllnt. of gold, amI was tlle eall~n, in m'y opinioll, oí' aH tLi8 troullle.
You malw a statcment of tll(' aU101ll1t oí' &0](1 yon haV(~ OH h:l1ld, and
give it to tlle party who is RllOl't 01' golll, l!:.'.(l_ he pnts it th1'ol1[.\'11 tl1('
elearing-houRe. It i8 merely a tl'am;fpl' oí' ti(~;~l!;8.


By :\11'. IhmcITATID :
Q. SO that no gol(l llm,scs JI-A. Oí' ('ourse it. wonlLl be ntturl,r im}lo::;-


si1l1e for any mlC in tlle stl'Pct to deliyer 01' n'(~eivp fin~ lUl1ldn'(lmillioIl8
of gold. (foltl that it; aetually llought 1'01' use lJy tlw mCJ'<"1Jallts ('omes
to tlle offico 01' the brok('r frOlll tlw deal'Íng-housc.


Q. You hall the r¡ght then to caH fol' l'lcycnlllilliOllH of gohI ?-A. Yes~
sir; fl'om thirty 01' i()rty di1'ferent b1'ol;:e1's. '


Q. AnLl it was yünr optioll to dmnallcl tilo golü 01' its pl'ice ?-A. Vl':';.
(~. You eüuld re[use to talce tlle goltl, allü cOlll!l (lpltlalH! (lit' lIlarket


pl'iee JI-A. ~o, sil'; ,,'e eOllkl not l'efuse to takc tlw go](l. 'fltaí W:Hi
~whcre Smitll, Martín, Gould Se eo. eompdlf'd tlle stn'pt to settk UpOll
tllf'il' ü~rnj[\. 'file stl'cet hall tlle pO\'.'el' to t1eliH'l' to tlH'1Il <111 tllP g'Gld
wJliell they h:ul 100lilpd. Smitlt, (jonlll, Martin S;, ell. }Jui(l tlH''y eünl(lllot,
take tlte gohl, lmt that tltey vlonld pay tlw di11t'I'ellee in CUlTClIC,V;
SllliLh, Goulu, lVIartin ~ eo. claill1ing tllat tlwy conltl take aU l11e gold
,Yhelll~Yel' the eleal'ing-hom;e was reopened. .




GOLD PANIC INV.t:STIGATIOX, 81
By thc CHAIRJUAN:


Q. vVhat pcrSOllS did you uuderstand formcd the golf! cUque fol' whom
yon did lHmiuess OH those two days ~-A. 1 cau onlr ¡::peak of it frolll
the inte1'viem'l 1 had on the Snnday following.


Q. 1I<lu](' tlle llersons w ho yon Hwlcrstood belonged to wltat is kllown m;
tIle gold cliquc.-A. 1 han' no !lleans of kno\Ying anyt,hing 1'urther tItan
lUel'(~ stn'et 1'l1l1lor alld talk. 1 can ollly Rpeak.pf what 1 sa,,, mysclf a day
or two after the pauio. 1 (~altlP lmck to .Now York OH the SUlIIlay 1'ollowing
thc pani(~, amI lttlccrtailled from m'y partner t he state oí' affairs oC OUl' eOll'
com. 1 saw, as 1 supposcd, that W(~ \Ven', hope1essl,r swamped hy tlw ae,
tion of thosc parties. 1 th(~ll WCllt ,yitl¡ him to see Jay Gould amI MI'. Fisk
at thc opt'1'a hOURO 011 tho (',~elling 01' Suuday, to asep~'taill ,yhut they pro,
pos('d to do. 1\Iy pUl'tnel' was ltanlly ill hitl scntles, anrI kuew not wha!
tn do. 1 lutd it, couRcquellt,l,r, on m,r sholllders to see thosc people. 1
saw tltr;lll at tite opera honse ou Sundayevellillg. The room was OCCll'
pied by Fisk aud Gonld aud thr;i1' eounfolel, by o1licers of tIte Gold Ex-
ch:mge Bank and ilwil' eOUllsel, and by severa1 brokeno\, and t1le snbjeet
of tOII\'el';.;;¡tíoll seeulPcl to he ho,," the.r should gpt the 00lt1 Ballk ont oí'
its diilieulties. 1 weut to :Fisk amI 00uh1, and asked tbem personally
wlJetllPl' (11ey pl'opo;.;e!l to protect us as their brokers in these matters.
Th('y :-;aid tlley di(l. 1 then Raid, "'Ve Rball expeet to,morrow collateral
st'cnrit.y 01' dl'eeks snfficiput to pl'otpet lIt; against al! possib1p lORR." They
tIlell prOlllifled Lo givc some bOllds amI some cash, melltioning so me oi'
the bOll(b, amI stating 1vha.t they would do tIte llext (lay. Snbseqnplltly
thc wholé pal'ty, eouuiSel ami all, WÜllt ÜO\V1l to thc Go1d Exchange Dank
to see what al'm1lgellwut:-; eould llC made for tlle purpose of gett,iug out
of t11('. ballk thc mOlley 1vhicll be10llged to different parties; ami tlw
oppratioJlI:) fol' the next two da.vs we1'C tlcvotefl 1>y Fisk amI Gonld amI
their eoullRPI, amI OUl' e011118e1, anrl the counsel of other b1'okcrs' hOllses,
to get tlw ]¡:Illk J'1l1l11ing agaill, so ml to get the mOlley. Finally, by tlw
hands oí' :l ]'ec('Í\~cr, it Iras outaillml. Afte.r that, 1 went l'l~peatecll.r 1'01'
ten (lays 1:0 tlw opera llonse, ÍYI'O 01' three times a day, amI two 01' thre('
hulE':-; a llight, to try to proeure iuterviews with Fisk and Gould, 1mt 1
'\'al:) 31\\':1.'):, refmied admitta.uee, alHl1 ncver suceceded iu g(~ttillg he)]l(l:-:
01' eash. 1 0111,)' inferrell, f1'om w11at 1 saw alld heanl, that Fisk, alld
Gonld, alld Belden were tIte managers of this gold eombination. (¿. Hid yon I'ce(,1\'e ally 1Il01ley iu :-;e1:.tlement from the reeei\'e1' nf tlle
(;oltl Exdl:lnge Hallk 1-A. Ycs, sir, we reoeived nearly aU thc mOlley
tlwt wmi dllt\ t:() u:-;.


Q. Frolll ,yhieh of the two l'eeei\-ers~-A. 1 tIlink it W3R from .MI' •
• T OI'(lan.


Q. Were any paymeuts madp to ¿-OH by o1'(ler of the comt '?-A. Yes,
Ril'.


Q. 'l'lHl (~(ml't ol'(!t'rell sorne slwcified Slllllfol f.o he paid to you ?-A. No,
:-:ir. TIIl' comt onll'l'cd t1tat om :!econnt shoulrl be settled; l.haL what,
P\'('1' wa:-: <llW ti'; H\¡ouhl J)(, paia as SOOll as it was atleertailled wlmt it waR.
The Golü Ballk O\yc(1n:-; a milliOIl oi' dollars on the eveniug of Friday.


Q. AIHl these ]laymcnti'l wcre lllade hy on1e1' 01' the court~-A. Yeso
gradually, as t110 statemcat \Vas fonnd to be correct. 'L'he.ordel' 01' tlI('
eOlU't \YaK to }lay ns, :IR the al1l0unts were 1'onncl correcto T beliew'
that tlw priorit,y was given in eertaill rnattcrs by orcler of the COUrt.-llOt
to ns pmticular1y, lmt to eertain houses-be1'ore t,hpy should pay ont
g-ellcrall~'. 'rhat. is what 1 llave underRtooü. 1 have never secn thp
01'(1('1' of the eomt.
(~.Havn you :llIy kuowlcdgt' that any officrl' of the United Sta tes


H. Hep. :n--G




82 GOLD PA:1ifIC INVESTIGATION.


govermnent had anything to do, directly 01' indi1'ectly, with what is
known as the gold rillg'?-A. No, sir.


By ]\[1'. Cox :
Q. Raye yon Itall any tnmsactiolls "ith aman named Corbin ?-A.


Xo, sir.
Q. You do not know Corbill in this business ?-A. 1 do lloot know


hilO.
By JIr. S:'lIITH:


Q. How long preyious to the golcl pallic llarl ,ron left the city ?-A. 1
hatl becn away fin' oyer t",o Il1011th¡.; OH llly yacation.
(~. 1 ullderstood yon to say tlwt ,,·itholLt thc existellce of tIte gold


dearing-honse it \Yould hayo Lwen illll'ossible fol' t11oso parLies to Imye
<'arricd OH tltis Itlovernent in goltI'!-A. Yes, sir.


Q. Explain why it wouId lm\e h('en impos¡o;ible 1'01' thcm, 01' for othe1'
parties so disposed, to lJanl hl'ought al/olLt this ('o1l(litiou oí' thillgS
withont the aÍlI ami assistance of this clearing-llOllse?-A. Tt is very
dear trOlll t11e comlition of the gold market Ü'OIll tite ~;¡th of Septem-
he1', for thirty days, ,ylWll (;]wl.'e \ras no dr'al'iug-lIOLU;e, amI when
g'ol<l \Vas steady lwtwoen ~!)~ r.1H1 ::1, that aH tI\(' legitimate bUfÜIlPRS
i!l gold that mercha,nts rOf)uired can be done withont the assi;,;tallcc
of any clearing-llOllse. Ollly th08n who could pay for tIto gold when
t!wy lJonght it" hOllght auy goltl. \Vith the dea,l'illg-house ill exiRteuce,
aman who has got ;!l1,OOO can go iuto t11c ({ohl Exchallge amI lmy
$100,000 oi' gold. SOlllctillles a IllUU ,,'itlt ouly that capital will buy
ltalf a mi11ioll of gold, expeeting to seU it out shortIy at a quarter oi' oue
per cent. proíit for example-what they cnllmaking a turn. Now, ifthis
denring.house was not in existeucf', alld ii' llpath & Co: bonght $:)00,000
in gold, they woul(1 llaye to rec('in~ tlle golü amI pay, say, $G,3(),OOO in
"l1lTelley fo1' it, 01' in certified ehecks. Allll the mall w110 bUyR tlmt
:-;[\mo gohl íl'OlU them has got to han~ t he lIlOllE'.y Hllll ¡my jÍJl' it. '['hut
lw i" lIOt able tn do, fOl' lH-' is OII1y wOl'th $1,000. Hnt tite (\kal'illg-llOlIse
says: "\Ve will t,ake tltis $,300,OOn dailll aJl(1 pay the qllal'tel' oí' OIlP per
eeat." Fiye lllllldred milliolls oí' goltl ,yen' attempted to be eleared by
tltat elel'icalmaelliIH'. 1\11'. ~l)(''yel'is l.i!!s fol' milliollH amI milliolls oi'
~'o¡ü ",on1<1 110t han~ b0l'11 attelllpted, prollalJly uecanse lw \Yould have
hecll requireü tu giye eheeks fol' t1w amolluts.


By tite CHAm)IAN:
Q. Do 1 UllUerí'taIlIl you to say that the golü bauk iR to the gold


lm"illCHR of Xc,,, York a good deal ,yhat t11(' gUlllulillg·llOnse at Batl\'n·
Haden is to peoplc WllO luwe a httle money to l'isk ?~A. lt does 1l0t
~)ceupy exactly tlle positioll of tlle kel-'per 01' a gamblillg-honse. It is the
llladtiner,Y, of f\o!U's(', by whieh pcopIe ('all spccnlate, amI hy whielt Ing-it·
¡mate husÍlwss is dono with more safety. lt oifc!'s thc facilities fol' a
man oi' small capital to <leal i11 larg(-' at¡{oullLR oi' gol!!.


By ::\11'. S}llTlI :
(~. ~Vere yon ill.,business at' the time tite gold clearillg-house \Vas


cstabhshe(1 ~-A. Yeso
Q. \Vhat did ,ron nmlel'stalld to haY(' 1Je(']) its orig'in aJl(l pUl'J)OSl'?-


.\. You Ilmst recolled t11at the Gold BxclHlllg·e Ballk waR slarted in the
¡ast year of the war, 01' early in lSG7, r hdien~. Tlte speelllatiolls in
g'ohl wero Yer,') gl'eat. Then~ "01'e two reQSOllS fol' establishiug it; fil'Cit,
,'.)1' the pllrpose oí' faciIitating exchange in dealillg with tILoso large
¡¡IllOunts of gold.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 83


Q. Faci1itating speeulatioll ?-A. Or assisting principaIly in estab-
lishing differenccs; it amOllnts to the same tlling. Tho other l'eason
was t.o prcvent the constant robberies that were attempted onboys and
mcn earryillg gol<l ehpcks 01' coin abont with them.


0.. Then it was really establishcd, as yon snpposc, in thc interest of
thosc wllo wished to specnlate in, gohH-A. ~ot altogether in their
interest. Somc of tIte leading" hankers amI brokers in .xew York not
doillg a speculation business were eonlleded witIt it; ami are still, 1
belil'vc, O!l the board of direction.


Q. Hut 1 nn<lerstand yon to say t1at operations in gold can be carried
on bettcr without it '?-A. Certaillly, except. for the maLter of conH'uience
am1 of danger. which is very material; and it aitls iJl the trallsactions
oi Ipgitilllate goId business. 'Yhat 1 me¡lo11 to have the committee
unl1el'stalHl is, that iu my opinioll tIle September gold panic could not
haye lmppencd lmt for tIle facility whieh thc e1caring-1Iouse gaye for
lwmllillg lar~'p amounts oí' gold.


Bxcppt so far as rplates to fads awl fignres taken frOIll tite books of
t1le tirm of 'WilJiam TTeath & Co., no\\' in my poSSCSSiOlI, t1le aboye testi-
1Il011y, ¡.;o üU' as it l'plates to transactiolls prcdons to September :33, is
simply heal'say, as 1 (lid 1l0t retnrn to Xew York till September 23.


\VASHING't'ON, Janlla1'Y 19, 1870.
\Vitness recallcd and examinatioll contiuued.


By thc CHAIR"IAN:
(¿Ilestion. Yon stated in yonr eXHllIiuí1tion J'cstenlay that yOllha\'e had in-


terYie\Ys \\'ilb Fi¡.;k aml Gonld sinec t1le 21th 01' Septelllber. "{as any
(listinetiol1 malle in tllOse intcrYÍmys betweell the gold belonging to Fisk
and Uonlll, aml Smith, Gonld, ilfartill & en., 01' \Vas it a11 eOllsidered as
(lile aeeollllt'?-..:1.nswer. Thcy \Yerc so eOllsÍllered by us.


Q. Did yon spt,tle witlt thelll as olle aeconnt ji-A. Yes, sir; Smith,
Goull1, and }Iartin scttlcd en'rythiug.


Q. 'l'llf'y settlrd 1'or Fisk~-A. Ycs; they Rettled eYCrytltillg. On
that oee:;sioll Il'(mwlIlbcl' tltis eireum"tanec: ::\r1'. Could hall an aecount
of tIte Fisk purehasc of $~),02;;,O()O in bis hand on the (WellÍllg when 1,
witlt MI'. lIeath, sa", him. He hamled it to MI'. IIeath amI saiel: "1 do
Ilot 1'e(1n11'e tItiR. Fisk has g'ot a notiec ot that purchase." "\Vhertmpon
.:\lr. lleath saiü: "1\Ir. GOllkl, yOlL kllo\V that the understanding is that,
although \Ye boug'ht by order oI' :\Ir. Fisk, you \Vere also inte1'estNI in it,
amI it was ajoillt accoullt." \Yhorcupou, ;\fr. GemId said: "Vcry \Yoll,
:\11'. Fisk has all thc notice Jl(~eüss;n''y.'' '1' l1on ::'111'. Ht'ath 1'epeatell again
tho UIHlerstam1ing that it \Yas a joint neeollllt afüür, alld 1VIr. Fisk said,
"'Yell, ,ve ]ll'd'er t.o 11a.\'e it in t1i:3 \Yay. Whatever 1 do, MI'. Oonld
stands by me;" Hnd Gonld saiü: ""fhat is so, bnt 1 p1'ofer for certain
l'easons to hm-e it as it is." \Ve hoth had tIle l1nderstandillg that Fisk
al1(1 Gonüf \\'(,1'e to [;tancl by eaeh oth('l'.


Q. That tlwy :wknO\YIPIlipfl thems('¡ycspal'tncrsiu thewhole rnatt('1' '?-
~\. Yes; ill tIte three millions. '1'he1'e was no dispute ahout the golel
rOl' Hlllith, GOllld & Martin. Tilo stoeks alHl gold and cyerything cIsc
that GO\l1(1 has honght amI soll1 rOl' tIlo last three yeal's haye hPPll ta-
I;('J! ean: oí' bv Smith. (}o1l1d &; Martin.


Q. Statp \~het.h('r 'tlwir brokprs "ore Smith, Gonld & Martin.-A. 1
eallllOt say positi\'ely. :\f;\' imprl'ssioll i8 tllat in tbose gold transactions




84 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


tlwy emplo'yed gellf'rally :tU who wouId work for thcm ill the Atrf'f't,
Those special~y interestell WI:'l'f' Speyers, Domin, and Doeod:, (\V!Jo m're
brokel's 1'01' Beldell & Oo., anli Belden & Oo. were suppo8pd to he hrokers
t411' the elüjl1e,) Gra'y, 1'1'inc8 & Oo., Oarver & Oo., 1)zOIH1Í, Svringer &
('o.; and therc ,,{cre YHriollS hl11l king-hOlUlc8 ill tIte street, not stridl)'
hrokers, that were earryillg gold for them llpOIl (~Olllllli,;:.;i()1I-em7r.\"illg·
thl' af'tríal eoill amllocking it up üi the bank with lhe lllHlerstamlillg
that they shonld T10t part \Vitil it.


Q. 'Yhell Smith, Gonld & Martín assnmed amI Aettlt>d ln"k's gol(l, was
:lll,\' I'l:'nsongin~n whytheydidAo?-:XO, sir; the r('aSOll Sll1ith gayc was
that altbollgh they were llot ill nll~' way l'es]lOllsil)]e 1'01' FÍf;k'R gold,
he wallted ns to nnderstand that if we wonltl help tllPlll to ¡wtt]p tlleir
eigllt milliom; in the way tlles propOSl'rl, (alld tlt:lt ,,'ay ,ms uy compro-
mise,) they wonM he11' ns out of Ol!l' diftienlty. TI.nt i" the 1'(':'1.:-;011 that
)11'. Smith gaye, disclaimillg' at the same time aH intrl'pst in Fi:-,k's go](l.


Q. Did the fi1'm oí' Smith, (~onld & l\Jartin lila ke aJl,\' t]¡re~tt agaim,t
;rour firm ill regal'd to sMtlemcllts: mul if so, ,y]¡at !-A. 1 remclllbel' t1wt
oue day when tbere waA some ditlienltye<1usE'd by a llIiSilll(lpl'staJl(lill~
Ol1 the part of Smith in regan1 to $'5U,OOO oi' ~ol(l whi,,\¡ \\'a~, l'l'cl'Íve!l
fol' their aceount from Spe.vel's, :I\1r. Slllitll, snpposillg' tllllt it WHR ,t pur-
ehase of gold not prcyionsly l'l'pOrH'd, emne into our oftke in a \'l'l'y ex
cited and ullgry condition, ant1 wanted to kuow wlJat j lllcallt. H(~ t]WIl
tb1'eatened tIlat, if we !lid uoí take (~ar(', lw wOH](1 "slllash m; al1 to
pipees," a,fi(1 tIlat he eonld do it. T Onl;\' l'eeollect tlle thrcat; 1 do Bot
remember tIle precise language that he llílCd, except t'tle wonls tltat hp
\Vonld "smm;h HA aU to pieees;" 1 n'lllplllhel' that. 1 tlwn explailled
tltat it was the gold alremly reportpd, alld that he had misunderstood it~
whieh explanation was satiAfaetnry.


\\' ASHIxn'J'oN, JamUlry 18, 1870,
JOIIN n. STOG'l' SWOfn nnd pxamilled.


By tIte CHAIlDIAN:
QUl'stion. State yonr placp of rc:-;idence, yonr business, amI place of


lmsinei's.-AllS\VPl', 1 resül(\ in Hrool;:lyn, ~ ew York. l\Iy late lmsilless
was casllier of tIle Tenth Natiollal Halll; of tIle eity of Rew York.


Q. Dnrillg ,,-hat llPriod ",ere YOU c~lShier oí' that bank "?-A. Frolll tllp
organizatioll oí' tlll' ballk hU tl[(' 11th 01' Jaunary lasto


Q. DuriJlg whiell l,eriod you \Yen' familiar ",ith its bistory and afl:'airs'!
-A. Yes; sil'.
{~. \Vhat is tlw eapital of tltc lJallk '¡-A .. A_ millioll of dollal's.
(~. Statt~ \rimt trausfprs 01' t1)(' ,;toek 01' that, ballk, if all.)', '\,(\1'e malle


dUl'illg the past SllllllUt'l', amI statl' b~' ,dlOlll t111; llIajority oí' tll(' stoek
is held.-A. 1 ha n~ Itere a Matnlllen'j oi' t.ltp Plltir(' tl'ansf'l'l'S fl'OIll t1lr
1st oí' January, 18(m, til1 the 1 st 01' .Tallnar)', 18.().


Q. Are yon aequaillted \"itl! t1108(, Illell in Xew York eomUlolll~r known
as tIlo members 01' tIte gold di (lile '?-A. SOlllO oí' them.


Q. St,ate to the committee whetber ¡lBY oí' thcm arc, to yon1' knowl-
edg(', or have been during tite past sUlllllle1', stoekllOldprR in tll(~ Telltlt
N ational Bank.-A. 80me oí' thl'lll ltaxe ueen awl st i11 are.


Q. '1'0 what. extellt werc the\" holder,; of stoek?-A. 1 IlOW rofer to
the 1irlll ot' Smith, Gould & Martin. There were at. one time a little oyer
tise thousaJl(l slIares oi' stock-half a mi1lion-trausferret1 to Jay Gould.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 85
aml he transferl'ed in a few days afterwanl n, large portion of that to
"everal othe1' parties, llot, 1 presnme, conneeted with the gold clique.
Tite ollIy t1'ansfer that \Vas made at any time to any pa1'ties having any
COlllleetioll with tlle gold clique, that I lmüw of, í'.as this transfe1' of over
ü\'e thonsalHl shares to .Jay GouId.


Q. At wJwt t,illle was tllis pnrehase of half a millioll of stock made bv
.Ta,)' GonM ?-A. On tlle 5th of August. " (!. Did the transfer giye him all t]¡e rights of a 8tockholdcr at that
time ';-1\. Yes, sir.


Q, ""Vas that a' majority of the stock ?-A. Yes, sir; he had 5,010
shares trauslerred to bim Oll tlmt da,y, Illaking $tíOl,OOO worth at par
yalue of the capital.


Q. From wholll did he pnrchase this stock; from oue 01' from several
parties'?-A. lt was standing in tlle llame of t\eyera 1 ]la1'ties. 1 perceive
t.hat there Wl'l'(, prior to tlmt, Olt tlle 2íth ot Jnly, :fifty-six shares trans-
fe1'red to Ja;~- Gonl(l, amI also on the 2Dth 01' that lllonth, forty-:fiye
:sha1'es.


Q. State to tIlO eOlllmittee whcther any change of fhe offiee1'S 01'
managers oí' tlte lJall k \Vas made sho1'tl,y aiter 01' illlUle(liatcly after the
trullsfcr to ,lar Gould r-A. No elJallge was mude in tlle officers of the
lmllk llutil O,lC 11111 day of .J <Hillary last. .


Q. ""V]¡ell w.hat oecll1'red 'f-A. vVhen the1'e was a ehange inthe officers
aml direetors. That \Vas tIle dav of eledio11, and there ,ras an elltire
ehullge both as to of1ief'l's nlld dii'ectors.' ' (,¿. According to tIte rules oi' the hallk, have the stockholders any
power oyer its management exce.pt through the annnal eleetion?-A.
X one whatever.


Q. SO ü¡,r' as yon know was there any change in the poliey 01' manage-
ment of the hank after the purehase by .Tay Gould, and he1'o1'e the elee-
tion ·?-A. '1'he1'e was no change whatcyer.
(~. Did .:\Ir. GemId kceJl 11is accounts in that bank ?-A. GouId, Smith,


:\-Iartill & Oo. opelled an aecount with the bank shortly afterward.
Q. Has theil' ae(~oullt sinee tlmt time been a heavy one ·'?-A. lt was


a heayy and active aceoHnt up to the day before the gold speeulation
culminated.


Q. Ün tlle day ]¡cf'on; the panie what was the amoullt. of eleposits helel
in your baule to the c1'cc1it of Gould, Smitll, Jlul'till & Co.'!-A. 1 have
not brougllt tllc memol'andnm 01' tIla!; with me. T did not llnderstand
l.he SUIllIllons to incllHle tltat. 'l'heil' balance during tllat week varied
from $4-0,000 to $120,000. 1 haye bronght with me a lllemOl'allllum of
rhe amounts tItey deposit:ed, alltl tIle nrnollnt they drew eaeh day of the
week.


Q. PIease state the trnnsaetiolls oi' the bank with t1le fil'Ill oi' Gould,
Smith, Martin & eo. du1'ing the days oi' tIte panic "?-A. On Monday,
Septernber 20th, tlwy depositad ¡¡1l,737,807 25 in curreney, and drew
$1,730,262 50; on TUl'sday, Septemher 21st, they tleposited $1,300,661 37
in cu1'rency, and drew Sl,:,ü:J,O±7 na; OH 'Veducsday, Septcmher 22d,
they de))ositpd $1,000,000 in enrrcllcy, a1l(1 drcw $\)lJü,085 47; on Thurs-
day, Septcmber 2:Jd, they deposited $7,82Ü,Ü37 48 i11 currency, and drew
$7,Ü40,80Ü 86; on Friday, Septembcl' 24th, they deposited $167,823 71
in cnrrt'ncy, amI drcw $:;03,358 62; on Saturday, September 25th, they
depositcd nothing, alld drcw $105,482 50.


Q. 'Vas tbcre in ew1'y ease an adnal dcposit oi' currcncy OH thei1'
p<ld '?-A. Thel'c \yas a11 aetnal deposit 6f eert.ified checks.
- Q. Checks certified by t11e diffe1'ellt ballks f-A. Yes, sir.




86 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
(~. How mauy hanks shouhl yon think l!:ul erl'tifje(l chccks in tIle li¡;t


that they depo",itcd with you 'l-A. 1 ",honld ,imlge Ü'01ll xix to ten.
q. Do yon recolIect ho\\' large tIle Iargwit Hillgle eheck was '?-A, 1 do


llOt. 1 t ,','on](l llot eome to my kllowle(lg(' at aU. Tlle ÜP1H)Hits are re-
coiyed by tho tcllcrs, aml, ullless thero y;as some speeiall'casoll for ll1('
to examille them, 1 \\'ouId llot lmo\\. .


q. State to the COllllllittoe what aIlloullt of chccks \Vas certitird hy
your hank during f,llOse days '?-A. As it was a n~ry hUHy \Yeek I ca!l
scarceIy sayo 1 ",uppose that Oll one day thel'e prolmbIy \Va", au amonnt
oí' twout:,--foUl' millions certilled; that was Ycry much the largest oi' auy
day.


Q. What day \Vas that ?-A. That. 1 tltiuk was Oll Thnrsday,
Q. How mueh OH Friday'?-A. 1 eannot alls",or Uw,t questioll. '['he


large bulk of tIlo money that "as drawll out upon tllat day, alld en'l'y
day, was upon certifieü eheck:;. I


Q. During the month pre\ions to that., anll for tiOHle 1I1011t-hs, what
was tho average amonnt. of checks certilied by ,)'on1' bank ?-A. From
fi\Te to twelve millions, twclvc milliollS bcing thc laI'g0Rt :1mount. Tilis
one of twentj--fi)Ul' lUilliollS that 1 spoke oí' was ver,r lIInel! 1arger thall
on any othcr day.


Q, S.tate what amount oí' eheeks \Yas eCl'tificd foI' Smith, GOllld &; ::\Iartill
dllI'ing that day'I-IL 1 l)re~~nme that aU t11at the,y dl'mY wm; cel'titi('(l,
01' a Ycry largo portion of thClll. Tho whoIe amollnts tlmt r llIcntioned
as drawll by them ",ere, as a gelwral principIe, certifica chccks.


Q. Did J. 11'isl;:, .ir., l!an~ all aCCoullt in tImt- hank ~-.A. No, sir; lii"
llame has nmTC1' been Oll our books il1 nny fonll 01' shape, 01' for aH,"
purpoiie.


Q. Dit1 Heath &, Co, have auy accmuü ,yith thnt ballk'?-A. Yes, sil'.
AUow me to state that ",!len 1 sny 1'00 eertifiml t1lis :lIllOllllt of check:; it
was ollly upon tile recdpt of othe'r cmtified checks.


Q. State the amount oi' checks eertified for \Villiam lleath & Co?-
A. 1 will give yon tho total amounts which tlwy ürew npoll the 8cwnü
days of that week, amll supposo the lmlk of them was on e,'rtilied eheckf;,
On September tlw ~Oth thcy drew $30~);on 01; on September tho 21st
they drew $32:),7:?2 40; 011 September tIlO 22d tIle,)' (!re\\, $2+!),:)ü0 80;
on September the 23d they dl'ew $l,ü7!),orm 87; Oll September t11(' 2Mh
tiley drew $400,:W2 !jI); on Septembcr the 20th tbey <1l'ew $1O:.! 25 .•


Q. State whether ::\Ir. Belden kept. au HeeOllllt with Y0Ul' bank 'i-A,
Re did noto 1 hall no t.ra1l8actiolls witlt hilll,


Q. Did any othpl' pl'1'8011 01' firm, commonly sllpposetl to be10ll~ to thp
gold ring, have accollut", in your ballk ::;0 fal' :H; yon lmow"?-A, Not
auy.
(~. Did any of the pl'r80nS to whom you haye l'eferred overdl'aw t.heir


accounts 011 tltose dars '?-A. '\Villiam Heath &, (Jo. (lid,
Q. To what extellt?-A, Th(~Íl' aeconnt \Vas o\Terdnn,ll to about


$145,000.
q. Did Smith, Gould & ::\lar'tin oypnll'aw t-heir aeeollllt ~-A. Xo.


sil'.
Q. In your subsequent settling' of these transaetio!lf; di<l yon tincl all~­


diffieulty in makillg settlement \yith the check" whi('h ~-on 1m<l I'eet'iH<1.
alld fol' which yon iS8ned your oertified e!l('ek8 'I-A. No, sir,


Q. St.ate, as near as yon recollect, "hat pl'opol'tioll 01' t110 depotlit:;
made in your bank were in currellcy, alHI \vhat proportioll ill cL'rti1it'd
checks '?-A. A mere t.rifle was in (,lll'l'elley, TI\(' main portion of' it \\-a<;
in certified ~heckR.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 87


Q. Dic1 yonr bank always transact hnsiness npon the same principIe
that yon actecl npon that da;r ?-A. Yes, sil'.


Q. State to the committee what ¡mrety you have that thero is money
behind a eertified eheck w11ich ~-on 1'ooei,-e, and npOll \V11ieh you issue
yOlll' certificd e11cek ~-A. The onlr surety that we haye is that tho hank
eertifies it, amI that t1lc hank is ohliged to pay it whether t110 party has
aHY fUIHls t11cre 01' noto Q. And do yon nJl(lerstaHd that other banks do in tbat regard as
yours has been doing!-A. T11e other banks all do the same thing.


Q. That is that twellty-fonr millioIls muy be cCl'tified hy tlle bank
W11C11 hut a yery small pOl'tion oi" cu1'1'eney has been reeeh-ed OH de-
posit ?-A. Yes, sir; a YCrr small portion, a mere hagatelle of currellcy
is received.


Q. Did yon 1'eóeive 01' llave prescnted ut yonr eounter, durillg eit11e1' of
those daJ's, a check for about $28,000, eCÍ'tified by your bank and hchl
by Jolm HOllllCd-A. 1 Ilaye llO recol1ection of sueh a case.


Q. 01' did .Johll BOIlller pre8ent a check~-A. lt may have been so.
r would hanl said no if MI'. ROIllIP1' had !lot told me since r haye been
llero that he elido


Q. Di<1 he prescnt a. ehed~ and df'lIlUnd currency, which was rcfnsed 01'
dela.raslood by.Yourbank ~-A. Hc ll1ay havo prosentcdacheck therewhicll
we may have,llot a8kec1 tlelay fo1', but oqjccted to paying on t11e g1'ound
tltat, as we llad l'ocei\'ecl but a eertifietI check for it, tlle custom of lmsi-
lless did not warrunt him tú tIra \V legal telldors upon it on the day it
was givell, fol' tho implicd unrlerstandillg ~with tho parties \Vas that it
was not to be paid until tho fol1mving day thl'Ollgh the exchanges.


Q.' Statc wlmt occurred in regard 10 au eXfLlIlination of the hank on
tho 21th oí' September, by perSOllS sellt fl'OIil the Treasury Department.-
A. Tlwre wer!' tlll'ee examiners seut from the 1'remmry Depmtmellt
prcscnt npon that clay exmnillillg t11e han!;:.


Q. Did thcy make au'y order:,; in l'cganl to fhe business of t11e hank?-
A. NOl any.


Q. D;d tllc bllsincs:,; eOlltilllW wlúle tlwy were exumining~--A. It dic.1.
Q. Did they give no directions re:,;trietillg the operatioIls of tIlo


bank '¡-A. N one. •
Q. ,Va:,; auy ehallge made in the busilles" of tha bank 01' in the mode


of doillg its business in consequenee of theil' beiug tllere '?-A. N ot aD.Y.
(~. llas tho ballk been closed nt aH thi:,; snrnlI1pr~-A. It has noto
Q. Did i1, snfl"er any Iosse¡.; in eOllSeqllonee of tbe trallsaetions of tha1,


week, aml if so, te what amOllllt"!-A. Tbel'e is one al110uut of $75,000
not yet paid.


Q. vVhy has it llot beell puid '?-A. The party says he has not the
means to pa:') ~t.


Q. \Vm; the party eonlleetec.1 witlt theso transactiOlls f-A. It is 'ViI-
1iam Li\'eI'IllOrp, wIto Chal'goR tha1, he RoId gold to Smith, GOllld, J\<Iartin
&Co.


Q. How largo was tile amount of checks dmwn hy him c.1uring these
trunsactiolls 'I-A. OH the 20th he depesited $2G2,26G 67, alld drew
$2G8,D40 46; OH the 21st he c1eposite(l $lD3,500 22, anc.1 drow $20'1,0:'>1;
011 tbe 22c.l he (leposi1,ed $lD±,D87 36, amI c.lrew $200,6:32 35; OH the 23d
]10 clepositecl $45U,48G :36, amI drew $457,138 75; on tIte 2:1tll he de-
posited $2iiO,:M2 Ij;~, and drew $242,8G~ 50; on tlle 25th he deposited
llotlting and drew nothing.


Q. Yon Ray ;ron canIlOt. ten w~at the alllouut of cheeks eertified by -
the baBle OH Frida~- was "?-A. T CUllTlOt tell now. r will seml a state-
mput 01' tIle amollIlt when 1 ret.urn to Xew York.




88 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGA'rION.


Q. Can you tell the committee on what ballle Smitb, Gonlcl & ~1:a,r­
till gayo a chock for $1,400,000 to pay fol' a million of gold which they
carried for Speyers on the ~4th "i-A. 1 cannot. 1 haye !lO kno",ledge
oí' sudi a check. 1 have no knowlel1go whot11or such a check was gin~1I
Ol' llOt,.


Q. State if ally examination, aside froIll tlw one yon llClltioncll that
was made by tIle three officers of the Troasmy, was llaue of yonr
banle lIeur that tille, befare 01' ufter ?-A. There was, in August.


Q. By whom?-A. By Mi'. Callenuer, the ballk l'Xmniller.
Q. "'Vas Mr. Callender in yCUl' bank, 01' <lid you see lüm dnring the


11ayR oí' thl~ pallic '?-A. 1 saw him Oll Saturday. He was t11e1'e OH
Ratnrday.


Q. DiÍl you have auy conferenco with him in l'elation to the examina-
tion goiug fOl'WHrU in the bank ?-A. K o, sil'.


(1,. Did you llako ally COlHIllllllieatioll as cHslúcr to tIlo antlIOl'ities in
"Washillgton in reference to the examinatioll al_A. ~one. (:¿. \Yhen was it diRclmtinued ?-A. Tilo l'x:lminom wel'(\ eXHminillg
011 Friday, anu also COllll110llCOll OH Saturday, but thoy StOlllWtl before
tilo day was out.


Q. \Vhy ~-A. Tlwy gayo. no reason. 1 was exeeedillgly lllu;y t-hat
day. It may be that tlwy Wel'B tlu'ollgh. 1 had no eOUllllllllieatioll with
them.


Q. 1 unclerstalld you to S¡LY tbat tlley gayo no onle1's el_A. No, sir.
Q. Exeopt wholl they sllOwed you theil' authol'ity in tbe Jin,t place '1-


A. Tbat is aIl.
Q. What was that authority, a general one 01' a spoeial one ~~A. It


was not shown to lle. 1 l'eally!lo not kl10W whethe1' 01' llot it was
sllown to the president. The examiner:'! got thel'e befare 1 diü, amI thoy
must have shown their authority to the teller.


Q. 1 ullclerstancl that .ron aro llot 1\OW an oflicer 01' tho ballk ~-A. 1
am noto .


Q. SO far as you kuow, what iuterest (loes tIto prcscut board, elected
011 the 10th of January, represoiJt" Ol' what people doe:'! it ]'epresellt'~­
A. It represents, 1 presume, Jay Gonld, vVillialll 1\1. Twced, Petel' B.
Sweelley,.J. H. Ingel'soll, .JallleR vVatson, and a Ilumber whORe lHLIlles do
not appea.r lloro, as tho tl'allsterR 01' their stoeks woro marln sinee tilo.
first of January. Jay Gonld, Petor B. Swermey, Hicllard B. Conllolly,
Hllgh Smitb, Henry Smith, aud 1 belieYe all the rest are what is usnally
lmowll as the democratie ring oí' N ew York.


Q. Do yon know 01' any oílicer of t.he governllent having any COll-
neetion, directly Ol' illdil'edly, WiLh the golcl panio OH tIle 23d or., 24th oi'
Septell1ber~-A. 1 know nothing about it.


By ::Y1r. P ACKElt :
Q. Was tItiR bank l'xamiuation bronght abont by any spceial eircum-


stances at that particnlar ti!llP "?-A. It was so rnmorcd. 1 110 llot lwow
:tllythillg' about it. The rumor was that parties OH the st1'eet engaged
in speclllatioll repoded to the departmcnt t1mt WB WPl'e engageü in the
loeking up of' gohI, ami r lllldel'stand that tllat wa:'! tIto ol\joet of that
examination.


By the ClIAIR:\IAK :
(~. Rtate in tiLat cOIllleetion how lUuch golcl yon carried in your vanlts


llPOl;l this occasion.-A. On }Iouday, Septelllbe1' 20, \Ve hall $124,38051;
OH 'l'neRday, September 21, \Ye had~119,:m) 58; on vVedncsday, Sep-
telllbel' 22, we liad $ü6,22ü 54; on Thursday, Septeltlbel' ~3, vte had




GOLD PAKIC INVESTIGATION. 89
$2;3\),705 47; on Friday, Septell1bcr 24, we hall $78,422 60; on Satur-
day, September 25, \Ve liad 817,;l88 74.


By MI'. P ACKEl~ :
Q. vVas that t.o the gCllcral ercüit of tbe bank, 01' was it subject to


ally ordpI's 01' chccks '?-A. It was the ordinal'y regular evel'y-day de-
pm3it,alld WflS l,ubjeet to chcck. 1 \'olnutecl' to say here that no portion
ot' tlwt IllOlH'y lwlougcd to any party luwiug allr conneetion with 01' en-
gaged ill tlte gol<l !'Ilwculatioll oí' tIle da.r.


Q.Did .ron cCl'ti(y at :llly tinw eheeks fol' parties ,vho had not ercdit
in ;your hallk fol' tlmt alllollllt or 11101'(' ?-A. X o, sir. 'rhe iustl'uctiollS
alwa~-s were not to eerti(v a elH'ck for Iw.r1)()üy \.,ho lUlflllOt the mnOUllt.
de]Josited in bank to his cl'cdit. '


B,y .l\lr. Cm: :
Q. Do yOH know 1\11'. Corhill?-A. 1 do noto
Q. Hns Iw )¡;l(! :1lly tl':llIsaction!'l at ;ron1' ballk '?-A. N one \vhale.yer.
(~. Xcithcl' for hilllself nol' anrbody else "!-A. His llame hato; lH'y('1'


apIJ('Ul'erl iJl it. He lllfly 1mH\ ltafl some interest in sOlllcthing there,
l)llt hh, llame IIt'YQI' apP('ared thol'e to m,\" Immrlp¡lge 01' to the knO\yledg'c
of ,lll~' of tlle othe1' oíl:iecl'R 01' tlLG lmnk. He has never hall an;)"
trallslldiollS ,,,¡tll tlw ballk whatover.


Q. 'lia n~ Hin 11:1(1 llIlY transactiolls with (}enel'al But,terfield iu ,my
\Yay, citiler <1Íreetly or ·indireetl.v O/_A. 1 snpposc 1 might :1lls\n'r that
question, uo. 'rIle OH],\' tI':111,;,wtion \Ve cvcI' had with Gelleral Bntter-
íielü \Y~1s tllat 11(' sent a note to tho bank requosting us to opon an ae-
eonnt witb a party, a eommission merehant in DetI'oit, saying tll<lt be
might pOflsibly wflnt to o\'pj'(lraw 1Iis account to a SInaU mnonnt, anrl ir
so, rcqncstiug m; to allow it, nnd he wonld he l'cspollsible for that OH'I'-
draft to the amOl1ut oí' $:¡,OOO.


Q. "Vas that dnrillg lbe p:1nie 'I-A. No, sir.
Q. \Vhat time was it ?-,i... 1 think it was abont the month of .luly 01'


Angnst lasto
By l\fr. Jüi'i.Es:


Q. Do you l'ecolket tlw lIH!lH' oí' the pal'ty in D('troit~-A .• T. G.
ll'win. That is thc onlv tran:-;actioll \Ve cn'r lmd with General 13uttcr-
field. <


By the CUAIRJl.fAX :
Q. Does General Butterfidd, fol' hillHlelf 01' auybody cIsc for him, so


1':11' afl yOLl kuow, hold ,wy stoek oí' tite TentIl National Bank~-A. No,
sir.


Q. Ilafl he cyer he1d auy ~-A. He nüyül' has_
By MI'. Cox:


Q. Did yon open tlle aeeollnt with frwin '?-A. We elid.
Q. 'Vas it overdrawn'I-A. Tt was oyerd1'awn, and is now O\Te1'drawn,


to the extent of $2,GOO.
Q. And 1\1t'. Bnttc1'lleld is held l'e!'lpollsible for it ~-A. We hold him


respollsihln for it.
(~. What,1'eHson <loes he give fo!' not settling' jt ~-A. We have not


ealled OH 1\1r. Butíerfield to settle it.
Q. 'Vlty RO "!-A. Bl'ennsü of the understandillg amI arrangement


malle witll hilll that tlw party was to oyerdraw, amI that he would be
respollsiblP. 1 w1'ote to 1\f1'. 11"\\'ill a short time ago request.illg him to
rcmit, to pay np. He has not done so, :1n<1, as yet, 01' up to the time ni'




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


my leayillg' Ne\'; York, nothillg hall beell said to 1\11'. Buttel'field abolle
il, exeept that 1 did one tlay statc to 1\11'. Bnttcrticld, before he left the
su b-tl'easul''y, that tl10 aeCoullt \Vas oyerdrawu, aml asketl him if he
llnderstood it. He said he did; that it \Vas al! 1'igltt, alld he wonld sre
tlw t it ,vas paid.


Q. Yon (10 Bot know ,,'hat tIle cOllsidprntioll was betweell Invill all(I
Bnttel'ficld ?-A. r!lo ltot kIlOW an,rtltillg' abont it. 1 mlpposed 1,1[('.\-
\Yere perRonal [1'i01l(Is.


Q. Tt had 110 eOllueetion, that .Hm lmow 01', with the gold pUllie "?-A.
1 pn~snmc it had nono whatov!'r; it \yas some eom,i(It'l'uhle, time lwforr
tItí" gold matter. 1 think it \Vas in tho ll10nth of .Jnly 01' August lasto


Tlle fol1owing letter was suhsequent.ly l'Gl:(~in:~d by t11(' eOllllllitter, aml
direeted to be appended to the testimony :


TEXTil KATlOX,\L R\XK.
25 BI{OAD ~T1:1,;I':T, ('OItXEI: ]-;,('[1-\:<0(;1-; PLACE,


.LYcw 1'01'1.-, .faJlIlary 20, 1870.
DE,\H Sm: In areorrlallce with yUlIl' rer¡ucst, 1 ]1C'Tcwit-1I '<'J1(1 ~'Oll a stakmcnt 01' thp


:m¡Ollllts certifierl by the ahuve b:mk fOl' all their rlea]el's (lllrillg tIle ",cek Ü'Olll Se 1"
tem ber 20, li3GH, to 8eptem ber 23, lilGD:
MOlH1:!y,20th , __ .• , , .. ". ".'''' _ .. , , ... "., _, .•. " " ..... , .•......
Tncs¡la,', 2lf;t __ ..... " , , .••. '. ' , .. , .. , .. ' , , . ,,, " _ ". _ .... , ...•• ,
\Ye(lll(',,¡la~-, 22ü_ ..... _ ..... __ .... , ... , ,._ .. , " .... _ ... " ......... .
Tllllr~rltly. 2:3<1" _ " . __ .. " .. " " .. " , """ .... " .......... "" " ..
Fl'ida)',24th "."."" " .. """ " ........ " .... " ..... , .... " ... '
i"atnnlay, 25th ........... _ ............................. , ......... ,


$14,081, 120 :~~
12,401,14:: 21
14, 2iO, :lO1 :\t'
2J, G:~l\ ~)l~ [l!
14,240, [):)tJ 4:,


D03, 527 7:l'
1 ,yon]d :lgain Ntatc\ that tlles" eertifieatC's wC're agaillst llearly silllilar :UllOllnh


de¡lOsiterl with us amI certifica b,\' othcr 1Jank~.
~, * .¡.: 'i<


JOHN H, 81'01.:1'.
General GAHFIELD.


Chairman Có¡¡¡mittef' Ol! ]Ja/¡/-,;inrl ([lUZ (.'lil'l'enf'!I,
HOU8C of ReprC8cntatire8.


'\YASIIINGl'ON, January 19, 1870.
I~EWIS A. Sl'DrsON swo1'n and rxamilled.


By the CIIAIR~rAN:
Qllcstioll. State ;ronr ]lIace of residence, yonr place of business, aTHI


your OCCllp~ttioll.-AllR\yer . .:\ly place of residence ifl EIizabeth, New Jer·
sey; llly plae(~ of bnflillüflS is IR \ValI flt,n~et, Np\V York Cit,Y; llIy oeeu·
pation ü; stoek brokel'; the styk of t11e firlll is Lit<:hfiehl, Dana &
StitnRon.


Q. \V Pl'e YOU ('¡¡gag-ell in yünl' lJUflüwfls 011 the 23d aud ;¿,1th' of Sep-
tpll1hpr lilst "?-~\. Yl'fl, sir.


Q. Had yon ,llly pmw~r of nttorlley, amI if so, fl'olll w110m ?-A. T hall
a pO\n~r of attorney to op~'rate in the gold·roolll rOl' '\Villinm Belden.


Q. Statp wlmt yonr illStl'lwtiOlIS were fr01l1 him.-A. l\1y general
instrn('tiollfl W(,1'(, to fiI1 aIl his orders; to bny am1 sdl rOl' him as ordm's
were gÍ\'en. The special illstrnetiolls that 1 liad 011 TlInrsday, the 2311,
11lPli('w" \\'1'1'0 to pnt goh1 to 14·t alHl to l,ecp it thpl'p.


Q. \\'el'(\ yonr instrnctiolls wholly receiyed f1'olll Beldeu '?-A. Yeso
:-;ir; frolll Ilc1lOdy else.


Q. Did yon undel'staml, W]¡Pll yon reeeí,'ptl tllORe illStructiollS, that
th(' bnsilless was fol' ::\:1:1'. Belden'fl personal aeCoullt, 01' fur othel' parties




GOLD PANIC INYESTIGATION. 91


with 11im '!-A. I had no 111lllerstanlliug 011 the matter. 1 siIllplJ-
l'cceiveu m'y ol'uers frollL llilll.


Q. Stute yonr trnllsaetiollS 011 tIlOS!:' two duys um1el' tbe onlel's of lUl'.
Hp1(len.-A. On trw :!;3d, about clcyeu 01' half-past eleven o'clock, 1
reeeh-ed this onlt'l' fl'orn .MI'. Belden to put gol(l to 144 ami to keep it
the1'e. Iu exeeution of that order I bought abont scvcn and one-fourth
milliow; uf 14'01<1. vYhile 1 was purchasing 1\11'. Belden caIlle to the gold-
room, and I lookeu up to 1Iim, in an inquirillg' way, tu kllow whether 1
\Vas to continlte purebafling; he llO(!ded tbat 1 sbonld do DO. A litUc
latcr r ""rot(' a Hote to him askillg' him if he ,,-isbed me to sta y there all
the day, alld he sent baek ,,"onl that 1 iuight returu to tlle oJlice. That
purchnsc oi" Sl'nll nnd onc-fourth millions \Vas all tbat 1 di(l fiJr 111m
that duJ'. Tlw llext day he sent me tú the gold-rooIll to lend aU the
gold tlmt 1 eould; tltat \Vas on .FI'iday morning.
- Q. vVlmt instI'uetions did he give you ~-A. SpeciaU.r to lemI a11 tlte
gold that 1 (~(mld. 1 wcut uack amI told him that otheI' brokers were
tlterc, offerillg to ¡cll(I gohl for \Vm. Belden & Oo. at rates aboye seYCn
pe1' cent., amI tlJat tIJey \Yere intürfering with my business, particularl.r
oue man llamed Zerega. ne told me to semI tbis man to 11im. I after-
wllrd WÜllt back am1 told hilIl of the ltigh rates, and he tolü me to Icml
golrl at auy mte, but to leml it. 1 (lo not know how much 1 101111od, unt
1 think it W~H; perhaps one-qnarter million; uot more. I alllllOW spcak-
illg of Friday.


Q. That is all ;ron loaned on that day "?-A. I do not know tile amonnt,
but 1 should 1l0t tllink that it was aboye a (lnal'tel' of a million.


Q. Diü yOl! huy ally gold for 11im that day?-A. ='1"0, sir.
Q. Did you seU any'?-A. No, sil'.
Q. Did yon luwe any transactions 01' COllyeI'SaÜons with lVIr. E. K.


v\'illanl '?-A. Yes; OH Ji'riday Mr. "Yilla1'd met me in the gold-l'oom,
mal said to mo, "TeU Belden to mark llis gold to HiO." Tbat was the
sentcnee he llscd.


Q, v\TlJat l'elatioll did \Villa1'd sustain to Belden which g'aYü him the
right to make an order concerning Belden's gold '?-A. This was siUlply
a lilessage which 1 bore for hiIJl to 1\Ir. Belden. I 1mo\\" oí' llO existillg'
relations betweell thelll.


Q. Did you bear the message "!-A. I tried 10, hut 1 did not find 1\11'.
Belden, amI 1 gave tbe message to oue of Be1den's partners.


Q. In whoi'le bellalf did ;ron be]üwe that vVillard spoke to ;ron ?-A.
1 snpposed he spoke fo1' tlle cliqne.


Q. WI1OIl] do ;you mean by the cliqne '?-A. Fisk alld Gould wel'ü
popnlar1y Sllpposül1 to cOllstitute the dique.


Q. vVas 1\11'. Belden a mcm ber of t,lle e!i(lne "?-A. That 1 do llot kllOW ;
1 neve!: Lhoug11t that 1\11'. Belden had an íllterest in the clique.
(~. That is, yOl1 (lid llot at that tiulf\ t-A. l,'rolll what 1 kllew of 1\11'.


Belden, 1 did llot thillk that MI'. Beltlell would IU],ye a shal'e eithe1' in
tllf' riskR 01' In'oíits of the clique.


Q. 'Vlmt reaSOll hall yon to imppose that 'Villard belollged to the
dique ?-A. I olllJ" supposed that vVillanl was a broker for the clique;
1 did 1l0t lmow he "as a membe1' of it.


Q. Do you kIlO\\' :tllythillg 01' Willanl's relatiolls to J. Fisk, jI'. '?-A.
:No, sir. (.¿. llave :rou auy kllowledge of your o\\'n tLat auy oflicer oi' the gov-
el'IllIlent of t11e United StateD hall :lllythillg to do with that gold clique
in Xew York OH ally of tllose days'?-A .. No, sir.


Q. llave yon any personal aequaintance with any offieers of the go,-
¡el'llIllellt ?-A. No, tür.




92 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. Did yon Ree lt1Jy of them WhOill yon snpPoRPd to be ofllccrs oí the


gon'Tllmcnt, and \Vho appeared frolll anyt.hillg tltat yon saw t.o be con-
cerned in it in ally way'?-.A. No, sil'.


Q. Do yon Imow -:\fr. Fisk amI MI'. Gould '?-A. 1 kllOW t.hem both
by sight.


Q. A1Jd MI'. Hpath '?-L~. Yes, sil'.
{~. Dülyon !J,l\-e any eOHyersatioll, Ol' \lid .ron hear an.r con\'prsatioll


ot' 1.heirs 011 any of tIlose days '?-A. :No, l:Ür. 1 (litllteal' a eOlI Y(,J'satiou
of Fisk's on that Friday; 1 l1eal'l1 him say to a gentleman, "TIlese are
high oId tÜ1H'S." That. was j11St before Iw made his departme frolll \Yall
street., at. haIf past one o'cloek in the af(C>rHOoll.


By MI'. ConURN:
Q. You did not l1e<1I' him gi ve ally <lir¡~etiom, to auy agent as 1.0 tlle


mode of transactillg business Y-A. ~o, sil'.
Q. Did :ronr firm lose an;V-t.hing by tho transadiolls (Jf t1\O day ?-/\.


1 was not a member oí' t11e ilnu thell. T ,,-as ollnatillg tbat day as a
cleI'k fol' )Ir. Beldpll.


Q. Coneel'l1ing tIle gold whieh yon bonght nlld 10aJwü f()l' I1ddcl1, was
it cleal'elll'ügularl,V, aud sottled rOl' aeeonlillg to tlw llSWIIl'nles'?-A. 1
think not. 1\11'. Belden'R statenWlIt. for that llay was ollly wac[p í()l'
abont il,~e millionR, alal 1 alone tlle llay before pnreltnsed f(n' hilll sen'n
milliolls. His statcment was thrown out frolll tllo e1eal'ing-house.


Q_ Did yon giye ltim up as your pl'illcipal 'q-A. 1 ,vas actillg 011 his
power 01' nttorney.


Q. SO tha1. :ron \Yere not porsollHlly rpspomühle f()l' any of yOlU trans-
actions?-A. :N o, sir; llOt fo1' the trunsaetions in gold.


Q. Did j'oa buy of tho clique broker:-;, tls fal' as ,y<Hl know't-A. 1 do
not kIlOW.
(~. At how high a raJe dill :ron bny ?-A. The ltighest rate tlmt 1


bought at \Vas 144; 1 think 1 bOllght OIle lmmlred thousaIHl at tl1at.
Q. Did yon pay anything for tIle gold that ,r0ll l)ought, in CHrrelley


01' othe1'wise '?-A. N o, sir. "
Q. Yon bought seYeu millio]}s, 1'01' whieh ;ron lmid 1l0LhingÚ?-A. For


whieh 1 paid lIothing; bnt 1 gayo 1111 Wm. Belden & Uo., who \Yere
bound by my power oí' attorney to ¡~mllplete tllC eontract.


By t.lle CHAnuuN :
(,.),. Did ::\11'. Willard giye yon any othc'l' ordcrs beside tltose yon hayc


alrcady melltiolled '/-A. Aftcr my roturn from tIlo offiee l\fr. vVilIanl
met me mHl nske¡l me if t had 8een Belden; 1 sHül r hau not: amI ]w
l'oplied, " Danm it, find him."


Q. Bid he giye 1.his order to yon with a tone oí' authol'ity; tlid ;ron
understand tbat he had a right to gÍ\-e sHell onlel's eOlH'('Tnillg tlle mat-
ter, 01' did yon eonsider him an illteI'meddler "?-A. No, sir; he gave 111('
individually no order; he gaye lile si.mpl;r a messago 1'01' MI'. Belden.


By ~II'. ConuRN :
Q. "What is tbo business of J\fr. \Villanl ?-A. He is a stoekbl'oker;


his offiee is on Exchange Place.
Q. 113 he in business with a ilnn '?-L\. He is now E. K. \Villard &.


Co., but, lasí Sumiller he \Vas ]<j, K. \Villard.
By tlle CHAIR}rAN :


Q,. You ulldel'stood him to be aeting as their agent. on, that day P-A.
Yos, Sil'. DUl'illg' two seal's pasto he hall done rt good doal of business
for Smith, Gouhl, ::lIartin & Co.




GOLD PANIC IKVESTIGATION. 93
,VASIIINGTOX, Janlwry 19, 1870.


EDWIN S. CIIAPIX ~\YOrll a]l(1 <'xalllilleu.
By tilo CHAIR:lIAN :


Qlwstion. St;ltl~ your ]'c~id(,lle(', yonr pIno!' of hn~jness, amI occupa-
tion ~-Aml\n'l'. ] re,dde at 111 \VcRt FOl'ty-fonrth street, ~ew York; rny
plaec oí' bll~iIle,,-; is 17 Bl'O:lil stl'L~l~t. I am a broker. TIte llrlll, previons
to the fin;t of .Jall11al'y last, \Vas Chapin, Bowell & Day. It dissolyed
011 tilo first of JallUal'Y.


Q. State wlwtlwl' y()ll were <lOillg lmsincRs as a b1'o]¡:er in the ll10nth
of Septemuel' Iast as a partnel' in tlle nl'lll yon lmve llallled f-A. Yes,
sir.


Q. St(tte whl'thcr .ron haye beC'll in Ole hahit of doing busilless befol'e
SeptpllJ bl'l' l¡wt fol' aur 01' tlw followiug' pal'tiei'l: Smith, Gould • .Martin
& Oo., J(tyGoul(l, Heul'y :\1. S:nith, ,Jame,; D. Baeh, ,J. Fisk, .il'" "Tm.
Belden & Co., R K, \Villanl, II('atll &: Co" Cal'H~l' &; Co.~-A. 1 llave
dOlle ImsilJps,;; ün' SlllitlJ, üonld, ~.Im'till &; Uo. for j)robably a yea!' pre-
viollsI~·. r haY<' ncn~I' done Hnythillg for MI'. GOllld Ol' 1\fr. Fii'lk that 1
reeollect, 1 do llOt tbillk 1 eyc1' executeÜ aH onler fol' either of them
jmliyidnall.r; hut 1 ]¡an~ done large bURiness for Smith~ Gould, :\Iartill
& eo. r haye done business fal' NIr. Smith illdividually, lmt fol' 1I011e of
tlj(' OLI1('1's. Ido not think 1 han~ <'\"('1' exeellte<I any ol'(le1' for B. K.
"Tillanl 01' fOl' (;a1'\'pl' & en. '


Q. Did yon in Septembpr Iast huy golü for ally of these parties? if
so, sJlf~(~i(y tlw amoullts bon¡¡ht.-A. (Hf~t(~l'l'ing to part oí' the pnrehase
allü sale hook.) We bongllt fuI' Slllith, Gonlll, .:\Imtill & Ca. golü as
follo,,",,: Oa t11c :.!Otlt of Angnst, 87;)0,000; OH tht' 21st of Angnst,
$:.?,O;;O,OUO; Oll the 2,')tlt nr August, S:.WO,OOO; OH the 27th of Allgllst, $:;on,ooo; Oll tlw ~(1 of f:k'lltember, 81,:nt;,ooo, at ]:11,1 ; 011 tlle :M nf Sep-
temb;T, 8170,ODO,:\t 1;;(;; on the ,HIt of Septc'lllhl'l', $18;'),000, nt 1;:U~
anü 1:;7; 011 llw CtIt 01' Sf'ptembel', 8440,000, at 1:37; OH tite 10th of Sep-
bl'l', $170,000, at 1 :;;¡; Oll t1te Hith of September, $50,O(){), at 1;36; OH
th(' Hith of' Selltel:Jl)('l', 8:;~,>,()OO, at l;Wl. That is tlJe last of tlw pm'"
I'lla,;ps ¡mulo hy n,., fOl' flmitlt, (}olll,l, Martill & Cn.


By JI1'. DcncllAlw:
(.l. \Vel'(~ t,llOSG orlll·!':; lO 1m,',' ;lt fli,.,(,rl'tiOll 01' nt fixed rates ?-A. In


al!llo,;t eH'l''y elSP nI(' onll'l'~; \\.t'!'C' limitcd to buyai a (;('rt~lill priet'o
By tltn {~HAIIDIAX:


Q. \Y\¡o gaH~ tite Ord('~'~l to Imy tltis Hlllount 01' gol<l '?-1\. l\fr. Smith,
oí" tlw til'lfi 01' ~~lllitlt, (}onl(l, ::\Inl'till & Co.


Q. Aftel' baying thl',;(] amollllts oí' gold wlmt "ere yonr Íustl'lletiOllS
tu (lo with tltü sarne 'I-A. SOI1l('tilll~S \Ve wete instl'ueted to clear it
t]¡I'Cn;~J¡ tllP e1earing-honse, alHl tn selld il lo tl]{,llI; ¡mt almos!' all of
thü; golü \Vas kell!, hy our'sp]n's alul IOHIlPÜ in tllc IllHl'k(,t for tlt('ll1. The
lmlk of tlle goltl \Vas canied b~- m~- firm by l('lldiug il ont to diffel'ent
pmties from (by to daj".


Q. Xow pnwC'e<l \Vitlt tIte "t<ltemcllt oi' ;ronr sales.-A. On tlle 23d
dayoí' Sl'l)tcI1IIH'I', \y}¡ich is tlw fir"t da,\' of sales, wc tiold $:;,100,000.
(~. GiYü the itellls.-A. 'Ve ílold to tlw follo\\'illg p:uties: Yfm. Belden


& Co., S~O(),()Ü()at 14:3*; U.C, Par!;:" & Oo., $:lOO,OOO at 14:3*; AlhertSpe.rpI'S
&: Co., $:.!,GOO,OUD at ¡·r3A; --- GrilluelI, 8100,OUO at 143*; \V. W.
Bd{1l'1l &: eo., ~;;;,lOO,OO() at 11:;; W. \L Eplü('ll &: Uo., $000,000 at 14:3;1;
--- I'attel':;oll, $100,000 nt H:¡'¡}; W. ,Y. Belden &Uo., $300,000 at 1<1:>;
'\'. \\T. Belden & Co., 8100,000 at ]!;1';¡'¡ Alhert Spe:;ers, SlOO,OOO at 14.1*;




94 GOLD PAI'IIC INVERTIGATION •
• Tnú. POiHlcl', $:)0,000 at 143 j vY. vV. Belden & Co., $100,000 af 143; W.
1,V. Belllen & Co., $100,000 at 143t j Albert Spcyers, $100,000 at, 143t;
W. W. Belden &; eo., 8150,000 at 143t j W. W. Belden & Co., $100,OUO
at 14;)1. The on1e1' to sen this gold \Ya::; giY(~n to me hy :1\11'. Smitb, ou
the 2aü oí' September, with im;tl'uetinw, tn givü it to other pal'tirs
to Hell. 'Vm.]\1. Parle, & Co. sold sen'll milliolls oí' that p:old for us.
Stnal &:; Dickinson ::;old $8,j{),OOO, an<l 1,Vbitcly & Xiel¡;;on 8250,000. 1
did a very large business fol' them, anrI very seldom did it llI'yself. 1
generally gavc out thl'ee·fourths oí' the lmsiness.


By :\11'. PACKER:
Q. Yon WPl'e 1'ecogllized as the brokrr nf Smith, fhmld, Martín &


eo 'I-A. Onc oí' the hl'okel's; ihcy ('mploycd quite a lllllUlwl'.
Q. 1,Vhat was t11e ol*'et of giving tlwir IHlRiIlP¡;;s tú so lllally ]lcoplc 1-


A. To c(wel' IIp trausactiolJs, 1 .'mppo.'c i that i::; g('twrall,\~ tIJe ob.iect.
On tIle 2,1th oí' Septmnlwl' tho salrs wrr(' 82,825,000, <lt pl'ices t'rolll
135 tn 1:38. JHostlv n11 tho Hale~; y,ero lwule ab;mt 1;).). The8c
snles \Yerc seattel'Pü" OH'r n8a1'1v all t110 hrokcn; 01' t¡w board. TItiH
\Vas aft('l' t1le break, hetween h\"~lve amI OIlC o'e1ock, ane]' it waH llIl(h'1'~
stoml the thing ,,'as np. .


Q. Dül you huy nouo before the break O]] that day !-A. ~o, Hil' j \Ye
neithel' solll nor blmght..
(~. How mnch were yon ca1'1'ying OH tll(~ llight of tlle 2:311 of Se]ltelll~


ber '?-A. vVe were earl'yillg for Smitb, 00nh1, Martin &. (Jo. S~,U~.:;,OOO.
Q. Can ;ron state af \\'ltat aYeragr rate the \Vhole of that waH Ho!ll


ont '?-A.. lt i8 hanl tn teB. \Ve had ht'("lI eal'l'ying at OlH' time as ltiglt
as fi\~e milliom;. \Ve ,\,(luld deliyel' a 10t oY golll to Smilh, <1-onId, .iHar~
ti11 & eo., aud thus we kept deel'easing 0111' liue.


Q. Ho\\' mnch \Yerc yon carr'yillg at any Otlf\ 1 ime f-A. 1 do Ilottbink
\Ve were earryillg mo1'P tlWll tiye milliolls at ally onc tilllP. Here \Vas
$,s,lOO,OOO that \Ve sold SOIlH' time during t11e middle of tlle d:ly oí' the
:!;),l, so that that night we hatl reall;r 011 OlU' bookrs rsohl more· gold tlwlI
\Ve were carl'ying, aud IH'xt day tlwy wOlllll hay!' to gi \'(' liS gohl tú
make these snrplns deli\'míeR. •


Cl. \VllO gave ;ron the ordcrrs fi).1' the lHlyi!Jg, selling, milI 10lHlllIg' or
this golll'?-A. MI'. Slllith.


Q. Did ;yon receiyü all y01ll' ordprH from }lr. Smitll ?-A. 1 think 1
receiyed e\'(~ry ol'der 1 got in gold from }!r. 8mith.


By the CHAllDIAN:
Q. State what orders :ron l'e('elY(~(1 fi'OIll him for yOl11' tralllSnetions


in gold p1'cyious tú the day of tIle panic 't-~\.. Jü~ gan~ me an order
to Imy su mneh gohl, $~()(),OO(), $;;00,000, $10U,000, Ol' ~,jOn,o(JO, at a
given priee.


Q. Did he tell ,yon at any of ,ronr illten~ipw" \\'itlt him ,,,hat -hiR pur-
pose was-\\'hat ltú, gPllPral line of polie'y ww" :-A. ~othillg, ('x("('pt
that hp said golrI \Ya::; going up.
(~. Did he ('xj)l'es;,; that as au ollini<llI of' 11i8, 1Il(~l'(~].v aH to tlw enlTcut


eOUl'se 01' business ~-A. He ,,"onld express it genemlly in lllY [Jl'esenee;
llot p:lrtienlarl:r to llle, 1mt 111 1ll,Y pn>:-;Pllre. 1 oftell heard llim Sl¡Y tllat
gold was gOillg up.


<l. \Vell, noweolllillg down to t11e day 01', 01' tIle Iby hefol'p, 1·11P panic,
tlte tl'ansadions yon allmle to Ínel!Hle tile ~311, and were (':ll'ril't1 OH in
obecliencc to spocial onlerH ree(,j\'ed that JIlOl'llillg' or tIJc eyenillg J.¡e~
fore ?-A. Yes j tIJe :':3d. 1 got illStl'llctioIlS abQut t1w mi<ltllE of iho da,v,
Thm's(lay.


Q. Dü<¡ yon 1'e('ei"e a note 01' go 1.0 his offiee '!-A. 1 Wa~ ;.;ellt for to




GOLD PANlC JNVESTIGATION. 95
come to the office. 1t was within two 01' th1'ee doors. He gave me the
order verba11v.


Q. vVhat occurred beside merely g'idng' yon t11c arder ~-A. He told
me to sell in t1l(\ neighborhoocl of ten millions of golcl. The thing
was done as ql1ick as a flash; he jnst gaw~ HU' the order amI away he
went.


Q. Dicl he fix tl1(\ rate '?-A. 1 do BOt remember whether he dill 01'
noto The price \Vas then, if 1 recollect rightly, abol1t 4.'3.
(~. Were you ordeted to seU OH tlle IlwrkeU You certainlymust llave


had some illstrnctiolls.-A. lf there was auy lilllit set 1 forget \Vhat
the limit ,,-as.


Q. IIbw did yon act in respeet to rate ?-A. r gftve mi onle1' to \Vrn.
:al. Pal'ks & eo. to sell tllree IlIillions of gold. 1 nfterwa1'd sent anothel'
order telling tlwm to seU úmr rnillions more. TIc did _Ilot mentioll ally
special part.Y; 1 selecte<1 Pnrks aud Co. oí' lIly OWIl free ,,-ill alld ae-
cord.


Q. \Vllo c~se was pl'esent?-A. 1 tlli!lk n0 O!le elile a1 aU wm\ pl'esent.
1 went to his ofIice; whcth~' it \Yas in t11(' 1'1'ont part 01' tlle back part of
the oHiee, 1 JtH'get.
• Q. Did ,ron llnderstaml that this was fo1' Slllith, Gould &; l\Iartin
alone, or for thClll with otlters ?-A. 1 asketl no <}llcstiol1s. 1 umIcrstood
it was 101' SlIlith, GOllld, Martin & CO.


Q. In yonr elea1'ing--hollsc tnmsadiolls next (]ay, in ",llOse llalllC
did you makc settlemellt ?-A. In the name oí' \Vm. 1\1. Park8. 1 made
tite balJk a statement also as b1'okc1'. As tite bauk b1'oke that day,
however, the st,atement amounterl 1,0 nothing' at aH.


Q. Did yon finally complote yonr settlemPllt for t1lis nrm during
those two days, regulady and satisfactorily'?-A. Ycs, sir; excellt tlw
thrcc 01' 1'0111' itUlHlred tbollsand (101la1'8 11m ye be1()1't' Ilwlltiolled, ",hieh
was solcl after tlle break, amI which ,';as Ilot scttlcd. It was sorne ten
days hofo1'o the thing was finan,') closeü up, amI it was not thell elosed
in regard to this three 01' foul' h11lHll'ü(I tlwnsaJul dollal's.


By MI'. ConURN:
Q. \Vas the failnro to settlc tltis last <lmount in conscquence ol' tIw


action 01' Smith, Gould & ~\Iartin, 01' perSOIlS of ,yhom tItey lWllg-ht ~­
A. 0, no; it was tlle persons \y}¡o bonght gol(1 of tllcm and tlwn didu't
take it.


TIy the CUAIRJIAK: "
C'¿. Did yon report tlle names of the persons to \\ h01ll yon loanetl gold


from time to time ·~-A. N o, sir. .
(~. Did Smitlt, Gould & ::\Inrtill giye YOlL auy ord(~rf\ to l'epul't ti)}' their


infonnation tIte IUtlllPS 01' t1le peI'solls to whom yon loanc(l gold'1-A.
SOlIletimes they did; amI when they tlid the llames "ere always giyen.


Q. \;V1lat do yon suppose waR t heir ol~jpet. in asking; Y01l t.o specify
the names 01' tlLP parties tn whom ,ron loaned gohl? ls that usual~­
A. No, sir,it is not. 1 can merely Sfty tltat 1 did as I was directerI. I
presume, however, the,') wallted 1.0 know wlto was "shorf' in gold.


Q. SO far as yon kIlO\\', what was tlle o~jeet of tlle parties to ",hol1l
yon made 10an8 of gQltl in bOlTowillg it oi' yon "!-A. TIte fair presnmp-
tiOll is tlmt they were "flhort."


Q. \'Vlwn pec;pló are "tlllOl't" oí' gola are they eompellcd to bOI'l'Ow'l-
A. That is the enstolll. If the,') make a eontraet to deliver a certaill
alllount oí' gold, tItey are obliged to haH' tIle golrI, amI nnloss theydo
have it they lIlllSt. OOI'I'()W it.


Q. Do yon understand that the most, if BOt aU, the gold that yon




96 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
loaned OIl tllOse days wm, bOlTowetl on tltat acconnt ?-A. That 1 cannot
"ay tü a eertaiaty .. A" ll'emal'kcd lle:lH'C', it ¡el only a fail' PI'P:--\l1ll1pt,ioIl,
that thp hOl'l'owcrs were 81LOl't. of gold.


Q. Did an,Y ot.lwr brokers, acting for the same parties as .yourself, to
:yOUl' kllowledgc ma ke similar repo1'ts oí' perS011S to wholll gol(lltad llerll
lent by them'?-A. 1 do llot kno", pmütively.


Q. Did YOlll'eeeivc ,ronr onkrs to "e11, arul you!' onll'l's to bny, and
yonr order" to loan, aU oí' the same party'?-A. Ye", t1il'.


Q. Aud tlwt party W:t8 ::\11'. Smitld-A. Yes, 8ir; 1 do not tllÍnk r
got any ol'cler fol' anything of tllat. kinü from aHy oue dse but :WII'.
Smith. Certainly never frolll J\Ir. Gonld 01' ;\f¡'. Fi"k, 1 llW'y ¡la V('
reeein,d ol'dcrs in particular eases 1i.'01ll .MI'. Baelle 01' :\Ir. j\Ial'till, hotlt
members oi' tIw firmo ::11v instl'uetiam; (~aaJe from tlle members 01' tilar
firm, and so far as 1 réínemher, an orden; eame illvaria h1y from 1\11'.
SlIlith.


By -:\'r1'. S:mTH:
Q. \Vere ,ron adviserl by auy member of tlle fil'lII as to parties who,


in tlieir estimation, weTe 8hOl't of golu ?-A. No, sir; r do uoí l'ecollect
an,rthillg oí' that killU.


n.y tIle CnAnnIA K:
(,). 'Vas the amount YOIl W(~re directecl to sell1imlted!-.\. As 1 said


before, 1 (lo lIoí recolleet in rega]'(l to that, exeept tlHtt tllc onler was to
sel! abont ten milliOlls 01' 6'01d. 1 t:iold only $i),lOO,OOO.


Q. 'Vel'e you dil'ectcd, on tIw :!:kl or 2Mh oi Septcmhel', ¡IOt to se11
to auy particulal' brokers "? If 80, sta tt\ tlH'il' llallles.-"\... 1 had no 8uc11
instrnetions on tha 2;)d. On the 24th, aftel' tlle ln'pak, llmu instrue-
ti0l18 to seU, not below 3;), bllt not, to sell to l\Ir. Belden Oi' M\'. Spey('I':"


Q. Did yon, without im;truetio1l:-l, fl'Olll 'yOHr OWIl ohseryatiolt as te)
how Ilmtters \Vere moving, l'efuse to sen to ally Tlartienlal' persolls during
the 23t1 01' 21th, and bcfOl'e t.he break '?-A. ~o, sir; r IW\-Pl' l'pt'used
anyboclv's bid.


(l. 'VIlen yon 801.1 \lid you al\Yay" "dI to t.lw ltighest. bidller '!-.A,
Y<''l, sir; I generally took tlLc bt'st bid.


Q. Di.! yon al\Yays, during tlli8 tl'allsadioll, seU to tilc highest biel-
der'?-A. 1f yon wiU state partienlarly what üallRactioll ,ron refer to, T
will allswer deflllitely.


(2, St:LtC\ whetltel','in :,ales malle hy 'yolll's~lr, or u.Y othcr llCIWlIIS foI'
yon, yon en\!' so111 t'Ol' lei's tIlan t11e highest bi<l offel'e\l'!-L\' So, sir.


Q. \Yltile YOU were selling', or wlüle ,ronr agent8 ',-(,l'P sellin;!;, <lid
Allwl't Spe,}'(,l's bid 1'01' g'ol<1 at a highel' rate titan yon \\'CT'e st'lIin;.; 1'01'"1_
A. On t.lle ~-tth, wlmh'vPl' golrl was sold a,t aH, was solll l'itlrer by
lllyself or by my llrother. (l. Did ,ron seH any to :\11'. Speyf'l's1-A. ~o, sir.


Q. 'l{hy Bot ':-.L ...... 1 had instrnctio;lS, at'tPr tIlO break, uot to sell ally
to BeMen OI' S¡K'yers. ,


Q. \Vilo illstrueted yon t1m" ?-A. ~lr. Smith.
<,). Did he giv3 yon auy reasoll?-A. No, sil'. That. was all lw saill.


He gaY(~ mc his ordel', ([uiel" as a tla"h, OH tIlt' 8Í(1cwalk. 1 l'l'lllcmbel'
it clistillctly. He saÍll r was tu sAl ih-e millioml ?f gol!l, IIOl. bf'low 35,
but lIot to seU lo Bduen 01' Sllcyel's.


Q. That was while Spüyel's \Yas bidding (i0 by tlre milliotl ?-A. Yebo
sir.


q. What W:iR tlw meaning of tlrat onler not to seU to those parties,
when t11<,,)' we1'e bi(ltliu,<J,' higher tllan J"OU \Yere sdling ti)r '?-A. {do ])ot
kuow; 1 simpI,}" obeyed Íllstl'uetiollS. 1 did 1I0t UlH.lel'stalld iL mysel[




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 97
Q. Did yon 1l0t believe that JUr. Speyel's was lmying fOl' these same


parties for whom yon were seUillg ?-A. 1 did 1l0t lmow.
Q. What do you thiuk ?-A. 1 do not thillk that Speyers was ofteriug


for Smith, Gouhl & ::\fartin; Iny helief is that he got his ordel's from
Fisk; not tltat 1 kuow auything abont it-that is mel'ely whut 1 shonld
imagine.


Q. 1 nndcl'stand yOLl to say that you g'uvc ()]'(lel'R to othel' brokel's to
seU rOl' tite partieR yon have uamed. Díd ,YOll instrnd thcm not to seU
fol' Speyers and Bclden"?-A. 1'10, Rir; that was 011 the 23d.


Q. Tll"Jt instrndioll yon carried out YOUl'splf'i-A. That illst1'uetioll 1
cul'riü(l out, m:yself, on the 24th.


Q. Bid auy llcrRoll ,,'ith whom yon transacted business, or fol' whom
yon transaetcd lmsim'ss, caH (l1l yon f(ll' nmrgins, 01' did .yon dcmand
marginR of them, on citller oí' those days '?-"\. ~o, sir.
(~. vVhy l10VI 'Vas it not usual for one sido 01' the other to demallu


margins '/-A. Ye's, sil'; fol' llOuses with outsi<le cm~tomel'l';; and u part
of my bw;illess is tú transaet these ontside ollcrations fo)' other llOuses
who waut tlJeir transaetiolls cO\~ered. 1 lllay say that is our particular
businm:;s. Of ('om'se \"e neyer demawl mlll'gins of tlwm, fol' we have
eonlídeuce in thelll. 'Yc never gaye nol' reccÍ\'ed margins in any oí' the
tl'llnsadÍlms to which 1 have referred. (J. 1 1l1l(lel'stu])(1 .ron to say that the gohl you l'urchased rOl' tLose
parties in thc parlier part oí' tIle lUonth "m; uefOl'c the g]'('at, rit-lc ill
gold'?-A. Tite trammetions eommellceü about tIle :!lst oí' August,
while 1 was absPllt iu th(' eountry; tll(~ íil'st pUl'cltases ",ere made by
llIy brotl103I' while 1 was still away.


Q. Tlterc was HO currency aetnally paid by ,ron, 01' 1'ccci ved by yon, in
<tuyoí' thesp traUi'.aetiollt', as pnl'elmse lllolley?-A. 1 Lad oeeasiúll two 01'
three times to take gold frOll1 the clearing ballk for tlll'sC W'l'y pe1'sons.
Of (~Olln;e, we hall tu givc tite ballk a eurrency check in onler tú get the
gold .. J recollcd giviug a check fol' 8700:000 ill goltl, whieh 1 drew out
aL olle tillle. I had to gin' a cnrrency check befo1'ü 1 cúuId 1'eceive the
goltl.


Q. vVhat ballk eertit1.c(l that (']¡eek '?-A. '1'11(>, Tellth ::s'ational Bank.
(~. W ¡\al. did J"OU deposit in that hallk fo1' tbnt certified clteeld-A.


r tIlink we got a dl('(~k fl'olll Smitll, üould & .i\Ia.rtill for a largo por"
tion oí' tite amollnt, r lmow the Tt'nth 'National wunld llot, eC'l'tif,y that
amOl1ut rOl' ns alOiw.


Q. Hú yOIL IUHl youl' check eertified hy the. Tcntlt ~ati()nal Bank, on
tlwt day: till' $700,OO()!-A. 'fes, ¡;;j¡'; 8700,OO(), in go!d, \\"hidl ",aí> some~
t,Jtillg ()\'Pi' a lIlillioll ill eUlTene.\'.
(~. How lal'g'p :~ dll~(~k will tl\(, Tentlt Natiollal Ballk er'rl i(y rOl' .ron in


.)'Olll' ordilla!',\' lH1silH'sS '!-A. 1 think they haY(' probatly c(,l'tiJied as
high al'; ~::!;:,(),O()O (JI' ~,:)OO,O()ü.


Q. \Vhat. pl'oof diü .ron gi\~e tIte hallk that Smith, GOlLlrl & :\'Iartin
would staud by .ron i Il tItis Illattel', so tlmt tIte hank would 1)(' sure 01'
gettiug its 1Il01ll''y ?-A. L dill,not gin~ ally proof at aH. 1 took it fúr
grallted they ha(l (~0I1liüellee in my statülllGlltS. 1 df'posited tlw check
íi:OlIl SlIIith, Uonld &:\Iartin in tlw bank, in tlw first plnee. 1 do uot
relllemlw1' \\'hat the ltuwunt of t ha! check \Yas, but it \\'as 'luflieiently
large to malw thmn ",illill&!,' tu (',ertify on1' ell('(~k fol' tllP f'lltire Hmount.
(~. Besi<1es tIte gold sold byyon, and byyour on1el's, foraecOlllltof Smith,


Gonld & l\l:Lrlill, did .ron aet fOl' tlwlI1 in making scttlemellts l11\11 com"
promisos with ally OIW with whom thcso trall¡;;aetions took plaee?-A.
1'10, si!'; we wme sitnated differt'utly fl'Olll a11noi'.t aU tlle othe}' hrokel':;;
J'on \Vil! ünd that we were not calTying any gola at thp time the break took


n. Hep. 31--7




98 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
place; on the contrary, we wero actually "short," for 1 hall suId the day
before eight millions of gold. On tbe Ulorning of the :J3d \Ve were cal'·
rying- nearly th1'ee millions; lmt durillg- that day \Ve Hold eig-ht millions;
so that \Ve we1'e actualIy carrying no gold at an fo1' Srnith, Gould & l\Im~·
tin on the 24th of September.


Q. ,Yoro yOUI' settlements all nUl<le in g-old 'I-A. So far as tlley could
bp.. TIle filla] settl(~ment was llot made for somo (la vs, 011 accoullt oí'
tho bank breaking. ' (J. An(] you ultimately settIe<l \Vitllout cOIllpromüüllg' allything '?-A,
Certainly; ,ye liad no occasioll to compromiso, ti)]' \Ve \rere earrying 110
g-oId.


By Mu. S;\Irru:
Q. 1 thillk yon gave t11e prices of the cigltt milliow:; yon Hold OJl tIte


23d as frorn 43 to 44, ano that the ]1rice of go1d after tho break ">'as
about ;)¡); thell 1 undel'stantl that tlw <lifl:t'rellep hntwef:'1l tIloso prices,
HO far as tbat, oight milliollS \Vas concerurd, was aH pl'o1it for yoursp!f',
01' your principals ~-A. Yon do not nnderstand it. \Vllcn 1 r('ecivctl
t11e Ol'del' to seU gold Boí belo\V 35, 1 l'mdIy hall 110 gol(1, tin' Smith,
Ooul<1 & ~Tal'tiIl wero" illlOl't." 1 Hupposed tlwlI that en'l'ythillg Imll
gone thronglt tlle clearing hank in tIte ol'(linary COlll'HC oí' husiness, at
halfpa"t t,,'c'lve.


By the CHAIR:\lAN :
(J. Did .v0n ever hea1' that tltere \Vas a clique in gol\! at that time;


amI if so, do yon lmow who composed it '!-A. I do úot kllow wlto (~Olll­
posed it, if there v;as one. 1 board fl street rumor tllat tilere \Vas a
elifllle in gold.


Q. Yon have no information UpOll ti\(' subject yonnw1f'!-A. No, sil';
1 haH~ 1101H'. {J. '1Vhat informatioll led yon to HuppOHe t,]wl'e \raS a dique '¡-A.
}fere e11l'I'Put rumor OIl the street, as 1 han~ Hai<l: r ditl not kilO\\' :tny·
tiling more positi\'e auont ií.


Q. Do ,,"Oll know, or 1mve ,VOl! au'y belie1', wJ[('tlter Smitlt, Gonld &
~fal'till hlHl anybody e1Ho ass()(~iateü with t1WlJl, 01' illtel'estod with
thom, iu l'egard to the mOVeJllt'llt in gol(l 'I-A. 1 (10 Ilot 1m()w t1wt tll(~'y
hado


Q. Did ron see .Ta,)' (Joultl üUl'iug th(~ tl':LllHH(·timIH oC these two day" "1-
A. No, sir. (lo Vid YOll ,,('le .James Pi"l;:, jl'., 011 either ot' thrse two üays?-A,
~o, sir.


Q. Did yon see B. K. \VilLml dnrillg' tltat tillll' ?-.\. Ves, si]'; 1 think
1 Illet him.


Q. Did yon llave any eOlllllluuicatiOlI \yilh him OH l11i" suhjeet "~-A,
No, sir.
(~. Did you reecive any orders Ü'Olll 11im !-A, Xo, Hir.
Q. 01' fmm \Villiam Heath .'\:; (Jo., 01' alJ'y 01' Uwil' Jirm "!-A. No, sir.
Q. 01' t'rom \Villialll Belden &, Uo., 01' any oí' t1tat finn?-A. No, sir.
(~. Hiel yon over bave auy injullctioll sel'Yed lI]lOIl ,\'OU in l'egal'll t.)
HPt,tJ(~ment?-A. No, sil'.


Q. Di!l you o\'e1" serve any injnllütioll npoll :11ly otlH'r party i1l r¡'garcl
lo settloment!-A. No, sir.


Q. '1Va:; it you!' beJiet' that the extraonlin<ll'y I'ise in ~o1ü dming thi:;
time, t'1'01ll abont ;31 to GO, \Vas caused by auy combillatioll of partics
lo rais(' t he price of goltl, 01' othel'wiHn '!-A . .:l othi ug moro than tlw
üwt oí' lwaring )lr. NlIlith say, in my hearing, Hevpral times, that gohl
wa,>; going np.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 99
Q. Is that the only reasan, in your mind, why it did go up ~-A. 1


knew that Smitb, Gonld & ~Iartin were bnying gold; that was an 1
knew about it.


Q. As a brokqr, yon must have an opinion of your own as to the
canse. Did :ron thiuk it was their buying gold alone that was the cause
of the rise ~-A. 1 do not know whether there were any otber parties
connected with Smith, Goulu & J\fartin 01' not; I know that tlWJI were
large bu:rers anu large lenders in the market; that they were carrying
a large amount of golcl, :llld loaning it tbrough several other brokers, as
wen as myself.


Q. Diu no member of the firm of Smith, Gould & Ma.rtin ten you
whether they were assoeiaied with other parties, and who they were
that ",ere joine<l with tIwill in this movelllent "?-A. No, sir.


Q. 'rhere was llO statemellt, ÍlI yOllr preseuce, indicating that there
were otbenl,with them ?-A. No, sir.


Q. vVem you eyer present nt ally cOllversatiou betweeu any member
of the tirm of SllIitlJ, Goultl & l\fartin, and any other person eonIlected
witll tlJem in tho gold business, clnriug' those two days ~-A. I had occa-
sion to go iuto K K. Willar<l's ofike, at oIle time, on tIte ~:Jd, 1 think;
and 1 saw Arthul' Kimbel' in tlwre; and from the eonversatioIl that
took pIaee, 1 gaiuell the impressíon tItat Kimber was ülterestell with
SmitlJ, (}oulel & Mal'tin in gold. 1 do Hot know an.Ythíng abollt it, how-
rver.


Q.Whcn was that JI-A. Some days before the break in gold.
Q. 'Vas ihere ltll.Y COllversatioll 011 t11e sllbjeet bdweCll them '?--:A.


Not that I reeolleet.
Q. Do you kIlOW ltuything of a meeting iu )11'. IIeath's offiee on the


2:3!l oí' September "?-A. 1 do uot.
Q. 01' in :\fl'. Uelden's offiee on the morning 01' the 28d~-A. No, sir.
Q. Do ,ron know of any meeting that too k plaee ¡tt 1\h. Helden's oftiec


011 tliü üvrmiug (ji' tlw 2:Jtl ?-A. No, sil'.
Q. 01' 01' ally that took place in i\lr. Smith's office OH the morning of


tlle ~1th '(-..eL No, sil'.
Q. Nor UlI'y otlWl' exeppt tlw O1Je yon 11<1\'e aIread y mcntioued ?-A.


No, sil'. Antl in reganl to that, 1 merely say that 1 saw ::\Ir. KimllPi' ia
there, andnmlerstooll that he \Vas in some gold transaetions.


Q. YOllr impn's"ioll was tltat tlw <:onversatioll tIley \H'rü lw"iug' had
referellee to this 1-A. 1 l)\'üsllltlCd tlmt he hall dealillgs in gold. 1 dül
not heal' auy cOlln~rsatioll at aH.
(~. At any meetings, or elsewhem, dlll'ing this panie 01' afLerward,


(lid yOll see .Tllllg'e Eal'llanl ?-"~. No, sir.
Q. 01' J ndge Uardozo "!-A.;{ o, sir.
Q. 01' all'y judge oí' all'y conrt in New York '~-A. [do llOt recoHeet,


that 1 (lid.
Q. Did yon see tlw attorucyi'l oí' ~lllith, (;ollld & Co'!-A. I do not


kl10W ,,'ho theil' attomeys are.
Q. Diu :YOll see D~tyid Dlldley Field, or 1\11'. Slwl'IlIall '?-A. r do not


kno\V Lhat 1 (liu. 1 sltould not kllDW :\Ir. Field if 1 did mect him.
Q. IIan\ ,yOI1 an'y kllowledge 01' any offieer 01' the United Stat.citl,


in \Vasltillgton 01' elsewltere, haYing becn couecl'Ileü, clil'eetIy 01' intli~
reetly, in tlHl lllovemeut in gol<l tllll'iHg the ¡nonth of September last '1-
A. No, sir.


Q. Are you aequaillted with rtll'y of' tIte offieeJ's in the sub-trcasul'y at
~('W York '!-A . .No, sir.


Q. Do yon know them by sight '?-A. No, sir.
~. Bid yOll sce an,)' persons who were alleged to be officers oí' the




100 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
governmflnt of the United States, who had anything to do with thf'
matter ~-A. No, sir.


Q. What do yon thínk was t11e cause of tIte breakdowll in gold OD the
24th of September ?-A. 1 do not know.


Q. You must llave some opinion regarding tlle matLer.-A. 1 heard
th¡ü LIle government was selling gold; that jO) all T know at>out it. That
waR tIte repo1't 1 heard on the st1'eets, and that 1 <lid not hea1' until after
t11e break had oeeul"l'fld.


Q. In looking over the whole field, llave yon in your OWIl milld a
sufticient explanation of the breakdown in gold'! Snpposing ;ron were
writillg to a frieud tIte stOl"y of Lhat transaetion, w!ten 'yon ealllfl to
speak of the brcaln10wlI in golll, \"hat \\,0111(1 .ron tell hilll was Hu; pmb-
ahle cause of it ~-A. That the go\"ernment \Vas sellillg gold. 1 should
thiuk ít ycry natural ii' the gonwlllllellt \Vas selliug gold that tlw Jreak
dOWll shonld occnr in that ,y ay. That is all 1 kno\\" ahollt t11e mattel'.


VVASHINGTON. D. C .. Jamwry lB, 1870.
HENl1Y K. ENOS sworn and examilled.


By the CHAm::\IAN:
Question. State your residellel', yon1' plaee of b\UÚllt~SS, and ocenpa-


tion.-Answer . .l\:Iy resÍllellce is Xew York; my place of husiness is 11
"'Na!! street; 1 alll a hrokel' of tIte tinn oC Quillcn & EllOS.


Q. 'Vere yon in the husiness 01' a gold bl'oker ill the lIlOllth of Sep-
tcmher last '?-A. Yes, sir.


Q. State fol' what p~uties ,ron did bnsilless as a hroker du1'iug tlw
22d, 23d, aIltl 24th oí' Sehtember laM ji-A. Principally ti)!' Smith,
Gould, Martin & eo. .


Q. Bid you do husiness for an,v otIlers tlnring' thost' da,vs '!-A. No
businl'ss excecding' more than $~OO,OOO, and this was ti)\' SOIIll' llalti·
more cnstomers.


Q. State w1Iat were yOllr tl'anSf!etiolls fol' Smith, UOllld, ::\Ial'tin &
Co., <1ul'ing those days, antl if yon hall any eomlÍderable transaetiolls
durillg the week pl'eyious; go baek to the hegilluillg.-A. 1 do not
t.hink that that week r bOllgbt more than prolmhly at an average a mil-
lioo a day. .


Q. DUl'ing two o]' thret' wl'eks pl'eyionsl~-, ha{l yon bought mueh 1'01'
them O/_A. 1 prpsume that altogethpI' fal' two 01' threc weel", pl'eviously
1 honght about $10,000,000 01' gold t'Ol' this firmo


Q. Die! yon loan gold also ':-A. '"Ve 10:111cll golll fo1' thm.
Q. Did yon sell aúy~-A. r nen~r sole! rOl' thelll hefol'c Prida.y, tIte


24th. l do lLot think that I bougltt on tlH' :2;¡ü more than $;'")00,000 fol'
thelll.


Q. Did yon pcl'form auy otlH'r lmsincsi\ rOl' thCIll 011 thp 2:3(1 '!-A. No,
sir. T Ileyel' did an~" lmsilwss for them excc'pt ill gol!!. 1 di!! Bot do
general stock business fol' them.
- Q. State thc onlers that yOH recejyc!l fl'Olll thPlIl, amI what yOl! !lid
in punmance of thosc Ol'tkrs.-A. On the ~Jth 1 bOllght auont $100,000
of' go](l at 150, by the order of Gould &. l,'isk jointly. That OI'(h~[' llid
not ]ll'opcl'ly come froll1 Smitlt, Gould, Martín &. Co., as al! tite predous
orüers ]¡aü come from thPlll; ¡mt the gold \Yai\ l't']lorted to tlle llOnse of
Smith, üoultl, i\Ial'till & Ca., amI t11ey heeame l'l>sponsible fol' it, amI the
gold was l'eccived hy them. 1 l'eeei\"ed the onlel's f1'olll GoulÜ; 1 recog-
nizecl llohody bllt Goul(l.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 101


Q. \Vhy did you connect the names oi Fisk and Gould ?-A. Becallse
tlle two were in tlle room together; but 1 recogllized uo one lmt Gould.
lnever did auy lmsiuess fol' MI'. Fisk.


Q. FroJtl the cOllversatioll at the time ot' receidng tIle order, did yon
understand that they \Vere in eompany in the matt<~[', andthat the
bnsiness Waf; rnally fol' them both '!-A. 1 presume 1 eould not help but
think that tbey \Vere jointly interestml.


Q. Did tlley joill in the cOTl\'ersaLion '?-A. Yes, ¡,;ir.
Q. Aud what \Vas saiü to ,ron \Vas said as 01' t\\'o gPlltlemeu talking


to you '{-A. As of two gentlemen, one saying something now and thn
other something agaiu. (¿. Alld althongh 'you IJeld ;\11'. Gouhl as t11e l'espom;ible ]lady, yon
understoo(l that hoth gelltlelllen were di sellssillg the lmsiness with ;von ~­
A. r presnmed that lHI'. Fisk could e1aim an intere8t in it. I did not
recoguize him in the tram:mction at aU.


Q.- \Vhat 'I"a¡.; tlw alIloullt that yon bongllt '?-A. 1 titillk about
$400,000.


Q. vVhat was tite amount of ordel's to huy for them '?~A. 1 liad 110
limiL


Q. What was your ol'der '!-A. To }lut gold to l[jO.
Q. ()f eOlU'se ;ron ullderstood that as an ol'der to h~y l-A. As :m


order to UUy;
Q. What.'time in the morning did ;ron get this onled-A. 1 sllOuld


tilink a UOllt !J,!,- iJl tite lllorniug'.
Q. State thaL eonversatiou'as fuUy as ;ron eUIl.-A. 1 WCllt in thAre


to 8(\f\ }lr. Smith. r had never had auy intereourse with MI'. Gonld pre-
vions to that, Ol' with ';\Ir. Fisk. 1 'YfSlt in looking 1'01' :JIt'. Smith. 'f!wy
asked me whal tlw price oi' gol<] wm;, amI r to1<1 them. lt was pl'ohabl,v
14(; 01' U7, 01' sOll1ething 01' that 801't. }Ir. Gould, as 1 ,ya;:; going on! 01'
tile <loor, eame IIp to me alld saill, " Enos, go ami put gold to 1.')0:'
As 1 w('nl, out of UH> <l001', l\fr. Fisk, in a rutIler gestieulating way, to1d
me to llOltl it thl'I'l'. U "iug so me rathe1' empllatic expres8io!l he toll1 I!)(~
to hold jt thel'e-l'ather in a decii;i \'(~ manne1'. 1 eaullot tell mml 1'01'
worll wltat tlw eonHwsatiOJl was preYi0l18 to that. It was in l'Cferc!lCC
to the eondition ot' tI le ml1rket, wllo was huyillg and wllo was sellillg; a
general eOllH'rsatiou 1'elatiJlg to the eOlldition 01' tilA lllarket.
(~. St,atp w]¡a,t 'yO\l <Iitl in pnr;.;nanec of that order.-A. T \Y('nt and


hill gohl np to 1:')().
Q, Díd yon bid 150 illllUC(liatel:y.-A. 'rhcre was no gold bid ull(]er


150, 1 pre~urne. [n'lllelltlwr llistiller.ly that I bid 1'01' as little a~ p08si-
ble, au<l with a vimv to hold tho lllarket.


Q. IIo\\' long' ?-A. 1 do not thiuk ahon~ ten minutes.
Q. Dill yOIL l'eport ?-A. r did Ilot report iutlividnally. 1 simply re-


]lorte<l tn Smith, üonld, Martín & Co., OH a slip of paper, alld ~lr. Smith
seut haek worü that lh:,uluo o1'(lers frolll hilIl. AIl my ]lrcyious ordm's
h~l(l tome 1'l'olll hilll imljvidnallv. 1 80ut \yorel baele that tIle order was
fi)!' ::\Ir. Gould. 'I'he gold \Ya8 ilUt dowll to Smitlt, Uonlel, l\lartin & eo.,
:lIld tllPy brea lile respomüble fol' it.


Q. \\'('1'(' yon s(~tth'd with for that trallsaction ~-A. Yes, sil'.
Q. Diel YOll do auythjng fnrther in tIJe exeeutioll 01' t.lle geueral order


whielt the.)' g:t\'e YOIL '!-A. ~o, sil'.
(~. \Vhy (lid yOll Ilot go on ~-A. I 8aw oth0l'8 bidding for it all<l hny-


ing !llore than I cared to buy. .1 thonght 1 hall executed my ordel' in
pllCtillg' it to lü(). 1 tltillk the ex:wt :tIllOllllt r bonght waR $4;W,OOO.


Q. Vid yon loau auy gold tllat day '¡-A. Yes, sir.
(~. l10w Illlwh Y-A, 1 sllOuld think about fonr millions.




102 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. Fo!' these parties ~-A. Yes, sir. (:¿. vVhen ditl you get instl'uctioIlS fhml them to loan '/-A. Abont 10


o'doek.
Q. After you had executed the order to buy"/-A. Yes, sir.
Q. State what convel'sation oeeurred at, tIle time yon reeeived orden,


to loan.-A. vVhen 1 went back to report to MI'. Gonll1 that 1 hall bought
t,his snm, he asked me, 1 think, how mneh it would takc to put gold t.o
HiO. 1 toll1 him 1 did not think it would he prudent to talk of lluttillg
it to laO unti1 the gold was loaned, as llntil it was louned we couId llor
caH for l11argills. The suggestion was acted upon, amI titen h(~ gave llle
ordel's to 14'0 amI loan the gold.


Q. Did he limit you as to the amonnt yon were to loall~-A. N o, sir.
1 donbt very mnch whether he knew how mnch gold we hall, 01' anything
about tite details of tIte offiee business. (J. 'VIlO do you lllean when yon say (( we" '1-1\. r lIlean our til'lll 01"
Quinen & Enos. l\ly instructiollS ,,'ere simply to IOrlll it and tix n]l t11('
1oalls, all(1 then come lmek. There was 1I0tIlÍng sai<l as to rates, or au,\',
tlliug of that sort, hut simpl.r to fix the loans and get np aH tllP margin
\Ve eould.


Q. State auy eOllvcrsatiou t.hat took pla(,(> a" Lo tlH' gellPl'almovemellt
that was being. made.-A. NOlle whaten~r, CX(~('pt \\'1Iat r lIílT(' rnl'ol't,e(l.


Q. State what ,ron Jid in obediellcc to the Onkl'.-1\.. 1 \YCllt amI
loaued the gold, as it i" en"tolllary to do, at ditlcn'llt rate,,; some of t1le
rates \Vere quite higll; 130m e, pel'lHlp", ~ fol' cal'l'ying gold, sorne ~, aud
.some f¡fl and an sorts of priees.


Q. 'ro what amoullt did yon loan that day"!-A. A,bont four milliolli'.
Q. In 1arge 01' in slllall lots '?-A. 1 do I10t thiuk t11at ally lot was as


higlt as $300,000; tlle majority were small 10ts-$50,000, $100,000, amI
$300,000.


Q. From aU yonr interviews with those parties :ron hacI 110 donht tha,t
::\'11'. Fisk and MI'. Gould were aeting together as one t:lIllily in rIle mat-
ter O/_A. That was tlle first time 1 ever saw them togetlter, 01' ¡!Ud auy
reason to suppose that they were together. "


Q. AH these transaetions that yon did for these pal'tíes were set,
tlpll O/-A. Yes, Hil'.


Q. neglllarly, aeeon1ing to the mIel'; of the boal'd'!-A. 'l'lwy eil'eded
SOUle settlement" themselves; 1 do 1l0t kIlOW what they were. So far ~tS
1 \Vas eoueerned, evel'ything was settled witll me.


Q. None of your t1'ansact.ions were repudiated or disputed "?-A. No,
sir.


Q. Did yon llave any eom'el'Satioll during those daJ's with 'Yilliam
Belden '~-A. No, sir. {J. 01' witlt E. K. 'VillanI "?-A. N o, l';ir.


Q. Or with HUy other persons ,,'ho an\ eOllllllonly supposed io lwlong
to the dique ?-,A. N o, sir.


Q. State, now, what interview" yOll had 01' were present at het\Yeell
auy of the parties to w110m ~'on llaye refeI'I'ecl, afte1' t1w panie.-A. 1
never hall alW general illterviews with them. 1 wellt OJJel' to see 1\11'.
Fi¡;k amI MI'. Gould in l'efi'I't'lIee tn making our aeeouut good. 1 w('ut
to t.he opera honse.


Q. Th('n, yon were pl'CSput nt a pri\Tate meeting at the opera ]¡ollse'!-
A. 1 ÜO Bot know tllat you would ('a11 it a pI'i \'ate meeting; there ,vax
no 01le there huí J}lr. Gould amI J}Il'. Fisk. 1 wellt to see 1\11'. Gonlcl.
and 1 had no eOllversatioll witb MI'. Fisk.


Q. State what oeenrred dUl'illg that, illten'iew.-A. H ref(,lTed to aH
overdraft of ours on tlle Tenth Natiollal Bank. The GoId Ex(~hange




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 103
Ballk owed us ahout $30,000, amI we owecl the Tenth N ationaI Bunk
about the same amount. 1. wanted MI'. GouId to guarantee the Tenth
Nationul Bank out, of the proceeds which wonId come from the Gold
Exchange Ballk. (l. vVhy did yon Ileed a guarantee "?-A. 1 presume tImt tIte opera-
tions of t11e GoId Exchange Bank I1:1ve been expIained to you more fully
thanl call explain tú you. We ga\'e OUT' checks, and they were put
illto the Golel Bxehange Bank until 1 o'clock, when we must make OUI'
aceount good. That day the GoId Exchange Uank faiIefl to make
returns, amI w(> had oyerdrawn ou1' acconnt in thc Tenth National Bank
abont $30,000. Jt, aH pertained to tIle business oi' Smith, Gould, 11artin
& Co., amI tllercfore \Ve \Yanted them officially 01' legalIy to l'eeognize
tIle transaetioll, which the," diel afterward. That was the lmsiness OH
whieh T mude tile eaH at tlw opera honse. (¿. State what (~oll\-(,l'sation was had there coneerning the goId
punic.-A. 1 do 1l0t I'l'collcd, that any o~curred; l\lr. Gould was in (me
room aud 1\11'. Fisk in another room. 1 saw them both, but 1 did uot
ha\-e eonwrsatioll with thcm both.
(~. Wlwt did they say to yon with refcrenee to guarallteeing your


oyerrlraft ?-A. lVIr. Gonld said that he wouId see lVIr. Fisk-that he did
not kilO\\" ¡llIything abont tlle details of the office business. 1 did llot al.
tIJat time cffect a settlement.


Q. "Vhen <lid ,rou "!-A. vVe got ordel's to deIiver our gold at the time
the illjnnction was SCl'Vf'Ü l'estraining brokers frolll reeeiyiug ally gold.
At thnt time Smith, o onll1 , Martín & (10. owed us about $180,000.
vVhell t.lwy paid us that aJl(I ,vhen we got OUJ' mOlley from tite Gold Ex-
change Bank \Ve puid the Tenth N ational Bank.


By -;VIl'. ConURK:
(l. 11'01' what \Vas tlwt $130,000 due to you "!-A. Bol' differeuees in


goltl alld 1'01' intel'est amI commissions. Ou1' commissions were about
$10,000, amI the halauc(> ,ve owed in the street.


By the UUAIlDIAN:
Q. When yon IOaIwd thp golcl did yon report the pel'SOllS to whom you


10:111ed It in ('very eHse"?-A. Always; in every case. From the begin-
ning oí' t1le transactions 1 reported eaeh day every loan made and the
rates at whieh IIJad(~.


Q. "Vas any rcst,rictioll laid upon yon with refercnce to t1le pel'sons
with W1l0Ill ,Von should dcaH-A. No, sir. .


Q. At wlIat pIaee amI tilllf', as far m; yon know, wml this pool in goId
formed?-A. 1 have no idea. I have no knmYledge of any pool.


Q,. Havo yon stated reeclltl,\' that the pool was origillally formed in
your offiee '/-A. 1 belieye that tIle tirst tl'ansactions were made by us;
at Ieast we commelleeü bl1yillg gold in the latter part of JuIy 01' the first
of AUgllSt, amI eOlltinued to buy to tIle end. (l. vVhat did yon mean by stating that the pool began in your
office ~-A. 1 made no sl1ch st.atemcnt, for I had no knowledg-e oí' any
pool.


Q. You aUnde IlO\V tn tbe filet that yon were probably tlle first tu
malee plll'cbases of gold ?-A. Tlmt \Ve began to buy gold.


Q. "Vas anyexplanation malle to ,r0Ll, when yon began those purehas6s,
what was to be the eOUl'se of tllings '/-A. N 01le at al1 ; 1 simply obtaincd
m,\' orders. 1 ncyer ha<l a general interview with them, and neyel' reeeived
any writtüll ordel' frOlll theIll. . Q. 'ro yoar knowledge, was any officer of the goyürument of the Uni-




104 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
ted States, eitbcr in "\Vashingtoll, N mv York, 01' elsew ltcr<" eOI1Ilected,
direétly Ol' indil'ectly, with tllis so-ealkd golJ pool 01' golJ. movement~­
A. No, sir.
(~. Are ."ou aequaintea with ally oflieel's of tlH~ l~llib~tl States "¡-A.


No, sir.
(~. Did you see auy officer of the United States dnring tllose Jays,ol'


any one who is sai(1 to he :lll ofticer of tlle lJ nited States, who Rcemed to
be takillg any part in tbe tmm;aetions '~-A. No, sir.


Q. Do yon know of any person wbo aets as bl'Oker for au,\' officer of
tbe Ullited States '?-A. No, sir.


By .MI'. S:mTII:
Q. 1 llndrrstanu ron to sa~- that your aceoullt in the Tenth National


Bank wm; o\-('1'<1ra \VU "?-A. Yes; abollt $:30,000. \Ve had ke}>t out' de-
posits there for ayear previously.


Q. ])ü1 ¡hey aUow yon to I'lverdmw withont a eertific<1 eheek ?-A.
"Ve genemlly gave them a eertified check


By }Ir. P ACKER :
Q. If yon <11'ew against a cp1'tificll cli.cck they won ltl llOt caH that an


overdraft?-A. I do 110t snppose tltcy wouM; fhis :tIllOUllt onmlrawll
wa¡.; in excess of certificd checks.


By ~rr. BUIWIlARD :
Q. You mean that you had drawll out OH YOllr eheeks more llloney


than yon hatl thcre?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. "Vere t11e checks OH wllieh those ovel'tlraih wero lll:1Üe cPl'tifiell'?-


A. T1tat r eallllnot say, beeansr 1 \lid 110t lwep t1te ballk aecount, and
(lid not attend to any of the dntails of tite otlice business. "\Ye ga ve
the ehe(~ks, aud t11ey lllight be certitied 01' 1l0t, ::wconliug as tile parties
required.


By MI'. S:IIITIl: •
Q, \\That is the condition of that ovenlraf't ~ Ha,.; it becn adjusted?-


A. n has hecn aH settled.
By MI'. PACKlm:
(~. Ho"- Inllch \Ym; tlw 1irst onlf'l' you l'ceei \-cd foI' purclmse of gold,


from Smith, lhmld, lIartin, & Co, !-A. 1 tllillk auout a million dollars. (l. "\Vlmt \Va,.; done wiLh tlw gold w11en yOll pn1'dlased it'?-A. ,Ve
lwpt it and lounctl it 1'01' t1tcir aeeoullt.


Q. lmmcdiately:-A. Tlle ucxt day.
Q. "\Yhcn tite.)" gan' yon titat 01'(1e1', \Vas ,lllytlting sairl as to ,,'lmt


the.y desirerl to han' done witll the gold ?-A. Xo, sir.
Q. \Va¡.; there no pnrpose stated ~-A. ~o, sir. 1 llever hall any eOll-


versation with tltelll in l'ef\>l'cllce to tltei1' prqjcds in gohl, tltCil' plans 01'
their purposes.
(~. Exeept 011 Olie oeeasion, whell .ron advi¡.;pd thelll ltot to put it up


highcr titan 1im withont 1oaniltg' the surplns ?-A. Ves, if that can he
calleel snch.


By ~Ir. COllUl!N : •
Q. HaY!'. YOH stated how mnch gold you bought for aH of them from


tbe bcgiuning of tile transactions in J nly Uf) to Uw pud '!-.l\. (Hpfilnillg
to the book of pnrelmses and sales.) 'l'lw 1ir"t pUl'e]¡asc tltat 1 1ind was
in Angnst. . \Ve bongltt, Oll August l~th, $34;¡,Ü()(); Angllst 30th,
$2GO,OUO; Septemher ]st, $G25,OOO, at l:n¡\; 8(~ptellll)()1' 2<1, $1,100,000,
at V:l:3Q ¡ 8vptcmber 3d, $25,000, at 1;~5J; 8l'ptellllwl' ,all, $20,000, at




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 105
136g; September Dth, $':;00,000, at 135!t; September 15th, $800,000, at
t:~(j; Scptcm hel' lGth, $1,000,000, at l.'W!; Sel'tembel' 20th, $4no,ooo,
at 136~; Septcmbcr 22<1, $1,100,000, at 13í:h 139?r, 140?r, 141*; Septern-
ber 24th, $370,250, at 150.


By t11e (jItAm~IA:N :
Q. Did YOIl have any transactiOlls with E. K. vVillard during any of


those üays ?-A. 1 think 1 bought $100,000 froro hiro.
Q. Did yon see llim during the days of the panic1-A. Yeso
Q. Did yon lmve any com-ersation with hím in reference to the


paníc ?-A. No, sir.
Q. \Vhat relations did .MI'. \Villard sustain to the gold clique, as ;\-OU


nnderstood "?-A. 1 do not k110W of a11V other thau tlmt he was one of
their brokers. r Imow 110thing beyollfl that. He seemed t,o he a eOI1-
spieuous broker-ollc of thcir principal oues.


Q. To wltat (~atISC do yon attribnte the rapid rise of gold iuthat
weeld-A. Tlutt 1 eannot tell.
(~. YOll must lu1YC an opinioll on that subject.. State what your


opinion is.-A. 1 Rhould think that it was owing to large purehase¡;¡
lllore than allythíng rlse. ..


Q. Do yOll think it was owing to auy preconcerted pnl1lOse on the
part of somc ,hl'okerR ill~ew York to canse it "l-A. 1 did HOt ¡;¡ee any
e\-úlrnce oí' it llCfore the day in whic11 the moyement cnlminated.


Q. Did .ron seo Jndge B¡lrnanl at. any time near tlle transactions of
wllich .ron Ilavp spolum'?-A. ~ot to llly knowledge.


Q. Do ron kllow him lwrsonally'!-A. Ko, sir.
Q. Do you kuow ,} udgc Uanlo7.0'?-A. No, sir.
Q. Have .ron ally knowlcdge eonccrning au injnnetion OH the bro-


kem !-A. NOllC lWYOTHl whut \Vas served on us.
Q. \Vhat illjnnetion, if any, \Vas sel'ved on you'?-A. Restrailling U8


from l'eeeiving any gold bought on acconnt oi" Smith, Gould, l\lartiH
&Co. .


Q. What jndgc grallted tlmt injnnctioll f-A. 1 do uot recollect.
Q. Did ,ron ewl' sno the cOlllplaint that accompanicd it 1-A. No, sil'.


It was rcstmilling us fl'OIn l'e(~(ü ,'¡ng' Hlly golf! bought 01' loaned on ac-
couut of Hlllith, GOllld, lHal'till & (jo.


Q. "Vas that injulletlon dissolved?-~i.. 1 do not kno\V tlmt there wa¡;¡
any formal dissolution oí' it. lt dissolved itself \Vith us.
(~ .. A.t whose suit \Vas t.hat injulletioll sel'ved on ,'ion ~-A. 1 do 110t


recollcet. 1 lJelieve it was in tite intcrest of Smith, Gould, l\lartill &
Uo.
(~. Rave yon any knowledgc oí' ¡llIY eonsultatioll preliminar.)' to get-


ting that illjnrwtioll, in which the qnestion of gdtillg' tite illjunctioH
waR diRellsseu ?-A. No, sil'.


Q. Di<1 YOll never heal' any snelt eonversat-ion :Lt t.he opera house f-
A. N ot lllltil after the t!üng was eonsnmmated. 1 was asked once to get
out an injllnction 011 the (}old Exelmllge Bank.


Q. \VllO aRketl ;ron to do that t-A. r thillk it waR .MI' .• 1. A. Lane.
Q. On whut ground!-A. Tha.t the bank did not pay its balances.
(~. Did yon get out sueh au injunction ?-A. No, sir. 1 got out


another iujuudion, 011 tIle goltl-room ü¡.;df, l'estrailling them from selling
out gold OH :lHyIJody's acconnt.


Q. Bcü)re wItat eonrt did ,Y0u get that injulletionf-A. 1 do IlOt rec01-
ledo


Q. ,VIto was YOUl' attorney ~-A. Fielcl and Shel'man.
(~. Wm; tltat injunetioll gót onU-A. Yes, sir.




106 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. \Vhat. e01llplaint did yon make 011 whieh it. was baspd?-A. ThaL


owing to the lal'ge transactions made Oll that dar, and tlw eOllfm;cd
condition which the Gold Exch:mge nank \Vas in, amI as aH tlle trans-
actioIls had to be scttlcd through thc Golcl Exchang-e B:mk, uo trans-
actioll should be closed arbitrarily by the rule oi' tllC llOurtl 1mtil the
Gold Exchange nanIe was in operation.


Q. VVIlO all\'ised yon to sne out that injnnetioll ?-A. 1 think tlle in-
jnnction \las g-ot out in the illterest oí' Smith, Gonlcl, lHa1'till & (jo.; T
think they asked me to get it out.


Q. At whut time did tlley ask :ron to gct it out ?-A. lllaye forgottell;
pl'ohably a week 01' ten days ufter the punic.


Q. Did they assume the expense 01' getting out tllc in.iunetioll~-A.
The:r did, so far as 1 kllow; 1 never paid uny attol'T1ey's ii~es for it. .
(~. How many sueh injullctioIlS did yon get ont '?-A. Hut thc Oile.


In tlüs case 1 acted situpIy 3f1 their brokerR.
(~. Did yon give them 11p as yonr principals, 01' did yon settle i1l yonr


o\Vn llame 1'01' your transaetions in tilo purchasc 01' loanillg of' gold ?-
A. 'Ve did it aU in out' Ilume, aud settled aH in Otu' llamo, titl tlw da.r
aftcr tlle punic, when 1 g:L\'P np tllc principals.


Q. You gave np Smith, GOllld, Martin & Co. as .ronr pl'inci]laIS'~­
A. Yes, after the day oí' tlle panio; Ilot pl'eViollRI.r.


Q. Ditl .ron give up au,)' othel' IJerROIll'l as principnls 1-A. No, sÍr.
Q. Han\ yon cyer scen the illjnnctIon which yon Rerved Oll the Gold


Board ?-A, Yeso
Q. By what judge was it granted?-A, 1 do uot rccolleet uow. It


,nlR (lone cntircly at the instance oí' Smith, Gould, ::\Iartin & Co., and
r did llOt take particular notice what, judge it was beforo. 1 lmd a large
intereflt in it myself at thc time. (J. vVhen S1l1ith, Goulcl, nlnrtin & Co. ndviRed you to get out au
illjllnction, what reaR0I1S did thcy giYP other t1mn thm;p yOll hrwc men-
tiolled t-A. NOllc. (¿. Did tiwy say Hllything abont otber parties getting' ont illjunc-
tiolls ?-A. At IlrRt 1 reíilsed, mHl tll(~.r s;!i<! tllat otlu'l' bl'oken, lwll done
fIle same thing Jor t11ei1' proteetion. '
(~, Did ~-on recein' au;\' COllRidcmtion ü'om tllClll for gcttillg out the


illjnnct,ioll "i-A . .No, Ril'.
Q. lJil'eetly 01' ílldirectlvf-A. Neither (lirect]Y 01' indireetlv.
{~. nid .)'011 see Fídd mILl SIH'armall'?-A. 1 :,;ti\y 1ir. ShCar~l1all. (¿. \VlJat oeclll'l'ed betweclI YOH a.nll hilll in ret'p1'mwfl to tIte g-old


pnuie ~-A. Nothing at all. .
Q. \Vhat did ;\'OU say to him'?-A. 1 Rimply rcad the complaiut al1d


Rigl1ed it.
Q. vVho wrote thc cOlll~)laint "?-A. That 1 do not.1mo",. 1 undcrstood


that he did it.
Q. lle pl'esented the eomplaint to yon foI' ;\'Oll to Rigll it '!-A. Yes,


sir. 1 gaye him the. g'l'OUnclR oí tlle compla.int and he ",rote it ont.
(~. In ~'our presence '?-A. ='lo, l-\i1'; it came J'l'OIll tlmt oflice. 1 do Bot


1010'" \vhether he wrote it ilHlivi(lnally hiltlspIf. 1 gaw\ hilll the groulJ(ls
of the complaint, amI it was w1'itten ont, aud 1 SigllCtl it.
(~. Then yon hacl two illterviews witl! hilll '?-A. Ycs, sil'; tbe ílrst


was some time in the 1Il01'ning, amI the otIle]' one ill t,lle aftel'lloon.
There was, pl'olJahly, some t\yO Ol' three houl's hctweeu theltl.


Q. At the opera house'I-A. No, sil'; at. our otliee.
(~. lIad ,ron auy transaet.ions tllll'illg' those days with Heath & Oo. ?-


A. No, Rir, except that one oi' our IHu;ehases oí' teu 01' tWCllty thonsand
dollars of gold was fi.'om IIeath & eo.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 107
Q. Had sou ally con \'ersatioll wit11 ally oue of that. firm conccrnillg


the panic '(-A. No, sir.
(~. 01' witIJ 'YiIliam Belden dnring llny of those days cOllcerning tlte


panic ?-A. ~o, sil'.
Q. Did ,you sec 1\11'. Fieltl in tlte eou1'se of the injullctioll business?-


A. Xo, sir.
Q. IIow long was it aftel' yon signed the complaint befo1'c the injullc-


tiOll wm; issued '?-A. r tltink tite next. day. It may haye becIl t11e same (lay. • •
(~.Do ,ron kuow whetlw1' the jndge who ¡%'mnted it w~u\ sitting' in


opell COUl't o!' in ehamhcl''l '!-A. 1 do Hot. -
(J. llave :ron 110 memoranda f1'om ,,-l1ic11 yon can aseertain by what


jlldge it was grallted, 01' in whut conrt?-A. No, sir. . (l. 'VIJat ot11e1' brokerio1, Imowll to yon, got out injulJetiol1s fOl' t1108e
parties 'I-A. ~Olle tlwt 1 know of positiYely. 1 know by COilllllOll
reporto


Q. Did ,Y0u fi)eI any IIt'ces'lity t01' tite Íl'an'laetiol1 of yOUl' own bnsi-
11es:'\ to gct out that injunction "?-A. Yes, sir.


Q. 'WIly, then, did ,ron tirst refusp '?-~~. Beeanse 1 tllOngllt they
would ta ke tlle resp()II'libiIit~, tbemselvos; and as they did 110t, 1 thonght
1 \Yas jnstified, under tbe eircumstances, in doing it.


Q. Yon had aIread,)' gú'ell np Smith, Gonld, Martill &; Co. as yon1'
1'l'illdpals; <litl tht> p(,1'80nS with wbolll yon had transacted tIte busíne::;"
accept tIJe snrrended-A. ;.To, sil'; tbey helel ns both.


Q. \Yhy unt "!-A. Bl'(~am:p Smitb, Uoulc1, Martín &; (jo. hall faikt1,
alld we had not, aJl(1 tIJey thOllght they had better llOld t,YO tIJan oue.
,y e had th1'eo milliolls to be delivered. Smith, Gould, Martín & Co.
<;ould uot proteet. n:-;, ~tIl(1 \Ve :-;tood ilJ tIte gap for whatevel' gold we hall.
'Vo had sold gold at 1:34 alHl1:35, and it was then dOWIl to 130 .


• 13y Mr. Commx :
Q. Did .ron employ a lawrol' ÍlI tll() 'lnít in which you were sel'ved


witIl an injulletioIl '?-.\., Ko, :-;ir.
(~. ])iü .ron pay auy atteutioll to t1lat snit at allt-A. No, sir.
Q, \Vhat \Vas thf' roa:-;oll ?-A. 1 simp]y oheyed tIle injunctíoll llOt to


receive the goM. 1 paid attentioll to tlmt alld llothing else.
Q. Yon did 1l0t PllLploy a Ia"'.Hw to üefend the 'lnit?-A. No, sir; tbere


was no suit.
By the ClIAllUIAN :


Q. Di<1 yon get tlle illjUllCtiOIl dis:-;ol ved ?-A. No, sil'.
Q. \Vh.v llOt ?-A. \Ye (li<l not seo the neeessity 01' it. AH of our


business, except $:!OO,OOO or 8:300,000 in gold, \Vas for Smith, Gonld,
}Iurtin & eo.


Q. And as .ron hall .g'i\-(,Il thelll ujl, yon did not care :-;0 l1luch for it
personally'?-A. ;.To, sil'.


By 1\11'. l'ACKEH :
Q. VVero F:eJd & Sherlllan tlle attorneys fúr Smith, Gould, )Cla1'tin


&: (jo. "?-A. 1 do 1l0t kllow.
Q. 1)i,l Ilot Smith, Gould, .:\Iartill & eo. direet ,V0U to go al FiE'ld &


Sherman?-A. No, sil'; 1 thillk r til'st saw lUr. Shermall in the offiüe
of Smith, Gould, Martin &: Co.


Q. \Yere yOIl eowmlted b~' Smith, Could. ::\Imtin & Oo. iu refel'ence
to tho illjunction whieh tlwy hall i¡,;slIcd against yon hefore it was served
01\ YOII '?-A. No, sir; 1 klle\V llothing about it until it \Vas servod
npOll me. t




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


By the OUAIRJ.VIAN:
Q. lIow carne you to go to ]}'Ir. Sherrnau '?-A. 1 llPlicve 1 saw 11im


!b'lt. in the officc of Srnith, G-ould, Martin & CA.
Q. Did yon understand that he was their attorne",f-A. No, sil'.
Q. Then you mude him your own attorney?-A. 11'eally did not know


whethm' 1 was to pay the expense 01' IlOt. 1 was acting at tbe request
of Smith, Gould, J\fartin & Oo., as their broker.


\VASHINGTON, January 20, 1870.
SA:i\HTEL vV. BOOCOCK sworn and exmnillec1.


By the OIIAIRj\UN :
Question. PIease sta te yon1' rcsidence, occupatioIl, l1nd place 01' bURi-
ness~-AnsweI'. 1 residc in tIle city of BrooklYIl; 1 do busineRs in New
York City as a brokerj 1 am a membt>l' of tIle firm oí' J)ornin & Boo-
cock.


Q. vVhat. killd of' bl'olwrago !-A. Stock and gohI, bot-h.
Q. Haye yon 1>eon in tIJe habit of doillg busincss fol' tlw firm of Smit-h,


Gonld, -:\lartin & Oo., vVilliam BelcIt>Tl & Co., Jamcs Pisk, .ir., 01' otllers
connected with them'?-A. UnfortnnateIy 1 h¡wn donc busincss for \Vil·
liam l~elden & Co. '
(~. Did yon in Septmuber last huy gold 1'01' any of these part-ies; amI,


if so, specify tlw alllonnt bought aml tlle datC's 01' pure11 ase Y-A. 1 do
not think it \Vould he possible fol' me to giye the cxact dates, lmt T will
do so as nearly as 1 callo 1 bouglü, in tIJe early pnrt of t;eptember, for
Smith, Gould, J\Ial'till & Co., $7;:;0,000. Instenc1 of purchasing for-thelll
again, 1 loancd a millioll, whieh was pnrehased by anothpI' 1>1'01;:<,1'. lt
was a loan by our hOURe, aucl \Vas eonsidered eqnÍ\~aknt to a pUl'ehase;
that is, \Ye ennipd it f'Ol' this firmo I think thesp am all tbe transHetions
I haü ~with Smith, Goulcl, J\fartill & Co. 011 tIw ~;Jd oí' Septrmhcl' J
bought fol' '''illiaul Bpldpll & Co., as nearly aH 1 óall l'l'IlH'llllll'l',
$l,~t(),OOO oí' gold, 1 thillk, at het",ecll 4:3~ <1uc1 4:J~; ltlld loalled
$~,OO(),OOO at ahont 4-:3. So fa1' as 1 cnu l'(\IlH\lllbcr, tltcse a,re abollt aH
the purclwses 1 made fOl' tlwt honse.


Q. \Vho gayc~ :ron ordcrs for thosc transactioll:-\"I-A. Thc orcler fol'
t;llIitlt, Gould, Martín & Oo. was gin>1l me by E. K. \Villanl; tlle m'clel'
fúr \Villiam Belden & Co. was giyen mc h,v vVilliam Belcleu in person.


Q. 1s E. K. Wilbnl a 11l0ill bpr 01' tlle 1l1'111 01' Slllith, Gonld, J\lal'tiJl &:
Co.t-A. Not to lIlJ' knowledgp.


Q. How, tllen, canJe hp to gin\ the order for that lit·mol-A. 1 shonld
say he gan~ it as agent. in their elllploy; 1 KllOU]<l jncJg-c this fi'om tIJe
fad that.lw gayo me ordel'stoloanamilliou, allcl reporttlwloall to Smith,
Gonhl, J\fartiu & Co.


Q. "Yhat instl'nctiolls,,, if auy, did Ile gin~ yon in eOTlllcction with
these o1'der8 '!-A. N otbing more than to UUI kp the loan, and 1'('1I01't to
t-hem, alld to agree UpOll tiw rate of cOlluuission. 1 thiuk tlmt ,ras aH
tIle conv(~rsation that oc\enrrcd.


Q,. \Vhat limits did he fix as yollI' rates 1'01' lellcliug?-A. He dúl 1I0t
fix any.


Q. Dícl you carry out your o1'de1's fOl' Slllith, Gould, J\Imtin &, Co.,
according to the terms in which they w('n~ l'l'eeiverl :-A. 1 did.
(~. Ami reported your loaus to Slllith, Gould, Martín & Co. '1->\.


,¡ Yes, sir.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 10;)
Q. Did they receive ;yOUl' report amI acknowledge the validity of the


orded-A. Tbey did.
Q. vVhat orden, did 111'. Belden giyc'?-A. He gave me an order to loan


any part of 1in~ ItlilliollS. OUt' bm;;iness was generany a stoek business;
Wp were more in stoeks than we were in gohl. In faet, we onIy carried
tIti" amount of gold for Belden one day 4efore he failed. Not wishillg'
to ea!'!'.)' so large an amount, 1 said to him that 1 wOllId loan for l1im
two milliolls, if \Ve eould agree upon tIte terms. 1 stated tilo terms, and
he accepted them; but he has new'r fnlfilled them. TIe told lIle to 10:l1l
at tlw IIlHl'kct rates; aJl(I to satis(y me mi to his responsibilit~, fo1' CDlll,
plying with the terms, he told me that he had plenty of money in hit;
p08session, alld that 1 wOllld be ampl.r protected; he wonl<l llJ<ll'l, it
clown as low as wn ",ishe(l; lmt he fililpd to do it. 1 presullIe yOLU
hOllol'able committee wouM like to ascertain more particularly who 1\11'.
J1eldell \Vas doing bllRineRs fol'. 1 made :L general süttement befOl'e the
arbitratioll eOllllllittrr oí' the N cw York 00](1 Exchange, of whieh '!\Ir.
H()(lgskin \Vas chairman; ,,'hich statement, as 1 :Lm tohl, is before your
eOlllmjtte~. 'l'hat wouId giye ,vou very clearl.)' the w1lole trausaetioIl,
becans(~ 1 g~\'r in jt tlH' eOllycrsatioll whieh ellsned at tltat tillle betwcen
.:\Ir. JJeldell and llIyselt~ as to w1lom he \Vas doillg' business fol'.


(The statement was here shown t,o the witlless.)
(j. You are üllniliar with this statemcnt ~-A. 1 lIever reacl it. r


thillk .:\lr. JJonnel', ,,'ho was aeting as seeretary of the arbitratioll com,
mittco that day, wrote it dOWll as 1 gave it.


(The iolIowillg statmllPllt ,vas tlten l'ead in the hearing of t1le wit
ness) :


I'AMUEL }lOOCüCIL-},YIDEXCE BEFonE TIlE .~RIlITIL\TION ('O~nHTTEE.


'Vas ,loing hl'okel's' husÍ!wss OH tlw 2:~d al"l 24Lh, IllHler the fil'lll llame 01' Dornill &
Boocoek. Loall,',l allll honght gold for Belden on thc 2:>11, The llrst trmlsactioll was ou
tJu' 21:;t. 'Yhon 1 bougllt :'\lOO,UOU goII1 f'.r him I gavil hÍlIl11p, On Wednestlay evening,
22,1, Ildd"1I a8k('<1]]](', ir 1 wlllltl'd to do bu~ill(,s~ [.)1' him. "Aceo]'(liug jo what it is,"
was Illy allSW,lr. H," "lill: ,. 1,0:111 a loí of go1<1 jin' me iu tlle morlling-any part of five
millinll~. Seo lile in the morllillg." 1 a,k('([ him iI h" \Vas ill 11 Rtrong position. He
~aid: "Phsa.w! The1'lI is ollIy ~18,IJI)O,OOO oí' caslJ gol,l in tlw mtlrkct ttlld we havo takell
uI' hall' uu(l¡mi(1 f,n' it, alHl w(' iUt.(·1l1l to tak" np th,' otbcr halt:" 1 illfjllircü," 'Vilo do
)'on lllC¡tlI by we-SIl'tith, Uould, Martin, & ('o.?" He [lllS\VNe<1, "'VIlO dSIl (lo :rou
suppose 1 ll\(\an '1" I ",lid, "TI len yon are hoth hnying fór tlll' sanl<\ parl ¡,·s." Ir., an·
sw,,(]: "écrtainIy; it~ all ow' thing." 1 sa\\' him 011 tlle following lJlol'lling, \\'hPll he
sui<l, "If yon ,1on't wallt to 1,,1111 Jive lllilliollS, len<1 t\\'o 01' t.hree." I answcl'('(I: "If
tllerü is :t {'al! in tlle llla1'kd of t"11 pe1' l'illlt., al'e ,Y0ll so sitnat.c<1 that \Ve wouIel be
,H,ll }l1'otl'etell?" He :lllS\\'e]'(,<1: "C('J'taillly." ()u Thlll'sda~', tbe 2:3d, \Vhell ",.1 haü
Ioaue<1ltis gol,l, 1 fOlllH[Iw ha<1I1"liver(\,1 m; tlte gold "t a hig'h prlet\. 1 r<'luollstmt.nd
with him. ]je s:lid: "(in illto tl,,' gnl,l'l'oolll 'lIul IJIlyall the gohl yOIl "au gl't f1'oUl
U:H to 144," I 1>onght, $1,2(;O,OIJIi, ,uul T was frightcned at the ",ay tllt'y Holtl lile the
g'old, at. t 1"'1' ("'!lt, 1",low :-\1"'.\,1\1"., hit!. 1 repo]'te([ to Bd(lf\u ,HuI sai<l: "1 \\'0111<1
ratlw1' bll.Y 11" Illor<'. 1 wil! gin, yon "[1 ou it!' He said: "AH right;" aUlI tUfning
to 0111\ ot' the 1>o"s, said: "(;n 0\'1\1' to If"ath's o ffic l', 'll1d tell Fisk to "cnd in somo other
lJrokpl'}i; tht'y :I},(~ ~potting our,"",'-


H,.Jd"ll ga ve IIl(\ to IlIlIl"1'stalld that li.· \yas doing hléSillcss fuI' Fisk alltl Guuld. 1 was
at IkI<lclI's ofJi('c at ;l a. lll. ou tI", 2.Jth. He hall told 1"" on tb" [11't·"ions eVf\1lillg tba.t
g'ol,l woaI(l 8dl at :lOO, In tlw 11101'1lil1g 11('. rClllilll1ed me nf this [HuI suill: i, 'VItaL
<lid J t('1] .r0H ~ Gol<! is ,,'Hing at ¡;,()," 1 aslc(\,l him to !liarle ,10\\"11 1lly golf!. He sai<l
he woul<llll:tl'k it clOW1\ a.s luw as 1 w,wt"ü, all,l (01,[ me to call11[lon the p:uties tu wllol1l
1 1,J;lu"d (w"uty, thi1'ty, fo!'t.", o]' Jifty ]H'l'Cf'lIt. in tI", Trllst COlIlpally. H(\ then <!csir(\,l
Hit: to l('.lId ti"" lllil1iolls ill~t"at1 of two l1lilliollS-all 1 "old,!. 1 sai,l J etluI<1 lo,m no
mOl'I' thall 1 had al],("l!l~'. 1 md.'\lc8Srs. GOl1l,1, Fi'ik, Smith, amI SpcyerN, at lL·ltl(m',
ot'ti"1\ Oll 'V('dllCH,1:t,\', hetW(,P-ll ¡ aH,l:.i o'f'!ock p. 1l1.


WIl<'ll 1 beg:1ll to hit,\' gol<l Iol' Bel(1ell he t.ol,l lu" he was hnyillgfol' Fisk au!! Gonlel.
1Il' Nai(l ]'I\p,,:lt('dl~' t.bat. tlll'Y \\'er(\ his ]Jl'iucipalH. He sai<l he (Fi>;k) llar! illtelllled to
lllaJe., hiN (Uelr!en's) h0118" 1 h,', lal'gt'st in 'Val! stl'ect. 1 sa\y Fisk amI Goulrl thero lllon,
thau OU(l,·, :md tlms bdieverl tlw~' \\'ere his prineip:tls, HiN om,!' t.o puf. lal'g(\ :llllounls in




110 GOLD PANIC IXYESTIGATION.
the eOlU1H1uy strellgthcncI1 this be1icf. After the fai1un'. Belll1'1I míd tha! he ha<luewr
Raid that Fisk andHllulrl were his principals. He said. i1l all''Ver to my ('xl'0stnlatiollS:
•. 81lppose I ten yon now ag¡ún that they were llly princi pals, ,,,hat gootl ,\'in it do yon "
Vi<1 you ever Iiuow Fisk to pay out such a snm of 1ll00le,\' as you ask '1"


1 ~aw Gould af rile El'ie Hailway offir:e aHe!' tIJe fail\ll'e. J aske,1 .. \Vhv Il" had taken
"al'() ()f Fisk's gohl with Hcath (tllree lIlilliollS) and 1dt llle 111l1'l"Otedetl'!" lle said:
•. That \Vas (,110 ollly gold of Fisk's 1 did take care oí; alH11H' (Heath) had 1II0lH'Y "f
Ollrs whieh 1 wallkcl to get possession of."


1 su,w i'mith, of SalÍth, Gould, }Iartill & eo., on Friday, ,mrl toM hilll 1 h,'ld him rOl"
allllehlen's gold. 1 hoM him on thA groll1ll1 that Belden h,,,1 tolll m", it ,yas 1111 on"
thing.
~lr. Newcomo, a customíOr of Helden's, tolll me that 011 tlle 24th B"Jdc", tohl him that


t hi~ was his last day in 'Vall sÜ·eet.
'VVitllCSS continues: That Htatement is geucral1y COlTl'.et, lnü uot as


full as it might be in one 01' two poillts. 1 aslced ~1r. Ef'l<len who ",ere
tho parties éoueerned. 'rIlis \Vas in ('ollY('l'sation, l¡pfore 1 hall UOllC any
busincss for MI'. Beldeu. From what he Haill il1 l'l'gard to IwrsOllS in
high position 1 did not think he referred to offieer::; in our OW1I goycl'll
ment, hnt to politieialls in high pOHitiOIl in l\'ew York. His l'PlU:ll']¡
wa::;: 1 woulcl be snrpriseu to know what pal'tiei'l were in it; tlmt tIlere
were in it persons in high positioD. He gaye mo 110 impreflsioll as to
who the parties were; in fact, he was very l'dieellt in hiK eOIln~r~ation.
He' hall told me that FiHk wm; his prineipal.


Q. \Vhat was the total lLmonnt of ~-onr tram;aetiolls fol' thoHe tIro
tinm; "!-A. Leaving out the 8730,000 whieh tlwy reeeived thcIllReln~R,
it wouId be llt'lll'ly fonl' milliom; bOllght and ]0:111('(1 f<H' t1wRe }lartjes.


Q. Did ,rou requi1'e 01' g'iye uny margiuf.\, il1 au,')' ,rny, in tllO eomsp 01'
these tralli'laetiollR "¡-A_. 1 !lid noto 1 took tlLis goIrI frolll .Mr. Belden at
about JI to 4~t Gold sUfhlelll'y wellí np to (jO. 'n](~ 110USPS to "hieh 1
Ioanor! 'the gold wel'(~ aH of them exeellellt hOl1HeS, amI 1 did not def'm
it neccsi'lal''y to can fol' lllargillR.
(~. \Vas it usual 1'01' ;\-OU to eall fol' margills :-,\. Ye::;; lmt gold weut


up so ¡-mlldeu}y, alld then ,yithill thrne-qnartpl'R 01' :m 1Ion1' 'V(,llt baek
agaill, that, the faef iR, \Y(~ <lid Ilot, giye tlwt mnttcl' a tuoughL; be{:allsl'
OlU· loau8 w'ere so 11oa\-y OH tlmt, (1ay rllat Olll' ('lItirn time ,,-a~; oC(,lIpied
in getting Ollt' statements ready, amI \YO hafl llO time to (~all npoll tltOi"t'
hous('s, if "'c hatl illuught nf it ami hall l1('sü'l'(l to do KO. l'h. 1)1'1-
Ilen has lle,'er protectetl me Íll tlti" golf} ,dlich 1 ImlllPd :!Hd hongltt, fur
1tim. '1'h1'03 miIJions 01' more hayo been throWIl lxwk npon on!' honsl'.


Q. \VIH'll did they repndiate tl!pse ob1igatióu,,!-A. On tl1(; ~4th,
\\'11on gold cOllllnencpd ülIling rapidl~~, ht'(,ollling- ¡¡larIlW(1 amI anxious,
1 ",ellt to 1\11'. Bpldell's offiee, lmt he hall gOlle aWl1y. 1 was told that
he IYnuld prolmhly retnrn ahont. half-past t\Yo; bu! at half-past two 1
fOUlld that he had nLll away with Fisk amI Gonhl. l\fy anthoI'it~- 1'01'
that iH 1\11'. Stimsoll. WllO told lllt\ that he saw him witlt Fi::;k and Gonld
going down \Vall stÍ-eet. Aftel' tItat llE'. 1'omailH'd loeked aH\! haITC'(l np,
';0 that it \Yas impossiblc fo get at ltim 1'01' S0I1W tillH', althonglt I trie(1
n~peate(lly to do so.


Q. Row longhefore youslleeet't\l't! illg-t,tiingall in1f'nicw witlt lliIlJ '1-
A_. t think 1 Haw ltim once, at t11(' G-oltl Exelwllg'e H:11l1c, OU(' nigbt
abont twelvp o'elodc, hut f.\impl,\" lo 8peak to him. lIt' said lo mo: "Yon
will be protected 1" Tite Gnld Exckmg(\ Ballk }¡:lÜ lmmght llim, with
otht'J's, thero, to seo if anythillg eoulll be done to Htraigllteil ont il s OWIl
affairs. 'rht' fhst tinw 1 i'lHW ltim to ltasr auy (~OllYrl'sntioll witll hilll \\"as
S()Jtl(' two w03ks afterward, amI t110n tlw eOiln'l'S<ltiOil W:IS tlle most l11l-
"nt i;,faf'tol''y 1 evt\r hado He dellled everything'; lleniel1 tlwt ho over told
BID Fisk aml Ooulll were his pl'illeipals. 1 t hink lw went bPÍ<H'P tlH'
gmnd jnrJ~ amI statecl that all thp gOlfl he h;lIlgltt on thos<, day,; 1Je




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 111


bonght filIo his OWIl aeeoullt, alld t11at jf nvc milliol1Fl had hoell mado out
01' the trallsaetiolls he wouId have made it. elltire1,Y himself.


Q. Did he refnse ahsolutely to protect yon ?-A. Yes, sir; he said he
]úul no 1ll01H'Y.
(~. He aekilOwledged the order ~whidl he gayo .ron 'Y-A. Oyes; lH'


ackllowledg('(l t1w ol'der, lmt l'efllSed to llla];:(' lile good, on thE' gronnd
that he hall no mOlIeY.


Q. Statp to the eoiíunitte<' as full.r as yOll eall what gl'oIHHls ,\'on 1mn'
fol' l.lelieying tlmt J.i'ü.,k amI GOllId \Yere Ik1t1cu's p1'in('ipals~-A. 'Ven,
he had a tclegraph W11'e 1'11l1lling' ÍÍ'Olll his olliee to the oftice 01' thE' El'i.:
Haill'oall building that da,Y amI foI' SOIllP (lays l¡pfOl'e. AmI he llot on1.\'
at tlwt timo, ¡mI, aL a good lll<llly othel' timcs, toW me that Fisk \Yas i11-
tE'rested in him; that 1lü hall placed his brother-in-lnw, a mUll by ihe
llUlllP oi' IIookcr, in paJ'tllen;!úp witlt hilll; <lllÜmany times lw iohl me
tbüt Fisk was <loillg a great Hlllount 01' lm"iues8 witlt 11i" 1I0u8('. All(l
that 1ll00'nillg 1 "tate(l <liHtiJldly to him, betún' 1 IO~Uled him the gold,
that 1 mUHt llllUel'staJl([ \"lwt.lwl' lte \\'on1(1 Hl<ll'k it clowll 10 me. He
"aid he eel'taillly \\"(mltl. 1 fluid to 11im: "Sn]lpose gold snddE'nly fal1"
ten per eellt., haye .ron 1ll0lH''y m10ugh io protpet us P JIis l'eply \Vas
that ll{'arI" al! hiH gold an'ragerl ;~ü and bclo\V, aml tllat \Te ,,11O}11d
nlll 110 riHk. 11" fmUIrr said: "Whell ,\"OU loan, eün .r0UI' mea up tbirt,r,
forty, 01' ürt.r pe!' ('('nt. in t1l0 Trust COlupally:" Ilmd uol ahsolnte ('011-
fldenep ill lli,.; statemellts at that time, lmt beli<.'ying from what he said
that he haü lllOIlPY, 1 took üw l'iRk 01' eurryillg that gold fOl' t\YO 01' tl11'('(>
üays, amI fOl' tlw pnl'po"e oi' lllllkillg t1w lillPral commiH(ll<lllH ,rhidl
were agreed Llpon.


Q. Yon S:ly tltü., gold \Vas thl'oWIl ba('k UpOlt .ron amI 1'E'pudiated hy
the parties fill' whom yon w{'re loalling it. lla,'e you .ret J!\atle .r0m·
o\YTl settlmllPllÜi!-A. \Ve are making thelll as rapidly as pm;sll)le.


í¿. Did yon Imn1 all~' injunetioll sCl'ved upon yon '?-A. ~o, sil'.
(~. ,Yere auy iujllnetiowl S('ITC(l at yOl1l' installe~ OH others '?-A. Yt's,


"ir.
, Q. l:po11 w110m ?-A. lJ POll C'aHllllaek & OSbOl'll, l'cstraining thelll
ti'()lJl payillg auy 1H00ll'.y OH'l' to the ill'lll 01' Sll1ith, (iould, Martin & Co.,
Ol' to B. K. \Villard, 01' theil' ag-cnts.


Q. AmI (li(l that. j)l'ot.eet Oti[)Ol'il &: Call1lllaek, w110m yon Rnppo"pü
were duillg lmsillcss 1,)1' tlles(\ agt'lIt:'; ?-.\. 1, 1ll,Yse1f, ha(] pnrehascd
gold rOl' tllem at 43}, amI Ol1l' loss OH the pnrehase woull1 ltaye been
liny Ol' t>ixty tIlOu"amL dollal.'H at least. 1 illllllediaLeh sued out. au il1-
.iUl;etion autl Jllaeed it npoll \ }¡,hOl'jl &. U:llllmaek, w110 (1il'eetly "igll('d a
papel' l'plieYing' me of thnt pnl'ehase.


Q. IV ere yon l'neOllltlH'lll1PI! to g(~t Ol1t thi" illjnlletioH; was it hy
your dil'edioll ?-A. "No, Ril'. It r.-:l'; 01' my 0\\'11 motioll; but after e,OIl-
";Ultillg' llly atto['Jwy,]\Jr. (J. '1'. ,JeuJ..:s, he illdorsed \\hat 1 hall done full,\'.


Q. \\Ta ;.; tIte injlllwtioll gl'Hnteü '?-A. lt wa,; .
. Q. By what jtHlge?-A. By .Tudg'p Gilbert, 01' Bl'ooklyn. (J. Is that illjUlldioll still stamlillg 'i-A. No, sil'. lt \Ya" dis,,()lY<~d


by 8ettlell1('nt. O:-~l)Ol'il & Call1ll1aek agrcl'tl to sigll oíI, rl'leasillg llll', if
1 raisel1 tlle in.innr:tion. }Iy iHl]Jl'essioll i,; that J'lI1'. OsboI'll lmd been
¡.;p11illg gol([ aJl(l hall ]lrolmhly sol<1 llIorn tlwtl this amouut, :-;0 that Iw
('ouId l'<:kase me without diftienlty fl'Olll the tIlin1 party ~who SigllCd t.he
l·f'lP;lS\'. 1 Jinally eoneludcd tllis had HO relatioll to Smith, Gonld, 1Iar-
tin & en.


Q. Di<l yOll 11I1tkl'Htalld that he was doillg' business for Smith, Gould
& 1lm-till f-A. 1 thought he waH.


Q. Hill .rOl! get out an iujulletioll ag'aillt:lt anybody clsc ~-A. Ye-H; I
got Ollt all injulletioll agaillst Gn1J', P-rince & Oo.




112 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


Q. For a similar purpose ?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. In what wa;y were yonr settlf'mellts with SlIlith, Gould & J\-Iartin


cfleeted 'I-A. 1 had a million of gold. 1 had loaned $UOO,OOO, aml 1
sold $400,000, just the balance of the millioll. The Íl'auRaetion would
lea,'", a balance in my favor of somethiug' like $10,000, whiel! the;v [laid.
None of tlle brokcrs who were doillg business for them were pC1'llIitü'ü
to suffer in any way.


Q. TIHm in o 'yolU~ tmnsaetions with the fil'lll yon lost llothillg?-A,
Nothing. .


Q. Did ;ron lose Hllytlling f1'om tlle opcratiollR oí' tlle Gold l<Jxehangr
Dank?-A. YeR, sir. "Ve hase a sllit agaillst thelll for $;)1,000, whieh
oecnrrcd hy tllcir having dclivere(} gold to thc rxtcnt oí' 8205,000 to
the firm of Ijivermore & Uo. Thev claimed tlmt tiJey 111'\'('1' d(~livered
the g'old; Whel'eaR Livel'mOl'l' & ()(;. hlHl l'l'cpin'(l tIw' gold, amI, as we
deliH'l'('d none, of conrse thc hank (]elivered it.


Q. "Val' l\Ir. ORborn in any way eOllnected witil tiJe $:U,()()O'I-A. No,
sir; 110 olle hnt ourselves. ::VII'. Oshorn'R relatiom; \ritlt OH!' honse have
al! been settled satisfactorilv.


Q. State to tlJe eomlllittee, Ü'01Il ,vour kuO\rledge oí' tIw \rhole tl'allRUC·
tiO]l. what perRolls ,Y0n nTulel'Rtan<l to COlllpose tll(' g'old e1ir¡uc?-A. 1
han~ a Iways believed ít was contposed of Fisk, Gonld, amI othel'R; alJ(I
who the others were 1 am unahle to Ray.


Q. ,Vh:lt do yon tllÍnk ahont BpId(~Il<& en. aJal 'Villlml'!-A. r thínk
that, \Yillard di'd not do aJlytllillg' fol' hiR o\YJl aceount. 1 thiuk he was
merel,Y an agent fOl' ot11erR. 1 do uot thillk Belden did auything for hiR
OWIl aeeonut heyolHl half a millioll (lollars 01' ,;0. He has always strnck
me as a ycr,Y timid man who was easily frightened. 1, for tlmt reasou.
ditl not thillk that 110 was. making the trauRaetionR on his OWII aeconnt.
1 thillk he honght foT' Pisk all(l others, a1l(1 that since th('so trauRactiolls.
f'Ol' tIlO "akc of pay, he tnrus aI'Ou11<1 and sllclterR tlH'1ll hy dcclllril1g'
thaí all this gol<l waR hought fol' himself. 1 heli(~\'e that if B('l<leTl gnt:-:
beí'ore t hiR eOIlllllitt.pe he ,,'i]] Rtatn that lle lJong'llt, tití:, gohl ii)]' IlÍlllSclf,
alld he will state a wickerl i:lIRehood. f-Il' S(,t'lIlS to be t.horonghly nndel'
tIlO infhwllce of tlliR lUan Fisk. (l. Han, yOll all'y kno\\'1!'(lgp of yOUl' o\Vn that, an¿- oftkel' oí' the
gOH'rJlIlIOllt of t]¡p TTnitcrl t)tatcs Im<l all~,thillg' to do, direetly 01' iudí
rectly, with thi~ golrl düI1W; H RO, gin> hiR JIlltlH'¡ llcn<l staLn what yon
kllO\\' in T'cg'anl to it.-A. My lllemOl'y is Bot tIeal' PIlOUg-lt to :'ltate any-
tltillg- \"itltont dnnger of !loillg great injnRticr, amI it would be no mol'(;
than hral'RaV mrdlO\\'.


Q. Do yo;] klJ()\v by sight any officers of tltc UlIitetl RtateR wlJom yon
saw have allythillg to do, apparputly 01' really, witlt thiR 1I1OyelllPlÜ in
gold "I-A. 1 do noto


Q. Di<1 HUy ot' tite partiPR that yon han; tralli'laetiolls Ol' lHlsincss witb
make an,\' statemcllt to ~~on ¡hat aH,\' goyrrnllwnt oftiecr ha<l :1lI'y ('onuec·
tion witlt tbiR movemeut; ir RO, ",]¡o madp t1w statplllf'Jlt, aul! ",hat \\'lpi
tile Rtatemrut wlteu Illa<le 'I-A. i\ o statement of that kilJd has en;1' he(:ll
made to me.


\VASIIING'l'ON, D. C., ,1altlUlry !;lO, 1870.
CUAS. J. OsnoIt~ sworu amI examilled.


Hy thc UnAlHMAN:
Qnestion. t:ltnte .r0nr reRidellce, place of lHlsincRs, aud occupation.-




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 113
Answer. 1 reside on \Yest '.L'hirty-second street, New York; liy business
office is 34 Broad Rtreet; I arn a bunker and broker.


Q. \Vhat was tIle general mn of your business during the season prior
to Septcrnber l;u,;t 1-A. Almostentirely gold. 1 had very little instocks.


Q. \Vere yon dealing in gold during the lllouth of September ~-A.
Yes, sir. '


Q. For what partieg rnainly did you deal during the early part of that
lllonth <Iown to the morning ofthe 23<1 "?-A. For A. B. Stockwell & eo.,
James GroeRbeck, E. K. Willard, Hemy Hart, and otheI's occasionully,
whost~ names 1 do BOt now recall.


Q. Are yon awarc of an extraor<linury rise in gold durillg the rnonth
of Septcm ber ?-A. 1 amo


Q. What is yOllr opinion ofthe cause ofthat rise in gold '/-A. It was th(·
ellOnIlOl1R speculations, engcndered by the way in whieh lmsincss has beell
done therc, through the mcdinm of elearing-hOllRes; írresponsible paI'tie,:;
being cnable<l tn do ellormous amonnts oí' bllRineRR without auy eapital :
so t]¡at designing mell, whoever they may be ()l' whatovcI' t1leiI' relinta:
tion, are ellubled to brillg al/out ehanges in the gold market to aCCOlll-
pliRh t1lei1' pnrposes. If a man has a thommnd dollars he can go alld
lmy nve miJlions of gold, if he feels inclined, and transact lIis ¡msiness
tltronglt the melliulll of this clearing-honse. 'ro tellyou tIle trnth, that,
in my jndgment, has beea the main-spring 01' aH the troublf'R there hay\'
bf'Rll in t1le p;old mUl'ket Rince it has becn in cxistcnco.


Q. \Vho, RO faI' as yon lmow, helonged to that class of designing men
who lJaveorganizcd and developetl the gold ring 01' diqne '(-A. 1 t1lillk
Fisk was tlle main luan in the whole thing, so faI' as illegitimate pro
ceedings \yere eoncerncd.


Q. What persons do yon nndeI'stand we1'e assoeiated with him?-A.
Belden & Co., \Villiam lIeath & Co., anll Albert Speyers. 1 think ]1(.
made hiR headqnartel's al'ound their offiees. 1 do not know that he did
in the office 01' Speyers, lmt Speyel'R waR used h,y hím, alld the misehief
was praetieally tlOlW mostly throngh theso partics.


Q, Ditl yon know any othe1' llI'ms coneerued in tbis general movement
of gold?-A. Smith, Gonld, J\Iartill & eo. weut veI'y heavily into it.
'rhey ell1]lloycü E. K. \Villanl, as I suppORe. At any raJe, he gayp out
largo ol'llel's, and JIlost oí' 1,11e business that 1 did was for ltim.


Q. PIease giye the cOlllmittee a ¡:;tatemellt of ,ronI' pnrchaRes and
sales 01' loalls oí' gola made for any of tllOse paI'ties .rou llave named
during the week beginning with the l\Ionday lJefore the hreak ?-A. ]
hall 011 1talld, 1 thinli:, fl'olll 1h1'ee to fonr milliolls of gold foI' E. K. \Vil-
lard, \\'110 was my llUHl of business at that ÜlllP. 1 diclllot aetually go
inio tlw ml1rket aml huy it. 'rhey sent it in to me and put u1l lllargim;
fol' it. an<1 1 carried ít for thmll. 1 thillk t\Yo hnndred and twentv
thonRand was tlw extent of my pnrchase. 'l'lwy mac\e me theil' lugge¡\
so to speak; 1 j ust cltrried it 1"01' them. Aftel' l'eturning frenl1 a trip to
tlw Whi te }Iolllltains, tllC fil'st <la,)' after my arrinll in N ew York, in the
neigbborhood 01' the 1(;t1l of SeptelllllP1', 1\11'. \Villard asked me if 1
wouId be ah]c to carry haH' a million dollars ni' goltl OH the market. 1
told him I 1II0st eertainly waR able to carr.y that much gold. It wa,'.
ohly a. qnestioll as to w hetlwr 1 shollld aRsume somethíng 1 did not want,
aul! preY('ut mc~ doillg something 1 did want to (lo. Hut 1 said that if he
woulll pnt up tite mOlley 1 would earry tIle gold fol' thern for a liberal
eommission. He SOOIl brollght me in halr a millíon of gold, which 1
paid tOl' aUll used il1 tIle eOUl'se of my business, A day or two afteI'-
ward he aske<l lile if 1 wouhl loan some gold túI' him. 1 did loau fol'
hím a lllillion amI a quarter, assuming the contracts liyself. This ho


H. Rep. 31-8




114 GOLD PANIC INYESTIGATION.


margined down to me at 30, una whencver afterwara 1 loaned gold for
ltim he marginctl it down to 30. The gola 1 was carrying on the lllarket
he lllarginea aown to 25. AU the balance of llly gold was taken in that
way. \Vhcllc\'cr 1 reccivca gold to loan, he sent in a check to make it
down to 30.


Q. Up to the 23d, how mueh had you done for him durillg t1le week
previons "l-A. lletweell four aur! five lllillions, 01' in tbat neig1lborhood.


Q. On the 20(1, did you transad any business for 1\11'. \Villard 1-A.
the two hundred and twenty thonslLUu 1 have mentioueu was the ouly
gohI 1 bought for hilll in the wIlOle transaetion. 1'11is wa¡.\ Otl tlw 24th.
1 bought it at 50. 011 the 23d, 1 kept this gold OH h~l1(1 in the market.


Q. Did yon han~ auy onlers from .:\Ir. -VVi1lard on the 2:3<1 ~-A. 1 had
an order Ü'OIll him, but 1 díd HOt till it. Goltl went froTII :3G to 3R np to
43 01' 44, antl had gone up so mllch ,,'hen 1 l'ceeived his orders that 1
did not fill them.


Q. Did yOLL l'eceiveonlers fromltim on thc 24-t1l '?-A. :1\f1'. \Villan1 was
an intimate hiewl of mine; 1 al \Yays told him 1 shonld protec1. 111,)"sel1';
that whenevel' it looked as if things were going to deHtl'Uc1.ion, 1 shollltl
pl'Otect lll,\'sclf uuder any eirelllllstances. Haiü Iw, if g-oltl hreaks 42,
turn in amI sell out. In the meantime he told me to scl! aU the gold 1
conld at 50.


Q. Did :ron seU out the golf! .ron were C:llT'yillg "?-A. 1 elido
Q. Ho\\' mneh gold did he giye ,\"ou orden; to sen '?-A .. To i'lell aH 1


had; alld 1 did.
Q. A1. what fignres'~-A. At from ¡m to 32~. \Vlmt 1 sold and wllie11


went out \Vas in t1l0 neighborhood of fiye milliOllS. \Vhat 1 sold and
üid llot go ont was in the lleig·hborltood 01' t111'ee 01' four millions.


Q. \Vhy (lid lloL ihis go out '?-A. Bcealli'le the pal'ties were irrespollsi,
bIe. 1 sold, fo)' iustallee, a Illillion to Speyel's, amI a million to \Vanl
& Co. (¿. To whOtn did .ron seU the fiye Illilliom, 'I-A. In promisclLOllS lots;.
there were three 01' four hatches of it.


Q. Bid ,VOH "eH, dnl'ing tllose days, for an.vhodyelse but J\Ir. \Vil·
lanl?-A. Yes, I sohl fiye hunlll'ed thollsanü for Hem.y 11an1, amI fol'
others, merchallts an!! othlWS, 1'01' whom we hall disel'etionary orden; to
sello (l. Fol' WhOlll tlitl you ullllerstand -;\[1'. \ViHanl was aetillg'!-A. :;\Iy
1:H1})position was that he \Vas actillg fol' Slllith, Gouh1 & l\-Ia1'tin.


Q. vVhat led .ron to that suppositioll ~-A. Seeillg thero together a
¡;reat denl, am1 seeillg tile roagllitude of the lmslnPHs transaete<l, whieh 1
thought llobody eIse was able tu <lo. }Iy impression al\Vays has heen tllat
.Jay Goulll was 1.he partlle1' of that finrt pl'iucipa1ly concerned in tItes!:'
trallsactiolls.


Q. \Vhat has givell yon that illlpI'ession?-A. ReeauHe 1\T1'. Smitlt has
always assured me tlJat he ,,'as ]lOt a 8peculator; had no interestín gol<1:
ano knowing }ll'. G·ould p1'ett,)" "e1l, be"ide8 kuowillg what 1 did 01' him
by hearsay, thi8 w!tole affail' st1'uck me jllst like bcing olle oí' his moye,
ments.


Q. In your illten·iews wi1h MI'. \Villardor otJwJ' pal'tieR eOllueeted witL
t11e handling of gol(1 tlming thoso <lays, what di<l 1\rl'. vVil1anl fmy in
mm \~ersatioll concerlling tIlese matters?-A. 1 \Vas Yery nervons, and
j'ather desirous to keel' ont ; 1 did uot like so mnelt tleRl'el'atioll. \\'il·
lard saiel, "You llecd Bot ,,·on} yonn;elf; 1ll,Y pal'tics C~tll see gold topar:'
1 8aw him btÜ \'e1'.)' Httle, execpt in hard bnsiness trallsaetiolls. 1 mado
Illyself safe, aud 1 hall no reason to ask whys 01' wlwreü.H'cs. [lIlay haye
had some suppositions.




GOLD PAl"IIC INVESTIGATION. 115
Q. What di<l he Iwcr &ay tonching this movement; <lid he make no


remark in regard to what \Vas being done, 01' what wonld be done, with
gold ~-A. N o, sir; he al ways kept me in the dal'k about that. 1 always
snpposed it \Vas a dORe cornero I was very mnch snrprised to see gold
go up to {lO.


Q. In wlloRe presellce did :ron have yOl1l' eonsllltations with ]\11'. Wil-
lard?-A. Tltey were always in my back offiee, aud withllobody present
bnt m;v partner.


Q. Vid yon ever see him in hi:,; office ?-A. 1 l11lLy llaye gone into his
offiee to rcport gold. 1 IH'Yer wellt into his back office at aH.


Q. Hid yon see any oí' tIte firlll oí' Smith, Gonld, Martin & Oo. during
auy of tllose days ?-A. Yes, sir.


Q_ Did you COllvenlC with them in 1'egard to this movement ?-A. No,
sir; I never spoke to ./ay Gonld nntil tilo morning of the 21th; and 1
never spoke to .James Fisk, so tal' as 1 kuo\V, but once in my lite.
(~. Did ;you 11ea1' any of those parties say anythíng abont gold move-


ments during' any of thoRe days '?-A. N o, sir; not at aH.
Q. Did yon see Rddml IInl'illg tllOse days Y-A. 1 was iUÍl'oduced to


him in the goltl-room, when gohl was abont 38; lmt 1 never hall any-
thing to do with hilll or his party. TItey Wf:,re men I hall a pctrfect de-
testatíon of; they were no company for me. 1 should not have spoken
to them at aH nuder an.y ordinary (;ircnmstallces.


Q. AH the tmwmctions yOll had with \Vi;lard were settlcd iu the
ordinary way, and cleared ut the Golü Excltange Bank~-A. Yes, sir: an
n1l to tilo 24th. .


Q. 8ettled without eomp1'olllise!-A. YeR, sil'; T Ileyer llllHIl' auy com-
promise.


Q. "Vere your transaetions of the 24th settled "?-A. So far as 1 \yas
eoneernetl everyhorly who had a right to do so caBed npOJl me, amI 1
ga ye my cheeks; being amply protected mys.elf, 1 had no excuse fúr not
doillg so. \VlICIl it came to making the clearing ontside of the gold-
room, [ just checkell out IDy gold amI delivered it.


Q. Did you llave auy üOllhle in Kettling with :JIr. \Villanl ~-A. None,
1 thiulL


Q. 01' with any other partil'K with whom you transacted business?-
A. None.


Q,. DillyOll have ally Íl'onble ill Kettlíug at tllP Golll Exdtallge lJank "1_
A. YeR, i:lil'. TheI'(~ \Vas a balance of fiftY-l'igltt thonsalld, enrrency, in
my favor at the Uold Bxehallge Bank. 1 deposited my check for tIJat
amount in my han k, as 1 aIways do. ~I'xt clay the eashier sent me word
that Iny check was ollly partially good; in other words, that it was not
an paid at tIte dearing-honsR; tlw,t, out of the eheck for fifty-eight thou-
samI dollars twenty-seven thousand was gootl, but the ha1allee was noto
Thenmpon 1 took adyieH of my counse!, aud on stating thc facts in the
case to him, he adyiseu me to han~ tIle bank put into the hUllds of a
l'eeein~r.


Q. Did ,Von, on 01' ahout the :¿8th of Sptcmbel', bring suit against the
Gold Exehunge Bank~-A, T IlIerely appliecl for un ü~jllnction, aud to
have it. put ínto tIw hands of u receiH~r.
(~. vVIto was yonr cOllllsel ?-A. MI'. Lane.
Q. Yonr e1aim had uot lJeelllmicl preYions to the eommencement ofthís


suit f-A. No, sil'. .
Q. ni<l you in thp fimLl spttkment giye the Golcl Exehungc Bank a


receipt for the amollnt of yOll\' claim'!-A. 1 thiuk noto I simpl.y gave
1ll,Y chlwk, [ think; it is Ilot nsual to pass recE'ipts in snch a case. 1 uo




116' GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


not thiJlk 1 did nn thü; occasion; how(l"pl', 1 would Ilot like to say rOl' a
certainty. In thosp days 1 do lIot know what 1 lIlay have done.


Q. Has your suit been di,:continued'?-A. Yes, sir; a long time sinee.
Q. At wIlOse instauce ~-A. 1 told }lr. Lallc SOIll(~ time afterward,


when 1ll,Y eheck hall beea pa,Ü1, tltat I hall 110 1'nrthc1' oceasioll to eOll-
tillue the injunction, and tú withdraw the snit. I think some otlw1' pa1'-
ties were taken up and put in my plnee. •


Q. Did .ron l'(~('ein' 1'rmn tlle bank tite HlIlOlmt yon daimed in that
:-;uit 1-A. Yes, sil'.


Q. \Vhen ?-A. Fonr, 01' fi vr, 01' six dn,p~ afterwanl; 1 do Ilot l'emCIlI-
I)pI' exadly. l\ly cashier llotified lllP, fil'8Í., that ten thonsaud dollnrs IJad
been depositerl; thell there was another installmnnt; awl finally it was
ail paiel up.


Q. Did yon witlHlraw yonr suit 011 eommltatioll with ;wybody ebe t"X-
eept YOUI' eOllllsel '?-A. No, sir.


Q. Di(1 yon make a eompromise with au.\' otJWl' pal'tie,.; "!-~\. 1 ma(}¡·
no compromise; 1 got my mOlley in fuI!. ]\Ti'. nl'lledi(~t sellt fol' m('
OlW (lay. I went iuto the offiee, and hc askü(llllp what 1 had applipd fOl"
an injnnctioll fOl" t TIe suid thcre were pleuty of s(~cnriLi('s in tlle bauk
to pay my check, &c. That iR all 1 rememl.wI'.


Q. At wllOse installC(~ did YOll 1J1'ing tltat snit; \Yas it 011 tite advice
oí' .!\Ir. vVillal'd, 01' of Smitlt, Gonhl, Martín & Co.?-A. ~ot ou tlwir ad-
vice, certaill1y; tlJat was tlle general impression OH tlle Mtreet, 1 kllow:
huí it is falseo
(~. How eamc you at first to bring the snit ?-A. I was mentioning my


troubles to 1\11'. l,ane; he said to lile, "l'llt tlw hall k in tlle hantls of a
l'eceiver amI yon can get yonr 1ll0llPy." 1 l'cJllicd, ver.\" \Ycn; thcu 1
wonld empll),..- him as my counsel, and told ltim to go airead. 1 kIH\\\'
that a lllall had to striko qniek if hp dili allythillg at a11, in tho:-:p (lay:-;,
[ was nt \\'ork, day alltl uight, trying tú get lIlyself out uf tllOse diffien1-
tieso 1 banll,y slept at aH. {J. Did .ron urillg more thall Olle suit agaillRt tlw hank?-A. :No, ílil'.


Q. Aud tllar snit "Uíl fol' un injullctioll alld for apl'oilltitl¡!," <l l't'ceivel' '~-
A. Yes, sir. .


Q. \VIlO \Vas tlw reeeiY('r nppoitlted ?-~\. :\11'. Bro"'ll, at 1ir~t; thell
afterwanl lUr. l,ano told me tlwt :\Ir. DrO\m ,,-m; going out, aJl(l that
tlley were going to appoillt }Ir .. TOl'llaU, at the requ(·:-:t of tlw bank, aml
a:-;ketl m,r cOllsent fol' them to do so. (J. Did yon elllploy lUr. Lane nud RPttlp with him .roIll'RclP-A. Yes,
¡.;ir; he netp(l a,.; 1ll.Y attOl'lley, a!ld Field & Shel'lllHn as 1ll,Y couasel; 1
ma!ll' tho sdtlellwnt "'ith thüm lJ1y:-;elf; 1 handed the ehcck eitlwr to
thclll 01' to }\fr. Lanc, I UO\\' [orgpt w hidt. Thcy sellt tI) lIIC olle day ami
,\'anted a l'etaiuer.
(~. In what \Yay ditl :'tIro Lalle explaill to yon tlw ap]Jointnwnt 01' a


l'f'ceivpl' wOllhl heuetit ~~on ?-A. J11 looking ()\'(~r the affain\ of the 1mn!;:,
while 1 was there 0lH' ('H'uillg', 1 fOlIlJ(I tltat tl)(~y \Hlllhl 10:-;(', a Yl'Ty laTg'l'
amoullt 01' mOlle.\' it' tIJe,)' \n'ut on to elcar; it lookcll to me as ii" the
diredors iu tbe illtCl'C:-;t o( tll(, hallk ,,'untl'd to save it, tllP'y wonl<i han,
to get a rcceiyer appointed of theil' own, tln'ow Ollt. al! doubtfnl aCCoullt,;;,
prot.eet themseIye,.;, <1]](1 let the eOllllllunity suffer, althongh thc uallk
was alone to blamc. l\ly idea \raíl that if t1le lJallk \Vas put into tllc
halHls of a reeeiver nt the illi:itanee 01' somebody el:-:e, t11e bank wonld be
largely the lOíler, as it ong-ht to be, aul! ('yerybody (~1se wonltl gel, lJwir
1Il011Cy.
(~. How dül the appointillg' 01' a ]'e(~eiver actna11y bcnefit yOll?-A. 1t


lmrried up tIte business. VVhCll m,y caBilier se11t lIle ln,ml tltat HlJ' cheek




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 117
was not paid, it aUlIoycd me cOTlsiderahly. 1fr. Lane said the appoint-
llH'llt of a rcceivel' would gct me lOy money.
(~. Ditl it in ület gct you yonr money ?-A. 1 think it ImI'I'ied it up.
Q. 'VaR thc 1Il011t~y ]laid to you '?-A. 'l'he money was paid on my


check, through tbe medium of thc clcaring-honse, to my bank.
Q. 'l'lw putire thirty-one thonsand dollars ?-A. Yes, sil'.
Q. "Vas it p,litl in tite ordinary way, 01' in pUl'suanee ot' an order from


the eOllrt; 01' (lid yon, 01' somc of yonr firm 01' c1erks, settle with the re-
eein~r'?-A. 1 did 110t go to settle with tile reeeiver. ::VIy idea is that
the hank halltL eCl'tain amOllllt of gold ple(lged in the eleal'iug-house for
this üheek. 'l'hat 1 do uot kl1O\v, however. T on]y know that' the check
was paid.
(~. Do yon lmow how tIle settlelllent of your elailll was brought


ahont'?-A. lt was hy t-he l'cccivpl' hitllseli', on his OWTI 1110tion.
Q. It. was uot done by an order of the eourt ?-A. 1 ean merely teU


yon what 1 kno",. J took rlinuer with .:\[1'. ,Jordan, suhseqnelltly, and
he told me tliat he liad ltallled ILp my easliiel' l\1I(1 givell him fits abont
this thing, aud lwd the lllolley paid, and that is all I kuow.


Q. Vid yonr snie agaiust the bank preveut its couünlling itl'; opera-
tiOllS in clearing "e-A. No, sir; T do not think my injunction did. 1
thiuk they "ere ineapacitated before the injunetiou ealUe.
(~. Supposing they "ere not ineapaeitated, w0111d yOlLl' injnnetion have


stoppcd tllCm'"I-A. 1 t,}¡illk it won1l1.
Q. Do :ron kuow of iUjl111CtiOllS against tIte bauk brought by other par-


ties '¡-A. l'ío, sir; 1 had uothillg to do with allytlting of that kind. You
wil! fintl that wy business \Vas eondueted fol' myself alonc, and to tako
care of myself.
Q.\Vm~e yon enjoilled by auy person, 01' by ally eourt, fI'OlIl lloing any-


tllillg ?-A. Ycs, sir; Srnitlt, GOlllu, }Tartin & Uo. enjoined me from re-
ceivillg OI' dclivcring any gold for their aecount. 1 went over to see NIr.
Smitlt, und asked 11im whuí, the meaning ni' that was, fol' 1 hall ltad no
trallsact.ioJls with thern. He stJid it was an error, alld set dowu and
wrote a note l'elievillg me frolll the injuuetioll, and statillg t-hat it was an
('nor. r cmne haek, lIlallo 1ll,Y statement., aIld was ready to deliver gold
in fiftcen minutes afterwal'd ..


Q. \Vhat reason did yon give :\11'. Slllith fol' asking him to release
you ~ State w1lat eOllvel'sation yon had witlt ltim.-A. 1 asked him why
he had enjoined me, amI said T lwd 1ItHI no transaetions with l1im. He
saicl it. was an a mistake.
{~. Ditl yon malw any threatfl, 01' say au,),thing of tlmt sort ?-A. T


told ltim 1 ShOllld go on to reeeÍye lLnd deliwr goId, whether the injune-
tion \Vas takcll off 01' noto .


Q. Did l\í1'. Slllit.h 01' Mi'. \Villal'd tell yon it was a lllcrcly formal mat-
ter, to keep tIlose whom tItey eonld not trust Ü'Olll playing the devil, 01'
words to that efieet '~~A. He said that so fal' afl 1 was eoneerned it \Vas
a rnistakc.
(~. Di<l they sa.y anything to .ron about enjoiniug anybody eIse ~-A.


That waR al1'eady done; thp thing was aU done in a lnmp, taking in a
dozen lUlllH'S.


Q. 'Vhat did yon understancl the purpose of the illjunetion to be~­
A. 1 have siIwe ullde1'stood that the pnrpose of the injulletioll was to
prevent theil' heing oVPl'whelmed all at once; to prevent their bl'okel's
from reeeiving' aU this gold immediately, and to give them time to turn
m'oulI(l; to l'Pceive it piecemeal, and adjust their transaetions.


Q. Then it was :m interfel'enee of the eourt to enable tItem to get
through "ith their business '?-A. That is my opinion.




118 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. Did yon understand that a simple 110tl' frolll 1\11'. Smith would 1'('-


lieve yon 1'rom the orcler of the eourt enjoiuing' yon '?-A. Certainly. 1
think if you will look at the injulletion ;ron will fiud that the l'ight i8
there giyen to 1\11'. Smith to raise the injnnetion wl1en he felt disposed too


Q. Yon understand, tIlen, that it was in thl' power of the parties who
enjoilled ;ron to dissolve the injunetioll in l'egal'd to :llly one individuaL
and shut down in regard to anothcr ?-A. Certainly; }Ir. S\nith realIy
had the whole thing in his po\Ve1'. IIoweye1', as 1 had had no transae-
tions with Smith, GOllld, l\lartin & Co. at aH, 1 should ha\-e disregarded
tile illjunetioll; 1mt in order to llave au nnderstanding', aml gual'd
against auy mistake whatever, 1 \Vent over to see 1\11'. Smith about it.
lIe said that so far as 1 was coneerned it was au error, aml theri wrore
me a release.


(l,. "Vill you furnish the conuuittee with his order releasiug yon frolll
t11e injunction ?-A. Yes, sir.


Q. SO yon ullderstallu it did l10t reqnirc any decree of tbe conrt to
relieve you f1'o111 the injunction ?-A. I do i;0 l1n<leri'ltand H.


Q. Did you then proceed to make a scttlmnellt 01' yonr lllattenl, witlt-
out regard to tlJe injunctioll '1_."'". Uertainly r die!.


Q. And yon procecded with tIle injunction of tite court still over ,ron !-
A. 1 did not say that. The decree of the conrt conld not afiect- mi' in
any case, because 1 had hall 110 trallsaetions for tllpsp people; lH'si(l('s,
the deC1'ee itself gaye 1\Ir. Smith tlle powe1' to set it aside, aml he did
grant me a relea se.


Q. Give to tite committep an aecollnt of a meeting' up town Oll tll!'
25th of Scptembcr, Satnrclay; aIso of a meeting- tlle same day at ,Vil-
lard's office; also oí" a meeting SUll<lay en'nillg, tlle :!üth, at tlle bank-
at which meetings the COllllllittee Ullderstall(1 yon w(~re presPllt.-A. 1
never spoke to Jay Gould to 111y reeollc'ctioll, nntil Sunday, tlle 2mh.
He was goiug iuto the Gold Exelmnge Ban);:, anO. 1 was illtrodnced to
him by his partner, 1\11'. Smith. "Ve went iuto tIte lmllk :tu!! trintI to
cook IIp some plan for gettillg' the clearing-honse Htl'aight aml pnttillg'
it tIt1'ough. 1 cOuld not record any particular (~oJlYersation. It \Vas a
continuous business conversation.


Q. "Vho wero thef(~ '~-A. ~Tr. Belledict, Mr. O1':I~~, 1\1]'. Smith, :'Ir]'.
Tanner, 1\'[1'. Underhill, ~lr. Gould, myself, aml perhaps otlters 1 do not
now recollect.


Q. What was said Ül regard to settlements, ítlHl ,,,hat was said in
regard to these injlilletiolls'!-A. There were no injunctions out at that
time, unless it may have been in reganl to pattieular aeeonnÜl.


Q. Was allything proposed to be done in tho \Yay 01' injunetiol1s, in
order to prevent settlements being made ?-A. 1 really caullot rememlwl".
You must take into consÍlleration tItat 1 was laboring Hudel' gTi"at
excitclllent. Tí anything ,ms said on tItat snlüeet, I lmve l'eaJly fol'-
gotten it.


Q. State as fully as you (~all wltat trallspired thero.-A. If 1 were tu
do that 1 shonld say just about nothillg. vVe were talkillg of rp(~eiptH.
cxamining accounts, and seeillg ir we could not arrive at some plan b)~
whicll the bank couId be extricated from its di1lleulties. TIlat waH tI!\'
maiu topie of conyersation, amI who said :lnytlting, 01' di<l anyrhillg, I


. canIlot tell.
Q. Did yOll have a meetiTig with any of these partie8 np tO\\"11 OH


Saturday'?-A. No, sir. 1 never saw au.') 01' thcm nJltil Sun<1ay.
Q. Are auy of your matters conneetetl ,yith tltesc trallsaetions Hnset-


tled yet?-A. 1 have nothing Ullsl~ttled witlt the Gnld Exchangf' Dank. 1
bave several eontracts not í"uIfilled.




GOLD PANIC IKVE STIGAT ION. 119
Q. Are you a mem ber of the gold board ~-A. 1 amo
Q. Have yon had any difficultics in tho goId board ?-~\.. 1 haye


brougbt Ruit before tIw arbitration coromittee against O. vVard & Oo.,
who bonght a million of gold of me, which is still unsettled.


Q. Did they belong to the goId clique '/-A. 1 think noto I think
they were heavy sufl"erers by it.


Q. Havo ~-ou any knowIedge that any officer of the govormnellt, either
in Washington, New York, 01' elsewherc, was concemed, directIy 01'
indirectly, with the gold panic?-A. :No, sir. I can onIy speak froro
common reporto (l- Are you personally aequaintcd with the offieers of the governmcnt
in :New York ?-A. Ko, sir. (.l. Did yon seo any of theRO offieers thero, during the days of the
panic, having any conyel"sation with auy of the parties snpposed to
belong to tho goId riug?-A. No, sir. 1 would IlOt know Mr. Butter-
field if 1 waR to see Ilim. 1\11'. Oorbin I do not know. My business in
aH this mattcl" was Rtraightforward bURiness trausactions. The street,
geuerally, think 1 know more than 1 do, bccause I saved myself.


Q. ¡Vere not consllltations in 1'egard to settlements, after the panic,
ea1'ried on hetween MI'. \VilIaI'd, MI'. Gould, 1\11'. FiRk, amI yourself, and
were not all these parties frcqncnt1,Y, consnlting together in reganI to
settlemellts '?-:-A. Not to my knowledge. AH the transactions I had
with Mr. WilIard occUl"red in llly back ofllce. 1 may have met him OH
tIte street and talked wit.h him easually, lmt not ot.herwiRe.


Q. Did yon have auy intercourse with Smith, GouId, Martin & Oo. iu
regard to settlemcnts-were they not coneerned in your settleroents T-
A. Subse'luent. to the 24th; 110, sir.


Q. On tIte 24th "?-A. On the 24th they were concemed in thc buIk
of tlw busillesR that \Vas done. Dne bilIs passed fi'om olle to another in
tIlese traIlSlwtions, mHI in tlmt way 1 was brougltt iuto intereourse with
thelll.


Q. Is there auy <1on1>t in yonr mind tbat E. K. \Yillard was acting fOl"
01" in eonllf~dioll ",it11 wlmt is ¡lOW lmown as tIte gold dique to raise tIte
price of gold ?-A. 1 think JIr. \Villanl was operatil1g fol' Smith, Gould,
lHartin & Oo. entirely. There seemed to have been two separate rings
in this matter: ope a rillg oí" 1'mwals, amI the other not much bettel'.
Still, olle lctting evcl"ybody operating fol' thero go to t11c devil; the
otlter settling their contracts. MI'. \Vi1lnrd was acting with tile one that
Rettled their contracts. '''''hat compromise they made 1 do not know;
but they ceriaillIy stood by tIle brokers they empIoyed, HmImade every-
body good.


Q. \Vho Iost by theRC gold operationR'?-A. The Inerehants lost very
lteavily, ,lIld Hpeeulatol"s lost YPl"y lteavily. It mude no difference OH
"hich side they werc, the tlnctuations were so rapid and so great, they
all 10st.


Q. "Vlto do you umlerstaml made by the transactions ?-A. I have
. figured them 0\'1.'1' pretty earefnlly, ancl 1 Call1lot find anybody who


made out oí" them, uuless it was this mall Belden.
Q. Do yon f.hillk he marle aH that the 1'est lost?-A. Oh, no; it was


distribnted al'oullII.
Q. Do yon lmow oí" Belden haviug gono into hankruptey?-A. No; 1


onl.\, kilO\\" that 1 lleyer spoke to him hut Ollee in rny life.
Q. Have yon had any cOTlsnltation with any of these parHes since yOll


were sumllloned to testify before this committee 1-A. N o, sir; 1 haye
seen some 01' them, but uot to haye auy cOltyersation OH this subject.




120 GOLD PANIC INV STIGATION.
W ASRI GTON, D. C., January 21, 1870.


CUARLES J. OsnoRN recallecl and e aminecl.
By thc CUAIRJ\IAN:


Question. You statecl in yonr eviden e yeRterday that yon ha(l brought
suit beüH'e tllP :1l'bitratioll eom mittco 01 tho Gold Exebangc, againstWard
& Oo., 1'01' a milJion of gold sold them Sel telllber24. State to the cOllllllittee
where tbat gold was solel and the cire mstallceR cOllllected ,Yith it.-A.
\Val'd came into my back ofJiee ou th tt day. r had called him for a
mil1ioIl of gold at :,\7~. He saicl hc ha 1 no gold on haJHI to makc that
delivery to me, amI lIcggcd me to seU t him. 1 settled the can for a cus-
tomer of mine at 150, for whieh he pai the lllOuey. Then 110 Raid that
would do him no good, as he hall stil fmther calls, amI rcqncstccl me
to sen hirn a, milJioTl rnon', which 1 \Ve t out and got for him. That was
the causc of the snit.
(~. How eame he to buy tho gold of con, in your .. priyate oftiee, instead


oflmyillg it at the exchangc?-A. Mr Stock\rell, a gentleman who had
called on him, was very much alramet on finding that 'he di<1 110t have>
the gold; ancl 1 being :Mr. Stockwpll' bnsÍIwss Inall, he bronght 1\11'.
vVard down to my offiee, fol' me to set le the matter with hilll.


Q. State what yon said to hilll, al 1 what induced him to buy this
gold.-A; r told hirn, from tile looks f tlJe market, llulpss thesn shol't
golcl contracts were settled, there wa. 110 tellillg what priee it might
run too 1 do not Imow t ]mt 1 made any )articular representations to him,
any more tllan in speaking of the gen ral conditioll of tIte marknt.


Q. Ilow long did 1\1r. 'Vanl rcmain 'H yonr office 'l-A. Perhaps fiye
minutes, 01' in that ncighborhood.


Q. Dnrillg the time he. ,vas in yonr mee, did yon leaTe it alld come
back again "I-A. No, sil'; he len it f r a s!lort time mlll emne lmek.
(~. Di<l yon, dnring that time, go ut and cOl1sult with ally one on


the sn~ject?-A. 1 did.
Q. \Vith whom did yon eonsult'?-.L . vVith B. K.Willanl.
Q. Dicl he give iustruetionswhich y n obeyed?-A. No, sir; 1 askcd


him if hc would a]]ow me to sell a mil ion of gohl at ;JO, nud settle fox ii
for his account.


Q. vVItat were the teI'ms of agl'PCIll nt in rE'gard to _that, Oll this occa-
sion, hetween yonrsclf and 1\11'. \Vill rd?-A. None, except tIte mere
matter of purchase and sale.


Q. Did yon see MI'. vVilIurd with 1\ '. Sm1th ?-A. No, sir.
Q. Did yon, on that oceasion, s e MI'. \Villard and 1\11'. Smith


together Y-A. Ko, sir.
Q. 'Vas anybody else with 1\11'. "Vil ard besides 'youl'self at tltat inter-


view; ir RO, who?-A.His derks may lHwe overlleanl the cOllvel'sation.
1 shonld thillk llot, ho\\-ever; he was there al! alone.


Q. Did yon make auy otheI' prinlte sales aud settlelIHcllts, in your
office, on the 24th oí' Spptember '?-A. Yes, sir.


Q. State tIte amollnts, persons, allcl prices.-A. 1 made Qne oí' 855,000
with Howes & }Iacy. 1 think tha,t was al!.


Q. Did you kllOW that similar settlcmellts were hcing' malle, at tlw
~'1allle time, in S mith, Gould, Martin & Co.'s ofJice ?-A. No, sir; 1 did
unt nlltil sorne time afterwaI'ds, when 1 heanl tlmt the thiug had bern
done.


Q. Did not Me. 'Villanl and ]yIr. Smith both tell ;\'ou that they had
malle 01' \VP!"e making snch private fletUementsY-A. 1 did uot sep 1\11'.
Smith until that evening, until afte1' the wholp, thing" was oye1'.


Q. Did they, when you saw them, tollyou tIlat the;y had been makillg




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 121
flunh private sf'ttlements ?-A. 'Villard told me so; 1 had n\) such conver-
satioIl ,,-ith Smith.


Q. Statc the total al/lOullt of gold sold by you privately on the 24th;
both that which \YaI; rcecind by tbe buyers amI that whíeh \Yas uot
reeeiye(l.-A. That is more than 1 conld te11 YOll without reference to
llIy hooks. .


Q .. Stato it aJlJ)roximatoly.-.A. Tueluding 'Vard's amI all, 1 should
think in tlw ncighborhood 01' senmteeu 01' eighteen Imndred thousand.


Q. To whom did yon a(~e(Junt for tlH~ goId sold 't-A. To E. K. 'Villard.
Q. After tbe 23d, were all thc transaetiolls you bad í'Ol' aecount of


E. K. \Villard, amI by onlers of Slllith, Gould &, Martin o/_A. The only
instl'lwtiolls 1 had were fmlll B. K. \Vil!anl.


Q. \Vas not tilo goJd yon }¡a(} 011 halHl lIelivered to pal'ties wllo had
received it fi'om Smith, GouId & ~Iartill, 01' their bl'okel's, fOl' their
aecounU-A. Al! the goId 1 delh-ered was on aetual sales oí' my mm. (¿. From W!tOIll flid the p:uties to wlIom yon clelivel'ed haye to l'eceive
theil' gold ?-l\. . . 1'11ey lIad to l'ecCÍye it from me.


Q. rOl' "hose aeconllt1-~L Por accollllt oí' E. K. \Villard.
Q. \r(']'(~ .ron uot illstrneteü ti) paiI' off fol' this gold, aR tIle teTln is,


,ritlJ p:lrt il':, \yho had goId eOll1illg to them fl'OIll Smith, GonId &
)lartin :'-.\.. \Villanl im,truct.ed me 1.0 paiI' off with several IlOuses
tlmHlglt \Y])idl it :-;eelllc(I golfl \Yas eOl1ling l'ound to 11im.


Q. l'k'ase pxplain to tlle eornmittee what yon mean by pairing ofr.-A.
FOl' illstanee, 1 lllay sell to a lJarty \Vho sells to another, ancl the otlwr
se!!" to lile. \Ve do l!Ot :l(~tll:llly pass aJly goId; we jm3t cireuIate fIne
bilIs ronml.
(~. Suppose you ,vanted to ha \'e tIlo goltl rnal'ket afl'eeted, is that a


proeess by whidl it is aecmaplishc>d'I-A. Yes; that would be \\-!tat is
eallel1 "washillg." 'l'his ,,-as llut a " wash.'~


Q. Explain tilo tel'lll "wm,hing."-A. A Ulall comes and lmys fift,Y
thousand oí llle amI gin>f-f lile an I)nler to seU fift;rthollsan<l; ií 1 s!toull!
happoll to sell, t.lmt wonl<l 1w a "wash;" but that is too low a trans-
aetion rOl' partietl ortell to ellgage in. Tllese tmllsactions \Yere not oí'
that defWl'iptioll; t!tpS ('ame ill tll(' onlinary eonrse of bLUüness; it onl;r
ltapponed t!tat it passpd aronllll in that \vay.


Q. It Ita ppelled to come out as t hOllgh it ltatllwou a " wash O! "-A. N o;
becnuse tll(>re wero t.wo 01' t.hn>e l'artü's throngh whom it passell, s]¡ow:
ing that it \Vas not a ., W¡lSlt." .1\ .. " \Yash" is between t\Yo illdi\-iduals.


Q. 1f t,lterc was any t1011bt ill 'your mind, prior to tlle 24th oí' Scptem-
be1', t1tat K K. \Villanl's onlpl's to yon were for aceoullt oí Smith,
Gould, Martin & eo., \ras there an,)' donbt 10ft in YOUl' lIlilld after the
24th ?-A. 1 cannot í:my tllere was; oí' eOlll'Se, howe\'e1', that is lllerel,)'
my individual eonelmüoll.


Q. \Vas your positiOll, OH tIte l1Iorning of tlw 24th of September, long
oí' gold, fol' B. K. 'vVillanl, nr sllOrL oí' it ~-A. It was long.


Q. State the amount as nearly as possible.-A. It \Vas long, between
four 01' finl millious.


Q. At the elose of Uw 24th, llOW was it ?-A. J\Iy books wOllld hayo
SbOWll me short. sorne tlln>c milliollS.


Q. Did yon tlell any goId on the 24th on your OWIl aeeoullt?-A. There
may have heell one tranf..aetioIl 01' twellty or thirty thousHnd ..
(~. AH the rest yon soltl for RIC. vVilIanU-A. There was some soId


fúr othcr enstomertl of mine, in tite o1'dinary eon1';';O of bn;,;illess.
Q. Han> you stated tn tlH~ eOlIunit,tee uH 'the faets within your knowl-


et1ge relating in ally way io tlle. moyement in gold, in Septem ber last,
amI the tlub;,;equent settlemellts 'I-A. AH 1 can say is this, fU; rcgards




122 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
t1le movement in go]d 1 waR as ignorant as any other broker OH tbe
i;tlw~t, up to t110 tiL'le of the lI10YCmcllt. Subseqllellt scttlements led me
to believe that 1Ile1'e was sorne combinatioll m' otIle!' in gold; p1'eeüwly
whut, I could novel' fiIllI mü. (¿. T1'Y to rocall, if yon ean, wllat transpired that Snnday cvellillg, 01'
SUllday nigltt, at the Gold Exchangc Bank. \Vhat was the drift 01' the
iuvestigatiom; iut.o aecouuts that took place there '?-A. T really eannot
tell yon allytlüng at aH about tllat; 1 did not really know anything
abont ,,~hat transpired; it was all t,rying to fix np Illath~rs oí' the bank.


Q. vVere all the acoounts cxamined indisoriminately, OI' !lid th,'y
single out aceounts ~-A. 1 tllink they Ringled out somo oí' the aceollllü,
that they cOllsidered as bad.


Q. Do you remember wllic11 accounts were speeially singled out "¡_A ..
1 remember tllose of C. C. Parks, T. 13. Griuuell, P. n. \YilliftlllS, Dornin
& Booeock. There is a printed statement sOlncwhere in existcllce of tlle
accounts throWIl out at that time, from wllich ;you conhl got a more fnll
idea than 1 could g-ive f1'om lllelllory.


Q,. You did not understand tbat that meetillg \Yas fol' tlte purpose of
he1ping tlw bauk out of its difficuIties~-A. There wm; sorne proposition
fol' Smitll, OonIel, 1\Iul'hn & Co. to assist the bank in helpillg it to get
thl'ongh its clearing-. 'rhore was nothing, howevel', whieh transpired in
l'd'el'euce to it; but that \Vas tIlO drift oí' the conven;atioll.


Q. Was llot aU oí' the inveí:ltigatioll that took place there fol' tlw pnr-
pose of ascertaining w!lethe1' it would he possible to protect tlle b1'oko1's
of 81l1ith, GOllld, l\lartill & eo., Hcath & eo., amI E. K. Willard,
&0. ?-A. 1 really thillk llot; 1 thillk that matter was uot considel'ed
thel'e.


Q. 'Yero not .several plmw proposed and r<::iootml lwcanse, in eaeh
iustance, they iuvolvcd assnllling tlw trammetions of 8PCYCl'fl, DOl'Ilin
& Boo(;oek, aml others '?-A. X 01, to my lmQwlel1g·o.


Q. "'Vas it llot fillally lleeided to abandoll t1l0 sottlement.s oí' that sort
and to preycut t1l0 1Il0llPY whieh 8mith, Gould, l\f artin & (Jo. liad in
tlle ballk from being drawn out by tlH'ltl, lIy h:wing tIJe harlk enjoilwd
lIlal a l'pceiyer appointed 'Y-A. N ot to Illy lmowledge; i1' tlwre was sutIl
a thiug 1 did not know it.


Q. \V11e11 did ;;on eonsult MI'. Lane, in l'eganl to your iujunetioll
against the baule '?-A. 'rhe day 1 receiyerl myeheek í'rom the bank, amI
a day 01' two after the meeting'.


(),. Did yon meet 11im hy aeeülent '?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. Row lllueh <lid you pa~- Lim ?-A. 'rhat ifl a mattE'l' ahout W1110h 1


could not givü ;;on an;; COl'reet informatioll frolll mcmory. 1 eould find
out exaetly by l'eferellCE' to ll1y books.


Q. How anll wllen did you pay him ?-A. That 1 eannot remember.
Q. lf yOll do not 1l0W remE'mller, pIcase Rend to 1,110 eOlllIllit tee, frol1l


New York, a oopy of thc choek "hieh yon gaye }Ir. Lane, and any COl'-
respondence yon lIad witll him in roganl fo this matter.-A. 1 will
do so.


'VA8HINGTON, D. C., ,Ja>nllary 21,1870.
JOHN P. BIGELOW SWOl'Il and examined.


By tho (JHAIR~lAN:
Question. State yonr place oí' resid(~Ilee, aud t11e positi.on you ho1<1


nuder tlle governmeut of tho Ullitetl 8tates.-Answer. 1 livo in Wash·




GOLD PANIC I~VESTIGATION 123
ington; 1 mn chiAf of the loan braneh, in the oflice of the Secretary of
tbe Treasury.
(~. ~WlJat' (Inties, if au-y, are yon accnstomed to perform iu regard to


tllc national banks'?-A. K oue in particular. 1 have been sent off, by
tIle Seeretar.)', ill two 01' tln'ee cases, for examiuatioll.


Q. Durillg tlw month of September, 1S()!), were yon scnt by the Seere-
tal',\" (in' cxallJinatioll iuto any llational ballIr f-A. Yes, sir; íuto the
affairs oi tlle Tentl1 Nationalllank oí' Nf'w York.


Q. State ",llat were yonr instructions.-A. They were as fo11o",s:
"TREASURY DEPARTJ}IENT,


"OFFWE OF THE COMPTROLLER OF THE TREASUl~Y,
" Washington, September 23, 1809.


"Albert vVyman, .Jolm P. Bigelow, and JoIlu W. lVIagrudel', are
hereby appointed aJl(l authorized to examine tIte Tenth National Bank
in tIle city of N('w York, \\'itIt powel' to make a tIlorough inyestigation
of its aif'aÍl's, amI to examine ~my of tIte oflicers 01' agents tItereof, undel'
oath, as Jlrovided in section fifty-four of the national cnrrellcy acto


"1Vitness 111.)' lJalt(l alld oflicial seal this 22d day of September, 1869.
" ll. R HUBLllUHD, Comptrollm'.


" Countersigned Hud approved.
"GEO. S. BOTTTWELL,


" 8ecretnry (!f the Treas'ury."
(~. State what you did in purslUlllce of that order.-A. 1Ve reacIted


Sew York on t,he morning of the 24th of September, at sevell o'clock.
"'e took poS'session of tl1e bank at half-past eight o'elock, tIle same
lllorning, hefore auy business liad been tranRacted, and before ally of
their Rafes or vaults had been opened.


Q. "VIlo Waí; in charge at the time you too k possession '?-A. Some of
tlle clerks oi' tlw ballk; 110 offieer of the bank was there.


Q. Htate what :rou did, what yon fOUlld, and the result of the investi-
gation.-A. ~I think that tIte general l'f'ularks in our roport" a copy of
wl1ieh 1 h;we Itere, will eovel' tbe substanee of my examination; and 1
snbmit tbis as an llllswer to that question.


Q. State \vhat rolation you found, from t11e examinatiol1 yon gaye tIle
hank, it sustaiu(cd to tIte brokcl's, and what was the cOlldition of b1'o-
kers' a(~eoullts in that bank t-A. J\lost of the brokers had ve1'y light
deposits there. It appeared to ns tl1at two 01' tIll'ee firlnS oí' brokers
were, in 1'aet, runuillg the hank.


Q. ~aUle the hrokers,-A. Smith, Gonld, Martin & Oo., Stout &
Diekinson, Seligmund, and "Yilliam Heatlt & Oo.
(~. Did it appear to you that their transactions "ere too large for tIle


alllount of theil' deposits ~-A. Yes, sir.
Q. IIow did they eompare~-A. That \Ve eonld lIot tell. Tbe firm of


Smith, Gonhl, Martín & (Jo. hall eertified oyer seyen miIJions in one
da.)'. How their (1eposits "ere made for these eertÍlfied checks \Ve con1!!
1I0t tel!. There were no dates showillg the time of day they were made.


Q. TIte books of tIte hauk were lIot in snoIt a cOlldition as to enable
yOLl to say wllCther this SOy en millions \Vas properly seeured or not '?-
A. ] haye 1Iere a statement 01' the securities whiel! they Itehl for a tem-
pOl'ary loau. lt \Vas tIlese securities whieh malle the clearing-house
good muI 11elped them out.


Q. State how yon dividetl .your tluties amI what eaeh se.parate l11all
did in tIle examillatioll oí" tl1e hank.-A. MI'. lVIagruder principally ex-




124 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
amilled the certified checks and brokers' aCCollllts, aIso the COUlltl'y bal-
ances. MI'. \Vyman amI myseIf took the accOllllt of fnnds 011 halld,
examilled the securities on which they had made temporary loa liS, aml
made rnernonwda oí' these. We also examilled tILe aeeonnts oí' dopositR
of cOlllltrJ' ballks. Q. YOLl [Olllld that the bank had out, as shown by tbe books at the
llloment of your arrivaI, tlle amount of se,Ten amI a haIf luilliowl. \Vltat
did ,rou fil\(l as to tile aetual deposits of tlle hallk at tImt tillle 1-A.
\Ve fonnd eighteen and a half rnilJions of eertificd chceks oi' other
ballks, wIlieh they had reeeived that day 01' the dny lll'cviou::l. In otlIel'
wonls, they owed this Tellth NationaI Bank, throllgh tIle dl'arillg-hollse,
eiglltcen amI a ha]f milliOTls.


Q. \Vhat amollnt of deposits in the bankdid you fillll otILer than tIn'
certified checks of other banks '?-A. \Ve t'ol1lHl (1toposits of hl'Okers,
$3,231,000; due from natiollal Imnks, $400,000; <lne frolll othcr banks
and bl'okers, $10,000.


Q. Wltat wel'e the deposits 01' b1'okel's ill ~-A. Cash. \Ve ('()u1d 1I0t
te11, of course, what their deposits in cash were. \Ve simp1y fOllnd the
balance 01' acconnts due.


Q. lIow long did ~'on thre8 gentlellH'll eOlltimw yon!' ('x:llllilla(,ioll ?-
A. 'Ve stopped OH tIle lIlorning oí' tll(\ 2[¡t11, at lO 0'e10ek.


Q. \Vlty <lid yon stop?-A. ]\11', Oa11e1l(1er appeal'ed with all ordcl' 01'
the Comptroller of the Uurreney to flU8pPIHl the pxaminatioll.


Q. Did the ordel' suspell<1 tIlIJ examillation abs0111tely 01' tnm it 0\'('1'
to MI'. Callellder~-A. It turned it o\'e1' to }1r. Callcnuer, w1l0 wellt 011
and finished tlte examination. \Ve recpivp!l 011 th(\ !llol'uing of tIle 25th
a dispatch "to examine the XatiOlw1 CU1'I'cncy Hanle. ExaTlline all~­
bank that yOll think needs it. Probably yon had bcttel' remaill until
l\Ionday night." On the mornillg 01' tlle 20th \ni reeeiyed anothel' <1i,,-
p<1teh frolll \Vashington, as follows: "Bxallliue no more hallk:-;; eOlll-
mittee mayreturn. By direction 01' t1w Secretary.'; 1 thinl;: tll('re was
a lettel' aIso, whieh came to :SIl'. }Iagrudf'l' tIle mornillg of tIlO :!(jtlt, ask-
iug ns to sllspewl exarnination.


Q. vVhcn yon were Ol'dcred to stop examinutioll liad ~'Oll eOlllpktcd
what yon intended to do"?-A. ~o, sir.


Q. \Vltat 1'llrther had you to do '1-..\. 'Ve pxpeded to sia,) thel'o until
J\Iomlay nigltt, and nntil thoy lmü got throllgh ",ith thi8 panic exeitt~­
ment, ami titen to make a Lhorollgh overhauling (Jf their 1>00];:8_ The~'
\Vere wOl'king night alld day, amI wante<l 1,0 k(~ep tite 1mnk muuing. v\' e
were interrupted a great deal in t11c cxamination hy t11('ir beillg olJ)ig('(l
continualIy to refer to tIte 0001;:8. '1'his dayoí' tIte panic tIto1'c \Yas nm
npon the hallk, aJl(1 it was illlpossih1e to (lo hllsÍlwss.
(~. State wlwther yon havo auy lmowledge in w1lat way l\fr. Calleudpl'


assisted the bank to settle its balances ?-A. By horrowillg' mono,\' OH :-;e-
curities whielt tltey ball len 1'01' eallIoans or te~nporar'y 10~H1S. •


Q. Prom yonr know1edgo of the dnties 01' a ballk ('xalllillcr \Vas t1lat
a usual 01' an ull1l8ual conrse ?-A. U nusnal, 1 think.


Q. Did yon see MI'. Callender tlmt day '!-A. 1 sa\\' him in the aftc1'-
Iloon of the 2iíth.
(~. Di(l 1\11'. Callender assist tIte bank in tbe lllalllwr wl1iel1 :rOIl


have suggested in yonr report :tt tIte request 01' the ofíicers of the bank
Ol' on iris OWIl motion ?-A. 1 could not sav as to that.
(~. H ow ,lo yon know that Mr. Callen del' assistecl tIle baule in settlillg


its balances '?-A. 1 saw hilll go out several times and return bringing
mone.')' and delivering iot to the officers of the bauk.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 125
'rhe followillg' is tlIp examiner's report referretl to in tbe ahoye tes-


tilllOll.Y :
:-;llllllJI>!" oí' Bank :107.-EX(fliliu('!"" }'(porl of lite cOllrlitilm of fhe rHmth National Bank,


localcrl a f -,Ye/c rork CU!I, in lile couut.1f mul 8tale of lIew YO!'h', at H,t o'elocle a. m., Sep-
¡('!l/be!' ;,-J, lt'(i!I. .J. !J. /)ickiI/801l, Pl'c8idcllt; .J. H. 8101(t, Ca8hiel'.


Xo_ I Amount. ----~I-
i UEsornCES. I KoteH :lnd lJills IliSCOlllltr'll __________ . _____ . ________________ _


.J OveI'dl'aftR _ . . _. __ . ________ . ____ _
:l Fnited Slaü:s \Jo",\, lo "'<:U1'(, ei['eulation. _ ... _ ... _ ....... ______ . __ . __ . _ .. ___ ... __


$1, 833, 682 86
69,]fi0 ~5


1, 036, 000 00
-l i DIIit('dSt:lt~:~holHlstoFiCCllw~d('posits _. ____ . ____ . ___ ._". __ _


g I gn!~,~.{~~~~~~,\~~;~~l~~ ~:~~\ ~lt::;l~/~;~~(~~ O.l~ ~~<~l_l~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .- ~ ~ ~ ~ .- ~ ~ ~ : ~ : .... : ~ ~ : : : ~ : ~ : ~ ~ : : : : :
7 : })lW frOlll :l}lprovnd aH~ociatiout-l in Xew York _ .. ___ ..... __ ... _._
d I D\H~fl'olllolll(,l'llatiollallmlll~s_.. . ............... __ .. __ ......... _ .. __ .
!) 1)[1(' fl'mn ot 11:,1' ballk:"; amI hank('l'~ - .... - _ .. _ .. - .. _ .... ! In Bankill.!.!:holl:-:,n ...• _. __ . ____ ... _________ _


lL 01lwl' r{':d I'sta- (' . . .. _ .. ______ . __ . ___ .. _ ... _ .. ___ .. _
12 , .Fnrnittl1':"~ :uHl fixtlll'('H .. _ .... __ .... ___ . _ ... _ .. ___ ... _._. __ . ___ .. .
13 i }~xpew.;o:lI~t'()[mt'l in(']JI(lin~tnx('s ...... __ ..... _ ...... _._ ... _ .... .
14 : Pn'minm8 ...... ... . .... ___ .. _... ' ... " _. __ .


! nllRlwm~o :Iccouul . _. _. _. _ .... __ ......... _ ... .
15 ¡ Ctlsh item:-, .... __ ..... ._ •. ____ •.. _._ ..... _._._
Jti • Exchaugcs rOl' c}paring·lll')lH1P. .. _. _ .. _. ______ ... _ ..• ___ .. __ ...... __ .. .
17' B/amjl," ____ ... _ ... __ .. __ ... _. _ .. _. _______ _
IR I TIilI8 01' 0111('1' national hankR . ___ ... _ ................ _. _ ... _ ... _
l~; ; BilL"j oí' :-';la11\ lnwks.
:!O Fra{'tiOl)n 1 cnrrf'ncy.
21 t-;pceic. \i;¿: ..


Cnlll
Gol!l tf('a~nr:v llot{~!'i... .
(~{I[d (']I('('k~ on othol' hankfL


-).) , Lp¡¿;al fl,ntkl' llot('H... .
:!:, . CIl'al'ill~-ho'n~w c(\L"litieafPH
~4 1'111'('.0 })('l' el'ut. cCl'tificatcs_ ·-_·_-_····_··_····_·········_····_···-1


C'ash ,hol't . _____ .. __ . _ ......... _ .... .


Tolal_ .... _ ............................................................ _


Capit,¡tl !';to('k paid lu .
. ) SnI"IIlll,') fnud.


I Di~cUlllll
4 i Ex('hang{~


LIAJl1LITIES.


;:j ¡ Interc::ü _. _ ... ____ .. _. _
Ii, Pn'miull1s ____ o _.. _ ••
, I ProfH ,11111 lO~11 •• . •.• ••• ....-
:i Cüenlatiotl 1 I'l ei\( d irüm C011l})troller ..


Le¡.;,s alllollllt OIl halld _ .
.í\..lUOlUlt n411I"llp(l 1'01' hnl'I1ill,!:!;_


Am01UÜ ont!;1alldil1.~
q I Stat.e han k cirenlatioll outKtaudiIlg ..... . 1~) , llHlivi<inal d(:po:-;ih, yiz:


Snhjütt to dwd\: _._
lkm:tllll {',prl iti('utps .
TiIlH~ ('ertitl('atC'~.


II C{~rtilietl clH'eks . _ ....
12 ('a~hkl";-\ ('l}{'eks ontMalldiJ1!~_ _. _. __ . _ .. _
L:~ VHitcd Stat(':-:. t1r>poSitA. ... _ ...
14 npJl()sit~ ()f línit('ll Stat(,S uis1mr,'liug officcrs


, TIl'Ok('l'H' <l('l'OHitA .
1;, Dnütolwtionnlhn!lks. __ .
1 ti Duo tu 01 hel' ha;.¡J~s aal! h~lll 1\1"'1'8 171 NotPR alltllt.lb lPILisUnLntl'<l .
ltl Dilh p<ly,thl •.


I
(JlllJ·ud <lh Hlcwl~.... . •.
Cd!-\h OH'!


_ _ _ $915, 000
$1, ROO


3,000
4,800


sa,258 10
68705


10, DilO 00
20, ou~ 02


174, E!4 B:J
:iO, [l01l 13
20,544 70


18, 54:!, 810 62


10,6.'52 00


7,449 33


1.909 45
2-:W, 800 00


2D, :~3j ';u
256. e¡lO 00
410,000 00


1,000. 000 00
4:1,000 00
14,510 04


·16 42
53,275 54


910,200 00


331, 113 :12
14. 610 00


.--- ...... .


17,582,166 18


2.221,423 R2
·l1u :170 b4


lO; 109 92


761 00


22, 783, 303 73
__ I____ .~ ._--~--------------'-----
Ueconl~ anrl ot.hel' hnokk: FOllml eOlTeet-not Y(;ry nontly kept.
Pl'esi<lcnt, e'Lshinl', (lil'l1(,tOl'S, amI stockhol.tel'~ : Exnllliniug j,ho banle fol' a special


pnrpose. iL \Vas BoL tleelllelllH'cessary to inf[uiro into the oharacter of tho OWI1('l'8 and
ill.tIlngcrs of tito bltnk particuhtrly, the Illoro so as tbey :tre probably wdl known to the
CO:llptrollor of tilo Cllrrency.




126 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Officc: 'Vell siíuatcd, but small amI incouvE'uieut fol' a hallk doing so large a busi-


ness as tllis.
Safe: Two tixe amI burglar proof safes, large size, Herring's makc. No vanIt.


J)[VIDE~DS AND Sl'BPLUS. (SECTION 3:t)
Date oflaHt divülend, .Tuly 1, 1869. Amonnt, $42,10;' 2G. Canied to surplus, $:3,000.
(~L,\~SIFICA'l'ION OF LOc\N~ AND DISCOllNTl',


Commercial or busiuess papel' }
Bona title bil~s oi' exclmllge _ _ _ ...... _ ... ______________________ ,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ $646,089:;9
AecommorlMlOn papel' ______ _
D:ul (kbtH, (as llefille<l by sectioIl 38) _ _ _ _ _ ______________________________ , _____ ' ____ _
Past dne papcr,(exclusive of bad debts)~ _______________ . _________ o. ______________ _
U nsecul'ed loaus _______________________________________________________ . ___ . ______ .
Loans soc11red by real estate ___ . ______ .•....... ___ .. ____ . , ____ . ___ .. __ ... _______ . __
Loanspayahleon demaud __ .... ___ .. _____________ o. ____ o, _______ • ____ 1,187,59327
IIHlebtcuness of direetors as priucipals __________________ . ________________ . _____ . ___ _
Iudebtedness of directors as illdol'scrs __ " ____ . __ . ___ . _ . ___ . _______ . _____________ ...
Loans exceeding tlle Jimit preseribed by Bcction 29. viz: .Noue.


GENEHAL IUDIAHKS.


The Tenth Katiollal Bank is essentially a "un,kcr~' bal1k,"' as j:; ,'yidellt fmm thp al"
eompanying statcmcnt of its liablliti.,s amI assets, amI eonsNluently its pmspr\ril.\' de·
pcnds in a great measure Oll that of'Yall Street speeul:ttors; ev('ry eonn¡]siOll ill t]¡c
street being felt by the bank to a <legree ",llich, in times of pa.nie, n·luler." the pn""·I··
vation of its eredit a matter of 80mB difficnlty. This 'Yas r:l"arl~' SPC!l dllring tlJe
examination.


'l'he hrealdng ,Iowll of the gold market on the 24th illstallt aji'cckd the ercdi t oí' uro-
kcrs who llatllarge <lealings witIl the hank, anl! rl"llOútors snpposing th,· associatioll
iuvolvcd with those brokers cl!cekeü out Lhcir fUIllls so ml'ülly that a J'oree<1 snspt'm;ioll
of payrrwnts sc.,med immillent.


Oll the lllorning of tlw 25th iust. the lmllk "'as ücUt.or to t1l(' elearillg·llo11S(\ ~72:I,O(l(),
the payment of ",hieh ",as on1y eíl'eeted late in the day hy t he grcat.(·st (',,!'dioll on tlw
llart of t.he r"gnlar ('xall1il1~r of th" ='<ew York City hanks, ,,"ho, "fter t]¡p "ftiee]".; 1)[' the
bank liad failell in lloiug so, ~ue(;e(,t1ell in bOITowing lL ~uftieü'llt alllollnt (jf 1Il1ll1f'~'- o;¡
part of thB eollaterals held for thé demtllHl10aus to ]lay t.lw bnlaur", ,In e tlle clearing,
houRe, anÜ Witll tIJe fUlHls 011 km(l llH'ot tlw dmll'Ul(1 of (kpo.sito!'" ",1:0, as "tat .. ,1
abo,e, ,,"ere dmwillg out their funlls as rapüll.v a~ possible.


Tbt'sp. faets aJ'tl111('relv mentioll'·,l to show that tlll' Tt'llth Katiollal Banl: i, 11S"¡[ JI)
facilitatc the spcculatio·lls iu stocks aud gohl earric<l ou in \Yall ~tre~~t; an<l th:lt. its
operations are Ilot, as they sllOulrll)e, cOlljinct! to legitimat" lmsilless.


Cheeks of brokers are N,rtifil\r1, in Ill:illy casos, ((}Jj!aJ'fIlfly withollt 'lIly l"¡;¡a ji,,,, tlp,
posits having becn made as Lhe. hasis oi' snch certilicatiolls, thollgh (jf this thero ,ya' llO
lJositive proof, as tho business of th" tlay bd'ore (~:Jd) was \\Titt.'·ll 11P lll'fol'() w .. PI¡(pl't',l
the lmnk, a][(l, of .. ourse, no ill('gal ('('rtiilcutions ",,,re mar\(\ whil() we W('Te thel'e ]oukillg
OU. Among the exchallge~ t" be sellt to the dearill~-houSt\ OH t.}w morlliu¡!; "-1) COlll-
menced tlw exullLillatioll, thcre w,>re, !towever, ROm,) llll('ertilif\ll ehecks on other hallks,
whielt hall heen erellitc<1 to (Iepo,;itors tlw day befon) !IlHl their ('heeks on 81Wh tle·
posits certitied as goO(l.


There was no evidm1flO that the han k was engu.g;('d ill adllally ]()"'dn~ 111' mOlle)-:
but tllat it great.lyai<lc(l tllOse \Vho \Ver(', by tllat 01' ot!ler lllcauH,'daily raisillg th ..
pric(', of gold is proYecl by tlle m1l011nt of eel'tificatiolls .. whieb w('r" as iollowK:


Sept.emher 23, :;;18,727,000, tlw h:mk lll'iug debtor f.o tlle deUI'Íllg-llOUSt' on tlH' ll(·"t
day, $162,000.


Spptemlwr 24, $H, :;00, 000, t.h" hank lwing (\r·htor OH tito llt'Xt tby ~72:1, 000, a lar;.(,·
proportioll of the ebceks certioc(l ]¡eing t.hos,' of tlle priHciplll Oll"rators fOl' a 1'i,-;:, in g·oltL


0:1 the 2Gt.!t, ",!len tlle OpCl';¡tiOll~ in ~"l!l ,,"ere \'{'l'y ligllt, tlw c,'rtilil"a1iowi ,,' .. re
IUei'cl,\" nominal, ,tud the h:lllk W:IH cretlitctl at tite ekaring-llollsO 011 the j(¡IIO\ying bu,,·
incse; dny, (:'Iollllnr, 27th,) $518.000.


'1'11<'. eollaterals helcl f')l' tite loans payablc on demalld ,tri' llof. 01' thc hesl das'. alltl
man,)' of thcm <lo 1I0t seem to lmve auy market. val!w, tItongh tI\('. cashi"r ,']ailllS tItar
tlle l1lar~in at whiel! they aro hcld makes t.hc loalls Sl'CllI'C hCyOlHl a r!ollht,


Hespectfully submitted.


To TITE CmIPTROI~LEU OF '!'HE CUURENCY, Washington; D. C.


A, W_ W'OL\N .
.JNO. P. DlGELOW,
J. W. MAGIWDEH,


Examinas.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 127
No. G8.-Tenth National Bank.·-Settlin] rlerk'8 "fatement, September 24, 18Sa.


1
No.! Banks.


1 Bank of Ncw York, National Banking; Association _ _ _ _____ . _________ _


~ ~~~~l~r¡\~~'~~ ~~l~ti~:~~~{ ri~~;1 k" ~ ~ : : : : ~ ~ ~ : ~ :: ~ ~ ~ ~ : : : ~ ~ : : : : : : ~ . __ .... _ .____ . : : : ~ --. ----...
4 Mechauks' Natiollal Buuk. _____ ... ________ .. _. _. ___ . _. _____ . ____ .. _. _. ____ .. _. ___ .
5 Uuion XatioTIlIl Bauk _ .. ______ . ___ o. ____ ••• ____ • _________ • _____ • ____ •• _
G Bank of A.rnC'ri¡'u . _ _ _ _ _____________ .. __ . _______ . ____ . _ _ _ . ___ _
7 Phenix Xational Dauk. ________ . ___ .. _0 _____ 0_' ___ ••••• _____ • _. _______ o. _____ • __ • _.


1~ ~:·~1~1~~~e~~!~~lti~1~~1 Bank .. ::: :::: - _ ... _ .. - _ .. :::-::::::::. - -_. _ .. -_ .. _. --_ ... ---
11 Fulton ~at,ioual]3allk _.:.___________ ___________________________ _
12 Chemical XationnI Bank _________________________________ - -- ------- -- - - - ---.- -- - - --
13 Mt'.['chautR' Bxchangc National Ilank _____ - ______ - - ____ - -- -_ ---- ----- _____ - - --
14 Gallatitl Nat,itmal Han k __________ .. ___ . ___ . __ - - - - -- ---- - - - - - -- - -- -----
15 Nat.lOuul Butchers'and Dmve't's' B¡mk. ____________ . _ ... ____________________ . _ ... _ ..
16 ~Iechani{~~' amI Traders' Natiollal Bank .. _. __ . - - - - - - . -. - --
18 Leather )!aunt'aetlll'pT'S' Xational B:mk ___ . __ . ___ . _ . ___ . __ . _. - .. __ ... - ___ . _ --
19 8eyput.h \V unl1\" atiollal Ballk . _ _ _ ___ .. - . __ ... _.-
20 Xatioual llan· . .; nf tlw Statn pf }.jpw lork . _____ . __ . ___ . _____ , _ . _____ _
21 .A llwriean Hxdlange N ational Bank _ _ _ _ . - - - - _ .. _ - - - - - - - - -. - - _ ..
23 Kaliona! RlIlk tlf Ctllllmel't:C,___ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _______________ _
25 ~ ation:1l1{roafhva-y Eank _ _ _ _ ________ . _ .. ___ ... ___ .. ____________ _
2H Oel'au XatiollallJank _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ . _______ - - - - - - - -
27 1ú.ercautile Xatioual Hallk _______ . __ . __ ._. ______________ . __ .. __
2~ X",;m¡¡¡] n,lllk of Ihe l{epublic. ____ - _______ . _____ - --- --
30 ChathalUNfit,imla] Bank ______________________________ , _________ .
:H Peolile'sl~ank_ .. -- --.---- -- .. -----.-
:~2 Xa.tional Bank of 1\orth AIlleriea _______ . _. ____ . _ .. _
33 lL.l110YC-r N atitmal .BUllk - _ -
35 ~fdl'npolitall ~atiollalllal1k __
36 ~ational Cítizcns' Bank_
40 Nassrm Banlc._._
42 Market. Kational nank . __
43 se ~it-hola8 Natioua! Ballk
44 National ShOB amI Lcallwl' Hallk. __
45 Coru Exchango Bunk
47 Continnnt.al .N at.ionalllank. _ . _. ____ .
48 )¡ atiollul Bank <lf the Commonwealth . __ .
50 :Ma.rino N at ioual Bank _______ . ___________ _
52 .. A .. tlautic ),l"ational Hank_ __ _ _ _ . _. ______ _
;;3 lmll0r1,er~ am1 Traf1ers' Xationa.l Ballk_.
54 Kational Pal'k Bank
~(i 1I Xat.iolla~l\~l'~~,hallics' Ranking" AssociatioIl ..... ___ . _. _ ..
_J7 Groeers ]\¡¡tu)TIal Hant.:: ___ .. _______ ... __ ... ___ . __ . _. __ ._
3M North Hiv{'l' Bank. .. . .. _ . __ . _. _'" _ . . - _ .. - --
(jI :Fourtll Xati.Jllal Bilnk_ .. ___ . _ .... _. __ .. _
G~ Central Xational Bank .
G4 :Ninll! :Nal ional Ilank_
65 FirRl- Kational Hallk_
6G Thinl National Bank _ I


I
--¡


Debit.


$2. 175, 72~ 17
101. 43;; ~4
33, 85:1 ~l
5~2. fl"n 64


1, U:1\( 320 82
86,982 64


1,014.434 ~5
210, ~t;¡ 04


1, 3,16 ~4
Hi903


1,796 :tri
8~9 13


48,62:\ UD
L :126 tlU


14600
260,941 24


07580
6~1, 15!l m
41J!1, Ofi5 ;j~
~1j4, 009 46


L :l~O 00
l, 4~8 16
{),441 )j7'


16:1, lUo 61
92340


I,:m:¡ 60
~1:J, ·136 R2
9R, 417' fi-l


:no. :~h~6 25
2, 1Hl 09


5:1,lel 4,'
R.(lll m


56: 17t1 ~{n
4.-:d, H¿U 32
C,;W:217 29
90t!,74ij G4


3, -;13, ml8 1:1
31. !1l5 86
l-I, :100 00
10, :301 íj
56,980 90


fH31 ~~d Pi
8:; 0-1


2) 1;")0 22
2,237, í70 :io!


3, !H:l 08
8, -lDD 01


:208 :18
a:1I1,072 42


(j900
~21, OD2 t'1


67 \1 New York Natiollal ExC'llUllgP. Hank .... - ... _. - ....
(j!.l 1 Xc'w York Gold Exthaugn Bank. -.-


I TotaL -- - - - - - - - - - - - - .. ____ : 12,543,810 32
I


nHOKEH,~' IlAL_\XCES.
Stout &. niddn~oll _ . ___ ... - - - - - . - - . -. - - . - - - . - - - , . - - -- - . --. -. - - - ... ---


Golll. _ • __ . ___ - - - - - - - - - - - ,-. - - . - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - . - - - -. - - - . - - - - - - - -
Loekwood &. Davcnport __ .. __ .... -- ______ o. ____ o. __ o, __________ ••• __ •


001([ , ___________ - ___ --.--- ---- .----- ---- -----. ---- ------ --- ---
-- Meyer .. ___ .. ___ .. _. ____ ---- ---- ---- ------ ---- ------ ---- ---- ----


GO](1- _ •• __ .. - - - - - • - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - --' - - - - - - - - - - . - • - - . - - - • - -. - . - -
FranJe &., Bros ____ .. _____ ..... _ - - - - . - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - - - - - - .. - - - - - - . - - - - .


GoltL _______ -. __ .. -. _ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --. - - - - - -. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
.J.&. ·W. Seligman ---- ------ ---- ___ o ---- ____ o. ____________ • __________ o
Smith, Goultl, Martin &. Co ___ . _____ .. - - __ - .. - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - --. - - - --
R. lIatch &. Co ___ . __ . - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --. - - - - - - - - --
\Ym. Heath &. Co. __________ . ___ - - - .. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - -. -. - - - - - .. - - - --
-- Killllml1 ___ ... ____ .. , ___ o. ____ .. ____ . __ ... _____________________ ._
H. L. IIorton, ___ o. _ ----- ---- -- -- --- --- -.- -. -. -- -. - -- - --. - -- - --. -..•• -
E<lward Livcrmorc __ . _____ -____ . _ ... _ - - - - - -. - - - - - - - - - -. - - -- .. - - -. - ...
A. 'V. SlHlppard . _. ______ - - - . - - . - - - - - - - - - - - - .. -- - - .. - . - .... - - - - - . - . - .. B. &. D. Chapín ______ . _______ o. _________________________ ••.... , ..•. -.
Kitltl, Piercc &. Co _ _ _____________________ . _ .. _ ... _ .............. - .. --
Souttcr &. eo ___ .. _ .................................. : ........ -... ---.


$87,025 :!:!
66,363 04
:12,412 18
14 253 82
19;34831
2:~, 08;; ;;5
2,28400


96,96497
24a,7:l855
25,00000


130,796 11
2M, 705 (il
4:~, .,40 46
52,7:32 25
38,678 fí6


370, :{H8 91
2,96793




128 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Eü\val'd Ta u8ig _ . _____ . _ . _______ .. ______________ . __________ . _____ . ___ _
--I:'>llodiet ________________________________ o. __ .. _____________ • ___ _
Jo;. Dzolltli . _____ . - _ - - - _____________________ . _________ . _________ . ____ _
H. 'Iv. Martiu,jl'., & 00 ___ o. ______________ o. ___ ••• ___ o ______ • __ •• ____ _


Gol<1 _________ . ___________________ • _. ___ . __ . __ o ________________ _
El1 \V unl F. Rouk ___________ . ______ . _____ . _________________ . _________ _
Heed, Leo &, Oont,cnt - . ___ . _____ . _____ . ___ .. ___ . __ . __ . _ . __ . __________ .
Hoyt &; GarÜJlcr __ . _ - __ . ____ .. _. ___________________ . ____ o ___________ _
-- Qnilllllan ________________ o. ____________________________________ o.
.,_ K_ Ewdl ____________________________________________ . ______ . ___ . __
W_ G. "\Viley . _______________________________________________________ _
Fitch &, Bowen . _______________ . ____ . __________________ . ____ ... _____ .
~IaI'till, ~Iaas & 00 _________________ . ____ . ___________________________ .
La \ en hnrg '-\:, Bro ___________________________________________________ _
-- \Virtll. ________________ . _______ . ____ .. _________ . _ . ______________ _
Gilltor, Ouhluit & eo _____ .. ____ o ••••• _ •• ____ •• ___ •• ____ •• _. ____ • ____ _
L. G. Flol'ftllce _____________________________________ . ___________ . ___ ._
--;\larkham _________ . ____ .. ____ . _. ___ .. ___________ . ______________ _
Gcor¡!;c 'V. J\IcLeau ____________________ . _____________________________ _
.T. T. Rollills ____ . _____ . ______ . _____________________ . ______ . _____ .. ___ _
.J no. A. RistoTl. _______ . ___ . ______ . ______ .. __ . ____ . ____ . __________ . ___ _
Spc,I'ers & ~f--- ___________ ... ____ . ______________ . ________________ _
í'nydl11l1 & Yinccllt. ____ . _______________ .. ____ . __ . __ . ____ .. _____ . ____ _
B. F. KClldall ____________ . ___ : __ . ____ .. _. __ ._ .. _ .. _ .. _______________ _
t>--- &. Nason _____ . ____________________________ . ____ o. _ .. ___ . ____ _
---, 'IV cRten-eH &; 00 ______________________ .. ___________ . ____ . _____ _
"\\'bilab'r & E---_______ o •• ___ • ____ •• ____________________________ _
Bolles & 00 ____________ o. ______ o. __ o. ____ o. ____ o. ____ ._ ...... __ . ____ _
Keop & Co _________________ . _ . _________ . ___ . . ___ . ______ . ___________ _
-- Mi tchcll _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____ . __________________________________________ _
--Mills ____________ . _______________ . ___________________ . _________ _
'Vm. r. Ellory __________ . __________ . ______________ o. ____ • ____ • _. ____ _
-- "\Varel_. _________ o. ______________________________ o. ___ • _________ _
p--- & Brcwstcl' ________________________________ .. ______ o. _______ _
1\ational Stock Exchallg'c ____ . _____ . _________________________________ _


= ~~~~~;l~n_~(~l~ ~: ~ ~ ~ ~: ~.~ ~: ~ ~: ~ ~:: ::::: ~ ~::: ~ ~ : ~ ~: ~::: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~:: ~".:: ~:::
-- J aeksoll _____________ . _____________ . ___ . _______________ . ________ _
--Nathall __ o. _________________________________ • _____ .. ____ ... ____ _
-- IIaualmrg' __________________ .' __________________ ' ___ , _____ .. ___ . __
-- Fl'ieclmall _____ o, _____ .. _____ • _______ • _____ • __ • _________________ _
K .1. Hanks ________________ . ____ . _________________ .. ___________ . ____ _
-- I~""ea,rillg' __________________________________________ . ______________ ' _
E. C, Stedman, _ _ _ _ _ _ ____________ . _____ . ____________________________ _
1). 13UI'I'~t~ __________________________________ . ________________________ _
F. H. bwith ____________ .. ________ .. __ .... __ .. _______________________ _
-- 'Valter~ ______________________________ - _______ - ___ - _' ___ . ________ _


c. ~. n. Wetzlal' .. ____ .. ____________ .. __ . ___ .. _______________________ _
1\. H. MCSSell¡!;cr. _______________ .. __________ .. ________ . _________ .. ___ _
Ho hert Wa]le]' _ .. ________ .. _______________ .. _____ .. _________________ _
-- S:'ll'gellt ____ , _____ o. ____ o. ___ . _. ___ • _ .. ____________________ • ____ _
B. P. MUllroc ____ , _____________________ . _________ , - - - - - - _________ - _ - __
E. Lambel't &Co ______________________ .... __ . ___ .. _______________ .. __
S. ll. Hanl _ . ______________________ , ____________________ , _________ . __ _
L. Joseph ' _________________ , _______________ . ____ , _ . _ - - __ . , ____ .. ____ _
M. Frank & Co .. ____________________ .... ___________________________ _
Albert Aub __________ . _________ .. ___________________________________ _
-- 'IV hite ____________________________ ... _____________________ .. ___ _
(j. l~l'ttlJ 1i: __________________ . , _____ • _ . __ .... _________________________ _
C, F. Pfciffcr ___ .. ________________ .. ____ '" __________ .. _. __________ .. __
-- HalL _______________________________ , _________________ . ________ _
-- Jn~l.\--n _. _________ . ____________________________________ . ________ _


-- LiYin¡!;stou _, _____________________ . _____________________________ _
S. A. JOHeph ________________________________________________________ _
-- Oollen ________ . ________________________________________________ _
-- Stebhins ______ .. __________ .. ____ . _____________________ .. _______ _
-- Yelvertoll _________________ .. _ .. ___ ... ____ .. ____ .. ______________ _
Shepanl & 00 __ . _____ . ____ ... __ . _________ . _________ . _____ . _____ . ____ _
1\. (~. }Jo. SlH>',Yl~rs ____________ . __ .. ________________ o. ''''00>. ________ •• ____ _
\Vetter & J--. _________ .: __ .. __________ ...... _ ... __ .. _ .. _____ .. __


$1R, 893 !l1
82,7U:¡ 49
20,ü3777


110,508 O:;
14,02:; 93
21,(WJ -14
26,G1421


7, ü:~9 82
4?, 7~;i :¿~
1.),0/4 t;ü
;,IJ, UfJ4 H8
4, ü5:¡ :,7


:i 1 ,B;):~ 77
.)., 218 '-'1 ~~: 961 ó:¡
1, :l¡¡fi H:J


] 1, 8flG 78
27,Hfi'2 ;28
15, 2;,;) R~
5,47G :lG


12,Gi:l (JO
2ii,(JOO 4a
11,149 8(i
n,424 (;2
1,77:3 79
., "41 U')


1 i': :;2(i 90
14, :10;; 02
lG, H80 R2
20,73:¡ 18


G,047 :W
1H,7:H 04
1,454 :.18
],412 W
7,989 2:1
G,4:l9 29
!), \):14 7:l
4,523 SI


417 17
70 48


170 79
1, (;~,(; 52


321 47
H[,fl ()¡
948 17
22 1i


58800
14000
s:n 08
Wi< 42
1[,1 ()7
8.~G 41
(;2~, 118
25:¡ 2~


12 !).¡
79(j 2tl


7 06
7:;9 02


1,029 W
2:~H 7íi


1,257 1:;
Hl 12
27 (JO


G17 91;
34(21)
;lHl 4H


3,:3W 72
141 05
:12S 01


4,07;3 ;10




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


Stokcs& S--' ____________________________ o _______________________ _
--~ieholH ________________ o. ______________________________ . __ ,, __ . __ _
lIall & G-- __________________________________________ . __________ _
Suudry aCCOll11ts ____________________________________________________ _
--13ukmull ____________ o. _________________________________________ _
Bacon lIro~. & í:ltarr ________________________ . ________________________ _
-- ARhley ____ . ____________________________________________________ _
-- Quinun (gold) _______ . ____ . ____________________________________ __


129
$19,9227U
53,108 03
9,28271
1,tiB1 :n


5 00
1 00


1,00000
100,00000


2, 261, 649 9:1
40,92(1 11


2,220,72:1 8.8


G('llera llr,llgel' ______ . ___ . ___ . ________________________________________ 82, 221, ,12:\ R2
lIrokcrs' Jedger __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ _ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ 2,220, n:l 8S


'700 00


• Se(l aCCollut of Killluall & Co., ledger 2, p. l1t1t!.


. WASHÍl'WTO:--í, D. C., .]anuary :n, 1870.
HIClLum S0IIELL i::lWOl'll ::md examined.


By the CHAIR'\fAK:
Questioll. State yonr oceupation and place of Imsiness.-Am.;wPl'. 1


am a broker, at No. ¡¡o 'Van strert, ~ew York City-at least 1 alll
called a 1l1'okcl'. nIy business is rathel' that of a speeulator.


Q. \Vere yon ellgaw~d in business as a 01'01\:,,1' during tlte lllOllth of
Sept(,ll1bel'?~A. 1 was specnlating.


Q. 'V('re you engaged in dealing in gold during that mOllth ?-A.
No,sir.


Q. Are 'yon aeenstolllct1 to dl'alillg in gold '?-~.\.. very seldom.
Q. '\~t'l't' .r0lL familiar with tIle lllovement ill gold dUl'ing the montIl of


SeptemlJel'?-,\. ;'fotllillg more than to hear the general ne\\'f; oí' thp
Stl'l~t't.


Q. A l'e yon fmniliar with the effi.\d oí' that lllon'mellt on tIte general
business of ;{cw YOl'k ?-A. I amo


Q. State to tlle c()Illmitü~n from .ron1' kllowlec1ge of business in ~ew
York whut \\'as tIle general eft'cet OH tlte hllsinpss of the conntry of that
lllowment in goll1.-A. It cheeked thc whole lmsiness of t11e eountry.


Q. 1<'01' how long a tillle'?-A. Flllly ten days, alld afterwanl it had
abad ctl:'cl't in llepreeiatillg' the valne of stoek.


Q. Has that lJlHI eft(,et ecasetl at this time, 01' 11o yon Rtill think it is
illfineul'illg' business ~-A. \Ve are Rtill feelillg tlle effeets of it.


Q. Iu whut wnX did it affed. lJn¡,:ine:-ls injuriollsly 'l-A. By breakillg
ilp firms amI b1't'al,ing n}) eOlllldenec.


Q. Dill it, resnlt in :1 larg(' 10ss to persolls engaged in legitimate busi-
lles~; '?-A. It dill Oll \Val! street to speenlatol's alld broke1's.


Q. Di.l it affeet injuriOllf.;l,y lllerehants amI othe1'S gellnrally"?-A. I
shonl.l tllink it tIid.


Q. 'Yhat <lo yon llllder:-;tand to be tlw canse 01' this ex1I'aordinary rise
iu gold '? \Vas it tl1(' legitimate result of pro]1e1' alllIlügitimate business,
01' was it bl'Ollght ubont by artificial lllPansf-A. By artificial illeans
i::loll'ly; l)y speenl:ttive lllovements. Tt,,-as 11011e for the pnrpose of
lllal¡:illg a eOl'lH'r, as is generall,y believed, on the strcot, anel as appears
011 tIte faee of it.


H. Hep. 31--9




130 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
(¿. State frOlll your knowledge of bmüness if it is clear to you that it


was au artificial thillg prodllccd on pnrpose by somebody for the pUl'-
pose of affecting the price of gold.-A. There is no douht abol1t it.


Q. Prom yonl' extensive ¡l(~(l'uti1l1allee wit,h public men, state whether
.von know any ofticer of tite go,-ermneut of the United States beillg
(lireetIy Ol' illdil'eetly concemed in t11i8 gold lIlOWlIlellt "1-A. 1 do not
kllow oí' ally offiml' being eOllecrued !1il'eetly or imlireetly.


Q. Are you persollally aetlnaillted with t11c leading officcrs of the
Ullited States in New York ~-A. Yes, sir.


Q. 'Vollld yon be likeIy to haye kllown if they hall lwen thus cu-
gnged?-A. 1 thil1k 1 wouId .


. By ::VII'. S}ITTH:
Q. State whether in yonr opinion the1'e is any way to llreYCnt such


eomhination8 to bring abont sneh l'esnIts 'i-A. 1 haye an impression
that if the clearing-honse in gold were brokell np cntirely, amI hn8iness
;:llowed to go 1mck to its proper eourse on tIte 8tl'eet, it wonlll check
i lwse large operations in gold.


Q. Are yon familiar with tbe operations oí' the Go1<l ]~xchaIlgp
Bank 'I-A. ~o, si.r; uot mucho


Q. Are J'ou familiar witll its histol'y, wlwll it ol'iginated, &c.'?-A.
Xo, sir.


Q. State to the committee whether in your judgmellt tIte Gol(l Ex-
dmnge llallk is llPcpssary to the lpgitiltlate lm."üw8¡'; of tram;actions in
~;'()1(1 ~-A. 1 ¡.;hOllld tIlink it was noto


(l. Do ,rou trausad ,ronr lmsi¡¡ess theough it ~-A. 1 801l10tinw8 (10 a
little lH1sil1PSS il1 gold tl11'Ollgh t1w hl'okel's, an(l r presume they carry
OH their transactiolls throngh tile dcarillg-hon,;e.
(~,. State, frolll yonr kno\rlNlge or LIle lHlsinrss in ~ew York, "'lwthel'c


i'l yonr jutlgmcllt, tlle Oo1d Exehange Bank, in its cIearing-department,
giYcs üleilit:es to these men to get n]) snch a corner, :md whetlwl' they
eonld ha,-e done it so easHy if tIle1',' Iw41 beca !lO Gold Exdmngl' Bank t-
A. 1 do llot t1tillk t1tpy conld han' (lOlW it at a11 if there had bee!l llO
elearing de]lurtment. "


Q. State to tlw eommittep yonr reasous rOl' that 0llilliOIl,-,,\. Fo]'
instanee, 1 aUl 11 hl'okpl', aud lmy amI seU g'ol(l. Tilo tl'allsactiollS an::
"cttlctl tllrough tite clearing-llol1sc, aml throngh tltat medinm 1 can
probably buy a lllillioll 01' gold 011 Jlye 01' t,vcnty thousan(l dollars
(~al'ital. A settlclllüllt of all tlle trallsaetioJls of tIte day is madc up,
and tlle diftel'ellCeS, often amonnting to very littIc, are tIlen RPttlP!l.
Let me say that Oile of the best jwlgcR in reganl to this lllattel' i11 Xc\\"
YOl'k is \Villiarn U. Dunean.


By }\fr. Jmms:
Q. You state that tbis gold bank was pl'odnced in tllP inten'st of a


certain class 01' persons; \rito Wf'I'P 1l1'OmÜlPllt, in tltat dass'i-,,\. 1110
not kIlO\\" of llly OWIl knowlctlge. 1 can ten .ron what rumors are OH th('
:,freet"


Q. "Vho haye you reaSOll to helie,-e ,,"(,l'e lllost pl'omincntf-A. 1 haH'
llO l'eason 1.0 beJieve anything cxce]lt frolll rumor.


By tIte CHAIR;\UN :
Q. llow was t11e gold lHlsinpss, ill K cw York, tmnsacted during tlle


iH'riod in whieh this Gol(1 Exehange Bank rcmaiued suspended a±'trI'
t he panie 't-A. 1 do not know.


Q. Do ;yon know whether there \Vas any difliculty iu transaeting bnsi-




GOLD PANIC. INVESTIGATION. 131
ness in consequence of that suspension ?-A. No, sir; 1 think there was
noto


By 1\11' .• IONES:
Q. ·Ware the priccs of stock afIccted in proportion to the riso and faU


of gold Y-A. Yes, sir; the panie in gold eaused a terl'ific panic in
StodUl.


Q. Why was that '?-A. It wcakened a good many firms who were
spccnlators in gold amI stocks, amI they \Yere obliged to foree their
stoekR on tlle market to make up their dilJerellces.


Q. Statc whether this movemcnt in gold. hall any effeet upon the
yolmne of eurrene;y available for actiye business purposes '?-A. It took
a great deal of money ü:om active husiness purposes to carry this gohl.
They eamc i!lto the market as biüdel's fol' tmUClwy at high rates.


By the CHAIlü~IA:'< :
Q. Did the.v pay higher rates [01' money thall were paid hy pel'sons in


legitilllflte lmsillessf-A. 011, yeso
Q. AmI to that extellt kept it away from the legitimate ehaullels of


bllsiuess.-A. Yeso


,y ASHINGTON, .Tanuary 22, 1870 .
• JAY GOULD SWOl'n amI cxaminc(1.


By tllfl OHAIR1TAN:
Qucstion. State your rc¡;;iclence alld place of bnsilless.-Allswel'. N ew


York; my lmsiness is l'ailroacliug amI steamboating.
Q. State whetller ;yon are cllgaged in au;r otlle1' bllsin8ss~-A. 1 am


Ilot ellgagf'd in any otIle1' business. lltave a, ltouse ill 'VaH stl'eet, lmt
1 do llOt do lmsilless tltel'e. T am a mem1Jer of Smitb, Gouhl, )ínrtill
& Co.


Q. 111 (mIel' to get tIw Ü'utlt out, IIlllYe drawn np a list of qncstiolls
leacliug in tllO direetiolt in whieh 1 dosiro to get testimony. ,y ere ;ron
familiar with tlte doings in an(l tlle pl'ice 01' gold during the rnouth of
~ell1.elllbpl' la8t'?-A. Yes, sir; 1 have bepn ütllli1ial' "ith the priee of
p;old 1'01' tIte last t,,'o yeal's .
. Q. í believe yon stated, befúre the grandjury in New York, Ihat )1(\88rs.
'Yoodward alld !Cimbel' and Ccrbin we1'(,· m;sociated "ith yon, ill Septem~
ber last, in atlvaJICillg' t11e priec oí' gold '?-A. 1 do 110t umle1'stand that
they w{'re assoeiatcd ,,,ith me. lUr. !Cimber sold cxchange for one
foreign honse, th8 hOUS8 oi' StCl'll Brothe1's, alld he wonhl huy goId wlten
he thongllt it was eheap, with a view of selling exchange against it in
tlle futuro. So far as he was ever connectecl with me it ,vas lllerely his
l'lltertaining ihe sallle general vimn; as 1 did as to the tiItllre eourse oí
tlIe COllIHIO<lity. At tlmt time he hall no gohl with me, that was in the
pool, so to speak. 1\11'. 'Voodwanl had ROIlH\ gold. \Yhether he so](l it
prior to the last lllovemellL 01' llot, 1 (10 lIot know. I lIever exehangecl
a wonl with hil1l 011 tlw SlÜ\jeet.. \Ve bong-ht gold togetltel', flnd each
·wonld take !tis own gold and pay fúr it. The 1'eaS011 we bought it
togethC'l' was that ir two 01' tlm~e pal'ties were ill tIte llla1'ket lmying'
golrl nt tIte same time thcy wonId biel it n]); but if only one party bid
fol' the who1e, he won1<1 buy cIteap. This was the reaRon why we bought
it together amI dividetl it pro rata.


Q. 'Yas the sllggeRtioll fol' this mOYelllent first lllade by }fr. vVood~
",'arel to ~'on ?-A. Xo, sir; 1 neyel' hall ally cOllversation with him
alJout au,\" lllO\"(>llleut Íll gold.




132 GOLD PANlC I~Vf:STIGATIO~.
Q. vVItcn did you ilrst hcgiu to huy 12.'0](1 lal'gl'ly?-A. 1 bonght go1:1


along i.n the sjll'illg. BI1~itlC'S8 gol n~ry ü¡¡ll a t"ter tlw illrtugnl'ation.
Goltl WCllt <1rnrn to abont thirty alld HtoPlled tIté mOn"lllC¡Ü oí' Pl'OÜll('('-
OHr business i1\ COllSPclu011CC 1'e11 off ve1'.\· llludl. 1 \H'lll in amI put gold
up. TIte bears soId goh1 (10Wll OH thc inangllratioll oi' 1'1'C'SilkllL ünmt
auü the appointmcnt of MI'. Stewal't as Seel'etar,y oí' tlw 'l'l'easlll'y. 1
too k it at tlteir price and put it np foUl' 01' fin: pe!' (,ClIt., whieh stal'tNl
IIp lmsillpss a liítlf>, and 1 sold my gol<l out. 1 sold il a bout April 01'
:Ji ay, Othel' partil's took hold 01' it amI l~mTiel1 gold np to a hont 4:! 01'
4:J. 'l'bat \Vas shortly after ::\elr, Boutwell ,vas al'POillted. lIe \\'ent in
amI ihl'ew a large amount 011 the lIlHl'k(>t, taking in grecllhaeks 1()]' it
all<l llIaking HlOlle,r Ye1'y !-lt1'illgl'nt. 'l'hat !-ltoPlll'(1 bn::ülll's,,; tite ¡-\l'cOJ!ll
time, aud it got so that we were not doing' ullything. Thell 1 \V('llt in .(
sl'cond time, Tlmt must haye heCll in ,J ul\" 01' Au~m;t. 1 W<'lIt iJl witll
a YÍew nfputting gold up. At tlwt time {lte filet\nm estahli,,]¡('<1 tlw\
\Ve had an i.mmellse lwrn~st, an<l that thel'e was going tn he [¡ lurge >:iUl'-
plus of hl'eadstuffs, eitller to rot nI' to 11(, expOl't(>(1. I hall a ('ar('flll
examiuatioll madp, [¡1H1 1 fonlHl that wit1l gold :tt ·W or 45, Alll('l'iclllS
wouId snppIy tIw English market with hreatlstnff!-l; llllt Ihat it wonld
l'equire gold to be at that prÍe0 to equaIize our higlt-l'l'ic!'d labor alld
OUl' 1'a11 transportatiol! witlt tlle' 100\"]l1'Í<'(>(] la hol' H!HI thl' ,yate]' tTHIIN-
l)ortatioll frolll tlw J\Il'<litel'1'i\lle:lll. \Yith gold belo\\' 40 we eonl\! 1l0t
export, but ,,-ith gold abo\-e 4;) we \\'onld get the trade.


Q. now <lid .ron make that caleulatioll'~-A. I11udl oi' m,r iufol'luatioll
1 got fl'Olll a gelltlemall H'l'Y eOnH'l'"allt \rith tImt lmsluess, \y!lo lla:1
originally iutrodueed Amerü;au pl'Odnee i.11 Englallll-:\Ir. JauwR .:\l(~·
IIenry-allll \\'ho hall Slwut all1lo¡..;t lJiN \\"hol(~ lii'p in st\HIyillg it in tomo
petitioll with tlw Greek amI ::\Iel1iterr<lucan Ilroüuce, 1 got lIly 1ignn's
Ú'om him, 1 got him to gin' me ahont il!p hasis npoll ,Yhieh \YC \\'ouId
gct the Lradp. \Ve tig-Ill'ell it at aholit ,W to et;¡. 'rlwt \H' eOllsÍdf'l'(,Ü
the true eOllllnel'eÍal pl'Íee of gohl. That \Yas a }1l'iee \"hieh "'onhl giY(~
_A nWl'iCall pr0l1nee a ll1<ll'ket a brond, ~


Q, Ho\\' will t11e rise in golü gin: ~\.llll'l'it:l!l llI'()(lllce tIw fO]'('ÍgIl llIi!1"-
kd?-A. The fanllf'1'8 "\Yl,,,t ar(' }lrt'tr," l'ieIJ, mul tlle,\" NdI Ytry l'dne·
t:llltly lIuless tIle.') get a 111'oüt HPOll tlll'ir lH'otlnctN. IJa bol' l!lHl mil
tran"llOl'tatioll are higll, amI rathpl' tLl<lll lIo lmsillpss at a lo;;s tlwy wi1l
ll't tllCil' produce lie; hut as t1w pI'iee óf golll gO('8 IIp the }l1'iee oí' wlt('at
goP~; up, ]".aNt Spl'illg, \rhCll tl]e tleel'etal',\ ,.;old gold, \"e lwd in OlW day
onIl'l's stoppell fol' 4UO ears t l!;¡ t \H'l't' onll'I'Pü- toship graill. TIte Nale oí'
gold fell likn a ll:dl U[1011 tite eountl''y, .in,.;t as this la"t ltlo\"ellWllt Itas
fallí~ll. .En'!'\" r,;ilroaü lllan kno\Y;-; that Lhe whole lllOyelll('ut frolll the
\Vest now is HtopPC(1. (luId wellt (1m,"]} ill .Tnly to abont ;)1 Ol' ;¡~" amI
lll.r idea was to lmt gol(1 U]) to about JO 01' 4i>, not highel'.
(~. \Vhen <li,l the Septelllbpl' lllOH'lllPut lwgill, !'iO tÚl' as yon werc ('OlI·


eerlled el_A. }Iy onl,r fuI," in lmyillg' '\'as to 1my \y11('11 gol<I (kdilll'(I
hclow a ceriaill pl'if:P, ,IlHI to sell when it rese aIJoH' a eertain 1'1'i ('(' ,


Q, \VhCll di,1 ~·ou hegiu tn huy J;¡l'gdy :-A. 1 bOllght in tltp rore
pm t oí' Septembcl' amI iu tll(~ la:-;t of ..:.\ ngnst.
,q, 'l'o WhOlll <lid .ron giw Ol'Ül'l'H to lmy 1-A, 1 do BOt T('polll'f't; to


(hffürent broke1'8. T gayc no llersoual onh'1''', 1 gan~ tlw or([el'~ t hrough
my hOll~e, hut they ,vere distl'ilmtell. 1 tllill k tll() 1ll0:st of 1ll,Y llllsille:s~
\Yas done tItrough C1lallin and \Yillanl.


Q, vVere Chapin amI 'YillanI ill (,olllpally "?-A. No. llat tlw 1I1'Okl'rs
then' are a lot of specnlatol','i, all(l \Y]¡Cll a lllall goe:-; ¡nto the lIlal'ket
wllo they thillk bas "Ollle ]10\\"('1', they \nlí.eh llilll, amI ir he gin'~ thelll
an o1'de1' to hn'y a hundred tllOl1Salld ([011. 1,1':5, tlH'.Y \Vil! nn:it huy tln'l'l' 01'




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 133
four hun<lreu thommnd dollars 'on thei1' own acconnt; so, in order to
eoneeal the movement, we would sometimes give an order to sell while
\Ve were really huying.


Q. Tú ,,,,110m pJ¡.,n, besides Chal)in amI Willard, <lid yon give orders to
lmy'?-A. It appenrs to me tilat a ::Ur. Ellm; hall some on1ers; Ido IlOt
know his gin~ll name.


Q.Any oue e]se "/-A. I do llot reeolled ally otile!'.
(~. To whom else, HO far as yon rceollect, did yonr til'm give orders"?-


A. Ido not recolloct anv 01her.
Q; Did Y011, when Sll~ith, Gonld, JUartill & en., anc1 other firllls \Vere


lmying gold for you, also sel! gold occasionally"?-A. Yes; 1 was selliug
a11 th e ti][l e.


Q. That is, after buying a largo mnonllt yon gene rally sold ~-A. I
cOllunenced sclling at thirty-tive aud i'>ohl all tJ¡e time.


Q. 'Vollld rOll sa,'" that gellel'ally through the latter part of Augw,t
nlld tho tin.;t three wcoks of ~cptelllbel' ;ron alld your tirm, 01' .ronr brokers
f()l' you, bou¡.:;ht allllOst en'r.r day more gold than yon sold dnrillg those
threp weeks oí' Se]ltel~b('d-A. 1 glless they soh1 lI10l'e thUll tlley
bonght.
(~. Talee tIle tive weekH E'tH1ing tlle :2:3d of September, alld how was


it ~-A, 1 do uot beliüYü t]¡en~ \Yas a dill'erenee of o\'e1' a milliOIL between
tIJe ]lUrehases alld sales 101' the ,,"holo pt'1'io(1.


Q. Did you have a general kllo\Yledge of tlto;.;e 0llerations yonrseln-
1\. Y<,s, sir; 1 hall a genE'ral kTlo\Vledge of thelll.


Q. \Vas a (bily statement preparo(] in tIte ofliee of ;ronr firrn, showing
the fimomü;.; ot' gold purehaseü b,V tilo tlitl-'I~1'ellt broker;.;, the amonnts
HO](], ~l,Ud the amollnts loalled, alLd tlle persolls to w1l0m loaned '~-A.
Xo; 1 carried the \Vhole thing in my he~l(l, wlmt 1 Imew ahout it.


Q. Bid yon keep 110 lJooks of thoso transactiolls, llar han'\ Hny kept Z-
A. ~o, sil'; 1 never kept a hook in my life.


Q. \Vcn~ 110 Rtat.emellts prepared fal' yon fmm time to time, amI the
l'f'S¡¡}tS oi' tlJose pnreha;';"H alld sales aud loans OOll1llLHuieated to yon '?-
A, No, sir; 1 do uot reeollcet aTly.


Q. Uow did yon know when the hrokers míHlp trallsaotions for yon
wlmt the mUúullts werer-."-. Por illstmlee, oue hl'okpr sold a million
and lInotlLer bonght $ÜOU,OOO, thcl'e was 8100,000 left to begill with the
next day.


Q. You simply took a note of tIle differell(~e!-A. 'fhat was all. If
;\"on Ul](lertook to write up snoh a tlting as that in a book, it would take
a vel'y largo book. A good many oí' tllOse tran8a.ctiolls arc lllerely
l)fl il'eü off.


Q. BxphLin wlmt yon nlPall hy pail'ing olH-A. 'ro illnstratr~ it, gold,
\Ye will say, is nt 4-0k. A broker goes in alul huys half lt million nt 40k.
r n tiJe eOlU'"e of tlw (lay it will get IIp to a qnarter, alul ]w wiH sell haIf
oi' it at that pl'iee, amI oue-half at the same priee he got it at.. He will
go tn t lw broker to \Yl1Om lw sold at 40~- and Hay, "1 bonght this moru-
illgo fol' A, $:WO,OUO at 4-0~, r will pair oíf with J'on." 'l'hat settles the
trallsactioll without going throngh the elearillg-Ilouse.


Q. Tlmt woulrl ml'l'cly sItow ou tlle books witllont bE'iug a real trans-
aetion?-A. Uel'tainly.


Q. \Vhat was t11e Íarg'est amoullt tltat yon amI yonr firm, alld those
assoeiateü with yon, hdd 01' coutrolled abont tIte middle of Septem-
1)('1' m' a t any time in Septem 1)(']' "I-A. 1 eanllot sayo It would have
heell ROllle milliolls.


Q. \Vas it uot abollt tit'tY-six milliolls 011 the :3:2f1 of Septemher ~-A.
No, sil'. '"




134 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. lIow near that !-A. It was some milliolls, lmt mueh ]ess tban


that.
Q. How lIl11ch Iess should yon suppose"I-A. T sllOnld thiuk that huIf


of that would be a 1arge figure.
Q. But did .rou llOt kllmy how much .YOlL m\'ned al1ü cOlltrolled ?-A.


}rot from melllory. 1 have had large transactions since, amI they han'
passed out of my milld.


Q. Am1 have yon no momorandulll to show it '?-A. No, sir; uot a par-
ticlc .~


Q. lIow much gold alld gold certificates do yon estimate that thl'l'l'
,ms iu aU New York, ontside ofthe treasul'y, 011 the :l:ld of Septemher?-
A. T think therfl \Yere about sixteen 01' eighteell milliolls. r thillk
tlwre were about eightecu millions oí' eertifieates ont~tallding, and th('1'(,
were about two 01' three millions of' that seatteretl in Boston aml
Baltimore antl Philadelphia, nsed in the ordinal'y eourse of Íl'alls-
aetions there, whieh IYere issned frOllL the New York sub-treasnry.
Then there \Yas more 01' less goId that ,yas in ,-¡mlts amI wIJieh wou!ll
haye come out. Belmont had a lot oi' donbloolls, amI ¡.;ome othor hOllSl'¡';
had a lot 01' dOllOloous, whieh tltey wOllld lUtH' cOllYC'l'ted int.o cel'tili-
eates if golc1 had beeome searee, but gold \Yas Bot Kem(~n nt auy timp.


Q. Takillg' tlw gold eel'tiiieates and the golc1 nltogethcl', 1\ot COllUtillg
the sub-treasnr:r, how mneh do you thillk \Vas in Xew York nt tllat
time ?-A. 1 sbould Slly t11ero \Yero aJJollt f'onrtecu lIlilliollS oí' gold eer-
tificates, aud 1 thillk tllat t11ere were abont tltree 01' f'01ll' lllilliom, 01' gol(l,


Q. You ,yould say, thell, that thel'c werp uot more titan twenty lllilliom;
of gol(] eertilleates and gold together ?-A. Xot ove1' th:ü. Some 01' thp
3Iontrea1 ballles scnd gold dowll to Xew York. They are largo spp('\lla
torso They th1'ow gold Oll the ll1a1'ket the1'e and eOllYCI't it iuto eertiíi-
ea tes.


Q. At the close of business OH the ~~d of Scptember yon hehl 01' ('Oll-
trolledmore gold tItan there was in the (~ity, nutside oftlw ~ub-treasnr'y '!-
A. Yps sir, 1 think 1 did.


Q. 'Yhen :ron bonght fi \'e or ten or elcyen milliolls of gol(l, dill YOH
ha\~e money enoug'h to pay t()l' so Ial'g'e au amonllt oí' g'old!-A. No, "íl·.
(~. How did yon pay 101' it Y-A. Tlle foreigll ballkillg-llOllscS amI a


gOOlI mally private gelltlemell were 11eavil.y sltort of gol(1. That is, tllpy
had sold gold, expecting to 1my it in at a dedine. They hall oye!' sold
tIte lllal'ket. The.r too k this golll ancl cal'1'ied it. Tt took no mone~' to
carry it: For in:;;tallee, your friem1 Oll tIte lett is shol't a millioll oí'
gold alld yOl! are my broke1'. 1 tell yon to go amI huya million of go1d.
Yon go and hu.r it, and 1 ten .ron to loan that ont. YOll go to t!mt gen-
tleman who is sho1't, and he borrows it [rom you am1 pays :ron tlle
market price of it. It takes no mOlley. lt takps merely creüit to emT~'
it. But if you malee a eorner in gold, if ,ron make goJIl searee, the11 it
takes moncy, he(~anse yon han' to take tIte goltl out or the mHrket. TlIpll
it becomes like bnyillg a hUllllred eal'goes 01' grain; yon haye to lmy fol' it.


q. Then 1 understand that as soon as yon hougltt gol!! you loallell it
to pal'ties who ",ouId gi\'f~ currellcy [01' i.t ?-A. Yes, sir.


Q. Did HOt ,)'our brokcrs 1eml tJw w]¡ole oí' t11(\ gohl bonght fol' :ron a:-:
soou as it was bought '?-A. AH that ,ve could \Yas IOllllPd out. 1 gaye 01'-
der" to make goId as plellty as they (~oulü.


q. To w110m was it IOHllCd?-A. To tIle bea1's, to the foreign ballkillg-
}¡onsps, and to some large opel'ators.


Q. 'Yas it loalled to t,he shol'ts '?-A. Yes. sil'.
Q. "Vhat do people gCllcrally hOl'row g'olll tOl' ~lS a lm¡.;iness transac-


tioll now earried on in New York ~-A. Becan¡.;e tItey are sllOrt 01' it.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 135
Q. Tl1at is, they borrow it to meet the engagemCllts that they haye


already made 1-A. Certainly. They borrow it to offset specnlative
sales.


Q. Tlloy borrow it !Jecanse they ha,-e sold what thf'y dül not have?-
A. That ifl it. Tllat is w:hat produces aH tlle great tlnctuations in tho
market.


Q. If tllerc wcre on1y twenty millions of gold in ~ew York, ana if yon
bonght abOllt thü'ty, was it 110t eYidont tl1at yon1uHI honght nt Ieast ten
lllilliollS which others had sold tlmt tIley <lid 110t havc~-A. Yes, sir.


Q. :Sow, whcu the dail;r fltatemeut was prepared in ;ron!' ollice, or in
Lile oftice oí' yonr brokers, 01' whatever statement lllay have been made
to yon showillg tho amoullt of gold cOlltrolled by ,ron 01' ,rour firm, 01'
by the hrokors f()1' yon, and showing t11e amounts loanctl amI parties to
whom loaned, conld ,)'on learn trom that statemcut ,vho was short oi'
gold; was there auy chance to Iearn that froIll it "?-A. Oh, .res; that
would slIow.


Q. If yon knew w110 hall sold gold who did not have it, ancl if yon had
boughl tlIe gold so sold, ami had bought besides aU the gold that tlwn'
was in the eity, would llot tite parties who soltl this gold to yon be
obliged to huy from yon, if they were obliged to buy at aH; was not that
tIte situation ?-A. No, sir; t.lIey wonld keel) short of golcl amI import
it.


Q. If titey were obliged to buy it immediatel;y they would be compelled
to blly fl'Olll ,ron '?-A. Yes, sir; 01' cIsc oí' some other persoll long of
gold.


Q. If tltey wantctl to bny gold to deIivcr, which t11ey had sold, lllnst
the,r 110t tlteu hnxe bougllt 01' yon 01' of some one clse w110 would sell'?~
A. Tltat wOllld uot lleem,;,;al'ily follo\\'. They could hny of any otllor p01'-
son ,,,ho was long of gold. For iustanoe, I might huy long twenty mil-
lions 01' gold, au!! there might he ten othe1' m011 in N ew York twellty mil-
lioH;'; long. Suppose tllüre were t",o hUlldred milliom; short, then thm'e
must !Jo two 11IllJ(11'ed milliom; IOllg, 01' rather there must be two hUll-
üred and twelltv milliolls ir then~ are twentv millions in the market. 1
estilllated that "thcre were t \Yo h¡F¡nül'rd ll1iÜionR s1l01't, an<l t.here must
haye heril two ImlHlred aud twenty milliolls long of gold in Xew York.


Q. Yon say that that was your estimate at those times ~-A. Yes, sir;
llelllpn, I helieye, ,,'as long abonL seyenty milliolls ()f gold.
(~. vVho elHe \Vas long (Jf golrl lo your kuowle(lge '?-A. So me of the


banks he1el g-ohl amI were long' oi' itj and tIlen there are a1ways 10ts of
ohl fogies w110 keep golü to look at, amI tite foreign bankiug-houses
keep it.


Q. 'Vas it llot the plan of yonrself and associatos, in your efIorts to
adnmce the priee 01' gold 101' tlle pllrpose (Ji' faeilitatiug tlw exports of
tll(' erops, to huy all th(~ gol(l tltat thel'c was in the city, and then to bny
as lUnch more as people \VIlO <litl llOt huye t11e gold ,,'ould seU .rou, and
tlWll foree those WllO hall so Id wlJat tIle,\' (lid not hase to huy hack from
;ron at whaten~l' pl'iep .ron ehose to tix '?_A. No, sir.


Q. In what re8pect is that uot a f'air statempnt of' tIle case~-A. I dicl
uot W<1l1t to huy so lllueh gold. In Hw spring 1 lmt up gol!l fl'om 82 to
:>8 :111<1 40 ",iLIt olllj' abollt fleyell milliollSj lmt all these 1'e11ow8 went in
and flolel short, so that in on1er to krep it np 1 had to buy 01' else to back
dOWIl and show the white featller. The'y wOllld seU it to .ron all tlIp
tinJ('. 1 ll('n~r illtelHled to lmy more tItan four 01' fiye mmions of gold,
lmt tlwse fellow8 kept ]lurchasing it on, amI 1 made up m'y milld that 1
wonld pnt it up to ,10 at Olle time. 1 ha(l uo idea of cornering it. I al-
WH'yS lllaclo it pleut.r.




136 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. Having' in view aH the time the mere lig'htE'llillg' of pricps ~-A. That


is it. r thonght to pnt it n}) so as to sÍftrt business, anrl thcn quietly to
~E'n mine oí!'. (¿. Di<l yon pxpect tn hold golü' to 40'!-A. No. J\Iy thoory W;IS that
if gold could st,ay at 40 01' 4,) until after t11e 1st 01' .Jannal'y, ,ye could ex-
port about a hundl'ed millions 01' prouuee, amI tbat wouhI turn tbe enr-
l'Ctlt 01' exclmllge in our favor, alld gol([ wonhl 1l0w in lwl'(~ í'1'olll Paris
amI LOHÜOll, and that wonld create a (lowlIwar(I temkllcy in gold, allu
it \Voulil fall just as a rille apple. That 'wonld llUve beell a natural,
legitilllate cOllllllerr,ial decline. 1 think that gold ",onId hayo gone to :!j
01' :!O, amI lmsiness be prosperons all the tillle, beean¡;(~ \VI'. wonld have
tnl'lled tlle balance oí' trade in our fayol' a!l(I ,hronglü gol(I llore üom
ab¡'mul. That. was llIy theo1'Y.


Q. \Vhat. did yon intelld to do with yonr own gold "I-A. 1 tdl you,
originally 1 eOllllnenced selling at :.15, amI illtended qnietly to get out oí'
it at fmm 37 to 40_ nut. wlmt put gold up so high was that tlwse bears
got 1'rightonüd, amI they eOlllllleneed jUlllpillg O\-P1' ('aelt otlter'" 8houlders
1'or it. Tile worst panios eyer prouueed al'e bO:l1' panies. 'l'hese people
kilo\\" wllen they go to sleep that tllt>y have beeIl selling wltat tlwy haye
Ilot; a1l(1 when they begin to l'ush in to eove1', tltat puts ll{l tlw priet'o
Gold went from 4:! to lit) t.hat dny without a doUar ('haugillg hmHl:-;_ 1'l1e
bears jm,t ma1'ked it l'ight np tht'ms81ves.


('¿. \Vlmt were the tel'IlIS of agl'eolllent bet.ween ,\"on1'8cl1' amI Killlber,
amI \Voodward, aud othel' partios, cOlleel'llillg the 1Il0Velllcmt. in gold '?-
A. 1 never hall auy agreelllcllt \\'ith ally Olle; we mt'1'e1y bonght gold;
we ('utertailled similar views of tlle market; we ",unId go in amI buy a
entain amoullt oí' gold aml diyide it. Eadl Olle wOllld take llis one-
third, amI eaeh olle- was at lihert,r to do ","ith it. wlmt he pleascd_


Q. 'Wlmt other pcrSOllS lwsides !Cimbel' aud \Yoodwanl were in tllat un-
derstalldillg whose vie,,"s eoincided with your" "?-A_ 'l'here ","ere a good
mall.\"_ 1 do not kumv aU. Tlwse were the olll;)" llmties ,dIO bonght
gold ami diYi<1ed it in t.lmt way, lmt other llcople wcnt in anll bonght it
on thcir own hook.


Q. IIow llluch diü ,ron nlldert'\f.aLHI tlmt '\Voo<lwanI alHl Killlb(~r wcre
thelll"eIY(~s to huy "1 vVas there Bot au agl'(~{'Illl'llt m; to tIte amoullt whieh
you wonld Keverall,r huy in tllat lllO\"ümcllt f-A. }¡ 0, sir. (¿. 'V.ts llotlüllg suid ahollt tlle HIIlOUllt ?-A. ~o, Kil'.


Q. \Vas tltere 110 nmlerstandillg at all ?-A_ Oh, no; on the contral'y,
}It'. Kimbel', as I lLave beell info1'mcd si !lee, sold out golü at ;17. He got
short oí" it, nlHL w(~llt up.


Q. \Vas it. not. yonr ll11der.,;talHlillg that by buying abont thirty milliolls
yon ,yonM aünlllce gold NO mnelt that, tlw sllOrt.s '\'olll(l g'd. frightelled
amI be obliged Lo e()\'/w HlHI 1my baek, amI tltat yon conld then seU tIte
gold yon lmel lJonght ?-A. ~o, sir; \Ye wput iuto it a¡; a (~onllllercial
trausaetion, aud did uot int.mHl to lmy mlCh au alllOlmt of gold. 1 \Vas
forced iuto it by tbe bear1'l ¡.;dlillg ont. T/¡e.Y ,yere bonu(l to put it down.
1 got into the contest. AH tltese othel' fello\','¡; lÜ'serteü 111(\ like ratl;
Ú:OIll a ship .. Kimber sold out aud got sho1't. (¿- Did ,roa lend largo alllOtlllts oí' gold to bau];:s and bl'okers ,vito .ron
supposed were unt. slwrt of gol<l1-A. Ycs, sir.


Q. How lllllClt do ;YOll think .ron lualle(l ill that lllalllll'l"!-A. 1 t.hink
that quite a numbel' of Illillioll~ "ere loauer! out.


Q_ Ahout sC\'en milJions ~-A_ J\Io1'o titan tltat, 1 glless.
Q. How ][llwh do :ron thillk '?-A_ I gn('s~ there "ere somo honses


"hort fOilr 01' /i\-e minion". 1 estilllated t11e sl10rt interest in tlw wltole
cit.y nt tilo time at ove1' two huudred millio1l8.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 137
Q. Ahont how lIllWh do you thillk yon loaned ?-A.· 1 must have loancd


ont most of it. 1 loalled ont alI 1 could.
Q. now mnch do yon think ~-A. 1 would say ahout fifteen millions.
(~. Diú yon instrnct E. K. vVillard and othor brokers to be very par-


tícnIar to keep aeconnt of the ltulllher of all the golrl certifica tes that yon
liad loallcd to ballks and brokers, so tlmt you migIlt aseertaill "r'hether
tlJe persolls to ,r!lolll yon loalled the gold went iuto tho street aJl(I sold
it agaill, !lIld tlllls dd'patc(l the ol~ject whieh ,,-ou had in view?-A. TIlese
c0rtificates do 1l0t pass. It is dOlIl~ thrOlLgh tIle clearing-honse.


Q. You passed no certifieates at alI ill ally oi' these tl'ansaetiom;"?-
c\. Ifyon hny gold and 1 seU it, caeh 011P semIs a tielwt to tite deal'illg-
house, amI there t.lle tl'llllsactiotl is passed ana tite balanecs are i'iettled
by gold cheeks. 'l'hey kepp what is ealled a gold aceonnt and drawa
dleck fOl' tlw balance.


Q. Did yon gin\ the iustTuetions that 1 have snggestea to J\Ir. vVil-
1an1 ?-A. No. sir.


((Juestion rppeated.)
A. )ro, sir; 1 (lo lIot reeollf'd anythíng of the killd.
Q. YOIl tIlin\;: yon gave no 8nch instrnct.ions to anybmly ~-A. ~o, Rir ;


T thillk it likdy tltat lllid this; inlellding out onr gold, of course we
"lmtl'd tn lelld o11t aIl we eould. lf we borro" mouey on gold, we üo
llot IYaut cÍle partif's from whom \Ve borrow to nse thoRe Ra!lle eertifleates,
bpe"iu,{' ir they <lid they wonld be in the market lending ont gold illstead
of ns. If yon go to a honse aIH1 horrow lllo11ey on gold, yon do 110t wallt
tllelll to go in thl' marl;:et and R('l1 ont gol(1. 1 thínk it !llore thalllikely that
that lIlay hlwe been done, a1tbongh 1 do not remember it t.o 1ta\'f~ heen
so. Brok('rs wonl(l neerl no illstrnetions of that kiud, becanse ever,\'
house in ~ew York timt keeps books p1'operl,Y would k(~ep a record of
evcry eI'l'tffieah~ that passes throngh, aud wIlellcver yon ma.ke a loau
the1'e is a loan book iu whieh is enterecl the number of eaeh certificate,
alHI it is a penal offenee to m;e thl'lll; tltel'e is a very Rtrillgent la" on
tIlc sn~j('et., so tllat a 1 hing of that kind wonld llOt be Hi'inal.


Q. 1 uuclerstood .ron in say a littV~ w!lile ago that .'lome of these mea
b1'okf~ faith; theret()re 1 want to lmow wIwtItel' :ron took preeautious of
that sort to prC\'ent ,Yourself beiug' t1tus treatea ~ 1 UlHlerNtootl yon to
say that somo of ~~01ll' ;ltl,,()('iat.(~s, in tlleil' eifOl'ts to adnlllce tIle pl'iee of
gold did uot adhere to tIte aI'I'allg(~UlPllt, lmt hU'lHld upon ,ron '¡-A.
1 hatl no aRsoeiates; hut theSl\ ]1Hlties hall sill1ilar vie\Ys ",ith lIlP, ancl
were operating in the mllllC' line. That is a mere street rumor too.


Q. "Vas tIle ",hole l'üsnlt oí' tlw UlO\'elllent in accordauee with :ronr
ana theil' :llltici1)Utions~-A. I did uot suppose that tIle g'oYernment
was goillg to sel! gol<l. So í~lr as tha.t was coneerued, it was cOlltrary
to my anticipatiolls. .


Q. Rnt as to gola goillg U]) ?-A. 1 hacl no idea of gold gOíllg np.
Probahly 1 ,nts the H!ost ast(mnüpd man in tlle street.


Q.. 1 lindnrstau<l ,You to Ray, tllen, tlmt the pl'iee a<lvanemI mneh more
tban .ron pX]lectetl )?-A. Certaillly.


Q. Did .ron uot fill(l 011 file 21Rt of Sepiembel', w11en goId a.dvanced
to 37 oI' ;3S, tItat yon woultl be obliged to 1m,r a goOtI <leal lIlore gola
tllall yon lnHI (~alenlated npoll, in onIo1' to a<lvance tIle priee as lIlueb as
yon eX]lE'cted ?-A. Yeso


Q. lJi<l llot yonr partllt'l' (SlIlith) beeOlue alarllle(l at the reaainess
witlt whieh yolll' brokl'l's fonnd tIlat gold "as so Id to them by rcspol1si-
ble hOUSl''"', :llld prilleipally by foreigll ballkers, and by tlJe representa-
tiyes of eottoll,tiltippers in ~ew York amI ut the South ~ Is that a fail"


t




138 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
statelllPlit 'I-A. No, sir; they were noycr frig-htelled. AH tlley klloW is
to olw,\" ore1or:'. They do not know any sndl tilingo as fe al'.


Q. Tlwy hayo no l'ight to be fl'ighteued \\'lwll you giye the COlll-
malHl'?-_\. No, sir.


Q. Diü :\Ir. vYoodwal'd alld MI'. Killlher beeome alarmed Y-A. 1 neve1'
hftl1 any crHlve1'sation with them 011 tite su bjrct of auy fear.
(~. Do .ron reeolleet any meeting tltat took plaee at tlle oftiee of 1\11'.


,Yoothyan1o!l the eveuing 01' aftel'Iloon of tlle ~lst of Septcllllw1"!
'VIT.xE8S. Meeting with whom?
The CHAUnIAN. l\leeting with those g'cn1JcmclI, amI HUy others, nt


that oniee OH t11e evoning ot' tite 21st. ,Yere .ron presellt at thnt o1liee
011 tIte e;-eningo of the 21st ?-A. No, sir; BOt iu tho ('vclling-. r lWl~­
hayo been in tite afternoon. Titel'e is llothillg to flx my llIilld upon tIte
21st.


Q. That is the second day before the grent moyemont. Thlll's(lay
was tite 23d, 'Yednesday the 22d, amI Tuesday the 21st.-A. 1 haye
llothillg IlO\V to tix IU,y llIilHI ou the 21st.


Q. Did uot :\lr. vYoodwa1'd and Jl11'. Kimbpl' both, 01' eitliel' of' them,
state, nt a meeting there about that time, that this thing hall gone far
euough; that they did no!, illtelld to go :tu,)" furtllel'; alld tbat if you
iHten(lc(l to put golll higoher, they must part eompany with ,ron? \\'as
any SlH~h cOllversation Imd abO\ü tllose times '~-A. ~o, sir; 11'('lllemher
no couyertlal ion of tlle so1't.


Q. You m(~olled uo lIlel'tiug at whieh aH arrangement was malle that
these meno 'Voo!l warel amI Kim ber, sitonld be allo\\'eu to witlHlraw amI
seU ont th(~Íl' gold'?-A. ~o, sir. TIH'y \lid not neell llIy assent to that. (¿. Tltey \YonII1 llcmI it OH tltis aeeOllllt: tltat yon \n~1'p adillg ou a
general similal'ity of yiews ?-A. Kimbt'l' told me tl¡at he bonght his
golrl to "eH lIis exehnnge against it: that he \Vas llsillg it iIt t hat wa~' ;
tltat he did not han~ it to sello \Vhat 1 haye said abont hilll is ,1 lllP!'e
strect rumor. 1 do 1Iot kllo\\' it of my 0\Y1l kIlOwl(·tlgl·. 1 11e\'e1' pa8sed
a w01'(l with him on tite snbject.
(~. Hmv \lo yOIl know tlwt thl"Y wcnt haek OH tltis g'plw1'al aI'l'angn-


l1lent amI got scar;:-ü ~-<L 1 did not S¡ty tlut \Voodward di(l. I sai(l
that there \Vas a stl'2et l'ilmOl' that Killlbe1' (lid; ílwl 1 presume }Ir.
\\Tooll\Yanlmay ]mn~ "ohl his goIt!. l11PH~l' :lNkerl hinl. That is a 1'ri-
yate 1llatt(·1' of hi" O\VI1. 1 do uot ,yish to inted'el'p in othü1' people'"
bnsincfls. 1 (10 llot kno\Y bnt tlw,\' ltaye got tlw gold now.
(~. ])ill theil' :wtiOll in aH,\' way diS(',OlHW1't ,)'0111' plan", null neeessitatc
~llly Ilifferellt c()]l(lnct, UpOll yo 11 l' part, fl'OIll what yon hatl expeetetl to
plll'Sne ?-A. ='lo, Hil'.
(~. Had Willó;n B:,l!le;l, ]li'iol'to tite 21Ht of SepteJulwr, bOllg-ht an'y gold


fol' .ron, oro fol' tilOS:' ;tSS~K(;ltcd \"it1l yOll, iH t1le l'ft(wt of ;H1Y<!IH:illg tlle
price of goh1 to fal'ilitn t~~ tile moyements of protlllcc 1-A. :No, sil'. T
!len'!' hatl aH.)' bll',ille~s witll Bdüell. H(~ lW\,(~l' bought a dollar of gold
foi' me in tltl~ wm'lü. I llen~l' Im(1 lmt olle lmsiuess trammetion \útil
hilll in the wo1'l(l, aw1 that was an operatioll ni Olle time in t\\"o hnlllll'ed
811a1'('8 of stoek. Thnt is tIto onlv transaeiioll 1 ('\,er hllll with him t1wt
1 l'i?lllcmbel'. llleyel' hall a goltl transaetioll with ltitll ill tlw \Vorl(l.
(~. Dill a.H,\' of yonr finn llave an.rthing to do witIt Belden dUl'lnp:


tho;;(' (la~':'l ?-A. :Xo, "ir: exct'pt, perhaps, in dealing in tlH' street tIJe:;
uUly lm\-e houglJt fl'om 01' so](l to 1Iis brokcl's.
(~. Di,l :ron soe ::\11'. Eelllell dnring tllOfie days ?-A. Ye", sir. 1 llsed


to s('e 1Ir. nf~ldell occasioually.
(~. Dill yOll hear oí' nuy Ol'(le1's givcn by aHy of ;ron1' fil'lll to M1'. n(,],


den in thosc üays ~-A. No. "ir. Un1' 1lI'1ll llover <lid HUY business \VitIl
" li 1-




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGAl'ION. 139
1\11'. lkldcu, except it migoht !Je ill lm;¡ illg 01' scHing. The.r hacl no
bn8ille¡.;s afi8otiation with him. .


Q. Werc .ron prt'sent at a meeting at the ofllee of vVilliam Heath &
eo. on tIJe evclling of t11C 22d of St'ptember "1_1'\. T was in }Tr. IIeath's
offiee at SOllle tilHt' in the afternoon, I think. I do not reeolled flllJT
particular meding t1le1'e.


Q. 'Yere llOt On1e1'8 giVCll on t110 22d 01' 21st by .ron, 01' by ]}ír. Fisk
for YOH, to Belden to bu.r large amonnts oí gold "?-a . .;\'lr. Fisk llever
gayo any 0]"(101'S for me.


Q. Did yon gÍ\Te auy to Belden '?-a. No, sir.
Q. 01' onler auy to be giYE'n to him '?-a. No, sir. 1 hayo said tllat I


neYe!' ,lid ¡l1lV lm¡.;iup¡.;¡.; \Vitb lUr. llellhm.
Q. \Vho ,y'as 111'('8ellt at t1lM, meeting in Heath's offiee ?-a. I do llot


retollect any meeting. I remelll!Jer being in thero that afternoon. lt
i:-; a sort of l'llll-iu plac\'o


Q. Do ;ron n'IIll'1l1 be1' secing 1\11'. Rehlon, ]\fr. Fisk, ]}Ir. Slllith, JUl'.
~Willanl, aJllI J\ír. Ill'ath there ?-A~. I do not recollect whethe1' the.r
'H'I't' tlwn, 01' noL


Q. 'Vas it not (ll'cidl'd at that meeting, that tIle movement "as to
he cOlltiuued by Belden & Oo., amI thos(' WllOIll he was to mnploy "?-
A. 'I'lIel't' eOllld 110t lmye heen aH,)' sneh d('eision. vVhy shonhl I ask
those llll'll? 'I~hcy hall no intmcst. I had all the illterest there \Vas.
I was the party té) decide. 1 did uot "allt tlwir Opillioll. I hu(l111Y mm
opinioH. 1 \Youlll1isten to what tlle,)' had to say, alld Yery likely I did;
1mt tlll'1'e \Yas no (leeision. You do llOt suppose that 1 would go aml
tell a broke1' ,vhat 1 wonltl do tlle next day. ~


Q. \\Tpl'e uo order¡.; giveu the1'e nt tllat <time to any broker ~-A. :No;
1I0t that I 1'ell1ember.


Q. Ancl tbere was no agreemellt to giye nn:') ordcr.-A. No, sil'; Tlot
t hat 1 I'Plltel1llJel'. There eOllll1 110t be any agl'eelllent, beeause there was
llobody to agl'ce.


Q. You do not know wlwther any o1'clc1' ~was giyen, 01' agreed to he
gi\'en, to Belul'n to purehasc henyily an tlll'ollgh 'L'hUI'Rday, t11e 23d, hy
Snútb, Gonltl, J\íal'tin & Oo., with a view to put np the price as high as
possible, so that the ShortR would he eompellcd to sett1ementZ-A. ::-\0,
Ril'.


Q. 'rhere was nothing of that sort saic1J-A. 0, no; 1 did not kno,y
allything' abont 13eldmú.¡ operations.


Q. \Vere yon p1'CSC11t in Hehlcn's office on the mOl'lling oí t118 23d, t11e
day lJefore the break-clown ?-A. [ do uoí reeolled ueing in tbe1'e t11at
day. 1 may pORRihly hav(~ Rtepped in as I went along; t do not recol-
I('('t it. 1 am quite j)o"itivc now t,IJat 1 ,yaR uot in there at aU t11at da.\'-
([uite positivc.


Q. Ir yOll \Vp\,p the1'c, won1d :ron probah1y remernher if .yOll had seen
Alhert i:-lpeJ-el'¡'; t11e1'e ?-A. 1 did not know Albel't Spcyors. T Ilever
kilew 11im until a persou \Vas poillted Ol'lt to me, on t11e morning oí the
lllo,-emcut, aH SpPyf'I'8. 1 lll~n~r kllew him before that.


<l \Ya8 he 1l0t illtrodllced to you Oll tlw momillg' oí the 23d ~-a. 1
do not l'ccollect. My recolleetioll i8 that tlle first time 1 SftW Spcyers to
kIlO\\' him \Vas 011 t11e mOl'llillg of tlle 24th. 1 rernpmber boing illlleatb's
oftice, IYhPll Belden hrollght a mall iu t1ll'1'e, a slim mai1, amI told. l,'isk
tlmt t,hat was his !Jroker, tha1, he himself \Yas vcry busy at the time, amI
tbat lw \\'ould likt' to haye "}VIl'. Pisk give him sorne o1'ders while he
(HI'1I1pll) \Vas ('ugag-ed in íixiug hiR cleal'imee8, &e. Th:1t was OH the
lllomiug' 01' Frillay, thl' 24t.11. 1 do 1l0t recollect that 1 met Spcyers bo-
fore Umt.




140 GOLD P AlGa INVESTIGATION.
Q. 'Vas :MI'. J. N. Smith pI'esent at that time '!-A. 0, úo; he tlid


Bot know anything about it.
Q. Belden, Heath, }<'isk, aud youI'self were there ni tlw time that yúu


speak of'~-A. 1 do uot know tlmt Heath was tllere nt that tilllt'. lt \\"aS
in a })l'i nlte baek-room of Heath's. '1'11e1'o waH a prinlte cntnlllcc to it.
I do uot thillJ, that Heath was iu there.


Q. 'Vho gaye Spcycrs his orl1e1's ai the time yon rcfel'l'ctl tO?-.A .. 1
was saying that Beldeu brought hilll in tlwre and illtroduced hilll tú
Fisk aH hiH hrokel', aud told him that he hall a pO\\"(~l' 01' attomey f1'01l1
him (Belden) to repl'escnt llÍrn in the gold-TOOllJ, alal he Haitl to Fisk:
"1 am goiug to be yery busy fixing 11P HlJ' dearallces, &e., amI ,yollld
like to have yon give some orders to Spcycrs fol' mil ",hile I am engaged:'


Q. Did he give those ordeI's al_A. He gaye SpeyeI's HOllle ordor8. 1 do
1l0t know what they were. 1 think he gave hilll somc onlcrH in aceortl-
auce with BehIen's insÍl'lletions.


Q. \Vhat were the relations betweeu Belden amI Fisk ~ \YPl'(\ tho,)'
partners fm any purpose "?-A. Not that 1 Inlow uf, exccpt that Belden
rclied a good deal on :l\Ir. Fi"k, They nsed to be in lmslIws" tOg'cthcr.
1 do not know an;ything' abont their re1ations. 1 did not gú-e a l'iingle
order on Friday to bu;i gold.


Q. Ditl you knowthat. OH that da.y, the 23d, yonr pal'tuer, Slllith, gayo
MI'. Speyers his instI'uctions iJl l'efCH~lWP to loallillg' Beltlen'l'i g'old c?_A .


. No, sir.
Q. H,lve yon never Imown ()f tbat ~-A. No, "il'. 1 do not thiuk 1


eyer had auy t{ansaction with Speyers, 01' that 1 employed 1IillL to do a
dollar of husiness.


Q. 1)0 yon lmow that on that day yonr brokcr, \Villard, 'Tas, by in-
structions fl.'Olll your partller, Smith, gi VÜlg i Ilstmetions to otIle!' bl'okel's
abunt the loaning of ot1l('1' mnomü" oí gold hoaght hy Belden nntIer
orders frOlll you and Fisk '/-A. K o, Hir. .


Q. Do you tllÍnk that is llOt true '?-A. r lle\'f~r gayc Urdel'H to lJilll to
buy gold.


Q. I alll speaking of orders given hy,ron!' partncl'.-A. No, sir, 1
do not thillk that can Lave oeen so.


Q. 011 the 2:3d of Septcmlwl', aftt~!' leaving BeIdeu's ofiice, !lid YOll and
Fisk go ovar to TIeldell's úffice amI SIWlHl a groat pmt of tIte tlay there~­
A. 1 do not think J was in Belden'H offiee that day.


Q. Dül yon H])cnd a good· sham oí" tIte day iu Heath's ofllce ~-A. r
was there a pOl'tiou of ihat day. All tlte time that 1 wa:> llo\Vn to\Vu, [
think 1 was in the uaek room of Heath's office.


Q. "Vere yon prt'tJellt in Heatlt'H oftiee when Speyers reported tu .) un
aIHl Fisk, aud to Smitlt, that he was unable to loau Deldell'tl go1<l, OH
aecount of the limib; that- ~"our pal'tller, Smith, lwd gin'Tl 11iltl; and did
Fisk, in .r0m· presence, instrnet ;ronr pmtuf'I', ::-lmith, to recein.~ amI pay
fúl' a portion of that gold; amI did Fisk illHtrnet Hl~aih to reeeiy('. amI
pHy for tbe balaÍlce "?~A. I ne\Ter heard anything- of tIte tlol'Í.


(Ql1estion repeated.)
A. J knew nothing ahout l\lr. Belden's 01' 1fr. Spe.yers's transactio!l:>.


They woulel uot, of comse, tell their butliness to me. They ditlllo¡' kllOW
how 1 stood in gold.
(~. Did HnJTthing like that occur in yonr prcsellee "¡-A. 1 do uot re-


conect Hnythillg of that sort. •
Q. You kIlOW of llothing like it Y-A. No, sil'; llothing that itl like


it. That is Olle of t11e detail transactiolls that 1 would 110t ill(llÜl'f' illto
01' know all.ything' ahont. Jt 1S a vOl'y usual thiug foI' a broker wlto has
gold 01' stoeks oye1' to go to another broker who has lllOlley over, am1




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 141


~a~', L: Hrl'r, 1 han' got a millioll of gold oyor, and if you have got a
millioll HlHI a half in (,uI'l'rllcy, do ~-on carry the gold over llight foI' me."
TlJat io; a Yl'1'Y wmal transactinll. Snch a thing may hl1Ye oécurred. 1
".ouId uot be the )lnrty tolmo", that. 1 lIever iwy attention to these
tletaih


Q. V\' en' yon p!'l'sellt nt a meeting \','llÍch took place up town on the
f'nmiug' ol' tIw 2:3t1, and at which vVilIanl. Hcath, Ol:lborn, Fisk, Smith,
anl1 othcl's W('l'P pl'CSPllt?-A. If 1 remember, tlmt eyening 1 ,,"as illmy
office at the Oponl Hom;e tmmmeting lmsilless. 'l'here an'l ahvays parties
comin/.(' in amI out the1'e. Tllese parties may have come in there.


Q. T!mt e,'ellillg, at the,Opera Honse, ,vas t11e1'e auy dil:lcussion as to
tlle plan to be atIoph'd by whieh tlle SllOl'tS should ue cOlnpelled tn set-
tle; nnd if so, what ~-A. As 1 said befol'e, 1 had my OW11 yiews abol1t
tlw lllal'ket, amI had m~- 0\\'11 íish to fry, and 1 would listell to every-
tllÍng tbat üverybody sai(l. 1 S:lt there transactillg husiness, amI n~1'y
likpIy 1 listened to whut was said, hut it weut in one ear amI Ol1t, of the
otlle1'. 1 ,,,,as llll a-!01H', so to speak, in what 1 did, and 1 did not let ally
oi' tllose ])eopk kllow ex:u:tI,V hON 1 I:ltood.
(~. Stil1 ,Von had partners in ,Y0ur firm, amI yon could searce],Y be


aIone as to tltem'?-A. 'rIwy wouId llnt neeessarily know.
Q. It depelHIs upon wlH,thertheywürü real 01' onl;) appal'ent partners.-


A. TIH'l'e are other ways of ha\'iug thingH dOlle.
Q. :-ltate Whllt was said 01' wlmt neeul'l'ed there that eveningill regal'd


to the ;,;ettlelllent oí' thet'le gold transaetions. That eertlliul,Y UlllSt h:1\'e
heell a proper time for a conncil of wal' in a ealllpaigll likü that.-A. 1
\y¡lS tl'allsHetillg m,') railroad bllSines¡;, aml whateH'l' oecurred tbere
proba bly wellt in at 0110 eal' alal out 01' the other. 1 got no idf'as frolll
Hllythillg that was suid there. 1 had been selliug goM fl'ODl thirty-five
IIp aH tIle tiulP, amIl did llot know IlntiI tbat morning (t11e llext lllorn~
ingo) that prohably tlll'1'e would come an order about twelvn o'clock to
"oll gold.


Q. ,Va;,; f,h('J'e II pl'opositioll madc tllat evenillg, in yOlll' hearing, to ad-
yerti"c t110 amOllllts tItat <litrc'ront parties ,yere "hort of gold in tlle llapNs
!lext lIl()l'I\illg, ami ill\-üe iIwm to Lm.r gold at lG{) 01' else tlley ",ouId be
eOlllp(~Jl"d to pllJ" ltigltt'r fol' it aftel'wanl '?-A. 1 rememhel' hearlJlg' pal'-
ties tlH'm diseussing, giyiug t110 namos of honses that ,yere s]¡ort, ami
80111<' 0lH' sHggesl('(1 that ir tlle;; acl\-ertised thp llames allcl sbowed that
they \n're hyo IllllH1r('lllllillioll¡; ,,,llort, begilllling' ,.-ith .lay Cooke, so lllitJl)'
millions, umI tlwt t ¡w,Y eonld gct the gold from 40 to 4.), it wonltl fl'ightell
t l1em, and Ow,\' 'H!lIld al! ('ome in and ¡;ettle. J tllillk thcre was some
sueh taIk as thM, bHt i IlPvcr !lelml ally pl'ice melltiollf><! 0\1'1' 4i). lt
,,-as neYer illtpnderl to carry gold O\-er from 10 to J.).
(~. Did t hat, plan IlH'ct with 1lllleh support itlllong tIlOse wIlo were


]lresent'!-A. No.
Q. Wlty wal:l it ])ot adopted ?-A~. There may haye 1)een parties there


who iyprü t-111Ot't of golll, heillg in1here to hear wllllt thry f:onld, ami that
C011yel'satioll nwv haH~ beüll merdy to let thom klJo\y that there was a
yen- larg'e sllort ~illtel'est. ' Q. l)(~ y01l thillk tIwt that wa" the objeet of tI le eonvcl'sation "?-A. If
1 hn;l1K'cn ellgillt'Pl'illg ir" tlmt would ha,Te heen rny taeties. Ir there
,,"('I'e fOHl' or 1he 1llell there heaYil.\- short of gold, tbat Yery eOllverl:latioll
wOllltl llla};:p thelll i41eep \'(~ry llIlPasily that night, tn say the 1east.


Q. "'TIlo took part iJl the eOllyerl:latioll ~-A. 1 do not recolleet. 1 was
Íl'mmading llly l'l'gnlar railroad business.


Q. Hiel 71f¡'. Fil:lk tah, part in it '?-A. 1 do noí k1JOW what occurred ut




142 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGA.TION,
that time. 1 bave a recol1ection of a lot of broken,; gctting togethcr,
an(l tIte thing was talked amIlaugllf'd oyer.


Q.\Vbat opinion elid yon express OH tbat plan "?-A. 1 .lo llot tItilll,
tltat lllV advice was asked.


Q. Do yon relIlcmber having rcmollstrated agaillst tlw proposa!, sayo
illg tlwt the gOVCrJ1mcnt wonld BOt stalld that, tltnt it \\"onld 111' "lll'e' to
interfere j?-A.. 1 do not know what 1 may ha\"c :-;ai.1. 1 do 1I0t l'c(~olkct
tha! 1 \Vas app!ied too 1 haye just a recollectioll oí" lwariug' "l1ch a tltillg.
1 think that if 1 hall beeu appliel1 to, 111)" jIHIgIIWllt. would Ita\"P lW(,1l
ratlte' against that. My view was that gold wonlf1 go tD ahont 40 Ol' o!;;,
amI would SU1y ahout t1lere Ulltil "'c got the prodnce pl'l'tty well moved
011:', :111(1 tIten that it woull1 uaturall.v sink 01' its O\\ll \Ycigltt. 1 Itad 110
idea of making any splurge. That wa,; 1\ot m,V motin~ at all.


Q. Uo\\" 111l1eh goIcl did .r0u, 01' others 1'01' ,ron, 01' in ('olluedioll with
YOU, hny OH tlle :!:311, tlw da,\' bpfol'(, tlw br('akdown'!-~\.. 1 do Bot re-
collect. l\fy recollectioll about these tnllls<!etiollt-: is \'('1'.\' indi"till('t. 'l'he
thing was overo and 1 uallislled it frolll Ill,\" lllind. j 1m\"(' been fal! of
other tllings since.


Q. Yon conId not quite banish sllch ,lll illlportallt f;;et ;l~ tllat. 'Ylwt
shonld you think tLe amoullt to ue '~-A. J ('<l/llIut Nay.


Q. ,Fifty millions "I-..:\... Oh, no, sir.
Q. ~ot more tIlau forty'I-A. 1 thillk llIy pnrdlases \\"(')"(' ver,\"light.


1 was a sellel' 01' golll that day. 1 j)Ul'ehase!lllll'l'ely l'!lOUg)l tn lliake lll"
lieve that 1 was a hull. 1'01' illstanee, through brokl'i"; \yl!o 11:\(1 bl'ell buyo
ing 1'01' me, 1 wouldkeep buying a little if 1 wa:-; "elliug t!mHlgh some,
botIyeIse.
(~. ~peakillg 01" rhis llleeting of Peolllc at yonr oftice 011 tite cyelling


of tIle :!3d, amI the ÜiSCl~ssion 01' their plan to pllblish. in tll(' papers,
the names 01' tite persons s1101't of 1.;01<1, amI tite propositioll to settk at
sOllle mte bl'twet.'iI 40 amI 50, \Yas it finally setll('([, at t]¡¡lt Itl('('jillg', (]wt
gold s]¡ollld be put np to lGO next day, alla tllilt, ir 11('('(',;:-;a1"y, Ikl(lell
amI ltis brokers sllonld be allo\Yed tú fail, amI tlJal al] ,;]lOuld J)(, al'-
range([ so that, ir tIte \HU'Sí. ca me lO tIle Inm;t, olll~' Fi~k ,.,lwllld lw held
resllonsible for Belden'" contraets ?-,\.. ~ ('\'('1'.


Q. 'Yas auything nf tLat smt said in yOUl' lleal'illg' ?-.\. 011, 110.
Q. YOlt heanl lloLhing of tlwL sort :-~\.. C('rt~I¡III,\" BOt. They !lid


Jlut lmow my bu:,;iul':';s. T \Va:,; ,IU<'llílillg io Ill,\ milroad bmÜ!H's,<, amI
heardjnst as little as 1 lwssibly eon1<1.
(~. Dicl .ron uot go 110\\"11 to Y0lll' office earI,\" on Fl'ülay, t11e :!ltb, ¡llld


thel'e, witlt Fisk, im;tl'l1ct JI. K. EllOS tu ]mt gohl up to 1.)0 Y-A. I ,,'as
not in rny oftice Oll Friday, if 1 l'ecollcct righ t. ~ o, sil·; 1 ,\"as 110t i1l
my oftiee tliHt, tIay. 1 lleWl' knew thiH mHll EllOS llntil thc tllillg \\'as
OVOI'.


Q. Did .ron, eitlwr directly 01" illdin:ctly, 01' (li(l ,1Ily }ll'l',;OIl eOilllectl'(1
with ;\'011, instl'llet hilll to puf gold !lp to 1;)1) '?-A. Xo, "ir.


Q. \Ybat, in,;trnctions were gin~ll him by ~'()ll ?-A. 1 <lo BoL l'('('olleet
of gi\"Íllg" him ally. 1 belien~ that he caBle to ¡:ll' "f'tl'l'mml. 1 \r;l" in-
t~'otlneed to hilll, allCIIw elaimed tIJui hl' hall }¡ad au on1e1" to lmy, nnd
tl¡¡¡í he lmll bought. }Ty jndgmellt. allllle tillle \YaK thal, ns ¡]¡l'J'(' \Yas
a gooü deal óf exeitemellt, he bOllght this gold 011 lti,; OWII hODk, ('xpeet-
illg to sell it out, <11111 that, it was left OH hiN hallll~, amI tlwt he ealllC to
me amI told me this pitifnl story to g-et ¡He to n¡].;.p it oil' !tis haml". 1
(lid uot know Enos nntil after\Yurd.


Q. Did yon kllow that l~IlOS, OH au ol'der "aül to hnyü beCll giY('ll him
b~- yon OI' Fisk, or by lJotlt of yon jointly, hongltt ahOll: tiJüü,OOO of
gold, at 1;)0, and thaL tllat gold wa,; recei\"c([ amI pui(l for by your




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 143
firm ~-A. 1 rClIlcmber that this lltall EllOS carne to me afterward. 1
fOUlld that he was a broker, whom onr folks had used. He cume to me
und told me this pitiful stor.)', amI 1, out of sy1llpnthJ , anu believing aU
tite time that he Iwd really bought thiR gold on his OWll acconnt, took it
off his hauds to keep him from Lreaking. That was tlJc allloullt of it.
1 could unt ha\~c givell au order to him that day, becanse 1 had m,V OWll
plans, and r ¡]i(lnot lm~an tltat allyhody SllOUld say that 1 hacl opened
my mouth tlwt day; ana 1 did not, Tlwt was Fl'iday, the 21th. 1 did
llot gi,"c allv onlerR that dav.


Q. Did you, 011 that c1ay, 'after lelwing your own office with Fisk, g'o
to tilo oftlee oí' IIeath & Co. ?-A. 'l'he on]v office 1 waR in that, (lav was
Heatb'R. < .'


Q. Di(l yon, there, Imve au illtpl'\'icw with n. :JI. Benedict, President
oftIle New York Gold BxclJallge Hallk ?-A. Yeso 1\11'. Smith brougItt
::\11'. TInlledict tlwr ...
(~. Did he then state to ,rOl! llis fears as to tlle illabilit,r of tlle bank


to clear tlle ellormons tl'ansaetiom; that ,ron wel'P having', alHl tItat fail-
uro \\'ollld rC~l!lt amI trouble ensne'?-A. 1 remembor his haying an in-
terview with me ill l'elatioll tu clearing. There were somo rumors about
tIle bank, aud Ite ca me to see llle abont it. I had a shol't interview
witlt hilll. (J, St~Ltc thq tmbstallee of that illtel'\~iew.-A. 1 think íhere was a
rumor arollud that t1le ballk had, eOlltml'y to its 1111es, all\~alleed eer-
tain fa VOl'(,d finus g'old on tbeil' statements. The rumor \Yl1S illjurillg'
tite Cl'cdit of t1l0 ball k, anll :JIt'. DPIWdid \\"aS broLlg'ht to me. 11e was
in a groat state of cxeitelllc1lt. Aftel' tlle hank had mallo these }lII-
vHlIee¡.;, ROllle bl'OkerR, ~who had sent in their statements, failcd, and the
(jlwstion \Yas, whethel' ií wO\lId not leave the bank liable 1'01' all tlle
statements.


Q. Dill .í\1r. l~iRk, at that time, in J~our ]1l'eSellCe, and with yOlU' knowl-
eLIge, state to BCIWtliet, ., 1 mayaR weH tell yon that this iR settlillg'
day," 01' WOl'dR jo that effect?-A. l\Ir. Fisk had R011W eonn~r",ation with
JI]'. Belle{liet. 1 üo uoí. kilO" exaetly wlw.t tlle tenor was. :\1r. Belle-
dict was afterwanl ln'Olll.('ht to 111(', al~d 1 hall n COllvel'ilatioll \\'ith hilIl.


Q. What did yon tdlllim ill l'platioll to Umt '/-A. 1 tol<1 llim that h(~
had lJetter g'o OH alld do his business in tlte n~mal \Yay. (l. Did yon ten hilll t.llat that was settling <lay ?-A, No~sÍl' i 1 do not
recollect sayiug' that. Tlwy were settlillg at, tllat time. A ,::;n~at mally
of those penlOlls \\'ho WNO short \H'l'e settlillg' nt t11M tillw: pl'iY,¡Jdy.


Q. Did :ron heal' nothillg like t11at said o.y anyhatly in tlle room, ill-
fo]']ning llClledict that tllat waR t110 day or oreak~dowll, tlle day of Ret-
tlemellt, tlto üay of Willdillg np the eOl'Tlel' '?-~L He arul Jlr. FiRk hall a,
cOIlversation. 1 di,l llot liRtpll to it, (¿. nid illr. Bisk, with your lmowledge aml eOllsent, :md in :ron!' preR"
ence, semI an onle1' for }"iycrmol'Ü & eo. t01my a large l1111011nt of g'old '?-
A. 1 didllot know I"Í\"erlllOl'e.


Q. Dill he seIHI au order to him ?-A . .x P\'or, tl1:1t 1 knew oí: except
what has como out since. 1 hatlllo kllO\Yledg(~ of it at tite tillll~. 1 <lid IlOt
kn ow tIte firUl.


Q. Han yon flny lmowledgl' tltat :\11', Li\~(lrmore refusec1 to buy for
:J[1'. FiI:;lc, but oft'el'P¡l to huy O!l aecollllt, of Heath &; (Jo. 't-A. No, sir.


Q. Tlwll yon do 1Iot ]mo\Y \\'lwlhel' Fisk tol<l :1\11'. Liverlllore to huy it
for account of Hl'uth ?-A. 1 dirl 1Ioí know LÍ\~erl1lo1'e at alI. 1 never
met him in lllY life to kilO\\' him.


Q. During 'that ltlOl'llillg, diü Belden briug' in nir. Speyers, anrl did
:\11'. Fisk, in your preSellCl', teIl Spe;yers to pnt gold to 150 '?-A. Tlle




144 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
olll~- cOllyersatioll 1 remem!Jer, is tlle 0110 tlll1t 1 tolll yon hefon', (repeat-
ing ii.)


By 1\11'. COI3L:RN :
Q. \Vhat (lid Fisk say 1-;\. 1 did not hcar him say allything.
Q. \Vas he ntterly sileut ?-Á. 1 was np in 011C comer 01' tite room.


'Vhut Ol'üpn; lw gave 1 (10 not lmow.
Q. Ho,," ,lid yon lIear Belden, aIl<l llot hear Fisk ?-A. Ikl(len illtro-


duced Speyel's to him.
Q. AmL y011 listened to Belden and not. to Fisk ~-A. 1 (10 not know


what o]'e lers he gaye.
Q. Do you say positiyel,Y, that yon did not lH':u Fisk say allything at


that time '?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. Bnt ;')on hcanl Belden '?-A. Yes; 1 l)(>a1'(l Be1<1en iutroduce him.


1 do 1l0t kuow that Fisk gaye any o1'der at that timc.
By the UHAIRJ\iAN :
(~. Did Hisk, 8ubseqnently, giyc any 0]'(1c1's to put golll np to 15;)


1'ight away~-A. 1 did uot pay auy attelltiou to wliat Ol'<len.; he gaYO.
1 sat in oue corner 01' the room readiug.


Q. You do not kno\\', at a period latel' tItan tIte last 1'eferree1 to,
Speyers was ordered to put gold to HiO. and 1my all that lw e~olLld~-}L
1 kllOW it oul.)' !Jy hearsay. 1 do uot kilO\\' it 01' 1ll,Y OWlt lmowkllge. (l You lleal'llllO sueh onler ginm in that office that day '!-A. No,
sir.


Q. By hearsay, what do you refel' to~-A. It has be en talkecl oí' sillec.
I lIpal'el Spe.rel's say so.


Q. Did yon ever liear Fisk say anything abont it"!-A. 1 heanl llim
talk. 1 do IlOt kllowthat 1 haye heal'll hilll say tlmt.


Q. H~t\-e .ron heard him say auythiug- ahont, his trallsaetiolls with
Speyers ?-A. Oh, yeso 1 did 110t waut to sccm to !Jo Jiskning to their
bnsiness.


(l,. Di!l lLot 1\Il'. Spcyül'S, repeatmlly, dnl'ing tlI:lt day, l'etnl'll to tlle
oflice alllll'l'pol't to Fisk "?-A. 1 S1ny him in t11e otUee tlrien, 1 1 hiuk,
arte!' thal; onee in tlle fol'PUOOU, mHl tlH'1l a!'ter tl1(' tlling' broke.


Q. \Vlwt was he doing t1101'e; wllUt \Yas 11(' sayillg whell he l'amo the
llext two tilIles I-A. lll' eame in to 1'('])01't t1l(' ¡)]'iee of gol(l.


Q. 1'0 l'(~1l0lt. 11i8 plll'(~ha"es '!-A. }lo, sir; to l'eport the ]ll'iel·.
(~. j >iel yon lIot know the ]ll'ice withollt 111S tdling yOll'!-A. "Ve \\'ere


iu a pri vate room, and kllew notltillg except ,,,ltat was tol<1 us.
Q. Did .'f0ll heal' 2\II'. Fisk say to him: "Do lIot rCjlol't so oftP!l '1"-


A. No. t-ill'.
Q. Úid .ron hear Ilothing sai<l 10 Slleyel'S a!Jont allythillg' (llll'iug


t11080 visits ill tlw room !-~L =-rothing tllat 8tl'ikes me at this mOlllcnt,
exeept tlmt he cume in and told tile ])l'iee 01' gold amI tltnt tlwre mt,:; a
good deal oí' excitmE'ut, &c.


Q. Did ,ron kilO\\' 01' 1wlieve i Itat. any 01'1181'15 ,vme giYl'll tu Sp('y('r~,
duriug those illtürdews, to !Jny ?-A. 1 snppose<l Uta/: onlers W(,1'C giyeu
ltilll.
(~. At wlmt rate '?-A. 1 (lir1llot kilO\\' about that.
Q. Had yon anythiug' to elo with n'gnlatillg' tlIat"?-A. No, sil'. 1


sUppOSü that the orclers g'ivell W(~l'e gh-ell in aceol'llaueü with 1\11'. Hel-
den's inst1'uetio1l8.


Q. \Vas it lIOt pre- arranged bet\Y('('ll yon, Belden, \Villnl'll, aud
Smith. 01' understood bet\YNlll yon, what ,nlH the COU1'se that yon SllOllld
adopt 1U reference to these transadiolls tItat da.r, in that oftie8 "I-A.
No, sil'.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 145
Q. Werc yon mere, accidcnta11y, individnals happening together there,


withont conccrt 01' al'I'angement ?-A. :MI'. 'Yil1ard was my broker and
came to see me.


Q.What order8 did yon givc MI'. "\YillanI that dl1y~-A. 1 gave 1\11'.
'Willard orders to keep selling gold.


Q. Did ,ron limit him 01' <lid yon tell hirn to seU Oll tIte market ~-A.
1 told hilll to keep selling.


Q. Did .ron lilllit ltiní as to tIte amonnt in price ~-A. 1 think 1
ti/Id him llot to sell ueIow ;~r¡. (.¿. llnt as to tile amonnt, yon gave him unlimited o1'l1ers ?-A. Yes;
gave hilll diseretionar~- orl1ers. JUl'. Belden came to see 1\11'. Fisk. They
llave been partners.


Q. Did yon know that dnrinp; aU the time yon were in fhe oftiee that
day, OH the ~4th, ancl when Fisk was, in yonr presence, giving orders to
1\11'. Speyers to 1my large amonnts of gold, yonr partner Smithwas set-
tliug large amounts of gold throngh Curver amI vVillard alHi otller
hroI~ers 'I-A. 1 knew that .1\11'. Smith and -:\11'. vVillard wcre sellmg and
settling gold, alld 1 supposed that ,;\11'. Fisk was giving on1ers.


Q. vVere those private settlements "/-A. They wel'e tIte usnal settle-
ments hetwe('1l brokerR.


Q. ~()t Rettlellwnts th1'ollgh the elearing-house 1-A. They should
pass throllgh thc cleal'ing-honse, bnt the clearing-honse dül110t dear at
tltat time. 'rhe bank was suspended, so that t11e settlel\1ünts were
neepsRarily pri vate.


Q. A 11(1 theRc settl('ments t,lJat were made in tile pri \'at~ offiee of
yOLl1' finll, with pa1'ties who were sho1'1., wel'ü not made throngh tlle elear-
illg-house ~-A. ~o; the bank was suspended.


Q. "\Vhat lIonr 01' the (]ay did the banle fuiI ?-A. 'l'he houl' for clear-
ing waR 1:3 o'eloek, 1 tlünk, and w11en 12 o'elock carne they fOllml OH t that
tite bank <lid uot dea!'.


Q. Did ~-on kllOW tllat at tlle Rallle time aH the brokers of .ro nI' firm
liad in:,;tructiollR to do the same thing-that Willard was makiug settle-
ments, alld tltat (;ar\'('r, amI 08horll, amI Uummaek, and ot11e1's were
making settlements by order of yonr pmtnel' SlIlith 'I_A. 1 presume
that that was so.


Q. You would unt have the eOlllmittee to understancl that ;ron were ig-
norant of tlle orders given by yonr partucr to lllakt~ pri\-ute :,;aleR to t11e
s110rts ?-A. They llH'rely had a general onler to go on aud sell all they
couId Roll, 01' tu Rcttle; but as to mwh inüiviLlual's transaction ami
thl'Ough ,yhat it \vas tlol\c, 01' allything of tltat sort, 1 eanllot ieH. They
had just Olle g-elwml 01'(1 el'.


Q. \VaR !lO! ;yOUl' pal'tnel' Stllith in fl'equent comnlullication with j-OU
dnring tlmt day !-A. No, :-;i1'; thcy ,yere so Ycry bnsy that tlley eould
uot come to S('(' IlW. TItey had their general illst1'uctiollS and WCllt
ahead. 1 may han' Sl'C'1l thern perllHps fonr 01' five titlles durillg tIle
day. He carne with Benedict, alld some othe1' clients.


Q. Did he tell yon llO\\' the Rettlemellts were going on in general?-
A. YeRo


Q. nid yon not iURtrnct BeMen to make prívate sale:,; to the shorts
at 150 01' tlll'reabouts, when Spnyers and others were bidding 160'?-A.
No, sir.


Q. vVereany "lH~h instrnctions gin'll to anybody to yOlll' lmowlf'dge~­
A. No, sir. 1 hall nothing to do with }lr. Belden in ally shape 01'
formo 1 heard frolll Belden aftennlnl t1lat he liad settled gold.


(.),. Did yon know tlmt a11 tlle brokers ellgaged by yon tlwt, (lay in se11-
ing gold hall instructiollS llot to seU to Belden 01' Speyers ?-A. It was


H. Rep. 31-10




146 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
more than likely that they would have those instrnctions, because these
parties were knowII to he rather wcak, anel it is customary in giving
ordel'R to brokers to say, "that such ana such honses are weak, and -if
you sen to them, either caU np, 01' else be careful."


By MI'. COBURN:
Q. That was the fact to yonI' knowledge 1-A. 1 gavc no such oI'ller


rnyse1f, and 1 do uot know of any such oI'der haYillg bcen giveu. 1 think
it more tllan likely that it was givell, for the rea"Oll tlmt two or three
dayR before thcy liad soM Rome gold alld had not beell ablo to talce care
of it.


By tIJe UHAIRl\IAN:
Q. Do yon know that wllen brokcrs, Relling for yonr firm 01' their


agents, Willard und Carver, reported largesales to SpeyeI'R, they wero
inRtructed to cancel the RaleR 1-11.. "Ve afterwanl callceled tlle sales,
becanse Speyers failed. .
(~. Did not your firm have sales to him callccled amI the brokers


ordered to seU the gold o\-er agaill lJefOl'e the hreakdowll, during the
perioel of these traIlsactions ?-A. 1 do not kno\Y, of Jlly own knowledge.


Q. Had none oí' your partners reported snch a fact to you '?-A.
They rel'orted to me that they sold gold to Speyers.


Q. Did they not report to yon that tlley liad cancelml t.]wt, saJe, amI
had ol'dered the gold solel over again beforc the hreakdown?-11.. 1 do
not recollect.


Q. You' do not know that they did 1l0t 'I-A. No; of my OWll know-
lcdge, T do not lmow anything ahont it.


Q. Do yon believe that t,hey did "?-A. N o; 1 should hardly thillk it.
They wOlll(lnot know ulltil late!' in tlle day wlwther he ütilcd or not;
and dIe.)' woulü hanlly take the risk of selling it ove1' nlltil tlle firRt party
to wllOm it was solel had failed.
(~. Do you know that brokcrs who hall Rold to Spt';yers milI Belden


were told lJy your agellts tltat tltcy were sellillg lJack to tbe dique, amI
warued uot to do so '?-.it K o, sir; that j,.: ])ot truco
(~. YOll Ray that it \Vas BOt tl'lH\ o?-,-A. Y CR, sir.
(~. "Vilo was president of tllP 'l'ellth Natiollal Rallk 01' New York in


September last 'I-A. J\Tr. DiekinsoJl.
Q. nid yon llave inten'iews wlth him <lll1'illg that mOllth 'I-A. Yes;


1 think so.
Q. Hayc you l'ecently beco me a purc:hascr oí' tlw eontl'Olling inÍl'rt'st


in that hank t-A. r am a largo stockhol<1er.
Q. Did .ron 1101<1 at ally time a majority of the stock'?-A. No, Rir.
(~. YOll 01' personR assoeiated with J'OU '?-A. FrimHh, oí' miDe owned


tIle majority of it.
Q. At what time rlid yon aud yon1' friends ber:omc owucrs of a majOl'.


ity of tlle stock "?-A. \Vc honght ít sonH~ time in tlw e;nlllllll'l'. This
illtün'st was oWlled by tlle Shoe amI Leatlter Bm¡];:, UlHl 1 tllillk tlw eomp-
t.rollor llotified thol11 that they must seU their illten:st, and wp hought it.


Q. Did :ron llave un arrallgcmellt with t]¡e prne;il1pllt oi' tlmt hank
that in an emergcucy the presi<1ent wonhl certify e!leeks í'or .yon withont
depositing eurrelle.)' 01' cel'tifietl checks tberefol"?-A. No, sir.


Q. Dül ,\'Oll lm\-c any couvel'sa.tioll of that kilHl witlt any ()Hh~('r of
that hanlc!-A. 1 may baye gOlle t11ere in individual instan ces to get
certiJieations. lt is a ver'y UfHml thing witlt honses in New YOl'k, if tlle.\'
are goillg to haye large certificatioml, to deposit sccurities. {J. YOll did that 011 those certain oceasiolH,?-A. Eve1'Y day; per-




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 147


haps not with that bank, but with other banks in which we keep ac-
counts. '


Q. Do banks llsllally allow that~-A. Cortainly; in all cases. The
whole business of Wall 6treet is done in that way.


Q. Do you know tllat the president of that bauk told Heath that he
would, Oll a certain day, ce1'tify his eheek for an uulimited amount, 01' for
any amounU-A. ]\[1'. Heath wanted sorne ce1'tification and the bank
"ould uot givo it. Heath carne to me, amI 1, be1ieving Heath to be a
vcry honorable man, (he had done a good deal of business for me, and
wasc1oing' business for me tIten,) gave 11im a 1ette1' to the Tenth Nationa1
Bank, stating that he wanted a ce1'tifieation for a certain purpose and
that 1 wOllld gnarantee it.


Q. vVhat was t11e exteus of t11at ,certification ~-.A. 1 do not recollect;
severa1 thousands.


Q. What date was that ?-A. 1 do not know. It was along about
t11at time. 1 havo Ilothing to fix tho date.


Q. Do yon rocolloct tllO appearancc of sorne treasury examiners at
the Tenth National Bank durillg t11e days of the panic'?-A. I1'emem-
ber heal'ing of thelll.


Q. vVhell did you fi.Tst hear of t11em ?-A. On the morning of the
break.


Q. Did the president of that hank call at your ollee and tell you
that hc cOllld 110t carry out tlle arrangemeut abont the certification on
accoullt 01' thoso. bank oxmniners '?-A-. ~ o, sir. 1 had no arrangemellt
",it11 him. He called 1,0 tell me tlmt the bauk examiners were there alld
tbat the banle would 1I0t be able to ecrtify that day.


Q. vVhy did he say they wouId not "i-A. The han1\: cXamillel'S, 1 thiuk
he said, wero. making :1ll examiuation aud therefo1'o they would not
eertit'v.


Q. Do ,Von mean to say that they would not certify WhCll actual de-
posits were made '?-A. Oh, yes; 1 presume they wouid do t-hat, although
t]¡ey (lid 1l0t want to do it tlLat day, hecanse tItey wcre afraid that tbe
banks wonld sendright in and ta,ke greenbacks.
(~. \Vhat do you lIlcan hy that "!-A. A party may go in aud deposit


a million in certitied check s amI then drawa check and have it eertifio.d
againstthose deposited; an(l the partyro.ceivingthis certified check might
go to tile bunk aud dem:tnd greellhacks for it,. No bank would do that
ullüer' ol'dinltl'y (~irelUnstallecs; lmt there was a rumor out against tho
Tcnth National Bank that day, and 1 told MI'. Dickinson that the~T had
better not do auv business.


Q. Are yon a\vare of tllc amount of checks ccrtified fo!' yOl1l' firm by
that bank during titose two days-:!2d and 23d of SeptcmlwT' Y-A. The
certifieatiollR must havo. heen large. 1 do llOt know what they were; 1
do not. know whether they got their certifications a1. that bank 01' at
other lmnlul. Wherever they got them, they were large.
(~. Do yon know wlmt the total amonnt oí' cel'titicatioIls for yonr firm


\Yas OH hoth these üa,ys "!-A. No, sir. They commcnecd in tlle morning
getting certificatcs, and then they mado. a deposit, and kept doing that
aU dav.
(~. Ü is in evidence before the committee that there were nearly eight


millious of certified checks in the Teuth N ational Bank fol' your firm
011 that day; are you a,ware 01' tIlat faet. '?-A. No, sir; not personally.
(~. Do yon know how mnch your deposit.s were iú tho To.nth National


Ballk at that time '?-A. Tlle deposits must have been larger than the
e('rtitied cheeks, because we always keep a large balance.


Q. It is in evidence before t11e committee that your deposits were






148 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
only about $300,000, amI your certificates about $8,000,000 ~-A. That
was not so, of course.


Q. You think that could uot have be en so ?-A. 1 know it. Whcn a
hank givcs a certificatioll to a broker it has to be made good by a deposit
before 3 o'clock.


Q. Do ,ron know that the Tenth National Bank did not certit:r beyoud
the amollllt (Ieposited ou that day '~-A. 1 do uot kuow it oí' my OW11
knowledge, other than 1 hayc mentioued.


Q. YOll had no active direction of the bank ~-A. Not at all. 1
1HWCI' was in the banle more than three times, 1 snppose.


Q. Did the presence of the banle examinors, amI the stoppage of certí-
fication throngh that bank, in auy way disarrange thc l)llsill(~SS 01' plans
01' youl'self 01' firm (luring those days '?-A. N o, sir.
(~. Row carne the lmnk examiners to be sent thero at that time ~~A.


1 do not know, of my own knowledge.
(~. 'Vhat is your idea as to the canse of their heing thero at that


timc'?-A. 1 thinle that the bears procured it to make a panic. Thoy
were short of stock.


Q.What bears '?-A. A good lllauy houses \Vere short 'l'he regular
banle examiner was not sent. As soou as the regula!' barde examiner
came he went to the bank amI s:lid, "1 kllOW all about this bank ; it is
strong." As SOOI1 as he cmne there t11e panic \Vas stopped. Otherwise,
1 t1tink a g-ood IDlLlly balll,s would have failed.


Q. Who is he Y-A. ::\1r. Callender.
Q. Did you know him p~~rsollally'?-A. Yes, sir; 1 have met him.
(~. Bid yon lIleet him dnring' tllose (lays?-A. T met him after that.
Q. Did .ron have auy eonversation with him in regard to thesc special


examiners frOIll the treasnry'I-A. No, sil'. 1 merel." met him and
asked him as to the condition of the bank, whet1ler it was perfeetly
sotvent, alld whe111e1' ít \Vas safe lo lease mOlle,v tbero. He made a very
careful examinatioll oi' it amI I'laid tl1at jt \Vas. (¿. Did it reqnirc a larg'e amomü of ('.11lTCne,v 01' emtitie([ ehecks to
carry on ,vonr tmnsaetions in gold during' thos{'. days '?-A. Yes, sir.


Q. Froll1 what other sourc(~s hesi([('. the Tenth Natiollall~ank did you
draw fnnds for those transactiolls '?-1\. 1 (lo llot kIlO\V wlmt ballks we
kcpt accounts in. 1 tllink the Uontinenta 1 alHl tite UOllllllollv:ealth.


Q. Did you dl'aw frOIIl <ln,\' otlwr sources besides banks?-A. No, sir.
It talces very lit,tle real moncy to do thcse transaetions.


Q. vVhat per C8Ilt. 01' real mouey does it talce to transact that clasl'l of
business ?-A. A lIlal! ,,'ith $100~OOO of money amI with credit can
transact a business of $~O,OOO,OOO.
(~. IIow wOllld he nse erpdit iustead of money ~-A. He would use it


in tite sha,pe 01' certifications, and for cL'cdit in tite street, and fol' credit
with the honses t11at he dealt with iJl his trallsaetions.
(~. Certificatioll of cheeks '?-A. Yes, 01' they will take yom cheeks


without certitication. All that you pay one man yon have comillg buck
from al!othor mano
(~. Tf a baule bolie,'es yon sound and eertities yonr check, it will serve


tha same as lllonpv ~-A. ()prtailllv. Bnsinoss Call1lot be done in 'VaH
street. in auy othei, way. "
(~. \Vhat effect do you thiuk it wouId han~ on business if banks were


rcstraiucd from eprtitying checks at aH '?-.A. :::;0 far as 1 am concemed
[ think it wonlll be a very good law to aIlow ballks to (~ert,ify, lmt to COlon
pd tltem to ha,'o securities on hand. \Ve usually do that. vVhen \Ve
llave certifioations, we deposit securities; btÜ banks do 1lot r.equire it.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 149
By MR. ConuRN:


Q. SO as not to ccrti~y ucyond the arnoulIt of securities?-A. Yes,
sir. The business of ,Vall street has ueen done so long in that way that it
is aImol-lt illlpossil¡Ie to change it. They ,,,ouId have some way of getting
around it. Tltey wonld form uanks 111ll1el' the State Ia,w 011 pnrpose to
do that certi(ying. There was a law passed last winterin relatiol1 to the
cel'tification oí' ehecks, atHl firms no\\' keep two accounts. 'rhey check
on one bank to depol-lit in anothel' bank, and rice t'asa, and they use
these as special deposits.


lly MI'. LY~CII:
Q. Tf a law were passed prohiuitillg uanks from certifying cbecks,


wouId it not uc possiu1e to get all o1'<1e1' from a New York .iudge com-
pelling tbem to do it?-A. 1 do not know. 1 lmnl1y think that a New
York juüge wouId intprfere with an act of Congress.


By the CrrAIRJ1AN:
(~. Dicl yon know on Tlmrsday night tbat Friday was to hp brpak-


down rlay-settlillg 11 ay '?-A. No, sir.
Q. lIad yon HUy reason to belie,'e that it wouId be sool-A. No, sil'.
(.l. Vid jUl'. Fisk, by your dil'ection 01' at your suggestioll, 01' witlt


rour kl1owledge, pl'oYide a Jlulllbel' of anned lllell to protect yonr o\Yn
offico, alld Ileatlt's, \ViI1anl's, and otlwr oftices of urokers during tIloso
days'?-A. No, sir.


Q. Do :ron kuow tuat a munber of armed men did gnard tho;>e of'fic('s
durillp: the Ilay?-A. Xo, sil'.
(~. Did ,ron, whilo at lIeat11's office, 11ear Fisk give orders that no


ono ::;hould be admittcd 'J 1 mn speaking now of the 24th.-A. No, sil'.
Q. Did .ron know wben yon rctnrnod to yOlU' own office that arlllpfl


mell walked with ,ron; tbat armed men received yon at ,Y0llr dool'step,
and tlwt tite oftlr,e was gnal'ded by al'meü men ?-A. No, sir. T \Vellt
frolll \Vall street to thclloston stcamboat, and went from there to m:r
offü~o aH alono; fihat is, Pisk and myself.


Q. A" ::;OOH as ,You aseol'taiucd tllat tIle elearing-house statemPllt
would llot go thl'onglt, did yon leaye Heath's oftice alld go to ;rour o\;;n
office'!-l,,". Xo, sir.


Q. \Vltat time oi' tIlo day of tho 24th did J~on lcave 'Vall stl'eet, mHI
where did yon g01-A. lt lIlust haye beeu in tho aftel'lloon. 1 left
there allll \YO went ove1' to tilo No1'th Hi\~er side to where out' boats
leave, and fl'OlIl tlmt \Ye went to tlle Brie office.


Q. \Vhat timo in tito afternooll dill yon Ielwe 'Vall street?-A. It
must huye bccn in tbe middle of tbe aftel'llOon.


Q. 'Vas \Vm. llnlden in Uw oflieo o[ Smith, Gould & J\lartin that
afternooll'l-A. N ot tlmt T know ot'. , (l. Did Beldeu leaY(~ with yon whon .ron weut up town'?-A. No, sir.


Q. ])id 1<'i,,];: lean; with you?-A. Yps; \Ve weut up town together.
\Ve wcnt first, T think, np to HOlne g't'lltlelllun tllat we had busille:-;;:;
with, aUi1 tIWll \Ve \yeut rigltt oyer to the stealllboat ]alldiug, alld frOttl
tlwl'c to O\ll' oflicp.


Q. St<lte wlmt oecul'l'eü that l'YCllillg ut tIte Opera Honse, at yonr
oflje\,. Ui<1 'ViIlanl, Caryer, Smith, Enos, and otllers yisit yon at tlw
Opera Hou;:;c that evenillg~-A. 1 do not l'ecollect.


Q. '{on do llOt recolleet \vhethcl' any ot' them \Vere thel'e'?-A. Xo,
~ir.


Q. \Vhat l1i(l yon 110 on Satnrda,y'l Ten tIte cornmittee whel'e yon
\H'l'C tite (lay after t11e panic.-A. 1 \Vas in my office, and have been




150 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATlO~.
thore ever since, from half-past eight in the morning till ten at night,
except two 01' th1'ee days that 1 have been sicle.


f¿. Did :ron spend ahnost a11 Saturday and Sunday wi'tll l,ano, David
DudIey, Field and Sherman, Smith, Fisle, Carver, or an.y oí' tllOse
filen "?-A. 1 was in tae oftice aH that day, if 1 reconect.


(l. 'Yero those men,or any other, with you '?-A. T tIlÍnk it more
tllan likely that t11ey were t11ere. TlJeY wero there almost ever.r da,\".
1 do not reconect that particular time. 1 lcllOW that 1 have beell in my
ofllee a11 tho time sin ce.
(~. State whatevor transactiolls were had in l'eganl to injunctious OH


tlle Golcl Exchange Bank, 01' on any lJrokers who had had any trauRac-
tiOllS in tlle street, either fur .ron 01' for otllers. 8tate dI that yon
know in regard to the procurement of injllnetiolls 01' on1ers of conrt in
referellce to these settlementR.-A. As 1 told yon, the Gold Exe11auge
Bank failed to make theil' clearance; and hefore they faiIell it tUl'lll'd
ont that they had made aclvances to eedain parties on their statemeuts,
whieh very much complicated the aft'air.


Q. Yon mean that the lmnlc had pai<l fo sorne parties bcforc fud
statements came in ?-A. Yeso These eOlltracts wero ma<lc to be Sl't-
tlell thl'ough the clearillg-house, amI as the bunk had üliI(lIl, tI18y cOltld
llot be settled throngh tIlo clcming-house. l'ht~Il tlte OIIly ,,,ay ,,'ould he
foI' these brokers to go alld get tlle gold and deliyer it; amI in tllÍ~ W¡¡.r,
uuless tItey were restrained hy somo legal process, a great lllaJly of
thoso brokers would llave thilo<l. 1 wanted to save them. Thpy were
restrained j'¡"mu settling in any othor way excopt throngh t110 clcaring-
house, in accordance with t,he eontracts. Thon WhCll tlw ballk finally
got on its feet again, they ,vent to work and clearetl these tmnsactions.
They were transactions which were to pass thrüngh the clearing-house.
lt was a part of tIle contraet. If yon huy gold from a member 01' tIte
Gold Board, .ron being a member, the golf! has IIOt to pass, lmt it is to
lJe settletl through tbe clearillg-hous(~, whcrc no gold passf's; ami it
makes all immense diffcrenee to a firmo The,- can <lo a million dollars
oi' business through tho cloarillg-houso wit!JOl~t l'eqniring $;m,ü()() at the
ontside. 1 wanted to save as mauy as !loll:,;ibIe frolll failnl'c. Tllat was
tilo poillt; to keep firms frolll failillg. (¿. vVhat ílljunetions or orden, díd ,yon ask to have made in pUl'RU-
allee of tllat pl1l'j)ose of yonrR to snV(~ peoplü from failillg ~-A. 1 think
tItare was an illjUl1ction agaillst settling gold except tllroug11 the elcne-
iHg'-honse.


Q. Did yon aslc for t11at injulletion ?-A. N ot myself.
(l. You had it done '?-A. It was done, 1 thínk, by some broleerR. 1


do not know now wIlo they were.
Q. \Vilo wero .ronr attorne.rR "!-A. Fiüld, 1 p1'esume-Field & 8he1'-


man; üither they 01' J\Ir. Yanderpoel. (l. Did yon proenre tlle appoílltmellt of rect'iver for the bankt-A.
No, sir.


Q. Difl yon, 01' those associated with ;ron "?-A. 1 do not kllow who
pnH~nrecl the receiver; r thiuk t11e1'e wern several snits :,;tartml by llif-
fcrellt parties OH acconnt 01' tIte condition of ihe bank; amI tlle re-
ceÍ\'er was tinally grantcd, 011 that of :\'11'. Osborn, aR t11e fil'llt. ouc.


<l. \Vas 1\11'. Oshorn yonr bI'oker durillg tlle pcriod of t110 panie '!-A.
MI'. Osborn <lid busines8 rOl' HS, r think, among otbers.


Q. Did MI'. Osborn hriug that suit on tlle reeommclldatioll of yOUl'
firm, 01' any of tltem ?-A. 1 do not tItink he did OH ou1' recotnmcuda-
tion; 1 think 1\11'. Osborn talked witlt me abont tIle snit. There were




ti


GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 151
rumors that other parties were moving'; it was plain that the bank
must go into the hands of a reeeiver.


Q. Were you, at any time, consu1ted in 1'egard to the salary 01' fees
to be paid to the l'eoeive1', fuI' his services ?-A. Yes, sir; pa1'ties ap-
pealed to me on both sides, to say what amount would be fair. There
seemed to be a difl'erence in theil' views.


Q_ Did yon g'ive ally adyice as to the sum "?-A. 1 deelilled to name
any sumo After they had come ve1'y near together, 1 advised them to
medo


Q; State t.o t.he committee if you know MI'. Co1'bin.-A. Yes, sir; 1
know 11im.


Q. How long have ,ron lmowll llim"?-A. Perhaps, something over a
year.


(.),. Díd yon, in the montll of September last, llave any transactions
with him '?-A. 1 bougltt. sOllle goId for 11im; 1 do not know whether it,
was 1Il Srpte'nhpl' 01' Angnst. r think in the early part of September.


Q. H ow llllH'h '?-A. 1 bought several 10ts at different times; 1 think
it amoullted, aU tOg't'the1', jo ahout two millions.


Q. PIcase 1ix t1w ratc.-A. It was in the thirties, 1 thillk, :1t diffc1'-
CIlt p1'iol"s.


Q. \Vas -:\11'. COl'bin aSROfjated wit1l yOll in t11is pu1'chase of gold other
tban as ~l person fo1' wllom yon bought ?-A. 'l'hat was all.


Q. Di<1 yon have auy confcrcnce with hirn in rcga.n1 to the movc-
mcnt, either in tlw way of seeking his advice, 01' giYing ,rour advice to
11im "?-A. 1 useü to seü 111m frequently.


Q. On this SlÜ\ject, ?-A. Yes; and on the sul\jeet of the state of the
country, the movement of the e1'ops, and the result these things would
have on gold.


Q. Di<1 .ron take JUl'. Corbin into yonr cOllnsels in regard to yOlU own
moverncnt, as to what yOlt were going to do ~ Did he know yonr pu1'-
poses and plam; ?-A. He knew that 1 beIüwed gold wouId ad vanee
some.


Q. AmI that .PHI illtplHle(1 to make it advance some ~-A. Yeso
Q. \Vas he, in any Hense, a pa1'tner Ül yo nI' goltl opemtioIls "?-A. No,


sir; no 1Il0l'C than that 1 bought thiH goltl for him, amI carricd it for
him.


Q. llow long diü yon earry it "?-A. 1 hay e it yet, 1 think; that is m.r
imp1'essioll.
(~. Thcn your transaetioll witlt ]¡im has llOt yet been closed ~-A. N ot


dosed yet; no, Rir.
Q. Is it ]¡e}t! on joint aeeount '?-A. lt is noto 1 bought it fol' hím.
Q. Were these amolluts tIte only gold yon ever bought for him "?-A.


They are aU.
Q. Do you know of auy otliepl' of t11e government, cither in \Vasltillg-


ton 01' New York, 01' cIsew]¡ere, who had anything to do, direetly 01' in-
directIy, with the lIloycment in gold during' the lIlOllth of September
last, 01' \Vho was personally intereste<l in it '1


VVITNESS. Of my 0\\'11 knowledge'~
CHAIRMAN. Yes; of yonr own knowledge.
A. 'l'he Secl'etary of the Treasury put gold dOWIl by selling it.
Q. That i8 a public faet, and uot an answer to my question.-A. 1 do


not seo how 1 cOllld answer that questioll, without explainillg; because
1 do llOt lmow whetber the queRtion in tlle, austract is 1I0t too broad.


Q. Malee yoúr OWIl answel' in :your own way.-A. 1 supposed it was
t11e poliey of the admínístration to let gold work up until after the faU




152 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATlON.
crops were moved; and 1 had good reaSOll to snppose that was to be
so, or 1 should never havp g'ono intn this mOYelllont.


Q. 8tate what yonr reasons werfí.-A.. Duriug tlle sumiller 1 had an
interview with ]\fr. Uorbill. He carne to see me; wanted 10 Illake Hum!'
mOlley in sorne way, alHl asked mJ: opillion, as OUfí gentleman wOl1ltl
mecí allother. He asked me how he eould lIlakc sonw ll1oney. 1 tolll
him if we ,yere certain \Ve were goiug to have a big hHl'yest, ~lnd ir tbe
governmellt would faciIitate it, 1 couId soe ho\\' it eO\llll be done. Theu
1 explaillcll to him rny tlteory, just as 1 ha vp explained it, llere, that th(>
eOl1l1tT~- liad boon over-trading; that tlLe figures )Yere OH'r a humIretl
mi1liolls; amI if we eonM managü to ]Jay that debt ",itlt what ,ve raised
hen', by pxportiug these ero])s, tIle priee oí' gold would go up ,,'hile tho
mOn'!tl('llt was going Oll, and afterwanI drop (10,,"11 again; that we
eonId make monoy hot11 ,,-ays by lm;ying it tlwn, fllHI sdlillg it OH the
rise. ThiR first interácw \Vas abont tlHl tiltle Mr'. Van Dyke ,,'aR ap
poinkd snb-treasnrer in New York, as uearly as 1 cau statn tIte date.


Ry ~rr . .Jo:'lEs:
Q. ITow was this inten'iew hroug-ht abouL; at your instancc 01' that 01'


JIr. Corbin ·'I-~'\_. It uoes not OeClll' to me at t !Jis lI10ment whctber 1
Rought him 01' he sought me. 1 u8pd to meet him occasioualIy. JIe
owrwd 80111e real estate in ,J en;cy City, where 1 was hni]clillg a llOrse-
railroad, throllgh some of onr OWIl lauds, anü nIRo thl'ol1g-h his. 1 mpt
him frequclltly on that snhject, and aJ, olle of thesc meetings this ma.tter
was bronght n]). Now 1 will tell yon ahont .:111'. Corhin. lIlr. Corbiu is
a very slJrewu old gelltleman, much more fal'-seeing thall the ncwspapel's
gh-e him cl'el1it tOl'o He ¡;aw at a glall('e tIle \\'holc ease, alld saiü tlwt
he thOllght it was th0, true platform to ¡;;tanü 01\; that whatcyer tlle
govemllwnt. could <lo legitimately and fairly to f'acilitate tho f'xportatioIl
of brea!lst.nffs, amI produee good pl'iecs for the prodnds of tlle \V c~t.
they ought to do. He was anxions that 1 shonl(1 SPfl tlw P1'esident, amI
eommunicate to bim ll1y view of tIle snhjeeL lkillg t'Olllleeted in my
railroad business with the mutter of tl'Husportatioll, aJl(1 Imowi!lg tlJe
views oí' those managillg ibe othel' tnmk lilles, be thoug-hL that 1 lme,,-
the snustallce of tho eOllcclItra.tcd Yiews oí' tlwso l)('ople, amI he was
anxious that 1 sllOulll see tlle PresidenL amI talk with llÍm, antl he malle
an uppointulellt. witll me to do so. 1 \Vcnt to l\Ir. Corhill's, a1\(l ,vas
introduecd to tlle Presidcllt.


Q. At what tillle was tbis f-A. It was alollg ahont. tIlo time of the
peace julJilee in Boston. 1 did !lot know what the Pre¡Üdellt's view'i
were. Hut we too k hilll ove1' on our boat, OH his way to EostOll.


Q. vVhom do .ron mean when .yon say "wc '?"-A. 'l'here were sen'ml
gentlemen alollg-::Ur. Pisl., CyrusField, and ot11e1'8. 1 mean the ownors
oí' the boats. He \Vas our gnest.. "Ve hall snpper al)Out lIiue o'eloek 01'
ten o'eloek gOillg overo A.t this supper tlle qllestiOlI carne up auont tlJe
state oí' tIlo eount1'Y, tIle erop8, pl'ospects alwad, &e. The President
was a listcner; tlle other gentlemcn were discnssing. Sonw were ill
favor of Eoutwell's selling gold, and some were opposecl to it. After
t.hoy had all intcl'changed their viows, Rome ono askcd thc Prr¡;;ident
what his viow was. He remarked tIlat he thonght thel'o was a certain
rtmoullt of fictitiousness about the prospel'ity oí' tIte tOlllltry, alld t.llat
tho bubblc llligltt as well he, tapped in Olle way as auotllPr. Tlwt was
about tllp snhstance of his l'emark. He tIlen asked mo what 1 thought
about it. 1 rema1'ked that 1 thought ir that poliey ,vas earricd out, it
wonld produce groat distress, aml almOt-lt lead to civil war; it would
prodnte ¡;tril~es amollg tIle wOl'kmen, amI the wOl'kshops, to a grcat




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 153
extent, would have to be closeu; the JUauufaetories would have to stop.
r took tbe ground that tbe governmeut ought to let gold alone, ancIlet
it filld its eomrnerciallm'el; that, as a matter oi' fi1et, it ought to faoili-
tate au llpward lllo,'ement of gold in tho fallo The faU amI winter is
the only time in wltich \Ve have any interest in it. Tbat \Vas all that
occurred at tltat time. vVe supposed frolll that conversation that the
l'l'esident was a cOlltractionist.


By 1\11'. S:lllTII:
Q. Was Afr. (Jol'hin in tbis party ~-A. Oh, no.
Q. Plem;e state \VIlO ,,'ero tIte memben; of the party.-A. The1'e were


at tite table, 1 think, the Presidellt, J\fr. Fisk, myself, 1\fr. Simonds the
general mauager of tlle boat, \Villiam n. JHarstoll, Cyrus vV. Field, amI
a few ot,hel' geutlcmen, whose llames do BOt ocenr to me at this moment.
1 remembeI' 1\11'. l\[arRton heing along, becanse tile next morning 1
\Vas out ca!'ly at tIte telegraph offiee, and found lúm there telegmpltiug
to his brokel' to sell out bis stoeks; HO iltat he had the same impression
that 1 hado 'l'hCll tlw President travelcd ahout, meeting, of courRe, a
goou mally llllsiness llleu; amI 1 afterwards met hilll at .:vIl'. Corbin's
agaill.


Q. At what time ~-A. If 1 hall my testimony before the grand jury,
1 could give the dato oi" the cOlln~rsation more deflnitely tllan 1 líOW ean.
It waR artcr he Ilad rctul'Ilcd frolll Sara,toga, alld wlten he \Vas on his
way to 01' f¡'om attending General Rawlins'R funeral, that 1 lllet him tlle
;;econd time, uf MI'. COl'lJin's. J\II'. Corbin invited me to come roulld in
tite enming. He liad, in tbe mean time, becom8 very lIlllCh interested
in llIy t,ltcOl'y OH this snl\jed. 1 had explaiued llly viO\rs to him, and
at that time 1 think it had beeome a sort of monomania with hil1l. 1
tlliuk au'y üh~a of makillg mOlley i'or hün"elf ha<l eeased to weigh with
him. He ,yas n'l'y HTlxiollS that 1 shonld eome rOllnd. 1 did so, alld
talkcd \rith 3Ir. Corbill aud tlle President.


Q. \VllO was pl'eHPllL at this eOllversatioll "l-A. "No one, except 1\Ir.
Corbin, tlle PI'('si4lent, alHllllyself. 'rile President had ehanged his views,
as 1 at once di",eoyeroll. The Presiüent said thon that he \Vas satisfied
the eountI'y had a Yer~' bOL1utifnl bal"Yest; that thel'e \Vas to ue a large
surpl11s; that llllkss \Ve ('onM fill(l a lllal'ket ahroao. for that surplus it
would pntdowll priecs here; al!(l he remarked that the goyermtlcuL wonld
do nothiu g dnriug t11e ütll lllonths oí' t11e year to put clown tIte priee oi'
gol!! Ol' make tllOlwy tight. 011 the eOllÍl'ary, tlwy would do ever,ything
they coultl to facilitate thc 1l10Vl'lI1ent of breadstuffs. He seemed to
tak'e a Yel'y deep interest in it; it seellwd 10 have beell a, lm1tter of
study with hilll. 1 \Vas surpriseü at tlw dearness with whieIt he seemed
to comprehcnu tlle wllOle questioll. 1 kllew whal 1 felt in lIIy business.


By MI' .• Jol'mtl:
Q. Did he say he wonId use his inflnence in tllat \Vay'!-A .. He did


not speak abollt his illíltteuee. 1'11e expression oí" !lis views was UpOIl
tlle bl'Oad platfol'ln, that he seeme(l to be satisfied as to what the true
interests 01' tlle country were, and that he illtellded, as far as he eould,
to pursue sueh rt, COlU'se aR wouId urillg tbcRe results.


By 1Ir. S3Il'l'H:
Q. 11<' spoke ()f t1le gOYOl'lllLlellt, ltot of himself~-A. He spoke of the


g'oJ,'ernlllcnt. The gOYel'llment \Vas lmying bonds aH the time, and I
did not R('(' IImy they eOllld kepp UJl tlwir purehases without Relling
g'old, [lwl, oí" eonrse, Yery llaturaJly Rnggested that. In reply to tbat he
said t1w reyenue was berOllll theÍl' pxpeetations; t!lat tbey were issuing




154 GOLD PANW INVESTIGATION.


fl'actional currency; that the issue was to go on until flfty milliolls had
been put in cir(~u]atioll, amI it was supposetl that wonld give thc govern-
llleut ampIe means to kecp U]) tIle pnrchase of bonds, without sellillg
goId.


By tIte OHAIR:.\IAK:
Q. Rave yOll given substantially all that occurred at thatinterview?-


A. Yes, 1 met l1im, 1 think, once after tl1at, at tIte time he was going to
Pennsylvallia, to Oorry. He wUllted to go to 001'1'.)', ml(l 1 armnged to
gin~ him a traill OH the Eric road. He ,,-ished aIso to return by tIle
Philatlelphia amI Eric, amI 1 wellt down to see General Diven, antl be-
tweell us \Ye arrallged the tri]) for hirn. VVLtCll \Ve wcm ahout goil!g a way
.:\11'. Corbin wanted me to step hack a lIloment. T went hack amI Ilad
anotheJ' com-ersation with tIle Presideut, \Yhile Geueral Diven waited
for me in front. 1 staid there perhaps hall' an honro


Q. vVas 1f1'. Corbin pl'esent dnring this conversation ?-A. Yeso
Q. How Jong was this before tile fiuctuation 01' lJUnic oceurred~-A. 1


am Yery pOOl' at fixing dates. lrelllember his tellillg lVIr. Corbiu that
Boutwell had giTPll 1lH o1'(le1' to sell, amI that he, hcillg at 'Vashiugton,
Ha w oí' it m' heard of' it, amI coulltermamled t11e ordcl'. 'l'his illten-iew
must haye been afte1' his return to Xew York [rom tilc funeral oi' General
Hawlills, lJecaut'le itwas on his l'eturn from tlmt l' U 11 eral that, ¡w told :\11'.
Uorbill t11a1; he liad eOllntermanded tilo onle1'; amI wben he got lmck he
found a Jette1' from Secretary Bontwell, sayillg that he fllllyacquieseed
in the l'resident's vie\Vs. 1 supposcd that tIte Pret'li<lpllt eXlllailletl hit'l
views as to tlw sLate of the country to lUr. BoutwelI, an!! that Ml'. Bont-
well aeqnieseed in that statement.


By 1\11'. JONES:
Q. Youare holding some gold for Mr. Corhin at this time ?-A. Yes"


1 Imnl sOllle gold for Ilim.
Q. vVas yOlll' purchase of gold for Mr. OorbiuIH'CTions to :l1Jy 01' these


illteryiews '~-A. J\Iy pnrehase fol' hilll \Yas aller tlw lirst ill/('lTi('\\' amI
be1i)re tho seeond. 'l'he illten-ie", OH tlle "-:lY to Bostou ww., a 'H~t
lJlanlwt; tile other intcn-jew was more satisfactol'Y. 1 did uot blly any
gold for ]\11'. Corbiu uutil 1 ,,'as assmed frOlll tlw l'rcsidellt that the
goyernment wonld llOt <10 allytLtillg to put dowll 1 J¡p pl'iee of gold; alld
it may, tltcl'efol'e, havo been aftcr tilo seeolld iatl'lTiüw, amI before the
third, tImt 1 hought gold 1'01' ]\11'. Corbin.


Q. State ,,'hat o(,(;ul'l'e(l nt tlJe thinl intel'vie",.-A.The thinl inter-
view was just a repetitioll of the seeollll.


Q. vVas any pe1'soll pn'sent nt these illterviews with the Presil1ellt ex-
eept 111'. C01'bill f-A. No, sil'.


Q. You statcll gellerally that t11e third iaten-iew was a repetitioll of
the second. Lpt me asIr yon whethel' an those intelTie'lyi; were coneCrIl-
illg a pubIic polic.)', 01' wlH-\t11er au.)' eonvenmtioll tDok placp e()ll(~('l'lüng
a private policy alld priyate movements °1_A. Nothillg e\'(~r ocelllTe<l in
any ofthese intrrviews that did not imprN;s me tltat tIlo I'rc:'iident was
a Yery pure, high-mindetl lllall; that if 11(' wa¡.; satistic(l w11at \rH:-l the
best thing, that was whut he wouId do.


By the CHAIRJ\1AN:
Q. vVas there unything said 01' intimnted nt any of thcse illten-iews


to the Prosidellt, Ol' in tllC Presidellt's hearing, that ,ronl!! ilaye ¡etI I!im
tn sllppose :tuy prívate pu1'pose, 01' speeulatioll, 01' gaill, was songht to
be reached through tilese inten'iew", so far as ,)'on kno'IV '?-A. So, :-;ir.


Q. On the cOlltrary, do you suy there was noJ allyLhillg saitl oí' that




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 155
uature ~-A. 1 shoulu say there "as noto Tho reason J\lr. COl'bin asked
me to go tbere "as this. He said to me: "You have large interests
here; yon have large railroad amI steamboat intel'ests in severaI uit~
ferent lines; you have more interest in tIte matter of transportation than
Hny othm mau in tlle conntry; ancl 1 am auxious that the Presideut
sllonld come in contact with practical men and tal\;: with thern. That
"as the exense he gave for asking me to go. AH thjs lS pl'eliminary to
arm'H~rillg yOUl' general questlOu. Then tIJe President weut west after
this tIJinl interview. Of comse 1 kncw t11e1'e were parties in Ne.w York
who were short oí' gold. 1 hean1 therc was to be a diuner party to be
gotten úp to Secretary Boutwell, ana that ccrtain parties were to be
illYited. I felt soIicitons as to what the effect might he on tlle Secre·
tary. Tlmt dinncr was giveu, 1 think, while the Presidellt was inPeun-
s.rlnmia on this trip.
(~. 'Vas it ver.r SOOIl afte1' yonrlast interview at 1\11'. Corbin's honse?-


A. Yeso 1 weut to see 1\11'. Co1'hin ahout it; he said he did not think
it possible, the President had so thoroughly malle np his milld, 01' bad
so tltoroughly marked out his poliey that nothing conlel change him; he
kne,y tlw lIlall so \Vel!. He knew that w11ell he IHUI a1'ri'i'eel at his con-
elnsions after a gooa cIcal of dclihcration amI examinatioll, he would unt
c!tauge tllell1. 1 suggested to him that thc Secretary migllt seU withont
cOIliHlltillg him. He Haidill re pI,)" to tltat, that tIle P1'psident had written
a letter beforc dellarting' on ]Iis trip amI Ieft it with ltim, a:)(l tlmt IH~
llad left it \vith General Butte1'field to deliq'r imll1cc1iatelv to tlU' Secre·
tary on bis arrinll iu .xew York, gh-illg the President's vié,ys. But that
ditlllOt satis(y llle. 1 aslwl bim ifIle knew what \Vas in thc lcMer. He
said he did not; hut he said he was veryeertain as to what was in it,
hecause tIte Presideut fltopped in the middle of a cOl1yersation, in which
he hall expressel1 his yjews, H\)(I wrote the Ietter. 'fhat \Vas 1\11'. Cmbin's
ans"'e1' to me; antl Butterfield afte1'wanl stated to me tlmt he deli\-erpd
tIte Ietter. He (Butterikl<l) clid uot know what was in lt, althongh he
sllpposed it to he tlw"mue thillg that Cm'hin <lid. 'fhe next mornillg, 1
think it was, 1 Wetlt rOll])(l again to ]\JI'. Corbin's. I uSCfI to see him
e\-e1'Y da} thell, eyery mornillg amlllight. He tolü me he did llot kilO""
\"hat prpssu1'e might, he bl'Ollgltt, ami t11a1; he hall pl'epa1'ed a lette1' to
the Pl'eSiclt'llt, alld it' 1 wOlll11 semI him a special messenger he \\'ou1<1
send it to tbe President. He read to me thc letter. 01' rather. he read
extracts frol11 it. He wellt OH amI saül, in tlle lcttei', tbat in bis judg-
lllent there were two partiesi Ollt' party that represelltell a gl'l'at tIpal of
mOlley and a great deal oí' wealth, hu\'illg many prominent men it, in
the city, \\"110 wpre sl101't of gold; tilat tlley would naturally Iilee tlle
goverTllllellt to (;OIllC ill :))111 help them; t1tat theJ'e was 1111othel' parí..,.,
long oi" gold, who wonld tr,\" to in lInce the governmcclt to keep its Ilands
off~ He said he thOllght tlw tnw illtpI'üsts oí' tlw gOYe1'lluwnt were in


• tIle ,lirectioll of t1le OpilliollOl he hml so oftell eXllresse<1. He went on,
page after page, to de,wribe the effeets 01" low l)l'iees amI higll prices
upon tho products oí' tlte COlllltl"'y. 'fhat lettel' 11p seut to the President.
1 difl not fUl'Ilislt t1lo llles~engel', hut JIr. Fis1\: did.


D.y 1\11'. LYNCII :
Q. 'Ylwl'e ,ras tollo Presitlent at tIJat time '?-.A. Ue was stopping in


tho westel'll part oí" Penm;ylvania.
Q. 'Vlty \va" it lHl(~eSiial'Y to send it by a messengcr 'I-A. In order


tlwt it lllight Cel'taillly reach hilll. He \Vas haek some ways frorn Pitts-
lmrg, amI SOlllü ways fl'OIll auy line of milnmd, alld it mig11t haye hl'en
delayed in the lllail; tor that n'ason it \Vas sent by a special lllessenger.




156 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
By MI'. PACKER:


Q. About what time was this lotter writtell ?-A. Some three, foar,
01' fiyc uays befare the 23d.


By .MI'. S.:.u:ITH:
Q. How near the time of' this dinller yon have Rpokenof, to be gi\~en


to the SeeretlLl'y"I-Á. It was either just pre\Tious 01' just abont the
time. It scems to me it was a day 01' t~vo afte1' the dinue1'. Tlle mes-
senger took tlle letter and delive1'ed it. Tllat is aH 1 kllOW oí tIlat.


Q. 'Vito was tIle mcsseng-er ~-Á. Tlle messeug-el' was a Illan by the
name of Ohapin; vV. O., 1 think, werc his initials.


By :afr. P ACKEIt :
Q. 'Vhere does he live f-Á. He li\~es in ~ew York.
Q. If there \Vas an allswe1', state what yon know abont it.-Á. 1 only


know tIlat 1\11'. Co1'bin sIlo\Yctl me a letter t Ilat l\lrR. Grant wl'ote t o .Mrs.
Co1'bin in reply.


Q. At that time ?-A. YeR; they sent it by !Uni!.
{~. It did not come by MI'. Chapín °1_A. No, ¡;ir.
Q. J\Ir. CorlJin showed ;you that letter 'I-A. He RllOwed me somc ex-


tracts from it,.
By ;Vrr. VYr\CH :


Q. Did he show yon t1le lettel' itself'?-A. Yes; he did. (l. Did yOLl read it ?-A. TllcT'C ",as qnite a portion of it abont, family
matte1's, abont t1lc elJildreu, &c.


Q. Do yon mean to say that )Ir. Oorbin showed yon a letter writteu
by 1\11's. Graut to his ,,-ife ?-A. Yes, sil'. (l. Dirl yon sce t1le siguaLnrc;1 Do yon kUQW it \Vas a letter written
by 1\:[1's. Graut to l\Irs. Oorhill 'I-Á. 1 saw the cUVl>lope, post-marketl at
the place wlwre ilH'y \Yere stopping. Tt was in a lady's ltandwriting.


Q. no yon know that it ,va:,; a letter a(ldres¡,;cd lIy::VIrs. üraut to :!\Jn1.
Co1'bill ?-A. No, sir; r do unt kno,," that it was.


By 1\11'. Jo::ms:
(,). Diel }11'. Corbin tell yon that it was -?-A. YeR, sir. (l. Did yon spe tl10 sigllature oí' tIle Iettel' 'I-A. Yes, sir.


By lUl'. LYi\Cll :
Q. Did yon not say Lhat yon clid llot kuow it was he1' lcttel' ~~Á. 1


did IlOt kuow the signatnre.
Q. How \Vas it signed ?-A. It was sig'llt>(l by -:\r1's. Grant's giyen


name.
Q. '''hat was that ?-,\. r ¡lo not kuow tlwt.
Q. Addressed to ",hom ?-A. T think it eOIllmenced, "Deal' t\ister,"


01' "D0a1' .Jellllie," amI was addressed to l\I1':'l. Corbin. 1 liad neyer :'lepu
the handwriting- befare, amI eoulrlllot s\vcal' tlmt. it \vas 1l0t a forg-ery. •


Q. 1 ullderstand yon to sU,y there was a certaill portiOll oí' j,hc leHc!' tlwt
yon did Bot l'ead. 1 waut to ask wltethcl' yon ('onId ]¡m"e seen tlle sig-
natnrc anu the addreRs without l'eadillg the contents of tite lctter ?-
Á. A part of it \Vas HOt designed foI' 1ll,Y j'(·a<lillg.


Q. 'Vas any part of it coueealed frülll 'yen '!.-A. 1 teok thc letteI' in
lU,y llamls, amI of eourse 1 hall to glauco ai; tlw ,,'1101e 01' it. lIe callell
my attention to tIte particular parts.


Q. 'l'heu yon llar! an opportullity to read tIte whole of it ?-A. 1 eonld
hase rcad thü "\Vhole. 1 saw tllat it waH alJout falllíl.y matters, alld he
called m'y attention to particnlar portions.




GOLD PANIC INVESl'IGAl'ION. 157
By MI'. JONES:


Q. What was in tohe letter, in the portions yon read ?-A. The sub·
stanee of it was this: She says, "Ten yonr husbalJ(l," 01' "tell MI'. COI"
bin, that my husband is Yery mnch annoyed by yonr speculations. YOll
must close them as quiek as you ean." That was the substaucc.


Q. 'Vas that all you saw"I-A. Tlmt was all-the snbstance of it.
There were sorne intimations about Cuba; bnt that was aU that iutcr·
ested me.


Q. 'Vas t11is previous to t11e panic, 01' during' tIw time ?-A. It \Vas
just previous to t11e panic ; two 01' threc days befo1'e t11e Sec1'etary bogan
to seU gold. This letter \Vas written from Peunsylvania, autl the day
the President al'rived iu ·Washington t11e Secl'etal'y had lHlvertised to
seU gold.


Q. Do yon know of any purchase of gold by any gold broker for nIrs.
Grant 'l-A. Not to llIy kllowledge.


Q. Why <lid 1\11'. Corbin s110w yon t11at letter '?-A. MI'. CorlJin wanted
me to take hi,s g'old off' his hUllds. 1 had had some governments, earry-
ing fol' hilH. He soId them out at a 10ss of fifty thousand dollars. 1
thiuk 1 had, probably, two millions of goverllluents for l\lr. Corbin
about, tIlo timo the governmeut \Vas going to commence pUl'chases. He
hronght thel1l thell, ni' eOUl'se supposing they wonld go up Oll his pur-
c!wscs. He figured up that his gold, at tho price it then stood, if sold,
wouId givo him abO'ut one hUlldred alld fifty thousancl dollal's profit, aUlI
IIC wallted me to take his gold off liie; liands. He figure(l that, dednctillg
thc fifty thonsalld dollars loss OH the governmollts, it would leave a profit
of a huudred thonsand dollars on botl! trausactiolls. 1 thillk 1 had already
sold half a million oi' hiR gold. He wHnted me to giye him a check for
a hnndred t110nsand dollars, and just take tho gold off his hands. 1
told him 1 did llOt want to do that, but 1 wouId gi\'e him a check fol' a,
hundl'ed thonsand on account; that 1 did llot want to tl!row his goltl on
the mal'ket at that time. The check neyor passod. 1 saw "by that let-
ter that he did not want to buy any more gold.
(~. He was dispm,cd, tIwn, to follo \Y tho adviee of t11e letter, close np


his aeeount, amI get out oi' tlle speeulatiou '?-A. Yes, sir.
By t1le (JHAIRI~IAN :


Q. IIow do yon know th¡1t the lotter fi'ülll 1\11's. Grant to l\fr", Corbin
was in response to l\fr. Uorbin's letter to tite Pl'esident '?-_A. 1\11'. Corbill
told me so.


Q. Did tlw letter acknowlcdgc itt-;clf to be a I'Psponse to his let-
tor to tho President "?-A. So far as this expression went T cOllsider that
it did.


Q. 'Vas thoro allything iu tile lctto1' that 1\11'. Corbin sent to tIle Presi-
dent in regard to his speculations in gohl él_A. 1 think Chapin took
two letter~, oue from }'1r. Corbill to the President, aud oue from }Irs.
Corbin to ~'Irs. Grani.
(~. Hut the letter to the l)resülent, J nnLlcrstooLl :ron to say, 01' the


sn"bstance of it, was :-;imply devoted, so far as yon saw it, to discllssing
general qnestions-the general }lo1iey of tllc goyernmont-and t,hat the
lptter of MrR. Grant to }Jrs. Corbin spoke abont speenIations of 1\11'.
Corhin. How conld that be a l'PSpOIlHe to bis lettpr to tJw President "?-
A. That is a point that has occurretl to me. {J. vVhat <lo :ron tm'y as to that pOillt '?-A. 1 thiuk the papers had
used 1\11'. Corbin's nanw, and that the President pro"bably tlionght ho
had somc interpst; indeed, ho might hayo told him.


Q. Do you kIIO"- that the Preflident liad ever been informed by ]}'Ir.




158 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Corhin, by'yonrself, or by auy other person, that Mr. Corbin was specu-
lating in gold"!-A. ~o, sir.


Q. Do you believe he had been so informed when he was in New
York at the time of auy of the interviews he had with you 01' 'Mr. Co1'-
hin?-A. The1'e neve1' was a wo1'd passed between the President and
myself, or in my hearing', tbat would lead me to sllppose the P1'e¡;;¡dl~nt
knew anytllÍng about his movements. Bnt this lette1' 01' 1\It's. Grallt
might loo k as though he did.


By J'¡1r. J O~ES :
Q. Bid 1\11'. Corbin ever say to yon that he had tóld the President, 01'


intirnated to him, that he was speeulating in gold "?-A. ~o, sil'.
Q. Can yon state the exact time whell tlús letter was wl'itteu ?-A. It


was written, 1 think, the day 1\11'. Chapin got there, ami mailed the next
day.


By the CIIAIR~UN:
Q. Did 1\11'. Chapin brillg back any message 01' any Ietter ?-A. No, sir.
Q. "Vas there anything in the lette1' of }\[rs. Grant that ackllO\rledged


the l'cceipt of JUr. Corbin's letter ?-A. N o, sir.
Q. \Vas there 'auy refereuce to nIt'. Clu1pin iu tlle Ietter '?-A. No, sir.
Q. Do yon know that there eve1' was auy allswer by the President, 01'


by his anthorit,y, to the lettel' :111'. Chapin delive1'ed to him '?-A. No, sil',
By 1\11'. JONES:


Q. Did 1\11'. Corbin ten yon what the object was in writing the lcttcr
that he scnt by 1\11'. Chapin f-A. I haye already stateu that it was
fearecl the Seeretary would seU gold, withont the Presüle,nt's S<lllction.


By the CIIAIR~fÁN:
(~. I undcrstalld yon to say that 1\11'. Corbill's alleged motive in \uit-


ing tho lctter was, that he feal'eu the Seel'etar;y 1lligllt seU w.iLhont 111e
President's knowledge 01' sanetion, amI he t\¡el'(~f{H'(~ \\'1'ote, ul'gil!g na
him t11e general poliey that had lJeen talkcd of lJeftll'(,?-A. Yeso


Q. Have yon eompleted all (be statemellt ,you tllink it Ill'Ce:"sary to
make prelimina.ry to a full :tllSWel' to the wmeral qUCSt.iOll llropouwle<l
yon a long time ago ?-A. After tho 2-1-th-I think it \Vas Satnnlay
morniug aner tile Fridayoí' the pUllie-I saw 1\11'. CorlJiu. He came
rOUlHl to t11e oftice, aml he was much agitated; semlled very llllleh dis-
appointed, and p1'oposed that he aud his wife shonld go to 'Va",hingtoll
amI get tlle order revoked. 1 said to llÍm 1 thought it lookell as thouglt
he hall been ratlwr assmning on t11e Pl'esidellt; that he hall assump(110
kuow what the I'resident would do, anfl had connted withont his ho:"t.
He Raid that lle aml hit> wifo would' go clown Satnnlay night to 'Yüt>h-
ington, for the purpose, as he saic1, of get.ting tlHl ol'(ler that hatl b(~ell
issned to seU revoked. The order was adycrtiseü Friday, 1 tbink, to
seU OH t.he following l\1011day. He carne baek on MOllday witllOut huY-
ing accomplished llis purposc.


Q. Did yon see ltim on his retnrn ?-A. I thillk 1 did IlOt see him; I
thillk Mr. Fisk saw him 011 his I'etul'll. .


Q. Had you auy communication from him as to thc result of 11is yisit
here?-A. 1 thillk 1 haye uot seeu 1\11'. Corbill sineo his retnrn. 1 tIlink
11r. lhsk saw 11im. 1 might 1l0ssiLly have secn him once. On his 1'e-
tnm, I think, he sent for me; that I was out, alllt that ::\'r1'. Fisk went,
there.


By .MI'. LYNCH:
Q. In I'eferellee to this letter, let me ask yon whethe1' it \Vas a fhmil,Y




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 159,


lcttcr OH family affairs, in whicb this muttcr was incidcntally allllllell to,
referri1lg to trallsaetions t11at were known to the President ?-A. Yes;
tbat was it.


By Inr. ,10)jES:
Q. What did }\fr. COI'1>il1 suy to yon WllPll he shO\\,pd you this leHer of


}Ino\. Grallt to 1\lrs. Cor1>in; ,\'hat was his ol~jeet ill sho\Ving- it to yon, if
it \Vas silllply a family mattel', about family affairs '?-,'l, .All tIlo cxense
whie11 he gayo lile was t11is: He suid that the l'residcnt probably though1
he had SOIllC intcrest in gOYerlllncllts 01' g-old, amI that lw ,,'anted to get
ont. II(', tlwrei'ore, showed me t1lis lettcr. "N ow," said he, "1 \Vant to
'\Tite a l('ttl~l' to tlHl l'rpsident whiell ,,\'in reaeh him wl!ell he gets to
\Vashingtoll;" amI he sllOwell lile a 1ettel' wllÍelt lw lwd pn'pared, :~1\(1
,vhieh eommeneed by sayillg that he lwll BOt a dollar of illterest in golcl
01' g-oyel'lIlllpnts, aud tlJen ,,,eut Oll to fiuy, "1 tell yon now, as aman
who haR stndic!l this mattu' illlpartiall'y, that if ,Y0n giye HU ordel' to
sell gold yon ,vill commit a, gn'at mÍi,take." l::hlying 'leen thifi lu:-;t re-
mark 1 Iliü llot bite at it. •


Q. Bid lIot bite nt what ?-A. I did not ,yunt to take the gold off 11i8
handR. .


Q, Alld yon ullclerstood t1le o~jeet of ~Ir. Corbin, in showinp; you the
lctter, wa::i to illllnee yOll to take hi:, gold off his lJUlllb, a¡¡1l help hilll
out with his specnlatioíls ~-A. Yl'S, sil'; 1 tol(l hirn 1 w(m](l giyü 11im
tlle SlOO,O()() ou accouut, amI tllat when 1 80111, if he liked, 1 wouId give
him tlle an'rage of 1Il,Y Rales. 1 did uot (eel like lmying au,)' gold oí' lJim
tIten.
(~, fInw did ::\11'. COl'biu come out of tIlO wholc transation in his fipeeu,


lation:> '!-A. HIl has not come out; he has been Rick eyer since. nI'
says he does not know auythillg abont auy trallsactiolls.


Q, He S~l,YS so to yon'?-A. Ho has not said so to me, for 1 do not think
1 llave secu 1Iim siuce the Illol'lling oi' !lis returu frolll \Vashington.


Q. 1f IJi:-; accolllüfi \r(,l'(' 1l0W sl,ttle(} with yOll, ,yonld he stand :t 10;:;c1'
Ol' wil1Jwd-A. [ coulrlnot fiay. ]t' 1 gin" him tIle aYerage oí' sales, 01' ir
he took ]¡is golll ni> uow, it wo¡¡ld pay j¡illl a los", of cou1'se.


13y the CIIAm~IAN:
Q. Can ,ron 110\\' givc a dcfinite alls\Ycr to the general (!nestioll


m;ketl '!-¡~, J kllOW llothiug flll'th!'i' thau 1 han') statpl1. [wiiI state,
l!Ow('\'(~r, tIlat 1 am satisfie(l that the Pl'eSillellt has never had auy con,
lleetion, \1ireetly or iudireetly, y,itll au;\' of' tlte lllOyeme¡lts tlmt llaye
heen madc.


Q. Aftel' your full statement of thesc trHllfiactions in detail, anft óf
~'üur iutel'Yipw:-; with thc l'resideut, hayo ~-on :tll'y l'eHSOll to snppmm
that tlte l'rc:-;iüent , .. as eogllir,HlIt, him;:;elf, oí' any Jlrinltc speculations
ill gold, 01' tbat he was aware of doillg anything, OH his OWIl pal't, tIlat
wonhl he1p Hlly pl'i vate speenlation; 01' tIJai; he was eonsulted by any
p'arties to auy private speeulation in rt'ganl to that mo,'emelltf-A. No,
su'.


Q. AmI yon have no reason to snpposc that he hac1 '?-A. No, sil'; ou
the cOlltral'y, everything- that 1 haye se en has satisfied me tbat he is a
Yory higlHninded, pure mano


By 1\11' .• TONES:
Q. 01' that ally of his family hall auy private speculation ?-A. I do


1l0t thÍllk the,)' hall any knowledge, nnless this letter 1 haye mentioned
\\'ould illdieate it.




.160 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
By the CUAIR:LIUN :


Q. Are yon acquainted with General Butterfield, late assistant treas-
uror in Now York'I-A. 1 bave somo aequaintanee with 1Iim.


Q. Did you have any business transactions with him during the montb
of September !-A. 1 bought sorne gold ti)!' him.


Q. \Vhen '!-A. It was the first part of' S@ptemhel' Ol' last of August.
It \Vas ahout tho time 1 bought some fol' ])11'. Corbin.


Q. lIow mnch did yon btiy for ]}fr. Bntterfield?-A. 1 think it was
a millioll and a half.


Q. At wh:tt mte'I-A. It was in tho thirties; ahont the price 1 paid
for l\1r. Oorbin's gold.


Q. Did you seek an intcrview with him, 01' he ,,'ith you, preliminary
to this purehase "I-A. r cou!t1 llOt sayas to tllat. He used to come to
see me, amI 1 sometimes went fo see him.


Q. You wel'e accustomed to converse OH the financial poliey and tlte
rnovements ill go!d '?-A. Yes, sir.


Q. Did he request yon to lmy this gold for him?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. Did he give yon an.r illstrnctiolll-i as to"tlw amonnt yon were to pur-


chase fOl' 11im, and the rate at w11ich yon were to pureltas!J it '?-A. The
first onler he ga\-e me was lIn orüer to buyo 1 g'¡¡,yo a pmt of tlwt gohl to
3'11'. Oorbin. Gold ,vent down some frol1l that point, amI ",!len l saw t11e
general 1 advised 11im io huy f;ome more oí' tite cheap goId rOl' tIJe pur-
pose of aYel'agillg' it so as to redllCt\ tho 10ss OH the fil'st. In my sug-
gestion he acqlliesced, and 1 did huy more go!<l 1'01' him.


Q. DüI thesc purehases together lllake a lllilliou aml a half, 01' wa::; the
first p1ll'chasc a miliion lllHl a halO-A. T]¡c t\Vo matll\ a millioll and a
halt'.


Q. Did yon make any othcl' pnrclmse fol' him '/-A . .No, Rir.
Q. Hayo you settletl for th:1t transaetion '?-A. ~o, sir. There i" a


difference oí' opiniotl lwtween lU;. He says he never ga \'(~ HUy oruer.
Q. You ean sw('a1', WitllOut auy doubt oí' tlle tmill, thai he did give


the ord(~l' °1_A. Yes, gil'.
Q. Can you state t11e time aud pIaee whern he gan' ;\'on t1w orde1' '~­


A. Yes, sir. It was in bis o1lie(~ ato tite HnlJ-tremmry, citllcr tlte Iast oí'
Augm"lt Ol· tIle foro part of Septemh('r, r shonl(l sayo Onp (JI' the oth('1'
montlls.


Q. "Vas any persoH pre~,ellt lHlsides you two?-A. ~o, sir.
Q. Did he gin~ the order in writiug'?-A. ~o, "ir.
Q. Stato the words he userl in giYing the 01'(101' as nearly as you can


remellllJer"?-A. 11(' uglwd me \rltat 1 UJOught of golü. 1 tol(l 1Iim r
t110nght tIte tendency oí' gold wou1fl ue np. He sa,i<l he thought so too.
He helieved tbo llolicy oí' the gOYernmellt was protty weH settled, and
he t110ught gold would work up. De U[iked me to go in auü buy [,OlIlP
fol' 1Iim.


Q. Fix the date as neal' as yon can ~-A. 1 cannot fix t110 date ally
Ilca1'er. 1 did purchasc fo1' 11im.


Q. At ,vhat rate O/_A. '{'lmt was about 37. Oll l'efol'l'illg to tho list of
quotations for gold 1 can now say that tltü; ])urc]¡ns(~ ,ras lIHHle carlier
than 1 sngge8ted. 1t \Vas t'ithe1' in the fore pal't oi' AnglH! Oi' tlw last of
Jnly. Tlw golü was hongM nt auont :n, a])(l aft('l'wal'd (kclilled. 1
shoul!l say the purcllase mnst llave been in Jnly. Tllc iWCOlltl purehase,
malle to aYcrage the price, \Vas SOIlHl time af'tpn,;:¡nl.


Q. Yon bar! a t;eeoml interyiew with OOll('ra1 Ilnttei'tie!<l after gold
haü fallell, in which yon mlvi"cd him to buy lIlore gold in Ol'der to
HYerage it. \Yhere was that illterview hehl ?-A. 1 üo· 1I0t kilO\\' wbore




GOLD PANIC IN VES l'IGAl'ION. 161
that was. 1 somctimes met him at the club; sometimes 1 saw him at his
house, ana sometimes at mine.
(~. You lIlet Lim Yery freqnently OH those aays ?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. \Vhat ditl lle sfly in giving you that second oreler; give us the


wonls aH noar aR j'OU can relllelllller ~-A. It was that he would ]eave it
discretional'v with me.


Q. Did he fix tIle amouut t11at yon were to lHl'y of eheap gold ?-~t\..
No, sil'; lllought allont the same amonnt. Tt was a so1't of rule in 'Va1l
8t1'eet, if yon huyan article which goes down on ;ronr hands you are to
huya similar t11110unt, amI that avel'ages tIte othe1'.


Q. Did .you have any other commnnication with him in reg:ml to these
two trausactioIls at auy otller time previons to tIle brealulowll ?-A. I
wellt to see him 011 infOl'lI1ation 1 haü 1.hat Romething was going to be
done, and to see whether he knew lInything aüout it.


Q. vVhen was that '!-A. Tlwt was the Illorning oí' tIle breakdown.
Q. 'Vltat did he say?-A. He said he had heal'd nothing.
Q. At ,rllat llour was that ?-1~. That was qnite early in tIte 1lI0rning.


A littl(~ whilt, atlerward J hearc\ that Seligman, WbOlll 1 kIlew was illti-
lllfltC ,,,itl! 13utterfiehl, waH selljn,~ gohl. 1 was safisfied he w0111d 110t lw
sellillg 1ll1leHR he knew what he was aoout, so 1 sent anothel' message
tlJere at a later pel'iod on Friday.


Q. llefore 110011 ?-A. Yes, üetore 1100n. H(~ sent word hack that he
lIad l'cceÍl'pd llothillg. A Httle while afterwanl T sent IIp agaill, and tllen
he retul'lIed all&,n~l' that lw hall a mcsRagc.


Q. lIad tIlo message t1lell hecn madf~ pnhlie "?-A. Yes, sir. TIe then
sent HU' a copy of the meRsago from t110 SecretaI'y to Rell gold. This
must hayo 1wcII a litUe past twelye. Gold was t110n clown to ;];5.


Q. Did he semI any me&&ages to :l0n dnring fIle day?-A. :Xo.
Q. Do ,Y0u know or a meRsage having be en sellt to yoV, 01' to }\[r. Fisk,


01' to HU'y of :rOUl' partllel'S, dnring that day, from General Bnttel'field,
puttiug thi" question: "Has oottom been reached "?" ami of an answer
hcillg ;;('lIt Ollt ü:Oltl yOUl' office, "Bottom has heen reached ?"-A. 1 do
1l0t. 1 was 1I0t itl 1ll.Y olliee that day.


Q. \Vhol'eYel' yon \Ven', (10 yon kllo\V of Itis haying sent an,)" kind of
JIIt's~age to aay porso11 doillg lmsilless in the Rtreet as a b1'oker otlle1'
tlum ~-on h:we des(~rih('( I'?-A. N o, sir; that was the ollly cOllllllllllÍea-
tiOIl t1la1 1 knew allythillg ahont.


{J. GeJl(~l'al TIntterfieltl's answer came to yon in writing~-A. It did.
Q. Is it in exit'\tellce yet ?-A. 1 think noto
Q. vVhat di<l;yon <1owitlt it"?-A. Jt wa.sjust 011 a little sheet oi' paper"


whiclt ,\'as tOl'll np, 1 thinlL :l\Ir. Fisk saw jt.
Q. Ho\Y it'\ it tltell that .\'011 made the answer :ron did, that aside from


,yhat yon l!(\(l said in rcganl to t11e Pl'esi<lent amI Secretary you lmew of
no gOYl'l'IIUH'llt oflker hm-illg any illterest in this gold lllOyement ~-A.
General Bllttt'l'fiell1 ha(L 110 interest. in the illOYeIlll'ut. He had this
illtl'l'est in gold lJefilr\~ tile lllo,'emont.
(~. YOIl ,ycm ealTyiug' it for 11im ?-1~. 1 carrjcü it fol' him, out it had


no effect 011 tlw 1l10YCl1Wllt. Jt was pnreIlased long befOre.
By Mr. JONRS:


Q. lJid General Bnttcrficld intimate to yon that he knew t11e policy of
thp gOY(,l'11ll1put ,ronl<1 b(' fayorable to this speeulation in gold, 01' an~'­
tlling' like tltat'?---:A. Yes; he said tile views alld policy of the goYorn-
llIput were, t1tat they '''ouId not seU ally gold until after the c1'ops had
been sellt to lIIarkd.


n. U(;p. :)1--11




162 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
By }\:[r. S~IITH :


Q. What was his anthority for making that statement ?-A. 1 suppose
that he got it frOIll MI'. Oorbin 01' ti'OIIl the Sccretary of the Treasury.
IIe dined with the Secretary.


By fhe CHAIR3fÁN:
(1,. Do yon kuow tl1at was so~-A. He toId mc 01' eonversations that


occurred in diniJlg with him. 1 know nothing of my own Imowledge.
Q. Do you know of General Butterfield having purchaspd auy golll


thl'Ough aIlybody clse except yourself, in Septembel' O/_A. He to](l me
v;hen tbe Seeretary was in N ew York, ut the time of tbis dinner, that he
took him up to A. T. Stewart's; that he said to A. T. Stewal't: "11c1'e are
pal't¡¡~s 1I1'essing the Secretal'y on boLh sitl(~s; Olle pl'essillg t1le Seeret.ary
to seU, and tlle ot.her not to 8e11. Now, yon are a lligh-miudcll, dü;int.er-
('sted persono 1 shonld like to know :ronr Opillioll m; to what. tlle gO\Tern-
¡:wut. ollght. to do." l\Ir. Ste\V:ll't replied: "1 mn illtel'e8ted, aml 1 am
iatcrested in baving goltl (~OJlle down, lmt T, neverthclcs8, ullhesitatinglj'
a<ldse tlle governmeut 110t to sell, not to go into the mal'ke1 as a SpCCll-
1:1 tor." General Butterlleld rela ted to me that thiil con vel'sa1ioll occnrred
in his prcsenee.


Q. Did you evcr have auy conversation with Geueral Butterlleld in
H~gard to purchasing stock ofthe Tellth National Ballk f-A. Ye8, ¡,;il';
1 thillk I did. 1 thillk that was olle oí' the first times tItat 1 came in con-
tact with him.


By ~1r .• JONES:
Q. Do yon Ray that (jeneral Bllttel'fie1<1 reql1cste(l yon to huy tlwt


gold for him, and aske<1 yon to let COl'hin haye a part 01' it ~-A. No. 1
hought the gold.1 aUfl arter it was bonght 1 diYided it and gaye COl'hin a part.


Q. And that ,vas notat t110 sngg('stion of General Bntterfield~-A. Oh,
no.


By l\Jr. LVNCH:
{~. "Vas tllere any dcfillite amouut fixed l1JlOll 1Jy GCllcml I~utterfichl


in tlle (mIel' he gave yon to buy ?-A . .;sro.
Q. He simply said yOl! WNe gelH~rany t.o huy gold fol' ]üm el_A. YeRo
(~. IR that tIte n¡,;nal way to giye au onler to buy gold withollt fixillg


tIte amonnt uI_A. H iR not usual. 1 8uppose they lIad a bettel' opinion
oí" methen than they probably haye ha(l sincc, and thought it was prcLty
~mfe to depend upon my jlldgll1Cllt.


Q. Did yon IllHlel'Rtand i.hat an l111lill1ited on1e1' was giYCIl yon to buy
gold for him in Ihat way, 01' did yon ulldet'stalH1 that it was to be left
to your diseretiol1, amI that there ",as to be a division between the par-
ties ?-A. Oh, no; tlmt was no mattC'l' of agrccmcnt.


Q. Ho\\' eonld .'lon HlHlerstand that any ¡,;nch Ol'(lt~l' ",as g-iveu to 1m,\'
gold wit.hout auy dcfinite amonnt, ullkss ;ron were illtel'ested ill it '?-A.
'Cbey had confidClwe in me, 1 suppose, that when 1 was going to scl1mine
I wouId theirs.


Q. And tlwy 1eft au unlimited arder with ;rOll, havillg' no interest iu
the ordel' whaten'l' ?-A. Titey left it ulllimited to me. The alllonnt
specificd'by General Butterfieltl· was two IlIil1iollS. 1 llitluot buy thiLt
arnonnt.


By l\fr. ConrRN.:
Q. Bnt yon a(1Yised him that ;ron lllHl }lurchaseü a eCl'tain amoullt;


(lid he tIlen aceept 01' l'eject tllat amoullt '~-A. TIe aeceptcd it. Of course
ii' thel'e was a 10ss he was bound to pay it.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 163
By ::\1r. BURCIIARD :


Q. Didu't yon first say there was no limit in the ílTIlOunt yon were to
bu.y ?-A. '1'11ero was no limit whon we talked ahont the average. At
first tlle ordel' was 1(11' two millions.


BJ' l\1r. J~YNCII :
Q. 'fIlen yon alter yonr ~tatement to that extent "?--A. There was no


limit ma(](' in onr talk ahout aH~mgiilg. lf 1 saia othel'wise 1 ,villchange
it. TIle original order, 1 think, was fo!' two millions.


Q. Hid eitber Corbin 01' TIuttert1eld give any margins in this pur-
cha~e t-A. No.


Q. Tell the eommittee why it \Vas tbat yon bonght amI oanica that
gold for the>;e two men witllOnt their pntting np any margino Is that
exactly business, to buyaml cany for two gentlemen, \yith whom you
are not Yery wen acqnal1lte(l, a cOllsi(lerahle HIllouut of gola fol' a con·
siderable length of timo ,yithont margills or settlement in any way~­
A. No; that is not on business principIos.


Q. OU ,vlmt prillniple <lid .you do iU-A. 1 dü1 it as a fi'iendly thillg.
Q. ",Yas it to illterest them in cstablishing thc poliey of the countryf-


A. 1 supposeü tltat what illterest they had wonld be thrown in that way.
By the CHAIR):IAN:


Q. Anrl ~~on considerea tltat an anchor throwll to t11e windward, did
.'Ion "I-A. YeR, Rir.


Q. \V ere T~ntt.erfiel<l mul COl'hiu 011 iutimatl' term" to yOUl' kuow]·
eclg't' 1-A. Oh, .'les; COl'hill got RnUürfield.'" appointmellt fol' !timo They
ltad bC(,11 intimate 1'01' years. 1 tbink he told me he waR illtimate with
Bl1tterfie1<l's fatIier.


Q. State wltat OeCtuTéd at tIlO interyic\Y yon had witlt General Rntter-
fiehl in l'Pgal'd to tite stock of the Tenth =S-ational Bank '!-A. After 1
,ras a¡.;ked tn hccomn intel'c"ted in tll(~ p1ll'eltasc of tltat stoek, they
wallted 1,0 makc uf} a party to buy it. General Bntterfield's llame was
eOllneeted witlt it in SOlll!' "ay_ 1 do ])ot uow recollect who, hut some Ollé
emmeeted ltis name with tlte pnl'(~ha"e in making IIp the party; but
,,,hl'll W(~ ealllC to respoml am1 pay for it, he did not respond, aud others
took hiK inteJ't'st.


Q. Did he agreo to take a pal't of the stoek !-A. It waK arrangt'd that
he was to iakc a portiou of it.


Q. ,Vltat, portio n "?~A. 1 do uot know that an,\' amonnt wai4 fixed. It
,nlS deci<1cd that e<1eh one shonl<l tak(e what he wanted of it.


Q. \Va" he tn take it on t11e same terms as the others ~-A. Yeso
Q. Do ,\'on know why he ditl llot take his share ?-A. 1 suppose he


may 1Iot have had the monev eOllvenient. Ü. Hitl YOIL umke pureha~es in stoclul fol' General Bntterfield dnring
tlle Illonth of Septcmber ?-~~. No, sir; 1 never had any stock trallsac·
tiOllS witlt 11im, alld no other tmnsactioll iu gold.


Q. Yon have state(l in .\,on1' testimony that yon had messagcs going
back aud fortlt fl'om General Bnttcrfield in regara to the Treasury oraers
011 titat Fl'idny oí" tite pallie. Hatl yon becll ill the habit of having sllch
('0H111111nical ions with him before that in regard to ordcrs fl'om the
Treasnry?-A. No, sil'; 1 nen'l' 11<'<11'(101' an,\' ol'(lers being given. Tite
onler¡.; \Yere always given from here amI telegraphed to the papers.


Q. Di(l Gplleral Bllttl'l'field hefore that day eommunicate to yon auy
emTc,:poudePtP 01' (lispatehes tlmt JI(' had received from tite Treasury
Departmclln-A. I n'llwmber IlOJIt'.




164 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
By Mr. L Y:NCH :


Q. vVm; it evel' dC'sigueü thnt this trammetioll with General Hnttel'·
tiPld shouhl oe settled, 01' \\'as it intellüed that it ;,;llOllld be a (juitl pro
quo 1'01' iuformatioll tbnt yon wel'e to ohtaiu tlll'Ollgh hiul '!-A. ~(), sir;
1 did Hut eonsider his informatioll as of auy yalne wlJatevel'.


Q. Do yon mean to say tbat be denied giving yon tIleso orden; to puro
ctw;,;e gold, and igllorcd the wl1011' trauiladioll '?-A. Yes, sil'.


Q. Aulll\Il'. Corbín tlJe same t1liug ~-A. Yes, ;,;i1'.
By tIle CUAlTI:lIAN:


Q. 'IVhat is the general effect upon tIte gold market oi" largo exportR
of gretÍa, prü\'isions, cotton, 01' auy pl'<Hlueí oí' thn (~()llUtl''y '? Is lloJ th~
g2llf~ral eJff'et to cause a decline in the ]11'icc of gold '?-A. That wouhl
be tite ultilllate rmmlt. lt might uot have tltat imlllf'lliate dl'(\ct. l'l!('
l'e,;ult oí' a large cxpoJ't' wonhl he tI) throw tlH' hala!l(~e 01' tradc in out'
f<t "01', aml draw gold 1'rom 1'orcigll conntrics, alul tlw effect 01' that ",onId
oe to put gold clown.


Q. 'Nas not the attempt to put np gol!l at a ReaSOll wl!ell these 8X
ports were expected to be so large, rea1Jy an attL'llIpt tn pHi IIp tlle price
oí" goId, ",hen it.s natural teudency "laS downward't-A. Gold in the'
mOllth oi' Septemher, fOl" the last three years, has rangl'<t frolll ahollt 41
to 4;) 01' 4-G, amI thcre was no l'eaSOH why the sallle rates should lIut 11<'
reaehed this year.


Q. Suppose those wIlo thought as you did had madc no (>ffort to put
goll1 up, \Yas it 110t temIing, amI do ;ron llot thiuk it wonItl have gone
duwn to sOllle degree iustead of going' up, dnl'ing' that Yery lllonth'?-Ao
~ly idf>a is this: lf goldlmd gone tlo\\'u, amI there had ueen no eXllort~~
bome timc in the winter it W'onld haye gonc n}1 to a pl"etty high mte, Ull-
less tIle go,'ernmcnt stoppcd it.
(~. \VO!ll<l it ltrwe gOllc dowll bnt 1;)1" this lllOH'lllellt '~-A. SOlllcwhat;


bnt r do llot think it ,,'onld haye gOllC beyowl tlJirt,r. Go](l is kept <lown
artitldally now.


Q. Yon stateü sometLillg in allothe1" pal"t of .'om testilllollY CO!l('I'l'll-
i:.:g na etlitl)l"ial that was beillg' pl'C}l<l],(·(l. Di(l ;ron llave all.ythillg" to do
"it;l tue prcparation oftlmt t'¡1itOl'in]; ,11l!1 if so, ,,-hnt'?-A, 'i\fr, COl'hin
pl'epared an editorial, snulllitU·ll il lo llH', nlHl wHllted 1I1,Y yiews oí" il'.
H\' said it cm bodied tlle llolk~' nf tll(' adillillistl'al ion. l lookpd -¡¡ owr
\'C\',y earefnll:)', au!l it agreeü with my \'Íi.'\ys. 'rlten he walltellll1c to g"l't it
in tlle prtper. ::\11'. BigelolV IVas t 11<\11 tlte etlitur of tIte Times. 1 ga\'e
i~ iD ,James :\Idlelll"y, amllle hml it pnt in.


Q. Ditl it a])p~'ar as it was prf'pm'cd, 01' as yOll saw it ~-A. rt ''';~;;
c;wugeü slightl,r, hut not SlllJélt:lIlt iaUy. l'his artide ,mid that the
g ;-;ZTll1ll81Jt \Hmlllltot spll gold ",hile tlw C1"OpS \\,pre ]¡pillg lllOH·(1.


Q. Do yon l'ecollect what t1le date of that ,,,as2-A. ft mllst llave
b';'ll in Angllst. It \nLS whell golll WHS ~lO-SolUethil1g'.


:¿. "\Vlwt was ,Y0ur 1'clatio!l fo JIr. FiRk in regarü to tllP goJ(l 1110\0-
m'¡¡l?-A. 1\T]', l~isk did uot kno\\' Hnything nlJont tlw 1Il0yeJl1Cllt <lt a1l
L!:. i1 guld ltad heeome very adin'. He tbcn tmpposed that I ,ras in it,
wd askeü 1Il(, to tell him llOW I stoo~l. He tlWIl went illto the 1I10n'lHí'nt,
hllt otU" intnl"csts \Ycre entirely separate. He IlHd his O1\'n gold aJlll ]
IH \ 1 1Il i l1e.


Q. ]lOLl ditl lIot slmrc each others' güins aml losses in tlle mattCl" JI-A.
,y,' hall ';oll1ü little gold togetlJel'.


Q. Hidn't he settie yOUl" gold, and .ron his ?-A. Not exccpt SOIllP gold
of 1f1'. IleatlJ.
(~. \Vhy did ~'ou lllutllaUy arrHllgí' to settle lf(,aih';-; gol<1 ?-A. Mr.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 165
lleath was aman who ha(l clone lmsiness for both of ns, and when the
qnestion came up aft'ecting }\fr. .Heath's interest, we were either of us
l'cady to aid llim, probably to our 1ast dollar.


l3y l\1r .• JONES:
Q. How (lid yon get out of tlüs '?-A. 1 think I have cornmnnicated


very freely to tIte committee an that T know in regard to tltis movement
tl1at can Le of <tny general interest, ami, unless the qnestion is pressed,
1 would ratIte!' 110t answer it.


By 1\11'. BUlWHARD:
Q. Was gold sold by tIte government previons to 1\londay ~-A. TIte


l1dn'rtiserncnt \Vas out on Fl'iday. It was sold on Monday.
l3y the UHAIlE\lAN:
(~. Do yon know whether tho llCWS of tIte fact tbat the Treasury was


going to sell reacIted anyhody in :New York before it was officially un-
nOtmeed ?-A. I glless everyhody knew it pretty nearly.


Q. Do yon Imow tIte fact tltat it did got to New York and was known
beforc tI\(' ofticial annonnoement oí' it j?-A. I only know it from e,'i-
dell('es oi' olmervatioll \Vhif~h are ve1'y difficult to describc.


Q. Hepeating tlle sarne qnestion, do yon say ;ycs or no ?-A. I should
uot waut to s!lY eitIter ver,')' llositively.


Q. From your lmowledge of the Lransactions of that day, do yon bc-
lieve that it was kllowlt ilt New York tllat tIle Sccretary of tlle TTeasury
Itad onlered the sale of gold before tIte official annonncement of the
1'act ?-A. Uertaillly.


Q. How long hd'ore~-A. 1 think it ,,'as knowll an !tour in advance.
Q. What made gold hreak dowu!-A. It broke down hecause 1 was


selling, and Itad been selling al! the morning.
Q. Did the Treasul'j' onle1' eause gold to break downf-A. No, sir.
Q. nid ií break hof'orc the ordar came?-A. Certainly. (l. Did it break bef(¡re t1w order was known to be issned '/-A. No.


Tlle ltIlIlOllllcemeut oí' tite orüer 1Iml 110 eft'cct on gold at aH. I had
beeu seUing l1ll tIte morning, and 1 expected the order would come.


By MI'. S:;mTIl :
Q. lIow díd you becorne satisfiecl in your own mind tItat the gove1'll-


ment was going to sell golcl'?-A. Au editorial cmlle ont iu tila New
York Times that lllorning, whieh weut on to state tItat parties interested
in gold used very freely tha llallle of tIte higItest poten tate in tIte land,
his brother,in-Iaw, tIte He(~l'etar'y of tlle Tl'easlll'y, &c. 1 ull(lerstood
that tlmt editorial ,vas writtell for the purpose of heing telegraphed to
\Vashiugton to frighten tlte omcials down 11ere, l1ml tilat it wonld prob-
ahly Itave t1le dl'ect it (lid. J didll't want any fiIrther illf'ormation to
cOlIte to me áU'yhow. That editorial led me to'believe that t11e govern-
lliCHt would seH, and I adpd aecordingly; I sold aH the lllorning.


Q. nid .ron haye any other means of information ~-A. No, sir; llOt
tllat I remember.


Q. Anything to cOl'l'obol'ate that belief in addition to tIte editorial you
speak of'I-A. ~o. There were oeeallS of t.elegrams being sent aIl the
time to everybody here.


By tlle CUAlR;\lA:N:
Q. Di<1 you HPC Mi'. Corbin dmillg' tIte two days' panic ~-A. I was


down tO\m dnrillg tllt' day·time. 1 saw him at nigbt and in tIte mol'll-
ing'. In tIle da,Y-time hc ca me around to 1ll,Y office eontinuaIly. There




166 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
are indicators in my office showing wlmt is ueillg done in 'Van stl'eet.
Uuder orllillary circumstances 1 seldolll go down tOWIl. 'l'be ilHLieatol's
in my private office show llOW things are gOillg. TItpl'e is a gelltleman
in tmvll who was with him in U1J' oflice 011 tIte ~:1d 01" ~Mh, aml 1 do llot
kllow but on both days.


Q. Do yon kllow whether 01' llOt tbe telegl'al'h \Vires uetwPE'1l \Yash-
ington and New York were tappml dnring any of tllOse days ?-A.
No, sil'.


Q. Have yon any reason to believe tlwt thpy were, aud if so, wItat ?-
A. 1 have no reaSOlJ to lJelie,-e it.
(~. Do you lJelieye it?-A. That wouId be a difticult questioll to au-


swel'. .For instauce, 1 have a wire in llly oftice tlmt COltllPCts ,,,ith aH
parts of the country.


Q. 1 mean sUl'l'eptitiously tapped by unantborized partips ?-A. 1 (10
uot know. 1 did not care anything particularly what tIte SecretaJ'y was
doing. If he had wauted to sen gold while 1 was l..myiug, f SIlOUld
have bought his goId. He gaye his advertiselllellt while 1 was SPlIÍllg,
and when 1 had pretty uearly soId out.


Q. Was COlllllluuication by telegraph between yonr oflice amI vVas)¡-
ington s1mt off on that day while these teIegrallls were passillg
through 'l-A. 1 was not in my office. 1 suppose not. 1 Sllppo,~e they
were open as usnal.
(~. Does uot tIte Secretary 1mve a wire of his OWll '?-A. 1 pre:-mmE'


he has.
Q. vVhat 1 ask is, whether ,yon belieye that tIle Secretary's wirE' \Vas


tapped by any ot,her thall the Secretary's authority during tltat day )t-
A. 1 do not think tile inf'ormatioll Calue that \Yay.


Q. PIease answel' llly quest,ion.-A. 1 do BOt kno\\' that the Secretary
has a wire. No snch thing took place to U1y knmylmlge.


Q. You stated that you beIieve(l the llews reaclteu, New York oue
hour before it was officiaHy pnlJIished. vYhat reasoll 1lUve yon for that
belieÍ'?-A . .l\1y reason for stating tItat uelief was, tlutt partie;; wIto were
generaHy very wen posted were selling goId.


Q. You were selling gold, ancl therefore shall wp sa,rthat yon had
llews an hour in advance )(-.1\. 1 cOllsi(1el'('(1 tltat l preay llearI,r had it.


Q. Do yon mean to say that any parties in New York hall auy othpl'
llews in advanee than 8uch as .ron had '? Prom .r0nr general knowle(lgE'
of t.he facts, do you think auy other pel'son hall any earlier news of thi~
order thall you had ~-A. Yes, 1 cIo.


Q. vVhat persons other than the oftieer of the 8ub-tl'easnry ",ho di-
rectly receives it ?-A. 1 think it was knowll. T do not \Vant to eaH t1w
names of honses that we are doing business with all the time.
(~. Do you kIlOW tItat it was known '~-A. ~o, 1 do J10t. It \Vas Silll-


ply an opiuion founded upon what 1 saw.
By 1\:[1'. LYNCH :


Q. You spoke of au editOTial in the Times; \Vas that au editorial Ol
a specia~ dispatch fí'om vYasilingtou '?-A. It was aH e(1itol'ial.
(~. Did you snppose an editorial in tIte Times \\'onId foreshatIow th\'


policy of the adlllillistration in vYashington?-A. l'hi;; editorial "';b
writtell in a style that if au officel' of tilo gon~l'Illllt'nt l'ead it h(~ won1(1
naturally say, " Unless 1 do sell goId they will say 1 am illterested."


By 1\11'. BURcHARD :
Q. Did you thiuk it was an announcement of the poIi<~'y tltat would


be pursued, 01' that it \VouId infiuellce thE' atImÍllistration?-A. That ir




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 167
wOllld influence the administration; that it wonld say to tlle admini¡.;·
tration, "If yon do llOt seU yon are in the 1ll0velllelLt.'~


By the ClIAIH;)lAN ;
Q. You said a little w11ile ag'o t11at an hom lIcf'ore the orde1' calDC


íl.'om \Vashiugtoll yon felt that yon ahnost knew of the o1'<1er. Tell n::;
how.-A. Aman who is liable tQ rapid thinking very often arrivcs at
conelu¡.;ioll¡'; withont lJeillg' a lile to teU tIlO process, anu yet he is sat-
is1led the eonclnsions are correcto


Q. Tell us, aH far as it iH possible for words to descri1)(', llOw yon
kncw, Ol' almost knew, this titet an 110m" beforehand.-A. 1 !leal' of a
great (leal tliat lmppens. 1 can only say that it is onc of those concln-
sions tliat aman sometimes arri\reH at intuitively, that are corred in
thelllselves, and yet if you ullde1'take to give t11e eyidences by whieh
they were l'eaehcu yon eould not teIl how it was done.


Q. Bnt yon had such eyidcnce that yon [elt in 'your bones that you1'
cOllcluHiOll ",aH eorred.-A. 1 did.


Q. Di<1 yOll have ally doubt abont it ?-A. Not a particle.
TIy 1\11'. CORURN;


Q, Did .rOll haye auy wo1'd 01' lllessage fi'om anybody on the sub·
ject?-A. Only t110se 1 have melltioned.


Q. ,Vas a part oi' t11e ground of yonr conclusion the behador of
certaill parties in "Xew York, whom JOu supposed lmew ()l' would llave
more ehallcP 01' kllowillg tIlO ¡.;e(~rets of tlle Trcasury tItan yonrself'~-A,
Tlmt was tlw ollly gl'Ollml.
(~. \Vllo w(,1'e those parties ?-A. 1 thillk, m; 1 told ;ron, that Sdig-


lllall was :-;elliug, ami kllowiug hi:-; l'e1atiolls witIJ Geueral Blltterfield,
and tlte t:wt tltat Hntt.er1lcld's answer tú me was llot Yery fmnk, was one
tbillg; and tllen having intimations, aH 1 told .You, tlwt tbis el1itorial
wa:-; heing' TnkgralllH>d off to a great lllany llromiuent. mell, amI tele-
graplletl to tll(~ gm'ernmellt, cOllyineed me that it was time to seU. 1
klle\\- th('.n' wero ltlllltitutlt;s of telegrams gOillg to \Vashillgton, aud 1
hall no dilllcnlty in al'l'i\'illg at a cOllclnsioll as to whut 1 shonld do.


By ~fr. SMITII:
Q. vVere ron informcd, 01' ditl .ron belieye, that anybody iJl :New Y O1"k


waH ml \"ised of tlle pnrpo1't of that omeial ielegram before it was pub,
1ished "?-A, 1 hall no ad vice otllPl' tIJan 1 ha ve stated.


Q. Did yon helieyc it?-A. I lJelicved it, ce1'tainly.
By t11e CIIAIR}IAN ;


Q. vVlmt perHon do .rou 1)('lie\'e liad that kllowledge ?-A. 1 believe
that one of tile pel'sons WlLO liad it was tIJe olle I ]¡m'e !lamed, :\11'. Sel-
igman.


Q. Anyhoüy d:-;e '~-A. "Xo other name oceul'S to me.
By MI'. LY:Ncn :


Q, Statc w1tüthcr yon 1mow of auyho(ly connectml witb tite telegraph
giYing out tilis illfol'ma.tioll which thcy receiyec1 in adyance of its being
(,Ollllllllllieat(,ü to tlw partips io wl10m it was seut.-A . .No, sir.


Q. Do yOll kno\\' of lllly iuformation lJCillg obtained in that \Vay O/_A.
:x o, sir. 1 ílhonltl think that pa1'tics \\on1d be most likely tn get it
fmlll t]¡n Sl'(:l"{·tal'Y, 01' from his derk who has to copy the letter, Ol'
Rometlli ng oí' tbat Idnd. 'fe]('grams of this descriptiou, 1 take it, are
seut ilt eiplu·}'.


TIy J\I1'. ,JONES:
(~. Have .ron any reason to bclie,~e 01' do .ron know that the Secretary




168 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATIO~.
had any sign \"hieh he COUlUlullieated to General TIutterfield in Ne"
York, üalieating what his orders were to he in lhe fnture ?-A. No, sir.


TIlo wituess subseqnently cOllllllUllÍcated the followi!lg !lote:
'WILLARD'S HOTEL, TVasJ¡iuglou, D. C., .Jall!wl"!I 23, 1R70.


DE.\l: ~IR: Upon relleetion HiJlce my l'xaminatioll, 1 think 1 oll1ittp.] to Hay t]wt 1
pai<1 ;Ur. ~\.. H. COl'hin twcnty~livc thous:tllll üollars; t,hc check 1 hay" in my ]losses-
~ioJJ, ami ",ill seJl(1 copy shoul<1 yon <1",.,i1'C it.


V cry trnly, J'OUl' most ohedicnt scrvant,
.JAY GOULD.


Ron. J. A. G.uwmL]).


Tlle eOl1lmittee having requested the origilLul check to be fnrnished, it
was translllitted with the remark that "This eheek was depoRited to tho
credit oí' A. R Oorbin in Bank of Alllerica."


The eheck is as follows :


Smith, Con].1, ~rart.ill Si, Oo., 11 Broa,l street.
Ko.5148.] KE\v YOl:K, 8cptmulwI" (j, 1869.


National Bank of tho Commonwcalth pay to tlw oH1er of' Ja,)' Uould tw!'nty-llve
t,llOnsau.t dollars.


$25,000. S~nTH, GOl;LD, ~rAnTIX & CO.
Indorse<1 across the tace: Oertified hy the Nn,tiona] Bank oi' tl}(' COllllJJoll\\'calih.
[sn~lP.] .
Indorsed OH the back, "J ay Gould:'


\V A~HINGTON, D. O., ,Janum'y 22, 1870 .
• J A::\IES FISK, jr., sworn and exallllllct1.


By tIle OHAIR1VrAN:
Qucstíon. State :'i0ur Tesídellce, place of husiupss, amI orcnpatioll.-


Answel'. 1 live at 313 West Twenty-thinl sfl'eet, Kew York, l\fy lmsi-
ness is railroading, steamboating, aml r snppose 1 lIlay ad(l specnlating.


Q. \Yere :ron familiar with tbe COlll'Se of gold dnriug the lasl snlllllwr
and fall'?-A. Yes, sir.


Q. vVere yon partieularly fallliliar ,,-itlt th(' ('ourse of gold dril'ing the
week ill Septell1bel' cO/lunonly kllOWIl as tIle gohl panic week ?-A. Yes,
sir.


Q. \Vere yon ellgaged in ('itlt('r lmyi!lg, selling, Ol' lo,ming gold
thrOll{.:dl yonrself Ol' others durillg these days ?-A. Yes, sir.


Q. \Vitll whom were .ron assoeÍated "?-A. \Vith 110 OlW. 1 thi!lk that
a11 the intercsts J liad were personal. That qllestioll, howey(~l', JIlay
;almit of some explanation ou my parto 1 coultl say that llO onlO waR
interestec1 with me personally, or 1 might con ve y a dnarpr iUI])J'pssio!l
to the eOUllllittee oí' my ('xad positio]l by gOillg i!lto an explallation.
At tlw outset, T may say that the trallsaetioIls oí' MI'. Gonld :tlHIlllyself
nrejoint, and that our usual rustolll iR to haye no one elso with IUl. At
(he ti me he started in to pureltai5e g-old, if I reeolleet rig-ht, he was with
,~OI11P othel' parties, perhaps witb vVoodward amI Kimbel', in the strevt.
They spoke to me ahout it, and he Raid, 1 think, sOllH'thing to me auollt
lmying' some gold. J l'eplied that T did Ilot uelieyc ill it; that 1 lwlieYed
the l)l'C'ssnn' was against us on tite strcet. At that timo 1 "as eallC'd
a"ay iúr three 01' four days; :1lHl wlWll l (~anw haek, ]te ha<l startecl in
\\-ith .:\1(,8S1':'3. Kimbm' aJl(I \Voodwanl, as r umle!'stoot1, and had COIll-
lllei}('pd hu.ying at abont 37 Ol' :38. You hayc hall ::\11'. Gould befo1'e this
('ollunittee, and ha,~e pl'ohahly ascertai!led tbat he is a l'athcr peculia!'




, GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 169
mano Gold having Rettlcd dO\V1I to 33, and 1 Itot having cared to toneh
it, he \Vas a little sensitivo 011 tIte slll~ject, feeling as if he wonhl rather
take 11i8 IORseR ~without sayillg anything ahout it. lt went along in that
way 1'01' tIm'ü OI' four weeks, wilen onc day he said to me, "Don't yon
tilink gold has got to thc uottom~" I replicd, that 1 did 1l0t seü tbc
profit, ilt buying' gold nnless yon.have got iuto a position wherc :ron can
eOl1lnWll(l tltt· IllHrket. He tlH'll said he ltad honght qnitü a large amount
oí' gold, aIHII judgcd from his eOllyürsution that he wanted me to go
ilitO j he 1ll0yemcnt amlltelp strengthen tite market. U pOll tltat 1 went
into tIw market aIHl bought. 1 Rhould Ray that \Yas alJout the 13th 01'
Hith of Scptcmher. 1 hOllght nt that time ahont sm-Oll 01' eight millions,
I thillk. As 1 said,oUl' custom has hecn, in aH trallsactiolls with which
\\'(~ ltan~ beCll connected, to mako up a set.tlement and di vide tIte rcsults,
wlmtcvül' they aro. 'l'hü;,l think, is the only case in whieh that was not
done. lt so happoned that 1 started out with Heath & Co. 'Che trans-
actiolls 01' Smith, Gonld & l\Iartill, owing io thf' exeitcmcllt that
ocenrrml, 1 think haye nü\'Cr hecn fulIy spttled. At any rate, 1\11'. Gould
and 1 have Ilcver jlas:,;ctl a \\-ord as to whother 1 was to be iutereRte<l in
hi:,; prolits orlosse:,;, a mI thcre \Vas no underRtanding that T was 01' was noto
,;VhcJI tIw sl'ttl(~lIlent is made ill fnlI, jf there shonld be a loss, 1 should
he ycry glad to holp him to bear it, and if there are auy proilt:,; 1 SllOuh1
not say 110 to a propositioll to divide tltelll with him; that is not my
llatllI'ü. 1 ('ame iuto this mOYClfwlIt silllpIy to stn'ng'then the markot.
1 eamo in imliYÍdllally, aud plaeed my own margius. ,['he1'e was llO
undorstamliug bet\Vcell lIS Hlly more thall a general ulldpl'sta!l(Iing that
we dicl bURílH'SR togeLhe1'.


q. Did ;ron 1m,y goid throngh auy other honse tIlan that o[ Heath &
CO.'!-A. Some oí' my gold llllUlt have gone into ¡he hOllse oí' Smith,
Goul<l, Martín & (jo., an<l perhaps Uarver may llave had some; 1 thillk
it probahle that he di<l.


Q. IIo\\' mnch did .ron huy, 01' onler to be bought, dUl'illg thc ,,,cek
of the p:lllic '?-A. 1 "IIOld(l thiJlk tIw aggregate of gold that 1 hought
1'01' mysolf dming tllH t \\"cek \Vas, pcrhaps, ten 01' twelve millions.
(~. Do .ron lmow JIr. COl'bin '?-.LL Yes, sir. •
Q. Di<l you transad au) bUSÜH'SS fol' 11im tluring tIlose days ?-A. 1


did not.
Q. Did he havo any illtcl'est in your opcrations RO far as yon 1000w?-


A. Not in mine. 1 kllO\'\ of an intercRt that he harl in the market from
iní'ormation .whie1l 1 del'in·tl from 1Iim, aud frolll informatíoll whieh 1
derived from Mr. GonlLl.


Q. State wlmt occurred rLt an interYÍcw i1l JUl'. Heatlt's officc botween
yon amI Alhcrt Spcyers on the 23d of September.-A. Tlmt 1 can
perhaps giye more clearly by referring to mmllOI'anda ,,,hielt I have
hf'rf'. L(~t nw. snv that tll8 nrlll oí' \Villiml1 Belden & Co. ,\'aS com-
posed of \Vil1iam hehlen, Gcorge Hooker, aml Andre\V JHeKinley. 1\11'.
IIooker married a :,;iRter of lllÍl)(', amI 1 lwrl seen a good lIcal of !.\JIr.
Belden personall,)', Oll \Van strcet, for threo 01' four years. At one
time we were in lmsine8s together. A t tlte time 1 Rtarted in to buy
gold, say 011 tIte 1Gth 01' 1íth oi' Septelllhel', 1 thillk i\Ir. Bdden waR
absen!; al, lem;t 1 do uot thillk T saw 1Iim nntil the Tuesday, ii' 1
H'llu'rnll('l' right, uefore what \Yas eaHed blaek Friday. On tIle afternoon
bcfore Fl'iday-that is, on Thlll'sday aftel'llOOll-JHr. Goulcl aIld myself
went (lown 1,0 l\Ir. Dplden's hiwk of'fi.ee. ,Vo went tbere becausc it \Vas a
little more ont, of the way than \Vall street. It is on Broadway. 1 there
gaye some onlerR to ]\fr. Heath, aue! to Smith, Gould & Martin,
hrokers, that afternooll. That was the first illterview, 1 tbink, 1 had




170 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
\rith 1\r1'. Bel<1f'll in regard to gold. That aftE'rIlOOll wbcn 1 carnc ont, "Thll'.
Belden says, "1 ,,;ill lIwet you af the Opera HOllse to-night." You lllU8t
bear in mind that \Ve hatlllo idca thell of the position \Ve were ürifting
illto. 1 had an idea that it lllight l'eslllt in a transactioll oi' íifteen 01'
t,"\Ienty millions oí' gold, which was Bot a "pry large amount 01' gold 1'01'
us to carry. 1 met 1\11'. Beldell nt the Opi>ra House tltat lligllt at i) o'doek
He saiel to me, "cvidently yon llave got a corncr 011 this golü lIlarket, a~~(l
J wallt 1,0 bny so me golfl to-mOl'l'OW. 1 can .im;t as well carry it, as llot.
1 "\Iish yon would tell me what to do." 1 replied 1;0 l1im, "MI'. Belden, tILe,
great motto 011 wltich we have aete(1 ú; to (lo Oll!' O\\'ll hnsilless Olll'-
selyes, amI then, if allything happem;, there are 110 lame unüks to take
cm'l' oí' hut onrselves. 1 do uot see that auy barm is likel\' to e9111C of
it ií' you want to bny golcl, and if yon w¡mt< to g-in~ SOllW ;;l'drrs 1 will
aUend to them.)' He said, "1 will brillg a l)rolwr to yOl1, ami ,ron eall
gin~ him tlle orders." 1 said, "If yon want me to do HUJ'tbillg fol' yOl1;
come to me in the worning." 'rIle next mOI'llillg' he gaye lile thi:.; order;
:'lEl'TE~llmR 24.


Dlun :'lIle IlJereby authorize yOll to or<lm' the pUl'elwxe mal sale of ",'ol<l ou lile'
account tluring tbis day t·o tIlO f'xtcut yon lllay ,k('m atlvisable, 1lIl(1 tu r(:l'ul't tlw sanw
to me as ('arly aH possible. It i8 (o be Iltlllel'stoutl that tite pl'uiits (JI' sll"h unlol' are to
lJelollg entirely (o me, alld 1 win, of COn1'8e, heal' any lo . ""es 1'<'-"111 ti ng,


YOllI'S,
WILLLUl 13ELDEX.


J_UIES 1"rsK, jr,
Tbat iR a copy of tIle original.
Q. Yon kllOW thil-\ Io he a true eopy'l-A. Yes, sir; 1 has(' the origi-


llal in New York. fn tite mOl'nillg wboa \Ye carne dOWll tOWil \Ve ,,-cut
to ,jir. lIeath's back oftiee. 1 sltonld tbink ahont lwlf-past tell :\11'. Bel-
del! cmne illto tlw otliee amI Raid, "1 ,va nt to iutrodnee to .ron -:'Ir l'. Spc,y-
e1's. .MI'. Speyers \Vil! reeeive frnlll yon any (mIorH for ]Huehases 01'
Rah's of gold oa llly aeeount." J thiuk therp wen~ t",o Ol' tlm~(\ lJartips
i1l t1le room \VIlo lleard this cOllyersatioll. T\yo of my mnl ]la]'tü~s.
Kingsley aud lIie],;:.:, a1l(1 t'Hl 01' threp }w]'sons WllOlll 1 lwd takcll dowll
to keep peollle out oi" the 1'00111, \Yen' witbiu lImrilIg.


Q. State bo\\" large a room this \Yas.-A. AlJont hall' the size oi' thb.
Q. \Vas this COllH'l'Satioll caLTipd 011 loml cllollgh to he J¡punl by all~-­


body in the room?-A. Certainly i en~ryt]¡illg eonlll be heard aR plniu
as \Ve conl.J 1w 1wanl in a room half tlw size of this TOOIll. 1 thillk
gold \Vas tIlen abont 4:\. 1 saí:! 1:0 }Ir. ¡)peyers whi1e 1\11'. BrIllen stood
there, that Smith, Gon1d & Martil! ha<1 just stal'tpd fol' Ow llIarkpt
through 1\11'. \Vilbml; tbat we were buyillg gohl IIp to .1.;. H(~ ¡;tmte<1
out. 1 shou1d think he was gOlw lmlf :m holU'¡ he tlWll eame back nnd
said llO did llot. get any nt tlwt priee. By t11at time g'old Iwd j1l1ll1w<l
to tíO. He eame back amI said Slllit 11, GonId & Martill's hrokers
arc bnying goll1 ¡~t 30. 1 Raid yes, amI lw started right dO\Yll again.
He ealll(' in, ~;tatillg that he had honght. ahont sen'll or t'igllj; lIIillionfl,
Tt \Ya~ tllPll ahout halfpast eleyml. Durillg thi" time gold had be('ll
np to G:3 allrl eJ, and gone back to 30. He ~,;aid 110 liad lJollght gold at (jO.
He was in n, conditioll of great. cxcltement. ITü saül he lmd hOllght
gold aL (jD ,,,hen it "\las sclling fOl' ;;0. 1 said to 1Iim, "YO\l hayo gone
crazy." "\Vell," he said, "1 lb not lmow wllPl'n 111m." J tol<l 1üm 11('
lw\l b('tte1' k('cp quieto As 1 aíterwanl nndcrstood, MI'. Beldell, seeillg
t1w po,.;ition he \Vas in, told him to go iuto tlw markct aud lmy gold np
to (jO amI 110M it tlle1'0. Tbat \Vas al;out the last tillle 1 Raw 1\11'. ¡)pe.p'rs
1'01' two 01' three \YPekfl. 1 tilink he ">'aS in t1lc ofliee HOIlW t\vo 01' threp
times that lllorning". He \yellt baek to tite market, aucl somc oí' Ollr




GOLD PAKIC INVESTIGATION. 171
people told me lle was 011 the enrbstono buying at 60 wllen gold was
selliug' 1'01' :a. 1 han been in "Vall st,reet fol' a long time, and been in
t11e ltahit oí' seeing peop]e Yery much excited. 1 have seen respectable
people out in tlte :,;tl'eets with tlleir hats off, seemingly regal'dless of
eYel'ythillg; lmt JUy opinioll of Speyers that afternooll was that he was
as erazy as a loou. '1'11e exeitement thel1 had got so hig11 that not de-
sirillg to stay them ally longcr, ]\fr. Gould, l\fr. Heath, alld mysel1' went
out by a side door, too k a caniage and drove up to our oflice, and that
was tllP wllOle oC OLlr trallsactions for this Ilay.


Q. \Vhat was yonr ol\jeot in putting up goId that day'~-A. \Ve had
no objeet at a11. 'Ve had intended to ]lut it up to 45. 'l'hat was the
poiut wc had decieled npon.


Q. PIpase Rt.ate i¡, your OWll way what yonr oQjoct was in ]lursuing
tlle llolicy yon did "I-A. Refore llly starting in for the pure11ase 01' this
gohl, aud as far l>p.ck as the time w11en General Gnmt went to Roston
on tlle oceasion 01' tlw pehcfl jubilee, w11io11 was in ~unc, he went over
Oll one of our boats, flnu \YO ,vcnt wit11 him.


"Yfe haye employed on the Brie road some twenty t11ol1sauu mon, aH
told; ~ RtO(~k of 0igltt Imndl'ed loeolllotiycs, with the other eql1ipments
oí' tIJe roa(l on a corresponding scale. 1 am aware of no way in whieh
tlJese IJIell and equipments can be l1Red to adYalltage uuless the crops
come fOl'waru from tlle \Vest. The ¡¡dual amollnt, of transportation due
liS O!l tlle Hloyillg of thc crops wOl1ld be ahout th1'ee anel a half mi11ion
dolJars. ~ow if these crops should be 11eII1 ove1' amI come on late in
the sprillg, they would come right mI the tnlllspo1'tation of the mercan-
tile peop}p, wlwn wc oouhl not carrythc whole oí' them, and they would
setk otller chaullels, canals, &e., while ,,'e \yould lose the bene1it¡ 01',
agaill, ir they came fOl'wal'tl ve1'y early in the fall, it would be at a time
"lH~ll ""O \vtre doil!g a large bURiness in package goods 1'or the mer-
dwnts, wJdeh pays better remunerative priceR tIlan produce. Oa1' policy,
thel'efol'p, iR to eneoul'age t11e CI'OpS to moye forwar<l at a time when
othel' nade js quieto 1 hayo been with tlle Erie road 1l0W some th1'ec
years, amI elurillg my conllectioll with it in tlte falls of 1866, 1867, and
ll"iti8, whilo t11(~ (~l'Ops hav(~ beell coming forwanl, gold has ranged from
41 to 4:5, ¡¡ud onr ti:eights were fu11 a11 the time. "Vhen we began to
figure at tbe preciRe position in which we were iu l'egard to these
freights rOl' tlw last fall, we fouml that unloss OUT' westorn produce
lIlo\'cll eastwanl early, the foreign market woulcl be suppliecl from the
Motlitcrranéan, the Black Sea, allcl aU that Rectioll 01' eountr,Y. "Ve
liad lying UPOll OUt' table adviees oí' three hnndred sail of' yesseIs
with wheat, Oll its \Yay from these ,yater:,;. Our earR were at that time
doillg' :l fair package business, but we \rore rloiug nono of this produce
trade aL al!. Jt was of vital oOllsequence that our large railroad stock
a))(l steamcrs rnnlling f'rom Buft~llo fol' m; should get tbiR trade started.
If we couId have this produce tradp 01' thl'ee amI a half milliolls, with
a11 thp faeilit·ips \Ye hall foT' oarrying it, about a couple of mi1lions wonlel
hl' eleaJ' 1l10l1l'Y, which in carryillg on our mad is too large an item to let
go ii' \w could help it.


So tll~Ü OH (HU' paRRage over to Roston with General Grallt, we cu-
!lca"orcd to ascertain what bis pORition in regard to the finances was.
\Ye W('lIt dOWll to supper about nine o'eloek, intending' while \Ve were
tlWl'P to IUlYe this thillg pretty thoroughly talked up, anel, jf possible,
to relieve him frolll auy idea of puttiug ihe priee of gold down, for if
his polic,v was such as to perrnit goId to go down to twenty-jive, our
tl'llllSpOl'tatioTl wonld haye beell suappecl right np. 'Ve talked thcrc
until alJout half-past twelve. \Vhen we first commenced to talk, 1




172 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
couId see that he was for retnrning to a specip hasis. 1 remem ber the
remark he made tltat we might as well tap tlle 1mbble at ollce as at
any other time, saying tItat it had got to come to that. That ,,,as in the
first part Df the conversation. He entereü into the eOllvcl'sation with
a goocl deal of spirit, and 1 made np my mind tllat he was illlliyÍ(ll1ally
payillg a good tlea] oí attention to the finances, whic11 he would to a
ccrtaill cxtent control, so far as the action of the goYerulltcllt ,,,as con-
cerned. That heing his idea, it, lookotl as if it was tlte poliey whieh
we should haTe to work up to in the fallo 1 know that wllcn we got to
Boston, .:\'11'. Goulü and myself made up our lllillds that tho prospect
did 110t look promising.


"\Vhcl1 w(~ got haek to N ew York the next thing we díd was to ,Hite
to ~fr. Boutwell somcthillg in regard to the matter. 1 tltink it was sorne-
time in August that General Grant started to go to ~(mpOl't. 1 then
went down to see him. 1 had seen him hefore, but not fee1ing as
thoroughly acquainteel as 1 elcsiretl for this pnrposp, 1 too k a letter 01'
intl'oduction from .:\'11'. Gould, in which it ,,'as writtell that t11el'(\ W\'l'C
tb1'6e hnndred sail of veRsels then on the lVIediterralleall frolll the Blaek
Sea, with grain to supply the Livel'pool mal'ket. Gold was then abont
34. If it continued at that price we hac1 very little dialice of cal'l'ying-
forwanl the Cl'0ll during t11e útIl. 1 know that we felt veI'y }W1TOllS allOlF
it. 1 talked with General Gnmt, on the subject, ami ündeavo1'cd, as far
as 1 could, to convince 11im that his policy \Vas one tlu1t would only
bring destl'llction on us aH. He tlten asked me when we sll()1lhl ha\'e
an illterview, allel we agreed upon tllü time. He said " Durillg that time
1 will see MI'. 13outwell, or huye hiro t11e1'e." Now, then, golel had con
tinuü<l to g'o dowII ulltil it sold fol' 130 or 13~, thongh when the c1'ops
begall to move forwa1'd 1 knew that gold wouhl work up agaill without
the ueeessity of huying to hring it up. 1 did 1l0t like the looks (jf
affairs thcu. It was upon that theory that :MI'. Gould had connl1Clleed
to purehase gold. 1 tolcl hiro that J did 110t thiltk t111' Hkies Jooked cIear
enough to go luto that operation, but he started to llLly gol<l wÍllt a firm
conviction tltat there was a short illterest in t11e market, amI r 11lIve. no
other idea than t11at it was his convietioll that 111' eould liut up gold to 4,).
if he felt any sort of eOllfidence that he ,,'ould Ilot come iutn eompC'tition
with gold sohl by tIte gOYCI'ltlllellt. The tlleory \Vas that it was safe to
buy gold for the purpose of pnttillg np the price, to enahle n8 to seeure
this transpol'tation for our road, amI in thc coursc of tlle op!>ration we
would get, riel of OUl' gold withont los;;;; lmt ihe tllillg llegan to look
scary to me, aneI 1 diclnot go iuto tlle transactioll mttill eonside1'ed that
1\11'. Gould was lllHlertaking to carry a prettJ~ heayy lmnlen, ,,'hen 1 said
that of comse my entire reSOllrces wcre ut his l1i::;}losa1. Therc was 11('\'PI"
any understallding regarding the1'e heing any comer i11 gold, llOl' had 1
en~l' hafl a word with any hnrna1t being, except 1\11'. COl'hin, un this sub·
jeet. ::tIro Gould started in again on tlw 17th of SeptC'mheI'1 and seeing
his position 1 said, " 1 willjoill 'you." Durillg tlte \Y(\pk 1Ie1'ore thero hall
been a little coMltess between ns, wltieh did not oftell exist, t()l' t11p 1'eason
thnt he hall takon npon himself a prett,Y heavy load, wllic11 he did ltot
want roe to sha1'e, anel, therefore, he was not in the ltahit of saying all'y-
thillg about it,. 1 remernber tlte lIlol'lling 1 stal'ted in that 1 illnstl'ated
his position by the story of a lllall who goes out OH a spl'ing ll10l'lling to
;yoke his oxeu. Puttiug' the g'l'Cat elm bow OH the lleck of 13rimllp, nnd
holding the other enll of tIlo yoke, he 11lHledakPR, h,v maiu force, to earr,)'
the yoke aud draw Brindle over nntil he can yoke 8tal', aml 1 dcscribed
Yfr. Gould as heing in pretty llluch the same conditiolt. He llatl a very
heayy load to earry. He ,youltlnot haye illyited me to llelp Itim, but 1




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 173
couclnc1ed 1 vmuld hl'1p him to I1mw B1'iudlc oye1'. In the fi1'st place,
11OWeye1', 1 wanted to asce1'tain exaetly how he stood, and 1 said to him:
" Row lIIuch gold haye ,rou got '~" 1 said to him that it was my tlrm
convietioll that if \re hought gold up the goVel'llmellt \Yon1d uu10ad tll(~ir
goldonto us. Said he," Thatis aU fixetl. 1 su!,pose .yon have seen llothing
to C011 vince .ron oi' that fact." General Grant was then in the city. It
has ahva,YR lwen our po1iey never to mix in politics nnless it is in our
lmsinei:is, but JUl'. Gonld saiel to me that morning: HThis matter is aU
fixed up; Butterfielel is aU right; Corbin has got TIllttel'tieltl aU right,
and COI'hin has got Gralltfixed allright." Tlmt, in his \1pillioll, tllf~y wefe
iuterested togcther. That was a point T had llOt takell into eom;idera-
tion. I üid presume that MI'. Corbin had prevailed llpon General Grant
to Illalee him be1ieve that 45 was t.he prope1' pOillt at whiel! to carry off'
this efoll. Up to t1mt time I\litl 1l0t belie,'e tlmt General Grant, 01' ally-
body cOIll1ected witlt him, liad any interest in the lllOyelllPllt wllUtever,
but it stal'tled me whell it. was suggested that Grant was in this IlHn'e-
lllcut, all.1 T tk.tel'lnille.1 to go right arOllml amI sec Corbin. 1 had kllown
him hefore throllgh a son-in-law of his, by the llaIUe of Cathcrwoocl,
WhOlll 1 had lllct in railroadillg, but 1 said to l\fr. OonId: "You gi \<8
me a lett.'l' to hiIn, i:iO that hc ,,'ill talk eonfidentially,,-ith me." He did
so aud 1 went· to see ~Il'. Corbin. \Vhen 1 met him he talked n~fI shv
abont tlJC Illatte1' at first, but Jlnally caIlle l'igltt out amI toIü mé th;lt
.:\l1's. Grallt lIad an iutel'est; that tiyC humlred tltommnd 01' gold ha-ll
heell takell by 1\11'. Gould at :31 anel 32, which had heen sohl at :n; that
JIr. COl'bin held fol' himse1f about two lllilliollS oí' gohl, f!,,-c 11l111dred
tl1011salld of ",hiel! wa¡.; fol' 1\l1's. Graut, mltl ti,·o hundred thonsand for
Portero


Q. "\Vas tbat General Porter '~-A. J did not ask wbeí.hcr he was a
general 01' not; 1 1'cmemller tilo llallle of Portero This wa s gi n~ll out
YPl'y s10,,<. He let out jnst as fast as 1 <lid. Vy!tPll he fOlllld tltat Mr.
Gonld lHld told me alJont the same thing, 1 said: "Now, I haye had
llotiJillg' to do \rith ,r0nr tmusactiom; in OIle wa:v 01' the other; lmt yon
can makp ~'Ollr path \Vay e1eal' aml straight by empt.'yillg it all out to me,
beeau:,;C' .:\11'. Gonl<l mul myself stalJd together. \Vo llaTo no seerets
froUJ p;wl! otlWl'. 'Ve hase ctlibnrkp(l in a :,;chcme that looks like olle of
larg't' ltlap:llituüe. MI'. (}ould has 10st, aA tIle thing stnl)(l:, \lo\Y, am1 it
100k8 as ii' it mig'ltt be prett,Y serions lmsilles:,; before gettillg it straight
again. 'l'he wllOh~ SllC('PiiS \lepeu.],;, 011 ,ylwther the goYel'lll!1enL will UIl-
loa(l onto m; 01' not." He says: "Yon neeel uot haYl~ tlle ](';}st fear." 1
said: "1 wallt to know whethel' what 1\11'. Gonl.1 has told me js true. 1
'\ant to kilO\\" \\ hetltel' yOil lta,Oc :,;ellt tllis S25,OOO to \YaslJing"tOll, as he
statt's." He thclI tohl me that he hall sellt it; tltat ::\[r. Gonhl had sold
8.""j()(),OOO of golü belougillg Lo 1\hs. Gnlllt, whieh cost :33,fOl' 3.,01' Rome-
tlJillg ill that lIpigh llorllOod, h'aving a llalauce in hPl' fayor of a hout
s:n,()ÜO, awl tha,t a eheekfol' S:2':;,()()() hall heen S('lIt. Said I, "1\11'. Cor-
hin, w!taL ('an .y()(t sIlO\\' llW that g-oes still fnliher tlmn YOlll' talle P "0,
wdI," tltl\ 01.1 lIIall sai.l," r eaullot sIlow .ron aU,nhiJlg; hut," saül he,
" thi¡.; is alJ rigltt." He talkecl frerly, an<l l'epeate!l, "1 tell ;rou it is aU
right." Whell 1 wellt a way ÍÍ'01l1 thero r matle np m'y mind that Corbin
ltad t01([ me tIte tl'1lth. \VIH'tltpl' he hrrd taken mOlley 01' Ilot-\yhpther
he lwd liet! abont that part of it 01' llot-I made np my mind that" either
through speenlation or fo1' tl!e good 01' t11e eonntry iUllloving t.hese crops,
tlw :,;ale oí' gold whielt mli:i to han~ tak0U plaee witltin two m' tIlme weeks,
in Oetohel', was stopped fin' Odobel', either llpOll one basis 01' the other;
either fl'OIll lIIoti\<es of ]lersonal interest 01' for the hest weJúue of the
conntry. 1 callle out with thM cOllclusiou. In the evening l\:Ir. Corbin




174 GOLD PANIC INVESrIGATION.


came round to the Opera House, Hm1 1 had nuoiher interyiew wit11 him
there.


Q. Fix that date, as near as yon can.-A. 1 shonld say, if it did Ilot
oeeur OH Sllllday~ tlwt it was about the ~bt of ::1eptellllJeI'. It \ras eit!te!'
l\londay 01' Tnesday night. 'Ve Í<llkecl t11at C'yenillg', and 1\fr. Gonld
went home wítb him that nigbt. In the rnoruillg, when }h. Gonl<l callle
clOWll, l. \Vas over tlle river, ancl came iuto tIte otliee ahout 1 o'doek in
tIte afternooll, hut 'had no intereonrse with 1\Ir. (]ollld llutil ahont -~
o'cloek. \Ve were t11en doing our business OIl \Yall strept thnmgll the
telegraph from onr office to vVall street. 1 asked 1\11'. Gonhl ir 11(' hall
see11 1\11'. Uorbin that moming. He snid : " Y ('S, e\"eI'~,tllini!: is all I'ig'ht.
lf Bnttertidd gives :my infol'lnation we will get, it in tilllÜ to get out. 1
<1m to see Corbill again to night. 1 thill);: 1 CIlIl gh-e yon soJtw more in-
fonnation to-night, ailer 1 see 11im.:' n semns that w!ten lle stmtecl to
go home íhat Ilight he stollpeu in at Uorbin's hOtl8C, when he weut up
or when he eame back; anyhow, he l'ame iuto tlle oJ1kc about .') o'elol'k
in tlIe evening' .. Says he to nH', "\Yho is the lIlost emlfhlplltial mall yon
hnn~ got'!" 1 saül: "lt llll depends U])011 wlmt his lllissioll is." He
8a~-s: "1 want aman wlto is a (jllick traYPler; s:t.ys llOthing. bllt pus8e:-;
righl along." Sai(l 1, "1 will giye yon Chapin." 1 :-;Cllt fOl' Chapin. r
said to hirn, "Chapin, 1 wallt yon to-morrow lllorning' to .be at COl'bin'"
1Ionse aí halfpast six. Yon will there reeeive a letter frolll ltim dil'eett'd
to General Graut, at \Vasllington, J:'enusylvania. 1 waut YOIl to lean'
011 th8 eig11t-o'eloek train, tl'aveling as fast as yon can, 111\(1 llot stop
nutil yon lay that letter in his hallds. \Ynit until he reads tlle IcUer.
Drive direetl,Y from thero to tite IWal'Cst. telegraplt oftiee (it :-;pelllS that
\Yashiugton is s(weralmiles frOIll the railroads) alld teleg1'aph back to
me whether tho lettel' is satisfactory, if vou can \10 so \\ithont eouyey-
ing that illtelligellee to all,ylJol1y el;p." 1 1heu told Chapin, "Yon ai'e
boanlillg at a, lll'inlte llOllse; r will send ullother man to (~all ,\'011, so that
,ron will ]lositi \'eJy not be late." }Iy brotlwr-in-htw went n]) in t he rnol'll-
ing, sa", that Chapin was ealled, too);: hün in a carriage :11 lwIrpast six,
amI w\;'nt to COl'bin's honse: raug the be]]; Corhin eanw {lOWII, amI, as
Chapin sayH, (1f~liven'd hilll tlle ktt!'1'. H(· too1\ it, W('llt.OH'r tite Penn-
s;ylY<lIlia Central to Pittsburg,left the milroad tlle Ilrxt llight and dron~
to \Val:ihington, arriying the1'e aboul hali'past sc\,pn in tI\(' 1ll0l'lling, I
s!lould jmlge. Hn sent in Itis can! illlJllcdiately, sayiug that he was a
s])ecialmesspnger frOlll J.\I1'. COl'bin. General Grallt came in, opPlH'II thp
Ietter allt1 read it, and said, as he was going out, (, YOIl wuit H fe\\" min-
utes." üeueral (~rant wcnt out, alld in a few minnt<'s retnruf'd nnd müd,
"AH right." Chapin eh'oye to tlle nearest telegrapli of(Íl'e, aoeording to
illStructiollS, and we got a telegram abont 1 o'doek, "Delivereü. AH
l'ight."


1 tIten had oue evenillg allother illteryiew with COl'bin. Wp \\(,1'e
feoling a little lleITOlLS abont tlw l'0sitioll ,,-e ,,'em ilien in. 1 :;:ai,1 tn
Corhin, IllOped eYeI'ything was all fol' the lJest. Bnt, said 1, "If we
s]¡ullld miss-ii' t11e gow'rnmellt shonld seU this goh1, it wOllllt I'(,l't:lillly
be a serious maLLer!' Co!'bin tben said to me, "1 wallt :ron to talk ,,,ith
lll\' "i(,,,." }frs. Corhill came into the room. T lmd beell intro(lneed to
::iI;·~;. Corhin lJefore. The thing' had gOlle bOyOllrl tlle mattpl' n1' llIerf'
e~Hlrtesy with anybody 1nwt 1,l1ero. 'l'hat \Vas the fil'st tÜIW 1 ha!! ;,lC'en
llpr in l'et'eroncc to this transaetion. \Ve sat dowll and talked tlle llwt-
ter OH'1' quite fully. 1 did not coyer aUJ' maLters Hp. 1 took it for
gT<111te(l tlmt the.)" 11:1(1 bought gohl, an<l that they hall aH mn(']¡ interest
ill tllp !tlatter as [had. Sito mado this remad:: "1 kilO\\" the!'e \Yill lH~
110 gold s~)ld by tho gOYe1'lllllcllt; 1 am q Hite pOflitive titen' \Yill he no




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 175
gold sold; for tl1is is a challce oí" rt lifetlme fo!' us; you need not have
any uneasiness whatevcr." ¿


1 had a phuntoJll ahearl of me aH the time that this real gold would
come out.. 1 waR wdl a\Vare that we hall uought aU tIlo gold tllere was
in :Now York, amI 11:1U no tear alJont tlmt cOluillg' uack 011 us. Tite gold
,ve wero then buying in ,Vall 8t1'eet was phalltom gQId, anu could give
us no trouble.


1 "tarted away 011 the strellgtlt of that eOIlvcl'satioll, and 1 think it
was 011 tIJe mOl'ning of Thnnlday we left !HU' earriage haek of the p08t-
offke, amI whe11 \H~ came up to get into tll0 carriagc, as 1 came along up
stl'üet, we stopped l'igltt helo\V Dunean ..'\:. S1warman's office. MI'. Gould
Ra,\" to me, "Old CorlJin f,(;els tJ'Oll ble<l amI nel'VOllS a l/out SOllHl golll; he
,",'al1ttl a bnndrell thousand clol1ars;" and said lUl'. GonM to me, "'Vhat
do YOlL think 01' it"!" Said 1, "If he wants a 1mllclred thonsalld dollars
to f~ed out to parties ill ilttt'1'ptlt., he haü hettel' han ilo" 1 tbillk this
was OH the aftOl'llOOll oí' Thnrstlay. ::\[1'. Oonld asketl ii' tltat tlidll't Iook
as i1' thero might ho somo blow lill. 1 said, "If he ,vants that lllOl1ey to
deal out to püoplp, aJl(l it \\'illl1elp tn strcnglhcu oul' pOilitioll in regard
tn tltis g\)1(1, wo will give Itim OlW lmndretl or two humhed th ')l1saml."
" 'Vdl," Raid ]w, "do as ,Y0ll pIease." 1 told 1Iim] would go alld get
tllD 1l1olley; mul 1 wont i Ullílpdiat01y i o Slllil h, Gould, Martin & Co., got
a check fol' a hUlldl'prl tltousand dol1ars, amI hronght it mul g~L\'e it to
.:\11'. Gould in the cal'riagl'. 2\h. (ion1(1 said lw wonhl stop thero ",lten
he wcnt hOllle that llight alHL gi\'e it tn l1im.


1 was 1l0t a\Vare lmt what lUr. COl'hin hall reeeiY(~d that hundred
t housand dollars lllltil the afterllooll of Friday, aftt'l' the hlO\y up, when
1 "aid to :;VII'. üOllltl, " l'UlJedallllled ii' tIlat old SeOlllHll'el shaU have that
hUlldl'ed thonslIml donar,,; 1 wi11 stop tltp payment of tha! eheck." .:vIl'.
(1 ould 1'(\pli('<1, " lIe has not got it ; 1 ha YE' got it." r toId hilll r W<LS glad oí'
that; there waR that lUnch s:lwd, anyho\Y. 1\11'. Gonld said COl'hin had
tlte twenty-fiy(~ tllOlIsalltl dollar eheck, but he (Gould) hall the hUlllll'ed
tllOllsand (lolla1' ono in his pocket.


1 w(mí, dowll to tlJe lH!ighborhood of "Vall st1'eet Frida~- lllol'llillg,
and the history oí' that IJlol'lling you kuO\y. \Y hen 1 got bad~ lo our
ofllee you can imagine 1 \\':1S in !lO ('IlYiable state ot' lllilHl, aud tlte
momcnt 1 got. up Rtn'et that a1'tel'JlOOll 1 startcd right 1'0lllld to 01(1 Cor-
l)in's to 1'al\(' him out. 1 \\'ellt into tho room, anü sent wonl thut 2ür.
Fisk wanted to sec him ill the üinillg-rool1l. 1 \Ya" too lllad to sa'yauy-
thing' eivil, anü whell he eallH' into tho room, tlaid I, "YOI1 <1allmed ola
13eountTrel, (10 yon know what has bappened?" Titi" \Vas, 01' conr13e, after
¡:n~1':ything had blown up. 8aiü f, "Do yon kllO\V ",llat you have doue
11e1'e, yon ami yonr pcople '!" He began to wring his hall(ls, amI" Oh,"
he says, "this is a horrible po~ition; are ,\-on ruined F 1 s:lid 1 didn't
kllow whetlter 1 \Yas or llot; íllHl r asli:c(l lJim agaill if h(' 10ww what
had lmppened. He hall beell erying, amI said he ]¡tHl just !toanl; that
he hall been SUl'C everytl1illg \yaR al! l'ighL; bu! tha! Romethiug' had
()('cnrred clltireIy tlifferent frOlll what he had allti(~ipated. SaüL 1, "That
lTon't amollut to allytlüng; \Ye kno\',' that g'old ought 1\01, to he at 31,
aJl{l that it wonld 1l0th(J hut fol' sndl ]lC'rfonnanees as ;yon have lmd
thi" la¡:¡t woek; ron kuew damllell wl'11 it wonld llOJ; if yon had llot
faílctL" 1 lmew thal somebo(ly had rUll a S<lW l'ight illto us, and said 1,
.. This whole danllu·(l thing has tUl'lled out just as 1 told yon it woulu;


• r eonRid(,l'ed thl' wh01e party a paek ot' eO\\'lmls;" and 1 expeeted that
wllon we eame to el(~ar ou!' hallds they would soek it right into uso 1
said to him, "1 llon't kllow \rhethel' ,ron hay e lied 01' 1l0t, and 1 don't
kllOw whatought. to be done with yon."




176 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
He wa~ on the otho1' si de of the tahle, wecping aml wailing, aud 1 WHs


g'nat\hing 1lI,\' teeth. ".YO\Y," he ~m.r~, ,. yon mnst quiet YolH'sC'lf." T
told lIim 1 di(ln't \YHllt tu be (jniet; 1 lUHl 110 desi1'e to en'r 1)(\ quiet
again, and probably ney('l' shonld be quiet again. lIe say~, "Bnt, my
df'a1' sir, yon \Vi11 lo~e .ronr reason." Says 1, "Speyers ha" all'ml(ly Io~t
his reaSOlI; l'pason has gone ont of pveryhody hut llW." r nontinued,
"No\\" what me yon goillg to do; .ron have got ns into tllis thing,
and what are yon going to do to get out of it '!" He says, "1 dOIl't
kllow; 1 \\'i11 go and get my wife." 1 said, "(1ot he1' down h('J'o." The
soft talk ,,'a~ aU overo He weut upstairs }tIH1 tlwy rctnrned, "tottlíng"
iuto the room, looking oIder than Stephen lIopkills. lIi~ wif(' :m<l he
hoth looked like death. He was tottliugjllst like that. (Illn"trate(l hy
a tremhling mOVfment of the hody.)


Pinally 1 said, "Rere is tbe position of the matter. We are fOl't.\'
miles UOWIl t11e Dela,wa1'e, and we UOll't knolY \Vlwre \Ve aro. I üon't
know lmtwo lIlay ho1'ieh; hnt it 100ks devilish like as if,,"o wero 1 lOor. YOll
have got us iuto this sompe, alld now what i" going to be done 't" 8he
said she could not think tbis haü been dOlll' with tlw l'l'(~si(knt's ('on-
sent. SIte thought Boutwell hall üoue it, in vÍOlatiOll 01' the strict 01'-
ders of the Pl'esirlont BOt. to seU goltl. Said r, "That (1ou't 1]('1]) nmtters
ut aIl. 1 can't te11 yon whore \Ve stand." vVe hall s0111 Jargn :llllOllllts
of gold, 'whieh 1 was afraid wOHM not go out. "Now, JUr. COl'hin, wllat
do yon mean to do?" The old mun straightened np in 1'1'out oC the table
aud said, "1 will go dOWll to 'Vashing'ton, and lay it :tt thoi1' uoo!'; 1 \ViII
fathotn thiH tlling." Sai!! 1, " Wllell willyoll go-to·night'i" "No/' he
sai(l, "tltey hall hoth 10cn ahed aH day, and eou1<1 llot go that llight;
hut," said he, "we ",ill be in '\v ashingtou SU1Hlay moming; wo wiU 1'ido
alluight Saümlay nig'ht, an(l go to thp Exeentivc }lamúoll 811l)(lny morn-
Jug. Yon stand right still nntil 1\íonday ll1orniJlg, and wr ",in "top
an sales ofgold. "Te will melld up the matter; hin!! nI' tltC\\'OlllHls,
and a11 will be right."
. 1 had ll1ade up lIly mi!Hl that Corbin's inflnenee ,ya" prrtty ",el!
playetl out, but 1 thought that t he fllrther off he was the IWllpier 1
shonld be, an<l so 1 1'eCOl1lw('lHIed hilll to gO, 11e (~alll(, dO\\11 8a1unlay
nigllt, as 1 aftpl'war(l heanl, an(1 eame hae].;: Slllulay niglJt, sptll(ling tlw
da;\- nt the mallHion. 1 haye lWn~l' Heen ltim fmm that dar to tltis. Uf
eourse matterH took slleh a turn that it \ras no nsp. lt was eaeh lllall
(lrag out his o",n eorpse. Get ont of it as \H']] as yon cml.


This is a statement as nearly ao;; 1 can giyc yon oí' this golü operatioll.
The ,..-llole lIloyellH'llt \Ya" hased upon a dpsire OH our part to elllploy
out' nWll, all(1 \\'0]'1;: Olll' powel', getting' t1le snI'pln~ (~1'ops 1Il0n'(1 ('ast,
anll recei\-ing to1' onrselves that portioH of tlte trallsportatiou pl'operIy
lJelongillg to on!' l'oml. 'L'hat ,ras tIJe beginlling o[ 1110 1lI0\'(,1llt'lIt, alHI
the í'nrtller operations "'erc 1)ase(1 n1>01l a lH'OlllÍSP oí' wh:¡1. COl'hi1l "ai(1
the gon~rllln('nt wonld do. vVhethel' nIr. Corbin has lieü or 1Iot n'ganl-
ing Mrs. Grant's IULYillg half a million <1011ars of thi" g-d(l, :lml about
])o1'tel"" beillg inten'stel1 iJl 1wlf a llIillioll oí' goJtl, 1 (lo 110(; kllo\\'; 1
hnyo no nmSOl1 1.0 helien~ that he <lid.


Q. What Porter do .ron reier to'?-A. 1 think he ~aül General Porter:
1 know it ,,,as thc Porter wl!o ,¡-:1:,; with Gpl]('l'al Gl'Hllt, in VV:lSllillgtOIl,
Penusy1\':1l1ia,. T heard my mua say that Porter hall aH interest in haH
a l1lilli~m of <1ol1nrs in this' gold. You ha\'e hoard 0[' 1 he in U'reH! ! Ita t
Spcyel'" hall in tüis g-old. vVe hall nothing to do with Spl''yers tlwt
day. \VhatoYl'l' transaetlolls lle haLl "ero with ]~l'l(len. :\Iy tl'llllSaC-
tiOllS \Yero done throug-h Heath & Oo., and wpr(~ merely lo snpport the
goItl llI:Ll'ket, withont auy unclers1.andillg that tite re was to be auy COI',




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 177
ner; without any lUuIerstanding whatever, of an,y llame 01' llature, fm-
ther than to asslst 1\lr. Gonld in tlüs transaction. He had síarted out
"ith the view of giving work for our meu, Hud our power during
the faU amI winter.


To SllOW you where we stand to-day: before 1 stal'ted to come to
'\Vashingtoll yesterday morning, 1 asked MI'. Vanderhilt to come to onr
office, for tbe plll'pose of seeing whetber he was situated as we ,,-ere.
1 Haid to him, "'We are goillgdown to \Vashington, and we wish to HCC
·whethor .ron are situated as we are; and perhaps it lllay baye sorne
weight upon 0llI' future position, so faI' as this .affair is coneerned. 1
would Jike to know whether, representing as yon are a line as large as
ours, .rOl¡ are employing as mally lIleIl as .ron have been he1'etofo1'e. Onr
men are on three-quarter time; we are ten days short in our paymellts,
and our side-tracks an~ filled with empty cars. \Ve yestcrda.r took out
one hundred and twelye cal's, agaillst tlJree hundred amI seventy-fiYe
last yeal'; nIHI," said 1, "wboro do .ron stand '?" He l'eplied, "1 haye
just ordered extra süIe-traeks to pnt empty cam on. Out' men are OH
three-quarter time, amI so tiu' BS our matters are cOllcerned, thoy are
just like ;roms."


TIHl Ailuntic amI Gl'eat \Vestern road, about "hic11 1 presume t1le
chairman oi' thi8 committee knows somet1ling, took in $480,000 for the
month of Deecmber of last year. Tbis .real' thcy reeeiyed $248,000 for
the same month. EaiIroading to-day is uot furnishillg more· nlOlley
than is l'PfJuired to pay for the labor alld the oilnsed. \Ve are not
sitnated dift'm'(mtly to-day from any other road in that respecto There
never was sueIl ]}l'ostration as has settled over tIlese thirty-fiye 01' fody
millions oí' people-as rests on ns all here. 1 am now speakillg to illus-
trate where this man, Grant, has brongbt us too


Q. You are speaking of the policy of the government ?-A. 1 am
speakillg' of this man, Grallt, who has brought liS to this position. You
have brollght 1Ir. Gould and myself here to testify, amI 1 am testif.ying
w11at 1 know abont tht'se Ü'ansactions; abont t11e position ,ye have 1een
plaeed in. As t11e r('presClltative of the larg'est corpomtion on tIle
.A.meriean eontillellt, 1 sa,y to ,ron that we are to-day starving to death.


(l\Il'. Burehard suggested t11at the witness was tl'avelillg out oí' t11e
sphere of tlw iuyestigation.)


\VITNESS. J lllust state that 1 must ask yon, gentlemen, to summon
witnesses ",llOse names 1 shall give .ron. l\Iy men are stmTillg. \Vhen
tbe newspapel's told yon we ,y ere keeping away frolll this committee, 1
say to yon tll(,1'e is no llltln in t11is conntry who wantell to eome before
you as bad as Jim Fisk, JI'. 1 have thirty 01' forty thonsanu ",iyes alld
ehildl'en to feeu with the money disbul'se(l fl'om om' office. \Ve hay e
no money to pay them, and 1 know ",hat bas bronght t11em to this eon-
ditiOll.


By t11e UI-IAIlülIAN:
Q. In the begilluing of this mOyelllent in gold, 110W far dül you intelld


to carry it~-A. 'ro where we conld ship these crops.
Q. To whut point in the pl'ice nf gold ?-A. That would depend entirely


upon variolls eil'CUll1stalleos. The pOillt lllight haye been reached at 40,
mal it might haye heen 46 01' 47.


Q. Did ,vou expect tO carry it as 11igh as ;jO?-A. No.
Q. \Vbat, wilit tllat ,-iew of tile case, was tlle intiuellce whic11 resulted


in carrJ·ing it. ahoye ;JO and above 60~-A. It wellt up to 60 for the
reuso n that there ·were in that llImket a bundred men short oí' gold.
There werc 1allkillg-houses whieh had stood for fifty yem's, and wll0 dill


, H. Hep. ~n--l:l




178 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
uot kno'l) but what they were rnilIe(l. They rushed into the market to
cove1' thei1' shorts. 1 tilÍnk it went from 4;:{ to (jO withont tlte purchase
of more than $600,00001' $700,000 of gold. lt 'l)Cllt therc in con>sequellce
of the frightelled bear intcrest..


Q. \Vhat frightened the bears ?-A. Tllere 'l)as a feelillg that there
was no gold in tho market, amI that the govcrIlrncnt wonld not let an,)"
gold go out.
(~. 1\1r. Belden has stated nnder oath to tlle granel jury tlmt yon amI


1\Ir. Gonlc1 gavc Ilim a great lllally orden, to lmy golll. Have :ron stated
aH the orllers that yon gave"¡ State in fnll the oruers ;ron gaye to .l\h.
Belden upon these two days oí" tlle panic.-A. \Ve \Yero hllyillg and
selliug. Of oourse, in working a market like t11at WO \Yero continuaHy
lJUying aneI selling goId. I think I telegraphed two 01' t]¡reo times on
Thursday to Belden to buy a millioll oi' goId. Tilo uext lllol'llillg r sold
a millioll. I know in rn,)" cOllversatiou with Bo]uen t110 fir:,;t night there
was no relative difference between his purehases amI tlte sales 101' our
aCC0l1l1t.
(~. \Yhat order did yon gi\'e him on the 24th 1-A. I gaye him no


order.
Q. Did he execnte any or<1e1' you had previously givell'?-A. No; aH


orders expired at sUlHIoWIl. This is the rule of tIw :,;t,rect.
Q. O. O. Allen has a]so statoll to tlw grand jury t11at you gave him


orders to buy gold; pIe ase state "hat o1'de1's yon gave him.-A. ABen
is aman whom I llever sa w, so far as 1 know. ABen claims, aud has
hrought suit, that he has a written order to buy a million oí' gold for
'Villiam Heath & Oo. The ülctS of the case 1 \Vin state as they were
told to me. \Vhen gold \Vas at 4;~, I gaye a yOllng man by t11e name of
Orothe1' an order to lmy $,300,000 of g'old. It seems he eould 110t exe-
ente tlle order, amI he Sfl'yS he gayc the onler to this 1lIf111 ABen. 1 thell
}¡ad no idea of gold goiug np to 60 or anything of that killd ; alld ,,11en
he carne baek he said to me, " Snpposc I can get a millioll, what shalll
do f" Saicll," Take it." 1 remember that, and that is alll ever knew
abont it. Pretty SOOD he eame back and said he (lü1 1I0t gpt, anytlJing
at all. This was jnst before the jnmp fh)Jl1 45 to 60. Titen 01'ot11e1'
comes back to me amI says: "You sign right at the bottom of this
paper," whieh he hlLllded me, "aud I will see if 1 eallllot pxeente tho
order." In a hasty lllomellt, I toro the margin off' a New York Herald,
and wrote, "Buy a million of gol (1. \Ym. Belden & Oo." I \Vas gOillg
to semI it to Belden, as 1 :,;upposed Heath & Oo. had an the. go]d they
wanted. They said that I told them to semI it in to Heath. Three
days afterward 01'otller t:omes to me and states that he gave the ordel'
to this man Allen, ane! that Allen harl exeented it at 60. Saül I, " lf
he has exeeutecl it let him take it." During this time Belden had failed,
and ABen thel1 tried to put it off on to IIeath.


Q. It is in evidence before t110 committee that .von gave large on1ers
to \Villiam Heat1l & (jo.; please state what ordpr:,; :yon gayo to them.-
A. 1 think, 011 Pridav morning, Heath bought four 01' fiye hUlldred
thousand doHars in gold.


Q. There was a meeting on the night of tIle 23d at the Opera Honse,
in whieh these tmnsaetiolls and tlle situation in which yon were was
diseussed, aneI in which a prollosition was made to pnblish in tite paper:,;
the next ·morning tlle names of tlle men who were sho1't of gold, for the
purpose oi' foreing them to a settlemellt; please state to tile committee
what your plan was f-A. That was novel' melltionod at tIlo Opera
Honse.
(~. 1:,; nott]¡e Opera llouse the place of ;yonr up-tOWll ofliee?-A. Yeso




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 179
Q. State where this meeting occurred and what occurred.-A. There


18 a theory to which yOIl seem to refer, amI the 01l1y tItiIlg 1 can imagine
;yon refer to, that to a certain extent has originated with Daniel Drew:
that when padies were IargeIy short of Erie, the names of parties and
tho amounts could be publishcd, so that tIte parties thernse1ves in look-
ing over the Iist, seeing that sueh a list of the parties were down as short,
one man at a thousalld shares, amI anotber at anothor rate, eaeh would
find his name there and beliove the statement \Vas f'orl'eet, as to every •
other name. Upon gIancing over a list like that they would see that
they were cornered, ami wouId come right down at such pl'ices as they
could get. That has bcen a theory 1 have aIways had in mind as
among the things which might be tl'ied in au ernergency, until one day
1 asked our counsel about it. The counseI told me it wouId partake of
a conspiracy, and that it eould never be used. The only thing 1 reltlem-
ber to which j'OU can possibly refer is, on the afternoon ueíúre black
Friday, 1 recollect sayillg in the oftlce, to JUl'. Gould, 1 think, ~Ir. vVil-
Jard, amI perhaps MI'. Smith, that this wonlü he a good time to adopt
that theory of advertising the list of names amI of carrying out that
plan. Some one says: "\Vhy don't we do it '? \Ve are in a good posi-
tion enough ~ Thel'e is gold enough sbort '1" Said 1, "YOIl cannot do
it.~' "0, res," they said. Said 1, "\Ye cannot; 1 have taken coul1sel


.on the subject, and they say it CallIlGt be done." In order to eonvince
these gentlemen, 1 sent np to MI'. Sherman's offiee Thlll'sday afternoon,
and he came down to Heath's office where we were talking. 1 asked him
to explain just what he told me ahout t11is theory, which he did, stating
t11at it could not be done; that it was one ol' t1le acts which wonld be
considered as unlawful.


Q. State what was the plan agreed npon for yonr operatiolls llext
<lay.-A. No plan whatever. The idea the next morning was to make
gold abont 45, and to keep it right there still. That was llly idea. vVe
did not have any particular talk of any plan; but my idea was to get
gold up to 45, amI then to loan it out at that priee. \Ve coulrI make
just as lI1uch llloney in loaning it out as we could in selling it, beca use
parties had tq come to us to huy thei1' gold.


Q. How much do j~OU thil1k ;you al1d your associates held the night
before the breakdown "?-A. 1 cannot say fúr myseIf amI associates,
for the reason that 1 do not lmow. 1 can say for myself, and the dif-
ferent parties whom 1 knew to hold long gold, based upon the beliefthat
the governlllent wouId not seU, that we heJd, perhaps, sixty millions.


Q. In other words, sixty lllillions of caUs ?-A. That is exactly it; of
course we knew there was ou1y abont thirteell 01' fourteen millions oi'
gold that could come in onto uso


Q. Was your situation snch that everybody who had gold must buy
of .you ~-A. If we eallcd in tho thirtcen miIlioTls, these parties must
take the gold of uso 1 toId them, as 1 stated, that onr plan was to pnt
gold up to 45, and that we were perfectIy saJe tIten, for we coulel loan
the goId four times over and make as much money as if we sold it, but
to wait until this excitement was over ; fol', 1 assure yon, 1 never have
ruade money in an excitable mal'ket. 1 preferred, therefore, to wait
until the prices were steadyat about 45; when they dropped down to 43
we wouId buy it over agaiu, and so make a great deaI of monoywithout
bringing on any corner in goId at aH. 1f our plan succeeded, we had
nothÍllg to do but to make money an tbe time.


Q. Did your associates who discussed tIte matter with you concur
with you ~-A. They concurred in my view so far as this: there is no
fright as great as the fright in 'Yall street when the bears get fright-




180 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
pIlell, fol' tlle Yery reaSOll that they haye sold what they have 1l0t got.
Thel'e me so lllauy orders for Gold Exchange by the Ellglish amI Gel'-
man ballkers , whom we knew were sho1't of gold, that ,,-e were afraid


• what ltlight be t11e resnlt of the fl'ight they would get into.
Q. Yon knew, p1'etty well, who we1'e short of gold ?-A. Of course


we had a list of aU their contracts.
Q. Abont 11m" lllauy wel'e short '?-A. It commellceu with Jay Cookt',


• amI pl'obably ,,-cnt through two hUlld1'ed amI fifty houses. In f:wt, it
illcluded evel'y firm in this country oí' uny magllitnde whatever.


Q. An<l they were aU dependent upon .you'?-A. Yes; we had eaIle<l
in six 01' seyen milliollS of this amount, enough to lllake a sharp dcmand.
Tl1C lmllks bela ahout as 111uch more. And we therefore substantialh-
held an thel'e wai; anlilable. <


Q. \Vllo do yon mean b;y "we" ?-A. I mean Smith, Gould, }Iartil1
& Co., 1\11'. Willa1'd, .MI'. Belden, Heath, amI tho brokel's they CllI-
p10yed.


Q. ""Yhen did yon eaU in that six 01' seyen millions "?-A. Durillg
Tm'stlay amI \YetInrs(lay. Om' intelltiou was to bl'illg in ellongh to
make a sharp caU fo!' gold, enough to make qnick 10ans, so thnt we
eould get it right out of the ,,-ay.


Q. \Vhen tIle mOyemellt llpgan OH Friday, and gold stal'tpd up, tlitl
BOt a large II1unbel' of' ¡; s11orts" come in to settle 'I-A. Tliat 1 1mye nu-
de1'stood. N oue 01' them eame to sC'ttle with me. 2\Iy gold went ü'om
Heat11's baele to Smith, Gould & )Iartill's from the elearillg-house.
They told me tbey bad scttled my eontraets with IIeaih, leayillg abont
eleyen llUud1'ed dollnrs protit, out of eleven 01' twelve millions transu(;-
tiOllS. 'l'hey said, " \Ye ha YO settletl so lIlueh gold amI 80Id so mucll
gold; \Ve will take yOtll' gold at a eertaiu priee." Said I, "Very weIl; you
take the gold aud turn it oyer to Smith, Gould & 1\Iartill."
(~. \Vhy ditl the priees break dOIVn that day ~-A. On accollnt of


thi s sale by the gm-ernment.
Q. Did it uot break clown before the orders to sen were knowll f-A.


N ot uefiH'e tIlev ,,~el'e lmowll.
Q. At \yhat time in t11e da}' did the break occnr"?-A. I'should thillk


at, ltalf-pa8t eleyen.' •
Q. How 800U tlitl yOH know tlle news 'I-A. 1 ,,-ill sta te wllat 1 kno\y


on that snbject. I neyer had met General Bntte1'ficlü but once beforc
tbis. 'rhey eonsidereLl hilll all-illlportant. 1 dicl not see holV we coulrl
get mnc]¡ bellefit fl'om him. Nevel'theless, 1 CO\11<1 see tIlat if they hml
a claim upon him, if he goto tho ne,,-s first, he wonld giye it to them.
On 11'l'ic1a,\' mornillg, ,,-hen 1 "ent out into the street, eyel'ybody '\Vas
wild. The fi1'st thing- 1 snppose cycry lllall did w110 was a Ü'ielld to
Boutwell was to telegraph to \Vashillgton. An a1'tic1e also apllearea
that mornillg in tIle Times, saying that the ac1ministratioll was mixeü
up in this 1I10Ycment, amI that the time had come whell t11ey shoultl
lJ.reak up these cliques. It was a di1'ty article, bnt 1 fouml tllat it wonltl
break do"n gold; that it would be t~legraphed to \Vashington, amI
that when t11e time came, these mell woultl not stand fasto 1 lJPlieH~t1
ir that morning, t11e momellt I got into the strcet. I had t1l1'ec 01' folll'
runucrs ,,~ith me, amI 1 startec1 aman f1'om llly oftiee right up to But-
terfieltl's CWl'y fiftcen minutes. BuUel'field kellt sendillg dowll ",ora to
1\11'. Gou!ü that eyerything was an right. This contilluec1 until about
twellty llliul1tCil past eleyen, w110u gold, whic11 had gone up to G3, an oí'
a sullücn bl'oke üOlyn to 40. 1\'Iy man had then bcCll gone about half
an honro He' l'eportell that he coultl not fo1' a good while find Buttel'-
fiel!l. 1 belü'H\ that when Butterfield gOL t11e information he g¡we it to.




GOI ... D PANIC I:'{VESTlGATION. 181


Seligman, amI t1lnt 11e wit11hehl tlle informatioll [rom the otllers a8 long
as he could, until he coulcl gct ont some ot' t11e golc! he !HuI there. That
is tlle 1lrst knowledge 1 had of this order.


Q. Do yon know t11at of your own kllowledge '?-A.. :No; 1 caullot say
anytbing more tban that it was t11e general l:elief.


Q. vVÍty would the sale of fourmillions of go1d oreak down the
maJ'ket'I-A. It would break our cornero


Q. 'l'be "1011gS" then werc 110t 80 stl'Ollg out tlUlt fonr milliolls woulG
broak thOlll ?-A. It would whon they kllew t110 go,'crnmcllt hacl eight;9
01' llinety millio118 right behind it. '1'he t11eory "ms adoptecl in a moment
tlJat tilo governmo11t had made np its milllI to break uI' this clique.
They g'ave real g01cl that tool;: tIlo money to pay for it en:!'y time.


Q. Explaill to tIte cOlllllliitee wlmt .yon lllcall by" pllantom goldP-
A. T mean" s1l0rt" gold. 'l'hat is t1le eOlIl1ll011 title. Yon are a mem-
ber oí tlle board, snpposc, and yon say, 1 will sell yon gold at twenty-
eme, ancl 1 Sl1y I \Vil! take it. Yon aml 1 exchange tickets; tO-lllorrow
yOll havo got to giH\ lIlO t11at golü; lmt yon COlllO to llle alld buy the
gold, 01' :ron borrow.it alld giyc it to me. lt is llothing really 1mt a
piece of papel'. Again, f;nppose 1 ha,'e a millioH of goId; yon COllle to
mo and want to l101'row a million; yon loan tlte golü Ol' seU it to Hnother
mall, amI he to anotller, amI so OH, ulltil a millioll oi' gold would 8cUle
tm'llty millio11R of Ü'a1l8aetiollR, and no gold has rcaHy paf;sell nt aH.
fn fact millions of transactiOJl8 pass t1Jrollgh tlte eleariug-llOuse \"i,h
lleyer a clollar of real gold at aH.


By JI1'. BURCIIARD:
Q. \Vhere \Vas the thirteen 01' fOlll'teen millions of gold which you say


'was in existellco(?-A. Snpposed to he in t11e ballks, lmt tIte han!;::,;
alway¡.¡ kept it loallecl out.


Q. In theR0 }}mchases to vllüeh yon haye re fe lTpcl, did ,\'ou1' parties
han; ally actual gold?-A. Ye8; wo had probably three 01' tOlll' millions
actual gold.


By tI1(\ CHAlRJIA~:
Q. Did :ron receiye any messages frolll Butter1leld during t11at day?-


A. XotItillg, only what was hrollg11t hy m,') m:1n, \Vho kept going baek-
warcl aud fOl'ward to m.r ofti.co. In tIlo nrst place MI'. Gonld amI my-
self ÍÍxed our hemlquarters fol' tlle day at lIeath's officc, and tIlese
messages were sellt OH'r there. Bntterlleld would semI back word,
CYcl'ythillg is a11 right; no llCWS from \Vashillg'ton; amI so \Ye kept
passing out' messages nutil half-past eleven, ,,'hen, as ¡ said, tIle mes-
sellg'er was gone fol' half au llOur, tlul'illg w11ieh time tlle break cmne.
Tho messengcr says he conld not find Bntterfichl; lmt 1 havo always
made up my miml that, VdWll Bntter1leld'8 testimony bcfore tIle gra!ld
j11l'y eomes 01lt, ~-Oll \ViII filHl tllat he gave the first informatioll to Selig-
mUll, amI to ::\lo1'to11, Bli8S &; Co. Oí' eourse 1 haye 110t seen that tcsti-
1ll01ly, bllt 1 ihink ho aclmitted tlmt, aud that it was the cause oí' his
remondo 1 hayo al \Yays thonght tItey wantetl to make Bntter1lelc1 a
blll'iVark to fight oyer so that it wOlllcl 1l0t reach tho Grant part,Y. 1
have al'.va;ys helll to the beliof that they ,youId haye snpported Bnttor-
tield as long as they eonM, ii' he h;ld 1I0t in his O\\'ll admissiollS acknowl
edged that ho was 8pcenlating with Seligman ¡¡m11Iortolli otherwise 1
do Ilot lwlieye they wonhl en~r bayo remoyed him.


Q. Dnring the time <lid General DnttcrÍÍehl send this messagc to yon :
"115 boítom tonehed?" alHI tlicl yon retnrll for answer "Bottolll ii!
tonehcd ?"-iL 1 do 1101: relllclllhcl: anytlüllg of the killcl.




182 GOLD PA~IC IKVESTIGATIO~.
(l. Dill you state thís during that llay in Heath's officú, "This is the


last day of the Gold Exchallge ~ "-A.. N o, sir.
Q. Did you say so allywhel'o ?-A.. Not that I remember. 1 made up


l11y miud that afternooll that the GoId Bank alld the 001<1 Exchangc were
both hUl'sted. I did uot tlúnk they couId go through, but 1 did uot
mako any remark of that kind.


Q. Prom yOUI' knowledge of business, do yon think the gold-room and
Gold Exchallge Bank are necessary to the trausactiou of lmsiness?-
A. I think tbe GoId Exchange is a legitilllate \Yay of transaetillg' that
d.escl'iption of business, but 1 think the clearing'-Ilonse tIley have there
iR as IIlueh a telllpter of sales as if somebody should say to a reforrned
tlrnnkanl, "I will set a boUle of gin on that sheIf alld then go a\íay
anu leayc you." 1 beIieve it is as mueIl a tcmptation, for the reason
that yon ean make more transact,ions with five thousand dollars through
the elearing-house tilan .r0u could with a lmndred thousam] dollars
withont it.


Q. From yonr own knowloclge, do you know 01' any oflicer of the gO\--
crmnent of the Unitecl States, eithel' in vVa.shingtoll) New York, 01'
clsewhere, who was flireetly 01' illdircctly conccrued iu purchasing, 01'
interested in tlle resnlts of the gold movement in these two days '?-
A. 1 can state that 1 have told yon what 1 knO\y to be the eounection
of officers of tIle gOyel'lllllent with tlle gold transactions with which 1
was counected.


Q. Beyond what yon haye statc¡l, have yon any otIler kllowletlge~­
A. 1 should say no.


Q. [undel'stand yon to refer to yonr bistory of Oorbin's staternents
to yOll; do you know of yonr OWIl kuowle¡}go that Oodlin spoke by
authorit.r, 01' that he spoke trntbful1y, when he representeü that he had
arrangcllleuts made for everything ?-A.. 1 only know tLwt, he told me
that his arrangements with General Grant\verc perfect, and he reiter-
a.tecl it over and over again.


Q. \Vith all the faets that han~ transpil'cd, do yon bcIicye that he
Rpoko the trnth ?-A. Yes, sir; 1 (10.


Q. Yon have spoken of mOHC.)' havÍng been puid; do yon thinIc money
\Yas eyer pai<l to J\t:r. COl'uin ?-A. Yes; 1 know that a eheck of twellty-
fin~ tllOm;and clollars was gh-Cll to hilIl, amI that it was a.fterwanl re-
tnrnefl to tIle hanIc.


Q. Drawn hy WhOlll 't-A. Dl'a \\Il- on SllIith, (}ould & ~Ial'tín, hy
,lay Gould. This cheek wm; tmckell up, amI fonllll to have been pre-
seuted to the Bank of tlte COllllllollwealth withont COl'bin's signatme,
'which 01' itself has a suspicions look. \Ve fOlllld tlmt it came tlt1'ongh
the llauk in whieh OOl'biu keeps his aCCollllt, bcaring the llUlllbel' of
Corbin's account, showing that it wcnt to his credit. Evidelltly he de-
cliucd to ¡Helorse it, thillking it might place him more in OUl' power.
(~. Yon kuow that that twenty-five thommnd dol1ars was paid ancl


olaeed to :\11'. Corhiu's aeeollnt P-A. Yes, sir.
Q. Do yon Icnow of ;your own knowlec1ge tlte faet of more money


ha "iag been paid by any othel' parties connccted with the go\"ernment
in conneetiou with this matter "?-A. 1 only know 01' this twenty-fh-e
thousalld dollars, and what 1 haye statea in regard to tIle hundred
tbousand.


Q. Bnt that, yon say, was uot paid ?-A. Xo; lmt 1 weut, ut t.]¡e re-
qnest 01' 1\'11'. Gonld, aud got a eheck payable to Corbin's orüer, w11ic11 1
ga \"0 to }lr. Gonltl, as 1 statecl.
(~. Hut .ron do uot know that it was eyel' deli\"ered to }1r. Corbill '?_


A. 1 do llot; no, sir.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 183
Q. Can yon l1ame aHy ot11er person ",ho heard any ofthese conversa-


tiOUR betwe(,1l yonrself and Corbill tItan tItose you have named ~-A. 1
think Dr. Pol1ard did.


Q. At wItat intervicw was he pl'esent ~-A .. 1 think he \Vas 1Iresent at
two 01' tluee meetlngs at Corbin's honse, anrl also that :Mr. Catherwood
,vas in au mljoining' room when CoI'bin was ut tIle Opera House. 1 neveI'
did lmow it until two 01' t11ree days ag'o~ ,,-Itell he recalled it to my mind
that he had heard Corbin make certain remarks.
(~. Did any oftieel' nf tite Unitecl Sta tes eyer giye yon auy direct or


illdirect statcll1ent tbat he kncw of thpse priyate speculations in gold
and illtenlled t,o p1'otect them by keeping thc goyerumeut from selliug C?_
A. 1 ha\'(~ stated abollt aH t11at. 1 know, to t11e best of my lmo\Ylcdp;e
amI belief, reganling ,,-lwt, gOH'l'lllllpnt ofticpl'S hall to do with our tI'uns-
aetions, mal that is my answcr to tIJe flncstioll.


Q. Hayp yOll statccl allywhere that ally officer of tIte goyel'lllllent had
tol<1 YOU thisi'-A. 1 hlwl' stated about what cOllllection 1 cOllsidered the
govei'lllllmt ofticers had ,yith on1' transactions.


Q. In all,)' ot1lcr Imy than :yon baye desel'ibed had yon any kllow!el!gc
of tItís ület,?-A_ In the \Yay I havc (lcscribcd ahont the gold tnms-
actiom; amI tlw cOlluection they had witb gOYCrlllnent trausactiolls, iti
tIw \Vav 1 llnderstl1l1<l tlle lllatter to be.


Q. }~lld tT1C only \Yay "I-A. AlHl tIw (mly \Yay.
Q. Fl'OlIl yOllr kllowledge alld rclationship to J\Ir. Ooull1, is it possible


that tItCS(~ fatts aH stlltell by YOll can be trae withont MI'. Gould's
knowing it?-A. r shon!ll sl;piiose :MI'. Gould would understand the
matter as 1 do; that would be my supposition.


Q. Yon kllo\V him to haye beea illtimatcly rclated to ]lear!y alI :ron
haye stated?-A. 1 linow he ¡vas in thl" habit oí' ealling on Corbin twice
a day 1'01' tlÍx \Veeks. 1 know tbat he had t11rce or fonr illter\'iews \ütb
General Gl'llllt, amI theI'efoI'e 1 do uot see why he shouLd not understaml
the matt!n" HA J do. Tlle testimony 1 lmve given this afternoon regarding
lúe cOlllwdioll 01' General Grant witb this 1ll0Vclllent, has hepll giyell
to yon b~"lI1ü npOll tIte thC'ol'y tllat what 1 knew a bont it \Vas told 1.0 me
by MI'. Corbin uml1\frs. Corbi ll, and 1 llave 1'eason to believe that wbat
tlH'y tolü 1110 ir; tl'lle. It is, howe\'cr, for those who haye jlldgment in
tlle matter to say w11et1101' }ll'. all(1 1\11's. Uorbill deceiycd me. It is llroof
that 1 eallllot donbt. I believed w]¡at they saitl, an<l aeted npon that
belíef, and placed myself in a position that no one in this country would
ever eare to be plaee<l in. That is the best reason 1 can gi,"c for my
belief in what }Ir. alld Mrs. Corbin told me.


Q. \Vlten Speyen; ,vas intl'Odueed to yon, did not Bel(lell Ol' ¡.;orne Olle
in tlle oftiee say, "'Ve are all of olle ümlil,y, and the orders givell are t1le
orderR 1'01' a1l oi' us"c "-A. ~ o, sir. Bel<len in these suits has givell his
afti<l~tyit, amI has t,ei;titiml in regard to tbese transaetiolls as to the
precise langnage he used \y}¡cn he bronght Spe~"prs in.


Q. 'Vas 1l0t Speyers onlered to I'eport to 1\11'. Sll1ith auy purehascs
whieh he lllade~-A. :No, t think noto


Do yon know whether :VII'. Smith gayo him any orders?-No, [ do noto


VVASUEGTON, n. C., January 22, 1870.
CHARLES V\". POLLARD sworn alld exmuilled.


By tIte CIIAIR"IA~ :
Qnestiou. State YOlU' residellce, place of busilless, and oeenpation.


Answcr. 1 reside in :Nmv YOl'k; lll,)' place 01' business is ut tlle El'ie Hail-




184 GOLD PA~IC INVESTIGATION.
road office. 1 hayo charge of tho distrilmtion of cars, and demnrrage
account of the Erie raill'Oad.


Q. "Vero yon eyel' presellt at an intervim~' L,ctween James Fisk)jr.,
aJal :MI'. Corbin ~-A. Yes, sir.


Q. "Vhell and where ?-A. 011 Satunlay, the 25th of Septembel', at
.Mr. Corhiu's honse, Ül the morning.


Q. State thc circnmstallccs of that intervicw.-A. 1\11'. Fisk asked me
Satnrday morning to go up to J'Ir. Corbill's llOnse alld see him, saying
that it was important fol' me to see hilll early in the lllorning. 1 went
up to 1\11'. Corbin's, and found him feeling so i1l and wretched that he
said it would be impossible fúr him to get out, as he had heen sick an
llight. He asked me to hrillg' 1\Ir.lf isk alld 1\11'. Gonld up there as S0011
as 1 could. 1 took the carriage a,ud wcut hack, amI }[r. Fisk came right
up with me to :l\Ir. Corbi11's honse. }Ir. Fisk alld }\Ir. COI'hin went into
the libmry a11d talked a few lllomellts. 1 stood in the hall. They then
came out. MI'. Uorbill took his hat amI said, "If it is necessary,I will
start to-night, immediately." They got into the carriage aneI wcnt down
to the office. He remaiued there abont two homs in the oflice, closeted
with 1\11'. Gonld and MI'. Fisk. 1 was not prescnt at the inteniew.


Q. Have yon stated all ;yon saw and heard on tllUt occasioli '?-A. On
tIlat occasion, 1 have. That "<'as tIle only interview the.y had together
\Vhen 1 \Vas presento


Q. ,Vas there any other person present at that interview ?-A. No, sir.
Q. \Vas there anyhody eIse in tIle honse, so far as yon know ?-A. No


other person was in tIle librar.r, to my kllowletlgc.
Q. Did yon hear the voice of auy person other than those two?-A.


No, sir.
Q. vVere yon near cnongh so that .ron conlel have hoard any other
~?oice ~-A. No, 1 think noto •


Q. \Vhere were ;you ?-A. At tIte yestihnle door.
(~. Haye yon eyer hall ally other intcrviews with MI'. Col'bill ?-A. He


callcd npon me both Thnrsday amI Friday, at the oflice.
Q. Are yon familiar with w hat is commonly kllOWIl as the gohl cliqne


01' muvemellt during that time )?-A.Hayillg heen an ohl' broker, 1 am
somewhat familiar with the modus opcmncli. 1 was not cOllllected witb
it myself.


Q. Of your OWIl personal kl1owletlge, do yon know anything of the
operatiolls OH that day'?-A. 1 do noto


Q. Did yon ever see MI'. Cmbin at any time in compal1y with 1\11'.
Fisk "?-A .. A great many times at tile oflice.


Q. Did yon ut JUr. Corhill's honse )?-.A_. No, sir; 1 have been at .1\11'.
Corbin's house a nUlllber of times, and met him at tIte oftice, from time
to time, for six months preyions; dnrillg all that time I have known the
pleasallt relations e:s:isting between him aul! Fisk and Gonll!.


Q. nave ,ron eve1' seen Fisk 01' Gould pay him an.y 1ll01lCy "I-A. 1 never
saw them pay him money.


Q. Did yon know of any business l'elations between them 1-A. Yeso
You asked me if 1 ever saw them pay him money. Of eOlll'se 1 haye
seen the check that passed. :JIy relations with 11r. Catherwooll in regard
tu the railroad we were constructillg brought me in eontact freqnently
with :.Yh. Corbin, from ayear ago last Augnst fol' lIeal'1y a .rem·. Perhap~
the first time 1 saw :VIl'. Corbin was a ;real' ago frolll this time; he
freqnently came into the office, and 1 lIlet him ae tlle dOWIl-tO\\'ll raiIl'oaü
office on Broadwa.y.


Q. SO that tbere can he no doubt that it was ~Ir. CorlJill YOU saw at
his house that morning~-A_. Oh, IlO; 1 lmow llim períedly we11. 1
han Ietters of illtl'Oül1etiOll to General Grant frOIll 31l'. Uorbill.




GOLD PANlC INVESTIGATION. 185
·W ASHINGTON, Janttary 22.


'V:M. E. DODGE, sr., sworn and examined. '
By the CHAIRMAN:


Questioll. State your place of residellce and occupation ~-Allswer. 1
live in the city of ~ ew York; 1 am a merchallt, and have been for forty
years. Business, im¡lOrter of metaIs.


Q. Has your busiuess for the past few mOllths led you to be familia!
with tIle priee and movements of gold ?-A. Yes, sir.


Q. y ou then recollect the circumstances connected with the extraor
dinary rise in gold in September lasU-A. Yes, sir.


Q. Do you understancl the cause of that rise "I-A. 1 havé no doubt it
was the result of speculation, attempting to control the gold market and
raise the price of goId.


Q. Have yon any knowJedge as to who were concemed in this specu-
lation ?-;-A. 1 llftve no personal knowJedge on that point.


Q. ,ViII yOl! tell us the effeets of this extraoI'dinaI'Y LUovement in
gold upon tIle general business illterests which you represellt ?-A.
During the month of September, and immediately pI'eceding the great
culmillating speculation, gold was rising so I'apidly fI'oll1 day to day that
as merchants it had become exceedingly embarrassiug to condllct our
business. OU:r goods were fOl'eign goods; amI as gold continued to rise
we ceased, as faI' as possible, making any sales, fee]ing that gold was
unnecessarily high, and must soon recede. On the day of the collapse,
more particularly, thero was a feelillg of alarm that put a stop to busi-
lless of evory kind cntirely. AImost everybody was running to and fro,
eithcr reporting 01' inqniring in regard t.o thc continual advances; and
gentlemen who were determined to maintain their integrity at a11 haz-
ards wero obliged to bny gold at the current rate of the honro For
instance, at half-past eleyell in the lllorning, a mcrchant called upon to
settle fo1' a forcign ünportation, the prlyment for which came due that
day, would have been obliged to purchase gold at from fifty to sixty per
cent. premium; but at half past twelve, only an hour afterward, he
couId have got gold for 31.


Q. Did any mcrchants actually settle at any such rates during those
da;ys, so far as you know "J-A. 1 do not know that 1 can name any par-
ticular individuals who ¡lid so, though it was ver.y possible, alld indeed
probable, that many parties were so situated. :;Vlany losscs of the kind
wcre suffered up to the cuImillatioll of the affair. You will remember
the price went to :35, :37, ;39, 4:2,44,45; bnt on the day the break took
place almost all business was suspended, and almost everybody deferred
making settlement to as late an ltonr as possible, and thereby was saved
from the loss that wouId otherwise have occured.


Q. Do you transact yonr business through the gold clearing-honse 1-
A. U p to that time we did; bnt since that time our tl'ansactions have
been in tile open market-refusing to encourage anything connected
wlth snch a speculative afrail'.


Q. What is the practical nse of the gold clearing-honse ?-A. There
is no need at all of any snch institutioll. There would be no difficulty
iJl buying and selling gold in the regular course of brokerage business.
That would always koep gold at its regular and natnrallevel.


Q. :;VII'. Dodge, it has been stated befo re the committee that the gold
clearing-honse, 01' some institntion to serve a similar purpose, is neces-
sary for the settlement of accounts, because previons to its establish-
lllent clerks carrying golcl in settlement of balances were knocked down
on the street and robbec1, 01' wonld themselyes sometimes rnn away with




186 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATIOX.
t11e gold given in theircharge to convey from one place'to another. Do
yon know of the existencc of any oifficnlty of t11at kil1(}, in tIte abscncc
of' a clearing-honse, w11ich is obviated by its existcnce ?-A. Practically
there is no snch difficulty. AH of us keep two aeeoullts, a clll'reney
aeeount aud a gold acconnt; amI trausfers of gold are made, 1l0t by
carrying it through the stl'eet, but by drawillg gold cheeks OH our l)(mks.
As IluLYC said, \Ve haye been doing our bwúlless without going near
the clearing-honse ever sinee the panie.


Q. A.ud lut\-e fonnd no difficnlty in the transaction of your business
, alld tite settlement oi' your balances ?-A. N ot t.he least.


Q. \Yhat is yonr opirlion as to the oPllortunity offered by the existellce
of 1he Gold Exchange Bank for speculati ve movelllellts '?-A. :'IIy opinion
is tha,t without. t11at orgallization it would luwe been nttel'ly impossible
to have got up that panic.


Q. How so 1-A. Because in the open market no excitelllellt can be
got up. In the gold-room, gold, 01' I'ather tIte oWllership of g()ld,
changes hands at :lictitious values; men of allllost no capital huy and
seU gold which they do not in reality possess, merel.}' for pl1l'poses of
speculation; t11e1'e is uo legitimate bnsiness about it; ami the COlllmel'Ce
oí' the country is obliged to make settlements at the Clll'1'ülIt 1'ate of
gold, accordillg to the tictitious prices established by those gml1 blcl's of
thc gold-l'oom. UuserupulouR amI il'l'espomüble mell, witlLOut el hun-
dred dollars in the worhl, eitller in gold 01' eurrcncy, huy ~\1lI1 scll to the
extent of milliollR, at fictitious prices, and every merchallt in thc United
States ü; at tbeir' merey.
(~. \Ybat is the average amount, daily, of legitimate trallsaetions in


gold in New York Cit,r ~-A. lt is impoRsible for me to ten. '\Vhen we
consider the heavy impol'tations tbat are made, the large dealing in for-
eign exchange and government bomls, aud othcr business i1l whiel! gold
is nccessarily used, it is evident that tlw legitimate gold trullsactiolls
must be very large; lmt they heal' no kind oí' pl'OpOl'tioll to tho amoullt
that changes hanc1s in the golc1-roolll, solely a:3 a Illatter oí' specllla-
tiOll.


Q. In your OpilliOlI, eouhl tlw ~'ol(}-I'o()l1l alH[ the Gold l~xl']¡ange Banlc
continue to exist, were we to retnrn to spoeie paylllelltR~-A, There
would be no Ileces¡:üty for it in tbe regular comse of eomll1erce-not the
least in t11e world; it might exist fol' a time as a mere gambling-11ouse;
Ilothiug' else. 'l'hese illstitutions are built cntircly OH the dif'ferellee
between gold and papel'.


Q. In the absence of the gold-room, llOW would tlto l)rice of gold be
detennined ?-A. Very easil,)'. There are a large nnmbel' of hallking
establishments in New York, mnong them five 01' six Yery largo housos,
headed by cool, Cletermined, business me]], \Vho would take yonr order
for :live 01' six llUlldred thousand do11ars. If ;ron want to lIse('l'taill tlle
rate of exchange, go to sorne of these meu-say Bl'O\YIl Bros., nUlwan,
Sberman & Co., 01' Belmollt. They will give yon t11e figures at ,,-hieh
gold is legitimately selling, without a variation 01' more titan oue-six-
teent11 of a cent between them. AmI thero wonl<1 Boí be that ü'yel'ish
cOlllpetition between them that is excltetl altlOllg tlle gamblers of thc
gold-room. For inRtanee, 1 go to Browll Brothers 1'01' $100,000 in gold,
aneI inquiro tlle premium; the:y tell me ~~:1 \Vas the quotatioll at. U
o'eloek. 1 ten them that J)ullcan, Sherman &:; (Jo. are Relling at :!:!J1 ;
"'\Yell," say RrO\YIl 13l'otberR, "if the,')" are doillg that, that it-i t1le priee:'
Talce tlle gold-roolll out oí' tlle way aJl(l tIlO eOlluueree in gold will regu-
late itself, ami there woulclllOt be a daily vHl'iatioll of olle-sixteelltlt of
one per ccnt. in tlle pl'iee of gole!o




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 187
Q. State whcthcr the cffect of this spcculation in gold was felt for


any consideraule time after the panic ?-A. For two 01' three days the
lmsinbs of the city was completely para1yzed; the cleal'ing-house was
completely loaded, and cou1cl do nothillg. It was irnpossible for busi-
lH'SS men to do any bnsiness. 1 will refer to my own case. On that
n~1'y day, wl1en the collapse took place, as 1 was going down "Yil-
liam stl'cet-gold being, according to the 1ast qnotations 1 had heard,
ut G7-a young man carne running toward me, aml tolcl me that the
bubble had broke, and gold gone down to :)1. 1 hastened to the gold-
room amI fonlld gold at 34. 1 imlllodiately bOllght at 34; but the next
day thc party of whom I purchased was ul1uble to deliver it; the clear-
illg-hol1se was bankrupt; amI 1 had to wait thl'ee 01' four days. I wanted
tIlo gold to US(~ the next day, and went iuto tlle market and bought it
at 302' He aftel'ward offered to deliwr it, but 1 did not waut it then,
and would not take it. 1 aftel'wanl fouad ont that IIC \Vas going to be
sIlut ont fl'Olll tIle gold-roolll fol' 1I0t carrying out his contract, and as 1
knew he was a ]loor amI wOlthy lllan, rathe:' than han) him slllfel' 18e11t
hilll a eheek for the differeuce betwceu 30~ and 342, on the mnount 1 pur-
cbased of lJim. This is ollly one instance of what ,ms occurring through-
ont tIle eity and eOllntry as tIle resnlt of that panic. AH o\'e1' the eountry,
for i'lweral weeks, business was almost entirely paralyzed; parties who
wlilre expecting gol!! cheeks 01' remittances byeach mail, failed to get
tlwm, and ,yere greatly elllbarrassed in conseqllence. AH was disonIer
amI ullcertainty.
(~. In cOlldueting youl' business is it necessary, frequently, for you to


seU gold that yon do 1l0t hanlt-A. ,Ye never do that. \Ve buy gold,
lmt ,,'e never sello "Ye buy it to use in the regular eour8e of oul' 1m si-
Dess.


Q. Do you loan gold~-A. Never.
(~. It has ueell stated before this cOlllmittee that an importer, in order


to secnre himself agaillst tluctnation, aHer he has cornmenced a trans-
action witll a Enropeall honso, lIluSt lmy his gold; amI that then he
can loan it uutiIhe lleeds it for his own use. Is that tIle orclinary way,
amI a legitüllate tm1l8adioll, in yonr opinioll ?-A. Oh, yes; that is per
fectly legitimate, but it is 1l0t ill onr lineo A mau dealing in the cotton
business mU8t do that, in order to do business at aH; othel'wise he
IVollld be cntirely at tlle merey of tL.e price of gold at that futuro time,
when his transaetion shonltl be eompletetl.


Q. 1s it also legitüuate fúl' that class of business lllen to sell gold
whieh they 110 not have at the time, but whieh tbey expeet by-alHI-by to
llave, to deliver "I-A. Yes, sil'; that is lcgitimate. If a merclJant knows
that he i8 going to have gold in his possession a fortnight henee, and
urefers to make a certain pl'ofit HO\Y than to rllll the risk of '\Vhat the
luarket may be a fortnight honce, it is perfectly legitimate and pl'oper
fol' him to do so.
(~. In yonr opinion, '\Vas tho1'O any combination at the time of the


panie fol' tile purpose of pntting U)) golrl '?-A. 1 look upon the whole
thing as a gambling operatioll. SllelJ trallsactiom. ought to be placed
entil'ely outside tlJe pale of commerce; lmt I do llOt know whether it
can be reaehed by la\\' or noto


Q. In your opinion, is there auythillg sIlort oí" a l'eturn to speeie pay-
mellt tllat can remedy it ?-A. 1 do not IOlow of anything tlJat can be
done, u1l1ess the law can treat it as gumblillg. That ought to be done,
f;)l' it is garnblillg in the very life-blood oí' the llation. lt is the worst
killd of gamhling. lf .you galllble in tIte stoeks of a railroad, only thoso
who OW11 stocks in tIlo railroaü company are injurecl by it. You haye




188 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
nothing at stake except ,rhrrt :ron haye yohllltarily risked. Ent in the
cOllllition of the currency, enl';y single pel'son in the entire countr~T is in-
terested. 1 do not kIlOW whether legislation eould ofrect anything; but 1
shonld like to see goyernrnent fix, if it were possible, sorne aurltOl'itati'-e
standard hy which the husiness oi' the country couId be settlerl. Thcn
let these speculators gamble allloIlg thernselyes as llluch as they choose.


W ASIIINGTON, Jamwry 22.
GEORGE H. STUART sworn alld examined:
Question. lVIr. Stnart; state your residen ce amI :ronr hnsincss.-... \n-


swer . .:vly resiclence is Plülaclelphia ; 1 am a merchant-an importer of
British dry g'oods; have been engaged in that lJUsiness fol' thirty-eight
yeaes.


Q. Diclyou observe the comse of gold in September last ?-A. 1 did.
{~. State the efreet of the disturhance in N ew York, ahont the 2311 amI


24th of Scptcmber, npon business in PIlilaclelphia.-A. Business ,yas af.
fected very severely. The priee of gold "\Vas governed, hoUl' b:r hom, and
in faet minute b:r minnte, by the price in N ew York. \'Ve had a tele·
g-raphie indicator in our office, eonstalltly showing the price of gol(] in
tlle gold-roolll in New York. In fact, tIle machilles coulll not work fast
ellough.


Q. Are snch indicators in use throughout the Ulliteu States '?-A. 1
presume tIley are-at least in tIle leading cities.


Q. In yonr business is it necessary that you shouId buy a great deal
of gold "/-A. Daily, sir.


Q. lIow did the New York panie affect yonr bnsiness?-A. Very serio
ously; put a complete stop to it fol' weeks. It paralyzed evel'ytlting
eonneeted "ith foreign dry goods,


Q. Was this also true, to some extent, of otIler killds of business in
:ronr eity?-A. Yery gellerally, sir, througIlout Philadelpliia.
(~. 'Were íhere any considerable losses as tIle result?-A. 1 Ila,-e


heard of a number of honses tlwt lost heavily. Que man 1 I\:uow of had
to settle for a large aIDount at 33, wheu gol!l fell in a few honrs to 33.
He has since failed, at 50 cents Oll tIle dollar.


Q. Yon haye heard tIle testimony just given by MI'. Dodge; in so far
as he describes tIle general effect of tIte disturuance in the gold mal'ket
npon business, does yonr opiuion coincide with his ?-A. Elltirply.


Q. lIow do :rou settle your matters in Philadelphia '? Have yon a goltl
elearing-Ilom;e tltere °1_A. A small oue; lmt OUl' merehants' business i8
mainly done throngh our large brokers, who haye the ~ew York quota.
tions in ,tIleir offiees froID ten o'elock in the morning till foUl' in tite after-
noon.


Q. Do yen think a gohl elearillg-house necessary fol' tIte transaction
of such business ?-A. 1 thiuk the ycry reverse. 'Ve llsed one for ¡t
sllOrt time, but finall,r conclmle(l we eouid get along better witbout it.


Q. Did yon eyer hear of any considerablc 10sses resnlting from 110t
haying' a elearing-honse?-A .. Neyer, sir.


Q. Can you suggest uU,Y legislation tltat wouhl tend, in 'yonr judg·
ment, to regulate auL! remoye these cyils'?-A. 1 have not given tite
sn~ject sufficient attelltion in that direetion to be ahIe to snggest auy
remed,Y; but 1 alll eonvinced, from my own cxperiellce with amI withont
the use oí' a clearing-honse, fl'Om frequent yisits to tlle gOltll'OOlll in
Nm\- York, ami frOIll my acquailltance \yith lllel'f~hallts alHl tIte JIlerean·
tile business oí' yarious large eities, that tlterc is llO oceasioll \Yhate,~el'




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 189
for a Gold Exchange, and have endeavored to induce our merchants to
transact their business outside of those who operate in the gold-l'oom, be-
lievin~ that for a11 business purposes, gold, like exchange, can be and
ought to be bought and sold at the connters of those whose business it
is to deal with it, and its price regnlated by the ordinary commercial
rules of supply amI demand, instead of by tIlc fiditious vaIues set upon
it by reckless speculators, who haye nothing to lose and everything to
gain.


Q. Do yon think it woul<1 aid tho business of the cOl1ntry, and giye
it a more stable character, if Congress were to nx arate at which papel'
curl'ellcy shoultl he l'eceived fol' gold "?-A. As 1 haye said, 1 have HOt
given that branch of tho snbject snfficiont study to speak in snch a
mauner as 1 should; but it seems to me that if some well-digested law
could be prepared to regnlate the price 01' gold fl'om month to mOllth,
it would have a vcry good cftect UpOll the business of the conntry. The
one great want oí the busincss men of the country is stability. If we
conld be certaÍ:l that for thirty days to come gold ,yollld l'emain at from
20 to 22, w~ con](1 earry OH hllsinesR with some satisfaction-could fee1
some security. Our own hOllse has purchased a large amount of goods
with go]d t1mt cost liS 21Q per cent. pl'emiult; the goods are in OlU
posscssion; in oruer to get OUl' money baek we must sell upon a basis of
21~ per cent. pr.emium. But if, befo re these g'oods are disposed of, gold
SllOUld go down tú fifteen per eenL, \Ve should lose by the operation ü~
pcr ccut. Truc, if goId ShOllId go up \VC should be the gainers. But wc
do 1l0t waut to risk our fortnne upon a blind chance; \Ve want to do a
regular amI prudellt business, in a busiuess-like way; but as it is now, we
arc eompellcll to be at the merey of a ebangeablc money-market, whose
fiuctuations \Ve cannot control nor foresee. This renders aH business
very Illucb of a lottery.


By 1\11'. S:;',IITH:
Q_ Do yon thi nk that snch legislation as ;rou propose wouId prevent


tIlc possibi1ity of a comer in gold 1-A. It seems to me that sOllle law
lllight U8 deYiserl to pl'event it. After a11 is saiel ancl done, the gOY-
ernmcnt owns, 1'l'a11y, the goId of thc countr;y, and tbe operations of
thcse goId cliques are all based UpOll the prohabilities of what the gov-
ernllleJlt \\'i1l do.


Q. Bnt might they llOt form e 0111 binations of capital sufficient to
C0l111teract an that the governmcnt could do'?-A. 1 do uot thillk there
is near so mueh gold in New York City as is gcnerally snpposcd. The
alllollllt in usc daily is unuouutcdly very largc; but 1 uelieve it couId
be very much reduced if there couid be more stauiIity in tIte priec. For
instance, as it is IlOW, at tbe fOl'eig'lI exehallge uanker's there is a double
opel'ation j the man who buys forcign exehange has to go into the mar-
ket and l.my gold to pay for it; the lUan \,ho sells excItauge to the for-
l'ign banker aml gets gold ill paylllcnt has to go into the market and
seU his gold, perhaps to the very same uanker tile other man has bought
fJ:om, each man paying a bl'okerage. TInt if tltel'e were to be some
priee fixed at whieh emrellcy wonId be exchanged fol' golcl, much of
these large transaetions wonlu be done away "ith.


Q. ,Vith the present state of affairs, can yon, as a matter of fact,
know anything tlefinite as to the com1itioll of yOUl' business ?-A. That
is oue great trouble. A mall may apparelltly be Illaking a good liying
profit on his goods; but by the time the year's lmsiness is conelnded,
the diffcrenee in the price of goId may so tell against him as to sweep
off the eutire pronts of the year.




tao GOLD PAXIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. And yonr oaly protection against such a re snlt lies 1Il marking up


the p1'ioe oí' your goods so as to cove1' risks '!-A. Yes, sir.
Q. If gold payrncnts wero resumed, 01' ir \Ve had a f1xed rate at ,,-11ich


gmcnbacks would be redeellled, conld you 01' could yon not mark dOWll
;yonl' goods to your cnstolllers vel'y considembly below what ;ron can no\\'
seU them at 'l In other wonls, if ;ron knew to a perfect certainty that
there would be no fiuctnation in gold fi)r ayear ahead, eonld :ron OI .
eonld yon not affol'd to sen at less figures than yon now can '!-A. Most
certainl Y.


q. y¿ín have to insure yourself by charging enouglt to covel' contin-
geneies f-A. Yes, sir; and even thell are not insured.


"V ASHINGTON, .Iantlary 24, 1870.
HENRY H. l\fARTIN sworn and examineu.



By the CHAIR:\'[AN:


Question. State to the ~ommittee the reasons why you did not obey
its first summons ~-AlJswer. 1 was notified to appear on a jur~' hefore
J udge .i\'IcCunn, on Monday of ]ast weele That notifieatioll was hefore 1
haü reeeived any notice to appear before this cOlllmittee. 1 was U1Hler
the impression that 1 was exeused from that jury duty and that 1 conld
come, but npon further examinntioll 1 fonnd 1 was not, and a('~ordiIlgly 1
rcported myself to J ndge l\lcCunn and served upon the jur;r. 1 ap-
peared in conrt from morning to Illorning. On Friday morning the
conrt was adjonrned oyer and 1 carne on here on Friday afternoon. 1
had no design to ayoid appearillg befo re the committee.


Q. Did yon ask to he excnsed fromjury tluty '?-A. Yes, Rir; 1 tried
to be excnsed.


. Q. Did you make your request in open conrt '?-A. A friclld of mine
made application to Judge l\IcCnun.
(~. What was tIlc answer ?-A. 1 suw npoll my llotiee t.hat 1 was nót


cxcl1sed, 01' something to that efrect, signed by J. l\IcCulln, 01' his in-
itials.


Q. State your place of residen ce, yonr place of business, amI ,r0u1' oc-
cupation.-A. JUy place of residence is N ew York; my place of business
is 11 Broad street; my husiness is broker.


Q. 'Vhat is tIle firm ?-A. Smith, Gould, l\iartin & Co.
Q. ls the Gould of that firm Jay GQuld?-A. Yeso
Q. 'Vere yon doing husiness during the month of September last?-


A. Yeso
Q. \Vhat braneh of the duties of the firm do yon usually performt-


A. ~fy bmnch of the business that 1 have eharge oi" is mostly in the
way of looking after out-of-town stock-account correspondents.


Q. ls it largely ofliee worle ~-A. To some extent.
Q. Do yon have a general sl1pervision oi' the interior business arrange-


ments 01' your firm ?-A. No, sir; 1 do not have altogether a general
snpervision. }fy dnties are of that kind.


Q. You are generally cognizant of the operatiolU; of yonr firm, so fa1'
as they appear on the books ?-A. No, sir; not always.


Q. You are generally acquaillted with the operations of tIle firm?-
A. No, sil'; uot generally. Sometimes 1 am allCI sometimos 1 am not.


Q. "Vas yonr firm large buyers of gold in AUgllSt amI SeptemIJer
last ?-A. There \Vas some gold bonght in those months.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 191
Q. ,Vas any member of yonr firm aIRO member of the goIIl-l'Oom ?-A.


111'. Smith was a member of thc gold-room.
Q. Any ot11er member of your firm ?-A. 1 think noto
Q. Yon are not, yourself'?-A. ~o, sir; 1 am noto
Q. vVcre t1le purehascs of goId dnring thcsc months mac1e fOI the ac-


count of yonr fll'lll by JUl'. Slllith himselí?-A. ~ot to my knowledgc.
Q. Which one of yonr firm did make the pnrchases of gold, ii


any?-A. Not any l11ombor of the firm tbat 1 am aware of.
<.¿. "\Vhat melllber of the firm gaye orc1ers fúr the purchase of golcl


dming those months "~-A. 1 saw lIO o1'(le1'S given, so that 1 caullot say
who gavc the orden"


By MI' .• TUDD :
(~. Do yon mean to Ray that no ordcrs were giveu, to yom knowl·


edge ?-A. 1 do uot kuow; 1 thiuk two 01' three or<1ers.
Q. Name them.-A. 1 do llot know that 1 know that any ordel's were


given. As 1 said hefo1'e, 1 hall no charge oí' any of' t110se pnrchases in
the husiness. 1 attcnd to my owu department aml let others attend to
theirs.


Q. 1>0 yon mean the committee to nnderstan<l that yon do not know
that any orders to buy 01' seU gold were given by yonr firm on the 22d,
2:)!l 01' Uth of ,September last'i-A. 1 do 110t see that 1 can give any
different allswe1' than 1 ha ve aIl'eady given fúr the gl'oUIul 1 have
stated.


Q. Giye any allswer categorically to that direct question.-A. There
muy ha\-e been, hut 1 call1lot say whether there were 01' noto


Q. Do you know that any orders were given on those days either to
buy 01' sen gold by :rour firm as sucb, 01' by anymember of yonr firm?-
A. 1 ea,mlOt sayo


Q. Do yon mean to say that during those days you hacl no conversa-
tiOll with either of your partnerR as to the purchase and sale of gold f-
A. l'ot to my recollection.


Q. Did ,yo n have auy eonvel'sation with your partners as to the trans-
aetiolls on the Gold Exchallge 011 those days '?-A. Not to my recollec-
tiOll.


Q. ~~re there any entries upon your books as to pnrehases 01' sales of
gold ?-A. 1t is my imp1'ession tltat there are 110t.


Q. -Were there any statements of pnrcbases made on thosc days by
vour firlll '1-A. 1 think the1'e were .
• Q. vVlmt were they'?-A. 1 call1lot say what they were.


Q. llave yon eXHminecl your books "?-A. 1 cannot recollect what they
\Yere.


Q. Have :ron en'!' lookecl at your books to see the resnlt of' those
days' operatiolls ?-A. No, sir; 1 haye noto .


Q. "\VIlO has charg'e 01' ~'onr books'?-A. Tlle different clerks in the
office.


Q. Do yon ever have occasion to examine them ~-A, Sometimes.
Q. Have you ever conversed with your partners about the operations


OH those da~'s ~-A. ~o, sir; 1 Ilaye Hot.
(~. Have yon ever heard them converse with anybodyelse upon the


sl'ujcet 'I-A. Not tú my knowledge.
Q. Do yon mean to say, then, that yon know llothing auout the trans-


actiolls on those days ?-A. 1 mean 1,0 say simpIy this, that llly duties
are of the character which 1 llave already named; that theyare sepa-
rate and distinet; and these duties 1 have attended to, leaving others
to atteud to duties which properly belong to them.




19~ GOLD PANIC INVESTIQATION.
Q. Did the members of your fil'm haye uny meeting fol' consultation


during' t110se days '?-A. None with me.
Q. Do yon know of thcir haying any mccting"?-A. Not tú my knowl-


edge.
I~y the OHAIRMAN:


Q. Do you 01' do you not know that t.here was a very considerable
finctnation in tho prico of gold during those throo days ?-A. TIlere
WUf': a eltauge in the priée of gold.


Q. Yon lmow tIlat, do you ?-A. Yef':, sir.
Q. Dic1 yon, as a mcmbcr of the firm of Smith, Gonld, 1\Iartin & Cú.,


lul.ye uny illterest in the riso 01' fall of gold ?-A. No, sil'; 1 dülllot.
Q. Did yonr firm, as a firm, have any interest in it "?-A. Not to 1ll,Y


kn ow leclge.
Q. llave yon ever heal'd any of the membcrs say that the firm hall


nny iuterest in it "?-A. N o, sil'.
Q. Did yon hear auy inclivitlual member of it say so "?-A. No, sir.
Q. Do j'on believe that the llrm had any interest in tho mo,ellleut oí


gold f-A. Rot to rny kno",ledge; 1 ne,er havo had ally reason to be-
lio,e t11at it hado


Q. Are yon a respousible member of the firm; 1 mean to say are yon
responsible for the doings of the firrn in part; are yon snch a mcmupr
of the firm as is respom;iblc in part '~-A. 1 am a membcr of ilJe firm in
the ordinary sen se.


Q. lf the firm malees a loss, 01' a gain, are you a sharc1' iu that loss 01'
gaiu?-A. TIle firm is uot iuterested in profits 01' losses, to my kuowl-
edge.


By 1\11'. JUDD:
Q. \Vho is interested in the profits 01' losses of the business ?-A.


Ou1' customers.
By tho UHAIR3fAN:


Q. Does it make no difference to you pecunia1'ily, ",hether yonl' fil'm
loses 01' makes in transactions ?-A. 1 um HOt iMHtre 01' tIle fil'lIl beüig
interestoLl in trausactiolls from which lll'ofits 01' losses tan be malle.


Q. ,\Yhat is tlle business of your firlll ~-A. Buyillg and scIling.
Q. Allll yon ne\'er lUake 01' lose in bnying 01' sellillg; is tIlat your


answer 'I-A. Not tho tlrm, as 1 understaml it.
Q. ls yonr business ontirely a cOlllmission business~-A. Yes, SIT; as


fal' as 1 have auy knowledge.
Q. Yon do business for others, upon which yon receivo commission "1-
~L\... Yes, sir.


Q. Did yOlll' fil'Dl npon auy of t110se days bny 01' &lIl, or loan golLl fol'
othe1's upon eomlllissiOll ~-A. It is quite likely.


Q. Did it, 01' did it not'?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. Name tho pal'ties for w110m yon did buy 01' sell gold 'I-A. 1 cannot


say who the partios wero.
Q. Do yon lmow none of them fol' wllom you transacted business?-


A. Not to my knowledge.
Q. How do yon know then that your firm did transact business


dnring titose daj's in tIle wa.)' of buying 01' selling golLl ?-A. 1 know by
the reports.


By ]\011'. JUDD:
Q. Reports from whom ?-A. 1 know by tIle reports t11at 1 saw coming


i!lto tIle omee.
Q. Iu \,,11at shape ?-A. Repo1'ts of brokers.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 193
Q. What brokers '-Á. Lounsbery & Fanshawe fol: one, and Hall &


Young, 1 think.
Q. What others ?-.A .. 1 do not recollect any others at presento
Q. Was Wm. Heatb in your office during those days '-Á. 1 do not


reconect to have seen him in our office.
By the CHAIRMAN:


Q. Did E. K. Willard do any business in the way of' a broker during
those days fúr your firm ~-Á. He has done some business for 11S, but
tO what extent 1 do not lmow.


Q. Did he do any business for' you during tbose days ?-Á. Sorne of
those days he did; 1 qmnot say what particular days he did.


By 1\11' .• JUDD:
Q. What did he do ?-A. It is merely a general impression of min;3


that he did sorne businmls, either in the way of buying 01' seIling.
Q. Did you 110t teIl 11S a IDoment ago that y011 knew it by reports


brougbt by brokers ?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. vVere those 1'eports in writing ?-Á. Yes, sir.
Q. What were they"?-A. Purchases or sales, as the case migbt be.
Q. vVhat was done with tItose reports when they were bronght in 1-


Á. They were handed oyer to one oí' our clerks.
Q. Ánd entered npon yonr books ~-Á. That 1 cannot sayo
Q. They \Vere handed ove1' for that pnrpose '?-Á. It may have been so.
Q. Do yon not know they were "?-Á. N ot to my knowledge.
Q. vVhat did yon mean whell yon first told ns that yon did Ilot know


that your firlll had any transactions on tho¡,iC days ?-A. 1 snpposed y~m
had refercncc to the firm as a firmo


Q. It \Vas asked as to individual members, and as to the firmo What
did yon mean by sa~Ting that yon did not know anything about it ?-A.
1 meallt that 1 did not lmow, of my own lmowledge, as to the firm, 01'
its indiddual members.


Q. You 110W say that yon do know that tickets were brought in and
handeu over to your clerk~ to be entered OH tllOse days '?-A. But 1 did
not say that 1 knew for whose account those were.


1\11' .• JUDD. 'l'hat was I10t asked at aH.
By the CHAIR:lIAN:


Q. Did MI'. B. F. Caryer buy 01' seU any gold for your firm dnring
those days '?-A. 1 cannot say whether he did 01' noto


Q. Did W. B. Palmer?-Á. Yes, sir .
• Q. Did .J. P. Persl~hj?-A. 1 cannot say whether he did or noto


Q. Did Chapill, Bowcn & Day, as a firm, 01' as individnals V-A. 1
cannot sayas to tbat.


Q. Did E. K. Enos '?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. How do you know he did it ~-A. Only ii'om the recollection of


!leeing sorne reports oí' his.
Q. Did Wm. Heath & (Jo. '/-A. I saw no reports from them.
Q. Do you know that there \Vas, 01' was not, any transactioll done for


your firm, 01' any member of it, by Wm. Heath & Co., 01' any of that
firm ?-A. Not to my lmowledge.


Q. "\-Vas any business done for you by Dakin & Gillespie as a firm~-
Á. 1 tIlink there was.


Q. By Lockwood and Dayenport ?-Á. 1 cannot sayas to that.
Q. By Polhamns & Jackson '?--Á. 1 cannot sayo
Q. Among several of those parties that 1 have named yon have indio


JI. Rep. 31-13




194 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
cated some who did buy 01' sen gold for your firm on those days; do you
recollect anybody else whom 1 have not mentioned ~ If so, name them.-
A. No, sir; 1 do noto


Q. Had those brokers, 01' any of them, special instructions 01' general
lluthority to employ other brokers in the execution oí' orders given bJ'
your firm, 01' by any of its mem bers ?-A. That 1 cannot sayo


Q. Did not those brokers, 01' some oí them, habitually 01' írequently
employ other brokers to execute the orders given hy your firm ~-A. 1
cannot Slly what their custom was.


Q. What was the nature of the reports made to your firm hy hrokers
executillg your orders in the sale 01' purchase of gold 1 Give the com-
mittee un idea oí what those reports are.-A. Sometimes tltey are writ-
ten on slips oí papel', and sometimes they are more fully written out.


Q. What did such a report state; did it give the names 01' the parties
to the trausaction ?-A. Sometimes they wonld give the llames, alld
gometimes noto


Q. Were such reports made daily, and írequently during the day "?-
A. N ot frequently.


Q. Do you say that no entries are made upon your books of such re-
ports, 01' were entries of the reports made '?-A. 1 have not examined
the books to say; that is out of my department.


Q. Do you say that you do not know whether they were elltered 01'
not ~-A. N ot to my knowledge.


Q. If they were made, who made them; that is, who usually makes
entries 01' that kind on your books Y-A. There is no clerk in particular
for that business; sometimes one clerk and sometimes another.


Q. Name those who usuaUy 01' habitual1y do so.-A. MI'. 'Wm. A. Timp-
Ron sometimes enters them, and ~fr. T. vV. Hikel" sometimes.


Q. \Vhat memher 01' your firm has charge of the clerks who keep the
books and make the entries ?-A. MI'. Smith has charge of the clerks.


\V ASHING1'ON, Januat'y 25, 1870.
Witness recalled amI examinatioIl eontinued.


Ey the CHAIRlIiAN :
QuestioIl. "Vhere were you un the 22d oí' September ~-Answer. 1 was


in our office, 11 Broad strcet, to the best of my recolleetion.
Q. "Vere you there during all tlle lmsiness hours oi" tlle day ~-A. Ac-


cording to rny reeolleetion, 1 \Vas.
Q. Where were yóu OIl the 23<1 '~-A. In OUl' office also.
Q. Alld OIl the 24th "?-A. 1 think so.
Q. Were .vou in tlle oftice oí' vVilliam Heath durillg either 01' those


days ?-A. 1 cannot say whether 1 was 01" noto 1 may have heen, 01' 1
may noto They were pretty bllSy days.


Q. vVllat were you doing" on thoso three days'? Givú a general his-
tory oí' what you did.-A. 1 was signing checks; makillg up loans; pay-
ing Ioalls; writing letters; ancl business of that character.


Q. "Vhat kind oi" ehecks were you Rigning?-.A .. Clloeks on the ballk.
Q. vVhat bank '?-A. Tilo Eallk of the UOlnmollwealtll.
Q. Ally other ~-A. According to tIlO best 01' my recollection, that


was the oIlly banIL
Q. Dicl you sign any check on the Tellth Natiollal Bank during either


oí" tiloso tbrec days "?-.t\ .. Yes; 1 may have done so. 'fhat 1 call1lot say
dellnitely, whetller 1 did 01" noto




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 195
Q. What transactions did your firm carry on during those three days'


Srote to the committee the nature of the transactions.-A. The usnal
business that goes on-paying for stocks and paying for loans that may
have been called on any of those days.


Q. What kind of loans ~-A. Loans on securities.
Q. State the amonnt and nature of the transactions in gold of the


firm of which you are a member during those three days,or any of
tbem.-A. 'I'hat 1 cannot say, for I do not know.


Q. State whether your firm had any transactions in gold on either of
those days.-A. Yes, sir.


Q. What was the extent of those transactions ~-A. That 1 cannot
sayo


Q. Sta te: as near as ;you can, whetber yon think it was $1,000,
$1,000,000, or $100,000,000 for those three days.-A. It may have been
five or ten millions, as near as I can reconect.


Q. Will you swear it was not more than ten millions '-A. No, sir. 1
cannot swear whether it was more or less.


Q. Did you have no means of knowing what the extent of the trans-
actions in gold of yonr own firm was ?-A. My business was in a differ-
ent brallch, alld I paiel very little attention to any portioll of that
business; consequently my knowledge of it is slight.


Q. Did you never make any inquiries of other members of yonr firm
what the extent and character and ont-go of these transactions in gold
were ?-A. No, sir.


Q. Was it of no interest for you to make such an inquiry?-A. I an-
swer that question as before, that I attended, as I have usually done, to
my department of the business, and not fnrther than that.


Q. If there were checks drawn on the Tenth National Bank to procnre
cnrrency on gold acconnt, or on aceonnt of transactions in gold, would
you not have }¡ad those check s to sign ?-A. I'did not Sigll al] the
checks that were drawn.


Q. The check s tltat you did sign were for what account~ Were any
of them for gold ?-A. It is very likely that they were.


Q. Do yon know that they were ?-A. I cannot reconect now.
Q. Did yonr firm deal in gold either in the way of purchasing, selling,


or loaning, in the month of August, or in the early part of September,
before the panic ?-A. Very likely.


Q. But did it 1-A. Yes, sir.
Q. Did :rour tirm keep any books of these transactions in gold <lnring


these months ?-A. I cannot say to what extent records were made.
Q. Do yon say tllat you are not familiar with the books of yonr firm,


or its mode of keepillg aeconnts ?-A. Only to a very lirnited extent.
Q. Do yon know that there are books of account kept by any member


of yaur firm for the firm ?-A. I suppose so.
Q. Do you know so~-A. Yes, sir.
Q. How many books are kept as your regular acconnt books ~-A.


Two 01' three boaks.
Q. What are tbey Y-A. The plzrchase and sales book, a blotter, and


a ledger, 01' something of that kind.
. Q. Any others; and if so, what ?-A. The loan book; that, 1 believe,
IR aIJ.


Q. Who keeps the purchase alld sales book ?-A. William A. Timp-
son.


Q. Did he keep it durillg the months of Augnst and September last'-
A. It is my impression that he did.


Q. Who keeps the blotter ~-A. }fr. H,iker.




196 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. Did he keep it during August and September ~-A. It is my Ím-


pression that he did .
. Q. Who kept the Iedger during those months ~-A. John F. SeeIy.


Q. 'VhQ kept the loan book ~-A. A gentleman who was in our offiee
then, but is not now. Rís name is Joseph Stettheimer.


Q. Was he theIl a member, 01' an empIoyé, of your firm ?-A. lIe was
simplyan employé-a clerk.


Q. Where íshe now~-A. In tbe city of~ew York.
Q. Did yon keep any different form of aceount during wbat is knowIl


as tlle panie week, in regard to your purchases, sales, and loans of gold,
tban you llad kept previous to that time ?-A. N ot to my knowIedge.


Q. Do you know that yon did 1l0t keep a different aceount-a sepa-
rate book ~-A. N ot to my knowIedge.


Q. Do you kQow of your firm, 01' any mcmber of it, having opened,
during the month of September, what was known as the natioual gold
aecount ?-A. Yes, sir.


Q. 'Vhat member of your firm had charge of that account ~-A. That
1 caunot say of my own knowledge.


Q. lIow lliany books were connected with that acconnt ·~-A. Not
more than the llumbcr 1 have already named, according to tlle best of
my knowIedge and recollection.


Q. Was tbere a separate set of books kept for tbat accoulln-A.
That 1 cannot say, as to my OWIl knowledge.


Q. ls it your understallding that tbere was a separate sct ?-A .. 1
have no understanding at all either one way 01' the otber. 1 canllot say,
oi' my own knowledge, that therc was 01' was noto


Q. Tben how do yon know tbat there was such an account opened 1-
A. By hearing it spoken of by the boys in the oflice.


Q. Of course, you wouId not swcar that you had not soen thoaceouu~?­
A. It is vory possibl~ that 1 have seen the aocount. 1 cannot swear
whether 1 have 01' noto


Q. Will ,rou state under oath that you have not seen that gold ac-
connt ?-A. No, sir.


Q. When did you first see it ?-A. 1 do not recolleet when 1 first
sa.w it.


Q. 'Vas it before the 1st of September, do you think ~-A. I cannot
recollect when 1 first saw it.


Q. You can sureIy remember approximately. 'Vas it before the be-
ginning of 1869 '?-A. It wa.s sorne time in the ,real' of 1869.


Q. 'Ya s it before JuIy ?-A. 1 shouId Stty noto
Q. 'Vas it before August ?-A. That 1 cannot sa,y.
Q. Who showcu you that account "?-A. 1 hoard the clerks in the office


speaking oí' it.
Q. What cIerks ~-A. The stock cIerk, 1\'11'. Hiker.
Q. What was the o~joet of that account '~ What transactions was it


designed to enter undel' thc hoad of natiollal goId aceoullt "?-A. Transac-
tiOllS in gold, as 1 understood it.


Q. For whom \Vas gold cither Rold 01' bought, 01' loaned, tIlat was
entered under that head of tIle National GoId Account ?-A. 'rhat 1
eallIlot say of my knowledge; 1 do not know and have BOt kllOWIl to
this day.


Q. You never have heard for whom gold was entcred al_A. Not to my
Imowledge.


Q. For wbom do you bcIievo transactioIls were made under that
head ~-A. 1 have not any beliefon the subject.
(~. ls that aceount yet cIosed 1-A. 1 cannot say whether ít is 01' noto




GOLD PANIC INVE8TIGATION. 197
Q. llave any efforts been made to close it ~-.A. That 1 eannot 8ay,


either.
Q. Has yonr firm never disenssed the qllestion of elosing it 01' settling


it ~-A. Not with me.
Q. Was MI'. Jas. Fisk, jr., interested in any oí' the pnrchases or 10an8


of gold made by yonr firm during the month of Septcp1ber?-A. Not to
my knowledge.


Q. Yon stated in your testimony yesterday that several perSOIlS,
naming them, brokers, bought, sold, 01' loaued goid for your firm
during those days; was that gold bought, sold, 01' loaned for your own
accouut or the accoullt of yonr flrm, or was it for other parties tUl' wholU
yon were transacting business '?-.A. 1 never understood that it was
bought 01' sold for the fil'lll; so fiLI' as 1 have evcr know nol' ullderstood,
it was not for the firm's accollnt.


Q. For whose aceonnt was it '?-.A. That 1 have never kuowlJ.
Q. For whose account did you believe theu, 01' do you believe now,


that it was bought, sold, 01' loaned ~-A. 1 have no belief on the sul~ject.
Q. llave ,ron never made inquir;r of any of yo nI' firm about it ~-A.


Not to my recolleetíou.
Q. Do yon mean to sta te uuder oath before the committee that your


firl1l transacted, as you have alread.Y stated, lurge business in tbe \Vay
oí' gold during tllOse mOllths; that it was not done for yonr firlll; that
yon <10 not kllow for whom it was done; that yon never have illquired
for whom it was done, ami that yon never Ilearíl any of yo nI' firm con-
verse on the subject oí' 01' state fol' whom it was done; is that yolU' testi-
IllOlly Y-A. Tbat is as I umlerstood it. Of course, 1 wiU explaill as
regards that featul'e of tIle testimolly that, as 1 stated yesterday mom·
ing before the cOllll1littee, my duties in the officc were of a ditJerel:t
cltamcter, (1 think I gave them yesterday lllorning,) and that tilose
Immches w11ich belong to me 1 attended to, and the other bnsincsR 1
haw' little 01' nothing to do with.


Q. 8till ,ron have stated this mornillg that you were present in the
oftice duriug" thosc t11rec da,ys, 01' during the business hours of tho;;e
days; that you were signillg checks and transacting the ordillary bnsilll'8S
oí' the oilice; aud wit11 aU that, yon llave hcard no conversatioll oí' your
partners cOllccrning thosc trallsactions whatever. What membcrs of
yonr firm were pl'esent in tIle office during those three days, 01' any part
thereon-A . .:\-11'. Sl1lith was. •


Q. WIto l'1se ?-A. lVIr. James B. Bach.
Q. Anybody else?-A. Not to my recoUection.
Q. ,Vito is the eompally "l-A. l\Ir. Bach is the company of the firmo
Q. TlIen your 1'u11 firm is Smith, Gonld, Martin & Baeh ?-A. lt is


Smith, Gould, Martin & Oo.; MI'. Bach represel1ting the company of
the firmo


Q. And there are no other purtners ?-A. There are no other part-
ners.


Q, vVere yon generally pI't'sen t in the oftice durillg business hours in
the week previolls to thc gohl punic Di_A. To tlle bestof my recollection,
1 "'as.


Q. 8tatc now, uuder oath, as near as you can recollect, the llames ot'
tlIe pÜl'sons who during those three days of paníc were frequently in
yom' officc; was General Butterfield there dnrillg any of those days ~­
A. 1 do not reeolleet seeing him.


Q. Was W. S. "\Voodward therd-A. 1 do not recollect.
Q. ,Vas ~Ir. A. !Cimoer f-A. 1 do uot recollect as to him.
<l. "Yas }Ir . .A. R Corbin ~-A. Not to my knowledge.




198 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. Was Mr. Fisk ~-A. Not to my recollection; 1 do not recolleet


seeing him.
Q. Was Mr. Fisk interested in those gold operations of yonr firm'l-


A. 1 have never known whether he was or was noto
Q. 'Vere William Belden & Co., or any oí that firm, interested f-A.


Not to my knowledge.
Q. 'Verc William Heath & Co., or any oí that firm, interested?
WI'l'NESS. Interested; how~
Q. Interested there as a buyer, or seller, or 10ane1', or as a partake¡'


in the benefits,losses, or p1'ofits.-A. 1 cannot say oí my own knowledge.
Q. Why did you make that inquiry oí what 1 meant by " interested;"


did you not mean that Heath & Oo. stood in a different 1'elation to your
firm in that transaction to sorne oí the othe1' pe1'sons whom 1 named;
and, if so, in what different relation did they stand ~-A. No, sir; 1 did
Hot wish to be understood in that way.


Q. Did your firm have any account with William Heath & Co. duriug
any oí those days, 01' arising out oí any of those days' transactions ?-A.
1 cannot say, to my own knowledge, whetber it did or noto


Q. Has your firm settled unyaccount sin ce the gold panic with Wil-
liam Heath & Co., arising out of those trallsactions o/-A. 1 canllot say,
fiJr the reason that that branch oí the business has not been in the line
of my duty in the office.


Q. It is just to state to the committee at this point tbat it is in e,-j-
dence before the cOIDmittee that his firm did trallsact large business in
gold with William Heath & Co., alld did subsequently settle large ac-
counts with thcm. "rith that statemellt oí the case, bave you ally
change to make in your testimony on the sulJject ?-A. Gentlemen, as 1
llave repeated to this committee several times, my duties are separate
alld distinct from those matters; some duties are assigned to one mem·
ber oí the firm and some to another, and one attends to his department
and the others to theirs.


Q. Have you ever heard any oí the members oí your firm say that
they had any transactions in gold with Heath & Co.~-A. Not to my
recollection.


Q. Have you never heard your firm converse upon their lJusilless 1'e-
latiolls with Heatb & Co., since the gold panic, with 1'eíerellce to gold '?-
A. N ot to my recollectioll.


Q. Do you' know that there is, 01' is not, any entry upon your hooks
showillg any transaction in gold with Heath & Co.'?-A. 1 eannot sayo


Q. Did not yonr partner, Mr. Smitb, give orders to Albert Speyers to
buy ~-A. Not to my knowledge.


Q. Or to seU gold '?-A. Not to my kllowledge.
Q. Did you ever see Albert. SpeJ'crs '?-A. 1 did not see him at the


time oí' the excitcment; 1 have seell him months ago.
Q. Did ~'ou see him in Scptemher ~-A. N ot to my recollection.
Q. Do you lmow that yon did not see lüm during the week of the


panic '?-A. Not to my recollection; 1 think 1 am right in that.
Q. Are yon, or are you not, aware that on the 24th of Scptember


Heath & Oo. were carrying a large amount oí gold for your firm '?-A.
1 cannot sayo


Q. You cannot say whether you are aware or not aware oí it; yon
cannot say that yon do not know or that you do kIlOW ~-A. 1 do not
know whethel' they were 01' noto


Q. Are you aware that they were, or are you aware that they were
not '?-A. 1 have no knowledge either way.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 199


By Mr. COBURN:
Q. Have you had access to the books of the firm since that time Y-A.


Yes, sir; but 1 have not examined them.
Q. Have you ever seen the name of William Heath & Co., or of Wil-


liam Heath, upon those books 1-A. 1 do not recollect.
By the CHAIRMAN:


Q. During tbose gold transactions of September, were there daUy
footings-up of the state of your firm's gold account, so that you knew
ea.ch day how you stood ~-A. 1 did not kllOW how we stood.


Q. Do you know whether any member of your firm knew ~-A. Mr.
Smith may likely have known.


Q. Was such an account as that kept, and snch a record made up day
by day of your tmnsactions in gold ?-A. The usual balances wero
taken, as is customary in thosc cases. .


Q. How do yon know that they were taken ~-A. Simply that it is
customary.


Q. Then ;rou do not know that they were taken, if yon only know
that it is customal'Y' Do you swear that you do not know tbat the bal-
ances were taleen by ally of yonl' firm, 01' were upon the books of your
firm during those days ?-A. 1 know that the IOtock clerk has chal'ge of
those matters, and that it is his duty to see that the business is properly
seen too


Q. Do ;rou know that he took the balances during those days ~-A. So
fal' as 1 know, he did.


Q. How far do yon know ~-A. That 1 cannot sayo
Q. SO far as you know, he did; but you cannot say how far you know;


then what can you say upon the question of whether he did 01' did not;
can you say yes 01' no "?-A. Only as 1 answel'ed before; so far as 1 know,
he did.


By Mr. ConuRN :
Q. Wbat do ;rou base your knowledge upon ~-A. 1 base my knowl-


edge upon the fact that it is part of his duty to see to such business.
By the CHAIRJiAN:


Q. On or about the 21st or 22d of September, do you remember any
entry made upon your booles tl'ansferring a large amount of gold to E.
K. Willard ?-A. No, sir, 1 do noto


Q. Did you ever hear of snch an entl'y ~-A. Not to my knowledge.
Q. Did you ever hear of snch a transaction ~-A. Not to my knowl-


edge.
Q. Did you ever hear that on 01' about the 21st 01' 22d of September,


Woodward and Kimbcr refused to co-operate any further with the per-
sons who were carrying on the gold operations in your oflice 1-A. No,
sil'; 1 did not, to my knowledge.


By 1\11'. Cox:
Q. Who was tho momber of your firm WllO specially attended to this


gold business ?-A. MI'. Smith had more charge of the business.
Q. Did M1'. Gould take any part in these transactions ?-A. Not to


my knowledge.
Q. Did MI'. Smith ever consult with you about these matters "l-A.


No, sir; not to my knowledge 01' recollectioll.
Q. Were you in the city during this panid-A. Yes, sir, 1 was.
Q. And your duty was to sign checks in reference to gold as well as


other things ?-A. My duty was to sign checks for the payment of 6tockli,




200 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
the payment of loans, and indorsing checks for deposit; although 1 !lid
llot, of course, sign 01' indorse a11 the checks that were signed 01' in·
dorsed.


Q. Does your business, in regard to stoeks ontside tbe city, require
all your attention 'I-A. Yes; it requires considerable time.


Q. Does it cmploy yon all the business hours oí' the day"?-A. That
and the making np of loans, paying off loalls, and the Sigllillg of checks.


Q. Explain what .ron mean uy " making up of loans."-A. 1 mean to
be understood as borrowing money and paying the loans as they are
called. Of course, the money is usually borrowed OH ca11, and is sub·
ject to ueing pai<l OH callo
(~. Do yon lenow anything about the service of injunctiollsUpOll yOUl'


tirm, 01' for .ronr firm, 01' any legal proceedil1gs in eOllnectíon with this
business ?-A. As to these legal matters, 1 had nothing to do with
them.


By 1\11'. Cox :
Q. Yon have no knowledge of them personally?-A. 1 had nothing


t.o do with them in any fonn.
Q. Did you make any affidavit in the proceedings J{_A. Not to my


recolleetion.
Q. \Vere any proceedings ser ved upon you as a member of the tll'Ill f-


A. 1 cannot say whether there were 01' noto
Q. That was not in the line of your business ?-A. 1t was not in the


line of my duties. 1 am not a lawyer.
(~. You have no knowleclge at aH of these proceedings for injunc·


tions, &c., iu the courts ~-A. 0nly as 1 saw them in the daily papers.
My wallt oi' knowledge is simply for the reason 1 have already stated,
that 1 had no charge of matters of that kind.


By MI'. BUROHARD :
Q. What was MI'. Gould's department in the business of the firm "?-


A. MI'. Gould had no llepartment at aH; he was a member of the firm;
his dnties were counected with fhe E1'ie Hailway Uompany. .


Q. He was not an active lIlelaber of tho firm ?-A. He wasnot aman·
aging member of the firm; llot in the ordinary sense of the word.


Bj' ~Ir. SrtII'l'H:
Q. "\Vere the golll transaetions oí' the firm a separate and distinct de·


partment f'rom the other business of the firm "1-A. Not to my 1'eco11ec·
tion.


Q. The,y were mixed in with stock transactions alId loans and the gen·
~ral business of the tirm 1-A. Aecorcling to rny recoHeetioll theywcre;
yes, sir.


Q. If they were conductecl in that way, and if you took eharge of the
business that you have alreacly deseribed, did llot those matters come
before you for judgment and knowledge ?-A. Not necessarily.


Q. Did an your knowledge of the legal proceedings come to you
through the newspapers ?-A. According to my recoHection, 1 do uot
recolleet to have hall any interview with my partners upon the sub·
ject.


By 1\11'. Cox:
Q. 01' with any lawyers 01' judges in reference to injunctions ?-A. 1


do not recollect having any interviews with ::my of them.
By 1\11'. BUIWHARD :


Q. Who signed the checks ~-A. 1 signed some checks.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 201
Q. Who else ~-A. MI'. Bach signed some checks, and MI'. Stettheimer


also signed some checks.
Q. Did any others sign checks '~-A. Smith may have signed some


ehecks also. 'We all had power to sign for the firmo
Q. Did MI'. Gould sign check s for the flrm 1-A. According to my re-


collection he never signed a check for the firm; 1 cannot recollect his
ever signing a check for the firmo


Q. What was 1\'11'. Smith's department ~-A. As a general gentleman
in eharge.


Q; Had he no particular brauch of the business, as you had ~-A. N o,
sir; nothing speeial.


Q. What is MI'. Bach's department ~-A. He is more of an outside
man in tho way either of lending money, if money is to be leut, 01' of
borrowing, if money is to be borrowed for the business.


Q. Theu you are the only member of the nrm who had charge of the
department inside "?~A. 1 had charge of tho departmellt that 1 have
spoken of.


Q. Who attended to . tho rost of the business ~-A. MI'. Smith had a
general chargo and supervision of a variety of matters.


By 1\11'. Cox :
Q. Have you any knowledge, dire,ctly 01' indireetly, 01' have you any


reason to believo, hom yonr ]mowledge 01' otherwise, that any officer 01'
tho government of tho United States, any subordinate 01' otber offieor,
either in cOIlllcction witlt the sub-treasury of Now York 01' with tho gov-
erument at \Va;,;lüngton, had any relations to your nrm in thisgold busi-
lle¡.;s "!-A. ~ot to my lmowledge.


Q. You haü no communications from any of thom in any shape 01'
form 'I-A. :Not to my knowledge.
(~. Havo yon any reason to belioyo there were any such relations 01'


eommnnieatiolls o/-A. N o, sir; 1 have no reason to believe it.
Q. Did yon over seo General Butterneld in your office 7-A. 1 do not


recollect tllat 1 di< lo
Q. Do YOll kIlOW him ?-A. It is doubtful whether 1 should kuow


him. 1 never saw him hnt once, and that was sorne time Yery sooa after
his appointmont that 1 saw him in tho strcet. 1 think tlmt was the ouly
time that 1 ever saw Ilim, aceordillg to m;y best recolleetioll.


Q. If 1 ulldersta,nd tlle drift of your testimony, you had no connec-
tion at all with those gold transactiolls OH Thursday 01' l"riday of the week
of t.he panic; yon were olltirely aloof of tbem, and were BOt eonsulted
about tbem at aU ~-A. rrüat is the way 1 wish to be understood.


By 1\11'. BURCI-IARD :
Q. ·Was tbere no consnltation between the memhers of tIte firm prior


to that time as to going into tlle purcllase of gold ~-A. Not to my
kllowledge.


Q. You havo no knowledge of' any consultation by members of tlle
firm ~-A. Not with IDe; 1 caIlnot answer 1'01' any of tlle rost.
(~. Did you know prior to Thun;day or l~l'iday that gold was advanc-


lug, OI' that large pllrcllases of gold were being made ~-A. No, sil'; 1
did noto .


By }\fr. ConURN:
. (~. Yon say yon do not know that yonr tirm \Vas enga~ed in purchas-
mg gold, OI' ltad ltuy urrangoments to purchase gold, III auy amount,
large 01' small, before thiH break; /lid you uot have any eonversation




202 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
before that with any of your partners on the su~ject of the purchase of
gold ?-A. Not to my recollection.


Q. You never had any conversation about that ?-A. Not to my recol-
lection.


WASHING'.rON, Jamwry 14, 1870.
JAMES BROWN sworn and examined.


By the CHAIRl\'IAN:
Question. State your place oí residence, oí business, and your occu-


pation.-Answer. My place oí rcsidcnce is New Ut.recht, Long 18-
land; my place of business is 54 Exchang-e Place, New York; 1 am
a broker in gold and foreign exchange. The firm is James .Drown &
Co.


Q. How long have you been in tha,t business ?-A. 1 think since
1862.


Q. State to the committee whether you are acquainted with t.he course
oi' gold, and wit,h the general transactions in gold in September last.-
A. I was, amI amo


Q. Did yon Ol' your firm, OIl the 24th oí September, selllarge amounf,s
of gold in the New York gold-room ?-A. Yes, sir.


Q. PIe ase state the amount, the ¡¡rice, and the persons to whom sold.-
A. We sold a large amount, and the whole of onr sales were made to
Albert Speyors. \Ve commenced by selling $500,000 at 150; then, wheu
it got up to 155, we Bold $500,000 at 150; t11en, when it advanced to 160,
we sold one million at 160; ancl tlien, aíter a little lull, we sold a further
amount oí five millions at 160. 1 think thesc were tIte whole oí om
sales, making a total of seven millions. There \Vere one 01' two ullimpor-
tallt sales arter that to yarions persons; but there was notlJing 01' any
importance. \Ve sold sevcn millions in a1l to AllJel't Speyers.


Q. In selling to Albert Speyer:'i did yon lludcrstuJI(I that yon were
selling to him personally, 01' to hi,.;; fil'lll, OL' that he \Vas an agellt for
so me one else ~-A. r tlid Tlot lmolV whether he honght foi' himself 01' for
others; hut 1 took it fol' granted t11at he was aeting' 1'01' sutlicieut prin-
eipals.


Q. Did yon, at that time, 01' suusequelltly, dernallcl to know for whom
he was acting~-A. 1 did.


Q. vVhat response <lid he give yon 7-A. It was auont halí an hom
after the last transaction oí five millions took place. 1 waR lmntiug him
np to get a margill from llim; at last 1 foulHl him :1ml said; " Speyers,
1 want to lmolV \VIto yOUl' prineipals are; 1 want yon to make a deposit."
He said, "My principals are thc eliqne." 1 Huid, "1 want names; tite
dique is nouody." lle said, "Come with me,)' ThiR inten-iew took
place in Broad str'eet. He put his arm in mine antl Je<l me neross tbe
street to the oflice of \Villiarn Heath & (Jo. 1 should tbink it was auont
11 01' 12 o'c1ock; it was aíter the breakdowll. "Ve pas:'iNI t1ll'<mgh tlw
general office and eame to a door at the extreme eml; Speyers walked
right in; the door was opened for ltim; three sentiuels \Yere ontside.
and when 1 attempted to follow Speyers they pnshed tl1('i1' arms in front
of me and said, " You caullot go tbrongh here." 1 said, "1 have busi-
ness with thítt gentleman." They said, ""Ve are instrueted not to Jet
any one go in the1'e exeept those whom \Ve haye Ilotice to admit, and
you are not one of them." 1 was obliged to wait for a minute Ol' two,
and 1he11 tlle door was opened by Spp,)'ers, ana he ueekoned lIle to come
in. J. Fisk, jr., and J ay Gould were there, alld ihere were otile;· pel'-




GOLD PANlC INVESTIGATION. 203


ílons in the room; "\Villiam Belden was also in the room; but 1 did not
notice any others; and they probably were strangers to me. 1 did not
l'ecoguize the face of any 01' tbe others; 1 ílhould fancy that tbere were
sorne five 01' six people there altogetber. Speyers addressed Fisk and
Gould, and said, "Gentlemen, tbis is .MI'. Brown, oi' whose firm 1 bought
seven millions oi' gold OIl yOUI' account. He has demanded a margin of
me; you have IlOt given me any, and, therefore, 1 refer bim to yon." 1
stated to them tbat, they were aware 01' tbe rule that WhCll one oí the
parties having transactiolls chose to make a dcposit, and called upon tlle
othcr partics to do so, they were compeIled to do so; and that, as the
transactions between ns were very large, 1 was prepared to mako my
deposit, and 1 boped they viollld make theirs. To the bost 01' my recolo
leetioll, .Tay Goulu replied and ¡.;tated tbat they conld not suy what they
would do in reference to it just at that time. 1 simpl.y repeated what 1 first
stated, and he made some remarks to the saIlle e-Ifect; that they could
not sáy just then wlwt tIH'Y would do in regard to a deposito ~lr. Bel-
den, who was in a comer oi' the room on his knees looking over sorne
:,;t,atements, sbouted out that tbey conlcl not attend to that just now.
Fisk had bis eoa,t off, ana looked likc a bull badly baited, puft1ng amI
blowing at a great rate; he did uot appear to make auy rernarks. 1
termillaterl tbe iuterview, which did not last t\\'o minutes, by saying,
"Ji )-oU do Ilot lllake tlte mal'gin to-night I will llave your heads." lt was
just an excited oft'-hanü remark; there was no furthel' respoIlRe; the only
tbing they said was t11at thoy could not state what they weregoing' to
do about a deposito 1 held the transactiolls, therefore, vdth Speyers- to
be provecl to be on their aceouut; it was a confirmatiou oí Speyers's
Htatelllent that theso were his principa1s.


Q. Did that interviow cOllvince yon oi' the trnth 01' Speyers's statelllellt
tbat tbey wero his pl'incipals "?-A. It did. (J. Did the Ianguage oí 111'. Gould convey to yon a conviction that he
was tIte authorized principal "?-A. 1t did.


Q. Did tbey, when SlwyCI'S macle that statement, repudiate it, 01' say
that he \Vas uot autllOrized, 01' make use oí any such expression "?-A.
Not at aIl.


Q. Did they use auy expression which illdicated a wallt of authority
Oll 11is part"?-A. Nono, whatever. There was no other inference to be
drawn from 11is relllarks than that the.)' eonfirrned the statement oí MI'.
Speyers. What satislled me that 1 was aU right in havillg them as the
parties to whom 1 sold was the circumstance of Speyers being admitted
freely to the room, while 1 was preventeel going in, aud it relieved me
very much to find t11at Speyers had sncb backers, because they were
presumed to h¡1Ve suffieicllt means to make good t11ei1' eOlltracts.


Q. vVhat subsequent steps did yon t.ake to ·eft'cct a settlement ~-A.
Tlle same afternoon 1 weut. Hl'oU!HI witll llly young partncr, l\'Ir. Krüger,
my sou-in-law, to Fisk's office. They had uot put up auy margino 1
wanted to have an illteryiew witb Fisk 01' Gould, or both oi' them.
There was quite a moo 01' people in Hcath & Co's. office, and the number
of gllards olltside the door 01' thei1' private office seellle!l to be dOllhled.
Tbere wero a g'l'eat many big feHows t.hel'e, evideutly prepared to resist
auy attempt 01' auy one to go in.


Q. Were titey armcd '?-A. Not that 1 saw. 1 said to them, "1 am
.:\I1', .lames Browll; 1 Iuwe important ousiness with MI'. !<'isk 01' 1\11'.
Gould. I want yon to tell hilll that T am here." They saiel, "N obody
(jan see hilll." 1 said, "Do .ron tell 11im that he is uot behaYing like a
man at aU. He has gOlle into an importaut transaction and lea ves us
here without any satisfadion, amI 1 demand to see him, and will seo him




204 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


at an risks," (speaking very peremptorily.) Two 01' three persons came
to me and said, "It is no nse, :MI'. Brown, to make a fuss about it.
These fellows will not let you pass, and you mayas weIl keep quiet."
1 waited there fúr five minutes, and then went away. TIJat same
afternoon, immeoiately after that, not Imowing but that Smith, Gould,
Martin & Oo., who were the screen to somo extellt to othe1' opera-
tors, might have instructions to make a deposit, we wcnt to thcir
oftiee, aml :MI'. K1'üge1', in attempting to go in to ask them if they
bad any instructions to make a deposit to meet SUcll a transaction,
\Vas resisted by sorne of the clerks at the door, and one of them
gaye him a blow. :MI'. Krüger is a 1'obust young man, and very good
tempered, but he gave the elerk a blow in return and lmocked him
clown. Then a couple of private detectives arrested Kriiger ami this
other young man and carried thelll off to tbe police offiee, and 1 went
after thern ano expIained the matter and got them discharged. That Ü,
all the furthel' event in connection witb that. "Ve eouId 110t get at Fisk
01' Gould that day, 1101' into tbe ofliee 01' Smith, Gould, :Martin & Oo.
That afternoon 1 consulted my eounsel, 1\1r. Southmayd, amI tlle foIlow-
ing day we endeavored to find 1\1r. Fisk or Gould for tbe purpose of offer-
ing delivery of gold to them. We applied at tlle oflice of Smith, Gould,
!vlartin & Uo., alld were told hy:MI'. Smitb, of tbat firm, tbat neitber OI
tbem was Hiere, aud he eouId not say where they were. \Ve went to
Heatb & Oo.'s oflice mld could 110t fiml them tbel'e. "Ve went to Albert
Speyers to say that it was very awkward tbat we couId 110t find tbese
men in ordor to g'ivc eftcct to the transaction; that we wished to tender
them tIle gold. After we bad Imnted about ami watched in the stl'ee1. a
good wbile, .l.nd tried \11 various oflices, MI'. Speyers suggested that we
would find them in tbe Erio oflicc, up in Pour1.eenth street. 1 first in
all deemed it. prudent to make un offer of delivery to Sll1ith, GOllld,
!vlartin & Co., thinkillg Pisk and Gould lIlight have provided funds with
tbem to eornplete the tmllsaetion. 1 saw Mr. SmitIl, alld took the pre-
caution to take a witness with me, }Il'. Christiani. 1 said 1 was tIleTe
for the purpose of otl'ering to make delivery oí" se ven millions of gold to
l!'isk ami Gonld, and that 1 tl!ougbt it not improbable that tl!eir house
migI!t have instrnctiolls to makc al'nlDgeIl1Cnts. He aflected to pooh-
pool! it, and made ligbt of it. 1 made an angry rell1ark and left bim.
Then 1 too k 1.he caI'l'iage ami took MI'. Ohristiani with me amI drove to
the Eric office in Fourteenth st1'eet,. 'Ve got there between three and
foul' o'clock. "Ve went up stairs illto a square apartmellt sUI'rounded by
a series of offices, witI! a sereell all arolllld and doors throllgh the sel'een
to tho offices. TIle first door we carne to we asked :1 gentleman stand-
ing at atable if }fr. Pisk 01' .l\lr. GouId were in. He said, "1 cauuot tell
;rou, but i1' ,yon pl'oeeed alollg t1le interior thero ;you will seo aman at the
elld who wil! probably be :1ble to toll yon." 'nJere was a waiter sitting-
in tho chair there, and we asked him i1' 1\11'. Fisk 01' .:\ll'. (}ouId wero in.
He said be wasn't aware wbetl1er they were in 01' not, beeause he hall
been out hirnself; that they ,vere in 1l0t Yery long ago, but he had beell
out himsolf and couhl not tell whetbor tbe;y w("re in 01' noto ,JURt m,1u'
finished speaki ug tbere was a gen t1eman coming u p, amI he said, "Tila t
gentleman eoming up tbero will be abl0 t,o tell you ",here the;y are." [
statod to him tlle object we were t.here fol'. r stated my ltame, and
said that we were there for the purpose oí' offel'ing to de1i\'el' Slm'lI
millions of gold, al1d that. 1 understoo!l he eouId ten me wheI'e 1\11'.
Fisk 01' .!\fr. GouId wel'e, as 1 had 110t been able to find thcm dO\YIl
town. He said, "1 will not tell you anytbing abont it." He looked
ratber souI'. 1 said to him, "Will yon be gool! enough to givc me




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 205
your name~" He said, "No." Thcn 1 said, "1 suppose "\Ve must
describe ~"ou as tho gentleman with tho long red beard." We made
a minute of the whole thing. As this colloquy was going on a doo!"
in the screen opened and first one came out, and then another carne
out, unti1 finally half a dozenbig fellows came into the square apart-
mento After having minuted what 1 have written down, and Mr. Uhris-
tianiwitnessing it, 1 took my departure. Afterward we comrnenced an
aetion for the recovery of tbe 10ss we sustaiued by theil' not taking tlle
goId. That aetion is now }lending before the United States eireuit
court. "Ye sued as aliens, and hall a little advantage in that respeet,
and we are hopeful of a favorable resulto At least we feel that we will
get justice there, and that no infiuence can be brought to bear to afl'eet
the case. That suit has not' been ;ret tried. It is on the list to take its
turn, and we expeet it will be reaehed by the April circuito


Q. Does that snit cover that transaetion in aU its parts ~-A. Yes, sir.
1 have remained hero sineo then. l\ly family has been in Europe sinee
June. 1 should have joined them in September, but 1 bave been ad-
viscd not to go away, because aU sorts of interpretation might be put
upon my absence; and this has detained me.


Q. Have you stated substantially all yOUl' transaetions with those per-
son s ?-A. To the best uf my recollectioll, 1 have.


Q. Wbat time of the day was it when ;YOll made the first sale to Spey-
ers'?-A. Tbe first sale was before thc offieial opening of the gold-room.
1 think it was in the neighbol'hood of !) o'clock. The goId--room actu-
ally opened at 10; but tho excitemellt was so great ut tbut period, fi'om
the unlooked-for rise in gold from day to day, that there was a consid-
erable gatbering before the official hour, and freqnently a very large
amount 01' business was transacted. Gold left off the previous evening
at 144, and the first thing 1 knew when 1 carne to tOWIl 011 Fl'ida~­
moruing was that gold was at 150. "Ye consulted wit11 some of Ollr
friellds, amI were instructcd to seU $500,000. Before 1 was weH out oí
the room goId was way up to 155, and 1 received furt11er iustruetions
toO seU $30U,000 more. Before you say Jack Robinson, as the saying is,
gold was up to 160.


Q.Withont asking directly for whom yon sold this gold, 1 desire you
to state to the committee whether any offieer of the governmClü, of the
United States was in any way conllected with yonr sales of gold that
day, either as an adviser 01' as a principal ior whom ;you sold, one or the
ot11er way. State generally t11e eharacter of tlw persons fol' whom you
sold.-A. Our customers were commercial men, not connected wít11 poli-
tics 01' diques, andmen bavillg tmnsaetions in eotton w11ieh involved th@
lleeessitj' uf selling cxehal1ge, and they cannot sell exehange exeept by tbe
sale of gold. The cotton will not come fonyard for perhaps a month 01' six
weeks; but in tlle calcnlatioll oi' the priee whieh they give fol' the cot-
ton is involved the realizing 01' the then priee oi the day for gold. The
only way fol' doing that is to seU the gold alld l'emain short oi' it until
the cotton comes iorward, when they can get bills of ladillg and attaeh
those bilis of lading to the exehange, gi\Te the exchange to the broker
who bongbt it, get the gold in retUI'll for tIle exchange, alld delivcr it
in payment for t,he transaction entere u illto. \Ve had trallsactions of
that kiud on our books, rUI111ing from the time when goId was 133,
alld we Itad paid, paid, paid through tllat infernal combination that was
entered iuto np to 144, alld the question arose with us: "ls this thing
to be perpetuated'~ Are we to stand and be -flayed by tbis uIlscrupn-
lous party, wl1en there is nothing in the political 01' eommereial atmos-
phere to account for auy rise in gold ~ ShaU we let this party go on and




206 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
slay and destroy hundreds of honses withont an attempt to resist them 1)'
I myself suggested that a bold p1'oceeding, snch as giving them al! the
gold that tIley would take, would probably kill the bullo If the lmll had
been twice as strong 1 would have tackled him. Hence t1le sales that 1
made. The snggestion as to these large sales emallatcd from m,rself, frorn
a teeling of deep indignation at the nnscrupulous heartlessness oi' tlwse
men, injuring hun«reds of business commercial mell, in thc entire ab-
sence oí' any polítical 01' commercial cause of the rise in gold. If tIJe
bull had toen as st1'ong as twenty elephants I would llave tackled hilll.
I got a so1't of general acquiescence to do just as I pleased in tIJe mattrl'.
I wcnt into the gold-room on the spur oí' the momento I never saw Gell·
eral Butterfield 1l1yself. 1 declare my sincere be1icf tllld conviction tlmt
not oue of thc partics who werc customers of ours, and who ,vere cangbt
in that bull movement, bad tbe most remote cOlllleetion, directly 01' imli-
1'eetly, with auy goverument oflicial, 01' hall t1le least idea 01' anythillg
comiug aoross the wires.


Q. "Vhen yon made sale of gold at 160, had there been any sah~
very recently-almóst irnmediately before that '?-A. Oh, ,res; gold biHl
heen recordcd at 160 on the índicator at ou1' office.


Q. But had there been any actual purchases at 160 ?-A. I haH' JlO
doubt that there had been .


. (~. Row long was it ai'ter the imlicator had tonched 160 that yOI!
made your sale ~-A. N ot one momento


Q. Át what hour did you arríve at your oflice OH thc morniug of tbe
24th 't-A. If OU1' boat \Vas rullning at that time at 8 01clock, I would
have got at my oflice at a quarter before nine. lf it left at 8~, as it doe!';
now, 1 wonld he in my oflice at 9i.


Q. State the places yon callcd on and the persons yon sa\V prior to
the sale of that gold.-A. I called at uo place. 1 walked straig-ht np
fi'OIU "Van street ferl'y to my oflice, aud met a partncr of GeraflY & Oo., a
gentleman with a curions Germau name. r asked him ir there \Vas auy
news. He said that gold was at 50. I went right to ltl,)" oflice, amI
after a short time the first sale was made.
(~. Did yon can at the ofliee oi' Henry Clcws & Co. that lllorning?-


A. No, sir.
Q. Did J'on eall at the suh-treasur.r?-A. No, sil'.
Q. I)i(l :vou callat the oflice oi' Duncan, Sbel'man & Co. ?-A. No, sil'.
Q. Sta.te as near as yon can recollect, the persons who called at yonr


office that morning.-A. I do llOt recollect auy oue, pal'ticularly ~ and we
hall 110 mcssagc from any onc.


Q. Did you OH t llat day receive anJ' note, message, 01' communicatioll
from an,)" oflicer of the sub-treasury'?-A. N o, sir.
(~. From any ofliecr of the United Statcs ?-A. No, sir.
Q. 01' from auy person representing any govel'llmeut oflicer ~-A. No,


sir; not in the remo test degree.
Q. 01' from any person whom yon supposed to be connccted with a


goycrmnent oflicer '?-A. From uo person whatever, supposed to he con-
nected with a governmeut oflicíal.
(~. liad you any telegmm from "Vashington that dayf-A. N one


whatever. 1 never had a telegram frolll \Vashington in the whole
course of rny business. 1 never did a political business at all, hut onl.\-
eornrnereial lmsiness.
(~. Did you do any business that day for Ileury Clews & CoJ-A.


N o, sir; \Ye IHwer did business for them.
(~. Dül yon pu1'chasc any gold on tllat day"!-A. Yes, we purcllased


largely. Artel' ou!' sales \Ve bought considerably; after tlle Ureak.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 207
Q. Did you loan gold that day 1-A. No; we kept out of that neto


We did not borrow goId. If we had done that we might have got a
rate of interest that wonld have invalidated the whole proceeding.


Q. "Vere yon told by auy of the sellers to put any part of the goId
down to other parties beside the sellen; tbemselves '?-A. I do not re·
collect being told so by anybody, lmt my partller, l\[r. Krügm', was the
party who made the purchases.


Q. llave you auy knowledge of ,r0nr O\VU, 01' have YOII any reason to
believe that ally of the gold tltat ;you bought that day was bought di- .
rectly 01' illdireetly from any officer of the government of the United
States 'f-A. Not the most, remote.


Q. Do yon believe that it \Vas so '?-A. No; Ido not. Iu reference
to the gold \Ve bought, we f()Uud ont after the sales that tbe perSOllS fl'om
whom we bong'ht were agellts for Fisk amI Gould-for the cliqne-and
that those wretches were pouring out gold in the market all the time,
finding that the bllbble had hllrst, and when they attempted to repudi-
ate their purclmses hom HS, tlley endeavored to force upon us the gold
\Ve bought from them. "Ve took the positioll that the gold we had
bought was their goId,and that if they wouId reeeive the gold we sold
them, we would reeeive the gold that they sold uso Onr supposition in
that respeet was subsequently eonfirmed to the extent of aU the pur-
chases that .ve made with tlle exceptioll of $50,000, becunse Smith,
G(lUld, l\1artiu & Uo. afl(~ctcd to sen out gold against us ou the 26th
of N ovemoer, and to hoId 11S responsiblc. -We luid a letter fl'om Smith,
Gould, l\fartin &. Co., elaiulÍng that they had sold out against ns through
difierellt pmties, bCÍ\\"een tour amI five millions of gold. I sellt them 11
repl,r stating tlmt we did not reeognize any such transactioll, and that
e,'ell if it hall been so, it \Vas quite too late to take sueh proeeeding.
"Ve understand tIto situatioll amI are able to provc if neeel ue that aH
the gold we had purchased that day came f1'om Fisk amI Gould; and they
were trying to force it upon us while they took the position of repudi-
ating the Sev(~ll millions whieh they had bought from us throngh Speyers.
1 say that li'om my knowledge of the whole transaction.


Q. liad you any knowIedge, dil'(~etly 01' indil'ect.ly, at the time you
mude your sales at 1(;0, tbat the govermnent was going to sell ~-A. Not
tI\(:'. 11l0tit.remote. I WHti not likely to have. 1 have no political eonnec-
tion of any ki11cl.


Q. Did ,you believe that tIle gon'I'1llllent was going to seU "?-A. 1
long thon~ht that the govel'llrnellt was Yery llllWh to blallle in 110t
selling.


Q. Did yOll believe, amI ii' tiO, tOl' what reason, that the government
was going to seU ~-A. I had expected 1'01' rnal1y days ba.ck that the
governmellt wouId ta.lce some step of tl1at kiml, amI I felt surprised that
the governrnent did llot come to tlle resene, betweell the publie a.nd a
llotol'ions combination that was workil1g so mueh rnischief: It was si m-
pIya feeling that t11e govcrnment ought to do it.


Q. State, if you kIlow, wh-at relations 'Villiam Belden sustained to the
dique 'q-A. He at, one time, I b~lieve, \Vas a partnel' of Fisk, and he
seemed to ano", himself to be used by 11im as a cdnvenience in an.y
,,,llape 01' formo


Q. Do .ron believe from your trallsactions witb Speyers, that Belden was
really Spe.yers's principal and not Fisk and Gould '?-A. Oh, no; Belden
was not Speyers's principal. A. short time aftor the interview that I Ilad
witll Pisk amI Gould, when Spcyers introduced me, Speyers CHille into the
gold-room, got IIp ut the presidenfs desk, and the pl'esideut eaUed the
g·old-l'oom to order to hea.r a statement of Speyers. This was on Friday.




208 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
MI'. Speyers then made a few remarks to the following effect: (1 was
present.) ¡¡ Gentlemen, 1 want to make a statement to you. It has been
¡,;aid that I have been selling gold and buying gold on rny own account.
1 waut to say to ;you that aH my transactions yesterday were on the
oI'ders of vVilliarn Belden, but that aU my purchascs to-day were on the
ordor of Jay Gould amI J. Fisk, jr., and that 1 have not bought 01' sold
an ounce of gold on m;y own account." 1 felt glüd that he made that
public statement, beca use it was a further confirrnation that they wen'
hü; principals.


Q. 'Vas it contradicted by anybody in the room ?-A. ~o_ There wa,,",
HOt any contradiction by anybody in the room.


Q. Hiel you make your settlements, 01' attcmpt to make them, through
thc Gol<l Exchange clearing-house ?-A. No, sir; and foI' the following
reasons: On that celcbrated Friday, the 24th of Septembe1', MI'. Bene-
diet, the pl'esident of the Gold Exchange Bank, addressed a note to MI'.
Towllsend Cox, t11e president of tho GoId Exchang{', !ltatillg that, owing
to the ve1'y large arnount of t1'ansactions which had to be clea1'ed, it
was necessal'y that membe1's should be punctual in sendillg in thei1'
clearing statemeuts with certified chccl,s by half past twelvc, amI that
any staternents after that wouId be 1'ejected; but he rerommended, for
the purpose of aiding the G-olll Bank, andalso cscaping tllC illCOIlVe-
nience with which they were threatened, that, as fitr as -possilJle, the_,"
should effect settlements ex-cleariug-honse. That day we had to receivc
one IlUllclrcd thonsand dolla1's of gold from one oí' the directors of the Gold
Exchange Bank. It was on whát was calIcd "a caU of goId" that had
been purchased by one of our customers SOIlle three 01' fOllJ' months 1'1'1.'-
viousIy, amI for which some consideration harJ been givcn. The can
was malle, aud we were irmt1'ud.ed simply to aet as the agellt. The
ncgotiatioIl í'or the call was not made tb1'ough us, but \Vas put in our
hands with instruc:tion to receive it tO-lllOl'I'o\Y. Thc requisito llotieC
was given to t11e pal'ty. \Ve sent four times to the oflice of tlle part.y_
He heId OUl' ticket to l'eceive 8100,000 ut 40, but we failed t.o receiw~ hiR
ticket tor tite $100,000. They were evirJently in e,rfremities. TllOy W('1'e
in a state of great agitation. 1 said io lIIr. Kl'iigt'r that we lwd IJetter
ad OH the suggestioll made by 1\1 r, Rellcdiet, and make our settlemcnts
ex-(~leal'ing'-honse. T wcnt ae1'oss to the goId-room at once ;uul aske<l
t11e presidmg oflicer to caH the meetiug tú order; that 1 wished to mal,e a
statemeut. TllÍs was done. 1 said that in consequence of not bcing
able to reeeivc the corresponding ticketfl for the tickets which we liad
givCll in sorne impOl'tant transaetioIls, 1 ha(l dctermined to aet on the
suggestioIl made by the pl'csillentofthc Gold Exchange Bank to tlle presi-
dent of the gohl-roolll, namely, thnt we ,,'ouId make 0111' :-;ettlomcnts
ex-clearing-honse, aml that ir parties would come to OUl' ofliee tbcy would
be all settleu with, anfl evcl'ything' attelHled too That was rcceiycd with
cheers, and that \Vas al!. \Ve kept out of the gold llluddle. On l\'1olHIay
moruing whcn 1 eame to tOWll tbere was a circnhr in my oílie(~ from the
Go1cl Exchange Uank, stating that thcy \Vere procccdillg as fnst as they
couId with clearing, bnt that tilo statemellts oí' tlle I'ollowing parüps
had bcell rcjecteH as haYillg failed to comply with tlle rule;;. Tu that
list 01' soveu 01' cight Ol' !lino llames \Vas the llame of ,James Brown &
Co. 1 felt very ilHIignant \YhCll 1 sa\y it, becanso it llIight imply thal
wc liad J'ailed, although the wonls were only tll:lt \Ve ]¡atl failed to comply
with tIlo rules. HaYillg nuule no staternents, tlwy hatl no business tu
llut (HU' lIanw on the list. At the first meeting in the goId-room that
da.Y, I aslwd pcrmii:lsion to make a statement, whieh was grantetl, I
~;:t;j r,-,' ,\"(:1'0 Yery lllllCh a.nnoypd in st'eing t,ltat statement put in Cil'{.'!l-




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 209
latíon, und that ií it was not more correct in rcgard to others thun it
was in regard to us, it was not descrving any eonfidence at aH. The
vice-p1'esident, 1\11'. Hoyt, 1'emarked that 1 had a righ,t to complain. A
little late1' that day 1\11'. Townsend Cox, the president oí the gold-roolll,
again commenced rcading the same circular with our names in it, and 1
felt mueh aggrieved at it, and denounced tbe GoId 13ank as being in coI-
Iusion with the clique. 1 made use of sorne harsh words, saying that
they were thieves amI robbe1's, 01' something of that kind.


Q. Did you get out any injunetion against tlle bank ?-A. 1 neve1'
attempted ít.
- Q. Was any injunction got out against you by any pa1'ties ?-A. No;


but 1 add1'essed a letter to the president of the Gold Exehange Bank to
this efl'eet: That as tlle direetors of the bank were awal'e Fisk and Gould
had made large purchases of gohl, 1 tl'Usted that they, as trUiltees for
the due fulfillment of aH bargains with rnembers of the gold-roorn, would
take care uot to pay out any rnoncy nntil they ascertailled the agents of
the parties w110 were notorionsly acting for Fisk and Gould, so that jus-
tice might be done before any mOlley \Vas paid away. No notice what-
ever \Vas takf'Il of that, amIl aftpl'wi[nl understood that Fisk alld Gould
had beell doseted with the dil'eetol's of the Gold Exchallge Bank, awI
had arrallged with thcm generaHy as to the application of titat money.
1 do llot kno\V that. It was only an on dit that was passing arounu. 1
thought it a 'Hong thitlg to pay out any moncy at aU until the whole
thing \Vas lmlanced IIp, so tllat there shonld be no p1'eferellce given to
anybody. 1 sbould al so say, that fcaring from the exciting charadcr of
01' tite time that the Gold Exchallge Bank would come to thc grief it did
comc to destl'llction, 1 drmv out onr balance from that bank on tite
morning' oí' the 24th.


Q. State whetiter, in ,ronr judgment, the Gold Exchange Bank is
necessary for thc transaction of lmsincs,s in gold ?-A. It is neeessary
for g:Ullbling transactions. It is witolly unnecessary for the lcgitimate
lmsjuess of the eOlllltry.


Q. Do yon think thttt it cnhanced the opportunity for gambIing in the
month nf September ?-A. 1 am decidedlyoí' opinioll titat it not oHl,\"
ellhancerl tlwm, hut that, had it not heen 1'01' the fact of its existellce,
aml for its fnrnishing the facilities titat it did for large speculatiye tralls-
actimis, thfl rlisasters that took place never could haye occurrcd. A
e1earing-house 1S 5imply a faeility íor unlimited gambling of people wll0
are irresponsible.


Q. Is the Gold Board itself, in your judgment, necessary for the trans-
action of busincss ?-A. 1 titink it 1S. I think that it is a convenience, at
least so long as \Ve are 110t on the gold basis.


Q. State to the committee whether, in yonr judgment, the gold-roolll
Ol' the gold clearing-house conld exist jf we were at specie payment 1-
A. 0, no; it could noto


Q. Do llot know histol'ieally nf any such institntion in any other
country?-A. No. 1 have had t,1Jil'ty years' experience in finances since
1 comm¡>IH',ed my apprenticeship in Scotland.


Q. vVore you a b¡:mker in Scotbtlld '?-A. 1 seryed a regular app1'entice-
sitip in Scotland, amI was rnaItaging' director of a Scotch bank for six
ypars. 1 \Vas also tite general manager of a wry extensive English joint
¡.;toek han le Ü)l' years.


Q. AmI in your experience of finances, you kno", oí no such institu-
tioll as Ihe Gold Exclmnge Bank of New York ~-A. No, sir.


Q. It is an opinion 1101<1 by sorne that the operations of this gold
clique WPl'P simply injnrions to the parties eoncerned in it, and that the;r


H. Hep. :31--14




210 GOLD PAN'IC I~VESTIGATIO:¡-.


only were the gainers 01' 10se1's. State to the cOllllllittee,from your knowl-
ellge oí' the case, whether that is true, 01' whethe1' its effect reaelteu ont to
legitimate business in other fieltls '?-A. '1'1Ie ramifications oí the injurious
eonsequences arising írom the operation oí' those conspirators, cOllllllonls
knOWIl as the clique, were vast in the extreme. There is no sectioll oí'
the conntry, the trade oí' whieh was not for tite time lJeing paral~-zl'd h;\-
the extraordinary flnctnations in valne causeu lJy the grcat rise in gold.


Q. Yon say this frolll yonr knowledge, from business men, and Ü'om
yonr business corresponuents "?-A. There is no fluestion alJont it_ Ir
does not aumit of a doulJt.
(~. How long do ;yon think tIte effects of it were felt f-A. ,Ye are


fceling tIte effects of it still. HOURl'S were bronght toO trollble tllPll tlwt
will probably never recover from it. That cOl1spiraey cansed more
miscItief than any other thing in the history of finance that 1 CYl"¡'
remember to have. reacIo 1 eertainly never expel'ienceu a11,)'thillg to
approaeIt it.


Q. Have you any knowledge of ,)'our OWIl that any officer 01' the
Uniteu States government, either directly 01' indireetly, was t:oneel'llp<!
01' interested in the gold movement in September lastj?-A. ~olle what-
ever.


\Y ASHIXGTON, D. C., January 25, 1870.
EDW ARD K. WILLARD sworn aml exumined.


By the CIIAIR~fAN:
Question. Stute ;rour residenco, place of business, und occupatiou?-


Answer. 1 reside in New York; my place of business is at !) Broall
streot; 1 am a broker.


Q. Are you a member of a firm'?-A. Yes, sil'; of E. K. ,Yillard & CA.
Q. Were yon aeqlU~illted with the eourse oí' gold dnring t11e 1ll0nthR


of August and Septelllbel' Jast ?-""L Yes, sir.
Q. vYere youengaged in handling gold dllring tltosc 1ll0'llths f-A. Yeso
Q. "Vere yonr transactions fol' yonrself 01' for otlle1's '?-A. Por others,


aet.ing as broker. .
Q. Yon eOlltiuueu that business c1uring tIte mont11 of September, did


you ~-A. 1 think my Jlrst operations ",ere abont the first 01' September,
and continued during tllat lllonth.


Q. State for w110m ,)'011 bOllgllt, soh1, 01' loalled gold uuring tlw mOllth
of September.-A. Smith, Gould, Martin & Oo. were tIte prillt:ipal
parties.


Q. How mueIt did yon lJuy, se11, ulHlloan for t11em through tIte mOllth
of September, prior to the week of tIw panie ~-A. 1 cannot te11 p1'e-
cisely. 1 should think somewllere fi:om ten to fifteell llli11ioI!s, pel'haps.


Q. Did yon buy, seU, 01' loan ~-A. 1 bought principally; 1 louncü al so ;
1 did not seU mueh.


Q. PIease state to the committee the extent of your transactions durillg
tbe week of the panie, giving :yonr trHnsactions for Smith, Gould, J\Iar-
tin& Co. separateIy, as faI' as you Callo-A. 1 do not think 1 1J0ught nny
gold that week at all; if 1 ditl, it was Ycry trHling in amOllllt. AH!:'1'
"ohl went up 1 did not buy any; they remo,'cd th<'i1' account eIsewhe1'e .
.,-, Q. \Vlmt did yon do tbat week Y-A. 1 loaned gohl ±'or Smitll, Gould,
JUartin & Oo.


Q. Did .ron seU any gold for them ?-A I did tlle :laJ' of the panic,
the 24th.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATlON. 211
(~. How Ilm~]¡ g'ol{I !lid you seU on the 24th fo1' Smith, GOl1ld, :Martin


& Co.!-A. 1 tllillk 1 had repo1'ts of somewhel'e auout twcnt.r-six 01'
thirty millions oi' Rales.


Q. State to thc committee \vhether yon, yourself, made these purchases
amI sales for Smitb, Gonld, Martíll & Uo., 01' whethcr they were made
throngh othen;.-A. As a mle, 1 (liü it thl'ongh othel's. 1 did some
lllYRelf.


"Q. 'Yllat pOl'tion did .)'ou do ~-oul'self'?-A. Very small; probabl.r not
O\-el' fjye ]ler cent. of the whole.


Q. How much of the gold bonght by other brokers haye .ron ever put
(101YIl tú .)'our own firm, and how llluch ,,'as carríed h.r the brokcrs who
bought it '/-A. J carl'ied prolmbI.r half tlte goId in my o\Yll name, and
tIle otiler haIf through other brokers, in which m.r llame was BOt used.


(,J. Durillg the time these operations were gOillg for\\'a]'(l, did .ron oeca-
sionalIy visit the oflice oí' Smith, Gonlll, 1lal'tin & eo. ?-A. Frequently.


Q. Yon were tltere cycry day, amI a good mHny times a llay, were
you '/-A. The fact is, tlwy visited my office oftener than 1 dic1 tlleirs.
The business \Vas done IIlostly in my ofliee.


Q. 'Yith whieh member of the firm did yon trnnsact your business
prineipally"?-A. With 1\11'. Smith [ll'incipally; with MI'. Goulc1 aIso;
1\11'. :\'lal'tin, so far as 1 lmow, ncYel' gave all orcler.


Q. 'Vhat part ofthe offiee did .rou go to when .yon were in their office?-
~~. 1 had aecess to an.)' part of it.


Q. Did yon know aJJythiJJg abollt the manller in whieh tlte goIIl ae-
eounts were kept in their office "?-A. No; the only aeeoullt 1 kllow about
is the account called the national gold aecoulIt.


Q. PIease state to the eommittee what yon know regarding that ae-
eonnt.-A. 1 do not 1mow anything about it exeept tltil-l: One of their
elt"l'kR askcd 1\1r. Smith one day whom he shonld put a eertain allloullt
of gold too MI'. Smith said he did not eare. The elerk suggeRted that
hr shouIc1 caU it the llational gohI aeeount. Mr. Smith said, "Yer,\"
"ell," amI it ,,"as I,;l'pt in that \Vay. 'l'hat il-l all 1 know abol1t it. 1 know
it got to be a Yery lJig aeeOUl1t.
(~. 'Yhat aeeollnt did Y0L! understand was indnded in that term "na-


tional gold account '! "-A . .l\ly idea ÍI'¡, that as almost everybody in tlwt
business hal-l aeeonnts he does not caro. to hayo. the elel'ks k110W abont,
as to who they are for, tlley put in an iuitial, OI' pl'obauly some JJame
like this. (1. In the:-;e large orders tlmt yon gayo to buy, seU, loall, anc1 horrow,
(lid yon malee a diiference in tilo. brokers elllployell l? Dül ,ron assign 8pe-
cifie dnties to thern in sorne general arrangelllent, Ol" diü tl1PY all lmr-
chase, seU and loan, inlliscrimillately?-lL 1 had, I suppose, about six
01' eight brokers.


Q. "Name the particular oncs.-A. I had some brokerR carrying gold;
DrexeI, Winthrop & Uo. were tIlO prilleipal. T had ¡¡lso employed Fear-
ing & Campbell, Smitb, HamIolph & Co., ,Yood & Heiek, 08horn &
Cammack, PoIhaimes & Jackson, Gray, Prince & Oo., 'Villiam F. Iliver-
more & Uo., Kuhn, Loeb & Uo. ; these weTe carr.ying gold for me.


Q.. How much were they carrying- in the aggregate '?-A. About six
millions. Thcrc 'Vertí others WIlO were loaning gol!l for me.


Q. Who were they '1-A. Osborn & Cammack, Dzonck, Springer & Uo.,
allcl Howard Lapsly & Uo.


Q. Yon havo. stated that the principal llrm for whom you were doing
business was Smith, Gonld, Martin & Uo.; were there others .ron were
tloing business for "¡-A. N ot on the day of the punic. During the previ-
ons month, 1 think, 1 did a littIe foI' othcrs.




212 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. For what other fil'ms ~-A. 1 did business for a couple of brokers.
Q. PIease name them.-A. For 'Woodward and for Kimber.
Q. What was tbeir business ~-A. Buying gold.
Q. DllI'ing whut time tlid ;ron buy for them ?-A. 1 think it was somo-


where in the earIy part of September. 1 only bonght a few lots of gola
fol' tllem; 1 tIlink 1 made only thl'ee purchases altogether.


Q. AmoulIting to how much ?-A. To several millions; probably two
01' three milliolls ..


Q. Did you buy any of the gold to which yon IHwe referred fo1' your-
self, or was it bongbt fol' cnstomers ~ -A. 1 bought llono fo1' Illyself.


Q. You stated in yonl' evidence to the grand jury, in Novclllber last,
that tIlese persons were aeting in concert in reference to pntting np the
11l'icB oí' gold; how did yon know that to be H fad '?-A. 1 knew it only
in tlw 'Tay that parties are known to be "bnlling" in the stock market.
\Ye touk them to tbe bulls; tbat is, they bongbt togetber, and they
lUigllt ll¡L\-e sold tbe same da,').


Q. State tbe grounds upon wbieh yon gave that testimony before the
grallll jur;r, tbat these parties were acting in concl'1't.-A~ \Vhenlmade
tllat statement before tbe grand jury 1 corrected it before 1 left the room,
by saying that 1 did not kuow that they were acting in cOllcert. 1 sim-
ply knew that tbey bongbt gold at the same time, and that tIley di\'itled
tIle gold so bougbt.
{~. Do yon know of any otber brokers who were engaged at tbat time


in lJUying gold for the samo purpose that .yon were llUyillg for ?-A. On
so me days, wben we we1'e very lmsy, they asked me to give some in-
strnctiolls to other brokers.


Q. Did not yon, dnrillg tbese days in Septemher, regnlate the on1er"
ginm to Smith, Gould, Martin & 00.'15 broken; in regartl to tlteir trans-
actions in gold '?-A. Durillg a portion of tIlese days 1 gaye SOllle on1ers
fo1' them.


Q. Did yon give ordel's to DaIdn & Gillcspy; to Gray, Prinee & <.Jo.;
to \Y. B. Palmor; to J. P. Persoh; to Van Sann & Co., amI a lllllllbl'1' 01'
others, as to how mneh gold thcy ,n'1'e to loan, and at what ratesf-A.
1 haye trauflf"l'l'ed or(lo1's from J\Ir. Smith to so me of tllem, aml I:;OllW of
these were my brokers at times.


Q. Did yon, OH the 23d 01' 24tb of September, have charge of notify-
illg tlte (litI'pl'eut brokers, aetiug' foI' the eIiqul', to cal! up the IWl.l'gins on
the gold tlll''y had loaned fol' tIle clique, tn certain figures, acconling as
tbe lllarket. Illight be ?-A. ~o e"pecial orde1's; tbat is usual aud eus-
tumal'y. Of eourse 1 saw 1ibat my brokers had their margills up to mal'
ket rates.


Q. Did YOll, on the 23<1 of September, horrow curreucy 01' gold throngl!
F1'auk &; J\1Pllí~esbeimer for aeconnt of Smlth, Gonl(l, l\Iartill & Co. "¡-A.
1 made a loan fol' their account tbrongh tbese parties, 01' thongltt 1 hall
made it.


Q. Did yon, at varions times prior to the 24th oí' Spptmnber, horrow
curreney 01' gold thl'ougb Prince and otllers~-A. Yes, sir.


Q. Did yon bave tlie managl'Illent of the orders of Smith, Gou1d, Mar-
tin & Co. for pnttiug up gold "!-A. 1 did not huye any g"l'ucralmanuge·
Illl'nt: 1 acted on MI'. Smitb's o1'(lers.


Q. But your mauagement nuder thesc orders ,,,as ver} general ?-A.
Yeso


Q. Yon did uot act exclnsively under their specific ol'<Iers?-A. Yes,
1 (lid; I had my instructions from them.


Q. YOll acted in general fol' tbem, Hneler their general instrudions "?-




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 213
A. 1 call1lot say my power was as great as that; my instructions whüt
to do were given to me from day to day.


Q. Do yon know \ViUiam Belden '?-A. 1 do.
(~. Was hc, to jour knowledgc, lending gold on the 24th of September


last?-A. 1 (lo not know anything about llis business beyond what 1
have llere statcd.


Q. Do YOll kllow a clerk of William Belden by the name of Stimson ?-
A. 1 do, slightly.


Q. Did yon mcct him on the morning of the 24th, and say to him,
"Tdl Belden to mark up his gold to 160," or anything like thatY-A.
1 do 1l0t kllow that 1 did; if 1 did, it was simpIy to deIiver a U1cssage to
him. ±'rOID sOllle one cIsc.
(~. You think it wm; the de1ivery of the message, instead of .yOUI' OWIl


ordel' ;?-A. Y cs.
Q. Did he repol't to .ron that he had not succeedcd in finding him,


and (lid yon allSWel', ,. DamTl him, fiml him then," or words to that
eftect "!-A. If 1 dHI deliyer any snch message as that it was probably a
mcs:sage from ,] im Fisk.


Q. Please state how tlmt order came to be made.-~~. 1 do not remem-
her it; tIle fact is, it \Vas a pretty exciting duy. 1 met Fisk freqnently
durillg tIle day, amll may ha,Te delivered a message snch as that. If 1
did, it \Vas somethil1g that Fisk told me to tell him, and 1 pl'obahly ran
agaillst him somewIlere and repeated tIte message; 1 do not recollect it.


Q. Dicl J'ou, after tlUl.t, meet 1\1r. lIooker, Belden's partner 01' clerk, at
Belden"'; office, and instruct his elerk 01' partner to Illark his gold np to
160 'I-.A. 1 never saw l\:Ir. IIooker in my life, and lnever went into ::\11'.
Belden's offiee in my life.


Q. Dil1 you not say, "Smith wants you to mark your gold up to 160
l'igllt away; don't fool with the little fe11ows, but call in aU the big
amounts," 01' words to that efi'eet 'I-A. 1 have no l'eeollection of it.


Q. Did any oue from Belden's office repol't to you tIlat parties refusccl
to ltl:lrk n)) tlteir gold to 160, ancl that they were calling on him to put
np mal'gius in trust compallies~-A. No, not that 1 recollect.


Q. Did you, on the 24th of September, give any orders to Gray, Prince
& Co., 01' any.of tbeir firm, 01' any Olle l'epl'esenting them, and what was
tIte natUl'e of tIlose orders 'I_A. 1 gaye them orders to seU, 1 know.
(~. PIcase state to tllc eommittee what orders ~-A. The orders were,


" SeU, se11, seU; do llothing but sell."
Q. SeU on tile market?-A. Yes; not sen to any man who would not


take it; to seU gold.
Q. On whose account ~-A. 011 myaccount, at thattime; Gray, Prince


& Co. knew no one but me in the matter.
Q. \V)1o gave yon t11c order 'I-A. MI'. Smith gaye me the Ol'cler.
Q. ,Vilat amount uiu J'Oll muer them to sell ~-A. 1 think the amount


1 lllcntioned was five milliollS. 1 said, very bastily, "Go ancl seU five
milliolls of gold Oll tIte market, qnick."


Q. Was it soll1 ~-A. Yeso
Q. Diü Gray, Prillcc & Co., 01' any one repl'esenting tbem, report to


you any sales made nnüer that order~-A. Theyreported an the sales, 1
presume.


Q. Did tItey, 01' any one for them, report to you tbat tbey had sold a
portion of tItat gohl to .A.l'bert Speyers ~-A. Yes, 1 thillk tItey did.


Q. Do you remember a lllcssage frolll Gray, Prince & Co.,reporting
to ;you tlmt tItey had sold two millions of gold to Albert Speyers ~-A.
1 have some recollection oí' it.




214 GOLD PAKIC INVESTIGATION.


Q. vVhat "as yOUl' unswcl' ?-A. I told thclIl it \Vas not worth a
damn.


Q. What el se did you ten them "?-A. 1 told them lIot to sell tlle golü
to Alhert Speycl's. •


Q. vVhat reason did you give them for thut ~-A. 1 don't kllow that 1
gaye any reason. I had heard of this thing; 111'. Prince spoke of it.
1 told him tlmt as a business man I would not seU to uny mun who hall
been lmyiug twellty-five 01' thirty millions of gold at 60.


Q. Did :rou not answer him, "God dalIln it; yon are selling right bacl.:
to tIle clique brokers P-A. Ido not lmow whetlwr 1 tlitl 01' not; I haü
this gold in my oflice, and I wanted it soId to proteet myself, and 1 was
not going to sell to people who I knew eoulfl Hot take it. Albert
Speyers \Vas buying, 1 think, at lGO, while one of their men was selling
as lo\\' as 135. 1 knew no one could stand that sort oí' trausaction.


Q. You wil1not swear tbat yon did not sa,r it ?-.il. I willnot swcal'
tltat 1 did Hot say it; I have no recollection of it.


Q. What did yon nnderstand Speyers waR ahont ?-A. 1 thonght he
waR crazy; 1 thought he was doiug what no sane broker wonltl do, in
buyiug' gold at 160, when others were sellillg for 131>.


Q. Did yon think he was doing jt by orders ?-A. 1 did HOt know, amI
did not careo


Q. Difl the same messenger who made that re.port about the sales to
Speyers snbseqnently report to yon again, and ask yon whet11er he
shonld consider the sale to Speyers a real sale, amI \lid yon answcr him
"No"'?-}, .. No; 1 told ]\[1'. Oreen (oue of the tinll of Gray, Princo &
Co.) not to count Speyers's sale; to let him of[ 1 did not want to haye
any such sale on llly books. 1 may have told MI'. Green that; 1 do unt
know. Of oour15e, having" a yery large alllount oí' go111 Jnyse1f, 1 wanted
to know what became of it.


Q. llow mnch was this sale io Spe.yerR that Gray reported a bOllt '?-
A. 1 do HOt kllow; a lllillioIl 01' two; 1 <1i11 llot tako ally aceoullt of it
at aU.


Q. How much was sold by Gray, Prince & Co., exclusive of that sale
to Speyers '?-A. 1 f,hink the,r ¡.;old ahont fonr milliolls. '


Q. How lIluch did they deliver on that sale ?-A. 1 think they delivcred
about three millions.


Q. Did yon ever bear of a suit urought by C. J. Osboru against the
New York Gold Exchange Ballk in tho latter part of Septembed-A.
Yes; I heard of snch a snit.


Q. In what way \Yere yon illtercstod in that suit ~-A. In no way at
all, that 1 know of.


Q. Do you know tho nature oí" the snit and its objeet c?_A. 1 think the
object was for a receiver; 1 am Hot 8n1'e about it.
(~. At whose in15tigation did MI'. Osborn COlllmence that suit ?-A.


That I don't know.
Q. Do yon know the nature of J\Ir. Osborn's clailll agaillst the bank ?--


A. No; 1 do noto
Q. Do you know when the suit was discontinuell ~~A. No; 1 kllew


there was something about that suit. 1 tILink OSUOI'll found out nftor
t lwycommenced suit that the claim liad been satisfied; but I clo not
].now anything about it.


Q. Do you know the llatnre of the settlomellt npon which it was (lis-
e-:):ttillued~-A. 1 was interested sOlllewhat in the settlemcnt of the
claim foI' Smith, Gould, J\'Iartill & eo., uot for lllyself. 1 had auout IwIf
a million of dollars in the banle when tho bank shut dOWll. 1 got the
llloney out graduaUy as 1 could during the next day, 01' it may haye been




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 215
lVlolltlay. MI'. Gould was willing to put up a certain amount of money,
sev.enty-five thousand do11ars, I think~ to guarantee the settlement oí"
somo of the brokers, so as to help the dearallce at the bank. I happened
to have money in tlw lmnk, and so I left se\'enty-five thollsand do11a1's
for the account of GouId. \Vhon this suit was discontinued that money
was repaid, and 1 got it.


Q. How mueh money did you receive nnder that settlement ?-A.
Sevellty-five thonsand doIlars.


Q. What for ?-A. It was money left thero on account fúr 1\'11'. Gould,
amI that was simply repai<1.


Q. Thero were threo snits brought against the bank, whieh were a11
settled by a discontinuance and hy agreemellt un del' which you received
seventy-fiye thousallcl doUan;; thesB suits were brought by C .• J. OsboI'll,
by Lloyd, Hamilton & Co., amI hy Ual'ver & Co.; did you haye uuytbing
to do with makillg this settlement 01' agreement?-A. I was present
when it was made.


Q. Can yon explain to tlJe committee how it is that when three dif-
ferent persolls commence suit against a bank for money duo them tlleir
suits are aU simultaneously discontinued without either of tlle tllree
parties obtaining any money whatever, while other parties, who luwe
nothing to do with these snits, are receiyillg very large snms of money
from that bank ?-A. 1 presume the suits were commenced to pnt tbe
bank into the hantls of a receiver. The lJauk was afterwul'd allxioutl to
haye its OWIl receívor; somcbody they conld control, and the suits were
discontinued to aUow tIle bank to do that..


Q. Did you understalHl that these three parties who brought suits
really brought tbem foI' tllcmselves 01' for others; in other words, was it
a powel' behilld ·the t.hrone that got up thesethree suit.s, so far as yon
kllow'I-A. Tllat 1 do llOt kllOW allything abont.


Q. In the scttlomont of these suits was the amount for which they
had bcen brougllt paid ?-A. All of thcm got their money. In tlle first.
place, tlte banle claimed that Otlborn had got his mOlley before he com-
menced the snit. In tlle case of' Carver, and oi' Uoyd, Hamilton & Co.,
tlw,y \Vere pl'Omised their mOlley as soon as the suits were withdrawu,
and they received it.


Q. How much did the plaintifI's' attorneys receive in this case?-A. 1
do not know.


Q. How much did tlle defclldant's coum\el receive?--A. 1 beliove
Brown, Hall & Vanderpool g'ot fivo thonsl1ml dollars. The ballk's
counsel got, 1 thillk, soyen thousand fiyc hundred.


Q. How mueh did tito receiver'tI (~ouIlsel gct~-A. Browll, Hall &
Vandcrpool got five thousand dollars, as 1 stutod.


Q. lIow mnch was the l'eceiyer paid "?-A. 1 think the receiver got
fiftcen thonsand dolIaI's.


Q. \Vllo obtained the order from the court dated Ootober tho 9th,
nnder which all tllese paymellts wore made by the receiver?-A. Ido
llOt know.


Q. Do yon know tllat. Smith, Gonld & Martin obtained varions in-
,innctions in tlle latter lmrt of September, restrainiug varions partíes
frorn paying certain snms of money, amI from delivering 01' settling any
;,.;'old contract.s which t.hey had foI' account of that fil'm ~-A. Yes, sir.


Q. Did .)'ou have anyt.hing to do with obtaining those injunctions?-
A. 1 oht.ained one.


Q. Which one ?-A. Against the Stock and Gold Exchauge. The suit
was in the llame of E. K. WiUanl, agaillst the president and officors oí'




216 GOLD PANIC IXVESTIGATION.
the Gold Exchange, amI of the Stock Exchange, restraining thcm from
solling gold. .


Q. Why dill you get out that injunction ?-A. 1 got it out hecause
tho eontraets \Vere madI' un del' a peculiar Iaw of the Gold Exehange.
They \Vere mado to be settled tbrougIt tIte Gold Exehange Bank by
elearanee, tbe balauees to be paid. 1 had fifteen milliolls ofgold to
H>cei \~e, whiell IDigbt be sent in tbat day, while 1 had on IDy books about
twenty-four IDillions going out. 1 knew that it was impossible for me
to reeeive tllat gold in any other way than íhrongh tIte Uold Exchange
Bank; impossible to receive it by separata delivories. Aeeol'lling to
llly eontraets 1 was not compelled to receive it by separate deliveries,
aud t1l0rofore to saye myself 1 asked foI' that injunction.


Q_ ,y ere you illstrnmental in maldng a sottlement of any ot'tho accounts
of tho brokers affected by tllose injunetions?-A. Yes; 1 belped them
all, amI hclped rnyse1f.


Q. Ullder whose instruetions ?-A. UncIcr MI'. Smith's alld MI'. Gou1d's
imltruetions.
(~. Ditl any of thoso brokers make any effort to haye these injunetions


removed ~-A. Not that 1 am aware ot'.
Q. Where is your place oí' business ?-A. It is now No. f) Broad street.


It \Vas at No . .'30 Broad street.
Q. Had j'ouroffiee several cntranees from the hall-way?-A. lt had two.
Q. lIad yon a private offieo~-A. Yeso
(~. Did any one el se have keys to that privato offiee exeept yourseln-


A. X o; 1 had a key on the outsidc. 1 kept it 10ekc<1 to keep people out
oí' my private offiee, but 1 left a koy OIl tIle outside so that pcrsons who
ullderstood could entero
{~. Do you know tIle priyate officrs of t110 presidentand trea¡mrer of


the Erie Railroad Company in the Grand Opera House in Ne\VYol'ld-
A. Yeso


Q. Have you ever bcen there?-A. FrofJnently.
Q. W"ere yon thero on the eveniug of tIte 2~{d of September, the day


befme the gold panic of Fl'iday, Septcmbor 24th ?-A. 1 wasthore ncarly
every day.


Q. State who was present tIlat oyeuing?-A. l\fr. Fisk, l\fr. Gould,
1\11'. Smith, and, 1 thillk, ~Ir. Belden.


Q. 'Vhat was the objeet of that gathering that evening; what topies
were discnssed ?-A. General g'old business.


Q. PIcase state to tIle eommittee as fnlly as yon can tho transaetions
of the evening; what was said amI dOlleCOlleel'ning tho gold l1lovement.-
A. 1 díd not hea1' 1l1ueh said about it. 1 was llloSt oí' the time in the
adjoinillg room. .l\Iy eonyersatioll was llearly aU with MI'. Smit,h.


Q. \Vas any roport made there, 01' any ealenlations, by the difierent
persons, to see how the whole affair thus far stood '?-A. Not that 1
know of.


Q. Can yon make any statement as to 1Iow l1lueh gold hacl hocn sold
and was helel at that timo ?-A. 1 neyer klle\Y. 1 was as lllueh surprised
as anybody w11cn tho thing \Vas oyer 1.0 find tllat tItey had so much
gold. Thcre was llothiug said abont that in llly presence.


Q. How lII11ch, from yOl1l> 1mowJedge of t1\(\ easc llamed, was earried
at that time by t11e pcop1e who mct thero on that ewning ?-A. 1 shoulrl
jlHIge that Smith, Gonld, Martin & Oo. must haye liad Romewhore about
sew'nty millions of gold. 'V1mt thcy hall ontRidc, 01' what Belden and
tbese other poople hall, 1 do not know; it would ho a mero guess.
(~. It was dear to J'ou t-hat Fisk, Oould, Belden, Heath, and these


parties were workíng together OH somo general understanding 01' plan,




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 217


were they not?-A. Heath, oi" conrRe, was nothing but a broker. He
was in the samo position with myself:


Q. 'Vas it clear to yon that Fisle, Smith, Gould, Martin, and Belden
were working tog'ct.lter in the general lI10yement ~-A. FiRk never could
do bm;incss witlt Smith, Gonl.l, :Martin & Oo. vcry comfortably. They
would llot do business fOl" him. It was a very uncertaill thillg, of conrse,
whcre Fisk mig-ht be. IIe is an enatic sort of geniuR. 1 don't think
auyboll;" wonld want to follow hirn Yery long. 1 am satisfictl that Smith,
Gould, l\Ial'till &; (jo. eontrolled their own gold, amI were ready to do as
tiley please(l with it withollt consulting Fisk. I do not think there was
au,V gl',ncl',tl agreement.


Q. Sta,te tite particnlars of tIte plan discussed there that evening to
publish in the llewspapcrs tlle next 1110rnillg the names of those who
were short of gold, aud the amount in each case, and the rate at which
they eould settle hetore t11ree o'cloek.-A. Tlmt was otle of Fisle's bril-
liant ideas. Fi8k llever cOllld do anything regular.


Q. State as fuUy as ;you can what was proposed.-A. 1 thiuk, know-
ing the large short interest thel'e was, he thonght it wouId he a good joke
to pulllish the JUtmeR of the pudies thcy were lending gold to, and
reqnest thcm to step up to the captain's office and settle. Of eonrse, no
busillC.'\S man would cntertain such a propositioll for a momento


Q. How W:,LS the proposition 1'eceived by tbe pe1'80ns p1'esent, and was
anything said against it '~-A. 1 expressed myself against it, and 1\011'.
Smith said the proposition was absurdo


Q. \Vhat ditl you state as an objection to it ~-A. That it was ullhnsi-
nesslike; that no man could evcr again do business in \Vall street who
had beml connected with such an indecent thing.


Q. Di<l a,llybody else favor it besides Fisk '~-A. 1 do not thil1k t.hey
expresseü themselve8 particularly about it. At any rate, 1 did not pay
any at,tentioll to it at aH, and 1\lr. Smith did noto


Q. 'Va8 allythillg said to you about its beillg unlawflll; that it would
be treMed as a conspiracy ?-A. That I do not know. 1 thillk Fisk told
me he conslllted with Sherman and fonnd that it would llOt be right,
. amI that he had to ahandon it.


Q. \Yilat was the plan finally agrecd upon to be pursued tlte next day
illstead of Fisk's plan '?-A. 1 think the idea was to put tlle price np.


Q. lfow high was it proposed to put it "?-A. Ido 110t think auythillg
defillite was settletl on, alld 1 know I was very much sUl'priseü when I
fOUlld they hall determined to put it up to 60.


Q. \YaR auything discussed as to the possibility of thc Treasury coming
in to seU gold "I-A. Not tlutt 1 lteu.nl.
{~. rrhe result, then, was a general undeI'8tanding tlmt tIte price was to


be put up 'without fLgreeillg UpOll fLlly specific priee "?-A. 1 <lid not hear
any named. You can neye!' tell in a corner where it may go too


Q. Was it ullderstood that night that the corner W<18 perfect?-A. If
they eh08e to make it pel'fect; but they ditl not malee it perfect, and the1'e
is where they fitiled, 1 think.


Q. W11at was thero lacking to make tile corner perfect ~-A. Nothing
but boltluess. (J. 'Va8 llot Speyers bold enough~-A. vYhen you have a corner yon
do not wunt to buy-you do 1l0t want to buy at <1 high price.


Q. \Vhat, in yonr judgment, occasioned the brealedown on Friday~­
A. Of COUl'se the finall'eason was the sale by the rrreasnry.


Q. Did it not break before a knowledge oí" the sale came ?-A. Yes, it
did; but 1 thillk that was an accidento Of conrse, this is merely a




218 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
mattel' of opinion. I think that SOlllebody had that information before
the pnblic had it, and useu it ..


Q. State what gl'ound you hacl for that opinion.-A. The boldlless
with whieh they sold gold.


Q. Did they seU any more boldly than Spcyers bonght 1-A. Oí' comse
it is a kind oí' a tJüng yon eanllot explain.


Q. Rave yon any proo±' that this infol'matioll was known in ad-
vance ?-A. ~ o proof; it is Silllply my judgment.


Ry lVlr. COBURN:
Q. 'Vilo was selling gold ?-A. 'fhe first mua who struck the mal'ket


with any large amount was tJüs ,Tames Brown.
Q. How long before 1\'1r. Brown's striking the rnarket had t11ere been


any similar transaetion ?-A. There was apparently no gold for sale.
Q. 'Vas 1\'11'. Brown's lllovelllellt a surprise to the clique ?-A. They


did not lmow anything about it. I do 1l0t aumit tltat therfl \Vas a dique
-that is, 1 uo not know of any; but if so, th(~y did uot know it, of
course, as this transaction was in tIte gold-roolll. \Vhcll the transac-
tioll was lllade, it seellled to take a weight frolll everybo(ly's lllind.


Q. 'VIlo else sold gold 'I-A. Ido not know. 11eft right away. 1 was
in the room when the first sale was malle at GO.


Q. 'Vhat is the rate at whieh the sale ,vas made by :MI'. Brown "?-A.
1 think at GO. (¿. State what yon mean by a corner in gold ~-A. It is li~ a comer
in pork, 01' any other COllllllOdity. Parties buyaU there is 1'01' sale in
the market, and then control the priee. In tlüs illstanee, nearly every-
body was short of gold all over the COllutl'y. I suppo:se it wonM not be
an ovcrestimate to say that ten 01' fifteen thousalld pcople in the United
Sta tes were short uf' gold at that particular time.


Q. In regard to this gold aceonut at Smith, Gonld & ~lartin's offiee,
do yon know what allloullts were entered in that aecount 1-1:\. No, sir.


Q. Have yon C\~e1' ]ookml over it 1-A. No, sir.
By the CHAIRJ\IAN:


Q. Have you any knol.Vledge of your own t11at any offieer'of the United
States governrnent, dircetly 01' indireetly, had any interest in tltís gold
movement in September?-A. I have noto


Q. Are you acquainted with the offieers of the government {jf the
United States in New York, and did .von see uny mau WhOlll yon knew
01' snspected to be sueh, in any of these ofliees, 01' in any way conneded
with these transactions during these days '?-A. No, sil'; 1 did noL


Q. Do yon know of any gold beillg bought by any persons eOllnectetl
with tIte families of high officers in the Ullited Statos, 01' by MI'. Corbin
01' by any of his fami1y '?-A. ~ o, I do noto


Q. Do you know MI'. Corbin 1-A. No, sir; 1 do noto
By MI'. COBURN :


Q. Did you see 01' send any messages to General Buttorfield while
tItis movemellt was going on ?-A. No, sir.


Q. 'Vere you in ]}lr. Heath's offiee tItat day ~-A. 1 was in thel'e
several times.


Q. Did you see any messages pnrporting to be from Gould 01' Fisk to
Blltterfield "!-A. No, sil'.


Q. You knew of no sneh messages Itaving been sent 01' reeeived ~­
A. No, I do noto


Q. Did you hoar Fisk 01' Gonld say anything to yon respeetillg a mes-




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 219
sage fl'om General Butterlleld ?-A. K o, sir; 1 do not thínk 1 did. 1
knew nothing about that part of the operation.


Q. ,Vhile you were in Heath's oftice during that day, did you see
Speyers in that oflice '?-A. 1 do not know that 1 saw him. 1 was in
tÍlel'e fr('(lUelltIy fll!l'illg' the rlay.


Q. Did ,ron see Bclrlen in Heath's office duriug that day?-A. Yeso
Q; Wel'e uot Belden and Speyers there at the same time ~-A. 1 'do


Jlot tIlíu!;. 1 s~tW them together. (2. -W!terl ,rou saw Belden in there, what was he doing?-A. 1 do not
kuow wJmt he was doing; he was talkíng abont gold. (.l. With WhOlll '/-A. vVith 1\'11'. Fisk.


Q. \\'as he lmying, selling, 01' lending fol' ],11'. Fisk ?-A. 1 do not
know.


Q. Do yon know what relation Smith, Gould & l\Iartin, 01' Fisk, had
w it h Bell1ell that day'?-A. 1 always supposed that Fisk did business
\Yith Belden. 1 kllow that Fisk, Gould & ]'Iartin never \Vould do
husiness with Ilim. None ofus who knew him cared to do business with
him. 1 would not have taken an order from him 01' have had anything
to do witll llim.


Q. Who lost in tllis movement of September 23d and 24th ?-A. 1 do
not lmow; almost evcrybody.


Q. Wlmt ~lo you think the total 10sses were in these transactions ?-
A. 1 do uot think anybody has paid out any money except Smith,
GemId & .Martin. They say Belden has noto 1 do not think Pisk has.
j thill¡~ SmitIt, Gonld & Martin haye paid a gTeat deal of money.


By MI'. JONES:
Q. Do yon know of any intimation being received by telegraph from


IV a~llÍllgtoll Itere as to what would be the action of the goyernrnent
pl'e\'Íons to the reception of the oflicial notice that the treasury would
::;(.¡] goId ?-A. 1 do not know, of rny own knowledge.


Q. Hanl .yOl! :wy reason to believe that snchillformation wasreceived
in N ew YOl'k?-A. No; 1 do not know lLnything abont it. 1 only knew
what rnmors 1 heard-just as you would be apt to hear them yonrself.


Q. Do yon know anything about telegraph wires being tapped '?-A.
No.


VVASHINGTON, January 25, 1870.
"\YILLIA~1 J. vVOODWARD sworn and examined.


, By the CHAIR~IAN:
Qm",tion. PIcase state yonr residence, place of business, and occnpa-


tioll!-Answer. 1 reside in Brooklyn; my ph\Ce of bnsiness is in :New
YOl'k; 1 aUl a stock bl'okel', 01' more properly a stock speculator.


Q. Are yon acting alone 01' are yon a member oi' a llrm ~-A. 1 am
aIolle.


Q. "\Vere you engaged in business as a broker dnring the month of
September last ~-A. Yes, sir.


Q. Ami particnlarly engaged in transactions in gold ~-A. 1 had very
large transactions in gold at that time.


Q. State to thc committee ;your share in the general transactions in
gold dlll'ing the months of Allg'uRt and September, and particularly
during thc panic week, as it is calleel-A. 1 haye always operated
more 01' less in gold. 1 think it was eady in Angnst when 1 retnrned
frOUl-the country. Having no interest in gold at that time, 1 bought




220 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
some two millions on my own acconnt at abont 32. Snbsec¡uE'nt1y 1 met
MI'. G-ould and a gentleman by the name of Arthur Kimber, now in
J.oIllloll, and a representative of the bankinl; honse of J. Stern &
131'otlle1's. 1 remember sitting in MI'. Gould's office. ::\Ir. Guuld was
speakillg oí' gold. This must lla,'e been in August. l\Ir. Gonld pro-
posed tllat \Ve should buy so me gold, and we consenteo. to buy th1'ee
ruillions ¡lpiece, making nine millions. 1 went over to the gold-l'oom
allo. bonght-of comse 1 could not teIl how mnch-purcllasing iulots as
1 cnuId. 'Nhen 1 haO. discontinued purchasing 1 found the amollnt of
gohlI had was abont ten millions. This was entirely indcpeno.cut of
any othor operation, aud independent of my own purcllase nf gold,


, which 1 first mentioned, ami it had no eonneetion either with what was
snbsec¡nentIy calleO. the "pool." Subsequently we bought more, uutil
tlle amount got to be so large, tbat, in conversation with ~Ir. Gonld, 1
told him the amount was large~ than 1 was willing to participate in, amI
larger tIlan 1 had agreed to participate in. IIe subsequently took a por-
tion of the gold off my hands, so as tu reduce my interest tu tour
millions, which 1 toId him 1 was willing to hold. These operations must
h¡we aIl occurred in August. 1 had no interest in the pool. 1 suppose
there ,vas a pool in gold of course. That was outside. Tbe transaetions
in which 1 engaged were ,vhat we caBeel three-thirds, equaJly divideel
between 1\11'. Gonld, 1\11'. Kim ber, and myself, without any reference to
any ot1ler operations. 1 repeat that 1 was interested in no operations
except this. 1 never do a eommission business. 1\1y operations are all
for myself. 1 did exeente an order fúr Smith, Gould, Martin & Co., of
two and a half millions ,vhich 1 bought the day before the panie. They
wanteel me to go to Lockwood amI give an order to buy fiye millions of
gold. 1 declined to do it. 1 told tbem 1 would not go to Lockwood
without taking a margin; that if tbey wouId give me two llUndl'(~(l amI
tifty tbousand dollars, 1 wouId go up and order two and a ha]f millions.
Thcy gave me theil' check ior that amount, whieh 1 took to Loekwood,
aud gave tbe order fol' two amI a half millions. l\I:r impression is that
tlle order was onIy partialIy filIed. 1 think only tweI ve IUUldred amI
fifty thonsand doBars was bought. ,


Q. Of whom was tIlat gold pnrchascc1 ?-A. 1 do not remember. TIley
purchased it in the GoId Bxchange of diíl'erent parties.


Q. State anything fUl'ther you know in rega1'd to these t1'ansactions.-
A. 1 have nothing fnrther to state, having been connceted with no
other transaction.


Q. DiO. yon settle this gold :ron pnrchased yOUl'seIf'?-A. ~o, sir.
Q. 'Vas it ever settIed'?-A. It was sold; it ,vas not sold at high


prices. The bulk of these tour millions of gold 1 undcrtook to carry
myself was not so Id until after the panic occurred, wheu 1 had permis-
sion from Kim uer and Gould to selI. It was late in t11e day of tIle panic.


Q. At what price was it sold ~-.A.. 1 think at an average of about 34.
Q. Did yon have any difficulty in passing that gold through tlle


clearing-honse ~-A. The ele aran ces were eff'ected through thc brokers.
1 think there was no tronble, howeve1'.


Q. During any of this time did :rou have any difficulty in making yoUl'
clearances through the gold clearing-house?-A. 1 did uot cIear any
myself. 1 could not teU you whether ruy b1'okers had trouble 01' noto 1
suppose the;y had, however, as everybody had difticulty in regard to the
tl'ansactions of this last day. l\íy transactions were settled satisfac-
torily. (J. Did ;yon execnte any ordcrs on this day for E. K. Willard ~-A. 1




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 221
never executed any order for E. K. Willard. 1 did not do a commisssion
business.


q. Díd yon givc any order to E. K. Willard during these days ?-A.
1 think lt is probable that 1 did; but 1 did not undertakc to make any
record of it.


Q. Do :ron know of any officers of the government of thc United
States hayiug been concerned in or interestctl in the goltl moyement in
Septembe1' last ~-A. 1 knew nothing more than what 1 haye seen in
the papers of the day.
Q~ YOll have no knowledge of yourown tOllching thatpoint 1-A. No,
~~ .


Q. Do yon know A. R. Corbin ?-A. 1 do noto I never saw him, and
1 had nothing to do with this clique mO\-ement, as it was called.


Q. 'Vhell J"Oll wellt into this mOYemcllt with Mr. GoulJ was it t1H~
ullderstaIHlillg hetwecn :ron and him that gold \Vas to bf' pnt np '~-A.
'Ve of comse expected it would go up, 01' we should not haye made tüe
purchase.


Q. Did MI'. Goul!l say to yon, in any form, that it was the purpose to
put gold np '?-A. No; \\'e thought the natural tendency oi' gold ,yould
be to rise. This was tIlc kind of opcration 1 had made a good mally
timeR. lf 1 thought tIlat bnying a million of gold would affect the price
I would go in' amI buy it. It was simply a speculation.


By Mr. COllURN:
Q. Yon spokeof having ten millions Oll hand ; how mueh did yOll buy


during t.he time yon were attemptillg to raise t.lle price of gola '?-A. 1
do not tIlink 1 went into the gold-room personally uut two 01' t,lu'cc times.
After t.he t.en millions were bought other purehases were madc, nntil, as
1 have already Rtated, the amount was larger than 1 was willing to
carry. 1 thillk the agg1'cgate amount was about eighteen millions, amI
the three-third account we had would give me about six millions, whieh
was sllhse()llelltly reduccd to four.


Q. How much gold \Vas actualIy in the market at that time 1-A. Out-
side of the sub-trcasnry, abont fourteen millions.


Q. 111 WllOS(~ possessioll was itY-A. It. was inpossession of the foreign
bankers, alld in posSCSSiOll of the banks.


Q. Does that ionrtcen millions eover the gold certificates alld all "?-
A. YeR; 1 thillk tlJat \Vas all of the available gold in thc markpt,.


Q. 'Vas there any gold of ally amount elsewhe1'e in the U nitetl States,
in other cities ~-A. There must have been; for gold carne to X ew York
as the price advanced.


q. vVas therc au efTort made to get gold from San Francisco at that
time ?-A. N ot that 1 am aware of. Thcre \Vere sorne transmissions of
gold to th(~ Rast through the Treasury Departmcnt from San Francisco
abont that timo.


Q. Do you know whether tltCI'C were any considerable amounts of
golf! in tlle banks outside of New York ~-A. Ido noto 1 suppose there
were smalJ amounts, but perhapR llot VCl'y considerable.


Q. 'Vhere ShOllld yon say tlw grcatel' part of tlle gold in the country
at that time was Y-A. lt was in the sub-treasury, and in tlle banks of
New York.




222 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
WASHINGTON, D. C., Janu((¡,y 25, 18.0.


JITRA:\I C. ROGERS sworn amI examined.
By the CrrAIRThIAN :


Qnestion. State ronr place of residence, your place of lmsincss, and
yonr oceupation 'J-Answer. 1 reside in New York City. My place oí'
husiness is 58 Broadway. 1 am assistant eashier in the Gohl gxehange
BanlL


Q. ,Vere .ron assistant eashier in the month 01' Septcmber ?-A. 1 was
at tlmt time acting as paJ'ing teller, though 1 was assistant cashipr.


Q. State to the eommittee what ",as the an'l'age (bit y aU!Ollllt oí'
cleal'allCCS done ll.r ;your clearing-honse department Y-A. 1 t1lÍJlk it
uypraged eighty millions a dar; perhaps more than tlmt.


Q. ,Vhat had it been doing the yeal' pl'eviousl;y '/-A. H aYel'aged up
to that time seventy millions a day foI' the real'. The real' lle1'o1'e it
\Vas frolll ílfty-eight to sixty rnillions a day. Last yeal' was the highest
aYerage \Ve evel' hado


Q. ~tate what your clea1'ings we1'e the week of the panic~-A. A
tllOllsaml millions for the week.


Q. What was the highest amount any oue day ?-A. Thl'ee Inmd1'ed
and twent.r-five millions. That was the day llefore the ureakuown.
,Ve never made up the clearings for the 24th. vVe cleared successfully
Oll tIte :!3d.


Q. What was the amoullt of the llalance?-A. Oll the 23rl the gohl
balance, 1 think, was allout fiye milliolls, aml the cur1'ency balancc three
millions. 1 speak from recolleetion. It was Yery llear tlmt.


Q. How dill that proportioll of gold and eurl'ency to the total c1ear-
ings compare with the proportioll on usual days "1-1\. Abont thc same.
\Ve often have a large balance witIt a small clearing, alld rice Vel'8n.
The one is no indication oi' the other.


Q. ,Vas your business of the 2~~d tmnsacted in tlle usual way?-A.
Yes, sir. There was no di1'ference. 'Ye "ere a little later, perhaps
abont lullf an hour, hut we got throngh without any trollhl".


Q. AH the onlinary rules of the c1eul'illg-Itollse werc obsel'n~d OH the
:!3d'I-A. Yeso


Q. State to tIte committee why .ron eonld BOt 01' did not cIear the
transaction8 of the 24-th 'I-A. Tlwre was a, variety of reasolls <1ud compli-
eatiolls. In the first place the llusiness was enormous. 1 willnot under-
take to say 110w much it woulel be if cleared-probably uot less than
five hnndred millions. But tlwt conld haye been dOlle if tIte 1)1'01;:e1'8
had made np their aceolluts p1'operly and sent them in. On that day,
howevel', sorne of tite heaviest dealers failed to send in any statcments
whateve1' to the hank-haying all'eady exehanged onlers with other
dealers, and their transactiollS appeared on these otIter dealers' acconnts.
,Vlten we got through \,Ve iOllnd that we were very wide of our balance,
amI everything \Vas tllroWll out oi" gear. ,Ve liad Ruch an eUOl'lllOnS
amount of mOlley on hand about half-past two o'e1ock tlmt we nmlertook
to pay on a.pproximate balances so as to get l'id of the mOlley. 1 hall
in my desk nearly ten miUiolls of gold certificates aIone. But if aH tlle
balances hacl come in, the bank would have e1eal'ed ~wen cllough.


Q. Was there no reason OH account of injunctions ?-A. No; uot 011
that dav. .


Q. "~ere there injunctions subsequently served on the llank ?-A. (lb,
yes; tlH''y came in there lly the hat fu11, until finally we did not kllOW
what to ¡lo. ,Ve were enjoilled against performing almost eyery act.


Q. There wa:.:; an order oí' court appointiug a reeeiver-did yon ewl' see
tllat order 1-A. Yes, sir; in the case of Osborn.




GOLD px~nc INVESTIGATION. 223
Q. "Vas it prece(le<l by fin illjnnctioll '?-A. No, sir. The first that we


knew of it was the recein\r coming in to talce possession.
Q. Do yon know whetber tbere was a eomplaint tbat preceded that


order"?-A. Yes, sir; t110re was a complaint. (\yitness was direeted to
furni¡;;h the committee with a copy oí' the eornplaint.)


Q. ,Vas thc1'e auy hearing before the cOLl1't, 01' was there any exhibit
ma!le OH tlw part of the hanle, by its attorneys 01' officers, against thc
onler appointing a receiver '!-A. Not until after the receiver was ap-
pointcd. ,Ve hac1 no opportunity.


Q. \Vas there a subsequent hearing before tbe court?-A. Yeso A
teml'0l'al'y receiver \Vas appoillted, Mr. Brown, and then we ,,'ere directed
to sbow cause why the rcceiver s110uld llOt be made permancnt, whieh
we did, and another receive1' was appoiuted.


Q. Do yon know of auy o1'de1's given by the eourt di1'ecting the banle
01' the rceeiver to pay ;.;peeifie SUlllS to diffcnmt persons 'I-A. Yes, sir.


Q. "Vere such orden; the result oí' a hearillg of both sides ~-A. That
1 cannot an;;;wer.


Q. Dill tlw otlicers of tlw hank make auy agreement to the effeet (le-
scribed in tIte o1'oers !-A. N ot that 1 am aware ot'. }I1'. Benedict may
have done so.


Q, \Vlwn di<1 the hallk reSUllle its operations after the urealedown ~­
A. On the 2·2d Novemue1'.


Q. Is it now contiuuing its operations in the usual way J-A. Yes, sir.
(~. 'Vllat is the average Hlllount oi' iLs elearanees now'?-A. NcaTly


fortv millions a day sinee we stal'ted. Q: Yonr transaetions have d1'opped off' nearly one-half sinee the golü
pallie ?-A. Yeso


Q. "Vlmt do you umIerstaml tu be the callse uf tlle decline ~-A. A
great many persons ,,'ere seye1'ely injured in the gold panie, who are llot
duillg' lmsiuess llOW, ami those who are cloillg busilles;.; are tloiug it vel,\'
cautionsly. There is a rcduetioll oi' the yolmne oi' business on the Gold
Exellang;J. '.L'ltell Lhere are some peop1e \1'ho 11<we a pr~jlldice agaillst
tile bank, amI who do Hot elear at :¡jl; lmt tItey are very few, 1 think.


Q, Hnring the :Hth ,,"ere the1'e what is called approximate balaneRs
made out, amI settlemcnts nmde on tIlose approximate ¡lalanees '?-A.
Yes, sir. For illstallee, if we apparently owell ,1 man on his statemrnt
$700,000, we gave him 8üOO,OOU on aceount, alld agreed to seUle his
statemcmt aftcnval'd. ('Vitness was directed to fumish the cOlnmittee
witli an accoullt of those approximate balances, and the alllounts paid
thereoll. He subseqnently 1'urnished the aecoullt oí' enrrcney and gold
clleeks paio on the 2-!tl1 September, ana b8reto annexed.)


By Mr. J ONES :
Q. IR tIJe Gol<1 Exchang-e Bank a. national banle "/-A. No, sir; it is a
Slatt~ ban", orgmlized umlcr the free hankillg law oí' New York. The
elearillg-house part 01' it is merely an umlel'taking of t1le lJank, byag1'ee-
Il1l:'ut between tite 11<11lk and tlle gold board, that we shonld do the clear-
ing, 1'01' a eonsideratioll.


By the (JIIAIR}IAN:
Q. ,Vas tbere a meeting of the directors of the bank on the 24th 01'


::JtlJ oí' ~pptelllber ?-A, 'l'here was 1I0t any formal meeting; the di·
l\'CtOl';'; \yere a1l there.


Q. 'Ya" tllere any eowmltation betweell tlle officers of the banIr amI
(lin'etm:;;'!-A. Yes; tlH'y wel'e consnlting most of the time. They were
thcl'ü aH togethcl'.


Q. \\-cre tltere a<1mittc<1 to those consultations any of the brokers who




224 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


were con cerned in the 'Vall street movement, Oll the 24th 01' 25tit'?-A.
1 do not know that there were on the 24th, altbough most of tlie promi-
nent brokers were tbere that day and afterwal'd. But in the consul-
tations bet",cpn tite directors, 1 do not thillk that any brokers ,rere
present-not 011 the 24th, at any rateo


Q. Did tlle di1'ecto1's, 01' ally officer of tite bank, assent to tbe sugges-
tiOll oi' having' a 1'eceiver appointed ?-A. :No, sir.


Q. 'Vas it hy theil' procnremellt, lmowletlge, or consellt that tlle Urst
1'eeeiver was appointed ?-A. No, sir; we had no kuowledge of jt Irhat-
evel'. 1 mistrusteü the thillg, and suggested a rellledy as late as the
Sunday l1ight succeedillg tbis Friday; hut they a11 saü1 tlwt it couldllot
he pos8ibl<~; tllat it was the interest of cyerybo(ly IlOt to have a reeciVl'r
appointccl. But 1 was still of opillion that it ",ould be the case, and
that it would come from the quarter from w11ic1l it did.
(~. \Vhat <}u<11'ter do yon refer to-tbe eli(juer-A. Ye8, sir.
Q. \Vhat was the totalloss of the banIl: as tlie 1'esult of the whole gold


transactions '!-A .. As it stand s now we are out a lJOut S480,000, but we
have claüns that we Illay get baek frolll $100,000 to $17''',OlJO.


Q. vVhat did that loss consist of ~-A. Oleall casll.
Q. Lost to whom and howf-A. In tbis way: The gold came into


the ballk Oll these balances, awI was put down aU tbe way thnIl 145 to
160. Tbe parties to whom it was going conld llot takc it. They faíled
on us, and we found ourselves, withont being in the market, long of goltl,
as it is termed.That is, we had goId that cost ns from 145 to 160, and
we were obligcd to seU at 130 to settle up aft"airs.


Q. vVas tbat loss which you have stated aside of tbe expenses of re-
ceiver ~-A. No; tbat illcludes eyer,Ytbing.


Q. How mnch was paid as t11e expense of receivers ?-A.. TlwexpellReR
of receivers and attorne.ys, and aU the fees, were just about $100,000.


Q. How mucll did the bank pay to t11e 1'eceivers '?-A. Eaeh receiyer
got $15,000.


Q. How long did they serve ?-A. Thc first one serycd tltr0c 01' fOllr or
fiye days, 01' maybe a wcek. He did llothillg but loek up t11e gold <lml
put <1 depnty sheriff 01' somebo(ly in charge. ,


Q. vVho was be~-A. He was ~1l'. Browll, of tltc firm of Drowll, Hall
& Vanderpoel.


Q. \Vas tltat a COllllllission 01' pel'celltage, 01' just a certain sum ?-
A. The cOllrt directed so much to he paid.


Q. Did the o1llcers of the bank consellt to pay that mnonnt ?-A. They
WC1'e not consnltcd about it.


Q. "Vere tItey 1l0t consulted through their attorneys, as to the amount
of payment to the l'eceh-el' 1-A. Not to my Il:nowledge.


Q. vVould yon have kllown it if it had beell so'I-A. 1 Lelieye 1
would.


Q. Who was tbe other 1'eceiver ?-A. The othe1' receivcr was OOlU'ud
1\1. J ordan, the cashier of tlle Thil'd ~ atiollal llank.


By 1\11'. OOBUUN:
Q. \Vho is }fr. Brown ?-A. He is a membe1' of tbe fil'lll of Bro\Yll~


Hall & Vanderpool, attorneys. One of tbefirm, lVIr. A. Oakey Hall, is
the mayor of the eity of New York. The ii1'm of Browu, ]JaU &. Van-
de1'pool had, besides, $5,000 as counsel fees.


By t·lle UHAIR~IAN :
Q. "Vhat otIler llloneys did the bank pay for attol'licys' 1'ee8 hpsides


the $5,000 to that fil'lll "!-A. lt paid $25,000 eaeb to foUl' 01" ti ye la ,,".)"Crs;
$2,50001' $5,000 went to Mr. Dudley Field.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 225
Q. In short, did t11e bank pay all t11e sums ordored by t11e conrt to be


paid ?-A. Yes, sir. The recei \Ter took possession of the money and re-
turnad these payments as part of tho money.


Q. Has tIlc bank anytIling Oll its books except thc report of the re-
ceiver, to show the payment of this $100,000 ~-A. Not at aH. ,Ve had
nothing to <lo with those disburscrncnts. The receivel' was directcd to
make thesc payments, and in rendering his account he turned them in.


By l\f1'. ,JoNES:
Q. Fl'om what fnnd was all the money paid '?-A. The recoiver carne


to tho bank and took the mOlley, alld madc thoso payments. Thoy were
paid out of tho capital amI assots of tlte bank. The recoivor when he
carne in took posscs8ioll of cYorything in the bank, ahout $500,ÜOO, and
out 01' that money he made all these paJTments, and turned the balance
over to the bank.


By ]}fr. Cox :
Q. \Vhat ""as thc amouIIt of moncy received by lVIr. BrowIl as 1'e-


ceivel' "t-A. Ahont lwlf a million of dollars.
Q. An<l assets"?-A. It was aU Illoney-gold and eurrency-tho total


balance bciug about $500,000 in cUl'rcncy. (J. Did tlw ~'eoeivol' tako charge of tIte wholo banking concern ?-A.
COl'tainly.


Q. AmI of the dearing-houso departmout 'P-A. Tho bank is a bank
alouo. The dI:'H1'illg' department is simply a clerical duty that it pe1'-
forms; it has 110 assots at aH.


Q. 'fIle clearing' dopartment is uot suoh a separate departmo.llt as to
hayo. assets oí its own '?-A. No, sir; it is simply a department of the
lmnk.


Q. And the ro.cei\'er had no othe1' respoT\silJility but to take that money
alld keep it safp, slll~je('t to tIto ordo.r oí' the comt ~-A. That is aH that
tho nrst recei,Tc1' did.


Q. Did he pllt olllcel'S in tlJe bank '!-A. He came aud took posso.s8ion of
tlle 1Il0llty amI lmt a gnan} oyer it one das, and then had it removed to
tIlo Broall\yay Bank.


Q. Did thé receiyer giYO a b01l(1 '?-A. Tho first oue gaye a bond for
$10,000. 'l'hl' otlwl' gayo houds for $100,000. 1 belien' 1\'[1'. Browu did
llot attempt, alld it \Vas uot uuderstoocl that he \Vas, to settle up tIte af-
fairs 01' tIle uallk. lIe was sim])l,)' to hold this property aü 'i¡¿ferim un-
til the 1'eoei\'l'1' was nUHle pel'manent.


Golrl c]¡ceks ]laid 011 ({('COI/ni Sellfem[¡cl' 24, 18m), Xcw York Gold Exch({lIge Bauk.


1·1ti G('o. H. IkIlc1 ............. _ ... _ '1
H;l McKim 1:1'08. &: Co .. .. _ .... ,
ti4 I~ockwti()d &: eo ............... :
~JI¡ G-. J[. &. Il. HI'.lmolllL .


H)(i ,\r. F. Li venuol'C ~ Co
3lil ~AU!gP., ROl'll &: eo .....
~10 (~eIstOll k BUHSillg ..
¡lb ()d(li.~ &. eo .......... .


:fJU J,OllIlSl)(·l'V & lTnmülUel' ..
272 ,TuJian & tu ....... .


F-:O L, YOll lIotfnumn & en ..
~1:1 Bak('r &, BUt-)lllmg .....


UH E.l. S\V(·pt &. Co_._
2tlO Lc"ds Dauiel &, eo .
201 Dauney, Morgun & Co.


í
------


__ .1


n. Rep. 31-15


¡'", 1
~ t !~ o
- maUll'. ¡ s:~ I Dealers' name. I Amount.


1 ___ _


1 $40,000 00 1


I
I ~03 ' nayi,l"on & J ones ....


:20,000 00 110 C. t;. Sloane & Ca .' . __ ::::::::1 $5,000 00 3QO, 000 00
150,000 00


40,000 eo ~~g: ~~~ ~~~ 1; ii }~r!:rt~n~:~l~t~~l~~~~~. ~ .. _. ::::::-
7j,OOU 00 1 I 10::1 A. L. Spton & eo . __
l~fi, ;';00 00 ! 1;23 "\Vi n::-<low, Lanier &. Co ..... .
30,000 00 1: 26 1)"kl]('illo, Cox &o Co ...
30, ()()() 00 i 57 'V11I. H,'uth '" Co
10~1. eoo 00 ! ,J. RohlJ, Kiug &: Co ......... . j; 000 00 ! I 334 l)zolHli, 8pillJ,!;cr & Co ... __ .
97,500 00 i i 23 COlle /i,:, .8.Ufermalln ....... .
40,000 00 ': 96 ti, Ir. & TI. Ro,lmoml


2,;0,000 UO
510, OH 00


H9,354 45
13,000 00
30,0110 00
20,000 00
eJ.ooo 00


108,424 87
;'0,00000 li
15,00000 ¡;
10,000 00 :;


Total. .................... : 2, 5·tG, 8;")3 32


n, C. ROGERS, 1188t. Gashicr,




226 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


'¡"
'-< 2¿
¡JI';


¡::¡


~:H
331
182
176
:llO
11:1
l:lú
74


l:!j
! 9


244
17'2
140


JO
4


73
165
68


1
:}I);l


64
196
1.)7


9
:mi


1
:107


:W
:331
144
395


90
:IB


:193
194
:lGl


19
327
57
57


322
U:l


103
27~


He


CurrelWJ1 check8 paid on accÁJullt SLptembcr 24, 1869, Xew York Gold Exchal1ge Bank.


~llme. Amount.


Dakiu & Gillespy 88:1,787 50
])0 ______ .... ___ 50,000 OU


l\Iorewood &:-, eo ____ . :lO,OOO 00
'VII i t tPlllOl'(~ & Co _ 120,000 00
lIakh 1 l'~oote &. Co ....... "" 200,000 O,)
'l'n'voI' & Colgate . 600,000 00
Clal'k, 1),'Hlg(~ & Co _. 400,000 (O
:l\Iaryin Bro8. & Co .. 2,,0,000 00


(~: J~~~I¡~~~~~~~~:: :: ::::::::::: . : I 10, UUO 00 3cJ,000 00
H. L. Cuttillg,jr., &Co ______ -··1 50,0:10 OU
Batel' & Tilllpson ....... _.' ---1 71, 56~ 50
1I. A. Heiser's 8cms ... __ .. ___ . _! 140,000 00
1). }~. JOllje & Co . 3J, -¡JO 00 ,
C. A8hwol'tlt 12.), 000 00 ,
)larx & Co ....... 100,000 00
It~~~~~{j~r~.C~ C~~ ~: 300.00U 00 ;':1,000 00
J. &. ''r''. Hrligman &Co ... 500, (lOO (lO
\Yoo(l &. lteiCk . ;)0, OOU 00
Lockw()()(l &, Co .... 2U ',OUO 00
\V, F. Lh'OI'lllOl'e &-... eo .... til,:íU 50
,T, R. Tilford & Co ......... .0.IlUO UD
G, C.l\Ja~oull. ............ 1un. (Jon nu
Duff, Tinnnerman & eo (jO,OOU 00
. J. &; ",\T. ~eli~lllall & Co . _. _ .. 'J,OOO 00
.Jay Cl)uke &.- Uo . . ..... lii8,000 UU
Kd('}1ll111, PhippH & Bro. ;;0,000 00
Dakill & Gillpspy .' 1,;',0(JO OU ~f:llllliLlg & De Forre~t.·.·.·:::. ~;:¡. 000 00
DUlH'an, ShN'man & Co . 100. (Joo 00
Norlllrnp &. Chick ..... 2(J0.000 UO
It. n. Footp _ .... _ .. 20.000 00
llo¡l,!..',s]-,;ill. UandaU &. C~. :lO.OOO 00
P. HaYIlru .. _ 110,000 no
LftUgC1, Uoe11 & Uo. 20,OUO 00
BaIre!' &, Gl'adt' ... 30,00(/ (/0
E. K. \Vallard 31, ;;011 00
'YlIl. lIr-ath &: eo .. 3il:;, 000 00


Do 100,0110 00
H. T. [;odet & Co 4.0011 00
Bak('!' & BnsllllY . fií,;") o 00
rhiJil' Speyer & Co .. _ ~;¡, (JOO 00
.Jnlian & Co :J,OOO (ID
,v. C. Mnmfol'd ... I'J,OIJO OU


·oc


'" ~,..; ~~
I


=< I
1--
! 126


4
IG.J


7G
ni I 139
17:!
130


9
U


46
U


98
~ll
2.3;)
J2D
:141


2[1]
177
:314
121
~" 174
t:l


:n.


Xamo.


",VotllPl'SpOOll &-... eo __
C. Ashworth ".' ..
Y(,l'lllilyn & eo ...... .


Amount.


$34.200 UO
59,990 59
10,10G 25
30,000 OU


300.000 00
"MOl'tOU: mi~H &,.-, en_
I~: Bl'll & :F. u lllHlo)
1< lHk & HatdL _ .... _ . _ .... _ .... i
patpl' &. TilllP""OU .
CIal'k, l)ouw' &. eo


17,Oli:! ;JO
t11, DOG :¿;¡


100.0UO OU
1: O. OO~I 00
300,718 75
~t<, :t.!j (lO


Geo. C. Ma~(lUIl.
Do .... :.


Pl'HT'l &. eo _ .. _
Gpo. C ... \IagonlL.
"\V·utt:-\ ó..., H(,tlmOJl(l _
DihhJe & Call1hloH.
.,¿\.. M, F(·ITi..., 8.: Bro .....
Lal'alllH1l'y ~ J1ro
BrowLI HI'O~, & eo .
.F. P. J:.ull(,f.; &. ('o
C;'(~lsj UI1 & Hu!"sillg
W.C.Tavlm·
E. e, ]~l'l;('dic:t,
U,~id. Leo & Coní.oul
F. fil'allt_
L.E.Sl'lwlLz ..
C. UlIi!:]'(' &- Co.
rl'alln~'r &. Co .
.JolllL ])OluliJ' __ .
1-'. J.f. J.lyer:-:; &. eo . _ ...
TallM(.;ig, .Fislwl' &. eo ..
Cl)llI~ & Allf('nnauH
Otf"H &, Ta('~n ... _. _ ..
Í"'i.D.llasis.
,;.H.(Ji.lILbt~Jnat ......... .
}'l'('('llIlW, Pett.y & l~onl1
J,!'. I\·r~wh ..... .
F. 'V .• Ja('1~:-1011.
T. Uc(·d &. ('o ..
Wil1'll",C"
,V. C. ::\InlilfOl'll.
"'Y". B. :-;aud.on
T. nrailw Ó:, eo .
l)z;olldi. SI'Íllgcr & Co ..


TotaL



!


:1
I


··i


I


130, OliO 110
,5,IIOU UO


11,1:31 :!;)
14, :100 1111
lti,300 00
.'Jo, !\:2.') OU
2~,17jOO
~:), :2:2,,) I;()
];-., ';ü:! .~JO
14,3-:.-) (JU
:1:1. ,00 (jI)
2:J, .l.í 00


Ii, ·l!J1"" 75
JOJ, l.,. Hi
16, ~~,-)~) (J~I


·¡OO, H¡ ,.,
R .;¡j 00


1;). f.I~1 .lO
lE!, :!:'!(j l":!
:U,4,j() :.!:¡
2.\ 4jS 2.
:38, ftü~ ;')(1
:.!~\ 51:2 ':->0
33, :ll~ 1"
l~l, 7!H (jj
57, U;!4 31
2!1, 81:2 :A)
DO, 5~,[ ~j
9,100 no


1 ~~: ~~;~ i~
,------


.11 S, 2;11:3, ~JP .><,;";


H. C. IWGlmS, Asst. Cashiel'.


XEW YOJ:K <3m.!) 1':XClf,\NGE HANK,
,,8 U"oa(/w({!I ({1H1;¿9 ~\'(/(' sl)'('rl, ;"'('11' York, ,JIOWal'!I 28, 1870.


DEAll SIn: 1 fOl'wlull !HJl'cwit.h s(atenll:nt ~howin~ paylllents 1I1arlo by this h:mk
both in gohl u-1lI1 cnrrel1cy, 011 SeptcmllP], ;¿4, l:-lfi!). 'I'he otlH'r tloeullIents yon deúl'cd,
viz., the cOlllplaint in the case of Oshorn aud ,,(ltersl·s. t,he Bank, MI'. Hns~"¡l sent yOll
dnrillg IlIy absellee. 1 l'egret that yUll did not n'ceiv" thelll l)(\j')l'" 1 Id't WashingjuIl.
as 1 couId llave sllowll tlút Osbol'll 1't:alh' llar! uo daba OH tlw lmllk at the tilUe ]¡i~
eomplaint ,vas llllu]e, nol' has !w cver ml1cle any claim against us sinc".


Very re~pcctfnlly, your obcdient seryant,
1I. C. lWGEI{S, AS8i8/anl Ca!lhier.


ROll. J. A. GARFIELD, ClIa'irman, ,fe.


'VASIIIXUTO::'<, January 2ü, 1870 .
• JOHN \V. :NIAGRUDER 8WOl'Il aild examilled.


By l\<fr. S~UTII:
Qnestioll. State yonl' rüsidellce amI occupatioll.-Allswer. 1 live in


G eUl'geto \Vil, aud am eUlploy(~d ill tlle TreasUly Departmollt, in the
otIiee of thc Comptroller of tIw Ulll'l'elley. 1 ha v\' charge 01' tilo divisiou
of l'cports in the offico of tIte Uomptrollel' 01' the UUlTeucy.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 227


Q. State to the committee whether ;rou were ordered by the Secr\)-
tal'y of the Treasury to visit New York on the week of the gold panic
fol' any purpose; alld if so, what~-A. The Comptrollel' of the Currency
came to my house on thc 23d of Septcmber, and t()ld me that I had to
go to New York. He handed me this order:


TREASURY DEPARnfENT,
OFFICE OF Co~rPT.ROLLER OF TITE CURRENCY,


Washington, September 23, 1869.
Alhl'rt n. Wyman, Jolm P. Bigelow, ana .Tohn vV. l\fagTuiler are herebyappointed


and authorized to examine the Tcnth National Bank of thc cityof New York, with
power to make a thorough investigation of its affairs, ami to examine any of the officers
or agents thereof ulHler oath, as provided in section fifty-four 01' the national currency
acto


vVithass my h:mcl amI offieial seal, this 2:1d day of September, 1869.
[SEAL.] H. R. HULBURD,


Countersigned ancl approved.
Comptroller of CUI·¡·cncy.


GEO. S. nOUTWELL,
Secl'clal'y of the Treaslu'y,


vVe reached New York very earIy on the morning of the 24th, havillg
left here Ül tllC llight train on the 2;1<1. Before the Tellth National
BanIr had its doors open we weIlt in there. We were there in time to
see tlle vaults opened, alld we did see them opened. vVe counted the
c;IHh in the bank to determine tIte object of our visit, which waH to
determine whether the banIr was cllgaged in locking up greenbacks or
noto


Q. Did you take possession of the bank; was that inclnded in the
orded-A. lt was includetl in this way, that everything in the bunk
\Vas snbject to our order. During the examination Üle business oí' the
lmnk weut OH; that is, whell \Ve got through connting the cash we gavc
it np to t11c tellors to go 011 with their daily business.


Q. State Ihe rcsnlt of tIte examination.-A. The result of the ex:tHl-
inatÍ()]l satisti~~tl me tlmt tIte 1ll1uk \Vas uot looking up greellbacks, but
it \Vas impossible to teIl wbethcr 01' not jt \Vas assisting othel's in doing
so. There WUR no immCllse amouut of greenbacks found in the bank to
create a scareity oí' lIlolll~y. The books of the bank were aH balaneed,
and there wm; 1l0t a disproportionate amount oi' cash on hand. (l. 'vVas tlle l'eport 01' yon!' examination made to tIlo Comproller of
tIle Curreney'?-A. Yes, sir.


Q. Did you participate in the report '?-A. 1 made it, and t11e othel'
gentlemen signed it.


(Witncss presellts his writtell report, a copy of which appears in the
testimony oí' MI'. Bigelow.)


Q. At what time did you complete the examinatiofl )I-A. On Satur-
~Iay, the 25th 01' Septembel'; 1 do not recollect exactly at whut hour.
(~. Did you reeoive any orders fl'om tIte Comptl'Oller of the Currency


Ol' the Secretary ni' the Treasury to suspend the examinatioll ~-A. Not
of that hank.


Q. Did you of any hank ~-A. 1 haLl received papers ordering:tn ex-
<Lmination 01' other banks, and OH tho 25th of September I received a
telegrarn of wItich the folIowing is a copy :


[Tclcgram.J
VVASHINGTON, Septembm' 25, 1869 .


. JoIIX 'V. MAGIWDER:
CaU at National Currcncy Ba,nk. Examine any bank that yon think needs it.


Probably you had bctter remain until Monda:; night.
H. R. HULBURD, Comptrollor.




228 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Before any action was taken on that order it was rescinded by a sub·


sequent telegram directed to myself 01' ~lr. J. J. Knox, of which the
following is a copy:


[Telegram.]


Jon:s W. MAGRUDER or JKO. JAY KKOX:
VVASHlNGTOX, Septemuer 26, 1869.


Examine no more hanks; eommittee may returll. By clirectiolls of the Secretary.
H. H. HULBURD, Comptroller.


That telegram was dated on the 26th of Septelllber, which was Sun·
day morning. 1 do not recoUect when we rcceived it, but 1 reekon tbat
it ",as on Sunday.


Q. Did you rnake any further examinatioll ~-A. No; we didnot go
in anv other ballk.
(~. 'J)id MI'. CalclllIer, the general examiner of New York, caH upon


j'ou to confcl' witit yon in rcgard to the cxamillation of the Tcnth "Xa-
tional Eank ?-A. Tite orders that 1 receivell ü'om MI'. Hnllmrll, tite
Comptroller of the Currcllcy, were to go there, alHl to say nothing to any-
body abont thc examination of the hank \lntil \Ve had detel'llIined
wh~thel' tIte bank was engaged in laying by greellbackH; to say llothing
to 1\11'. Calender, 01' anybOlIy eIse. \VIWll the examinatíoll was nearl~­
over 1 saw MI'. CaIcnder, amI tlWll the orden; haü cea sed to be oi' any
effeet, hecause we had deterlllillell the point upou whieh tIte COlllptroIler'
lwd instl'lleted USo Bnt the exalllillation spcwed lo ercatc lt Wltllt of
eonfideHce in tho hUllk OH the part oí' the pn ulic, amI there was a g-I'eat
rUII OH it. Then MI'. Ca10nder cOllsulted with me aud the ballk ofticers
aH to what it was best to dv, he being the ofticial examincr for the banks
oi' the eity of New York. He did not lmow how to act; ",hetIter to do
anything 01' to let the uank go. A conunittee oí' the dl'a1'ing-holUw
associatioll of New York City had UI'I'II ill commltatioI1 with thc oflicpl' . .¡
of the bank, amI, a8 1 umierstood, t1le offieel's had to111 them that 801lJe-
thillg wouId havn to be done to saye the bank frolll failure. 'l'hen tllat
cOllllIlittee, as 1 understood, took a part of the (~ollaterals held by the
bank to secure delllamlloaus, in onler to l'aise mone,)' to sayc the bauk
from failure. Thc cOlmnittee eame back, amI when tiley said tlley eould
nnt do allything, .Mr. Calclldor took t11e securities amI W(~llt amI raised
mom'y on them so as to saye the ban1\: fhnll ltaving to shut its doors.
That is his conneetion with the exalllination, so faI' aR 1 know.


(i,. Hid he make any objection 01' eomplaillt as to the exalllination
which yon were making 'I-A. No, sir; Hot at allí uot the slighteRt.


Q. vYas anything said by 11im as to hiR cOllling OH to vVashington to
confer wit11 the Sce\'etary and the Comptroller of tlte Cllr1'eney in refer-
ence to it ?-A. Yes; if I remember right, 1 thin1\: he said that he wOllltl
come on that night and see what the COlllptroller ami. t11e Beeretal''y
thought of it.


Q. Do yon kllow whetller he did come on "?-A. 1 know it from having
been told tlmt he did.


Q. vVhat was the last hour tltat :rou saw him on Satllrclay?-A. 1
sllppose it must haye been about five o'clock in the aft.ernnoll, aud 1 saw
him agaill on MOlld(t,Y, abont ten 01' eleven o'dock in the mOl'lling'.


Q. Did he Rtate to ,ron ",hether he had been on to vVashingtoll·~-A.
J think he did. (l. Did he state to yon tho object of his yisit ~-A. 1 think 1)(· statcd
tlmt he just earne on to eonRult with the Comptroller oi' the Currency
alld tlw Beel'ctary as to tlle sitllation oí' aíi'ail's.


Q. Did he advise with yon at all, 01' express any Opillioll as to the




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 229
examinationof anyof tlle other New York banks"?-A. ~o, sir; Iwas
instructed before I left, by 1\11'. Hulburd; aud knowing this husiness, I
did not have ally consnltation witll anybody about it. It was a so1't of
seCl'et matter.


(lo. ,Vhat time on Satnrday did yon leave the Tenth National Bank?-
A. 'Ve went away ahont five o'eloek.


Q. 'Vas .your examinatioll at that time complete, as ~'OU un del'-
stootl~-A. Yes, sil'; tlle examillution was altogethel' complete before
tltat time. On Satn1'day the1'e was a veI'y se\"el'e 1'un ÍlpOll the bank,
alltl the examinatioll tlmmgllOut that da.y was ruther desultory than
otherwil,e. 'Ve harl to talte thiugs aR we could eatch them. This state-
llient (a eopy of whieh is attaeued to lUr. Bigelow's testimony) is fuller
than the general statemellt also already in evidence, beca use in t,hat
general statement there are sm'eral items added together. FoI' iURtanne,
iu this statemellt appear tite nanws of the several banles that have hal-
ances due them frolll tlte 'rellth National Bank, and tllose that owe to
the Tenth .N atioual Dank; lmt in the other statement the arnolluts are
aU a(l!l('(l togetlwl' in olle S11m.


Q. 1'llÍs item ol' cash, abont nineteen and olle-half rnillions, whut diel
it consist oi' ?-A. lt eOlHüstetl of bilIs and checks, and a little gold and
three ¡Wl' cent. certificates.


Q. \Vhat killd of cItecks ?-A. Certified checks on othe1' banks.
Q. Did ,Y0n take au'y list of tIte individual deposits, Rhowing who the


depositors \H'I'e'I-"\. No, sil'.
Q. llave ;ron all,Y list of certitied checks issued to brokers, consti-


tnting tlti::; item 01' seventeen amI one-half lllillions ~-A. 1 haye a lisl.
oí' brokers' balances, lmt 1 haye 110 lü;t of tlw checks issued. It was
illlpoRsihle tI) gd tbem. 1 would haye liked to haw had tbem, bnt tIley
conltl not be got. Tbe;r had a brokers' ledger in that bank, keeping tlw
hrokers' aecouut sepal'ute froJll othe1' accounts. TItat was done jn::;t as
a matter of eOllyellicnce.


Q. 'fhe item of h1'oke1"s deposits amountillg to $2,221,000 is the item
of actual deposits to tlw e1'el1it of bI'okers ·?-A. Yes, sir.


Q. Was tItere all;rthillg by tilo way of deposit 01' security to reprc-
sent this itilm of sevellteell and one-Imlf milliolls of certified ehecks is-
sned to brokers 'I-A. ~o, sir; these ·were the checks ee1'tifietl n]loll
their balarwes the (lay hdi)l'c, aml went to dccrease their balances. If
we had taküll tlle accouut t,he day before, before these ehecks were oer-
tified, illstead of tIle brokers having Seyell+;een and oue-half millioIH; of
eertified check¡,;, tlle haak \\'oul(l have had nineteen amI one-hulf mil-
lio!ls tn tIle el'edit of brokers. T11at is, the brokers hall praetieally
dl'awlI out aU their balances excepting t\yO milliolls. 1 SUppOSE' .ron
111lderstand tlw New York s.Ystem of clearing. These e1weks wer('. to
be seut to the X ew York e1caring-hollse at ten o'clock the next lllorning,
aJl(l exehallged io1' ontstallding eheeks on natioual hanks, aud auy bal-
lmee either waJ' \ras to he puid in mOlley. Q. \VollIIl it Hot ¡,;eem from yonr statement that npo11 the general
dparing' Oll that day there would he a million of üollars due to that
han le frolll t1le clcaring,llOuse "I-A. lt lI1ight appeaI' so from the state-
llwllt, hut theu there lllay haye heen otller checks outstanding from
!ll'('\'lons days which would come in upon that day and thus 1ess('.11 that
balance. 1 do uot know that 1 can make yon fully nnderstaud it. The
real state of the halance tlmt day, when it came back from the clearing-
honse, was that the bank owed t11e elearing-honse $162,000.


<l. Did it grow out of thc trallsactiollS of that day'?-A. No, sir;
because the clearing \Vas ior cheeks drawn before.




230 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
(~. It wonld seem as if there was a milliou of dollars due to tIle ballk


hy the clearing-honse '~-A. Yes, if there was nothing lmt these cer-
tified checks to come against the bank; but other banks may haye IH'hl
cheekH OH the Tenth Natiollal Bank that were 1l0t certified. The checks
which came into the clearing-honse to be paid by the Tenth National
Ballk, illstead of being only $17,000,000, amoullted to $18,727,000, sO
that a ¡¡ad of them must haye been eheeks that were noí eertified.


Q. "\Vhat, aceonliug to the requirements oí' the banking law, was thl'
amount of greenbaeks that the bank waH reqnired to hold "?-A. 1t \Vas
reqllired to hold in greel1backs and three per eelltH, amI gold aUlI silwl',
twenty-fiYe per ccnt. of its net liabilities.


Q. Hayc yon upon your exhibit the amonnt of greellbacln; held by
t,he ballk ~-A. Yes, sir.


Q. Did yon find the amonnt to be within the reqnircmcnts of tlH'
law~-A. 1 think the bank had more than its lawfnl reserYE'. It lleeded
8715,574 80, and it had $8U;~,690. It had S22(j,OOO in gohl tremmry
lIotes, $2ríG,9()O in legal tenders, and $410,000 in three ]ler eéllt", but tIte
o}Wratiolls of that day took eyery cent 01' eash that it hado TIH' ballk
liad to borrow money npon its eollaterals to Ran~ it frOlll Ru¡.;pml(ling.


Q. \Vas the1'e allytlting in the llUtnag-ement 01' eondition of tlw lXlllk
that day which led ;yon to snppose that it was coneerned iJl thp gold
mo,Toment "?-A. 1 do not know about that. 1 caunot say that thel'p
was. lt waR kllown al' a matter of COJIlIllon report that the ballk was
eeI'ti(ying- foI' those urokers "hose names were bandieu aromal in eOIl-
llectioll with the gold speculations. Smitb, Goultl, Martin & Uo. kept
a large aecount there.


By 1\11' .• JUDD :
Q. "Vonld ronr examination show how rnucll was certifieu fol' oach or


tIlose brokers ?-A. ~o, sir.
By ]VII'. SJ'IlTH:


Q. Do ron know whethel' any l'epOI't was reqnüwl at that time of 1\1 r.
Uallender, 01' whether he mado any report 01' the conditioll of that ballk
subseqllently to yonr report'?-A. Ido not kno", wlwt tlw (JolUptI'ollpr oí'
the Cnrrency 01' the Secretary IUay have, 1mt J kllow that 110 report of
an.y examinatioll has come into the dh'jsion of reports subsequentlJ' to
my examination.


WASHINGTON, D. C., January 27, 1870.
"\VILLlfulf O. CHAI'IN sworn and examined.


By tbe UHAIRl\IAN :
Qllestíon. State yonr residence and oceupation.-AnRWel'. l\fyresidollee


is Ne", York. J am in tIte employ of tIle Erie Hailroad Compuny.
Q. In what eapacity~-A. 1 dOll't know exaetl,r in wIlat eapaeity yOIl


wonld call it. 1 do all SOl'ts of things. 1 hayo some eOlltnwts to settle,
amI to seU tIle aecumulated material of the cOll1pany, llTHll1ifterent kinds
of dllty to pcrform.


Q. Are yon a clerk, attorney, 01' deteetiYc'?-A. 1 am a elerk.
(~. Row long have yon been in tho employ of tIle eompany '~-A. Since


a .real' ago last Novembe1'.
Q. "Vere you in theil' employ in thc rnonth of Septmllbel' lastt-.L\. 1


was.
Q. Did .ron earr~' ally message fo1' MI'. Fisk, 01' nnde!" his dircction 1




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 231
into Peunsylnmia, fmm the city of New York, at any time in the month
of September'?-A. 1 carried lcttel's lllltler his amI MI'. GOllld's directioll.


Q. Letters, 01' :t letter '?-A. Two Ictters.
Q. "Yhen was that ~-A. 1 am undel' the impression it was the 17th


of Septernber. T made no minute of it, amI could not state positiveIy.
Q. State aU t1le instructions you received, the interview that led to


the instructions, amI all that waR doue under them.-A. 1 was at home
in the evening l'eading; a gentleman came there, rapped, and said they
walltcd mc at the oflice. 1 put on my boots amI went down there. MI'.
Gould amI lUr. Fisk were there in the otlice. 1 callnot repeat the con-
versatioll jm;t m; it occurred. The idea \Vas, that 1 was to go to "Yash-
ington, PellllRylmllia, wllich, as tIley tllought, was about eighteen miles
from tilo railroad at l'ittsblll'g. 1 was to go to .!\Tr. Corbin's honse tlle
next mornilJg, get ldt '1'S fl'OIl1 him amI take them, that is, if 1 could not
go that night, as 1 fou!ld 1 could noto "Ye 100ked over the railroad
schednIes aud fonnd that 1 conld g'o, 1 think, at nine o'clock, or haIf.
paRt eigllt, tite next 1ll0l'ning. The next mornillg 1 got i!lto t1le carriage
",hich T h:ul ol'(lere<l sellt to mc from the Pifth .A vellUe hotel, alld went
aronnd to .1\11'. Corbin's hOllRf1.


(..),. ""VIlO awakelH'cI yon in the morning ?-A. A servant girl.
Q. Dit! anyuody go from t11e railroad oflicc to be sure yon were


awakened ~~A. TlIe sen·ant girl awakened me ancl awakelled MI'.
Hooker .. They wante!l 1Ir. Hooker to he snre tlIat 1 got off in tIte train.


Q.WIto is MI'. llooker?-A. A gentleman in Ncw York, nIr. Pisk's
bl'other-in-Iaw. 1 w('nt around to nIr. Corbin's honse, rUlIg the bell at,
1 think, ahont haIfpast se ven. Tho servallt came to the door amI 1 to1d
him to te11 1\[1'. Corbin that 1 came from l\fr. Gonld aIHllVIr. Fisk to take
wllat he hacl to the I'resident. TlIe sel'vant ealled me inside, and 1
steppecl into the vcstihule. .:\Ir. COl'bin appeared at tllO top oí' the stairs
in his llight-gown, and gave the SCI'Yl1nt two letters to hl1nd to me.
He said 1 was to give these in person to t11e General. There was one
íc.)r General Gmnt, aIHl olle for General Portero He saicl he desired me
to give them in persoll, aud if the General was lmsy 01' el1gaged, to use
his name; that would he Bure to give me access to him. 1 took the
1etter", amI arrived at Pittslmrg at one o'clock that night. \Vhen 1
got there, they told me it was about thirty miles over tlw 111ountains,
and they did not tlIink 1 couId get any one to take me. 1 said 1 mnst
go. 1 went 111'0nnd to the stable at first, ancl after sending for the pro-
prietor of t11e stal11c, hc finaJly sent clown won1 tlmt two hOl'ses were to
be ltitched up for me. "y e started, 10st our way once on tlle trip, but
finally got there; 1 think it was about nine o'elock in the IlJorning. 1
proceeded illllllcdiately to the llOllse wheT(~ 1 heard that the Pl'esident.
was st.aying, but learned fI'om the lady theI'ethat he was up at 1\11'.
Smith's ltOuse, so me way out of tO\\'11. 1 got another pair of borses, and
the driver took me to Mr. Smith's honse. .A lady calIle to the door. 1
toId he!' 1 had a letter from MI'. Corbin which 1 was to deliver to the
Presiclent in persono She showed lile into tile parlor. General Grant
was playing eroqnet Oll t1le Iawn, he and (jelleral POl'ter. 1 do uot lmow
whether anybody cIse was engaged in the garnc 01' noto General Porter
eame np soon amI spoke to me, and 1 gave him his letter. 1 told ltim 1
had aIso one for the Presülent. 'Yhen the game had been fillished,
General Grant stepped np to tIte poreh and spoke to me; 1 told him 1
hall a letier fro111 Mr. Corbin, and deliyered it to him. By this time,
General Porter had opened his Ietter and \Vas reading it. General Grant
broke his letter open, startcd down to the wimlow of the parlor facing
me, amI rcad lt. He seemecl to be reading some of it twice; then I




232 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
think sorne one said J\irs. Grant wished to see 11irn. Before that, Gen·
eral Porter had read his letter t",o 01' three times over, as I thought..
General <+rant got up, weut out, amI \Vas gone sorne fifteen minutes or
so. In the mean time, General Porter got IIp, weut up stairs an<1 eame
down agaiu; I think, weut through the parlor, weut up stairs again,
amI l'etnI'lled and iuquired of me how 1\11'. COl'bin \Vas; I made sorne
reply. A little while after, General Grant appearcd again and walked
by me almost up to the Willdow, 'stopped, aml walked baele again. He
stiU bacl the letter in his hand. I \Vas waitillg, expecting a11 the time
he WOllh1 give Ille sorne iustructions, 01' send :t Illessage by me in return.
IIe seemeu to wait so long, that, as I wanted to get hack, I saiel to him,
" is it aU satisfactory?" 01' something like that. He says, "yes." I asked
him if the1'e was any reply. He said, "no, llothiug," auu he wjsheel me
ti, good moruing. I drove stmight back to l'ittsbnrg, alld telegraphed
to New York that the letters were delivererl aH right, anll took tIte uigItt
train back to ~ew York.
(~. llave J'ou a copy of that telegramf-A. No; jt was written in


pcncil alld left at tile telegraph office.
(¿.WItat weTe tile WOl'ds of tlle telegI'am Y-A. Tlmt thc lette1' 01'


lett.ers were elelivereel aU right. lt was iÍl one sentencc, and siguctl br
myself:


'Q. 'Vhat was the exact language yon addreRsed to General Ol'Llllt '?-
A. I cannot, undel' oath,l'epeat the exact langnage; I saiel, "Is it aH
satisfaetory 1 " 01' " aH right·~" implyillg that I wallteel to kIlOW whether I
had done llly part aH right.


Q. The substance of that inqnil'Y of General Grmit was, whether he
hall anytlling further for ;yon ?-A. T thought he woultl natnrally give
me some message. 1 snpposed the matter ml1st be something' very itn-
portant to require snch a trip as that, and 1 supposed he would give me
sorne message to assure me that it was all rigilt. I wanted to lmow
whether he wished to seTHI nuy reply back. '1'0 the 1i1'st part of rny
illquiry he said, "yes;" to tIte llext, "]lO ;" amI then I think he repeated,
" No, no reply."


Q. \Vas tilat allGeneral Grant sai(l to yon 011 thatoeea¡:;ion·~-A. Yes; r
tItink that Was aU; I do lloí 1'emcmber llis sayillg ttnything more.


Q. Did you put iuto yOlU' tplegrarn that he said "no replyr'-A. No.
Q. 1)id General Por ter semI auy reply by yon ?-A. No; I think Gen-


eral Porter joineel in sorne little conversation, some eOlumou-place
remarks, perhaps, somethiug' abont New York.


Q. \Vere any words saiel either by the President 01' General Porter,
giving the least infoI'mation as to wilat these letters contained '?-A. No,
sir; there was noto


Q. 'Vere you info1'meQ, before yon left New York, whatthe snbstulIcc
of the letters was ?-A. N o, sir; I was noto I had no knowledge of it
in any way.


Q. Did you mean, by your telegrmll, to saythat the Prí'sident answered
that the contents oí' tbe letter were aH righU-A. :So; T dill 110t know
anything about the eontellts oí' the letter. T meant to say that he hall
received tlle letters and rcad them; that tlley ltad beell delivel'ed aH
rÍght.


Q. You did not, in yonr telegralll, aHude to tIte eOlltents oí' tlle lette1's,
01' the Hu~ject-lllatter of them ?-A. No, llothillg of the kind.


Q. Did yon ea1'l'j' any otber messuge exeept tllo¡;;e lettel's from any
person "?-A. No. sir.


By JUl'. r ACKER:
Q. 'Vas allJ'tiling said by l\ir. Fisk, 01' :!\fr. Gonld, about tile object of




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 233
your mission ?-A. No, sir. The night before 1 started, wheu 1 weut
~lown to the office, 1 ktww there was a. moyement in gold, but 1 kuew
llothing- further than that.


Q. Did tIJey say that this trip of yours was in connection with any
lllovement in goId '?-A. ':'~ot a word.


WASHINGTON, D. O., January 27, 1870.
THmus SAMPSON sW'orn and examined.


By the OHAIR~lAN:
Questioll. State 'yOUl' residence and occupation.-Answer. I am a


Ullited States detcetiye by oecupatioll, attached to the sub-treasury of
the United States in ~ew York; 1 reside on Staten IsIand.


Q. How long huye .ron been a detectiye ti.w the Tl'easul'y '~-A. Ilmyc
beell ¡JI tlle sub-tl'eas1ll'y sinee ]863.


Q. vVhat are your dl1ties in that position ?-A. To investigate any
frauds attempted against the government; whell over-payments are
malle, to get it bad.::; to arrest persons stealing the government funds,
and tIte general dnties of a detective officer.


Q. \Vere you on dnty at tlJe sub-treasury building during the month
oí' Septelllher last '/-A. 1 \Vas.
(~. vVere yon the1'e eye1'Y day of what is known as" pauie week,"


clIding tlle ~jtll of September "?-A. Yes, sir; every day tIlat week aml
io1' t",n 01' tltree weeks hefore.


Q. vVllat ",ere your speeial duties uuring the panie week ~-A. 1 can-
llot remember any particular dllty just now. Largo paylllellts were
lwillg mude of intcl'est, &e., and 1 had to keep tho lines of pe1'sons call-
iug to l'('eeive payrncnts in o1'do1'.


Q. Did :ron IHlTe aU,Ything to do with the messengers 01' servants
abollt trie lmildiag i!_A. Yes, sir; aU the messengers are my immedi-
ate sllbonlinates.


Q. A.bont how lIlally subOl'dinates have yon '?-A. 1 think I have six
illlmediately ulH!pr lile, aJld otlters who are incidentally so.


Q. 1f IIlcssages are sent out frolll the sub-t1'easury to auy part of tho
eity by ally of the messengers would j-on kno\V it ~-A. Yes, sir.


Q. In what way ~-A. Tbe messengcl' is rcquired to noti(y me when
he is gOillg out, so tllat 1 may know 110w long he is to ut' absent and
wllere he ls. There may be times when he would go out without speak-
ing to me about it; but that is tIte general rule.
(~. Do yon kllow of any messagc8 beillg sellt by General Buttel'field


duriug what is kllown as "blaek Friday "~-A. Yes, sir.
Q. \Vhat messages wem sellt, so far as yon know ~-A. The1'e was one


messengel' there who was not under m.y control. 11: was said that he
was an orderly of General Bntterlleld. 1 do uot kno", his name 01'
what his lmsiness \Vas; alld he earl'ied a good many messages which 1
ditl not, see. 'rhcrc was a messenger by the llame 01' .Hobert P. Brown,
who earried a good mauy messagml, sometimes to Belden, a, Ilumber oí"
times to Smith, sometimes tn \Villiam .i\1. Tweed, alld, I think, to MI'.
Seligltlan alld to MI'. Fisk. .
(~. How do .rOIl kllow tIlat tho messages were sent to those persoIls ?-


A. The8e lllessages beeame so frequellt previous to panie week, that 1
took cspeeial paills tn detail this man Brown fol' that special purpose.
1 ltad lICW!' done tlIat before, nor have 1 since; but he lIad to go so
mueh t11aí 1 malle up my milld to dispense with !lis other serviees and




234 GOLD PANIC I~VESTIGATION.


c1etaíl him fol' that business. 'VIWll he ,,"onld go ont llf' would say to
me, "1 Hm going tu .snch a place," showing me tbe llame.


Q. Did ;ron take note of tlle perSUIlS to WhOIIl 110 seIlt messages Y-A.
No, sir; notbing but memory, amI at that time 1 did not aUach aIl~'
importanee to file lIlatter, except that the messenger "'as kcpt very iI!·
dustriously at it.


Q. Did he carry an unusual number of messagcs to thcse partie.s '?-
A. Decidedlv. (¿. Was ii eustomary, preyions to that time, to carry messag'es to
those parties during basiness hours '~-A. No, sir; it was very unmmal.


Q. lIow many messages, as near as yon can remember, were sent OH
tllose days?-A. I really could Ilot say; 1 do llot, Hllppose less than a
dozcn, and there may have been forty. Somctimes he wonlcl \\'ait, ho\\'-
ever, and wouId not go out at aH for au honro


Q, How Hlany times do you remember oí' Ilis having takell mcssages
to ,James Fisk, jI'. ?-A. I do not remember more tIlan t,,"o 01' three
times. After 1 1I0tified him to stand at the door amI carry messages for
General Bnttcrfield, 1 did not see any more of tllese llles¡.;age¡.;, ancl he
did not repol't to me the parties to whom he earriell them.


By]\fr. S1IITH:
Q. At whut time did yon detail bim ?-A. As 1 remembel'; about thc


10th of September.
(¿. Aml anet' that yon did IlOt lOlow to wllom the meH¡.;ages were


directed?-A. Exeept in this way: I W"ouId be sometiuH's ealled out 011
business, and in goiug out 1 would say to Brown that 1 wanted him to
be he1'e, amI he very likely 1\'0nll1 say that he had to go out himself,
showiug me the letters.


Q. \Vllen did yon see theHe message¡.; partieularly ?-A. 1 should say
fl'Olll the 12th 1.0 the 23d 01' 24-tb, to within oue Ol' two day¡.; of the
panic.


Q. OU the day of tlle panie did .ron see uny messnges?-A. No, sir;
1 did uot see any nwssage 1.0 lUI'. Fisk. H(~ took llIe¡;;sages out tllat
lHoI'lling, bnt whom tIley were addressed to 1 do not kilO\\":


Q. Then llone of those messages yon huye spokcn (Jf were on that
day'?-A. No, sir; lIot 011 tbat üa,Y.


By t11e CHAIR11AN :
(¿. Did ;ron ever see General Butterfield in eonversatioll with 1\>11'.


Corhin, alld if so, when '?-A. 1 did, on no Iess than th1'ee oecasions
pre\'iouH to tbe panic. l never sal\' him in tIle office after the pallie.
(~,. State as lwarl.r as :ron can tlle days wllen yon saw him thel'e.-


A. 1 should lmve to glWSS at that; 1 shonld say probably withill two
weeks ot' the panic, 01' tbree at flU'thest.


Q, vVhere tlid theso inte1'vicws take place'?-A. 111 Gellcl'alllutter·
fieltl's room.
(~. You eoulclllot give t11e dateR of theRe interviews more exactly '?-


A. No; witllin ten days 01' two weeks.
Q. Ho\V did yon know he was :Jl1'. COl'bin '?-A. He was pointed out


iu the office as 1\11'. COl'hin, thn bl'othel'-in-Iaw oi' the President. On the
fil'st occasion when the Presidünt visitml the snu-treaHUl'y thel'e \Vas a
great crowd. After that 1 thillk he came alolle. (¿. Did you know au,)' of tlle messellgel'S wholll James Fisk, jr., em·
ployed on that Friday'?-A. 1 <lid noto
(~. 01' any mossengers outside of General Butterfield's, comiug tltat


day'?-A. A great mauy came in yery hnrriedly alld cxeitedly. 1 could
Jlot say who they were.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 235
Q. Do yon kno,," anything ahont the tilllP the telegmphic dispatch


was l'pceivpd by General Bnttel'fiehl frOJll t.he Secretaryoí" the Treasury
to seIl gold °1_A. Oí' my OW11 kuo\Vledge 1 know ver.)" Httle. lt was re·
ceived, 1 rcmeml>er, by a lllesiH~ngpr \Vilo took it in to General Bllt.ter·
lield. lt ,vas in tlle coarse oi" tile mOl'lling; T sbould think, about. 10
o'clock.


By 1Tr. PACKER:
Q. Di<l yOll eyel' see 1\11'. Fisk 01' ]\11'. Gould come there?-A. 1 do 1l0t


know that 1 did. The lJroker w110 eame there most fl'equently was -:\ir.
Se1igmall. He would COlll(\ there a great deal and stop a long time.


By .Mr. S~IITll:
(¿. Ro,," did ,ron kaow this telegraphic dispatch \Vas from the Secre-


tary of the 'rl'easlll'y'?-A. That \Vas what thp nwsspnger af. thp door
!Said. 1 do not kllow of m:_ own kllowledge. T think 1 gatherell it from
hilll, for it \Vas oue which was expected at that time.
(~. Did yon see thf' lllcRsengPl' WllO brought it "?-A. 1 think 1 did. 1


think it \Vas a boy tlJirteen 01' fOl11'teen years of age.
Q. l,'mm what ofiice did the sub-treasury get its messages frolll \Vash-


ingtoll ?-A. 1 tllink they caIlle froIll tIle otliCt~ at the comer oí" Liberty
stl'eet amI Broadway.


By ]\fr. P ACKER:
Q . .1Iow long \Vas it frolll thc time the message got tbero nntil it was


publieIy alllJOunceü, or until .ron knew what its uature \Yas~-Lt. Il'eally
eaullot auswer that. 1 han~ tlPpn asked that question a gl'eat \Jwuy times
in Ne\V York. 1 eOllld llm tell how IOllg it \Vas. T shonlel tltink fl'OlU
the time the messenger went in with it, it was at least two honrs before
I lmew what it \Vas.
(~. Atter it was reeeiYed were there messages seut to any of theRC


broke1's ;ron llave been speaking on-A. ~fr. Bro\Vn will be able to testify
to that. Aftpr the pallie JUl'. B1'own's labors in taking out these me¡s.-
sages \Yere Yel'y limiíed, anel 1 l'cturned him to his ol'dinal'y duties.


VVASIIINGTON, January 27, uno.
BRN,JA:\HN F. CARVI~R 8worn and examined.


To tIte CHAIRJIAN:
1fy place of residenceis at 7 IVest Twent,Y-fifth street, NewYorkOity;


my place of business 7 Bl'oml street. 1 am a broker. TIte style of the
til'lU iR CalTCI' & Uo. 'Ve deal in stod~s and gold amI government
hOllllR.


QU('Rtioll. You do 1mRill(,~R, 1 1)(\lieve, fol' Smith, Gould, Martin & Oo.~­
Amo;wer. Ye:,;, sir,


Q. Both in golel mul stoeks'!-A. Yes, sir.
(~. Ahl,O fol' ,Jauws FiRk, jr.'?-A. No; 1 clid no bURiness for James


Fü,k, ,ir., fol' a ll\1ltlhel' oí' lllo11ths.
Q. Did yOll do bnsilles,~ 1'01' hilll dl1l'ing tlm month of Septemher laRt'?-


A. So, RÍl'.
Q. State in g'l'lIeral fol' W]¡Olll ~-em clid husinp.ss in the month of Sep-


teml>el' la!St.-A. \Vc !lid business fol' quite a num be .. of pal'ties.
Q. For Smith, Gould & l\1artin'!-A. Yes, sil'.
Q. Por Heath & Co.'!-A. No, sir.
Q. Fol' Belden &; Oo. '!-A. No, sir.




236 GOLD PANle INVESTIGATION.
Q. Do you buyand seU and loan, yourselves, 01' do yon emplU'y vellO'"


to do it for you ~-A. 1 employ others mostly.
Q. State tIte extent of tlle transaetions for Smith, Gould, l\1artin &


Oo. dnring tlle month of September last, prior to the breakdown.-A.
1 believe my transaetions for them were not very large. 1 may huye
had one time prior to tlle breakdown probabIy fonr and a half millions of
goId.


Q. Upon the order of which one of the frrm dic1 yon buy this gohI'!-
A. 1 helieve 1 usually got my orders hom MI'. Smitoh.


Q. What were tl1e t.erms of the order as to amollnt and price'?
State your general instrnetions.-A. They varied with the market..


Q.vVere you limitecl as to the amounts yon were to purchase'?-A. 0,
;yeso


Q. At what rates did yon pnrchase ~-A. 1 do not recollect. 1 think
that most of my purehases were at about 87.


Q. Di(l yon also loan this gold that yon bonght ~-A. Yes, sir.
Q. From day to tlay to I!iffcrent partoies '?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. Did yon buy 01' sell 01' loan gold for the firm of Smith, Gould, Mar-


tin & Oo. on the 22d,23d, or 24th oí' September'? Uso, state the :tIllount.-
A. 1 haye 110 l'ecolleetioll as to the amount. 1 undoubtedly loallüd gold
for them during those days.
(~. Abont how Inl1eh should you say?-,-A. 1 should judge probably


tbree millions in aIl.
Q. Did yon bny 01' sell for them on either of thoRe da:rs ?-A. Yes, sir.


1 think there was a little sometohillg done aU the time eaeh day.
Q. Who wel'e yonr hroken; W]1O bought, sold, 01' Ioaned gold for yon


dnring those days?-A. 1 hml diffcront brokers. A good deal of this
business is dOlle by my elerk. 1 reeollect that n. vV. Mart.in, jr., H.
Kniekerbocker & eo., \Vood & Heiek, and ,h.mes Jnliall were bl'okers
for me.
(~. You made spttJemellts with parties with 'W]lOm yon transaeted


business '?-A. Yes, sir.
(~. Did ,ron make your settlements through the elearing-house, 01' pri-


vate1,v ?-A. Some 01' them were made throngh t!lo elearing-house amI'
some priyato]y. The deal'illg-house st.oppecl, and slmt up shOll.


Q. PIease state what porsolls l\Ir. Smith suggestcd to yon t.o compro-
mise with in regard to transaetiolls of that day.-A. 1 sold a good deal
of gold at 35, amI all of it went. out with Lhe exeeption of a tl'irting mnount;
1 do not think the diffcrcnec was $.},OOO.


Q. 'Vas tlwl'e anJ"body in the gol(l-róom to whom ,ron <lid not se11, 01'
authorized gold to be solll to '?-A. There was aman wtlIlell Hpeyers in
the room. The rumor got aroulHl tlle stl'ed tllat he was iIlsallc; he
was bülding 10 01' 15 per eent. more tú,,, gold thall thp mal'kpt priee really
was, ancII may !laye told In} brokel's noto to seU to 1Iim.


Q. Did yon teIl any of thcm to sol1 in small lots, amI not to seH to
Belden 01' any of those who were bnyÍllg in lmge lots at lGO '?-A. 1
rather think that pl'obably 1 did.


Q. State what was yOlH' objeet in giying that order "/-A. Be!(lell is a
mau in whom 1 neyer had any eoufidence ill any way. TIe <lid HOt belong'
to the gold-room, to begin witll; he was not one of the partieR f.o the
organization, and for months befol'e that 1 would HOt, lla\'c takpll hill¡
for a gold transaetion.


Q. Ditl .ron give any orders on tlte 24th t.o John HOTlllel' to Rell gold,
and did yOH instruet him not to seU to Belden 01' Spe,yers Y-A. 1 lila,\'
have done ¡';O; 1\-lr. Bonner solel sorne gold for me.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 237
Q. vVhat is yonr nnderstalldillg of the cause of the extmordinary rise-


in go](l during tIlO SR days o/-A. It was eansed by very large purchu&es.
Q. Made for the pnrpose 01' raising the price ~-A. 1 should thillk so.
(~. vVho was in tIte combinatioll to mise gold, as you umIerstood~­


A. 1 do llot kllow; Ilotbing more tIlan what rumor says. 1 do not tbink
there was 1'eally any pool in it.


Q. 'Yere .you the plaintiff in uny suit agaillst the New York Gold
Exchange Bank in Septembe1' Jast '?-A. 1 believe 1 was.


Q. State the natnre and object of that snit ?-A. 1 cannot do it. lt
was a time of g1'eat excitement. 1 had $15,000 in money in the bank,
and 1 thillk 1 al'plied for a receivel', i1' lrecollect righL


Q. Was tile injnuetiou granted ~-A. No, sir; it wm; all fixed up
before anything came out 01' it.


Q. By whose <lirection 01' adviee 01' arder dirt yon COlUll1CIWe the
suit~-A. 1 <10 uot thillk by auy oue's advice; 1 think 1 eonsuIted with
:VII'. Smith about it.


Q. vVJw was yonr coum;el '?-A. Field & Sherll1an.
Q. Did ,ron settle with the connsel and pay his fees '?-A. There was


nothing' donc.
Q. Yon hegan the suiH-A. 1 llegan t1le snit, and MI'. ]'ield told me


that he shonJtl want a retainer, 1 think 01' $1,500; amI he sent down to
my otlice a nnmber 01' times to han~ me come up there. 1 had inquired
into t.Iw situation of the Gold Exchunge Bank, an<l had made up ll1y
mind that it was llerfcctly good, and so lnever went uear the oflice. 1
wrote him a note sayillg that 1 did llOt wish to carry on thc suit, as 1
was satisfied 1 shon111 get my Illolley in a few days, whcn 1 <lid I'cceive
m:r 1l10uey in fnll frOIIl J ohn Pondero


Q. How callle he to pay yon the money?-A. IIe owed the bauk sorne
ll10nev.


Q. AmI the banle ordered him to pay yon aud thus cancel the trans-
actioll ?-A. Ycs, sir; whaj, thpy can a "stand-off" among llrokel's.


Q. vVas the snit tIten (liseontinned ?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. By yOUl' order ?-A. Yes, sir; by my arder to connse!.
(~. Did 1\1r. Field ever dellland any fee for his ser vices o/_A_ Not after


that.
Q. And yon never paid any?-A. No, sir.
Q. Who did pay ?-A. 1 do not kllow. He <lid 110t get :1nything ont


of' me.
Q. Do yon cOIlsider that yon owe him anything ?-A. 1 suppose 1 may


han' owp!l him $~;) 01' $30.
Q. Did ;von not eonsider this snit reaIly more 1'01' Smith, Gonld, 1\1:11'-.


tin & Co. tItan fo1' yourself, and that they ought to pay the fee'?-A.
No, sil'.


Q. 'Verc yon consnlted by anybodJ- with rega1'd to discontinuance 01'
the s\lit, and tite maUller in ,vhich it was to be settl(~d ?-A. No, sir.


Q. vVere y011 not a party to tlle suit whcn tIle fil'st, receiver was ap-
pointed~-A. Not that 1 recoIlect.


Q. Di(l ,'fOil briug any other suit than tIte one yon have spoken of?-
A. No, sir.


Q. vVere :ron by name a party to any other snit ?-A. 1 tllink noto
Q .. 'Verc you present. at tile Opera Honsp, ahollt tile time of the punic,


at HUy llH'lltillP; oí' tile ]lm'tie~ illtel'ested in the moyemellt ~-A. No, sir.
Q. Have ,Y0n auy knowledge of aD.)' officcr oí' the United States having


been intereste(l, directly 01' indil'ectly, 01' haviug' taken any part in the
gold 1ll0YCment '?-A. No, sir.




238 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
\VASllINGTON, .Janu4ry 27,1870.


JOSEPH SELIG:.\IAN sworn anl1 examined.
By tlle CHAIR::IiAN :


Q. Please statc your residence, place of business, alld occupation.-A.
1 reside in New York. 1fy place of business is 59 Exchange Place. 1
am <le banker.


Q. In what bnsiuess were j'ou cng'aged dlll'ing tlle months of Augnst
aIHl September last ~~A. As usual, in foreign exchange amI U llited
State8 government bonds.


Q. ",Vere yon acquainted with thc COlU'se of gold during these lIlonthl';
in Npw York "¡-Yes, sil'.


Q. Dül yOll have transaction8 in gold '?-A. "'Ve had, ahnost daily.
Q. State tho extent of your tmusactio1l8 du1'illg the month of Augnst


and t11e first half of Septembed-A. 1 should thill le 01l1~ transaetlom\
arc genera]]y OH an average of abont a millioll and a half to thrce mil·
lions a month.


Q. State what the extellt of these transactions was (Inring tIte week
knowII as the pauic week, cnding 25th of September 'J-A. Huring that
week 1 s110nhl think 1 sold, it may be, a million 01' a million anll a qnnr-
t('1' oí' gold. 1 purchased VCl'y little, and tlLc gohl We' pUl'ehased was
aftcl' the break. 1 do 1l0t thillk we purehaseü more titan a hl1lHlrea
thollsalld doIlars.


Q. Bol' whom did you transact business dmiug that week ?-A. \VI'
:,;old ehiefiy fol' ollrselves. 1 also :,;old some gold during t,lle ,veek fol'
another gentleman. 1 presume 1 might as weIl state what 1 suppose
yon 1'1~fer io ai once. 1 80111 gold tlwt week for üenen,l Butterfield.


Q. Row mnch did yon seU for him that week?-A. T Hhoulü think
near se\'en l\Ulldred thousalld d01lars.


Q. State tIte tlates.-A. On tite ~:!d 01' 23tl 01' Septernher 1 Hohl about
four hundred thousand in gold, Oll an average, frolll 41 t,o 4:1. 1 eonl11
not, from memol'y, state the amoullt sold each day, [mt OH tlwt wee];:, u]l
to 1Jlaek Friday, the total amollut ,ras seYCll 11l1JHIrt'(1 thousand, avl'l'-
.agillg from :~-! to 43-the majority 41.


Q .. State what order:,; General Bnttc1'field gaye ,)011, and ",hut imlt1'l1c-
tio]}s in regal'd to these Hales.-A. He told me abont how Illuch to :-;el1.
One orcler was fol' Italf a million, amI Oll it we sold thl'ce hUTldl'ecl thOH'
sami.


Q. \Vere these orden; given iu wriLing '!-A. },"o; verbaUy.
Q. Did he eOlDC to you in pel'soll '?-A. He sent for me.
q. Did yOLl go to the sub·treasury ?-A .. 1 di!l,
Q. State as nearly as yon can Wllut t116 cOllversation was.-A. T had


been operating for some weeks for Gcneral Entterfield in tite purehase
oí' Uuited States bonds, which itl our ehief busilless. 1 told hilll, ot
eonrse, tlmt 1 thonght gold at 40 waH a good sale in eonnectioll with the
pnrcllase of bonds OH the other siele. He told me he wished 1 wonld
sell for l1im ahout haIf a million of gold, whieh 1 die], aJl(I \Ve fiold two
hundrcd thOUS<tlld aftel'ward. He told me afterwal'll tltat tllPse oper-
atiolls \Yere for 111's. Bnttel'field, his wife. 1 hall a genc>ral order fl'olll
him to sdl. 1 hall 110 special ordel's fol' particnlar sales.


Q. Did he put up lb margill with you ?-A. He did Bot, but he liad a
protit, Oil bonds we had pnrchased previously, so that that actetl aH a
margino


(¿: So that yonr bnsiness with 11im \Yas a rcgular oue, in whieh :\,011
]¡a(ll'(~gularly seenrcd yourself"I-A. Oyes, 1 llaid ltim his lll'ollts. He
malle on tite :,;ale o[ gold, 1 should think, about thirt;y-five thonsand dol·




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 23~


lars, which we settled with him for part in currency and partl;y in United
States lJ01Hls, which we earried.


C.!. \Vllat amollllt in gold amI bonds have you transaeted fol' him "r-
A. Abollt a million dollars.


Q. Dmillg' auy of these days of the panÍc \Veek dicl yon receive au'y
mpssagps Ü'Olll Up¡u>ral BuHerfield, aside fl'olll the OlHl ,ron have men
tionctl!-A. r tllink 1 did.


Q, \V1Iat lllcssages, iI' auy J-A. Only to come up amI see him to op
erat(~ eithl'l' in h011(IR 01' gold for him.


Q. How often did ,ron go durillg that weck '?-A. 1 thillk 1I0t exceed-
iug t1l1'ee 01' ro u]' times.


Q. What messeng'er tlid he Rend to ,ron asking you to eome '?-A 1 110
not kllo\\'; some snuorclinate oí' the tl'easury. 1 do 1l0t kIlow his lla:ne
if 1 should see him.


Q. Did GeJl(~ral Buttrrileld sa;y anythiug to J'ou about the proba lJility of
gold heillg s01(1 from th(~ Treasul'y, iu auy oí' these eOlln~l'"atioml '?-A.
Yes; 1 thillk he thought that lUr. Bontwell's plan woultl pl'ohably be COIl-
tÜlUed fol' the í()llowiug montll.


Q. \"llten <lid yontil'st leal'll of the onlel' to sell on tlmt day'l-
A. Aftel' L!w lwu'kel, had b1'oken.


Q, 1'ot hefi)l'o ?-A. No.
Q. Ho\\' did ,,"on first !leal' of ¡U-A. 1 l'pally eanllot speak posi-


tiYd,r, 1 mn sati,,[¡ed 1 did llot learn of the oruer through General
Buttrrfield. 1 b,ul 1lO iltterest in tila!., Cq~Il rOl' Geueral Bntteriíeld, iu-
asltlueli as Wl' Wt're llot lOlJg oí' gold, lmt l'atiler sllOrt. 1 tilink 11wanl
at lirst in lllY OWIl oftice.
(~. Hi<l Y(;\1 cal! Olt General Buttorllekl dnriug that day, awl bef()l'c


the break ·!-A. 1 thiuk noto
Q. Did YOIL eall on him on t11e 23d ?-A. 1 am uot positive; 1 think


it likt'lv 1 (litl.
(~, ]}o you 1'ememher an,\' speeifie thing whielt he saitl to yon of what


t!J!' 'l'l'('asllI'y would he likely to do '?-A. ?{ o; 1 did not know eertainly,
lmt thOllg'ht tIlO Heeretary wonld probalJly eOlltilllH' to sel! gold a1Hl pUI'-
dwse bonds 1'01' tlw emming' 1ll01lth.


Q. lJill he ¡..;}¡ow yon aHy COlTcspondeIlee 01' díspatches ?-A. :x o.
Q, lIad he been in the ha llit oí' sho\\'illg' .r0u (lispai:dws '?-A. He


¡..;how(',[ Jll() a week 01' t\\'o lH'1'ol'e a lott01' he ha<l Wl'ittCll to tIte Seeretar,y.
Q. \Yllat was the i:mllHtanee 01' the letter?-~\. 1 think it was a gell-


('ralIeUer, advisíug' JUl'. Bontwell to go OH \ritll 1ho plan or sellillg g'old
amI purchasing bOlll[S. 1 would 1l0t be positivt', ¡mt 1 thillk t.hat wa¡..;
abontit,


Q. \Vas it tllC ull<lel'staIHling, iu tite trall¡..;¡¡etiOl1s with hilll, tlmt he
wa¡..; to k(~('p ~'on illt(mllcd or any dumges of llo1iey in the goyernment
in rcgard to :,;dlillg gold "I-A. Th('l'l~ was 110 partieular uuderstandiug
ahOLlt Uta!. [suppose he tbought it wonltl he tu Ilis OWIl illtl'l'est to
do so. (l. JI:we ,ron had auy trallsaetions 1'01' C;eneral Duttel'tield othel' thall
tllOse yon han., mentioned?-..:L Bxecpt in a fmv stock" whieh 1 once
earried fol' lIim, 1 tltink Hot.


Q, \YIH'1l \litl yon fin,t bep:ill to lmy, se]], o]' loan Rtoeks, bonds, 01'
goltl 1'or General Butterfield "!-A. Some time in July General Butte1'-
lield Sl'Ht t()l' ns to "av tlmt he ltad recei \'elI an onlel' from the Treasurv-
Gelleral Spillller-to" sen, on aeeOllllt 01' ¡";OIlW westerll banker, sorne
10.10 Uniteu 8tates bonds, whieh he wantcd GS to dispoRe oí and render
aa aeeollut, 'l'hat was our lirst tl'alJsadioll with General But.tel'field.
'l'hell 1 heealllt' aCl[uaintcd wít.h llim.




240 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. Díd ron have any transactions with General Butterfleld after the


break "?-A. Ye",; after the break we bougltt in gold. 'N e were short of
gold previons to the break.


Q. When did yon settle these transactions with him ~-A. They are
not settletl. There are sorne bonds I am carrying fOI" him. 1 have paid
in the money for sales we have mado.


By 1\11'. COllURN:
Q. State whether yon soltl auy gold fúr General Butterfield on Friday,


the 24th of Sept.ember; and if so, how lIluch alld at what pl'iee'l-A. 1
think 1 SO Id two hundred thousand at alJont:H OH that Friday. This
was a part of tho .'leven lnmdred thollsalld whieh I have mentíoned.
(~. At what time on Fritlay diel you sell that gold "?-A. A''ter the


market had broken; an honr perhaps.
Q. Before that WIlO was the first man yon discovered selliug gold after


the market broke '~-A. 1 do Ilot know. 1 did not go into tite gold-room
personally. vVhen 1 saw gold was qlliet at ,15 1 toId m.y broker to sel!
two hundred thousand to a good mano ne weut oyer amI said tIte room
\Vas in great confusion; that he coulll uot nnd a goo(l m,w. He finally
soId at M to a good mano


Q. Who was yonr broke1' ?-A. Willialll n. Reed.
(~. YOll had heard tlmt gold was lJl'oken beíiH'e yon (lil'ede(! Heed to


seIl ital-A. Yes; it ran uown ÍÍ'01ll ()O to 35 in ten, fifteen, 01' t",enty
minntes. 1 have a teIegraph illdicator in my OWIl oftice.


Q. llow close is yonr offico to the gold-roolll uI_A. Very close; díag-
onally opposite.


Q. Who first told :ron of the ol'der of the Treasnry to seU gold ?-
A. r call1lot state positiyely '~y}lO told me. T eXllected it would come.
r J¡ad uo donbt bllt thatl\1r. Boutwell would break gold on tbat day.
\Vlwn 1 wcnt üowu tOWIl 1 liad a eouversation with 1\11'. No1'ville. tIte
TIna'lcial editor oí' the Times, alld he said so too. Tu faet, uo 1'('asouable
lUall expecteü anythiug else Imt what the governmcnt wonld step in
tlwt day 01', at aH cyents, tho toHowillg' day.


By .:\Il'. BUIWHARD:
Q. Did yon seH any goltl that uay; amI if so, how lIlHch ~-A. Yes,


1 think 1 s(lId pl'OlmbIy f1'om Olle to two hnn<1reli thollsand dollars.
Q. Aftee the break 01' lJefore!-A. After the break. 1 did not seU


auy 1Ie1'o1'{' Oll that day.
By tIte CHAIR:\lAN :


Q. PIcase state wIwther yon had auy gol<1 transactions fol' any other
pe1'son eouuected with the suh-treasll1'y.-A. 1 hall noto


Q. Did'you lla\'(~ auy otl1e1' transactionsfor any member of tIto falllily,
or au,- ofj:ke1'8 oí' tite Treasll1'y?-A. 1 did noto


Q. 'Aside frolll what ;yon h,,\-o said iu your testitnon'y bitherto, (lo yon
]mow oí' auy officer oí' the gOVl'TUmcut of the Unitel1 Sta tes, t·ithe1' in
Kew York, \Yashington, or elsewhere, who had an.y illterest, 01' took
aily rlHl't in thc interest, in gold du1'ing the lllonth of Spptelllbür ?-A. 1
110 not.


Q. \Vhat do ;ron think, as a lmnker allfl au expert bllsiness mall, \Vas
tilo can:-;c of the break do\Vn in gold ~-A. }I]'. Bontwl'lI'" Ol'(ler to sell.
(~. Did Ilot gold break down hefore noticé oí' tl\(· ordl'l' (~aIllC '?-A. 1


thiuk it did. 1 cHnllot tell. It is ,inst as possihlp it lllUy haye hroken
do\Yu bp[orc tile order eame. It had run np to sudl a fearfill pricc that
]lO reasollable mm! wonld deal in gold at 50 01' GO, when it was worth
lJnt 23.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATIO~. 241


Q. vVhat was the cause of the sudden rise in gold ~-A. Xherc is no
question but what the pool drove it up by their tremendousIy large pur-
chases.


Q. What do you mean by the pool ?-A. 1 mean a combination of
gamblers.


Q. Do :rou know that there "as snch a combination ?-A. 1 do not
kuow it, cxcept as yon know by the papers.


Q. Have you auy doubt in your own miud that there wasf-A. 1 have
no doubt.


Q. From your knowledge of the transaction, who made money out of
this movement ?-A. Very strange to say that out of a hundred pcople
1 have spoken to uinety-nillc have lost money. It occurred in tlJis way:
1 did uot go and purchase gold to strengthen the pool, hut 1 had a cer-
tain amount 01' gold short, belíeving that it was commercial1y too high.
Of comsc 1 had necessarily to take in gold from others at certain prices-
suppose 1 took in gold at 140, thc price at which gold was on Thnrsday,
01' 160, tIle price to whicIl it rose tlle next day, tIlese men came und
wantell to gt'lt theil' margino 1, being an experiencell bunker, was rather
careful WllO 1 gave margins too 'Vhen people came in WhOlll 1 did not
kno\\' 1 told them to put np your margin in the Trust OOlllpUlly, and 1
willput up \\'ith you. Others who put up margins on tllat day conld
not get it b¡~ck again on the next day; and even as careful as 1 was, in
oue iustance 1 received llloney from a very respectable firm by the name
of Beldell, ami Oll the day following they could not respoud, and 1 wal,
out somc tcn ortwelve tbousand dollars. 1 do not think there "as much
money made by anybody. The men who were alleged to have formeü
_the pool ovel'did the business. 1 do not believe they made llllleh money.
There are sometimes financial transactions in whieh nobody makes any·
thing.


By MI'. OOBURN:
(~. Row Itmch golli do you think was in the market, all told al_A. I


do not belie,Te there \Yere twenty millions in the market.
Q. ])oes that estímate coverthe whole eountry as well as New York


City'?-A. r mean in 'Vall street, exclusive of tho Treasury.
Q. Raye ;ron any knowledge of the amount held in the country out-


side oi' K ew York al_A. 1 have no knowledge. 1 shonld think t11at out-
side of Kc\V YOl'k~ ine1uding California and Nevada, there ougltt to be
near two humlred millions.


Q. Where is this gold outside of Oalifornia and Nevada?-A. Texas
had a great deal of gold. They se1l their cotton túr gold. 1 should
thiuk tllere were eight 01' ten millions in tbat State. Louisiana has n
great <leal of gold, a-ud a great many people all over the country have
small snms. "Ve can onIy tell from tIte production of gold in Oalifornia
during' the last fifteen years, alld the export of gold, from which 1 shouId
say tlwre mURt be abont three hnndred millions 01' coin in the UlIited
St;ltes, exclusive of the amount of gold in the Treasury.


Q. llow is it possiblo with so large a supply in the conlltry to get
sucl! a corner on twenty millions'?-A. You eould not get it in time.
What gold there was in Philadolphia and Boston was seut in.


Q. Do yon know auythiug ahout au effort to get gold from Oalifornia
at that time?-A. 1 telegraphed to San FranciRco fol' gold.


Q. Did they spnrl it OH "?-A. Yeso )fy opinion is that, at any time, in
spite of tlte governmellt, a comer can be gotten up in the gold-room in
.New York by a Ilumber of wealthy gamblers-owing to the fact that
this gold-room is composed of hundreds and hundreds of roen, a great


H. Hep. 31--16




242 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
majority of wbom have no capital, wbo would not be trusted for five
tbousand dollars, and ;yet w ho deal by millions. If yon can enact a law
rcqniring tbem to lay down the gold within a few hours after a sale, yon ~
can stop sncb panics in tbe future; otberwisc yon cannot. You must
stop in some way these tremcndonsly large operations by people wbo
have 110 money.


By ~Ir. S}IITH:
Q. "Vhat is the effect of short sales of gold npon the price of gold~­


A. A num uer 01' sbort sales in gold, if tbey are not too large, will steady
tbe market and keep it from going np; but if too large a nurnuer of
men come in and seU too largely short, and the bnlls find tbat out, then
they will pnt np the price and endeavor to frighten those WllO are sIlo!'t.


Q. SO tbat tbe effort in regard to gold in tbis panie was to el\lleavor
tbe shorts to coved-A. 1 think not; becanse tbe gamblers as a gen-
eral rule run short. Tile merchants and sol id people who thougltt gold
too higb at 140 were short; but 1 do not tbink therc was any large short
interest in the gold-room.


By MI'. BURcHARD :
Q. You say yon sold four hnndred thousand for General BlltterfiehI


on the 22d; did yOll sell titat regular "I-A. Ycs; and delivered it the
Mrld~ .


Q. "Vere tbere any profits ?-A. There were profits, but we did 110t
cover the sborts until aftel' the panic.


Q. Did not somcuody have to carry t.hat~-A. 1 canied it until after
the panic.


Q. SO tbat you, 011 hi8 accouut, \Vas shOl't °1_A. 1 \Vas.
Q. Docs thc clearing-honse cOlltl'ibute to opcrations of this kind in


panics?-A. 1 think it does. 1 think VfÍthOllt the clearing-honse there
could not be these gigantic operatiolls in güld by men oi' sItort mcantl,
who are enal>led to deal by the million without auy capital to go upon.


WASHINGTON, D. C., January 27, 1870.
ABEL RATIIllONE CORBIN sworn uml examined.


By the CHA.IRl\I.A.N:
Question. State your residence, place of busínesR, and occupation.-


Answer. 1 havo residecl these last seven yean; in New York; 1 have
been out of business a great many years, and now simply manage my
own real estate.


Q. Are you familiar with the course of gold during the lllonth oi' Sep-
tember lasU-A. 1 do not lmow how to answer that; 1, \Vho ncwer in
my Jife bon!:'bt or solel gold for specnlative purposes. Having beeu
always an active man, alltllta\'ing in my yonnger yea1's, after 1 gaüwd
my knowledge of the law, gone to Sto Ijouü:, whel'e 1 was pe1'slladed by
Colonel Benton to uecorne au editor, 1 trird to be famÍlütr with ewl'y-
thing .. So in Ne", York. Although 1 never bny bank stocks, 01' gold,or
anything of that so1't, my attcntion is ever Ilil'ected towunl them, and
the events which took place there in the course of the sumrner made me
pay considerable attention to gold and tlle effect that its price was likely
tCl have on the prodncts of tbis count1'Y.


Q. Did )'11'. Fisk and .1\'11'. Gould, 01' either of them, ever mcet the Pres-
identofthe United States at your honse; and if so, when,for the first




GOLD PANlC INVESTIGATION. 243
time?-A. To my knowledge, ::\'rr. ,T. Fisk, jr., never was in my honse in
11is life until after the break of gold on the 24th of September-ne\~e.r.
lt is possible that he may have been there on tho occasion oi' the Preso
ident going to the Boston .Jubilee, to see him to the boato Several gen-
tlemen were there when 1 was not there, but 1 do not think that he was.
Ronce tllese varions reports as to what MI'. Fisk stated to tllese report-
ers (and which 1 cannot think he ever said to them, as sorne reporters
are in the habit of drawíng a long bow,) must necessarily be false; he
never was there on any occasíon, with the possible exception 1 have
stated. He never was hl my hOlU;e in his liie prior to the 24th of Sep-
tember. As to 1\1r. Gould, 1 met him, 1 tllink, three or ibur yeal's ago at
Saratoga. 1 made a general acquaintance with 11im, amI he called occa-
sionally during the summer. 1 '\Vas gone much of the summer. 1 spent
some time in KanesvilIe, in tIte extreme western part of Pennsylyallia,
and then passed into the mineral region of that State. 1 weut to Long
Branch twice during' the snmmer, and spent sorne time there. 1 aIso
went to Sal'ntoga. 1 had been out of politics for a good many yearR,
hut still a remcmurance remained Witll mc; aml 1 was now the more
interestecI, as 1 had a natural desire for tlle success oi' the administration
oí' thc brother 01' my wife, especially during its Jirst .)'car. vVhile at
home JUl'. Gould nsed to can at rny honse oeeasionalIy; amI as 1 had heard
that he was a 'Vall street operator, 1 always improved the opportunity
to talk with him. 1 took advantage 01' every oecasion to impress upon
11im what 1 thOllght was t1 vital poillt-and that was to let tIte fal'lners
~Lnd mecltanics and manufacturors have good priccs for thcir produdioIls.
1 neyer was in 11is broker's office nor in the gold-room in my life. 1 was
illlpresRed with the idea that gold should he hig11 if \\'e wonlcl h~we good
prices for thc CI'OpS; and as he was engaged in tbe managom8nt of :1,
railroacl whieh was very mlleh stigmatized, 1 told 11im 1 thougbt that
1he true road to popnlarity lay through tllC Jicld of nsefulllcsS, alld 1
tIlín k so no\\'. lf the erops brought but low prices we conld Bot ship them
with pro1lt. 1'hat was cnforced again and agaill, 1 illsistillg tltat gold
onght to he hi~h in order to moyo tIle crops. 1\11'. Hould concnrred in
aU that, aml gave a good many rcaSOllS himself. He talked tu me lllllCh
011 the sUQjeet of gold. He had one 01' more intel'views with tlH' Pres-
ident. Hut t11lO PreRidellt wasalways hitehing a little from ltim when-
ever he hegan to go :tt aU illto thlO poli(~y of t.1P government. 'rile Pres-
ident would taJk on general principles, bnt the rnoment the conyen,atioll
lecl to the subject oi' what tIle aclmillistration would do, he uniformly
becume ycry reticent.


Q. State the first time t11at Uro Gou1cl eyer met thc Prcsident at your
houRe.-A. (Heferring to a pocket diary,) t1le first time that tile Pres-
idcnt carne to my house \Vas Oll 1'lmrsday, the 15th oí' J une.


By 1\11'. JrDD:
Q. Did )11'. Goulcl meet bim at that time ~-A. 1 am not certain.


Reyeral gentl(~men carne. Tile President merely 1eft his family in my
honse, aml left directly for tite boato (Reading from an entry in the
diary under tilat date as follows: ., General Grant aneI family arrived at
our house this afternoon.")


By lYIr. S~nl'Il:
Q. Do yon keep a regnlar dial'y ?-.A.. X o, sir; except this may be caUeá


so. It is a little expense aC(~Ollllt, alld ROllletimes events are noted. The
I'resident arrivecl at lUy how,e that aftCl'llOOll from West Point, anclleft
a t ij o'cloek f<w Bostcm, to vi.,it tilo Pence J nbilee. l'hat was Tues-




244 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


day, the 15th of .Jun€'. He retllrned to my housc OH T11Ul'sday lligut,
,Jnne 17.


By Mr. JFDD:
(~. \Vhat gel1tlemen went with him froTll yonr honse to tbe boat~-A.


There were qnite a nnmber, alrnost all of "bom \Yere strangers to me.
l am 1l0t much acqnainted with politicialls. l think t11ere were sorne
persons from Boston-perhaps the goyernor and bis stafI l \Vas illtro-
duced to several persolls, bnt tbere wero so 111l1ny strallge faces that 1
do not recall tbem. Tile Presidellt came bacIl: OH tbe 17th, alld \Vith bis
farnily,left on tbe 21st. One thillg wllich attracteu tlle Presitlent to my
honse \Vas that 1 lived very quict, and he was comparati\'ely very liUle
troubled with compally tbere. In that time, MI'. Gonltl lllay 01' may 110t
have had interviews with him. l do not recall definitely whetllCr he
had 01' noto The President was there 10ilg- cl10ugh for him to have talkt'd
with him many times if he chose; but 1 belieye, witllOut recalling any-
thing specia1, that there was not mnch con \-en;ation.


By the CrrAIR}IAN :
Q. Did you go with the President to the boat ~-A. No, sir; l did noto
Q. State any other visit of the Presiclent to your llOuse while ;Vr1'.


Gould was thcre.-A. Very shortly aftcr that Ileft tho city amI wcnt
to Covington, Kentueky, to visit my fatber-in-1a\V, allll remained there
fmm the 24th of June to the 7th oí" July. My wife's (and General
01'ant'8) father and mother came back with URo On the 3u of August
General Orant and family carne to my honse agrLill, accolIlvanied by
1\'1rs. General Comstock. On the üth of Angn"t thoy aU went up to
Governor Fish's country honse. TheTc \Vas no interview tben with any-
body. He spent a short time there, and on the 9th he allll Governor
Fish carne back, dined at my honse, amlleft fol' \Vashington City, the fam-
ily remaining at my honse. On thc l~th of Angnst he carne back from
Washington, accompanied by General Porter, his priva te secretary.
The llext day, (the 13th,) himself ancl fa mil y, HlHl lll,r wife 3ml mp:H:,lf,
went out to \Vest Pennsylv:tuia, to Kalles.-ille, amI madi~ quite a trip
throngh Penllsylvania. llere is a memol'<llldul1l undel' flat,e of August
19: "Rcturned this afternoon from Pennsylnlllia with General Grant
al1d famBy, who went 011 to :-re\Vport withont stoppillg at aH."vVhen
he came lmck from Pellnsyl\-ania, he \VeIlt direet to the Fall River boato
Tllat \Vas OIl the 19th of August. 011 the 2cl oí' St'ptember he C:lIlW to
my house to breakfast, aud ,,,it1l0ut seeillg any oue except oue gentle-
JIlan fi'orn "N ew Jersey, he started in tIte 10.30 train fol' Sara toga Spring"J
to join his farnily. On Sunday evelling, the ütl! oi' September, he 1eft
Saratoga Sprillgs for \Yashington to see General Raw1ius. He did üot
stop at my hon8e at aH, bnt his farnily came tlle next day-Monda~'.
General Grant next came to my house 011 t11e 10th of September fo11m,'-
ingo, after tho funeral oí' General Rawlins. That llight he visited tIte
1VIechanics' Fair, 1 believe, mal the llext day wout witlt 1Ii:;; wife and t,-.'o
ehildren to vVest Point. ~:rr. Gonld eould llot have seell ltim that ch\".
He l'cturned that afternoon, amI he possilJly lllight have seen him thát
night. The next day \Vas Sunday. . He dinetl at A. T. Stewart's, and
Mr. Gould eould not have seen 11im the1'e. .:\'Ionday lllorning, Septem her
13, General Grant and falllily left for vVashingtoll, Pellllsylvania. It i:;;
uot likely tllat in the trip, between the 10tll tothe 13th,lVll'. Oonld saw 11im.
It is possible, but not at all likely. Fl'om \Yashington, Penns,rlvania,
he we11t direetly home. He has not been uorth sillce, and that was his
1ast visit to lllyhou8e, 1 tllÍuk. lnstead of his visiting the l\lecllallics'




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 245


Fair the first night that he carne, it may have been the second night after
he carne back fl'orn West Point, but 1 think it was the first night.


Q. The first visit of the President to yonr house, as 1 uuderstaud, was
ou the 15th oi' June, on his way to the Peace Jubilee f-A. Yes, sir.


Q. Do you say that ~Tr. Gould \Vas not at your honse during the
President's stay at your honse on l}js way to the Peaee Jubileo ~-A.
No; he conld not have had an interview, uecause the President arrived
in the aftel'noon, ancl was off tIte same afternoon, accompanied by sorne
gelltlemen, 1 thillk f1'om J\Iassachusetts. Possibly 1\11'. Gould may have
been presento Bnt as the President a1'1'ived in the afternoon and went
to tIle boat with a crowd at five o'clock, it was practically impossible
to1' any gentleman to l1a\Tc lwd ítll,Y pl'intte inteITiew witl1 l1im.


Q, 1 am not speaking of any private cOllversation with .MI'. Gou1d at
,yOUI' house ?-A. 1 carmot sayo There was a crowu t11e1'e requiring my
attention, and 1 was mueh oeeupied. The only probability wou1d be
that going 011 their boat, ~lr. Gould lIIay llave joineu the committee.
(~. He may 01' II1H,y not have been there to go with the Pl'esident.


You do not know ?-A. 1 do llot recollect seeing him at aIl.
Q. On the l'eturn of the Presülcllt from the Peace .Jubilee, from the


17tll to the 21st, state whether Mr. Gon1cl was 01' \Vas not at your house,
,vhile the Présidcnt was there.-A. The next day, the 10th, the Prcsi-
dent rode out with .Juelge Pierrepont. MI'. Gould may 01' may not have
seen him. . Re might very easily luwc done so, lmt whether he did or
did 1l0t, 1 do not recolleet.


Q. Then you swear that yon do llOt reeollect whether 1\11'. Gould
calleel during those fonr days 01' uot ?-A. 1 callnot recolleet. 1 recall
no event which fastens ii npon rny mincl. He cOl1ld vcry \Vell have done
so, anu may 01' rnay uot have clone so.


Q. When was the visit of the P1'esülent io yOUl' l10use on his return
f1'Oill Saratoga~-A. August :3, General Grant and family ar1'i\'ed "ith
]\1rs. General Comstock, OH Tnesday. He remained \Veelnesday and
Thursday. He visited the sub-treasury-probably his first visito Hf,
staid with me all oí' \Vedllesday and Thursday, and 1 think they went
awaytole1'ab1y carlyon Friday, the 6th, to Governor Fish's conntry-place.


Q. 'Vas hc on his way to Saratoga at that time~-A. No, sir. On the
9th, after dinner, the President and Governor Fish 1eft 1'01' ·Washington
City. He came back from ·Washington on the 12th, accompanied by
General Porter, priyate sccretary.


By Mr. S1rIlTH:
Q. Have you any memorandulll as to the President's movements be-


tween the 21st of June and thc 3d of August ~-A. 1 have nothing be-
tween June 21 ami Angust 3, except that the Presidcnt and his family
carne up frolll Long Branch on the 22d of .July, shopping, and returned
by the 4 o'clock boat to Long Branch.


By thc CHAlR::VIAN:
Q. llave j'OU rcaehed the date when the President wcnt to Saratoga


from yOlU' honse~-A. 1 wellt myself to Saratoga on the 26th of
Augnst, alld therefore know that President Grallt alld family arrived
aL the springs (after the trip through New England) at 9 0'c1ock on
Saturday night, the 28th of August. 01l ~~ugust 30th 1 returned
to New York, accolllpanyin~ PJ'esident Grant in a special cal'. He
went immediatelY on to 'Yashington. I think GovernoI' Fish was
with us, though 1 see no llotiee of it in mj' diary. The l1ext Thursday,
September 2, Presiclent Grant, accompalliecl by bis secretary, and
General Porter, arrived at my house and took breakfast. After a




246 GOLD PAKIC INVESTIGATION.
brief interyiew with a. gentleman froll1 Now Jersey, they left by
tlle Hmlson Rú'er Railroad on the 10.30 tmin for Saratoga Sprillg'8,
where he had left his famíly. General Gmnt left Saratoga Springs 1'01'
vVasbington on tIle llight o[ Sunday, Septelllber 5, to visit General
Rawlins, ana <lid 110t stop at Uly l1on:,;e.


'Q. At oue of the Presic1cnt's visits to yonr honse,.llot far from the time
of his yisit to Saratoga, did ~Ir. Goula caU UpOIl him at your house "1-
A. ~Ir. Gould liad an intcrvicw, but it would be impossiblc for me to fix
its date. I taxmy momol'y in nlin.


Q. Fix tlle time as nea1' as yon can.-A. TlJel'e j:,; 110thing to arrest
myattclltioll. There is 110thing relatiye to tho date tlmt is marked npon
IDy memory. A notable thing connected with it is this: that after an
illterviow tile general tnrned and spokc to Paírick-the boy who atten!!s
the door-not angrily, (fOl' he rarely ShO\H3 anger,) lmt a little peeYi:,;hly.
1 do not recall the expression llsed, but tlle purport of it was, that he
was a Httle too easy in allowing MI'. Gould to Iw.yü au interview. Thus
indicating anno.yance. Dut tlle date of that illcidellt, whether .Julle 01'
Septernber, 1 canllot fix. I remümbor the fuct, beeause it was suc11 aa
unusual thillg for tbe Presidellt to exhibit illllmtienee. He tlIen turneu.
around to his wife, wbo sat near by, aud remarked, half cjaculatol'Y, tllat
Gould was always trying" to filld something out of him.


Q. Did you illyite l\Tr. Gould to yOlU' house on that occasion ?-A. 1
thiuk noto


Q. Did yon ever invite hirn to ~'our house ?-A. lt is possible. Thc
word "invitation" is pretty wide. In commentiug on the irnportallce of
tIle general theory which 1 explained a few minutes ago--


By ~Ir. Cox:
Q. Answer the question.-A. 1 wis11 to answer it directly; lmt by


IDaking the answer circurnlocutory 1 can make it more specific: 1
arnplify, not to dodge, but to develop tIle faets lllorp flllly. l\Iy impres-
sion is that I did tell hirn, specifically, that I desired him to call; th:lt'
he wouldnot find the Presülent difficnlt of' access, or likely to be UIl-
williug to have a full ann free talk on the general subjeet of tbe cnrreney
amI business of tIle country. '


By the CHAIRllíAN :
Q. Did he caU, in consequcnce of that remark of yours ~-A. He may


01' he may Hot have done so. ]}fr. Gould listens well, but quietly selects
for hirnsclf his times and . methods oi' appl'oach towards IDen and meas-
nres.


Q. Who was presont at his interview with the President ~-A. 1 pre-
sumo no one.


Q. But yourself ~-A. 1 do llot think 1 was presento The Presidl'llt
almost always g¡WO separate interviews to gentlemen who called upon
him, and 1 was rarely, ii' ever, presento


Q. Did you evel' hear a conyersation betwecn the President and MI'.
Gould in relationto publie policy'~-A. 1 think noto I may haye do;)l'
so, but 1 think noto In talking amid a company it wonld scarce]y lJ~'
COllsidered a conversation betweell tlle Pl'csidcut aun any one clse. 1
recollect hearing a very long and full conyersatiou at Saratoga betwCt'll
the President and ]}fr. Stewart-a conycrsatiou (Jf several honr8, alJl1
coyeriug the whole g1'ound; hut 1 1'eco11ect no snch conversation witli
MI'. Gould.


Q. Did MI'. Gould come to your house and seo the President just
preyíous to the Presidcnt's going' to vVatlhington, Penns;yh-ania ?-A.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 247


Let me see how long the President was there, and what thc challces
were.


The CHAIRMAN. It is not a questioll of chances.
The ~TITNESS. 1 do not recollect such an cw'nt. You can easily im-


agine tlmt an old man, with tlle Presidellt's family and his own family
áround, was flllly occupied, aml whether this gentleman called, 01' that
gentleman, 011 a given occasion, 1 ca11not sayo MI'. Stewart alld Gov-
ernor Fislt, and an immen.se uumber of gentlemell of more 01' 1ess prOll1-
inence in the commUllÍty, \Vere there. }ly house was like a tavern; and
forme to recolloct whether MI'. Gould came at suoh a time, 01' at such a
time, would be impossible. lt would be unjust toward MI'. Gould fol'
me to affirm that he did 01' did noto


Q. Do yon l'ecollect at any of Uleso interviews that the President told
you, in the proscTlce of MI'. Gould, that SecI'etary Boutwell had givell
an order to seU gold j and that he, being in vVashington, saw it, 01' heard
of it, and countel'manded thc order 'I-A. No; nevero 1 did 110t hear a
word of tb¡tt in m.r lifo, and 1 do 110t believe a wonl of it. )Iy belief is
tl1at tho Presidont and ~1r. noutwell have boen always in accord. 1
nevor heanl of any discord between them.


By MI'. ,JUDD:
Q. As a general proposition, are we to understand that you do 110t


now reconoct having, at any time, appointetl for an interview between
.NIr. Gonld amI tIJe President "?-A. 1 do not, spocifically; but 1 do rec-
ollect haviug said to Mr. Gould that 1 desired he would have, and that
he should haye, every facility to procnre snch interview; and 1 may
haye dono so. 1 sbould say so, in justice to Mr. Gould.


Q. Do you mean it to he uuder;.;tood that, if sueh interview occurrcu~
you do not reeollect auy oí' tIlO conycrsatiou that took place "?-A. Oh,
no_


Q. Yon llleall us to ulluerstaml you that yon were not presellt so as
to listen to tIle eOllversatioll 01' take any part in tIle con\'ersation '?-A.
1 \Vas noto 1 "'uut to ammer so as to be jnst. Ol) two 01' three occa-
¡.;iOllS there were fiye 01' six 01' sün~il gelltlemen present in llly library,
which is a ¡;;pacious oue, Hmong w 110m was MI'. G(mld; and whether he
lilay have made declaratiolls the11, 01' 110t, 1 real1y do uot recollect; other
gentlcmell ma,y.


Q. 1 was trying to direct yonr atteutioll as to whether you reconect
tIlat Mr. Goult1 eyer bau an iuten-iew at YOUI' house with the Presiuent
alolle when you woro ))l'cscnL-A. That is, aU three being presento
There rnay lm\'e teen such, thouglt 1 caullot l'ecaU it, nor do 1 think it
likely. 1 l' yOIl can mentioll SOlllC particular remal'k that was made, per-
haps 1 can tell yon.


By MI'. Cm: :
Q. Diel ,YOU ever hear them talk ahont the movemcnt of the crops in


the iuterest oí' tIw count1',Y-this tlleol''y of yours and MI'. Gould's~­
~-\.. 1 do 110t recollecí, but 1 have talkecl it Illyself mucho


Q. Have ;ron heanl t110 Presidont aml1\Ir, Goultl talk over these mat-
t01's-ovor anythiug' connected witIt the policy of the government in
relation to it'?-.. '\. 1 do uot roconect it. :1\11'. Gonld was as full of it as
1 \yas, and 1 feel assUI'oü that he did talk oi' it, but 1 do not recall that
I..heanl it.


Q. Did you evel' hear IV11'. Gould and tl1e President talk on the policy
of the government in relatioll to the currcucy~-A. No, sir.


Q. 01' about an.Ything COllllccted with the sale of gold ~-A. 1 heal'ü'




248 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
the President and 1\'11'. Stcwart talk it over, bnt 1 never heard any other
man talk with bim about it. That is the onl.y time 1 ever hcard the
President speak unreservedly on the subject.


Q. Did yon ever hcar lVIr. Gonld talk to the President abont it-the
President being reserved abont it ?-A. 1 will not say that 1 did not,
becau¡.;e, as 1 have said before, it is possible; but 1 really do not recall
anything of the kind. .LVII'. Gould could have talked with him, and did
talk with him sevcral timcs.


Q. ,Yhat was the snbject of conversatioll between :VII'. Gould and the
President and yourself at any oí' these' intervicws ?-A. 1 must fi¡;st
recollcct tlie interview in order to teU what 1 said.


Q. Do you mean to say that yon ncver werc prcscnt at ally conversa·
tion .1\11'. Gould and the President had~-A. 1 say tbis: that }ir. Gophl
was there, 1 shonld t.hink, two 01' three times, and that there were con·
ve1'sations; but whether thcy took a financial turn, 01' othcnvise, 1 do
not know. But that he did tal k with the President specifieally, 1 know,
because of the P1'esident's feeling as though .1\11'. Gould-a sharp and
very able man-wanted to pry into the poliey of thc gov~mrnellt.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. -VVhcn the President was at yonr house, on his ",ay to Pellllsylva·


nia, do yon reconcct ::.\'11'. Gonld and Gencral Divcn, eithcr 01' both of
them, coming to your honse amI making arl'angements for tIle trip to
Pennsylvania, and that, when they were about to depart, yourself say-
ing to MI'. Gould "Step back a moment ;" that he then went back amI
had a conversation with the President, while General Diven waited for
him in thc front on the street foI' pel'haps half an hom, at which time
you were present and a conversation was had in refcrcncc to the policy
of the government ~-A. Well, that recalls it. 1 do not recall whether
it was on the first 01' second trip to PeullsyIvania, but 1 do recolloct that
General Diven did callo He is an acquaintanec of mine. General
Diven was t11ere. The going·out part 1 do HOt recollect.


Q. He did Ilot stay in .your honRe forever, did hef-A. No, sir.
Q. TIlc question was'whether yon l'eeolleet that, as .YIl'.Gould was


about going away, you called him back, and that yon and the P1'esidcnt
and he were parties to a conversatioll in whicIl the general financial policy
of tlle cOllnt1'y was discnsscd o/_A. 1 do not think that that is likeIy. Gen·
eral Diven al1(l1.\1r. Gould called; that mneh is eertain. General Diven is
a very pleasant gentleman; but tbat conversation part 1 do not recal1.


By .l\[r. JUDD :
Q. Do you mean ns to understand tllat no such tlling oceurred as


your ealling .l\1r. Gould hade "?-A. Ah, that may be.
Q. Do yon mean to say tllat yon do not recollect it ?-A. 1 do Bot


recollect it.
Q. Do you mean us to understand that yon do BOt rccol1cet any con·


versatioll betwcen yonrself, tIte President, and ~1r. Gould ?-A. No, sir;
1 am afraid of giving offense by my allswer. If yon allo\V me to answcl'
in my own way-- -
{~. Do you mean ns to nnderstand you do not recollect ?-A. 1 do noí.


1 want to add a word of explanation which, 1 think, will be satisfaetory.
1 do IlOt recall anything 01' tbat sort. 1 certainly told MI'. Gould tllat 1
wonhl aid him to proeure an interview; and therefore, if 1 thou~t
there was a chunce then, 1 very likcly may bave said, "~1r. Gould, step
baek and see the President."




GOLD PANIC INVESTlGATION. 249
By MI'. COnURN:


Q. State whether auy such cOlwersation did or did uot occill'.-A. N o
such cOllverRatioll occurred in my preseuce. The President will telI yon
that 1 always lllade a bow aucl l'etired, amI waR llOt presout wheu he
hacl an interview with anybody. Tt is Yory likely that if, at tllat time,
1 tltollght. thel'o was a good opportunity for "JIr. GOllld to have a talk
\vith tho Prmüdent, 1 may have told 11im so; hut 1 do Hot recollect if.,
ami 1 do Ilot lwlieyc that the Presideut, 01' ullybody olse, will say that 1
,mI) pl'esent at that interview, if t11ere v,as oue at that time.


BJ' tho CUAIRJIAN :
Q. Dia tho President to11 you that MI'. Boutwell had given au order


to sell gold, amI that he, the President, had countermanded it?-
~~. No, sir.
'Q. He neyer told yon thatf-A. No, sir; nor do 1 believe th:1t there


cyer was sueh a transactiol1.
Q. Did yon "'Tite a letter to he sent to the President whil0 he was [tt


"Vashington, Pellnsyh~ania J?_A. Yes, sir.
Q. Who earried tImt letter'?-A. One of tlle messengers 01' JUl'. Gould.


He SOllt aman up and 1 ",rote a letter to (1eueral Porter, saying tltat
tllis Ira" a mossenger llCaring a mess'age to the President, aud asking
him llot to detaill him, but to let him have an interview at an oarly and
cOllvellient time.


Q. \Yhat was lús lIamo?-A. 1 do not kIlOW; he was a perfect strall-
gel' to me.


Q. Did MI'. OOl1hl soe that letter befo re it was sent u/_A. l\ly impres-
sion is that 1 rcad it to 11im, lmt 1 am not sme of tlu1t.


Q. Did yon 'Hite that lettor on MI'. Gould's suggestion '?-A. Yes, Ril'.
~. State t11e eOllYPTsatioll which you and Gould had prolilllinarily to


the writil1g of that 10tte1'. State it as fully and concisel.., as .you can.-
A. He camo to mo amI 8aid, "1 lw,yc mude an hone8t offort to ruailltniu
the price of goW," aUli lwlie,'cd that it would be carried OWlI' to Christ-
mas, ami that his I'm[(1 woúhl he helleíited so and so. "And now," said
he, "hore is MI'. BontwelI, represcnted by aU of his lea(ling ibends in
the city as hoing disposed to crtlsh dOí"l-ll the market, to change tlle
poliey 01' the governmellt, and throw a vast amount of gold on the mar-
ket, amI thus bring dO\Ylt its priee. Tltit, report he doos uot delly, and
his silenco eauses it to be believed by the operators that there iR to be
a great thrust of gold OH tIJe markot." IIe de~ired that 1 sl!oulll write
to tIte President, aml say that it was believed by ntaIly tltat a change
in the Jlolicy of the govermuent was about to take place. 1 sat clown
ancl wrote a strong letter, and quite a long one, in whic11 1 took up aU
these 0](1 tlwories yery mueh at lengtlt-tltat is, tlte effeet that a change
of policy wonl<l haye; that it would affect the electiol1s "01'y seriol1sIy,
aucl most certainly ",ouId affeet tho prosperity of tl!e eountry, to cut off
even ten pm' eCllt. of tho vall1c of tlle erop of tite country. 1 ropre-
seuted that tile goverl1l11cnt shonld 110t reverso its policy and arbitrarily
interfero to put clown tbe price of gola jnst as the erops were maturing
and neal'Iy ready to be marketed. (This was about the 16th 01' 17th of
September.) 1 saül that aU dcsired to sec gold fall, and that it would
fall if tilO govcrnmput was economical; if the goverI\ment collected its
revenues and lessened tIte illtercst on the public debt by fundiug it at
lower rates.


By Mr. JUDD:
(~. Was this in the letter 1-A. This was, in substance, in the letter;




250 GOLD PANIC erVESTIGATION.
aIso, th:lt if )'.'0 "ould fuml the goYernmellt bonds at 10we1' rates, anel
collcet the l'OH\llIlCS closel,Y, it would ultimatel.r alld with certainty rcunce
the pI'Íce oi' gold.


Q. At the time you sent tllat Ietter, did 01' !lid yon not know that ~\Il'.
Goulr1 "as engageu in speculating in golü '?-A. 1 knew that lw y;:m
buying gold. That is, as 110:11' as 1 rccollect, tIle SC01)(\ amI snbMmwc
oí' tile lctter. 1 kept no copy of it. It was written lmstily at night ia
my OWll librnry.


Q. 1Vas Thh. Gould there?-A. 1 Hlll llot cert:1Íu w11ot11e1' he ,ya¡:; prc.:.;·
cnt while 1 was w1'itillg it.


Q. What time oi' night was it ?-A, It ,';as OH tIJe night oi' th!.' J mil
01' 14th oi' ~eptelllber, aud 1 probabl~' got thl'ough with the lctüu'i¡t
a!Jout !) 01' 10 o'elock.


Q. 1Vhat did yon say in additioll ~-A. Tllat 1 boli,,"o<1 cheap gold, tho
desil'e of tho gm'ernment aneI of the peollle, conl,l be nttained jtwt :lS
weH after thc crops were marketed as before tu.at CH'llt. 1 ::ssn!:l(·d
that last year's balance of trade against tIle eouutry was about OllO
llllllürell millions, amI that i1' the priee 01' go}(l \Yas low, tbo balance oi'
trudo ug:rinst ns would be ineI'eased; that ir, on tite contrar.)", golll v:::;:;
high, the balance against ns wonld !Jc lessened, tilo el'ops "'on1<1 Lo
lllal'keted at lúgh rates, and that ir fmeign bal:ulePp, ngainst ns \','om
lesseueü gold would be eheaper. If the crops were t;old at low mtes t:J(~
coulltry,iould be left more in do!Jt both !tt home allll abroad. TI!a.t W:1S
the argument, alld I tllel'cfore expressed a. hope tlmt 110 violCl~t clumgn
iil tIlo llolie,r oí' the goverlHIlcnt would take place without lllost clll'c;Ll
consi<leration.


Q. Ho", man.)" pages did tlmt lctter cover1-A. 1 do not 1m o\\". 1
ün'get w hether 1 lUlCd two slteets 01' noto


Ey MI'. ,TUIm:
Q. How much gold was nII'. Gonl,l carr;ying then ?-A. 1 do not ku()',\-.
Q. About how much ~-A. He neyer told llle. He iH not a ¡mlll ro


needles"ly communieatc his affairs. He told me eal'ly in SeptelllLer t!¡¡¡ t
he lw<l bonght largely-nRillg' somo R11C11 wonl. He may haH~ used tlJ::t
01' somo otile!' wonl; lmt he saül that he ,,'as lmyiug,or ihat he h:Hl
bougltt larg'ely. 1 said to 11im, "Supposo gold SllOUltl fal1, wonld llot
that he YPl''y injnl'ioUR tn yon ~" He said 110 thoug-ht not unless the [1i!
was considerable, beea.nse tile aecrning' illtorest on the gold which h'
had bonght in onlel' to control tho market, wouId make it pI'ofitable 01'
itselt: .


By t110 CIIAIR:YIAN:
Q. 'Vas there allythlng said in YOUl' Ictter in l'elation to 1\11'. Uonlll


and hit; pnrellaHe8 ni' gold "!-.A .. 1 thillk noto Hit-; llame was IlOl
mentioued.


Q. Did ;ron annele in t11e letter to any parties in ~ew York ha.yin!.;
bOllght lmgel,r 01' gold '?-A. 1 t1id noto 1 can spea.k positiH,ly that 1
gf1YP expre~úon to llO personal interests ill the letter. lt wa:, simpl.\
protestillg', on gelleral principIos, against a elmnge oi" govemmell1al
policy. 1 was not insensible to tho fact that :\'11'. {íoulcl applied to llW
Ü'Olll motiyos which prohably hall bpeome laI'gely otlw!' tlmll raill'oad
motive". I mnst take that ofú'nse, if it he O1W, OH my own sholllders.
Bnt 1 ~:;ai(lllothi11g oí' a private charaeter i11 the lptter.


q. Wilell \Yas that lettel' delivere(I !Jy yon to the me88engcr?-A. 1
t1:ink it was ear1y in the morning' oi' the day arter it WHtl writtclJ.
JUl'. Gonld, I now recollect, could llot hayc rcaü tIlo lette!'. 1\11'. Gonit/
CUlnc to seo me alHII pl'omisetl to write tlle leHer, tellillg ltim 1 ,,·ütüt!




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATIO~. 251
not go to bed ulltil 1 had finished it, so that 1 could hand it next morn-
illg to his messenger \VIto wa" to eall fo1' it. Thel'efol'c no human eye
<lid, in fact, see it. 1 think he gave tile messenger a note to me so that
1 shonld ue eel'tain tu ueliver it to the right persono


Q. Did yoa receh-o any answer to that letter ?-A. No, sir.
Q. Did .yOH 1'0eoi\-0 any message, suusequcutIy, fl'om auy person in


l'efÜl'encc to tlll' lettel"f-A. No, sir; mt<l that was the cause oi' my mor-
tificatioll. It l'ceeh-ed 110 more Botice than if it had not ueen \vritten.


Q. Did tlw messenger never send auy word to you?-A. No. Uro
Goald himself l'cmarkell tilat tIte messenger had telegraphed that he
12'Ot therc. ,~ Q. Did ;rou aftol' that show any letter to 1\11'. Gould, reeeived from
any membt>r oí' t!¡e President's family?-A. 1 did; yeso 1 should say
tilat tlwt l]m,~,tioll i~ ¡lOí l'iglltfully phrased. 1 did not "show" auy
lettCl'; uut 1 read tú lón so and so.


Q. What did yon remI to him ?-A. ,VeH, 1 do not know. Let me
task my melIlOl''y. lt W<lS a leHer wl'itten to my wifc-written appa-
rently in grput di:,tl'ess.


By MI'. Jmms:
(J. VVl'ittell uy WllOlll ?-A. It was writtell uy " Sis."
Q. ,VJ¡o 'f-A. 1 t was writtell in a hurry-au afl'ectionatc letter; written


in ha8t('.. '
Q. Wltowrote the letter '?-A. 1 am answcl'ing as specifically as human


phraseoJogy ean do it.
By MI'. J UDD :


Q. "Vho do you mean by "Sis~"-A. 1 am seeking to explaill.
Q. Yon can state the name!-A. 1 alll explaining, and caUl10t do it


in any better way than 1 mn doillg it.
Q. vVill yon answer that questiol1 ~-A. 1 will 1 will BOt evade ir,


1101' am 1 eapalJle oi' evasion.
Q. ,Vho do yon mean by " Sis ?"-A. 1 mean just ,vhat 1 sayo That


was the signatnre to tlw leHer. I am so agitated, aml 1 wish the COlll-
mittee wonld llotice 1 am a little excited, ve1'y weak, and very llerVOl1;\.
1 flm perfectly broken down, aml there is but a wreck left. A letter
carne, as 1 was saying, signed "Si s." 1 have no donut auout it; that is
the \Vay in whieh 111lllly westera ]¡1c1ies write. They sit down and write :t
Dote and siga "Tu haste, Si s." 1 never received a letter from her, alHl
eannot swoar to the IJalldwritiug' oí' it; uut have no donut of its rLnthül'-
ship. 'l'ilis letter carne to my \Vife, cvidently wrítten in great has te. 1
think it, was writtcll in such a hurry in eo%eqnence of the family being'
alJout to leave. 'rile place \Vhem it wa" w1'ittcn was, 1 helicve, not lmt
down. 1 llave llot, seen tite letter fol' foul' months. But in tIJe mean
time 1 have no donbt oí' the fact that tlw place ,vas llot llamcd. The
writer then speaks 01' tilo distrcss of tho Presi!lpnt (lllnking use of tho
\Vord " (listress") at tIte l'nmor whieh hall reaehed thom that the lmsband
of t1l0 lady al1dressell' was speculating in vVall strect. 1 think it",-as \Hit-
ten on Monday afteruooll; bui; it is aitlieult to sayo It was post-nmrked, 1
thillk, at Pittsburg; possiblyat somo place OH tilo road, nea1' 'iVashiugton
Pennsylvl1uil1. It prouahly was mailed OH Tuestlay. At any rate, it came
to me OH \Vednosday, Septemucl' 22. 1 \Vas ,-e1'Y much excited, and my
",ife still moro so-sueh I'urnon; were so disgraeeful, as she thought.
Enga~ed in unying aml selling gold; what a terrible thing! The world
is about to come to au end imlllf'rliately! ~A~lld yet 1 never did have a
more 1I1llJapllY day tlma 1 hall when witnesiüng the distress which that
lctter Íllilieted UpOll my wife. 1 llluSt get out instantly-instantly!




252 GOLD PAJIIIC I~VESTIGATION.
By MI'. J ONES :


Q. Did the letter say that ~-A. No, sir; my \Vife said it.
By 1\11'. Cox:


Q. Gct out oí' what ~-A. 1 haye answered tlmt I wmi interested-llot
myself (~ire,;t .. y; llllt auother being was, iu whom 1 took a great intel'est,
to \Vit, my wife.


Q. Your wife sai<l that you must get out installUy 'I-A. That I mnst
illstantly seU out hel' interest and retire from 'Vall street.


By 1\11'. Cox:
Q. Did I undel'stand yon to answer my qucstion by saying that yon


wel'e not intercst.cd, but another was '?-A. Allother was.
By tho CHAIRJYLA.:N:


Q. State exactly the language of tIle lctter, as lIearly as yon can.-A.
In that letter shc says: TIle P1'esideut \Vas gTeatly distl'essecl at tho
rumor tllat your hl1sbal1cl \Vas speculating in vVall st1'eet, ancl 11Ope<1 lle
would instantly disc~mnect himself witIl anythiug' of that sort. 8he
spoke with snob dil'ectness amI feeling' that, while lmt few worus wcre
nsed, they cvidcntly were npon tlle assumptiou that thero was sometlúng
about it so terrible, so disgraceful, that it wonclerfnUy excite u Illy wife,
to whom the letter was addressed. vVheu MI'. Gonld carne in that
night, 1 at once rcad to him the sl1bstance of this letter, which had so
agitated my wife; and theu it was that I told 1\11'. G0111d, at ouce, that
1 must go out of this matter ; that it Itad created a g1'eat <leal of fceling
in llly own family, as well as on the part of the President, ana that the
matter must now eud.


Q. 'Vhat \Vas tlle anthority of the rumor "1 Did it refel' to any letter
of yollI's 01' yonr wife's about being interested in gold ?-A. There was
uot a word said in t11e letter as to the authority. It ouly said tlle Pres-
ident is greatly distressed at the rumor s that yonr hnsbuIHl is sprcnlat-
ing, 01' intel'ested in speculatiolls in vVall street; ií' it is tl'lle, he hopes he
will dü;connect himself at onco.


Q. You read that letter to 1\11'. Gould that evel1iug, as r understand;
did yon put it into his han<ls '?-A. No, sil'. '1'lle cOI'l'esponclence was
betweell two la(lies.


Q. Did yon SllOW it to him so that he coul<l see tlle handwriting ?-A.
N o, sir. vVe were in my library, sitting nnder one of the chandeliers, in
front of tilo tabla, so that he might possibly ha\'e looked o,~er my shoulder
and seen it; but 1 think him too much of a gentleman to do that. 1 was
looking over it some time, tryillg to decipher it; it was written in pClIcil,
and my oyosight is dim; it is possible he may have se en the handwl'it-
ing, but not at aU likely.


Q. 115 this the suhstallee of the letter: "Tell your lmsband [01' telll\Ir.
Corbin] that my lmsband is very mllch annoyed by yonl' speculatiolls,
anfl you must elose them as quick as you can '~"-A. No, sir; not quite:
iúr instance, the word " annoyecl" shollld be " distressod," and sIte said
the "President," amI not "my hu:,;band." (¿. Have yon statecl the whole substanoe of tIte letter '?-A. 1 tllink
so. It appears to me, lmt 1 arn not sure oí' it, that thel'e was a Rentence
01' two abOllt the children. Bnt whatevcr cIsc therc was in the letter
was about family matters.


Q. The lettel' oí' whieh we are speakillg was signed" 8is," 1mt you
have 1l0t yet stated whom yon under:~tood the letter to be from ~-A. I
can give yon my belief on the subject. 1 had never se en tlle hand-
wl'iting, so I could not by that means identify it as belongillg to any par,




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 253


Hoular persoD; lmt 1 have no hesitation in saying that 1 believe it "as
fl'OUl ::\irs. Grnnt.


Q. It ~\Yas so treMed by ~"0l1r "ife '?_A. Yes, sir.
By MI' .• TONES:


Q. "'Vas tlw word "husband" used in the letter? Did it say "my
hm,band " iR distrcssed ~-A. 1 think noto


Q. Are yon sure it was signcd " Bis?" 01' may not the letter have
becn signed by the writer's full name, and the postscript signed "Sis~"
A. 1 am very snre that "Sis" was the signature to the letter.


Q. Did MI'. Gould ever buy any gold for you, 01' on your order?-A.
Never, in his lit'e.


Q. Did he ever propose to buy any gold for you?-A. Yes, sir; 01'
rather he offercd to let me 11a\"e some of what he then possessed.


Q. vVllen ?-A. The clocuments will show, (referring to memoranda.)
It was on the 2d of September, 18GD.


Q. \\That was it that occllrred OH the 2d of Beptember between yonr-
selt· alld }fr, Gould ?-A. Tf ,ron wili be patient with a nervous old lllall
1 will state tIle matter flllly. }'[y first wife hael children; 1 had none.
1 had heen in the hahit. oí' buyiug bOll(lS for he1' account., on whieh 1
made fbr her handsome sums. 1 desired to 1'epeat the smne praetice for
my second wife. On the 24th of July, 1 therefore purchased amI depos-
ited in the B'ank of Arnerica, where 1 always do my business, two hun-
dred and fifty thousand dollars in honds, indicating to rny wife that she
\Va" to haye a llamed share oí' the profits which 1 presnmed would aecrue
from the rise in bonds, whieh 1 anticipated would take place in conse-
quence of the ecollorny of the goYernmellt, and fOl' other reasons. 1
sta te this to show that my condnet was in aceordanee with my theory
about the allPl'eeiatioll of good seeurities. Time mn OH through .J uly
amI Augu<;t, amI the telldency, as yon will reeollect, \Vas aH the time
down\Val'd, aud illstead of profits coming in, losses were aeeruing on the
$250,000 of hOlHls OH which 1 hall told my wife 1 was going to gh-e her
a pOl'tion of the profits. 1 got horne from Saratoga OH tIte 30th of An-
gust, amI 'l\T1'. Gould calleel to see me Yery soon thereafter. He spoke to
me, as he lIad l'epeatedly done hefare, abont taking a certaill amount of
golll owned by him. 1 fiually tolLl 1\11'. Gould that for t11e sake of a
1ml,í, my wiü~, 1 wonld aeeept of $:500,000 of gold for her benefit, as 1
sharecl his üonfidence that gokl would rise.


Q. Did you execute an order for :JIr. Gould to buy tlmt sum for
.yon Y-A. No, sir. 1 nevel' gaye hün au Ol'der to lmy anything. He said
he was tIle owne1' 01' a large amount of goltl, alld would let me have
$500, 000. 1 told him T ne\"(~l' hall bought a dollar of goltl, amI at llly
time of life 1 was not gOillg into a gold speeulation; hut tlmt for tlle
s~1ke of my \Vife 1 would fOl' her accept his offer.


Q. Did ,ron accept it as a prf'seut "?-A. Oh, no; he saiel he had it,
and \VonId let me hase it. There ,yas 110 llI'eSent al>out it. 1 will use
his lal1gnag'e as near as 1 can. He said, " 1 have so-and-so, and 1 will
let yon have this amount."


By 1\11' •• 10NES :
Q. Thc suustanee of it was, yon \Vere authorized to plaee $500,000 in


gold to your wife's cl'edit as a pllrchaser ?-A. If yon willlet me lIse his
exact lallgnage ,)'on will unclerstand what was meant. Saiel Gonld: "1
have a large amount of goltl, amI T will let yon have, at cost pl'iee, with·
out ehargiug you any adyance, half a million." 1 replied, "1 will aecept
it for rny wife." }Iy umlerstauding \Vas that she took the gold with a\1
it" responsibility; that she stood in bis shoes, ~30 far as that was con·




254 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION .
.


cerned. The idea of going into th'c market and buyillg gold 'YUS some-
thing tlmt never entercd my mind. TIte pl'ice of thc gold, 1 tbink, was
132 01' 133, 1 forget wIJieh. He afterward insisted that 1 ¡,;hüuld
take a million more, and 1 did so, on the SalJH' couditiollS, foI' my wife.
He then sent me this papel'. 1 desired tlwt tlw wJlOle matteI' sho111d
thl'oughont be treated conlidentially. 1 told him it wouId 11l1rt me ii' it
came ont, amI 1 did not want it to gct out that 1 waR in aay way COlI-
nected with gold. In order that it should not,. he responded by 8cndillg
me tbiR pnper, in which he puts down a tmnsaetio11 ,vitb bis firm nmI,a
blank P¡ll'ty, tlmR Il1nkin~ the transaotion informal, cémfidential, amI de-
pcndentupon tIle honor of tlle two pmties.


The p::tper is as follows :


S)UTH, GOULD, UARTü¡ &; en" llankers,
11 Broaa Strcet.


:Nnv Yorm, 8eptember 2,1869.
Ml'.----:


DEAll SIn: 'Ve llave bought for your aCCoullt aml risk-
500,000 g-oltl, 13:2, R.


1,000,000 g'old, 133g, R.
which we will ca.rry on demand, with the right to use.


S}IITH, GOULD, J\IARTIN & CO.
SnIPsox.


ThiR paper was carried in my pocket for a long time. 1 had forgotten
that 1 hall snoh a papel'.


Q. How catllG that in your possession 'l-A. It seems it must have
been givCll me after the second transaction, for, as yon see, the two
transaetions are st::tted 011 the same sheet. So far as the papel' was e011-
cerned, it bcing in blank, it was no conveyance to anybody, and con se-
quently 01' no value; so it passed wholly out of my mind. The wllOle
thing was a maUer of honor; he could pay me 01' not, as he ehose.


By .l\fl' .• TONES:
Q. Dülnot you unclerstand it to be a mcmorHndum of this transac- '


tion '~-A. lt lookctl to me to be a mere memorandum of honor.
Q. Did J-on not keep a bmlk account?-A. Yes, &ir.
Q. \Vas uot thiR gold elltered in yOH!' bank-book?-A. No; 1 did not


even entcr jt in my own private memorandum-book.
Q. Did J'on keep no note of it as a private trallsaetion ?-A. ~o; 1


do not keep books myself. 1 never kept any memorandum in regard .
toH.


Q. Did you deposit any money as a margin ?-A. No; nor my wife.
Q. Did he ask yon to deposit ally~-A. No. 1 never bad such a


transaction before in' my Efe.
Q. Did yon nnderstand it to be a bcná fide business tmnsaetion when


yon aceepted it ?-A. Yes; but it is all a mere mattcl' of promise; he
gayo me nothing to show for it. He simply said, "1 willlct ;you haye
tllis;" he S}ü!l llothing about auy margin nor consideration.


By the CrrAm3'IAN:
Q. State to the cOlnmittee what the reason was, so far as J'ou lmow,


01' can jUllge from the whole maUer, for Thll'. Gould's offeriug to carry for
;your wife a million amI a half of gold? \Vbat relations existed between
yon amI 1\11'. Gould that led him to make such an offer ~-A. 1 can say
uotla illg ahout that, of course; 1 can only teIl yon that ~11'. (] OHM wantcd
m.e to do it. He sftid he was load~d very heavily, and ,,"ould be very





GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 255
glad to let me have sorne. At his reqnest, 1 pad written an article for
pub1ication, in which 1 had advocated the npholding of the public
credit.


By Mr. S~nTH:
Q. 'Vas there anything yon were to say or do in consideratiol1 of this


transactioll ?-A. 0, no; 1 will do 1\11'. Gould the justice tú say that
neitber he, nor anybody eIse, so ülr as 1 know, eyer in their lives pro-
posed to give any money, 01' stock, 01' anything eIse, to operate upon aily
oilicer of the government .


. By .NIl'. J ONES :
Q. Was there any understmuling between ~-ou and Mr. Gou1d tbat if


be did you this Ílwor you were to exel'cise yonr inllnenee with the Presi-
dent 01' auy officer of the goVel'llIncllt to prevent the sale of gold by the
Seeretary of the Treasury?-A. N e,-er. N oyer eyen spoken ot'.


By }ir. JeDD:
Q. When \Vas it that yon wrote that Ietter ?-A. 1 think it \Vas on tlle


17th oi' September.
Q. "Vben ,ron wrote it yon had this interest of a mi1Iion amI :L half 1-


.A.. No, sir; OIl the Gth, 1 think it v,'as, 1 to!.l .1\11'. el ol1hl that g-old had
gone np to 137, and 1 shonld 1ik8 to haye this matter realizeu. 'l'his
was two days after tbe reeeipt of the paper 01' memorandum. 1 said to
bim 1 would like to realize on tltat half llIillioll. Hü had mere1y said,
" 1 will let yon have so anü so, bnt gave me, as 1 snpposed, no legal
control over th~ $500,000; therefore 1 said to him,let me l'calizo OH tlmt
and get the proceeds, and 1 willbe obligcd to yon. He saill, "Certainly,
1 will do it." vVhethel' he actnally sold the gold 01' not 1 do Ilot know.
I think the amount be reportcd as cOlllillg to my wife was fh"c pc!' eent.
of the investment. As the wbole matter was cOllfidentiaJ, 1 (lo llOt know
wbat he did, only as he reportetl to llW; he Dl'Onght me a chcek GIl {he
Gth, whiell 1 depositcd in my bank on the mornillg of Liw 7th Septem-
ber. 1 see by my memoranda that 1 started that mOl'l1ing for Danbury,
Connecticnt, in company with 111e Presidüllt's wife; 1 must therefore
bave gone to bank earIy to be allle tú deposit that elJeck tlIat dny; r
know 1 addüd a thonsand dollars to it, aud made paymellt with it on a
note 1 owed the bank, $26,000, OIl tlwse llo:lds of the Uniteü IStaLes
,,,hieh 1 had purchased for 1l1y ",ife amI myself Oll tbe 24th oí' Jnly.


By MI'. S~nTH:
Q. Row \Vas that cbeck dra\Vn?-A. 1 think it was drawn pnyltble to


1\11'. Gould, so that 1 need not siga it.
By tbe CHAIRMAN:


Q. Did you entel' int-o this trunsaction with lVIr. Gould on yonr own
1l10tiOll, 01' ut the request of otllor parties "?-A. It was at the sole request
of Mr. Gonld himself.


Q. Did yonr wife at tl1at timo Imow tIl¡Ü yon had mude that transac-
tion ?-A. No; 1 informad ller atterward; slle had no lmowledge of tIle
transaction nntil 1 told her what 1 liad done.


Q. State what yon did whell the 1etter camo reqnesting ;Ion to get out
of any speeu1ation yon might be engagecl in.-A. 1 was Yery mneh dis-
tressed abont the matter, and told 1\11'. (}oullI that this thing must end ;
1 must write; and it must be tl'no that 1 lpd not a pal'ticle of interest in
the business, either dircct 01' indireet; that 1 must write to the President
that night. 1 told. Mr. Gould that as 1 Ilad no legal nlaim 1 was wbolly
in his power, all(I he eonld pay something or notbing, as he chose. Gold




256 GOLD PANIC·- INVESTIGATION.
was then, as 1 remarkcd, 140 OI' 141. 1 said, "MI'. Gonld, 1 want rou to
par me the full amount oí' the difference at 141-0I' whatever the price
was-if yon will; if you Willllot do that, 1 will take three-foUl'ths, 01' 1
will take one-half, 01' 1 will takc a tbousand doIlars-it clepemls cntircly
upon yon i 1 lcave it whoIlyto your honor." MI'. Gould said he was very
mnch cOllccl'llcd i he interpreted that letter to mean that tlw Presidellt
,vas offended; that was the interpretation he placed upon that ha¡.;ty
lette1' 01' tilo lady. "N ow," said he, "if 1 close this transactioll, as :ron
suggest, there may be a breakdown in the market, and will be, if the
govermncnt should interfere, and how can 1 afi'onl to pay yon ~ n lIe
seemed very much oppressed, amI sai<l to me, "'Vill .ron pIcase say
nothillg llntil yon see me to-morrow morning?" Next morning he callle
to my house and said, "]\11'. Corbin, 1 cannot give you anythillg ii ,Von
will go out." Bere we parted-my wife prefcrring a 8cttlement to
the hl'illiant oficr. This was oa the morning of the 23d-Thnrsday. M~­
wife, who had followed me to the head of the stairs, said to me be1'ore 1
met him, "I <lo HOt care what is done, uut yon must give that up." And
tliell 1 did what 1 think it would have troubled almost auy other hm;i-
ness man to consellt to do-refuse $100,000 on a riSillg market. 311'.
Gould said, "If JOu will remain in and take the cllances of tIte market
1 will give .ron my check for $100,000." lf 1 had 1l0t becn an oId man
mal'ried to a middle-aged womall 1 shonld have done it, (01' course, witll
her cOllSent,) jnst as sure as tbe offer was made. 1 l':aid: "]\11'. Gould,
my wife says, 'No; UI,vsses tbinks it wrong, and that it ought to end.' "
So 1 gavc it up. )[1'. Gonld stood there for a little while looking yer,Y
thouglltJnl-exceedingly thougbtfnl. IIe then left-abtJUt, 10 o'clock-
and WCllt i\lto 'Vall st.l'eet; alld t\rent.r-six homs afte1'wanl gold stoo<1
at 164. He seellled to have gonc into the movement with tho despera-
tiOIl oí' a lOan who tbonght that everything was depcndent UpOll instant
and energctic actioll; and my impression is that he it was, aud not the
governmellt, that broke that markot. T know not, lmt believed his miml
de\-ised the successful upward movement of tlle 23d anü 24th.


Q. vVhat did .Jl1'. Gould say when 'yon 1'efused to takc the check ~-A.
J\Iy impression is that he ,n1S as nllH3h astollislwd m; a lIl:lU wdI con!(l
be; alld he looked at me with a look of severe distrnst; as if he was
afraÍll oí' treaehery in Lhe campo He l'emarked, "lY1r. Corbin, 1 am un-
done, if tlmt lettel' gets out."


Q. Referring to JYIrs. Grant's Icttcr O?_A. To tIlis letter of " Sis" to
my witi,. My response to t.hat was something like this: that when a
pe1'son selHls me a Iettel' sa,)'ing that he is distres¡;;ed at l'umo1'S at my
expense, 1 am not going' to pnblislt iti alHl thel'efOl'e, 1 saill, yon lleed
not have au,)' anxiety of mind 011 that account. And 1 never did read
an,)' pal't of that !ettel' to an,)' mUll li \-ing, except J ay Gould; alld
whether he nalUed it to any one-cven to 1\11'. Fisk-I do 1l0t lmow.


Q. Did 1\11'. Gould over (lo allything in sett!emcnt fol' that miUioll of
gold ~-A. N o, ¡;;il', he did noto


Q. Do yon know whethel' he over drew a check for that hundred thOll·
sand dollars ?-A. He may 01' he may uot lmve drawll it i if he did, 1
ne\'er Raw it. He did not exhibit a check to me.


Q. Did yon ever, nt any time, either by word 01' by lett,er 01' hy mcs-
sage, inform the President 01' any oí' the President's fillnily, 01' any of
his offieel's, elerks, associates, 01' other persons attached to his oflicial
honsehold in Washington, oi' tqis trausaction between yon alld Gou!d?-
A. To that question, in its broadcst sense, [ answer "No, never."


By ]\fr. Cox:
Q. Do yon know how lYlrs. Grant carne to hmtr that yon were COll-




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 257
nected witb tllese specnlations ~-A. No. Shc may have seen reports to
that effect in tbe uewspapers; tbe President and Mr. Boutwell, 1 think,
have heard mally offellsive reports against me; 1 do not know frolli
what source those offensive rumors flowed.


Q. Yonr wife never knew oi' tbis transaction nntil it was completed?-
A. Not nntil Mr. Gonld liad said to me, as 1 haye stated," 1 w'illIet ~'ou
have it." 1 never gave an ordcr to lm;y, but accepted fol' ber wllat h"ü
been bonght tlleretofore.


WASHINGTON, January 28, 1870.
A. R. CORBIN recalled and examillation continned.


By the CHAIR]}1ÁN:
Q. 'Vhen we left off yesterday afternoou you were completing the


history of your iuterviews and transactions with Jay Gould. The last
one which yO~l detailetl was that wherein 1\11'. Gonld offered you a hundrcd
thousand dollars to continue in thc gold trallsaetious hetween yonrseIf
and him, and you refused it. "Was that interview the last of your inter·
views with Jay Gonld lJefore the breakdown"?-A. 1 think it was, hut 1
am not Cel'taill. This was on Thursday, the 23d, in the morning after
breakfast, amI he may have called on Thursday night, hut 1 do not recol·
lect it, and 1 'do not thillk it is likely.


Q.When next did yon see 1\11'. Gonld aftcr the breakdown ~-A. 1
think he sent rOllnd a note on Friday evening to say that he would like
to see me at the Erie office on Twenty·third street.
(~. State the substance of that interview.-A. Rot mnch was said.


1\11'. Oonld looked very setlate. There appeared to be in his room a COll-
siderable number of pel'sons, and instead of going in he took me to a
smalll'oom adjacellt, where we cOllhl have a few words. But little wa¡.:
said. 1 thought he was depressed-qllite depressed; but still it is diffi·
cult to read aman reticcnt as he.


Q. State particulal'ly what he said abont the transactions of tIH'
day.-A. 1 think he (lcscribed no particular transaction. He thought
the gold market was broken down; that it was entireIy prostrate; tlmt
the whole ihing was at an end.


Q. "\Vhat thing do yon reter to "?-A. The who1e of his gold operations,
whatever their extent.
(~. Why did he send fol' yon "? vVhat did the transaction disclose as


to the object oí' his sending fol' yon ~-A. 1 haye no particular idea; 1
think he had learned to 100k upon mc as 11 mflU of sense in such mat·
ters, amI as tru1y friendly to hirn. He was very much in the habit of
coming to my Iibrary amI talking with me, with confidence and respect;
and 1 think 1 was entitled to both, for 1 never triflcd wüh him; and
when a gl'eat ealamity carne upon him he sent for me, as he wonld fol'
any other respectable citizcn whom he visited frequently. He Iooked
sorrowfnl, amI 1 think he felt so. Toward the close of the interview,
which was short, ]\'[1'. }1'isk callle into the room, alld 1 think he said that
his sister, 01' his sister's son, was rllined, and malle a few general decla·
rations relative to !lis losses, which 1 recollect to have thought very
severe. That was on Fl'iday night.


Q. If .yon recollect allything cIsc that was saüI, pIease state it.-A.
N othing, except in a very general way; ]\'[1'. Fisk, for im~tance, remarked,
speaking of the extent oi' min to himself personally, that Governor
Boutwell sent about noon a dispatch, and had thrown gold upon the
market, anll that the market had gone right down.


H. Rep. 31-17




258 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
By MI'. JONES:


Q. Did he complain of you in that interview ~-A. There was not a
word 01' thought of complaint against me by either of them; no series
of words contained a word reflecting on me. On Saturday MI'. Gould
requested me to come around to the Erie office--


By the CHAIRIIUN:
Q. Refore you proceed to Saturday let me ask you as to this Friday's


inteI'view; whether anything was said about yourtransaction for a mil-
lion and a half 01' dollars 'I-A. Not a breath.


By MI'. JONES:
Q. Did not ~fr. Fisk come up to yOUl' 110use on FI'iday ~-A. N o, sil';


1 think noto 1 think that the first talk that 1 ever had with 'YIr. Fisk
npon llloney matteI's was when he came iuto the side room where 1 was
with 1\11'. GouId.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. 1 want yon to follow Gould, alld not to take in Fisk in your narra-


tive, except where he comes in with Gould ~-A. 1 think it would be as
difficult to separatc them in this matter 01' Saturday's interview as it
wouId be to divorce the Siamese twins.


Q. Are you acquaintf'd with J. Fisk, junior '?-A. 1 know him.
Q. When did yon first Ree him "?-A. 1 do not know; perhapR at tlte


Fifth Avenue Theater. \Vhen General Grant was at my honse we went
ronlld to that thcatcr by illvitatioll oue night, and 1 thiuk that was the
time that 1 \Vas first introdueed to MI'. Fisk.


Q. Then you tirst 8ftW him in tIte summer 01' faU of 1869 ~-A. Yes,
sir; that is my first l'eeolleetion of meeting hilll; the first time he made
auy impression npon mc.


Q. Were you ever introdnced to lJim by a lUan named Catherwood ?-
~L It may have bcen he who introdnccd me. 1\11'. l,'isk was oue of the
owuers of the Fifth Avenue Theatl'e, and was tlleI'e. 1 do not thillk
}Ir. Catherwood was there. If 1\1r. Fisk \Vas introdncr,d to me by him,
it probably was upon a later occasion. '


Q. Pl'eviously to tile day oí' the breakdown did MI'. Fisk hl'ing a let-
ter of introduetioll to yon from MI'. Gould 01' allybody else~-A. N o, sil'.
(~. Diel .1\11'. Fisk evel' caH npou yon nt your honse previously to the


breakdo"m 11'riday~-A. ~cver. .
Q. Yon swear that with absolnto cel'tainty of recollection ~-A. 1
~;wcar it with absolutc fnllnes8, that 1 had no cOIlvel'satio!l upon financial
matte1's with him, ill aHy shape, prior to the b1'eakdowIl.


q. Let me read some words to yon for your assent or dissent, (readillg
j\¡[r. Fisk's testimony as to his going to see MI'. (Jorhill with a lette1' 01'
introduction frolll j\¡lr. Gouh1.) Does that statemcllt l'epresellt tllP
truth ~-A. It does llot, in ally formo


Q. Does that statemcnt l'cp1'esent any trntlt '/-A. ~one whatever; it
is absolntcly untrne; it is aU coinett


Q. Did any such intel'view as that between youI'self alld J. Fisk, .11".,
('ver occur ~-A. K ever; before !lO)' after thc bl'eakdoWIl; llothing oi"
tite sort. It is imposl:ühle for it to be trne.


Q. Bid yon evel' tell 'YIr. J. Fisk, jr., tllat l\fn;. Grant had any interest
in any gold 01' stoeks purchased through ~'on, 01' by any othel' pel'soll in
conuection with yon ~-A. No; in no ÜlI'111. lllcvcr told him aUJ'thing
oí' the sort.; and he kllOWS it. On Saturday, the 25th, 1 told 11im the
]'(',·erse.
(~. 01' that <luythillg was ever pnrcha:,;ed t.l1rough yon, 01' in connec-




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 259
tion with you, for General Porter ~-A. Never. 1 never had a transac-
tion with General Porter in any forru to the amollnt of a dollar.


Q. Did anything of the kind 1 have described occur on 1\fonday 01'
Tuesday night previons to the breakdown, 01' on SnndayY-A. At no
time. .MI'. Fisk never was in ruy honse in his life until afteI' the bI'eak-
down, so faI' as 1 know, ever heard, 01' belie,-e.


By l\fI'. Oox:
Q. State whether yon had ever boug'ht any gold 01' stocks for Mrs.


Grant 01' ally of the faruily of the President f-A. N ever in ruy life have
1 bought a dollar, directly or indiI'ectly, for .MI's. Grant 01' any membcr
of that honsehold.


By 1\11'. JONES:
Q. Do yon know of any gold being purchased for Mrs. Grant by any-


body ~-A. No, sir; 1 do noto
Q. She had no int('rest, directly 01' indirectly, in that matted-A. No


interest, dírectly 01' indireetly.
Q. Did yon Iwer tell anybody at any time that she had ?-A. Never.


1 had neyer heard of such a transaction, amI thcrefore never oven
thought of making such a statement.


By ]\f~. JUDD:
Q. What did you do with that $25,000 that }\ir. Gonld paid yon ?-A.


The check was dated on the 6th of September, and waR brollght to me
on the evening of the 6th. N ext morning 1 went to the Bank of America
and deposited it, amI here is the entl'y of the deposit in my bank book.
Tlle entry says "Septeruber 7th, $25,000," with the letter " W," being
the initial of the receiving teller, 1\11'. Watson. On that same day 1
drew a check in favor of tho ban k, which 1 now present to the committee.·


Witness presented the original check, of which the following is a copy :
$'2ü,OOO. NEW YORK, Scptember 7,1869.


BAXK OF A)mHICA:
Pay to Dan/;: oí Ameriea twenty-six thOllHalHl dollarR.


A. R. CORllIN.
"\Vitness also prodnced a statemellt rendered to him by the Bank of


America of his acconnt with that ballIr. The following is a copy :
Loan 01 Jlll!1 24, 1869.


A. R. Corbin ______ ,_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ $:i02, fi:{¡ 45
Lcss ]laid Augnst 27 ______ . $19,1>26 94
Less paid September 7, __ . _ 26,000 00 45, 526 94


Amount due October 7 ______ .. _ ... _ ___ 257,110 51
Accrued interest to date .... _. ___ . ____ • 4, 049 88


261,160 39-1Iargin at 12 per cent" $292, 499
CoUaferals.


$245,000 Unitcd Statcs sixes of 1867, at 117=$286,650.
By MI'. P ACKER :


Q. Thcn this check for $26,000 was applied to an indebtedness which
originated as early as Jnly 24, 1869 ~-A. Yes, sir.


By ~fr. Oox:
Q. You paid no mone,)' since to any pe1'son on that account ~-A. No,


:sil'; not a dollar 01' a ceut. (J. To an,y human being~-A To no human being.




260 GOLD PANIC INVEFlTIGATION.


Q. You are underno obligation 01' promise topar anr human being~­
A. Not even an intimation of any kind. 1 Rtate thM in the brúad¡>Rt
and most unq llalifieü \Yay. .


By the CHAIR::lUN:
The memomndlllll book that yon exhibited to the commÍttee ycster-


day, were the recortls in it made up at thp time of the dates thel'ein
nallled 01' since ?-A. They were made up at thc time of the dateR.


By 1\11'. BURCHARD:
Q. For whose account was that pnrchase of bonds, mentioned in that


hank statement ?-A. That purchase of $245,000 U nitcd States honds
. was made on the 24th oi' JuIy, on aecount of myself and my wife.


Q. Was it for the benefit of any other personJ?-A. No, sir; no per-
. son but myself and my wife had an interest thereill.


Bythe CHAIRMAN:
Q. Did M1' • • J. Fisk, jr., caU at your 11011se Oll TllUl'sclay morning, the


morning before the breakdown ~-A. N o, sir.
Q. Did he meet you anywhere on that morniug ~-A. 1 do uot kuow.


hut believe he did noto '
Q. 1 will fix it more specifically. Therc were two iuterviews with


Gould to which you have testitied. One whcn 1\11'. Gould madI' tlle
offer of a hundred thonsand dollars, whieh was in the cvcning, and tilo
other the next morning, when you deelined tIle offer. Did MI'. Fisk
caU upon you between thoso two interyiews oí' MI'. GouId 1-A. He did
noto GonId came to my Ilonse in the Ulorning irnmediately after break-
fasto


Q. Can yon swear with positive eertaillty that MI'. l¡'isle did not call
upon you between the two interviows with 1\1r. GouId ~-A. 1 can. lVIr.
Gonld was there in the night oi' "Vednesday nnd carne back in the mol'll-
ing of Thnrsday, beforc 1 wellt out, and there \,'as no opportnnity for
MI'. Fisk to come in the meantillle~ unless he eamo at an unusual hour,
that no one wouId be likeIy to forget.


Q. Let me read to you a statemellt of 1\11' • .Fi1"lk'H~ (rcading from MI'.
Fisk's testimony as to an intcl'view with Mr. CorlJin OH Thllrsday even-
ing bei'ore the bl'eakdown;) did that interview take plaee accol'lling to
tho statement 1 havo read ~-A. No, sir.


Q. On Tlml'sday morning ucfore thfl breakdown ~-A. At no time.
Q. On Wednesday evening befol'o the breakdown~-A. 1 have an-


swered no, and repeat the anHwer.
Q. Did the interview, as there described, 01' any snch interview, take


place before the breakdown ?-A. N o, sir.
(~. At ally time before the breakdowll on Frida~', did .J. Fisk, .ir., caU


at yonr honse alld have an interview with ~-ourseIf and your wife ?-A.
Never.


Q. Before that time, did J. Fisk, .ir., ever say to yon that he w:tntf'u
to see yonr wife on the snujeet ~-A. Nevel"


Q. Previously to the breakrlowll, did yon at any timo 01' pIaee sa;y to
MI'. Fisk that yon wanted him to see yonI' wife '?-A. N o, sir; no,-er.
1 never thonght of snch a thing.


Q. Do yon on your oath swear that the statement whieh 1 have l'ead is
a false statement~-A. 1 say there is no truth in it, and the1'efore it i8
falseo


Q. Did MI'. J. Fisk, jr., caU at your honse on the day 01' on the even-
,ing of Friday Y-A. 1 think not, withont ueing certain.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 261
Q. Yon think he did not ~-A. 1 think BOt; 1 was at the Erie oflice


Friday night.
Q. Did you mect Mr. Fisk anywhere on FriJay 01' on Friday evening;


allJ if so, where?-A. 1 saw him in that little room where 1 had the
conversation with MI'. Gould, in the Erie oflice. ~fr. Fisk carne in
toward the close of the conversation and spoke of the ruin of his sister,
01' oi' his sister's son, I forget which, and the great 10ss which he and
l'elatives had snstained. He carne in thcre incidentally, and half apolo-
gized for the intrusioll. 1 never had had any transaction with him.
That was tIle fil'st time he appeared OH the stage tú even talk about gold.


Q. IJet me rcad this statcment to ;ron, (l'eading fi'om MI'. Fisk's testi-
timon.y as to his 1'eturn from ",Vall street on Friday afternoon, and his
visit to Corbin's house;) is that statement generalJy true '?-A. N o, sil';
the1'e is no trnth in it.


Q. Did no such interview take place between yonrself alld MI'. Fisk,
at your house, at ally time on Friday, the day oí the breakdown'?-A.
Xo, sir. .
(~. Did any intcrview whatever" take place between yon and himf-


A. To the best of my recollection he was not in my honse that day 01'
night.


Q. "Vherc were yoy Friday~-A. On Friday 1 was over in New Jer-
sey. 1 did bnsiness with my ugent the1'e, and 1 did business ut the city
hall in Hudson COUllty, New Jersey. vVltCll 1 came home, Il'eeeived a
note fmm ~lr. Gou1d, reqnesting me to go to tIte Erie oflice.


Q.What time did· yon get home '?-A. lt was late in tIte afternoon,
for 1 recollect buying u copy 01' au evening papel' when 1 \Vas crossing
over fmm Jersey City, and reading an account of the breakdown in
gold. That was tlle first account of it which 1 obtained.


Q. You have testified that you saw J\Ir. Fisk that evening at the Erie
office; <lid any conversation between yourself amll\ir. Fisk OCCUI'; any-
thing like what 1 have read to ;ron ~-A. Oh, not at all; everything was
polite amI gentlemanly.


Q. Did Mr. Fisk say to yon upon that occasion tItat yon were tIte
cause, 01' in part the cause, of the hl'eakdown '~-A. No, sir. There was
not apartide of rcproach, in any formo


Q. Did he reproaeh yon in any way with you1' part in the transac-
tion ~-A. Oh, no. Not a word. 1 thought him worried with a then
belief that he had sustained 10sses.


Q. Did he in any way allege that yon were at fault in the transa(J-
tion ~-A. No; neither he nor }fr. GOllld.


Q. Was your wife prcsent at tlle interviewin thc Erio miIroad office?-
A. No, sir; that was no place for a lady; it was a public business
oflice.


Q. Did such an interview as here described occur at your honse on
Saturday, the day after the break ?-No, sir; nol' at any other time.


Q. Did yon have an.)' interview oither with Fisk 01' Gonld on that
Satnrday?-A. Yes, sir.


Q. Where did it occur f-_.\.. At the Erie oflice, on Twenty-third
street.


Q. At abollt what hour ?-A. 1 think it was sorne time in the afte1'-
1100n of the day.


Q. Who was prescllt at that illterview'?-A. ::VIr. Fisk and MI'. Gould.
For a few minutes MI'. Fisk was alone, but 1\11'. Gould soon carne in.


Q. "Vere any other persons presellt at that interview besides Fisk and
Gonld '?-A. No, sir.


Q. No other human being known to ~'ou was present f-A. No othe1'




262 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
human being, it being wholly confidential; once 01' twice some one carne
to the door on matters of bu~illess, and the cOIlYersation then ceased
uutil tIle persoll left alld the door was again elosed.


Q. Now, what occurred Oll that oceasion '?-A. 1\11' .. Fisk was there
when 1 went in. 1 asked him how -:\'11'. Gould feH aftcr the great ealam-
ity the flay before. He remarked; ,. Oh, he has no courage at aH. He
has slluk right down. There is nothing left of him but a heap of clothes
and a pair of eyes." Pretty soon 1\'11'. Gonld camo in, and Fisk began to
work himself up into a state of excitement. 1 could not, at first, pelle-
trate his object.


By ]\11'. JUDD:
Q. Tell us what he said ~-A. After a little conversation, as befo re


stated, l\Ir. Gould came in. 1\'11'. Gould throughout behayed with mall-
liness and character; 1\11'. Fisk began to tell again, as the night before,
of the ruin of his sister 01' his sister's son, und that he ,vas going now
to have a general l'eckoning-going to have ever,rbody come up and
settle. After expressing himsclf vcry freely, and very IOlldly, and with
great strength of voice, and wonderflll gesticnlation, he went OH to say
he had determiued that.Butterfield should pay so and so, anel had sent a
lIIan after him, amI alJ that; amI he was going to do this, and do that.
He was very declaratiye .


. Q.What'did he sayel-A. Speaking of General Butterfield, he said
tlmt i1' he did 1l0t come l'ight np amI settle, he was going to seU him out.
He spoke that, as 1 begull to suspcct, as a kind of pl'eface to approachiug
me; aneI thelJ, 1'01' the first time, 1 heard oí' Mrs. Grant in eonuectioll
with gold opcrations, amI 1 instantly supposed that au attempt was to
be made to make me she11 out some of what he supposed my superflui-
ties to protect the character oí' tile family of my brother-in-law. He
hegan to say: "Row is this, how is this '¡ I have been deceiyed by some-
body 1 " "N ot by me," said 1, "fúr ,rou and 1 novel' eXChl111ged lt word OH
thissubject. You have not been deceind by me!" "'V eH," said he," i1' we
h::j,d HOt had confidence in yon, do yon suppose \Ve would have gone on ? "
"1 do not make any supposition about it/' said 1, " only· that 1 never
attemptcd to inspire ,vou with confidence," and so Oll, interspersed with
some sharp passages. Amollg other things he said: "Where is that
$100,000 that Gould gave you '1" 1 turned upon him and said: "MI'.
Gould never gave me $100,000, and he will te11 you so." 1\'11'. GoulU, sIlow-
ing a gootl deal of excitement, said: "That is accounted for.': "Accounted
for 01' not accounted for," said 1, "1 never have even seen any $100,000."
"Wen," said]\fr. Fisk, "where is the $25,000for ]\frs. Grant'?" "Stop that,"
said 1, "l\frs. Grailt'sllame never has been mentionedin that conneetion b~­
auy human being, and J-OU sha11 HOt mention it. It is as false as anythillg
can be, and it is not to be lIamed to me." 1\'11'. Gould sat there perfectly quieto
1 should have lost my self-possession had the subject 15een pursncd. The
interyiew lasted for ahout an hour, and perhaps longer, and ended with
quieting down aH monnd. l\fr.Fisk, toward tlle close of it, made a
suggestion which 1 thought was a sensible one. He said that the bears liad
been bllying veryextensively within the last two 01' .th1'ee days at 140, 1M>,
150, and 155, whilethe bullsbad been also buying- at yethighe1'rates; that
tbe market was broken; and tbat, if Secretary Boutwcll would adver-
tise OIl l\1.onday that he would not seU any gold until Noyember, they
could go around 011 Sunday and see tlle principal operators of both
parties, ami agree upon a settling price fOl' gol<l, and thereby saye large
los ses to all con cerned. That struck me as Yel'y sensible, amI 1 said:
"Very weU, 1 think the goyermnent will do tllat." 1 did 1I0t know,01'




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 26:1


course, that it would. 1 was quite unwell and had been unwell for sev-
eral days, and it was a serions thing' for an old man to make a night jour-
ney of 250 miles; but 1 told t,hem 1 wonld undertake it. Then Mr.
Fisk made what 1 believe to have been his first appearance at my honse.
So anxious were they that I should start for ·Washington that night,
that they came aronnd to my house some little time before the hour fol'
starting. My wife, as I was ill, said she would go with me to Washing'-
ton; and coming down to the library with me, saw Messrs. Fisk and
Gonld; but tllere was no conversation except what was entircly polite
andkind in tone a1HI tempero Tbere was no special conversation abont
gold, onlythat Mr. Fisk said: "Yon telegraph us to-morrowifthe gov-
ernment will forbear; and anything yon say we will act upon, for we
have perfect confidence in yon."


Q. In the conversation in the Erie office which yon have detailed, was
the subject of yonr investment, or of Gonld's investment for yon, dis-
cnssed ?-A. Only in the way I have named, mere general denunciatiol1.
We were aH angry except Mr. Gonld; he was perfcctly cool.


Q. Was tbe million amI a half of gold which MI'. Gonld had bought
for yon specifically discussed that evening ~-A. Not at aH.


Q. Were thcre any propositions to settle ?-A. Not at aH.
Q. On yon+, rart or their part ~-A. N ot at all. Tllat had been settled


by MI'. Gonld and myself on Thursday morning.
By MI'. P ACKER :


Q. State whether yon had se en Fisk at any time on Friday previons
to the interview at tho Eríe railroad office ?-A .. No, sir. 1 went to N ew
Jersey on that day and he to wan street.


By the CHAIR~IAN:
"Q. How was the interview at the Erie l'ailroad office brought abont ~­


A. 1 was sent fol'.
Q. Who sent for you Y-A. MI'. Gould. MI'. Fisk never sent for me.


By Thlr. Cox:
Q. Was auytbing said at tbe Erie office about 1\11'. BoutweIl acting in


violation of the strict orders not to seU gold ~-A. 1 tbink noto
Q. What was said about the Secretary of tho Treasury there ~-A, I


do not recolIect that his name was mentioned at aIl at that interview;
yet it may have been.


Q. Was anytbing said about Boutwell acting in eonnection with the
bears ~-A. 'rhey firmly helíeved t11<1t he was acting in connection with
the hears, and lllay have said so on that ocoasion, but 1 think noto


Q. Did theysay anything ah out it in that interview "?-A. Not at tbat
intel'view, 1 think, but they, (that is MI'. Gould,) firmly helicved he was
with the bears.


Q. Did they mention any of tbe bears by name ?-A. 1 guess noto 1
know MI'. Gould used to say that the bears had sent on Frank Howe to
l\'Iassacbusetts to indoctrina te the Secretary on his way frolll Thfassachu.
setts to N ew York.


Q. Was any otber name melltioned in connectioll witlt bearing gold ~­
A. Very likely, bnt 1 do not recollect.


Q. Was tbere anytbing more specific said on that occasion about But-
terfield '?-A. Yeso 1\'[1'. Fisk said tbat he had wI'itten a note to General
Bnttertield to come up and settle 01' he would seU mm out.


Q. Did they mention to you any tl'ansaction which tbey had with
Butterfield in that business 1-A. No. 1\'11'. li'isk said they sent foI' bim
to settle 01' they would sell him out. 1 told them at once: "If Bnttel'-




264 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


!ield has made a contract with yon 1 certainly think he will do the hon-
orable thing; do not push; see him."


By Mr. JONES:
(~. Did ~Ir. Fisk charge you in that interyiew with having deceived


them in having led them to bcHeve that you knew the intentions of the
President '!-No, sir. 1 had never claimed to possess thcm.


Q. vVas auy reference made during that interview to the letter sent
by you to thePresident ~-A. No, sir.


By the OIIAIR~IAN :
Q. \Ve now come down to Saturdayevening after the interviewat


the Erie railroad oftice; at what time did Fisk and Gould come to your
house '?-A. Just before we started. 'Ve started at 8.30 01' 9.30.


Q. State as substantiallj' and briefly as you can w hat occurred at that
interview~-A. Tbey mcrely came, so far as 1 rccall the occasion, to see
that 1 would go off,and to enjoin me to telegraph the result promptly.
J do not recollect anything special at that interyiew.


Q. Did they come iuto your parlor?-Á. No; thcy were shown into
the library.


Q. Who comrnenced the conversation when they came in ?-A. There
was very little conversation.


Q. What was the suoject of it ~ What did they say they carne for~­
Á. 1 think that the great puint was that 1 should be sure to telegraph,
so that they might have a chance to go about on Sunday and arrange
with operators of the two parties as tu a settling price for gold. 1 thillk
Ml'. GUllld gave me the number of his house in Fifth avenue, so that a
mcssage would be sure to reach him, whether the govemment would
give the pledgc that it would not offer ally gold before November. 1
think the great point was to make sure that 1 should not forget to tele-
graph earIy in the day, as time was important.


Q. Who managed the conversation on theiI' side, Fisk or Gould 1-
A. 1 do not know; 1 think MI'. GOllld made the remarks about his ad-
dress.


Q. Did either of them upbraid yon with your part' in that transac-
tiOll'?-A. N ot the slightest.


Q. Did either of those geutlcmen request to see Mrs. Oorbin ?-A.
~either.


Q. Did l\frs. Oorbin come in while the interview waS in progress ~-Á.
No; she came down with me. She came from my chamber with me to
the library.


Q. Did either of those gentleJllcn ask any questions of }\frs. Corbin
eúncerning the transaction ~-A. 1 think noto 1 have no special recol-
lection, but 1 think noto


Q. Bid 1\lrs. Oorbin make any statement to them cOllcerning the
tmnsaction ?-A. N one.


Q. Were you prescllt all the time that yon were in the liurary ~-Á.
1 think so; the interview was but a oricf one.


Q. Do yon recolleet allythil1g that ):[rs. Oorbin said on this occasion
touching these transactions 'f-A. 1 do not reconect her saying a word
aoout them.


Q. How long do you think they were in your house ?-A. They may
have ueen iiv\' 01' ten minutes. (l. Did t.hey leave bet'ol'e ,)'on aIlll1\:frs. Corbin left for Washington f-
A. Yes; tlwy WCllt 1'ight off.


By MI'. Cox:
Q.Was the1'e any agreement made as to the mode by which yon were




..


GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 265
to telegraph, whether by cipher 01' otherwise'?-A. Not by cipher. I
do not recollect anything as being vory peculiar in regard to it. I was
to tclegraph thc assent of the government, if obtained, to MI'. Gould at
his house in Fifth avenuc, at as early an hour in tlle day as possible.


Q. Telegraph what ?-A. To say whethel' thoy could rely on the gov·
ernment that t,hore wouId be an announcement in the newRpapers next
lllorning that no more gold would be sold hy the governmcnt till No-
yember.


Q. AmI yon proposed to send a dispateh of tbat kind through the tel-
pgraph without eoneealmcnt, in that open Ianguage '?-A. Of conrsc,
hecause tIle information \Vas good for nothing, unless both bulls and
hears agreed to fix a certain price for gold.


Q. A telegraph of that kind would be known to an the world.-A.
That was the very objeet of my jourrwy, to have the mattel' made pub-
líe, so as to enable hoth sides to settle.


Q. Yom telegraph "laS to have been sent on ~unday ~-A. Of comse;
for unIess there was time to fix it that day, it would be impossible to
have an agreerncnt betweon tlle bulls and bears before the business
llOurs OH )'lollduy. ']']¡e oQject was tohave it iu all tile papers by llay-
Eg'lIt 011 Monday morning. A prívate dispateh could do nothing. But
ii' MI'. Boutwell would semi his advertisement that he was not goillg to
seU any gold until November, they could go to the leading operators
alld could agree upou somc price at which gold sales should be settled.
1 thonght that the idea did credit to them. MI'. Fisk started the idea
nrst.


B;y MI'. S:\IITII :
Q. You said it was Gouhl \Vho proposed it firsU-A. I am inclined to


thillk it was ~'1r. Fi"k who fil'st made the suggestion of havillg a settlillg
rute agreed upon hetweell the two parties, though it may have been
}lr. Gould.


By IV!r. ConURN :
Q. In that interdew which yon had with Fisk 01' Gould, 01' either of


them, either 011 Saturday aftel'lloon 01' Saturday llight, did they pretend
to rcprescllt auybü!l;v's interest othel' than theiI' OWll '{-A. 0, no; nei-
ther oí' them. MI'. Fisk sometimos said " we," as though he want€d to
l'ing me in. MI'. GOllld never, thOll, 01' before, 01' after, proposed tú
identify me with him.


Q. I am talkillg now abont any partias who muy have gone into an
arrangement of that sort to have the gdministration inflnenced in refer-
ence to its comsc of policy.-A. 1 have no knowledge of auy one attempt-
ing to influence the administration.


Q. YOll were (~ollling to vVashingtoll for that purpose ?-A. 1 merely
eame to Washington to pl'esent the fi1CtS.


Q. Did allybody clse besides Fisk and Gould consnlt with you as to
ally snggestioll tlmt ~1honld be made Itere at \Vashington ~-A. Oh, no.


Q. It was tlH'll jnst a matter between you threc 1-A. Entirely.
Q. N either they nor yon represellted any board of ballkers, or brokers,


01' moneyed assoeiation ~-A. No.
By MI'. BURCHAIW:


Q. Do yon reeollect MI'. Charles W. Pollard callillg at yoq,r honse on
Satllnlay Illornillg ?-A. I do noto He 11ll1y have done so. I received
lllauy messages reqnestiug me to go to the Erie üffiee.


Q. Do you reeolleet w1wthel' he callle with .!\Ir. Fisk to yonr house on
Satmday morning?-A. 1 do noto I doubt whether J\Ir. Bisk was there




266 GOLD PANICJ INVESTIGATION.
011 Satnrday morning. Let me see, (ref01Ting to his diary.) It mert'l,r
íitateíi that 1left for "YaRhington Oit-y that night.


Q. How mal1y in mates were there at that time in your house "I-A.
At that time 1 thinl\: the1'e was 110 one t11e1'e except my usual familyalld
the sel'\'unts.


Q. How many servants were there, and wltat were thei1' llames ?-A.
There was Patrick, who attended tIle (loor, and ,Julia, a colored woman,
and 1 ti)1'get what othe1' girl was there ut that time.
(~. Do yon reeolIect wIlether at those timcs son waited on the donr


yourself, 01' that oue of those serval1ts did ~-A. Patrick usuully waitcd
on the doo!'. If he was out, Julia, the colored woman, opened the door.


Q. Do you know Patrick's otIler name '?-A. Patrick Hussey, r thillk.
Q. Whe1'e does he reside now?-A. \"ith me.


By 1\'11'. JONES :
Q. At that interyiew, previous to ;you1' departllre for \VashingtoIl,


how did yon consider yOUl' l'elations with lVlr. Oonl11 in that business
matter ~ Did you conside1' yourself as still bound ?-A. No, sÍr; 1 hall
closed up the matter Thursday morning.
(~. But yon had not closed up "?-A. Yes, t,hat was aH settlell on ThUl's-


day morning beforc ]\'[1'. GouId 10ft m;y honso, ami 1 00 wrote to General
Grant. lf 1 had cared to remain in, 1 should have received from MI'.
Gould the $100,000.


Q. Tben what was your ol(jeet in going to "Yashington 'I-A. 1 was
aotuatel1 by a spirlt of kindness to titem, und a desire to diminish tIle
losses 01' tIle eommullity.


By tite ClIAIRl\IAN ~
Q. Yon alld 1\>1rs. Oorbin weut to "Vashington on Saturday night~­


A. Yes, sir.
Q. \Vhen did you alTive ?-A. On tbe Ulorning 01' Sunday.
Q. Did ;yon calI upon tbe President of tbe United States ~-A. Yes,


sir.
Q. State tile substanee succinctly and ful1y as you recolleet of the in-


ten'iew between yourseIf and the Prl?sidollt in 1'eference to tIte busiuess
OH which yOll woilt '?-A. On tbat topÍ<~ tIte eOllyersatioll was extreme];y
bl'ief. I merely stated to tlle Presirlent that it was bcIieyed tImt, if the
'l'1'easury Departmout would mmonnee tIte next morniug-and allow it
to be telegraphed to-da;y-that the Tl'ellslll';Y wonld not intel'fi.'re with t11e
market by thc sale of gold bcyond tho ordina1'Y eonrso of proeeedings
until the 1st of No,·cmber, it ,yould he of great benefit both to t110 bu1ls
and bears in set.t1ing I1p, aml that it \Vas, therefol'e, desired that such
course might be taken. The President said at oune: "This matter has
been concIuded, and 1 cannot open up 1101' consider the snbjeet;" amI
he dropped it din~etly the1'8 withont gi,·ing any 1'eaS011.


Q. Did yon S~l'y anything more on tIte snbjcct?-Did yon make any
response ji-A. N o, sir; 1 made no other points than that.


Q. Did the President say anythillg fllrther on the topie 'I-A. No, he
said nothing hilllSelf, nOl' did he ail'ord me an opportunity to talk at aH
npon the subject. \Yhen 1 got to NewYorknextmornillg1 learnedthat
the sales of goyernment gold ,ypre to go on, spttlement 01' no settlement.
(~. "Vas anybody prcsent at that interview besides yourself and tbe


PresidC'nt ?-A. His wife, and her father aml childl'en, muy have been
sitting there; it wa:,; in the parlor; others may aIso haye been thC're,
1Int 1 do Ilot recollect any onc.


Q. Did auy other person take any part in tbe eonversation on that




GOLD PANlC INVESTIGATION. 267
topic besides yourself and the President ~-A. No, sir; 1 think noto It
was exceedingly short and definite.


Q. When did ,ron retnrn from New York '?-A. The same Sunday
llight.


Q. Did .yon l'eport by telegraph to 2\'11'. Gonld, according to agree-
lIleTlt ?-A. 1 llid not telegraph to any one. 1 was to telegraph in case
tlle government would assent to the plan.


Q. YOll seBt no dispatch to .MI'. Gould 01' to .MI'. Fisk, 01' to allybody
cOllneeted with them '/-A. No, sir.


Q. On your retura tu New York, dic1 you visit 1\11'. Gould 01' .MI'. Fisk
on lllC ~nbject ?-A. No, sil'.


Q. Did yon see them on the subject 1-A. No, sir.
(~. Did they visit yOll on the subject ?-A. Possibly 1\11'. Gould came


round on Monday, Tllesday, 01' Wednesday; but 1 think noto 1 had
taken a violent eoilI dnring thosc two miny nights, und was scriously ill.
They knew, from my faílure to teIegraph, that the plan had failed-were
too busy to pa.r idle visits.


Q. In your intel'view with thc Presidcnt on Sunday, did yon illfoI'm
him that yon had an interest in gold "?-A. 1 said nothing about it. 1
,,,usn't proml of it. 1 had written tu him on Thnrsc1ay, auc1111y wife had
written to 1Iim on Thursday night, cnelosing mine, saying that 1 had
no interest in goId. The President said to me: "1 got your letter yes-
terday, and yon eannot imagine how mueh relievecllfelt, after the reports
tllat \Vere malle that you were engaged in goId speculations, to know
that yon were uot engaged in that disgracefnl specuIation." "Yell, that
exonerated me a little fllrther than 1 had asked for; hnt 1 did not feel
eaIled upon to enter into an expIanation of a matter personal to myself.
(~. ,Yhat response did you makc to that l'emark oí' the President 1-


A. 1 liad nothing to sayo
Q. You did not undcecive the Presidcnt in his opinion tlmt yon wlwe


eutirely out oí' the speculatioll ~-A. No, sir; 1 didll't say that 1 never
had hcell in it, but that 1 ha ve no interest.


Q. Yon spoke in the present mther than the past tense?-A. Yos, 1
said nothing 01' the pasto


Q. Have you now stated suhstalltially an that yon recoIlect on that
tupie in that inteniew ~-A. Oh, ;yes; it was Yery bricf.


By 1\[1'. Jo:ms :
Q. Had the President anything to say in reference to his change of


mind as to the pnbIic poIicy in regard to goId ~-A. 1 never heard bim
say allythillg auout thc contraction 01' expansion of goId. He is aman
who will sit amI listen, but rarely expresses opinions. The most 1 haye
eYer'heard hilll say on that subjeet \Vas to the celebrated .MI'. A. T.
Stewal't.


Q. 1 speak in reference to what he said in that last interview with yon
in referellce to gold "I-A. He did BOt anude to the price of gold. He
merely answered the whole thing hy saying that thc subjeet was con-
cluded and tbe poliey fixed.


By 1\'[1'. COX:
Q. State what you understood by the wurd "concluded ~"-A. That


tile Treasul'y Departmcnt had arrived at a decision.
Q. That they had a poliey fixed upon, and he conld not open it ~-A.


Yes, sir.
Q. You went there-out oí' no seIfish motive ~-A. Not at pjl; 1 hai:.


no money object to achieve.




268 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
By MI'. COBURN:


Q. When yon g'ot back to N ew York, did yon have any verbal com-
munication with .1\11'. Fisk in reference to the business Y-A. No, sir.


Q. And ne\Ter sinco ~-A. 1 think noto
Q. Did you have 1111y verbal communication with MI'. Gould on your


return, 01' ever since that time f-A. 1 bclieve 1 had; and if so, it was
not of a business character, but merely an informal acconllt of the trip.
He eame 1'01111(1 to my honse, 1 think, two or thrcc days afterward, and
1 told him, as ho already knew, by not gettillg a dispatch írom me, that
an adverse result was reached. 1 merely related the fact tLat 1 had
failed, amI alluded to the physical snfferings which 1 had endllred duril1g
thoso nncomfortable nights. Beyond the mere casual mention of the
results, 1 recollect nothing olso of interest.
(~. Did yon have auy written commnnication with :\fr. Fisk concerning


that visit ~-A. 1 think not; 1 recollect nothing.
Q. Did yon have any with .1\'11'. Gonld ~-A. 1 think noto
Q. Did yon, aftor yon returned, send a messellgel' to MI'. Fisk, convey-


ing any information f-A. 1 do not recollect doing so; but it is possible 1
may have told sorne one to go down al1d tell him my ol~ject hall failed.


Q. If you sent s11ch a person, do yon recollect who it was 1-A. No,
sir.


Q. Did yon send a message to .1\11'. Gould giving 11im information~­
A. 1 think uot, bnt still 1 may have done so.


Q. Dill yon send a dispatch to both 01' either of themf-A. 1 did noto
Q. llave yon had an:r commnnication with any other person in regard


to that visit~-A. 1 never had any commnnication with any other per-
son prior to the President's refnsal to consider the plan.


By MI'. J ONES :
Q. What have been yonr relations to Fisk a1HI Gonld since your visit


to Washington ~-A. There never was an unkind word between .1\11'. JaY
Gould amI me, and the Iast time 1 saw )11'. Fisk his condnct towartl me
was perfectIy polite, respoctful, and gentIemallIy.


Q. Do yon considcr the relations between ,ron alld these'gentlemen as
friendly?-A. 1 do not know why they shonld be otherwise than triendly
to me, as 1 Lave always acted justIy toward them, and treated them
with kindness anll courtesy.


By the CHAlR:;\,IA~:
Q. At t1le time :ron wrote the letter to the President that was carriell


to Washington, Pennsylvania, did J'ou write another letter to General
Porter that was sent by the same messenger 1-A. 1 have answered that
by sayillg that 1 wrote a Iettcl' to General Porter, in which 1 said 1 wouId
be obliged to him if he would introduce the bearer to the Cltief 1lagis-
trate, so that he shonld not have auy unnecessur:r delay.


Q. 'Vas that thc substallce of the lettcr ?-A. That was the substance.
(~. Did :ron discuss t11e financial q llestions in that Ietter '?-A. No, sir;


1l0t at aIl.
Q. Did yon write in the letter that you had discusscd financial mat-


ters in your letter to t11e Prcsident ?~A. N o, sir. ' .
Q. 1 understood you to say that you wrote an article which was sub-


sequently published in the New York Times; what time was tLat ?-A.
1 do 1l0t recollect; it was sorne time in the summer.


Q. At whose instance did :rou wl'ite tlll1t article 'f-A. MI'. Jay Gould.
Q. Did yon 01' .1\11'. J ay Gonld Iook the article ove1' after it was writ-


ten ?-A. 1 undoubtedly carefully looked over the article after it \Vas




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 269
writ,ten, and possibly may have read it to him; its publication was left
to him.


Q. Did you aud he eonsult with ('uch otIJer as to the points tbat ought
to be made in such an article'?-A. Oh, 110; oue (htj" attor traveling
ove1' the subjects treated in t,he article, )11'. Gould said to me that it
would be admirable if I would prepare an artiele sctting fortb the views
1 had jllst expressed to him. 1 said Vér} wen, I will submit to the labor
of writing one, allll 1 did.


Q. Was that a1'ticle published ?-A. 1 Ilanded it to him, and he had it
published.


Q. Iu what paper~-A. I believc it appeared in tlle New York Times.
By MI'. P ACKER : "


Q. "Was that before 01' after you had been asked by MI'. Gould to take
part in the purcbase of gold ?-A. It must have been a good wllilc hefore
it; I tbink it must ·have been in Jul;¡' 01' August.


By the CHAIR.i\UN:
Q. Are you acquainted wit,h General Butterfield ~-A. 1 amo


o Q. How long havo you known him1-A. Ten 01' fifteen yeal's.
Q. Did you meet General Butterfield dnring tlle months of August 01'


September last?-A .. I met him occasionalIy, but not often.
Q. Did yon have any conversation wit,h General Butterfield on the


general financial polic.y of which you hayc spoken '1-A. Not much, if
any. 1 do not know t,hat I can swear that 1 really talked witll him at
all 011 that snbject; still I muy have done so.


Q. Did you ever haye a conversation with MI'. Gould in refcrence to
General Butterfieltl u/-A. MI'. Gould wished to haye MI'. Catherwood
appointod the assistant treasnrer, and 1 frankly told him and 1\11'.
Cathorwoo(1 that 1 could Ilot recoIllmend it. 1 also very frankly told
him t,hat General Butterficld was a friend, and t11at I should like to see
him appointed, and I told General Butterfield that I \Vould recommend
him fOl" assistunt treasurcl' i hut after thinking it over, I, at a later day,
withdrew my pl'Omise, and gaye no letter of recommendation. 1 thougbt
upon reflection that that was an ofliee so exceedingly important that tbe
members oi" Congress, aud tite party organizations, and the leading
business mcn should be eOllsulted ahout it exclusively. Hence, 1 con·
elnded to recommend no man to any iwportant oflice in New York, and
I have recollunellded no oue wlmte,'or.
(~. Dicl yon eve!' bave any conversation with :;\1[1'. Gould in reference


to Butterfield's mallagemcllt of tho sub·treasury?-A. I do not know
but that lmay have Itad.


Q. Did you ever have any comlllUllicatioll with General Butterfield in
reference tú tlle sale oí' goveI'J1ll1cnt gold ?--A. 1 think uot, unless in
ver;}" general terms.


Q. Were ,Von ever requested by auy person to see General Butterfield
in regard to tlle eourse of gold, 01' the purchase amI sales of gold ~-A.
Oh, no; nevero


. Q. Do ~'ou know of any officer of tite government oi' the UlIited States,
01' any connection witll the families 01' subordillate 01' employé of any
officer of tIle government, ever having auy interest in, 01' any part in, any
trallsaction in gold in the month of September, either directly 01' indio
rectl.y ~-A. No, sir; in no form, direetly 01' indil'eetly, through any
employé 01' in any other formo


By MI'. BURCHARD :
Q. Was any portiou of this gold that MI'. GoulO "\las carrying for you




270 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


illtended for General Porter ~-A. Oh, no; 1 have not the slightest idea
that General Porter in any form 01' manner had any interest in any
snch transaction.


By MI'. Cox:
Q. Rave you ever exchanged auy word with the President oi' the


United States 01' any of his f'ami]y, before your interview on the Snnday
you have Rpoken abont, as to financial matters 01' ;yonr gold business 01'
stock specnlations ~-A. ~ ever; only, as herdofoI'e stated in my testi-
mony, I lIlay at sorne time have said 1 owned honds.


Q. Do J'on mean that the cOlIlmittce sba11 understand that tbe onl,\'
influence and the 0111y consideration of your ",riting this letter to the
President wIten he was at 'VashingtoIl, Pellllsyh'aJlia, was to carry the
e1ectiolls and help tbe country, 01' did :ronr letter to the Pre&ident refer
to tIte elections in so manv wonls ~-A. l believed the eourse 1 recom-
mended wonld be for the best good oí' the COllntr:r, am1 also for the polit-
ical good oí' the party.


Q. You say you have not seen that letter which was written, called
the " Sis." Ietter, for four month~ ¡ where is it now ?-A. It <loes uot
exist ¡ it was destroyed at onee by my wife.


By }\fr. tIONES :
Q. Why ?-A. She wa,s angry becan se 1 read it to MI'. Gould.
Q. llave yon since yesterday corrected your lllernory as to the meallS


by which the President learnell of your speculatiollS ?-A. llow it carne
to his knowledge, 01' ",ho were tattling against me, l have now no
knowledge. Whether it was by the anxious operators to head off ::.vIl'.
Gould Oll tbe street 01' persona] spite, 1 canllot sayo There are always
men enough to conyey sncb. ill news among friends. He may have
learned the gossip frorn the newspapers.


Q. Did yon ever buy any gold 01' stocks for any persou in any way
connected with the governrnent 01' their honseholds; if so, wben, llOW
mnch, and what f-A. No.


Q. 01' intelHI to bny any ?-.~. For m;\' intcntioJ/s 1 am responsible to
Almighty God, and not to a member of Congress. lneve!' dill it; tbat
i8 enongh .


.'fhe COUllllittee at t,his point llirected the witness to retire, and, afte.r
consnltation, ordered the following question to be propouuded :


llave yon had any COllvP1'satioJl with any officer of the goyernment
01' with nny of his houscholtl in reference to the purcbase of gold 01'
stocks, 01' yonr design of so purcbasing; and if so, whaU


'Vitness having been agaiu caneel iJl, statell that if he hall said any-
thing disrespeetful to the committee, 01' any mernber of it, he desired tn
apologize fol' it ¡ that he <lid not wish to say anytbing indicating a want
of entire respect f.o the (liguity an!! charaeter oí' tIte cornrnittee.


TIte qnestion !!irceted by tIle eommittee to be propounded to the wit-
1Ie,'1S was tihen put to him.


'VI'l'NESS. vVhell my toes are tread upon, ltIl<l the character of othe1's
are at stake, I at once accept the issne. 1 ask for tIte reading of the
l'eso]ution autborizing tIle committee to Illake thiR investigation.


(Tbe resolution waR read by the e]erk of the committee.)
\VITNESS. ~lr. Chairman, 1 respectfully ask what this rmwIution has


to do with the conversatiou 1 have mentiolled infoI'mall:vl "\Vhat has a
little 'intenderl gift in stocks last sumIller to do with tlÍe fluctuations oí'
tIle gold market in September ~ Am 1 eompeUed tu deve]op a proposi-
tiOll in regard to stocks, made in the summel', and which '.Vas lleclined,




GOLD PANIC JNVESTIGATION. 271


in an investigation in reference to tite gold fiuctllations late in Sep-
tember ~


(The chairman Rtated that the committee cons'dcred tbe questiou a
proper one, and dil'ecteu its answe1'.)


\VI'l'NESS. In 1'elatíon to golll, I answer no; in l'elation to stocks, 1
appeal to the committee whethe1' I ought to answer the qLlCstion'~


CWitness \Vas again di1'ected to answe1' the question.)
Q~ Thell my answe1' is, as I have alrelL(ly stated, that 1 purcbased on


the Uth ofJuly two hundreu and fifty thousuml dollars in bonds, ane}
paili fo!' them by a note in bank; ut'ter \vhich, 1 offered to let 1\I1's.
GrUllt come in fo1' one half, which was uecliued. She did uot accept
the proposition.


Q. Have you answel'ed the questioll completely 1-A. 1 think so.
By MI'. PACKER:


Q. At what time did ,ron te11 :\11'8. Grant that she could have an
interest in tLis purehase, amI nt what tillle did 8he decline ~-A. Tlle
COllYer8ation was probably \vithin one 01' t\Yo c1ay8 after the pn1'chase.


Q. lIad SIlO liad any eonyenmtioll with ,ron in l'eference to it prcvions
to the time of tlle pu1'chase JI-A. No, sil'.


Q. 'Was she in any mauner a party to tlle pul'ehase Y-A. :No, sir;
she knew nothing of it until it was cou8nmlllatec1.


Q. Then, as 1 UIlllerRLand, it mlS simply un ofter upon your part to
give he1' a portion of these bonds, and an instant refusaI upon her part
to aeeept it '?-A. Yes, sil'; tlmt was it.


By .Mr. JONE8:
{.J. Did you expect, when yon made tltis proposition to Mrs. G1'ant,


that she \Voulc1 pay hel' portion oi' tlle ma,rgiu, 01' did ,ron expeet, if she
accepted it, she would not pa.y ullything, but tllat yon ,vould simply
give hel' the profits ?-A. Thc Iatter, if tlwre were auy prolitR.


Q. Had yon aDy funds of hel's in yonr hallds foI' illvestment'?-A. No,
sil'.


By 1\'11'. Cox:
Q. \Vhat was your design in lllakillg this tender to the wife of the


Prm'¡dcut 'I-A. ~Iy c1esire was to pIease he1'. She \Vas m,Y sister-in-
law.


Q. Do ;you say on oath that no other design was in your mind ?-A. 1
do. This was on the 24th of July, remclllber.


Q. It had no refereuce to any infillenee on the gow>rnmtmt, 01' ex-
pected to be exerted in refenmee to yom' speenlations'?-A. No, sir; 1
hac1no speenlations then.


Q. llave you an,r knowledge that tile Pl'csÍllent \Yas aware of yonr
propositiün to 1\-1rs. Grant "1-1\. I lta.n~ HOt. 1 think he ,,-as not..'


Q. You stated that yon Jost UpOll the stocks yon bOllght; did any-
hody fihare that 10s8 ?-A. N o one \Vas illterestec1 hut my wife with me.
The loss \Vas a little oye]' ninetecll thonsand dol1arR on a purehase oí'
two hundred and fifty thonsand.


Q. Did ,yon uot deeeive the PreRident in respecto to ,yonr being in gold
speclllat.ions ~-A. No, sil'.


Q. '\Vas not your lettel' wl'ittcn witb a view, 01' intent, to deeeiye him
in that regaren-A. No, sir.
(~. \Vas 1l0t t11e lette]' intelllled to assure hilll that yon were out oi'


these speenlations when .ron had so recentl,r been in them~-A, My in-
tentiou was to assnre him tbat 1 was out, amI 1 told him the trutll.
(~. Bnt. yon did not te11 him the whole truth, as 1 undel'stand~-




272 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
A. Yon lllay nnderstaml that 1 told him the whole truth of what T was
talking ahouL .
(~. How did these losses ocenr on the bonds ?-A. By the fall of


ln·ices.
(~. Did bOllds decline with the decline of gold '?-A. 1 am not sure.
(~. If gold advanced, would uot the cnrrency price of b01J(ls allvance?-


A. 1 do not know that 1 conld give all intelligent answcr tltat would
be satisfactory to mysclf.


Q. "ras llot your nnderstanding that Mr. Gould's proposition to ad-
vanee gold primarily wonld at the same time advance the cllrreney l)rice
oi' these bOllds yon were carrying "?-A. 1 am not sure how tbat would
be. TIte price oI' gold is now 20. Thc bonds of 1867which llmrchased
are now, 1 think, at 114. 1 am not sure oi' the exact price. WIten gold
was 140, bonds werc not 134, wItich is $20 higher than 114, the prcscnt
price. 1 think there has been sometimes quite a contrast in the 1ll0ve-
ments of gold ami bonds. Not being a dealer 1 cannot point out the
true eonnection hetween the two. .


Q. Have you ever paid any money, 01' given any present, directly or
indirectly, to any one, either as profits of gold speculations 01' in consid-
eration of stock sajes '?-A. N ever.


Q. At the time Mr. Gonld offered half a million of gold at the price
he paid for it, how much was the profit up to that time ~-A. 1 don't
know. 1 supposc the price he charged me was the lllarket pricc at that
time. An examination of the market prices will show.


Q. Yon llave no recollection as to the fact'?-A. 1 haye noto 1 sup-
posed it to be the same.


Q. vVho i8 the Simson, 01' Limson, whose llame is signed to the memo-
randum yon g'a ve yesterday ?-A. 1 do not know; 1 never was in Smi th,
Gould, l\fartin & OO.'s office.


By MI'. PACKER :
Q. ,y ere yon to have the gold from this firm at tIte priees they hought


it for, or for the market price the day it was oft'crcd to yon "!-A. '1.'he
firm 1 never saw 01' hall any acquailltallee with. .:vIl'. Gould offered tú
let me have gohl at what he callcel cost priee, and sellt tllat papel' which
1 have submitted here in fulfillment of ]¡is promisc, without impeaching
the truth oí' the papel'.


Q. Did tle s1,a1,e when he had purehased "/-A. He did no1, sayo The
date of the tmnsaetiOIl with lile was September 2.


Q. '.rhen it would be the market priee of that day, would it not ?-A.
1 was to have gold at 132 amI133~; that is the fado


By MI'. JO:l'ms:
<l. Do yon kllow whether 1\'[rs. Oorbin ever inforllleel the President 01'


bis wife of the interest yon had given her in bonds 01' in gold ~-A. 1
presume noto 1 do uot know it if she did.


By }\'[r. Cox :
Q. Have yon stated fully tbe amount of your .interes1, in government


bonds a1, the time of the paníc,ol' shortly preceding tIte pallio ?-A. 1
huve excepted those 1 hold regnlarly as a permanent investment, amI 1
had sold a few bonds out of this two hnndred and fifty thousalld. 1
should 1,hÍllk 1 had pl'obahly two hnndred thousand, oI' a littIe more, at
the time of tIle paníc.


Q. Have yon any li1,igation in New York in reference to this busi-
ness ?-A. No, sil'; 1 never had a law suit in my life.


Q. To wllom did yon give the article for the newspaper which you




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 273
wrote ~-A. 1 diclllOt give it to any one; 1 hanclccl an article to 1I1r.
Gould, andlte selected tIle papero It was wholly confidential. 1 did
not wish it to have any inflnellcc othcr tIlan the rnerits of tIle article
elltitlpu iL to; it ,vas to be strietly anonyrnous.


Q. Dicl yon ov(~r state to any one that Fisk 01' Goulcl haü never been
in your honsc sinco the Prcsident was there, about the timo of the Peace
.Jnbilee in Boston; did you state that to a reportor '?-A. 1 stateu di s-
tinctly to u, reporter, as 1 have said to this committee, that lITr. Fisk
,yas noyer in my honso prior to Sopternber 21. 1 did not state that ill
rE'gard to .MI'. Gould. 1 do not think the papeI'S eyer accused me of ¡;ay.
ing tlmt of botlt gontlernen.


Q. llave you ever saitl to any one that you were in no way eonnected
wiLh tlle operations of Gould and Fisk in gold 01' otherwisc ?-A. Possi-
bly 1 may, as, in fact, 1 was noto J'lfy y,-ife had a specified interest. If
you come to tcchuicaJities 1 re¡t]]y hatlllOne; not a dollar.


By 1\lr. 13uRCHARD :
Q. You say :ron wrote to General Porter; did yon reepi ve any Jettor


frorn birn ?-A. No; 1 got no reply. 1 heard afterwanl, and it was a
good while aftE'I', that the answor tho President gave to the bearer of my
letter "Iras "N o answol'."


By Mró J ONES :
Q. Did yon ever tell "Lhe President hiIm;elf that ;ron were specnlating


in stocks 01' gold ?-A. No; 1 didnot. 1 fdt that 1 had a right tn huy
stocks 01' hOIl(ls thc same as any othcr gentleman; at the sallle tüne it
is but jnst to mysclf to say that 1 amllot likely to tIlrust rnyafihirs npoa
tIle attention oi" other people.


Q. Did yon in tbe conversatioll with tho President yon JlRve spoken
of, OH Snmlay, reter to tIle letter you had writteIl to the President w11ich
was carriod by .MI'. Chapin ?-A. 1 believe 1 have tolel yon tIle few bl'ief
wonls that llaSso(l, aIHl tltat the whole rnatter was closed.


By 1\lr. Cox :
Q. Do yon kuow Doetor Pollard ~-A. 1 have seen him.
(~. "\VIlen did .ron see him; was it OH the 23d of September, 01' abont


tbat time '!-I do Hot know when 1 last saw him.
Q. Did )-011 eyel' can on 11im at tho Erie ltailroatl building ~-A. 1 thil1k


not; 1 do Ilot reeolleet of any suoh callo
Q. Do yon l'E'IllOlIlber any intClTiew you ever had with him 1 if sOr


what ?-A. 1 think he was tbe man ,vho came amI wanted a 1ettor nf in-
trodnetion to Governor Fish, stating that 1\1r. Fisk wished to get a urass,
ball¡], 01' "ol11et11ing like thnt, froll1 Bolgiurn.


Q. Did yon lun-e .auy conversation with hirn about this goJd husiness,
or yOlU' specu1ations'?-A. 1 never have to rny recolloction. He is a,
c1erk in the Brio bnihling, for 1\lr. Fisk, 1 helieye.


Q. You never told him, at an interviúw in the Erie building, "How
does 1\11'. Fi;;k bear 11is losses; it is terrible for ns;" did yon ~-A. That
is tbe Sl1n's "torv. No. (::l. You never "made such a rernark as that to hirn ?-A. ~fy dear sir,
1 never recollpet saying one wora to birn of any kind whatsoever about
gold.


Q. Did ,Y0n evor soe anybody, after your return from Washington,
who wa:,; eOltllected with this husiness; anybody representing Fisk 01'
Gonld ?-A. Not to my recollectioll.


Q. AlIy ht,,',)'ors 01' agellts ~-A. 1 ltac1 a talk with my own lawyor.
n. Hop. 31--18




274 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATIO¡{.


Q. 1 mean representillg Fisk 01' Gonld, after your return from Wash-
illgton O/_A. No.


By 1\11'. JONES :
Q. Do yon think there is any matter unsettled between yon and Fisk


and Gould ?-A. 1 wouId refer yon for an answer to his law;yer and
mine.


By Ur. Cox :
Q. Did you have any relations 01' communications about this gold


business with General Butterfield 01' any of his snbordinates uming the
penclency of this movement '/-A. 0, no; none at all.


Q. You had no intimation by telegraph frolll \Vashington, 01' any nther
place, in reference to the sale of gold by the Secretary of the Treasl1l'y'?-
A. Never, either direetly 01' indireetly.


By :MI'. J ONES :
Q. Are we to understaml you to say that yon had no interview with


General Butterfielu during this gold panie 01' crisis in New York from
the time goId began to go up "?-A. If by tlle won1 interview yon mean
to ask whether 1 over saw him, 1 shonld say 1 presume 1 did sre him,
fuI' we were in the habit of meeting pretty often before his appointmcnt
anu occasionally after,,-ard. 1 presume 1 was llOt at h1S honso during
Angust and September. He may have been at mine upon a visit, but
nothing ever occnrred in reference to any matter of business tlmt 1 re-
member. \Ve haye hall no trallsaetiolL in golU, nor had any other busi-
lless conneetions tcgothcr since the time he came into his treasur.y oflice.


Q. You never asked him, alldhe never gave yon, what was tbo poliey
(}f the govcrnment'?-A. 1 do not think he had anything to give. 1 <10
not think 1\11'. Boutwell ever trusted him 01' any one else; at any rate,
1 an.'\wer the question in tbe negative.


Q. Your rclations with tbe President are friendly now, are they 7-
A. Entirely so.


vVith the pel'mission of the commi ttee, 1 desil'e to make one general
statemcnt. 1 wish hore to ay!'·r that 1 have forlfled no plalls to cause
finctuations in the gold ma1'kct, amI no man, so far as 1 know, ever at-
tempted to execnte auy plans derived from me to cause sncb finctn-
ations, with 01' withont any assistance of mine. 1 luwe llever put up a
dollar of money 01' credit for any snch purpose. 1 have never put np
anr credits 01' stocks with any yiew to canse the price of gold to finetu-
ate, nor to crea te any reyulsion in the market. 1 llavC ncvcl' given in-
fOl'matioll, ami have never obtaincd information, of a character that
would benefit any attempt to create any finctnatioll. No officol' eyer
furnished me with any snoh illfo1'mation, and 1 have never sought any
sueh information. 1 wish to state these facts in this general way. 1
think it is due to th{~ officers of the government that 1 shonld make this
statemeut, and also tllat 1 ShOllld say that 1 have never obtained any
information from any snbordinate other than fi'om those high in antllor-
ity. 1 wish to say, also, that 1 firmly believe that these lluctuatiolls
were produeed by those ext1'aordillaI'y speenlatiolls in \Van street, and
that it was a spasm whie11 oceurrcd very suddcnl;y, as 1 believe, with-
ont any plan about it of more than a few homs' dnration.


ByJ)1r. Cox:
Q. Do 1 understand that yon had no design in your eouver-


sation and editorials, in your letters written to the President, in your
visit to 1Yashingtol1, of a selfish character; that yon lmd no de:,;ign




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 275
to create a fluctuation in gold for the benefit of yourself and your
friends ?-A. Entire exemption from selfishness I cannot claim. I
bave not quite attained perfection, tbougb I Rtruggle for it. I am will-
ing to admit that 1 bave something of human selfishness, but so far as
creating fluctuations is concerned 1 certainly have no desire to accom-
plish that purpose. 1 did desire to Ree gold at 140, and to see it held
thcrc until the crops could be taken to market and good prices obtained.
1 did not desire any fluctuation 01' agitatiou in the money market.


WASHINGTON, Jan1tary 28, 1870.
CALEB C. NORVELL sworn and examined.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Question. State your place of residcnce and occupation.-Ans,yer. My


place of business is the N ew York Times oflice. 1 am one of the editors
of the Timos; more pal'ticularly the financial editor.


Q. Were you acting as financial editor of tlle N ew York Times during
tbe TllOntbR of ,Tuly and August last '?-A. YeR, sir; eyer since tbe for-
mation of the papel'.


Q. Was there an editorial on financial suqjects presented to you for
insertion in the New York Times sorne time in the months of July 01'
August by Jay Gonhl ?-A. No, sir; 110t by ::VII'. Gould, nor"by anyIJody
from MI'. Gould. MI'. Bigelow too k cllarge of tlle editorial department
of tlle Times about tlle 1st of August. About tlle 5th of the month he llad
an interview with the President; probably at 1\11'. COl'bin't'; honse. On
the 6th appeared an editorial wholly irrespective of any matter of
gold. ThIr. Bigelow requested me to furnish him the figures to which
reference had been made in his interyiew with the Pl'esidcnt. I wrote
out a general article, which was publíshcel on the 7th. This article of
the 6th, which had llothing to do with the gold speculatiollR, seems to
haye been in some way confounded with tlle articlc ol' the 25th.


Q. ,Yhat article was that ?-A. That was what we call in our office
an "outsiele article." Articlcs come to us well written on the topics oí'
the day, aml we adopt them as our OWll. Row this article reached the
office 1 only know from hearsay. As to wllethe1' MI'. Gould, nfr. Cor-
bin, 01' who sent it, 1 have no knowledge. 1 <lid not see the manu-
script for sorne time after, and not until thiR controversy arose. That
article was represented to have come from somo particular friend of the
President. 1 have every reason to believe that it was put in type jl1st
as it was written, aml double-Ieaded, to be published as un editorial
leader. 1 hall gone home to Sta ten Islaml, and my assistant in the
money department told Mr. Bigelow he had bette1' leave it over until he
could see me; that, whethe1' it was written in tlte interest of t11e ad-


.ministration 01' not, it certainly seemed to compromise the aelministra-
tion, anel ntterly to stultify our own position in rega1'd to gold; especialIy
tlle last paragraph, which was most il1ogícal, and seeIlled to be a plau-
sible plea for the highestpossible gold that tIte market coulel be brought
up too 1 will do ThIr. Bigelow the jnstice to say that he conlel not have
believed that it carne from any inspired source. General Grant had
left the city on the 20th. This carne to me about the 23d. It was to
haye appearecl on the morning of. the 24th; and when the suggestion
was made to MI'. Bigelow that it was in Illy department, as he had just
come into the office, amI had not watehed our course on this subject, it
\Vas proper that he should leave it oyer, which he did, and which 1 am




276 GOLD PANIC nIVESTIGATION.
suro he ,rould not haye done if he had belieyecl that General Grallt bad
secn it hefin'e it carne into the oflice. 1 have no doubt that it was sent
un<1e1' false pretcnees, HmI 1 do not thil1k ])fr. Digclow hall auy doubt,
afte!' tl1(> oeeurrcnce of ScpteJ'nbel', that it was intcndcd to be i1nposed
upon ns <lS a senü-official expression by the Pl'esident..


Q. Have yon tlle eüitorial as first set up in yonr oflice '?-A. 1 have;
anü 1 also hayc the manuseript ,,-lth me. vVhen 1\11'. Rigelow left
Olll' oftke a fell days before the row occurred in September, 1 tbougllt
1 ,youlll e lH1cavOl' to get the fnets before t110 pulJlie. lt waR a delieatt~
business fol' the Times to publish a full statcment 01' t11e faets, and 1 got
the UOllllllel'eial Advertiser to publish the interview with Grant 011 t11e
5th of .\.ngust, the reRults 01' which appeared in 01U' papel' o[ the Gth, in
tlle 1eader, which was looked upon as a mallifestatiou of the views of the
President' ou the pa,ymeut of the debt, amI the l'ednctioll of tlw expenses,
Ou the Hth oí' Oetober sorne of om' ueighhOl's still miRrepreseutel1 us
as to onr responsibility for the gold panic. In tho meantimc there ('ame
out a statemeut from .:\11'. Gonld to the l'eporter oí' t11e Sun that tIw m'-
ticle of tbo 2i"íth had been revel'setl in its positiOlI hy sorne editor in tlle
oflice; t11at it "as Hot published as set np i that tilo pnrpose was to
" hnll" gold, amI that some person iu tbe ofliee had intel'Ian1ed t,YO 01'
thl'ee lines so as to gi,-e it a different applieation, amI had 1e1't out tho
closing' paragraph altogether. In tllis artiele in tite UOllllllcreial Adver-
tise1' tlle precise changes "hieh "eremade in theoriginal artiele appe<ll'erl.
1\lr. Dige10w hallded me tIlo al'ticle aud toId me to do witll it as 1 liked.
1 told him tho honest argument of tho artie1o, if it llleant anything, .
meaut tllat tlle President aud Secretary (lid not mean 1,0 scU gold alH1
lode up curreney in tile treasnrYi tbat they would seU 110 more gold
tban they eould dislmrse enrrency for, amI t11at further, if bonds should
be Yory fayorable, the Secretary had the right to huy bonds fol' tIte :-;juk-
ing fUIHI dil'eetl,Y witb gold. This faet is inserted in th(' bod,y of the arti-
ele, tImt he lllight pel'haps exchange gol(l fol' 5-20 borHh; directo There
is wllera ?tIro Gouhl said tlle argumellt had becu mutilateü HlI(ll'cnrsed.
1 did it 1'01' t,YO pUl'poses. In the first place, 1 thought if the arglllllCllt
lIlüi1tlt Hl1ythillg- it meant that thc Presi<lellt aud Scel'ctary c1id not illtcml
to 10e1;: U)) enrreney dUl'illg the busy sea son; amI in tIle SeeOIl([ place, not
knmYing where tlle artiele eame frolll, yet from w1mtever so urce it ol'ig-
illated, 1 suspected tllere might he fl'Olll t,11e statements of the last para-
graph' a sinister pnrpose to "bull" gold, so tllC donblc lead y.as taken out
of the article, amI the tail of t11e al'tiele (whkh yon wi1l fiml here.) striekf'll
off: alld t11e al'tiele as it appears puhIishe(l OH tlw 25th. The original arti-
ele was hended ,. Grant's financial poliey." ::\Ir. Bigelow, afte!' ,ye had
changecl it to eonforlll to om' OWll views, anel to what we belicveü wonlr! he
of sC1Tiee to the admillistration, said: ,. Sl1PPORe you head it, as Bontwel1
has becll hrougltt illto it, "fhe financial poliey of the adlllillistratioll.~"
That headillg was giwl1, and it so appcared in the papel' tIlO lIext da}.
1 now fnrnish to the committee the mtiele as it \Vas originally set np,
amI as it \Vas aetuall,Y published, showing what changes were made.
Arlido as 8etn]l !roln lllW11Iscl'ipt, e/anble Arliclr a8 )'cllncc!l aJl!! otlic)'l('isc chanflcü, as


¡callcd, in italies, nnll pllbli8hc(1 in anlinaJ'!I learlell
t!lpe,


GnA~>T','l FINXXCIAL POLICY. rL,[AXCL\L POLICY 01' TIlE AD~IINISTRA-


Thus f,w in 11is auminist,ration of the
govemmcllt President Grant has not Ret
fOl'th, in an oftic:ial forlll, the vo1icy uy
whiclt 11e 1:; gunrued \rIlen acting upon


TIOX.


TIlus far in his at1111illbtratloll o[ tIle
goVel'llIUcut Prcsident Grant has llot set
forth, in an offieial forlll, tlw )Jollcy uy
which he i8 govcrucll WllCll actiug upon ,




GOLD PAKIC IKVESTIGATIOK. 277
fiscal affairs. This nttcranci' eannot rea~­
ona bly oe el'p<,etetl prior to the meeting of
COl1<Yr('sRill Deccmberncl't. JI) his <1n1111al llle~;age, amI in tllO report of tIlO SeereÜlry
of the TrcaH11r.\', \YO ])lay oxpect to sco a
clear amI full development of tilO l)olit,y
of tho Presitknt; amI ill tlw suoscqllcnt
acts nf COll)2;I'CSS that policy wi 11 oe aided,
strell)2;thclle~tl, amI, p<'l'haps, lllotlifieu.


In the lll{':m tillle OWflelsoi' theAdminis-
t1'[\tion cmtLle us to form decitletl views of
its poliec' amI intentiolls. Fi/'&t. Thc Pres-
itlCllt evideutly lnten<ls to pay offthe "jice-
tiCcnliC8" as rapit lIy aH ho IIlay iu gold. Sec-
ondl!!. 111 order to be uhle to make this pay-
mcnt&ooll.thePl'esi(l¡>nt is lahorin)2; to large-
l¿- apprecíate the erodit of the gO\'Cl'llUleuti
he is Htrugglillg to lift its s(,c11l'itit;s into
the high 1108it,ion oceupietl l,y tllOse of
Great Britaill aud Frauce. IVJ¡Cl1 titis end
is llle!lsurably attained, t1w I'l't'"it1eut, ,\'il1
tllPll he ahlo to negotiare a loan at par, in
gold, nt ,101' 4+ per ecnt., ",it\¡ the. pl'oceerls
of whiclt to lmy oft' t,Y('IYI' 01' íifteen Imu-
drcd lllillioUH ofthe l'llhlic deht; thn8,oy
a men,sa\'Íllgin t-he rate ofintcl'l"t, 1PS8t;n-
ilJ~ onl' :\lmui11 pnylll()llt~ (11' iuteresL iu
gold, $\!5,OOO,OOO (Jr S:lO,OOO,()()(). J'ilil'd!y.
To enahle hilll to ¡miltl nI' Hw gO\'('l'lllllCllt
crct1it amll"hsen the iulerest upon the lmh-
líe !le!>t, the l'resident has st)ünlously antl
,,'ith sllcecss lahorcLl lo eollcet tlw rCYCllne,-;
withont loBs 01' ,yaste, amI ,,~ith less ('l'-
p0118e; ah;o, to intl'o(lnoe :L rigi(l ecollOllly
luto eYe1'y b1':mch oi' the publie servicl'.
Great saYÍllgs haye hcen realize(] in the
:Milital'~' amI Tl't'aRnry hl'an('he~; en'üita-
ole savillgs in the btate :wd IntC'l'ior De-
1ml'tlll~llt~ !lave lJCell ('ffede'l, tll1tl eOllsitl-
(']';1 bk saving;; am hopetl fol' frolll tlwNavy
amI Post Otlke.


DO ÜIl' as tIJe cnrrent mOn~lll()llts of the
Tr()a~nry am couecnl('(I, l111til the crops
aro mm:('tl, iL is 1I0t 1ikdy Tr"asnry goltl
,,'il1 he soldo The enlire smplus 01' cur-
l'elle,' in t he Tn'tlStll'Y, OH the contra1'y,
,,~ill he cml'loy{'c1 in thn pnrelwse oí' lJo1l(b
as hcretofol'e, that JUOIH''y may be ah un-
t!aut allti chcap ai the tillle crops are to be
1'ai<l f"r mH1Jnoved bytrall81'0rl ers lo mar-
ket, At tt tillln of the yeal' so critical to
pnHluCI'l'R" tilO Prcsi<1cnt ",iI111t',t ,Yith(lra,,~
elllTC!lCY ir011l th" oh auneIs "t trado all(l
COlllJllt'fCe; 110 ,vi]] 110(. scUtl )2;01([ into tl1(\
mHrket amI sell it 1'01' Clll'l','nl)' to loek up
in t1w Trcasury yanlts. Sllch a procedure
would rctlncn the "aIne of Ollr cutire 1'1'0-
ducts; to ouy a1l(1 loek 111' our CUlTüllCy
'l/OH'. :1 mI tllllS 1\1:1 k .. 1lI01le~' ,~eal'ce 111H1 <1ea1',
wnnlll <list\'tóSH aH 0[' tlw lH'ot!nc<'l's of ti\()
cfllmtry, :1\1(1 benc,jjt 1100011~' out usnrcl'S
alU1 speclllato1's. Tllis er1'01' ,viII llOt he
committptl, :-\0 atllllÍll istl'atioll e:lIl desire
a llloney pauie, amI thcl'cl,'y lo\V l'l'ices f01'
P]'(lt]¡l':t', npoll tlle eyo of the fall deetioll".


TIl., poli .. y 01' tho PI'I'sitkllt i;;, tIten, as
l'evealetl by his aets, to al'l'rl'clUte tlle
y"lnes of aH gOVCl'll111CUt. s('(;nritit's ]11'1'-
paratol'y to tite maldllg of :Ill cf!<n't to !tos-
S"ll j he rates of intercst olllhe l'nLli~ dd,t;


fiseal afluirs. This lltterallC" caulloI, 1'(':1S-
onaoly he eX]leetl'l1 prior to the ml'eting of
Congress in December llext. Inltis alluual
l1lcssagc, amI in tl1(; r¡'port of the Decl'etary
of the Tl'easury, \Ve I1my cX]leet to see a
clear am1 fi1l\ developmeut oi' the policy of
thc 1'1'csicleut; alHl in the s11hsefluent acts
of Congl'ess that policy will lJü aided,
8Íl'eugt.helletl, an(l, perhapB, lllodiíied.


In the lllean time tlw ael, of the ALlmin-
istration ('llable 118 to form c1ecicIed views
of its polie,\' amI iutpntiolls. Fir8t. The
President cvic1clltly iutends 10 pft}' off the
"fivc-t\\'cllties" as l'apitlly as he may in
gold. Brcoud/y, In on10r (.0 lJe ahle to make
this paymellt SOOll, the Pl'esidcut is labor-
ing to largely apI'rcciatc 1.110 cret1it of the
gOYe1'1lment; he is strnggling to lift its
~ccul'itics to the level of tlw secllrities of
t110 ,vealthiest E11l'ol'cun Statcs. IVheu
this ()Jl(1 i8 mcasnralJly flttaillC(I, the Presi-
dent \\-il1 be able to llegotiate a loan at
par, in gold, at 401' 41 pér cent., with t.110
l'l'oeeet1s ()f whirh to pay ot1:' t\\'elvc 01' tif-
teell hnlldrel1milliolls of the pnhlic deot;
tllllS, hy a mere saving in tlle rate of in ter-
c~t" les~ellillg OHl' aunnal ])[!ylllellt~ of in-
t!'l'est, in gold, Sz:"OOO,lIOll <Jr ~30,(JOO,OOO.
Thirüljl.To ~llalol(' hilll to lmild npthegov-
ernUlC'llt credil awI1cs.'iell the iuterest lI1'Oll
the pnlolü, (leht, tlw President has sedu-
lonslv aud "il11 ,UGces, lal)()l'(,ü to cul1ed
thn l~e"I'lIl1C'S withont los.'; 01' ,,'aste, amI
",it11 le:;,; expeU,;tl; ;ll~oto int1'O([I1('0 a l'igi<l
ecouolll'y iuto ('ycry hralleh oi' lhe lllllilie
seniec. Gl't'at sayini!:s ha YC be('11 realized
III Ow :\Iilital'c' :11](1 '~Tl'('a8lll'y \¡r.111cil,'s;
crcüitable sayings in the State amlIlltCl'iul'
D"lw1'tnwnts ha,'e h00n effected, amI con-
siderable savÍll~H are hop('(l fu!' Ü'om tho
Kavy antl Post Office.


S() far aH tiln ('lllTent mon'lllents oi' the
TI'easnl'yare COllccl'uccl, Hutil the l'l'O]l8 :Ire
llloyed, it i, llot likely Trt'as1tl'c' gohl will
he sold .fOl' CIlI'1'f'IIC!I lo be lorkeil "p. Tlle
eutire ~.nrplns 01' ClllTC'llC,v illtlw Tl'ea~u]''y,
ou tite eOllÜ':U'y, wiU 1>" emplnyed in tlw
purchase ofboudsas IH'retotore. that lllOBey
lllay lw ahnndallt amI ch,!ap at t110 time
cl'o[ls are 1 () be 1'ai,1 fuI' alH 1 lllo\'etl h~"
transpol'ters to mal'ket. ~ll/(l it ))I«!I be liwt
flll'lhel' pllrc!w,'ck of lio¡¡(/s wi/l. be ¡¡¡a(le di-
I'cclly Irilh flolrl. At a time of tlle ~-('ar so
Cl'i tiraI to prot1ncers, t he Prcsit1ell t \\' illllot
withl1raw cnncnc}' fl'Olll the channels ot'
trac1e amI cOllllllcrc'(' ; he \\' illllOt semI go1<1
into the llIarkct uud seU it for cnrrellcy to
10ck U]) ln tite Tn,a;;nl'Y Y;l11ltR. Sneh a
pl'Ocednre \\'onhl reduce thc yaluD 01' 0111'
entirc llrot1ncts; to 1my and lock np out' cnr-
ren(':> no\\'. tlllll tllllS make mUlle\' scaree
am1 'tlpar, ,yonl(l ([istress al! oI' the pro-
tI11Ccrs of t11e eouut.l'y, amI hÜllcíit nobo(l:;
Imt usurcrs anll speculators. Thi~ error
,,'i!l uot he COllllllitte(1. No atlministnt-
tion CHU dcsil'c a. mone;\' pauic, amI, as a
COllfl('(llll'll('C, lo,," prices Ú)l' protlncl', npOll
the eve of the faH elCetiOllS.


The poliey of tlle Presir1cllt is, then, liS
ren)aletl by his acts, to appreciate thc \'al-




278 GOLD PA~IC INVESTIGATION.
to llOllcslly collcct thc rcvcnues; to re-
duce exppnditures. '1'h1s polier, if 8UC-
eessfhl, will enable the aclministl'ation to
place our fillauces upou a solid íoumlatiou,
alld fo reduce Ihe taxeR.


Sneh is tlw fillaueial poliey of the Presi-
clcut" as dcvelopel1 by his acts. It is at
onefl ¡,implo ,m([ efficieut. By strcugthcn-
ing ou1' crcdit we carry ou1' houds to par
in gold; br hecOlning uble to obtaiumouey
at 4 01' 4} ver ccnt., we can save lt 01' 2
per cent. por real' upon our whole debí.
Contesta bctween government ancl hond-
holüers aro likelv to lessen tho valuo oí


I honda amI destroy our hopo of reüncing
tIte r:1te of iutCl'est írolll 6 to 4 per cent.
per anuum. '1'he l)()lier of the President
iB wisest anü heat. It ia honest, simple,
anl1 statosmanlike. It will sncceed if aü-
hered to aucl vigoronaly maintained.


[H nmy]¡n ohjeekl1, that thc dishurse-
meDt of curroncr to the largest convenient
extent, nllll the retention in the Tl'eusuI'y
of uunccdeü gold, will cause gold to rise
agaill to 135 01' 140. Suppose it shonlcl
tItus resulto '1'hi8 woulll soeul'O lal'ge ship-
meuts of hreaclstufts, provisions, hntter,
eheesfl, petrolcnm, eot,tou, tohaeeo, &0., at
incrcase<1 l'riccs; ancl, to the amount ship-
ped, wonhl save to our ]loople an cf[llal
v:tlue of gol(l. Reuce, ¡LB gold accUluula-
tecl, 1ho leos wouId be the premium upon
it; "igil pl'ices fol' gol(1 brim'() the sale of om'
lll'uüucfs would causo lowcr priccs of golll
after the sale of exports. It is hette]' for
onr country to ship pro(luce to lmy for ou1'
impol'ts tIlau gold 01' bonds. The objcction
to 1,hc rctcntion of gohl in the Treasnry,
lLutil OlU' lH'olluctio11s aro· murkctcll, is un-
sonud; for tIte retention of golcl will malee
both golfl and tIlO proilnctions <1earer at
thc tilJle of thc sale of the productionR; if
gold is Ilot needell for shipment, t,lw p1'''-
mima ou i t ,vo11lll fallo Lar¡!;c eXl'0l'ts of
l))'()(luce, stimulated hy the teillpor,l1'Y high
pl'ice of gold, would soon canse golfl to
boa1' a loIYol' price. Honco, a high price
foI' golll, dUI'ing the next three months,
,yonlil hn prodnctive of great goo!l to ex-
p01't01'8 of produce. '1'he faU 01' golü, at
thi~ time, to twenty-flve per cent. woultl
bl'illg nlÍll npoll t11e agricnltura1, mcchan-
ical, auclmallufactnrillg classes; injnry to
these \Yonlil cntail injnry npou t110 mcr-
challts a1l(11lj'Olt 1:11.JUror8. 11' golll is made
clwap it wil! be exported; if too ¡lcar to
cC'epo1't, t-hcn pl'Olluco will be shippcd inlien
of it. Hence, government will not so act
as to lessen the valne of this year's O1bun-
dant crop, bnt ,>ill labor to inerease its
;-:llno alHl prol1lote its expol'Üttioll to fo1'-
oiga coulltl'ies.]


ues oí all governmcnt securities prel,ara-
tory to the mnkillg of an effo1't to lesscn
thc mtcs of intcrest, 011 thc lJUhlic de bt; to
honestlr collect thc rcvonucs; to reünce
expenditul'eR. 'l'his poliey, jf successflll,
will cnnblc the aüministration to plaee
ou1' financea upon a solia foulldation; ami
to red /Cee the taxes.


Sueh is thc tinanciallJolicy of thc Presi-
dent, as developed by his acts. It is at
once simple nud cfficiout. By strongthcn-
ing on1' c1'edit \Ye carry our hontls to par in
gold; by heeorning able to obtain money
at 4 01' 4t per ccnt. we can save 1} 01' 2 por
ceut. per year upon ou1' whole debt. Con-
tests hetween goverull1ent aud bo]](lhohl-
ers are likely to lesscn the value of houds
amI destroy 0111' hope oí reduciug the rate
of iutcrest fl'Olll 6 to 4per cent. 1'e1' :lllnnll1.
'1'he polioy oi" the Presidellt is wiscst and
best. It iR hOllest, simple, alld statesll1an-
likc. It will succcca if adhered to aud
vigoronsly sustailled.


(¿. Do yOIl kno,,' who presented this article to yonr officc ?-A. Olll~­
f'roll1 heanmy. 1 ha,ye reuson to lJelip,ye, tllOUgh 1 ea1l110t te11 yon pre-
cisely how 1 got the information, that before the graJ1d jUl'y .:\lr. Gonlrl
relleated \\'lwt appeared in the Sun, and in one 01' two other papel's, llt
the time, tllat Ml' .• James l\IcHemy, of LOl1l1on, who was intimately
acquainted with 1111". Bigelow, lJronght t1l0 al'ticle as fl"Olll 1\11". Corbiu.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATIOX. 279
Now, the President hall only left tOW11 011 tbe 20th of August. This was
brought on the 23d, und the iutention, I have no doubt, was that it
SllOUld appear jmJt as much semi-officially as the other artic1e of the 6th
of August, which MI'. Bigelow himself ~wl'ote ufter his interview with the
President.


Q. \Vas an editorial pnblished in the New York Times 011 the 24th of
Septelllber on t11e gold movement?-A. Yes, sir.
(~. Wlmt \Vas the drift of the article ?-A. I have it here. JHr. Bige-


lo\\" said to me, "Yon \Hite an editorial about the oxcitement; yon have
bcen in the midst of it; ,yrite it up." TheI'ü had been two days of the
exeitell1cnt; tlJis was before the gl'eat panic. On one of theso da;ys there
had been great fiuctuatioll in stocks. I ,note this article, ana gavo strong
points 01' rumors that were eUI'rent that Fisk had goue into th8 gold-
room and wagered any part oí' $50,000 that go1t1 woulfl go above 145;
this was the day befol'e the panic. I said in that al'ticle:


[Fl'Olll iho Kew York Times l SeIJtpmber 24.J


TIIE EXCITE~n::XT DI" WALL STllEET.


~ 1f '* *- "" 4!- "" ~ " '* '* TIle H~cOJ1(l ~eusat,ion relateü to the speculationmHl pratical corner in gohL Aud llere
aboul 3 o'c!ock Oll \V('ÜllI;Slhy aftel'llOOll allpCal'CÜOll tlw Hecuo the iucvitable aml ine-
prcssihlo Fisk, jI'. lIis preseuce in the gold-1'oom ,,;-as sigualized by tho rapiü riso in
1'01<1 from 1:17t to 1-JI} per cent., alll[ hy tlw olfer (jf ,,-ngers for anypart of $50,()()() that
the price would rl;aeh 115 p('1' eeut. Tlte other cugiueers of tltc lllüVcIlllmt ,\~el'e llot
idlc, 1101' ha<l thl'y uecu through the eal'licr part oí' the !lay_ Tlley uot only bnllecl goltl
,,-itlL a \VIll, hut taIkcI1 freely of tho vo-:tlT:mt which they hall fl'om Washington fhat
tho gOYel'llllwut. wouId 1l0t interfcrc with them. The higltest ofliciaJ in tho laucl \HIS
fluotcl1 ((8 brin!! '/Vilh tlicJn, allll he, of COlHS<', control s the ar:tion ofthe Secl'etary of tlle
Treasnry aUfI lhe N ew York assist:mt tl'easurcr. AH hough this lllUst ha ve lH;cn known
to be false, there \Vel'e ablluc1aut rumor8 mHl suspicious insic1iously spreaü aroulHl thc
strpct to Cl'eate the belief 01' feal' ,,,ith good men t'hat the arlministration \Yould 1101
iuterpose hy furthül' sales of golü frolll thn Tl'easUl'y, 01' extra purchases of Unitpil
Sta tos 5-20s in exehaugc for gohl. Among thoso l'nmors was ono tImt tho GouM-Fisk
lJarty \\"I'1'e lluout to sl1enre the services anc1 in1111f'nCe nf MI'. Corbin, (the hrothel'~ill­
law o[ thc Pl'csi¡J"llt,) as presiücllt of tllC Tellth ~atiollal Bl1nk, whieh tlley have
l'ecently pUl'eh:tsed, iu eOllnection with Messrs. Twccd amI Sweeuey_ The consiclcra-
tiou was to be $:!G,()()() per allll11lll, oflllal to President Grant's own salary. Tltis was
too monst1'Oil~ fm SPl'iOllS helÍc[. \Ve ha\'e reason to know it is whollv Ollt of the
chaptcr nf probllbilities "ith MI'. COl'hill himself. •


Yestcnlay tllO Clmtml ana IIIllIsou atl'air was cOlllparatively (luiet, lmt the golll SCl1sa-
tion was l'elloweil ,,,ith grcatly incl'case(l illteusity_ Tlle Gonltl-Fisk Lrokcrs Lid the
11rice up to 144 per cent. 'rhe part,'), v.-itllout tlcrn:ml1iug' thdr goltl, compolh;<! the
sellers alllluol'l'Owers who lmll coutracts with them to placo ÜVC 01' Boveu Jler eeut.
allditional aüvaucc iu lHice iu their OW11 han da, 01' clse settle at the price of the day.


This secne may be ¡¡mnsiug euongh to our l'caüers, as ti \Vall st.l·eet fight 1)etweeulJ1tll
alld bcar, hut it h:ts a more "erious aspecto The business oí' tIlo Proünce Exchangc, and
t11e cO!1(lnd oí' tilO ol'llinary íorcign exch:mges of the market, aro paralyzed by this
hClWy rise allil COl'ncl' in goltl, throu!!/¡ a &hccl' yumolill[l o/xmtioll. T11e goverumeut is
scamlaliwd hy false rumors (I[ complicity; the lmhlic crcdit üamaged by the 1'a11 in tlJe
funds, anil tlw g'1~lICl'al tralle oftl", COll11try :lgitntuIl an(11l11d111y Uhl'lllell by a [lanio in
rnoney coiucillunt wilIt, ii' llot üircctl~' SllJ1Cl'illlluccd by, lhe loek-np ill goM. \VhCll 01'
where the tl'ouhl" is to üIHl wc haye uo prescllt mcaus of telliug.


I haye met jUl'. COl'bin himself, to-day, fOl' t11e ilrst time. ~When this
1ll0llstI'ous story lwgall to goet, ahonl, that tl]('.)' meant to debauch the
aümiuistration of General Graut, I went first to MI'. Seligmall, a director,
aud a repnblican director, in the Tenth :;:;¡-ational Bank, which it was
said the Goul<l party liad bonght up and illtellded to make J.\Ir. Corhin
presidpnt. 1 told him that tlw thing must stop; that it was mOllstrollS.
MI'. Seligmall, while denying that such a thillg' had taken place, his
maUller suggested that sueh a thingo had at least been suggested. I
theu weut, to an official of the government, MI'. Calendar, amI stated to
llim what 1 hall heard, saying that if there was auy truth in it, it must




280 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
be stoppccl; tltat it \Vas a great outmge; tbat it \Vould scanc1alize tbc
a(lministration; tbat it was his tluty as an examiner of national banks
to set tILe thin~ right at ·Washington.


Q. 'Yhat day ,ms tlwt ~-A. 1 tlünk it \Vas tIle day before the paníc.
He was, 1 sa\V, a good deal excited. He saiel, "1 can tcll yon, 1\11'. Cor-
bin is llot going to haye that position. It is not in the chapter of pro-
babilities that he is going to get it."


Q. 'Vas this article oí' the 2·!th, so far as you know, telegraphecl to
"\Ynshington?-A. 1 have heard that it \Vas.


Q. Did J'Oll telegraph?-A. 1 clicl noto 1 have often blamecl mysclf
for not telcgraphing tIle Ilight before; but as furthcr cxplanatory of the
feeling 1 lwtl OH the sub,icct, 1 wil] state that after \Vriting this article,
IWyel' ltaving ruet :MI'. Boutwell personally, 1 sat clown late at night
and wrote a letter to MI'. C1'ounse (Times cor1'espond8Ilt) asking him to
say to 1\11'. Bout\Vcll that ifIle \Vould come to Ncw York amI lIear what
\Vas said about the streets in regard to high, officials at vYashington, he
'woulcl see it \Vas necessary for tIle admillistratioll to do sometIling.


Q. Are you able to statc, from your o\Vn lmowlcdge, that padies
concemed in bulling gold during these days did freely say that they
"\Yere backed up by persons bigh in authority?-A. 1 can only say that,
professionally, 1 hcar in my illtercoursc a thousantl things Oll tlw 8treet,
sometimes a dozen times in an 110m, witbout being able to place tlw
respollsihility of the statement on any particular persono 1 can only
say, 'to the hest oí' my kno\Vletlge, tlmt 1 believe that what 1 statccl in this
article is true: that they saiLl they hall the snb,treasury, and that Gen-
eral Grant would not permit Boutwell to seU gold. They did not pre-
tena they hall bonght up BoutwelI.


(J. Have yon any lmowledge that any oflicer of the govemment hacl
any part 01' intere8t, direct 01' indi1'ect, in tIle gold movemellt of Septem-
last "?-A. Rot from"my OWll knowlec1ge.


By 1\11'. Cox:
Q. Do yon lmow General Bntterfield ?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. Do yon know of auy eonnoction he has had with tIlo gold move-


menU-A. Not until afterwa1'd, when the gelleral talkea Ü'eely \Vith
Jlll', (lenying his complicity in ally gollt operations_ He gayo me VCl'y
f1':1nkly a hi8tory of hi;; dealing'S with ,Jay Gould.


Q. Do yon know \Vho it \Vas who wrote the long explallatoryarticle
of }!r. Ellttel'fielü's conduet, which appearerl sorne time afterwanl in the
~ew York Timcs?-A. lt was ono oi' tlle reporters. 1 forgüt who wrote
it. H was what \Te caIl "an outsWe mtiele." It was regartled by many
as comillg' fl'Olll General Butterfield himself.


(J. Do you know whether it camo f1'om him"?-A. 1 did not illqui1'e
into that. .


Q. Do you kllO\V anythillg about any of the facts stated in that arti-
ele '?-A. N ot at aU. I tIlin k General Butterfield's frienlls rather regret-
ted that they hall stirred the thing up.


By]}fr. JONES:
Q. You say that General Buttel'field told you of his relations with


Jay Gonld. What, in brief, did he teU yon they "e1'e'?-1\. Tltat be
had had trallsactions with them up the river. He assured llIC tLat he
did llot kno\V allything abont tlteir putting goId clown to 11im. Accol'd-
ing to 11is 8tor:r, 1\11'. Lane went to them ancl claimcd thcy hall llnt llown
a million of gold fol' him; that he was wholly igllorant of it; that he
<lid not kno\\' \lntil this HutIl Lane carnc to him abont it, what !Je \yas in
for, 01' wbat it was about.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 281
By 1\1r. Cox:


Q. PIease state what, in your opinion, would be proper federallegis-
lation with a view, if possible, to prevent these fluctuations and punics
in the gold marketf-A. 1 do not lmow that my opinion would be of
uny value. 1 have always considered that what is callell the gold-
room in .:-;rew York should have ceased with the restoration of peace
in 1865. 1 think it has been a great calamity, aud that it would be a
misfortune if what is calleel the Hold Exch::mge Rank shoulcl be
revived. This GoId Exchange Ballk, with its clcaring-house, furnishes
muehinery whieh enables a lllall with $2,000 to gamble in golcl to the
extent oí' $100,000, while if he hacl to pay 85,000, 01' in money, he conld
not get his eheek eertified tol' that amoullt. This Gold Exehange E:mk
gives him a false credit. He may transact business to the extent of
$100,000, amI if at the close of the day there is a balance of $1,000
ugainst him, he pays that. lf ut the end of the llext day there is
another $1,000 against him, he pays that amI is ut the end oí' his rope.
But as long as these 82,000 hold out he has the same credit that Erown
Brothers have.


Q. You think it gives great facility for gambling in golcl ?-A. If that
should be abolished, and every nationaI and State banking institution
SllOUld be pl'ohibited fl'om being used as a place for clearing amI settling'
gold, 1 think the effeet would be gooa. .


Q. llow would you have gold cleared ?-A. As it is done now. 'Vhen
aman buys in the gold-room 810,000 of goltl, he will give his check for
$12,000 01' cUl'rcncy.


Q. 'Would you extend your proposition to the general bank clearing-
house~-A. No, sir. 'fhe associated bank clearing-honse is simply for
settling cheeks botween themselves.


Q. Would you havo the gold-room abolished entirely?-A. 1 would
have the clearing-hollse for gold abolishecl.


By the UUAIRl\fAN :
Q. Conld the GoId Exchange clearing system eontinue to exist if a


return to specie·payment should take place '?-A. Of course noto
By l\Tr. ConuRN:


Q. IIow much specie is thel'e to resume specie payment on ?-A. 1 do
not kllow. 'fhe only tangible amount is one lumdl'ed amI five 01' une
hundred amI ten milI ion s in the Trcasury, aud about fifty of that is owned
b;y the public in the shape of certificates.


\Y ASIIIKGTON, D. C., Jetnuetry 28, 1870.
HENRY 1\'1:. Sl\HTII sworn amI cxamined.


By the CHAIRl\IAN:
Question. State yonr place of residence, business, and occupation.-


Answcr. 1 reside in :Kew York; my place of busilless is 11 Broad street;
1 am a stock, gold, an~ commission broker.


Q. Connected with what firm ~-A. The firm of Smith, Gould, Martin
&Co.


Q. 'Vere yon engaged in transactions in gold aneI stocks during the
months of August amI September last?-A. Yes, sir.


Q. vVhat part of the duties of the firm do you nsuany perform ?-A.
Olltside, 1 manage th,e whole business of the firm; 1 give orders and do
evcrything. In matters in the oflice, 1 do HOt do anything.




282 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. In the part of the business you perfol'm were reports of the trans-


actiollS made to you orclinarily~-A. TIlat was jnst as 1 ordered; if 1
ordered them to be made tú me individually, they were made to me; 1
kept them as long as 1 wantcd them, mal then tnrncd them in to the
firm; otherwise they were made direetly to the firmo


Q. State how the accounts of the fil'm are kept; whethel' .you haye
books and keep fuU accounts of yonr transactiollS ordinurily'I-A. Ü
yesi we have books.


Q. 'Vhich lllembel' of the firm has the general charge of the books?-
A. 1 do not lmow that any one has especial eharge.


Q_ Are you familiar with the way the accounts are kept!-A. Yesi 1
look over tlte aeeounts sometimes. The accounts are kept in tlte way
tltat sueh largo transaetions usnally are in onr bnsiness; the llames of
pal'ties to large transactions do not appear in tlte books; they are rep-
resented by fig-nres 01' sometlting of that killd, indicatihg the persOIlS to
whom they relate.


Q. State whether your firm were large purchasers of gold during the
latter part of Angust and thc early part of Septembel'.-A. Yes, sil'.


Q. vVhat amount~-A. That is impossiblc fol' me to sta te; 1 do busi-
Jless through varions officers in the street; 1 may buy and scU a good
deal of gold, alld it lllay COlie out very llearly oyen nt :aigllt, tIte ohjeet
being to sllako tllo markot up amlmako it ]jyoly; 1 would !lot make ally
1'op01't to tho 0111ce of these trallsactions; tIley would be sottlod tIlrongh
tlle clearing-Itollse, alld 1 SlIOUI(1 l'eport the balance to the offica, the1'e-
fore 1 could llOt give ,rou any statement of the amount 1 llave bonght
amI sühl; 1 can state generally tllat the amonnt is largo.


Q. Did yon bny moro than yon sold duriug- tIto lllontlt of Angust~­
A. 1 think 1 did.


Q. vVlmt balance had yon on Italld at tIte ond of iha month, as near
as yon can remember"!-A. 1 conld 110t tell ;you, oyon from tho books, at
a11.


Q. Did you continue to buy more tImn yon sold dnrillg the llrst half
of September?-.. A .• Yes; 1 think 1 elido


Q. Coming clown to the week known as punic \Yoek, about the 20th of
SeptemboI', about how much gold do :ron tlliuk yon ,y ere cat'l'J'ing; in
otller wOl'lls, how much had you tIle right to call tod-A. Takillg' it np
to about tIle 3~d, 1 sIlould say the largest amount of gold wo held at any
one time was probabIy from $JO,OOO,OOO to $30,000,000 01' $33,000,000.


Q. In what shape was this heId; simply in the right to call ~-A. Ü,
no; the gold was l'ul'chased amI loalled out.


Q. But yon could caU for that amount of' go1d'~-A. Yes; if \re had
the money to pay foI' it.


Q. How mneh did yon increase the arnonnt of ;yonr purcllasos ane! tbe
amonnt you "ere carrying during tbe ::;2d, 2.'3d, mal 2Jth'?-A. 1 sold
very largely on the 24th, and on tIle 23d 1 sold liore gold than 1 boVght.


Q. Did you buy ally OIl tite 24th '?-A. Yes; a litUo, but 1 sold a groat
eleal more.


Q. Through whom did yon transact yonr business durillg tItat ,,"'cel\:?-
A. TItroug-h a great many peI'solls.


Q. How manybrokers did yon employ?-I "onld employ 0110 b1'01,o1'
and be in turn would employ several otbcrs; it i8 impossible foI' me to
say anythillg abüut it.


Q. In your judgment how liany do yon think were emTl)oyed by .ron
and foI' you tbl'ough others '~-A. Probably fift,Y 01' sixt,y; it is im possÍl.lle
to gÍ\'c a corred estímate.


Q. FoI' whom did you buy goltl ?-A. Tbc only Yl'ry large cnstomer 1




GOLD PANrc INVESTIGATION. 283


know was J ay Gould, of my own firm; we had some gold for W oodward
und some for other smaIl eustomers.


Q. Down to what time was "\Vooo.ward with youín gold transaetions~­
A. He is a large eustomer of ours; he bought some gold in August, and
eluring that time also solel so me golo.; he has been for a long time one oí
our regular eustomers.


Q. vVltat \Vas the general poliey oi' your firm during tho month oi
Scptembcr; was it to put golo. up ?-A. The frrm lmd llothing to do with
it; the firm is a eommission honse; wo uo business for Jay Gould; Jay
Gould speeulates, but the firm does not speeulate.


Q. During the 1ll0ntIt of September were e1Iorts maüe to put up gold f-
A. Yes, sir.


Q. How lllany persons uo you know wIto transacteu business witli yon
wIto were engaged in putting up golcH State tIteir names.-A. There
were no promillont parties; we always havo moro Ol'less cnstomers "ho
will buy golo., perhaps a Itundretl tItousand elollars at a time, not witIt
any view of intlnencing tIte market, lmt for the purpose of making money
if gold goos up.


Q. DiO. you do business for Uro Kimber?-A. Ho had an account "ith
uso


Q. 'Vhat relations tlid your firm snstain to E. K. Willanl'?-A. E. K.
vVillard was a broker for us, und Itas been for sorne time; that is, 1
employed llÍm.
(~. Wltero <lid yon spolld 1l10st of tIle days of the 2.3d and 24th of Sep-


tembor ~-A. 1 was in the oftice, abont the street. anO. all m-el'.
Q. Were yon in the oiTlco of ,Villiam Heath & Compan,y considerably


dlll'ing tlmt day"!-A. No gl'eat portion of the timo. llllay have been
in t.11ore.


Q. Did you seo .AJbert Speyers OH that day in that oftice~-A. 1 pro-
sume 1 did. 1 am uot certain.


Q. State what, ii' ilny, onlors yon gayo to Speyers ?-A. 1 did not gh-e
11im any onlers.


Q. Ditl YOU ltear anybody gi\'e him any ordors1-A. Not to llly
knowletlge_


Q. Did yon not gi,e Speyers un order to loan gold~-A. 1 do not
think 1 <lid.


Q. Did yon not give Speyers direetions as to th.e rate ui which he was
to loan golü ?-A. N o, sir. 1 neycr gave Itim any directions. He did no
business fol' us at '111.
(~. Do ;ron rccolleet Spcycrs coming iuto the room amI stating that he


conld uot loan gold; 1\11'. FiHk askedhim ,.hy; and he sai<l tlie limits
SlIlit1l hall gi ven Itim were snch that he conld not loan it 011 tho street?-
A. 1 do not remelllher it. 1 was bnsy attending to my OW11 business.
1 do uot think 1 hall :lllything to do ,,-ith Sl'eyel's 01' made any remark
to !tim.


Q. Did yon hayo any transactions that day with ,Yilliam Belden?-
A. \\re nlay haye in borrowing and loaning. 1 do not remcmher.


Q. Ditl yon with WiIliam Heath & Compally~-A. Yes, sir. 'Villiam
lleath & Compauy, howeyer, bonght no gold fo1' us ou the 23d 01' 24th.
Up to that time 1 hall been employing' tltem witlt Curver and othe1'
brokcrs to lmy gold amI loan it ont on tile market fo!' uso


Q.Were yon present at a meeting in auy place in New York on the
cvcning' 01' tlle :!3d of Septelllbel', in whiel! the general comlition ami
sitnatioH of t1le gold market was tliseussed f-A. 1 do not thiuk 1 was.


Q. "\Vere you at the oftices 01' the Eríe Railroad Company dnring' t-hat




284 GOLD PAKIC INVESTIGATION.
e\ening~-A. 1 may ha\~e been about the 23d. 1 was up very frequently
in the e,ening.


Q. Do yon 1'emember a discussion about the general situation, in tIte
cou1'se of ",11ie11 a, 1l1'OpositioIl was malle to pnhlish a statemellt of the
situation, givillg tIte llallles of those who "ere short, alllL how Ilmch, nnd
make a proposition for them to come aml s;ettle bcfore three o'clock at
(lO '?-A. 1 do Bot remelllber it.


Q. Dirl yon e\'er 11ear ot' that propositioIl ?-A. 1 do noí remem ber that
1 did. Certainly jf n proposition of that kil1d had boell made to me 1
shonld hn\e rejected it, becanse, althollgh 1 had no il1terest in it, ,ret
m,yeredit was nt stake. 1 should havo l'(.jected it at once becanse it \Vas
a thiJlg that wonld lIot do at aU.


Q. ,Vhy Ilot?-A. It would be Yery foolislt to advcrtise yonr position.
1 do not relllember hearillg of it at all.


Q. Yon made; ditl yon not, a large number of settlements on the 24th
in the early part of the day'?-A. Yon may call it settlements or wlmt-
e\er yon like. Parties came to mo and wanted to huy goVl, ul1d 1 sohI
to them. 1 was selling gold aU day. A part oí' tIte time 1 was sellillg
,yithont orders.


Q. IIow mueh gold did yon sell that day?-A. 1 do llot l'eJllemher tile
arnount. 1 ~ohl fi'OIll forty-fiTe to fi1'ty-five lllilliol1. Pel'haps tlte amount
may huye been oven larger thau that, takiug iuto account tIw sales
which were IlOt de1ive1'ed.


Q. At what p1'ices did yon seIH-A. 1 sold 1'rom50-odd 110wn to 3ü. (l. State what yon mean by settlemellts.-A. 1 suppose a settlement
would be' somethillg' like this: If 1 l¡ad gold loaned to a party amI he
carne to me-tIle priee ueing üO-and told me he could not pay tlmt price
for tIle gold, and 1 SllOUld seU 1Iim the gold at 40 amI take his mOlley at
that p1'ico, that w0111d be a settlement.


Q. Oan yon state tho amount of your settlements dmillg that day"?-
A. It is impossible to state the alllollnt. A settlement amouuts to a sale
III one sense 01' the \Vord. lf a party cmmot pay 50 for gold amI 1 sNtle
\Vith hilll at 40, that is a sale at 40. 1 ha ve giyen .ron tIw UIIl0l111t C'f
sales, amI yon may ta1;:e it as thc amonnt oí' settlclllcutS. '


Q. "Vere these settlemellts effected, 01' sales made in ;your offiee, M'
were they made at tlle Goh1 Bxehauge P,allk~-A. They were IWL\le in
my offiee, malle 011 the st1'eet, and made by tIle diffcl'ent brokers ·who
received theil' ordel's fl'om me.


Q. 18 that tIte oI'!liuary moJe of settlementf-A. 1 do not lUlow.
(~. Did ;von clear your golJ at the clearing-honse él-A. r attempted


to clear; Tlmrsday's bwüucss was cleal'etl 011 Fri(lay. On Fl'iday tIley
were in such a jumllle tIlat they conld not make th01r clearallces. .:'Ir y
Thurs(lay's lmsinoss was settlecl by one o'cloek. 1 was Hllxions to gct
the clearances through, io1' 1 thought if 1 eould got settlements malle
quick, my gold would eomo out.


Q. These settlemellts yon macle on Friüay were near1y aU ilt the
naturo of compromises, "ere they not'?-A. 0, no.


Q. "Vere 01' were they lIot settlements malle by parties who conld not
seUle at the fnll figures 1-A. Thel'e were sorne of tlwt kirHl.


Q. How lUany parties do yOl! thillk yon malle settlements with that
day f-.A .. 1 could not say, at all.
(~. A lmrHlred ?-A. 1 do not know; 1 have no i<lea.
Q. A. thousand ~-A. 0, no; we malle a gl'eat maIly sales; 1 do not


know 11m) lllHllV settlements.
(~. Sl;ate \Ylu:'ther yon had any difilcnlty in makillg your l'ettlell1C'lIts


through the Golü Exchange Dallk.-~i.. A gre,lt JI1ally parties failed




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 285
and conld not make their settlement'l goocl. Thc bank went -on paying
out portions of accounts; if the bank had not paid out a dollar until
the clearances wcre made, it woulcl bave been aU righp. Their difficulty
was that they paid partics portions of their amoullts in order to get at
their money; amI they paid padies, too, who failed and were not able
to make good thcir settlements. vVhcn tbese failures were known the
bank gofits matters all mixed up.


Q. Did you 01' any member of your firm bring any snit against tlle
Gold Exchange Bank ~-A. I really do not know whether we did 01' noto
1 do not tbink we did.
(~. Dí<1 any parties operating fol' yon, bring suits Y-A. Partics we


bad business with may bave bronght suit. They brought them, I be-
lieve, in their own names, 1 tbink the bank did not owe us any money.
If 1 remember right, on Thnrsday 1 sent in a statcmcnt slwwing abont
ninc millions of golcl short. I afterward borrowed gold in tbe clear-
ing-house and nmde my statement right in gold; so that 1 had sorne
two hundred and odd thousand dollars in currency dnc the bank. 1 do
1l0t thínk, therefore, we brought any suits against the bank, because we
owed the bank money.


Q. Have any sllits beeu bronght agaillst yonr firm in consequence of
tllose transaetions '?-A. 1 thínk thero h,tve; I really cannot tell what
they are. A ny such matters are turned over to our attorneys, and we
pay no more attention to them.


Q. vVhat part did your firm take in procuring injunctions against the
Gold Exehange Bank ?-A. 1 could not teU; 1 thillk 1 got up tlnee 01'
fonr injunctions in one night myseIf. 1 brought suits against the Uold
Exchange Bank, for the pnrpose of enforcing our contracts in respect
to this gold, as 1 nmtle them. vVe haye a rule in the Gold Board by
w11ich, if there is not11ing expressed more than a man's saying, " 1 will
seU g~Jld at 50," alld another man's saying "1 will take it," that the
gol!1 is to he e1cal'ed t1trough t11e Gold Exchange Bank. 'Yhen this
thillg got mixed up 011 Friday and Saturdny, they ac'journed the Gold
Board [01' a (lay 01' two, and then attempted to get up another clearing-
honse entirely outsitle oi' this. 1 held back for my settlemcnt for some
timo, beeause 1 considered that tbat was intended evidently to be
agaillst URo Iu other words, thoy wanted us to take gold when they
woultl not reeeÍve it from uso 1 !lid not clear throllgh this outside
honse; 1 11e\"er agreed to, alld llever did, and they broke it up when
they found they could not make us clear therc. Theu tItey helel and
made :ln cwIeavor to make us settle ex-clearing-house. That 1 knew
eould 1l0t be done. There ,,"as no honse ÜI the United States, and no
thrce houReR that eould do it. Thorefore, we got out illjnllctiollS re-
strailling the Goltllloal'd, amI restrainíng aU the brokers who bad eon-
tracts fin> us, from receivil1g gold.


Q. Before what conrts did ,ron get these il1junctions·~ -A. I think the
supreme conrt; 1 do not remember.


Q. "\Vho were your attorneys ?-A. FiehI & Shennan, 1 think.
Q. Did yonr firm pay'tile fees, or did others assist yon in paying


them?-A. As our firm tIid l10t do bnsinoss for itself, I did not intend
that tho firm shonld pay the fees. I intended tlmt Jay Gonld, for whose
bel1efit we did the business, should pay the fees.


Q. How is it that Jay Gould, who is a member of your firm, transacts
11is business ~s an indiYÍduaI through your firm ~-A. He operated per-
sonally through the lll'm as any one else would do.


Q. Did you say that your firm is not responsible for his operations ~­
A. I do llot know that they are, exeept in this way: Of eonrse, if he




286 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


SilOllld fail in his own prívate operations, his interest in our house
"ouId suffer, and it might affect the intercst of the firmo 'Ye were in-
terested in his operatiolls, thcreforc, so faI' as his ultimate lialJility wouId
he concerned if he shonld fallo Tile firm had no intel'est in the rise OI
fall of gold.


Q. Row much currency díd you use in the transactions extoncling to
the fOI'ty 01' fifty millions you haye spoken on-A. 1 do not know.


Q. Can you state anything about it 'l-A. 'Vo never use any mOIH"y
in oul' office. The onIy CllI'I'eney "e use there is what we have fol' our
own private expenses. Our business is done entireIy in checks.


Q. To what amount were cheeks used in that instanee ?-A. VariOllS
umounts; 1 cannot teU you anything about it.


Q. 'Yhat bank usuaUy certífied your cheoks on thoso days ?-A. 1
think the Bank of tile Commonwealth. The checks, howen~r, giyo 110
measure of tile amount of businoss done. vVe only pay our differcnces
in checks.


Q. vVhat was the occasion of the brealnlown of the 24th f-A. 1 sup-
pose it was because 1 soId gold so heavily.


Q. Did you seU for tile purpose-of broaking down tho markot ?-A. 1
sold for tile pur])ose of selling my gold. 1 wonld have been n~l'y glacl
if it had not broken down.


Q. Wilat reason have yon to suppose your selling broke tho market ?-
A. Recause 1 sold so large an amount.


Q. Do you think that was suffieientf-A. 1 suppose it was; 1 did
not seU fol' the purpose of breaking the market; 1 onIy wanteo. to sen
llly golcl.


Q. Why dicl you "·.'<:'ut to seU gold ?-A. 1 feH that 1 had too mucho
1 soId the fore part of the. day withollt orders, and the !atter part of the
day 1 haO. orders.


Q. From whom ~-A. From MI'. Gould.
Q. 'Vhat led yon to think tbat ;you had too nmch 1-A. Bocanse tile


LLmount was so large.
Q. You had as rnuch the day before, and yet yon di<lllOt seU ?-A.


N ot so lllllCh to seU; and 1 did seU sorne the day befo re;' 1 sold seyen
01' eight millious the day before.


Q. y ou had sorne other roason thau tile mere amount yon carricd,
because that had not alarmed you before. vVhat peculiar reaS011 was
there that day?-A. vVe alwu,ys seU when wo have a market to sollo If
"o buy gold and it goos up, we want to sell to realize the pl'ofit.


Q. Did yon seU gold to Speyers dming the day~-A. 1 do not remcm-
ber; 1 presume so.


Q. If yon tlitI, did yon settle?-A. If we did, he failed, and it did not
go out.


Q. Did nIr. Gonld giye you any reasou for selling gold tlwt day?-
A. It was noised arollnd the street that the Treasury was gOillg to sello


Q. Did you hear MI'. Gould talk on that subjeet·¡~-A. 1 do not think
1 did. 1 went to him in the IIlomiug. 1 folt as if there was sometllÍllg
wrong in the market; it acted foverisil. There are sorne thillg"S iJl eOll-
lleetion with the market that a man familiar with it umlerstands perfectly,
and yet eaunot desel'ibe. 1 told him cady in tho lllornillg' 1 was afraid
the Treasury would bo solliug. It weut up too rapidly. lt \ras Ilot my
dosITe to have it rise so rapidly. 1 went to 1\11'. Gould amI asked him
to let me sello He said, "No, do uot seU any;" aud 1 disreganled his
orders.


Q. At what time in the day was it that he said that~-A. Tllis was
ten 01' eleven in the lIlornillg; I do not know the e:s:act time. 1 sola




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 287
witbout orders because 1 was fearfuI that if anything should happeu,
gold might decline so as to break uso 1 was protecting myself,regard-
less of orders 01' anything else.


Q. Did tbe gold market in fact break before the order of the Treasury
to seU was knowu?-A. 1 do Hot know what time the notice became
publico 1 üo not say but what the Hotice that the Treasury was going
to selI may have broken the market.


Q. Did you not say that it did lloU-A. No; 1 did HOt say that it
did noto 1 said my sales, 1 thought, brokc the market. My sales may
have broken tho market fol' the moment, aneI if the Treasury had not
advertised to seU gold the market might uot have goue so low, and ii;
might llave immediately recovered itseIf.


Q. ",Vhen did you first receive a lmowledge that the Treasury was
goiug to seIn-A. 1 do not know; it was some time during the day; it
\Vas toId me by sorne one.


Q. Did you receive any COllllllunication during the day in regard to
the Treasury sales before the news call1e?-A. 1 did noto


Q. Did yon seneI any mesi'iage to t.he suh-treasury~-A. 1 did noto
(~. Do yon know of any having beeu sent by any individuan-A. 1


do uot.
Q. Do yon know of 1\11'. Fisk 01' ~Ir. Gould's having sent any mes-


saget-A. ~~, sir.
Q.' Do yon know of an.)" person in New York who received any mes-


sage from tlie Treasnry?-A. 1 do HOt know of any one.
(~. Do :rou lO1ow any officer of the United States goyernment who


haü auy illterest in, 01' took any part in the movement in gold during
September last, directIj' 01' indirectly~-A. 1 do not kllow of any one.


By :NIr. JONES:
Q. Did yon buy any gold for :Mr. Corbin ?-A. No, sir; uot to my


knowledge.
Q. Did yon buy any for any member of his family, 01' the President.'s


falllily'?-A. Not to my kllowledge. 1 only bought gold on ]\[1'. Gonld's
onler. 1 do not know of any gold havillg gOlle to them. Their names
are not on our books. 1 never had any orde1's to buy any fo1' them.


By the CHAIRJIAN:
Q. ",Vhat iR the name of the clerk in your office who makes up notices


of llurehases fo1' any person ?-A. "'Ve have a man by the name of
TilllPSOll, another by the name of Ricker, and anothe1' hy the name of
SeeleYi they are bookkeepers. Sometimes small boys make ont notices
of this kind. There is no padicular one who makes these llotiees.


By MI'. PACKER:
Q. ",Vhell yon Rpeak of haying forty-fonr 01' fo1'ty-five millions of gold,


do YOll llleall that as t.he reslllt of the operat.ions of that day, 01' the
whole sum ;ron had~-A. The whole snmí 1 meant that sum was soldo
lt did not aU go out; it was not an taken.


Q. \Vhat \Vas the Ulllout of these settlements which yon mude on the
23d alld 24th ?-A. 1 do HOt know.


Q. Coulll yon not approximate to the amOllnt?-A. 1 could noto Seto
tlernt'uts are uSllally made in this way: ,Ve have loaned aman gold,
which W"e have made to him at 4.3 01' 40. If he had made it np to 40
amI settled for 45, then there would be five per cent. payable by him.


Q. Tlmt woulü he t.he allloullt oi' yOllI' profit'?-A. No; it would
llot be the amount at aH, beeamlo thc gold was loaned out to hiro, aml
he llllty have beell caHed up on that gold half a uozen times before. ,




2fl8 GOLD PANIC I~VESTIGATION.


When gold goes np, worc~ will be sent to tho man to whom it is loancd to
make that, gold to tho market price. If it falls we have to make it up
to him; so that any final settlement made would not give any indim1-
tion of the actual profit 01' loss on thc gold.


By l\fr. ,TONES:
Q. ·What was the cause of this remarkable rise in gold ~-A. 1 do not


know; large purchases, 1 snppose.
Q. "\Yhen did yon first suppose gold was going up ?-A. 1 was away


in the conntry when ::\'11'. Gonld first began to buy gold. The price \Vas
then clown on him. He asked me how he Ilad better get ont of it. 1
tolü ltim 1 thOllght ho had better buy some more.


Q. ls there any person who is entitled to tilo credit of pntting np
golcl!-A. The,v gave us the eredit for it.


Q. "\Vhat was your objoct in pntting up tIle price of gold~-A. Our
o~iect \Vas to make a profit.


Q. You did nnt consider it necossary for the benefit of tho country
generally tilat it should go up ?-A. Aman may havo his private ideas
about this thing. J\:Iy own private idea is tlmt it would ha ve been a
graat bcnefit tn the country ii' gol el had romaincd at 40 or 45.


Q. You knew MI'. Gouhl's theory upon that subject1-A. 1 have talkeel
with him upon the subject. 1 have always thought tilat the mal'kpt
price of gold at a higher rate thall its actual valne \Vas benefleial to the
business of the eonntry-much better than the low priee at prcscnt.


Q. But your object in putting np tlle price was to make profit '?-A.
Of course. A nutu does not buy gold except to make money, and does
not seU short exeept to make money.


Ey tlle CHAIRMAN.
Q. Do yon know James Brown ?-A. 1 ha ve seen him. Hc is a broker.
Q. Did he caU on you Friday befo re t,he brcakdowll~-A. 1 presume


so. There ¡vere more thall fOl'ty lUon at ono time in the oiliec'. 1 had to
get up amI make a sort of speecIl to elear tIle oillee. 1 was half crazy
that (by.. .


Q. Die! auybody in your firrn lmy gold of Jamcs Brown, or seU to
him?-A. 1 think thero was quite a largo amoullt sold to him-of
seyeral millions.


Q. Has that gold heen settled for"?-A. No, sir.
Q. "\Yhy HOt '1-1\. He did not take it. There is no enforcing contracts


malle in the gold·room.
Q. ls it his fault that a settlement is not made "?-A. Certainly. 1


should be very g-Jad to deliver him the gol<.l; but, undel' tIla law, cou-
tl'acts in tlle gold-room, unless tIleyare ill writing, are 1l0í valido You
may sell a lllan a milliou oi' gold, but yon canllot COll1pel him to take it,
except by the rules of the board.


Q. "\Vhat díd MI'. Brown say to yon on that subjed that day'?-A. 1
do not remcmber. 1 remember seeing l.tim sOJnetill1l', aud he ,,'as quite
angry.


Q. Did he not try to make a d,elivery of seven lllillíOllS to :ron 01' your
fil'1U ?-A. 1 do uot know that he evcr elido 1 <lo 1l0t l'emember tlutt he
did. 1 sold that golü to 1\11'. Brown throngh otiler bl'okers.


By Mr. ConURN :
Q. Did you have any communication with ally offieer of t11e goYern-


ment in "\Vashingtoll or N ow York, during tIlat day !-A. N 0, sir.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 289
WASHINGTON, D. c., January 29, 1870.


A. A. Low sworn and examined.
To the CHAIRMAN:


1 reside in Brooklyn, and do business in N ew York. 1 am a merchant
in the trade with China and Japan. 1 have been in that business since
1840.


Q. Were yon ]ate]y president of the New York Chamber of Com-
inerce1-A. Yes, sir.


Q. Are yon familiar with tlle conrse of gold dnring the mQnths of
Angust and September lasU-A_ GeneraIly.


Q. Are you familiar with the effect of the late movement in gold upon
the general business interests of New York in particular, and of the
conntry in general ?-A. The effect of constant changes in the va]ue of
gold is very prejndicial and very embarrassing to aH who are engaged in
corumerce, ei'pecially in foreign eommeree. It is embarrassing in many
ways. It is emlml'I'assing to the vendor of goods, becam;e a11 fomign
imports are paid for in exchange, and exchange is bOllght with gold;
and oftentimes the merchandise that is imported from abroad is sohl
in adnmce of the time when it is paid for; 01' paid fOl' ,vith high gold,
and afterward sold whcn gold is less va]uab1e. Sometimcs goods are
imported and paid for, and being unsa]eable are kept on hand, and
changes in the valne of gold from time to time are embarrassing, and
often illjurions. As an importer, I se11 goods to the jobber. The jobber
is tlle distl'iblltor; not the mau who distribntes in the coulltry, pe1'haps,
but who distrilmtes to the smaller dealers thI'onghout the country. 1
Illay seU to him teas, fol' instance-a staple with which 1 am most
ütmilial'-and he must buy them from me fol' gold, which, at the time
of purchase, muy be thil'ty per ceut. premium. He sells the goodt> foI'
currellcy, and his purchasel', as we11 as himself, it> guidet] by the yalue
oí' gold at the time. If the price of tea be 50 centt> a ponud, and the
pl'emium OH gold he 30 per eent., the cllrreney price of tIle tea wonld oe
6[) cents. The jobbeI' having uonght his teas fol' gold, stipulates to pay
foI' them at tlle expiration of 30, 60, 01' 90 days, as the case lllay be,
and he proceeds to seU his goods for currency. Of eourse, if tlle price
of golf! advauces f1'0111 30 to 35 01' 40 per ccut. between the time of sell-
ing aml the time of paymel1t, aH his profit lllay be swcpt awa,y_ There
is no stability-thel'P has been none in the pI'ice of gold for many ;yeaI'S,
for reasons which 1 can explaill to you byand by. 1 have mentioned
one of many waJ's in which the consiant flnctllation in the price of gold
affects those who are inte1'estecl in t!e import:1tion of goods amI those
who huy the goods from the importer here.


Q. Wlmt llIeasures do you take as importeI's 01' sellers of foreign
goods to protect yOlU'selves against the dangers amI IOBBes arising out
of these tluctuations?-A. Different meu <11'0 goveI'lled differently.
Sorne mCll have tIte idea that gold is always cheap, ancl they will take
the chance of buying gold. Othel' men gual'd themselves by bol'l'Owing
gold until they can re imburse themselves from the goods which they
have fol' sale. (J. Are yon llot aH compelled to mark up the price of J:our goods in
com\eqnence of this unceI'ta,in element ~-A. Of cOUI'se; wc shonld not
ma,I'k them up in gold.


Q. 1 mean thosc who seU in cnrrency?-A. Certainly; the jobbcrs
mnst rnal'k pl'Íces up 01' down, "accoI'ding to thc fluctuatiom; in gold.
GCllcrally speaking, 01' late years, an auvance in gold has been prpjudi-
cial to those who' seU goods fol' gold, bccanse in view of the nps alld


JI. ~ep. 31----19




290 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
downs in gold the currency price of merchandise has ceased to respond
readily to the speculative changes in the gold premium, and the con se-
quence of a rise or fall is a tempon,ry cessation of business.


Q. Do you lmow about what percentage those who seU foreign goods
for currency usually increase the price of goods, for the purpose of in-
suring themsel ve¡; against fluetuations in gold ~-A. There has been such
an incrednlity in regard to any coutinued advance in golll, that it has
been very difficnlt to advance the price of goods in currency. The price
in currency, espeeially during the period to whieh ;you refer, was uot llluch
change(l heeause of those violeut fiuetuatious in gold. lt was exceed-
ingly difficnlt to get any advance in eurrency, because tl~eI'e was a want
oí" helief in the stability 01' that advance in gold. lt "\Vas understood by
cvcl'ybody to be a speculatlve movement, and intelligent mcn did not
believe in any permanent advance of such a nature.


Q. But as a general rule, in ordinary times, during the snspension oí"
speeie llayment, the sellers 01' imported gOO(Üo;, who sell fol' curl'ency, do
necessarily mark up the price to cover their risks '!-A. ~ecessal'ily; they
must mal'k up the price of the goods, to compare with the fluctuatious
in goId.
(~. And the cost of those iluctuations is ultimately paid for by the


eonsumer of those products ?-A. Unquestionauly. And it is illl}lossible
to guard against Iosses by tbese fluctuations; it wOllld be impossible fol'
me to guard against them. For instance, it is a part of ou1' business to
sentlmerchandise to China fol' sale. -VVe send cotton goods, tbo product
of our own 1001llS. The price of cotton is necessal'ily governed by the
priee 01' gohl-the foreign market to a certaín extent, and that a. very
large extent, detel'mining the vaIue of cotton at 11ome; so that, if we
buy cottOll goods, they are based upon the vaIue of cotton in gold. We
send them to China fOl' sale; they I'elllain there a. long while unsold; and
in the mean time gold, iustead of relllaining at fOI'ty per ceut. prcmium,
fans to twentyper cent. The final conversion 01' the proceeds into currency
isthllS attended with a loss oftwt'nty per eent., whether tllO result iu othel'
respects has been good 01' il1. "\Ve are aU the time liable to sufrer 10ss on
goods shippcd to foreign countries, and füw are disposeu.to incur snch
a risk; for \Ve regard a downwanl tendency as 1ll0st natural.


Q. 'What do ;rou think is th(~ aYe'l'age tlaily :1mount oí" transaetions
:ll'ising from a foreign trade in gold, whcre we lllust pass either from
papel' to gold 01' from goltl to papeI', in completing tlle tl'ansactions 1-
A. lt is impossible foI' me to answer that questioll, exeept upon sorne
generallmowledge of our illlportations.


By 1\11'. JUDD:
Q. Yon did uot quite finish your answer as to lJOw merehants protect


themselves against these fluctuations in gold.-A. 1 saiel that some are
willing to take the risk, believing that gold ,rill be lJighcl' 01' 10wo1', as
may hest snit theil' individual cases. OtheI's UOlTOW gold; and tIlc mode
of horrowing is to give the v<llne fo1' tue time being in curl'cncy, takíng
the gold and gíving currency for it. That temporarily liqllidateR the
transaction. If the price of gold advances, tIle lllall \y]¡o reecives cur-
reney 1"01' tite gold generallyproyides that a margill shall be paid to him,
so th~tt he shall ue fully covercd i and, vice versa, if it faHs, the holder
of the g'old rcquires a lllargin to be paüI to him. It depends, of course,
upon tlle character oí" the parties whether ~meh couditions wouId be
nicely observed 01' noto


BytlH' CrrAlRl\IAN:
Q. What is the machincl'y in New York by which transactions of that




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 291
kind are earried ouU-Á. Trallsactiolls of that nature are made most
generally with brokers; men who have access to parties who aetually
hold gold. 1 do not thillk that such trallsaetiolls would reach what is
knowu as the Gold Exchallgc.


Q. From your acquaintance with that class of business, do you think
that the Gold Exchallge is a llecessary maehille of exchange ~-A. My
impressioll is that it is noto 1 think it might be made useful, but that
the abuses of the iustitution far exceed its uses.


ByMr. Junn:
Q. Oould not an the regular, legitimate business for the purpose of


exchange be done in New-York without this Gold Exchange?-A. As 1
said before, 1 think the Gold Exchange would be very useful if it were
confined to legitimate business; but the illegitimate business so far ex-
ceeds the legitimate, chat 1 think it is a great bane. I know no legit-
imate business that could not be transacted withont it. Your own ob-
servation will have shown yon that when we had no Gold Exchange,
during the temporary suspension of the Gold Exchange Bank, gold was
steady; with but little perceptible variation.


By the OrrAIRJ\1ÁN:
Q. Dicl yon find any difficulty in transacting your business during


that period?-:A. None at aH. I think the merchants generallydeprecate
the revival of that institution.


Q. State a little more spe(~ifieally what you regard aR the evil of the
Golcl Exchange Bank.-A. The one grand evil is that it iR a gambling
institution, and demoralizing in its natnre.


Q. In what way is it a gambling institution ?-A. TrauRactionR there are
of a gambling charaeter. Gold is bought and sold a.nd cxehanged there;
but more frequently, and far more extensively, gold is bought and so Id
when no gold changes hands.


Q. Can a man, as a matter of fact, make large purchases and sales of
gold thl'ough that inRtitution, without having any .considerable amount
of capital to go on '?-A. In answer to that, 1 shall Rpeak witltOllt aetual
knowledge, but everybody ullderstands that thc majority ofthose who
operate there are men of limited means. There are hundreds o[ them,
certainly, who are men of 811mll mcans, while there are Illuny respecta-
ble men who go thero because tbe institution is established, and bocause
it is a place where much legitimate business is transacted. While it ex-
ists it absorbs that wllich is leg'itimate and proper in cOllnection with
all that which is illegitimate ltncl impropero


Q. You have now stated in general the inflllence o[ flllctuatioIls in
gold upon the foreign trade of the country; now state, as a matter oí'
fact, wllat was the inflnence of that gold panic in Septem ber upon the
trade of New York. Did :YOl1 observe auy special hardship arising out
of it to business ?-A. From my OWll knowlcdge, amI my own experi-
cnce, I eanllot speak of many cases. I lmow that there was a transac-
tion of this nature. It is cURtomary for certain institutions and for cer-
tain individual s in thc eity to rcceive from otltcr parts of the cOHIltr,v
hills of exchange drawn on England for sale, and orders are transrnitted
fi'om Savannah, Oharlestoll, and-other parts, to seU exchangethat is on the
way. The pl1l'ty to whom the instrnetions are given (and I refer to oue
installee in particular) has be en accustomed to sell his gold deliverable (\JI
the day when the exchange would fall due, a.mI to seU the exchange de-
liverable the same day. I know of one very respectahle institution
whieh in the month of September, about the time of the great disturb-




292 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
anee, had soId the probable proceeds of exehange then on the way, de-
pending on tbe due receipt of gold for excbange to cover tbe sale; but,
wben tbe day carne, it was impossible to get money for exchange within
fiftecn per cent. of its real value. U nder tbe urgency of the circumstances,
tbe gentleman having sold bis gold, was const.rained to step into t11e street
and seU tbat exehange on aceount of his eorresponding' bank, and ]le
aetualIy sold it for ninety-five eents on the dollar, instead of 106 or 107)
whieh he eould haíe got for it. when he returned to his oflice five min
utes after. When he 1eft his ofliee gold was at 160 ; when he returned, it
was at 13."). That single transaction illustrates hundreds of othe1's. One
instauce is as good as many, and that is one of many. This man was
the president of an institutioll whose capit,al is two millions, and in as
high e1'edit as ally othe1' in the city of New York. The loss was six 01'
seven thousand dollars in that single transaction. It involved the bank, it
involved the intermediate agent, amI it involved t1le broke1', and cadl was
a sufferer. Just at that time there were probably mally lllerchants wha
had borrowed gold, who, not understanding tho infinenee that was at
work, were intimidated, as men are apt to be whl'n thl're is a rise in gold,
and 1ed to go in and protect themselves by buying gol(l at fiO to (¡O to
pay off gold which they had bO!'roweu at 35. lt was one of the evils of
t11e institution to w11ich you refer; that it hecallle a tlteater where all
the most malign reports were put in eircnlatioJl. In September "-c
heard mnch of t11e strength of the eombillation that had the speeulation
in golll in hand, and some brokers were espeeially husy in spreading
aoroad this idea that tIle combination was all-powerful. IJI tlte g,-c-
lling Post of the ve1'y day npon which the speculation culminated, ther8
was au editorial in which the wri(;(\1' says th>l.t, if the governmel1t shoul(l
!'ell gold, it would give those strong men thc coveted opportunity to get
more, and that, upon a rumor tllat the governmellt would seU g01d,
tIle pricc advaneed two 01' tb1'ee per cent. The artiele was not dry from
the pen before the speeulation brokc, amI tIJe predietioIl of that editor
wa:;; set at naught. Tho press, 01' the financial eolumns of t11e press,
appear 1,0 have beeu controlled by lllen who have beE'n illterested in tbese
speculations, and eonstautly artieles haye henIl 1'llhlis11ed w11ieb, to all
appearanees, were illtended to blilld and mislead the cOlllmunity. The
Gold 1ilxehange bas been the frllitful somee of falsehoous whieh disturb
tl'ade lLnL! aggravate the trolll1le of doing business with t,yO currencies.


Q. \Vhat do :rou llndcrstand to haye been the canse of the extraordi-
nary rise in gold during tIJe Illontb of September '/-A. The immecliate
canse 1 unde1'stand to have been the eombinatioIl of men to ntise the
price of golrI t()r purposes of tbeir own; men who acted OIl the be1ief
that the govel'llment wonld eontinne to hoan1 its gold, as it had heen
doing, dcpriving tIle country of tlle use of that gold.


Q. What is yonr opinion of the effeet of the government holding this
1arge amonnt of treasure in its vanlts continuously UpOll tlle business of
the conntry; and state whether yon kllow of ally good reason w lIy i t.
should be so held '?-A. It is fnir to say that my OWII views are 1l0t in
accord with the views 01' a great mally otllers witb whom 1 mect. 1
believe that the holding of gold by the Tl'easury to so large an iUlIOUllt
has bcen greatly vr~jlldicial to the illterests of the cOtllltry. I thillk it
has placed the securities of onr country at tbe eommand oí' Enrope ut a
mllch cbeaper price than they eould otherwisc llave been obtailll'd ato 1
tlli:nk it has aided conspirators ugaillst the publio weal in tbeir efIorts
to advanüo the price oí' gold; in faet, it is t1111 capital upon whieh they
acto \Vhcther they had assurances 01' not that the goverIllIlellt would
01' w01l1d BOt sell gold, they acted upon the poliey, which, withollt beillg




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 293
de,clared, was certainly appareut, that the government would boJd its
gold. That made speculation a mattcr of pretty easy ealeulation. A
certain number of men eombined aud absorbed what gold thpre was in
the market, aml then, by a proeess of manipulation, tbey could advance
the priee. 1 believe that it could have been advanced to 200 if the gOY-
ernroent bad Ieft thero to their work; but the general efi'ect of withhold-
ing gold from thp market is neeessarily to pnhallce its price; g'oJd, Iike
other thiug's, is an articIe oí' merehamIise. At presellt it is absolutely
necessary fol' the fUllctions of trade; it is absolutely necessary fol' all
bnsillpss transactions with foreigll eoulltries, amI probably tlw ques-
tion which the ehairman asked me some till1e ago llIigbt be auswcred hy
taking the imports oí' the country at their known ,aIne, SOIllO thl'ce 01'
four hundred millioIls, whieh would give oyer a milJiOIl 01' dollars a da,y.
That would answer tJw questioIl approxilllately; but goods ehange lmmls
mally times, aud exeIlange operations are extensin', and tlle nses oí' gold
various and not easily measul'ed; tilen tIle goyernment reeei\'cs, da.y by
day, some half a, million of llollars in the city of :New York fol' dllties,
amI that makes an unceasing demaml for gold.


Q, Upon t.he goVel'IlIIlcllt's side, '.vhat need is tbere fol' the g()V(~l'llmellt
to ]JOltl so Illl1ch gold fol' its own sake '?-A. 1 understalld that it is pl'C-
judieial to the eoulltry in that regard too, beeallse the gOYerllllHmt i,.¡
losing tIle intcl'est OIl a ver,)' large amount 01' money, and tIlo iJlJltleIl(~e
UpOIl business is pf(~udieial to the eountry.


By l\1r. UonuRN:
Q. lf this g'old was sold out of thc tl'easnry tlowll to the hure


arnount snfficient to pay the intcrest on tIle pnblie debt aJHl tlle
current expenses of tIle goyerument, wouId uot the brokers have
a greater control over the market than they haní at prescllt with
the t,hl'cat whieh the Seeretaryoí the Treasur,y can hold o\-er them ?-
A. l\fy OWIl helief is that tlle pl'iee of gold is goyerned, like tbe
IH'ice of overything else, by supply amI demando If thcre is a large
supply in the market, tlle pl'iee 1S eheap; if there is a smaH snpply, it
is ílear, ineYitahly so; and any plan fOl' holding gold witIl a vimv oí'
finall,y brillg'ing abont spceic paymcnt seems to me to be entirely falla-
eious. The idea 01' tho Seeretary's requiring a large amount oí' gold, so
as to eontrol tite ml1l'ket, is t,he argmuent oi' the men \VIlo are in tereste(]
in keeping up the pl'ice oí' goId. TItey ply tIte Secretar,)' with every
kind of argument to induce Ilim to hold gold. The;v ten him that if he
ltolds all the gold, then the people haye confidenee in the notes of the
government. They tell him tllat he ean at. aH times holfl it as a t,hreat
over the market, But tIle objeet is to induec him to hold it, so that
they may speeulate upon the balanee. TIley do not wallt to düal witb
rnueh gold, if tbey can dcal with little. If there are onIy ten milliolls
ill thc mal'ket" thcyean hancHe that alld elevate the price; but the priee
oí gold, like the priee 01' every other eommodity, must finally depend
upon supply and demando


By the CHAIR~IAN:
q. lf tIle govel'lllllent shoultl buy about thrC(~-fonrths of aH the wIleat in


tho eountryand hold it in government storehouses, do you think tlmt the
effeet on the wheat trade would be quite parallel to the effeet upon the gold
trade of holding so mneh goId 'I-A, Exactly the same. If any one will take
three-fourths of the tea in the market, a better price can be got í<)r
what rell1ains than if the whoJe were on the market for sale; amI tite
argull1ent is as true of gold as it is of tea 01' Honr. At oue time tile Assist-




..


294 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


allt Secretaryoí' tho Treasury sold sorne fií'teen 01' twenty millions gold,
under general instructions, in a very short time, and, in view oí' WaI
then immineut in Europe, very unwisely. Oí' course, there i8 some dis-
cretion to bc exercised in regard to the sale of gold. ·When our foreigu
exchanges are high and gold is in demand for shipment abroad, 1 thillk
it ull\vise to seU gold as freely as when exchanges are in the conditioll
in whieh they have been lately, because the coulltry has no gn~at
amount of gold to spare, and the only check upon the export must be iJl
tile advance of the premium. Therefore, 1 think that a soulld discre-
tion would restrain the sale of gold un del' certain conditioTls oi' our
foreign exchallges. There was a time at w hieh the price of gold was
~;mltailled more than it has been lately by the profitablelless 01' foreign
illljlOl'tS. vVhen gold was forty-five to fifty per cent. preminm, two m'
thl'ee years ago, it was easy to import goods and seU them in curl'cney
and CD!lVert the money into gold and ship it abroad. Thel'e was a
large pl'ofit in that business. 1 do not think it is so this year. The
indncement to impod has not be en great, and with the market tor gold
tendillg downward, as a general thing, the profitableness 01' importat-ioll
diminishes.


By MI'. Oox:
Q. As to the e:ffect oí the high priee oí gold Oll the moving of


Ci'O])S; 1 woulcl Iike to know the result of that son of policy on our
Cl'Op'" 'J-A. That sort of argument would seem to me to be without
much fOl'ce. 1'he vaIne of breadstllfl's in cnrreney ollght to C01'1'es-
pOlld with the price abroad, and ought to be higher in currency if the
price of gold wére higher than if the price 01' gold were lower; and,
perhap¡.;, tvith a higher price in currency our farmers might be more
ready to sello But 1 do not tbink that, bowever plausible 01' however
tl'lle suoh an argllment, it had mnch to do witll the speculation in gold
in Septclllher, a thing which liad to cnlminate in olle Ol' two days.


Q. After the golcl should decline again, what wonld be the result OH
tlw farmillg interesU-A. After the buhble bllrst a reaction would take
p!acf'. This ¡.;peculation in gold indicated a desire on the' part of those
wllo were acting to get rich rather hastily; not by any slow transporta-
tion of cereal s on our railroads.


By the CHAIRllIAN :
Q. State what in your judgment eaused tbe breakdowIl in gold 011


that Friday~-A. The advertising of the public gold for sale.
Q. As a rnatter of fact, did the break occur befo re the news of that


sale, 01' after~-A. As a matter of faet 1 cannot tell yon, because how
soon tile padies who were most largely interested got tIle information,
1 do not know; but 1 have no doubt that either when it was promul-
gated, 01' before it was openly promulgated, they knew that it was
coming, and that broke tlle price.


Q. You think that tIle shadow of the eoming news feIl UpOll them~­
A. 1 thinl¡: so, unquestionably; el se 1 do not know wlly tlw operators
for a rise might not han foreed the price up much highcr, s(]neezing
the sellers for margins and growing stronger aU the time, till tIley hall
ballkrupted their victims.


Q. 'Vere yon present some time during the month of September, at a.
dinner given to MI'. Boutwell at the Union Leagu,e Olub'?-A. 1 was
presento


Q. 'Vas the subject oí' the general financial policy of the couutry there
discussecl ~-A. No: sir; only so fuI' as this, a1'ter the dinner MI'. GrinueH




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 295
gave the Secretary an opportunity to say a few words to those who
were presento The Secretary was very discreet and very general in his
observations. He confined himself; 1 think, to indicating that it would
be the policy of the government to pay its debts honestly and justly in
coin. Beyond that, 1 think, he did not go.


Q. Did the Secretary of tbe Trcasury on that occasion, so far as you
know, give any, tbe least, indication of the policy of tbe government in
reference to tbe sales of gold ~-A. 1 am not aware that he did.


Q. Are yon aware of any cfiúrts on that occasion to draw from the
Secretary an expression on that subject?-A. 1 am noto After MI'.
Boutwell had spoken, the president of one of our banks (1 think with-
ont invitation) rose to develop his own views in regal'd to the subject of
specie paymellt, al1d he shocked some of the gentlemen presellt b.y sug-
gesting that the country was in a high condition of prosperity, and tbat
tbe true policy was tLl clrift along. ]\[1'. Gl'innell did not ask for any
general expressioll of opinion, but rather yielded to the wishes of several
gentlemen Vlho were present·to repudiate sucb a financial poliey-tbe
Secretary lra\-illg disdairned having any financial policy of his OWll.
Amollg othcrs 1 took oecasion myself to say to the Secretary tbat the
price of gold, which was then commencing to rise, could not be kept
dowll if the government llursuetl its policy of holding seyen-tenths of
aH the gold in thc couutry, when there "ere sneh manifold uses for it,
fúr tbe payment of dnties, amI for aU otber purposes of trado; and 1
took occasion fmthe!' tu say, that it was an opportnnity which a mer-
chant llar1 not ofton to spoak, and that 1 hoped 1 Rhould not go beyond
what was becoming and proper. 1 said that the finaneial columns of
our press were, 01' appeared to be, very largeIy in the hands of speen-
lators, and that while thero was a g-rcat hne and cry if a few millions of
greenbacks were witbdrawn from the market, seven-tenthsof all the gold
in the conntry was Iocked up in the treaRury of tho U nited Sta tes, instead
of being utilized, amI "as witb held from tbe uses of the country. Tbat
is about aH that transpil'cd, audibly, in regard to gold. Whatever lIlay
have paRsed betwepll individuals 1 do not know. (Mr. Greeley had prc-
viously spoken of 1,11c patriotic dnty of subscribing to a 6 01' 4 01' 4~ per
cent. loan, and, 1 belieye, in favor of gold sales; also, MI'. Stewa1't in
favor of hard lIloney.


By MI'. ConuRN:
Q. Yon say that about seventh-tenths of an thB gold in the country is


loeked up in tbe treasnry ; will you state to the committee the means of
knowledge whicb you have, and the facts that yon haye in yonr posses-
sion, in reference to tbe amount of gold in this eountry~-A. 1 have said


. that sevcn-tenths of all the gold was Ioeked up in the t1'easury. 1 do
not mean to say that 1 spoke with any degree of accuracy, but as illus-
trating my argumento


Q. We are aU at sea on tho question of proportionate amount of gold
in tbe treasury, and would like to hear your views on the sul~iect~­
A. 1 haye no amount of knowledge in Teferellce to it; but 1 apprehend
there is very little gold in the conntry, cxccpt what is in tbe yaults of
the guvernment treasury. 1 believe that the governrnent tl'easury here,
aml at other points, holds the greater part of all the golcl in tbe eountry,
ancl that thero is real1y very little gold out of it. 1 should not know
where to look for any more than a few golcl pieces with any individual or
any institution. Some wbo require tu use gold may have a litt.lc in their
own keeping. Our banks have some, but it is generall~T in tbe ¡¡hape of
certifieates of gold. Still there is sorne gold in the city of New York out




296 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
of tbe public treasury; but beyond the city of .New York, and beyond
the treaRllry amI lJankR of tbe Coulltry, 1 do not think tbere iR mucho
Therc must, of course, be considerable in California. 1 remember read-
ing a speech of Senator Morton in which he spoke of the hoardillg of
gold in the conntry, ami of the amount that, probably, exista iu tbe
conntry; but 1 never met tlJe IUan in .New York who believed in a
general hoarding of gold. 1 do not think there is uny sach hoarding.
Then we export a great deal of gold. Lust year we exported seventy
millions. The apparent export this ,)'ear has not been so mucho In 'G8
tbe export oí" gold was more apparent to the publie eye; beeause it
came to N ew York in the Pacific mail steamers, and passed from there
to Enrope amI was reported. Now, the golcl that leaves San Francisco
goes to tIle Istbmus, and from thero direct to Englaud, and is lost to the
common e,ye, so that we appear not to be exporting while we are all the
time expol'ting gold. Our stock of gold is not replenished now as it
was before by receipts from California. My own impressiún iR that
one hundred and fifty millions of gold, 1'01' the whole conntry, would be
a pretty large estimate.


By the UHAIR1IAN:
Q. Do yon belieye that Congress can do allything to prevent snch


catastl'ophcs to business as occurred in the gold panie in September;
and if so, what '?-A. 1 hay e always belicveu that with a lIIoderate
amonnt oí' gold in the trcasu1'Y, such un amoullt as the treasury Itas had
hitherto, it could reglllate the price of gold. 1 still believe in tlLat fu11,)".
1 believe the gO\'ernnlPnt has the power to reglllate the price of gold.
That has been shown lately. Tlle govermnellt has done something to
rcgulate the price 01' gold. It has done something to prevent its falling.
'When it adverLised lately to seU gold, if it had soltl at the price offe1'ed,
gold would haye gone lowc1', uut tlle government took a stand amI fixed
the price of gold, so that the community immediaJely said, "There is a
price below which the government will HOt sell."


By l\1r. Cox:
Q. Is the1'e any other remedy fOl" these' mischiefs except ta come to the


cmrency of commerce'?-A. 1 do not think there iR any other rcmedy
than for the government to recleem Treasury notes at their face. 1
believe in that remedy.


Q. Will not these tlnctuations always occur if the Secretary goes on
from time to time tn sen gold and undertake to reg'ulate its price '¡-A.
H the goveI'llment treasury ,yere pretty well supplied witll gold, ancl
should indicate its pUl1)ose to redcem T1'easur~- notes it could maintain
the position, becallse these Treasury notes are scattered all miel' tIte
country. 'l'Itey are unlike our old bank circulation. They are Hot local- '
ized about New York 01' about Boston, but are scattered an over tbis
vast country, and tbey are nowhere in any considerable amount. Oul'
banks coulcl llot part with a dolhu of them. If tho ,govemment should
ullde1'take to redeem tbem, the hanks could send none in for redemption,
bccause they need all tbe Ullitecl States notes tltey llave at all times as
a reserve. Tbe mOlllent a demand was made on them for these Treasury
notes that mOIllellt they would have 1.0 curtail their discounts; and,
therefore, there is 110 danger of any pressure OH tlle treasury for redemp-
tion. If tlle banks were to send them in for redemptioll tllcy would be
cOlllpelled to use specie instead of legal-tender notes, 01' expose them-
sol ves to this necessity.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 297
By the CHAIRl\IAN:


Q. Do you know of HUy oflicer of the United States, either in Wash-
ington or New York, or elsewhere, who was directly or iudirectly cou-
cerned iu, or interested in, the receut speculative movement in gold iu
September last~-A. No, sir; 1 do noto


By Mr. Cox:
Q. What would be yonr remedy by federal legislation to avoid the


disasters consequent on these fiuctuatious ~-A. 1 do not think that 1
llave any remedy to suggest, exeept that which looks to the retnrn of
speeie payments. 1 belie.ve myself that if the govermllent of the United
States wOllld receive a small portion of its legal-tender notes, say five 01'
ten per cent., in payment oi' duties, it would briug the eOllntry back
gradulIy to specie payments, wlúeh is the grand l'emedy for an theso
evils. 1 do Ilot kllOW that any partial legislation would do any good,
except the adoption of a scalillg' pl'ice by which the value of legal-tendel'
notes would be brought down gl'arlually to par.


By ::\'11'. P ACKER:
Q. If the governmellt should reduce its fllnd of goId to a sum barely


suiliciellt to meet the demallds on the Treasllry, what po\\'er cOllld control
the m:1l'ket aud prevent speculatol's f1'om advanciug the pl'iee of gold
without fcar óf interfo1'eneo with their movement '¡-A. The T1'easury
has recuperative powers in its customs reeeipts. Rut when tlle gold is
in the mal'ket it must yiel(I to the eommon interpretation of it,s val ne.
vVhat you havo soon is a wieked eOlllbinatioll oí' men to raise tb.e price of
gold to the injury of the eOlllmon illtCl'est of the eount1'Y, basing their
calcubtions Oll the policy of the goverllment to withhold so mueh gola,
tbat they could manipulato tho balance; but with ejghty 01' ninety mil-
liollS of gold in the market the1'e is no probability of any sueh combina-
tion. There are few who have means, and few who have the nerve 01'
tilo will to ontel' ínto snch combinatiolls.


By the CnAIlnrAN:
Q. The load \\'ould be too heavy; they could not manipulate such a


mass "?-A. No, tltey eonld not lIuwage it. The plan '01' conspiracy in
September was cOllceivod on the beliefthat the government would adhere
to its uete1'mination noL to seU gold. 1 believe that the governmellt has
heeu illlposed llpon. 1 belitwe that t.lle pl'ess of N ew York has been mude
the ellgine for blinding the eyos oí' men in powcr, aml that they have
been blinded. A brokel', pe1'1lap8 an omissary oí' that very combination,
camo to me as if to mako inqnirics, amI illtimatolI to me that if tho gov-
ment shonld seU golll the strongest eombination t11at hall over existed
had the matte1' in hand, and would buy aU the gold that the government
would ofter, amI yet tilo Yory advcrtisemont oí' the sale of four milliolls
broke the w hole thing. 1 llrg'ed upon the broker referred to that the
Seeretal'y of the T1'easury should drown the ope1'ators in gold, giving
them so lI1ueh gold that they would BOt WlLllt ally more.


By 1\11'. P ACKER:
Q. Then y(}U tbink the1'o eould 1l0t be a eombination sufficiently strong


to absorb the whole of tIte gold in tlle eountry, including that hold by
t,he Treasnrj' '?-A. There al'e mauj' men who honest.ly believe in higher
p1'ices of gold, amI who thillk that gold is cheap now. :Myexperienee
of mün is that the1'e are not many men wllo willful1y conspire against
the eOlllmOIl intel'ests in that way, alld that with an ample supply on tho
market a eombination i8 altogethor unlikely.




298 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
By the CHAIRlIfAN:


Q. Do you know of any combiuation of men to "bear" gold as a sort
of rcsponse or eounterplot to the conspiracy to raise tho prieo of gold ?-
A. 1 do not know of auy sneh. 'Tbere may be a cOHspiraey of bears as
well as of buUs; amI, therefore, 1 said before that in tlle main tbe price
of gold depcllds ou the supply and demaml. \Vhile mon may be bronght
together to aet OH such an assumptiou as that we. llave considered, (the
hoarding of the greater part of gold in the eountry in tIle goVel'llmcllt
treasury,) the1'o are other men who, looking at the probabilitios, will seH
gold which otber men buyo Iu 1'aot, there willnot be bulls witllOut l)('ars,
()r bears without bulls. But aiter aU the main thing to determine the
priee 01' gold is supply and demando It all finally rests there. If there
are multifarious uses for gold, amI if there is very little gohl, a legitilllate
dellland for that little would lllake the priee adyanee illevitabl,Y.


By MI'. OOBURN:
(~. How are we going- to iu{;rease the snpply of gold in this eoulltry'?-


A. \Yo eannot illerease it with the balance of trado against liS. It will
finaUy advanee in spite 01' us when our uonds eease to attraet buyers
abroad. If we export one hundred million of governlllellt bonds at
l'e\'cni-y-five eents on the dollar, fOl'eigllers prefer them to golll 1 sllppose;
lJUt i1' we should lose in another year sorne forty lllillions of gold, the
suppl'y beillg small, it wiII ad\'anee again.


Q. lt' we export eheap l)()mls, would Ilot tIle cffeet of that be to relieve
gohl here~-A. Yes, while the bonds last, uut llleantimc see the efi'ect
of the inerem;e in the priee ot' goltl. linre iR MI'. Stranahan, the head
oí' our Brooklyn Park COlllmission, who has beon selling Brooklyn eity
bonds at par, whell Smith, Gould, Martin & Oo., el id omne [Jenus, ad-
vauced the price of gold from 35 to 45 per eCllt., the eurrellcy price of
Parle honds did not change at all. Bank stock yostorday sold at 1:]2,
whieh would 1I0t have brought. 123 when gold was ,Vorth from 145 to
lIJO per eent. "Vell, with gold at, lGO, sen how Illllch ebea¡wr t-hat oank
:-;touk is to the foreig'uer who bnys with gold. \Ve are at tite IllPrcy of
tite foreigner all the time; amI while tlle govermnont aitl~ in keeping up
the price oí' gold by hoaruing it, \\'I~ are l'arting, at seveHty-tive to eighty
ceut" on the dollar, ,,-ith our seeul'ities, w]¡ieh we are to pay at par by
alld by. You see in this ",hat is l'ernicious in principIo amI damagiug
in praetiee.


By .:\'r1'. JONES:
(~. \Vhen gold went up under the movement inaugurated by Smith,


Gould, Martin & -Oo. wItat was tlle priee of Brookl,Yn honus?-A: They
wel'e at par.


Q. DilI they dopreciate~-A. They neither depreciated nor ud \-aneed;
they relllained just the same, hut tlley were 25 per rent. lowel' to tlle
i'oreigner at one time tllan another. He buys in gold, lmt to ns there is
no difiel'ence in the prioo, beeause we pay in eurreuoy. TIH'yare so
much eheaper to the fOl'eigner as g'old ilo\ deal'er than ClllTPlwy.


Q. vVllat is your opinioll of tIte g'onoral impressioll of tIlO eOl1ntry as
to tlle intrinsic valno of gold, eonsidering out' immense debt aml our de-
preeiated enrreney f-A. There are a great JIlally opinlonR in l'efpl'f'nee
to it; the market price necessarily refiects tho commonjurlgmollt. I ]Ja\-e
endeavored to show that the aetion of the Treasnry with respect
to selling und holding has Illueh to do with thfl priee. Pl'oee(·dillgs in
Oongress are also watched very closely, as well as politieal afiilirs abroaa.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 299
WASHINGTON, D. C., Janl.Utry 27, l870.


"\VILLIAM BELDEN 8worn and examiued.
By the CHAIR~rAN :


Qnestion. State yonr residen ce, place of business, and occupation.-
Answer. 1 reside in New York; 1 am a banker and broker in Wall
street.
(~. Were you engaged in business as a gold broker in the month of


September last ?-A. 1 was.
Q. Hall yon becn in the habit of doing business before September last


[01' any ono of the following parties: Smith, Gonld, Martin & Co., Jay
Gould, IIo1ll'y 1\'1. Smith, James B. Burch, James Fisk, .ir., E. K. Wil-
lal'd, William Hcath &; Co., alld Carver & Co. "?-A. 1 had beell doing
business for Smith, Gould, 1\fal'tin & Oo., for Jay Gould, and James
Fisk. .


Q. Did yon, in September last, buy any gold fol' any of these parties!
If so, specify tlle amonnts ;rou bought and the dates of purchase, so far-
as you remember.-A. 1 do not know that 1 can state that 1 did buy any
t01' thelll.


Q. Can you state that you did not buy any for any of them ~-A. 1
bongItt no gold whatever for their accoullt that 1 l'emembcr.


Q. Did yon sell HUy golll fol' any of these persons 01' finns dmillg tho
1l10nth of Septcmbel' '?-A. 1 think noto


Q. Did yon loan any gold for any of these parties ?-A. 1 did Dot.
(~. If yon did llot buy, sell, 01' loan golf! i'or any of these parties, for


whom did you buy~ 13011, 01' loan tlurillg the montil of SeptemberZ--":A.
Fo1' lllvself.


Q. Fol' yonrse1f onIy 'I-A. Por myseli' principally.
Q. To whom did you, Lluriug tilo month of Soptcmbcr, givc orders to


buy, se11, or loan gold ?-A. 1 was in the habit of giving ordcrs to any
brokors that T saw; lmt tlwy altnost al ways gave me up; which alllounted
to the SHme tlling as if 1 had dono it myself. .


Q. State what brokel's werc transacting business foI' yOll.-A. ::\'11'.
Gilll beruat amI l\f r. Spe,yers ha I'!~ doue business fhr me; it is pretty dif-
ficult to reco11ect tllc llamos oí' all.


Q. Did 1\[1'. Boocock7-A. lle clid somewhat; not to a vel'y largo
amount.


Q. What amount oi' gold did yon buy in the month of September,
previous to the breakdown 011 Friday, the 24th ?-A. Tllere may havo
been somo twenty millions; 1 think that would be a llloderate esti-
mate.


Q. Do you think it \Vas less t han forty lllilliollS 'I-A. Yes, sir.
Q. Do yon think it was losB thall thil'ty milliolls 'I-A. 1 have so many


cOlltracts in dispute that it is difticnlt to sayo 1 think twenty millioJts
would be a [¡tir approxilllrtte o[ tile anH)unt.


Q. Did yon see James Fisk, .ir" Jay GOllld, .MI'. Smith amI MI'. Spey-
ers togethe1' at ally one place, on the 23d 01' 24th oi' Septembcr; and if
so, wherd-A. 1 conld not state positively whethe1' 1 did 01' noto


Q. Did yon go into 1\11'. Heath's offiee during either of these days?-
A. 1 did.
(~. Did ;ron take MI'. Speyers in the1'e with you'?-A. 1 don't romomber


whethcl' 1 took 11im thel'e 01' noto
Q. State what or<1e1' yon gave to SpeJ'PTs, if any, on tIte 2::;d.-A. 1


could IlOt now state what orde1's 1 did give. 1 dOll't remcmber. It is
so loug ago tItat it would be verJ' difficlllt to make a positive state-
mento




300 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. Going back to the 2] st of September, did ;ron order Speyers to buy


a million of goltl at 137-~ ~-Á. 1 think it is very probable. 1 cannot
answer positively.
(~. How much did he buy for yon under that order '?-Á. 1\1r. Speyers


bought for me considerable gold; he bought quite a large proportion of
the twenty millions 1 have melltiolled; 1 suppose at lcast one-third of it.
(~. On your orderf-A. 1 think it was.
Q. "Vho gaye him auy directions in regard to the pnrchase, sale, 01'


loan of your gohl, except ;yourseln-A .. 1 told him that if MI'. Fisk gave
him an or'der, he might execute it fol' me. 1 canuot be eertain when
that was.


Q. What relation between you and ~Ir. Fisk led yon to anthorizc him
to gi\'e orders to Speycrs '?-A. 'Ve were an buyillg gold, aud 1 was wil-
ling to take what 1 thought 1 conld hold.


Q. "Vere yon buying for Fisk, 01' he buying for yon ?-A. 1 was buy-
iug for myself, and 1 suppose MI'. Pisk was lmying filI' himself, through
their office; 1 don't lmow whethe1' he was 01' uot; he never told me that
1 remem ber.


Q. Ditl Fisk gi ve Speyers any orders, so far as yon know?-A. 1 ean-
not statc positively auout that; the excitement was so great, and 1 \Vas
very busy.


Q. Ho\V carne yon to authorize Fisk to gh-e directions 01' orders to
Speyers with regard to buyil1g gold tor yom account, unless there was
some preyious agreelllent between ;ron and Fisk in rcganl to it1-A ..
:MI'. Pisk mul 1 had ueen partners foI' several years, and were more 01'
less conllected in a great lllany transactiolls. He thought gold was
likely to go up, as 1 understood, and 1 believed it was. 1 hall no desire
to illterfcre wit,h him in the market. The" short" interest was enormous,
so fuI' as 1 could see. 1 think it is vcry probable that 1 gltve such an
order. 1 didn't give the matter such close attentioIl as 1 know 1 ought
to have done.


Q. What was the aggregate alllount of the "short" inte1'est, so far as
yon knew, before the breakdown, say on the 23d?-Á. An answel' to
that wonld be merfl guess-\Vol'k.
(~. 'Vltat \Vas yonr OWtl "short" interest'I-A. 1 Ruppose, twenty


millions. .
Q. Did yOLl have auy conslllta,tioll with ally onc el se as to how llluch


they 11,111; fol' instance, as to how much Fisk hall ~-A. 1 don't know
that he ever told me.


Q. Did ~'ou nevel' ask him, 01' di!l yon never hear him say, ho\V mnch
he hel(l~-A. 1 don't kllOW whether 1 did 01' not; 1 don't rcmembcr it.


Q. Froll1 aH yon do remcmber abont it, what is you!' impl'essioll oí'
the amount hc 11elcl at that timc '?-.A. 1 suppose the house of SllIitlt,
Gould, Mart.in & Oo. held the large8t amollllt. \Vhat interest he had
with them 1 do not lmow; and tlle only way T hall of jlHlging of the
all10unt which they held was from the gold that was being loancd in the
market.


Q. ll()w rnnch do .ron suppose they he Id at that time '!-A. 1 snppose
they nlllSt haye held fift,}' millions, at the very least.


Q. Difl yon aIlow MI'. Fisk to make oI'del's fol' t11e purchase, sale, 01'
loan oí' gold as he pleased, holding yon re8pollsible foI' all sllch transar
tions, without regard to his OWIl responsibility in thc matter (?-A. That
is a pretty sweeping question.


Q. AllU yon can probablyanswer it sweepingly'?-A. No, sir, 1 can-
not answer it.


Q. To what extent did you give l\fr. Pisk authority to buy, seU, 01'




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 301
loan gold for wlüch yon were to be responsible 'V-A. 1 don't think 1
ever gave him any snch order to loan golel. 1 know 1 gave him sorne
antbority to buy, bnt whatit was 1 do not know.


Q. Did you give it to him iu writing, or verbally'V-A. 1 coulel not
state.


Q. You cannot state whether you wrote him a letter to loan gold fOl
you ?-A. 1 do not remember any.


Q. You don't tbink yon wrote snch a letter?-A. That is my impres.
sion.


Q. Did he, as a matter of fact, order the purchase of any gold OH yonr
account ~-A. That 1 do not kIlow.


Q. Was any pnrchase reported to you as having been made by his
order on your acconnt1-A. Yes, sir.


Q. By whom 1-A. By Speyers.
Q. To what amonnt ?-A. To a very large amount; 1 don't kllOW ho\"\'"


much; so large tbat 1 never acknowledged it.
Q. How did ;ron treat the transaction '?-A. It is not settled yet. 1


think 1 deelined to do anything about it. .
Q. How did you treat it at the time it was reported 1-A. It was not


repol'ted at once; it was sorne days before he reported it; 1 don't recol·
lect what 1 said.


Q. Did yon ever direct him to report to l\fr. Smith any of the pnr·
chases be might make '1-A. 1 don't remember haying done so .


. Q. Can you swcar t,hat you did not '?-A. It is a very difticult matter
to swear that 1 did llOt do anytltillg in those days. TIlat i8 something
that 1 would not have been likely to do.


Q. Did Thlr. Boocock report his purchases to you, 01' to WhOlll did he
report them ~-A. 1 presume tIle purchases he made OH my 01'1.11'1' he re·
ported to me.


Q, Did you acknowledge them f-A. That 1 caunot sayo
Q. Were Gouhl and Fisk in yonr oflice dnring cither of the days of


Le panic "~-A. 'l'hey were there a day 01' two before that Friday.
Q. Leí me read a papel' to you:


" SEPTEMBER 24, 1869.
"JAMES FrSK, JR.-Dear Si1': I herebyauthorize yon to order the


purchase amI sale 01' gold on my account, during tbis day, to the cxtent
yon may deem advisalJle, and to report thc same to me as early as pos·
sible. It is tú be nndel'stood that the profits in sneh order are to helong
entirely to me, aud 1 wiII of eourse bear auy 108S resulting. Yours,


"WILLIAM BELDEN."
Did yon write that letter'l-A. 1 don't remember having written any


suoh letter.
Q. Díd yon authorize an.yhody to write such a letter as that 1'01' you ~­


A. 1 think noto
Q. Díd you eyer see that 1etter before ~-A. 1 remcrnber something


said about a 1etter; 1 thillk, to be positive about it, 1 should have to see
it; ii' tho letter was shown me, I eould say whether it was mine 01' noto


Q. Have you seen MI'. Físk within the past three weeks?-A. 1
have.


(.),. Did ~Ir. Fisk say anything to yOll in rcgard to that lotter within
the last three weeks ?-A. 1 do Jlot think he has.


Q. Has anybody representing' l\Ir. Fi8k, OI' aeting 1'01' 1Iim, said auy·
thing to you in regard to thi¡; 1etter, 01' any sneh letter, withill the last
tbree or four weeles Y-A. I saw what 1 presume is the salIle thing pub·
lished in the papers, amI it occa¡;ioned so me talk ; that is about a,n.




302 GOLD PANIC INVESTJGATIO~.


Q. Before Fisk carne on here amI gave his testirnony, did he, Ol' auy-
hody for him, talk with 01' eomrnunieate with yon coneerning sueh a
letter as that "?-A. N o, sir.


Q. State, as }lositivelyas you can, the history of that letter, if you
know anything abaut it.-A. 1 thiuk 1 have said all 1 know abont it.


Q. Do ;you tbillk you would be likely to give any man sneh a sweep-
ing authority as that over your aftiúl's 'l-A. If yon will imagine tite
cil'CUmstallces, yon will understand why 1 could not tell positively what
was done.


Q. Do you thiuk it possible yon conld have giveu au mder of that
kind, in writing, withont l'emembering it definitely and distinctly ~-A.
These were days of very great and extraordinary exeitement, and it i"
several months sinee.


Q. Have yon ever written sneh a leíter as that, "inee the <lays of t11l'
panie ?-A. 1 don't think 1 have ever wriíten any sneh letter.


Q. Can yon swear yon did uot write t11is lettcr aftor the faet" liad aU
trauspired, that is, after the breakdown, and post-date it "l-A. 1 never
wrote ¡:t letter in my life aud post-dated it, to llly knowledge.


Q. Yon can swear, then, positively, that ;you did not write this letteI'
afte1' the (litte it hears ~-A. 1 think 1 lmve airead v stated tlla/' 1 do llOt
remember having written any such Ietter. <
(~. Did yon ever siga this letter, 01' a flimil~r letter, addrcsscd to .James


T<'isk, .ir. "?-A. As 1 have said aIreauy, these werc da~'s of such exeite-
ment t11at 1 caunot unclertakc to swcar wllat 1 did 01' \lid Ilot do. If the
letter was befol'e me 1 could state w11et11er 1 wrote it 01' noto


Q. Do you bclicvc t11C1'e is in existencc a lcttcr with your OWIl si1,"n
manual, which ;you put to it, such as tbis 1 luwe read ~-A. If 1t were
shown to me 1 eould answer the question; 1 haye seen parties mistaken
when they have becn very positive, indecd, so often, that, a" 1 said be-
fOl'e, if anything 1 have done is brought to me, 1 can give a positiye an-
swer, but not otbel'wise.


Q. vVhat is the best of yOUl' belief about it~-A. 1 wOlllcl noí like to
give an opiuion abont it.


By 1\1:r. JONES:
(~. Do ,von state, to the best of yonr knowledge amI helicf, that yon


lleyer wrotc nor authol'ized such a letter '?-A. 1 wonld like to give a
elear amI explicit answer about it. 1\1y impression is that .MI'. ]<'isk is
mistakell, i1' he thillks he has snch a letter.


By the CHAIRJiAN:
Q. ls it your impression that he is mistaken if he thinks that you eYe!'


wrote 01' signecl, 01' anthorized sueh a letter '~-A. 1 do not kno,," ",bat
yon want to get at! 1 don't want to state directly that )ell'. Fisk il'-
entirely mistaken in the matte1', beeanse 1 lllight be mistalmn. 1 ílOI\'t
think ]\fr. Fisle ever had such a letter. That is m,y impression.
(~. Did you say to MI'. Speyers, ou the oeeasion 01' ~'onr gOÍng iuto the


room, whe1'e yon met 1\11'. Fisk and so me othcl' gentleman, "}Ir. Pisk,
this is MI'. Spcyers; wc are aU one family; any ordcr MI'. 1i'isk may gin'
yon will be aH right ?"-A. 1 dOll't remember ey('l' having lIlaüe a,l'emark
abont any family I'l:'latioll at aH.


Q. 1 mean that yon were in oue line-that yon nnderstood eaeh otlIPr'"
moveIlleuts.-A. lnever said so.


Q. Did 1Ifr. Fisk give NIr. Speycrs any orders, so far as yon kllow 01'
helieVl~ ~-A. 1 think it is likely that he did.


Q. vVere yon responsible for Lile results ot' these orders yonrself'?-
A. Tbat 1 do not know.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 303
Q. The committee must know, as far as you can ten them, what these


transactions of Mr. Speyers were; by whose orders they were given;
the circumstances, and what your understanding was oí thcse trans-
actions.-A. Mr. Speyers did fin enormous amount 01' business. 1 don't
think any broker is justified, upon any order, to go to the extcnt which
he did. There is a limit in everything.


Q. vVhat orders did yon give Speyers as to the amount anc1limit of
his purchases "?-A. That 1 do not remember at aH.


Q. Did you give him any order~-A. That 1 conld not ten yOll; 1 do
not know. 1 canllot remcmber what order 1 gave him, if any.


Q. You don't mean to say tbat yon don't remember whethcr yon ga,-e
him any order OH any day of t.he wcck of tIte panic ?-A. 1 remember
giving Speyers ordcrs fre'lucntly.before Friday; 1 I'rollahly gayo hi:n
orders fl'equcntly before thcn; 1 thonght yon referrcd to that day.


Q. IIow large an order did you give 011 Monday, if any ~-A. That 1
do not know. -


Q. How larg'C on Tncsday 1-A. 1 can only say that he operated fol'
me durillg tho week, and took uI' probably five roillions of gold pro-
vious to Friday.


Q. On yOUl' order "?-A. 1 bclieve so.
(.), Wbat iustrlletions did you givc h1m as t() the amount. and rate Y-


A. That 1 do IlQt rClllember; that would have depended npon tilc market
priee.
(~. llow nuieh did yon order him to hny cluring any dayR of tlle week


lmwious to Friday'?-A. As a general tIling, T presume 1 limitcd llim aR
to :1mOllllt ana priee. 1 tllÍllk 1 always limited him as to priee. As to
amount, it, is very probable that 1 ULay ha ve told him t.o keep gold at :36,
;3G.!, 01' 37. Q. What do you mcan by keeping gold at any given figure ?-A. To
take what is offered at that priec.


q. In other words, ;ron gave an illimitablc ordel' tú buy as long as it
COllld be hOllght at that pl'iee 'I-A. lt, might literally mean tbat; but no
hroker wOllhl lllldel'stand, iJ he was tohl to keep gold at a eertain figure,
that lw was to buy a fabulons nmounti sneb an aroonnt as we conld
never pay t¡w 01' tako eare oí' at all.


Q. Die! Spcyers report to yon frOIll (by to day his purehases fol' yon
preV1011[; to Friday'?-A. He did.


Q. Did MI'. Fisk, in yOUl' ofliee 011 the :¿3d, in presenee of MI'. Smith,
tdl .Mr. SpcyerR to buy quickly two milliolls amI report to Belden '?-A. 1
do not know unythillg abont it. 1 do not tbink, in the first place, that
Fisk 01' Gonld was in my office 011 Ulf' :¿3d; 1 aro pretty certain they
\'.ere noto


E. Did ,von, 011 that. day, anywhere introduce SpeJ'ers to Smith 01'
Gould 01' Fisk '~-A. No, Rir.


Q. Did .rou, on 01' before thc 3;"u of Scptcmuer, introduce him to MI'.
Fi::;k, MI'. Gould being present "?-A. 1 l'emcmber bringing hiro iuto roy
offiee when tlwy were thcrc; whether 1 intl'odneed him 01' not 1 do not.
lmow. 1 think thcv both knew him.
(~. What did yon"bl'illg hil1l iuto yonr OffiCl\ COl' ?-A. 1 think 1 bronght


llim t11e1'c to huy gold.
Q. vVhat did yon .sa,y to hilll tberc ?-A. 1 don't rcmcmber havillg'


r>aid anythillg'; if 1 dill, 1 don't remernber it.
(l. How do yon lmow, thcn, tlmt yon hl'Ong-ltt hirn there to buy gold,


if .yon <lo not rcmclllher to have said llllything to him ·'?-A. 1 mere1y
},(,lllcmber the faet that 1 too k him tbpI'c, alld 1 suppose 1 bronght hilll
thcl'c for that rcasoll. 1 don't remembcr·anything n.bont it.




304 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. Can you swear that you didn't give bim general orders to buy gold,


or that 1\'lr. Fisk didn't have yon give him general orders to buy gold~­
A. No, sir, 1 cannot swear tbat.


Q. Can you swear that Mr. Fisk oryourself, 01' both of you, did not
give hirn orders to buy golcl '?-A. 1 don'!; l'emember what took place; 1
,yas hnsy, and don't know what ]\fr. Fisk or MI'. Gonld may have
done.


Q. Let me read you this passage: "On the 24th 1 met Belden; he
said, 'Come \vith me to Heath's office; this will be tIle last day of the gold-
room; we have got over 110,000,000 of claims, amI we can bn;yaU the
gold the government dares to sell.'" ls that a correct statement ?-A. 1
should flaynot.


Q. Can you swear that it is not a cqrreet statement?-A. 1 can state
that 1 don't believe 1 ever said anything of tlle kind.


Q. 1 read again: "1 met Belden at Heath's office, and he said, 'Fisk
and Gould want to put aH the tronble on our shonlders, as they refllse
to give margins.'" Tilat was after tile breakdown. Is that statelllent
tl'Ue~-A. 1 don't remember it at aH.


Q. 1 read again: "Belden said, 'Yon know, Spoyers, yon made aUyonr
pnrchases for me.' 1 said, 'Belden, that is all nOTISeIlSe; rou told me
aU the t.itne that these transaction were for Smith, (iouhl & JHartill, Fisk,
aRd otilers.'" Is that trllc Ol' false ?-A. 1 l'emember sometlling ahout
SpeyerR having said he bonght fol' somebody else. 1 told him that, so far
as 1 knew, aH the gold he bought waR for me; that 1 did not knowany-
thing about anybody clsc.
(~. State to the eommittee, as near as yon remember, your transaetions


in gohI" whethel' for J-01uself or others, OI" fol' yoursclf' through othel's,
dnring the week of the panie.-A. As 1 IU1Ye said befme, previo u s to
the Fl'iday 1 bOllght abont twenty millions oí' gold; on }<'riday the COll-
fusion was so grmLt tlmt 1 eannot tell what gold 1 bOl1ght, t'0l' t1le l'eason
that 1 do not lmow what gold 1 ought to take, 01' what 1 onght Jlot to
talce. There were so mally different priees, so many brokers runlling
about alld elairning that tiley hall made eontraets, that 1 wus bcwildered
and couId not tell anythillg abont it, 1 was llearly the ,yholll day on
Frirlay endeavoring to make IIp m,r clearing for 'l'l111l'sday, at tlle gold
clearing-honse, and t'ol' that l'eason 1 had 110 time to pay attcntioIl to
anythillg cIse. 1 diLln't know even what tite pl'iee oí' gol<l \Vas. llearned
frorn time to time; but the information 1 haü might bave been old by
the time 1 got it. 1 was trying to gpt \vorked up at tile cleal'ing-house
for 111e day before. That was my grcat effort OIl Friday. 1 devoted my-
self' entirely to the settlements of that duy, and did uot atteml to ;my-
thing clse. 1 negleeted aU IIl,Y stoek businesR, and E'vE'rything l'lse, and
tried to get that, statelllent completed, 1 finally haa to give it np, hf'-
cause the Gold Exchange Bank didn)t know whethcr thcy could take my
statemcnt 01' noto


Q. At what time in the (]ay OIl Friday did yon leaVl'\ vVal! street ?-A.
1 think it may have heen between two amI three o'eloek.


Q. \Vith whom l1i(1 yon leave"?-A. 1 went up tOWIl with Gould ánd
Fisk,
(~. Where did yon go f-A. To 1.he Erie office.
Q. vVhat was said between yon three ppr¡,;olls eOlleeruing the mov('-


ments iu gold OH that day'?-A. 1 don't know that 1 can recall ally fea-
1.111'C of tilo eonvf'rsation.


Q. \Vlm1. in your opinion \Vas the cause of the bl'eak(loWll that day?-
A. 1 was utterly at a loss to lmow what the cause was.


Q. Did Mr. Gould give his opinioll a¡.; yon were going up town; if so,




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 305
what did he say about it?-A. If he gave any reason, I don't remember
what his idea was.


Q. vVhat was Mr. Fisk's opinion ~-A. Ido not remember.
Q. "Vas that the subject of your talk on the way up, and after you


got to the Brie office ?-Á. I presume we must have talked of it all tbe
time, but I don't remember what was said; of course, "Vall street was
in such a state oi' excitement that I did not know wbat was going on.


Q. Were there any threats of personal violence to yourself or Mr.
Fisk in Wall street before yOllleft '?-A. Not particnlarly. There was a
good deal of loud talk.


Q. Did you go out through the usual passage 'I-Á. I remember going
over to the office of J\lr. Heath, where Gould and Fisk were, for the
purpose of trying to get some help to get ruy settleruent ready.


Q. "Vhat llelp did you ask for 'I-A. I wanted some kind of assistance.
The price of gold had changed so that 1 could not make my settlement
a.t aH. I sUPl}Osed they would take an interest in the price being kept
np. If I eonld not get rny settlement completed it would bring tronble
UPO)} them; amI I went over to see what eould be done.


Q. What did you ask them to do 'I-I don't know what 1 did ask them
to do. 1 tllink W'l'y likely that 1 might have stated what my trouble
was. (.¿. Did they offer you any help ?-~~. Thfy impression is that they did
make au arrangemeut to take some of my gold; the arrangemellt was
uot consummated, howe,'er, ml(l I couId not say whether they really
did make it 01' not; 1 think they elido


Q. Do yon know of their having at any time taken a part 01' Speyers's
sales, in order to settle ualances, one 01' two IIays uefore the break-
down ~-Á. It seems to me I recollect that Speyers \Vas talking with me
once a,uout them; what was done 1 do not know.


Q. That \Vas gold whieh Speyers bought on your order ~-:A. 1 do not
know; we hall so ruuch gold, and hall so mnch to do to take care oi' our-
selves, that 1 did not take lllllClt notice of what was said.


Q. What \Vere you uuying this gold for '?--A. To seU to others.
Q. Bxp(~etillg a rise in price '?-A. 1 was not so confident, about a


grcat rise in price; 1 never expedell to see gold go very lligh; 1 was, I
presnme, as much astonished as anybody conld have uecn to see it g'o
np to 160; the " sllOrt" interest OH the strevc was enormous, 1 suppose,
from what 1 saw g'oing OIl.


Q. Did yon ever have any difficulty \Vith :SIr. Boocoek in set.t1ing
,vour transactiolls with 11im '~-Á. They are not settled yet. I have en-
deavored to get a statt>ment ti:'om MI'. Boocock; 1 have asked him fúr
it, and havp demauded it oí' him, hut have Jlot yet succeeded.


Q. Did yon buy, seU, 01' loan ally g'old for MI'. Fisk, 01' ]\11'. Gonld, or
any of their firm 1-~~. 1 honght some gold for MI'. GemId earlier in the
week, I think; hut afterwanI, when we all got so bnsy, 1 took that
gold myself, so that 1 may Ray it was an for me.


Q. At what time was it that yon took that for yourselH-Á. IVIy im-
pression is that it was about Thursday. 1 never reported any purchases
to anyuody after Wedllesday.


Q. Up to that time yon had been reporting "?-Á. 1 never made any
report that 1 recollect. 1 remember that MI'. Fisk ga,ve me some orders,
but 1 don't remember having ruade any report to him.


Q. Did you expect to settle aU thcse purchases of gold yon made
from Speyers, Baocock and otlH'l's, and which were made by Fisk amI
others fo1' yon ji-A. CertainI'y.


Q. Why dítl yon Ilot do it ?
H. Rep. 31--20




306 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
'YIl'~ESS. In what way have 1 not done it ~
CHAJR:\IAN. 1 lllldel'strllld yon to say tbey are BOt settled.
A. lt is impossible for me to determine in my o\\'n miJl(1 satisfactol'ilV


ae: to whether these large pnrcltmles oí' gold ,;-ore made in abona tide
mánllcr 01' not.· . .


Q. ~l.re tllere, 01' llot, large sums due you, 01' due. fi'om you, in COIlSC-
quelwe of tltese trammctioIls, as yon nnllerstand it; if so, what ámoullt,'?-
A. 'Ye have not arrived at auy adjustment 01' settlement whatever oí"
Friday's transactions; until tbat is done, it will be impossible to say
what amount.


Q. Have you never made any statement to your sureties in reganl to
these transactions ~-A. No, sir.


Q. Have you not filed in bankruptcy a statement of your assets?-
A. 1 llave filed in bankruptcy a statement that is incomplete, amI that
1 may now complete, and shaU complete whenever 1 can get the sta te-
mcut made up.
(~. vVhat was the amount of assets you filed 1-A. 1 do 1I0t Imow;


there were large numbers 01' gold cOlltracts.
Q. Amounting to about how much'?-A. 1 do 1l0t know; as 1 said,


the statement is not yet complete.
Q. SO far as it has gone, how much does it amount tof-A. 1 did not


foot it up; at tIle time 1 made application 1 got permission to cOllJplete
it at as early a day as ]Jossiblo, amI nntil 1 get it figured up 1 callIlot
tell.


Q. Dill yon ever clear youl' tnlllsaetiolls oí' that week from the clear-
ing-honse '?-A. I believe they were aU eleared up to I"riday.


Q. ,Vhat was the amonnt oí' your eleariugs for Thursday ~-A. 1 8Up-
pose it might have been ten milliolls.


Q. Do you lmow IIOW mneh 'yOUl' cleal'ings would luwe heen fol' Frí"
day, if they had oeell settled '?-A. Pose:ibly-no, 1 could IlOt tell.
UpOll refiection, 1 do 1l0t: thiuk l'hnnsday's clearings could haye beell so
larg"e. (J. ,V]¡y ditl you 110t make thf\!1l OH Fritlay'?-A. Tlle })rice of gold
tluetnated so rapidly that l con](l Ilot g"et the statement w~ittell out; it
\Yas physieally impossible to ,nite it out.


Q. \Vhy \Yere uot your e1earances malle Rllolwt}lleut to Friday"?-A"
1 hall seut a pal'tial statement, to tlte Uoltl E"e)¡ang-e Banle, but it was
thl'o,,"1l Ollt. 'l'llen parties would refuse to take gold 1 hall sold to them,
alld 1 eouId not tell Ullyt1IÍllg aoollt it. 'l'lw raet is \Ve got into snch a
lllllSS tbat we haye nen:r been ubIe to get out of it.


Q. \Vere :rou at th(~ Erie office OIl tite llight of the 23d, before t11e
brealnlown ?-A. 1 tltillk 1 was; 1 often went IIp thel'e.


Q. PIease state to the cOlllmittee a proposition wlüeIl was made therc
that cvening to publish iti the newspapers tIle uext morning the comli-
tion oí' gold in vVal! street, stating who were shol't, HlHl how mnch, amI
proposing that they slIould settle during thc next day.-A. 1 beliHe
tllat 1I1r. Fisk proposed, to avoid the confusioll the next day wllich was
anticipated, to show the mel'chants amI otherfl who wel'O goltl specnla-
tors, who had been selling large amounts shol't, (1'01' Yel'y fe\\' had been
buyillg as mueh as they sold,) to prevent their comillg into tile lllarkl't
and selling, nobody kncw how lI111ch; he proposed to tell them that \Ve
wouId seU to them, 01' settle with them at a üür priee. 1 was 1l0t will-
ing to accede to tlÍat proposition.
{~. vVhy not ~-A.. Because 1 was not willing to make my affairs


publico




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 307


Q. Ditl yon say that there ?-A. 1 prouably objected to the proposi-·
tiOll.


Q. Did allybotly clse object to it beRides you ~-A. 1 do not rcmcmber
of any othel' uroker ucing thc1'c. .


Q. What dicl1\Ir. Gould Ray about it ?-A. 1 do not 1'emembe1' what'
he said.


Q .. vVas anything said that it would be a conspiraey undel' the laws
01' New York '?-A.. No, Rir.


Q. \Vas au attorney 01' cOl1nsel called in to giye any opinion on that
point~-A.. Not so far as Ilmow. .


Q. ·What was tho course finally thonght best to take in lien of that
plan ?-A. 1 do not know of any at aIl.


Q. 'Vas there any otheI' plan discussecl than that ?-A. 1 do not know
that that was discussed paI'ticnlarly; 1 know .MI'. Fisk proposed it, and
1 know 1 tohl hiní T did not care to exhibit my business. If t1le1'c was
any consultation, 1 was not thc pc1'son eonsulted. 1 do not know who
shoulcl haWl consl1lted with me about what 1 should do. 1 Rhould do·
wlwt 1 IMase(l.


Q. 'Vere yon a party to any suits, injunctions, 01' orders of the court in
1'eganl to auy RPttlPIIJellt '1-A. X ot at aH; not one of them.


(l. HaY(] y011 yet settled yonr accoullts with the Gold :BJxchange
Bank?-A. 1 do uot think 1 l.HWC anything open at the banIr.


Q. Are you now continuillg business as a brokel"?-A. 1 am not in
actiye lm"illcss just at th1S moment.


Q. Haye yon rmy kllowledge of an,)' officer of the governmcnt of the
United States bcing interested in, 01' taking ilny part in, the gold moye-
ment of that week 01' month?-A. T hayc no inf01'mation whatcyer.


Q. Do ,ron know Mr. Gorbin J-A.. Yes, sir.
Q. Did yon R(~e him during the week of the punic ~-A. 1 do not re-


lllPlllhel' haying 8(;Oll him. 1 might hayo met him; 1 ncyer cxchanged
a wonl y¡-itJ¡ ltim abont gold.


By :U1'. Cox:
Q. \V]wt dirl yon ta1k iyitb }11'. COl'bill abont '?-A. N o business trans-


aet iOH aí aH.
Q. HaTo ;ron semI :\11'. Fisk 01' JHr. Gould since they gaye testimony


befol'o thi" eommittee ?-A. Y m" sir.
Q. And eOllyersed y,'ith tlWlll 01' eithcr of them in regard to their tes-


timo]}y beforn this c0ll1111ittee?-A. 1 think 1 said something to lUi'. Fisk
a bout his. \Ve díd 110t 1101d ::my C011 \'l~rsatioll. 1 only saw him for a
moment. lllaYC onlr seCll l\1r. GOllld to how to 11im.


Q. Did yon say an~-thing to him about this letter that ,ya s spoken of
in bis te"timony)?-A. J do llot I'emembeI'. AH 1 rememuer was that 1
thongltt he hml done Yery wrong in talking to the reportel's as he did.


Q. lIad ,ron thcll seCll what the papers Raid about his testimony?-
A. 1 lmd been Yc1'y sick, confincd to my bed, and 1 did not read mucho


Q. Did yon read that letted-~<\.. 1 do not 1'emembel' whether 1 reael
it nI' whetber lllV attelltioll was calle(l to it. 1 read it 01' beard it read
one day. L


By 1\11' .• JONES:
Q. Do yon kno,,' of any gold being purchased by any officer of tbe gm;.-


ernment, 01' any of their families, 01' either of them f-A. 1 do llot know
lLl1ythillg whatever.


Q. Who are your paI'tneI's in business 1-A. Andrew ~fcKil1ley and
Georgü W. Hookel'. NeitllC1' oi' them knew allything at aU about the;




308 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
gold business. In fact they did not take a very acthre part in business,
either of them.


Q. vVere they not interested with ;you in your comlllisslons and pur-
chasos of gold '?-A. 1 snpposo tlley wero, but I did not cOllsult tllom. 1
did just as I chose to do entiroly withont uny consultation whatcycr.


By tho CIUIR:",[AN:
Q. Aro not thoy responsible for the gen oral resnlts of yonr transac-


tions?-A. Yos, sir.
(~. Did ,Von have a telegraph wire from your oflice connecting with the


Erio offico?-A. I did, and llave had for a long timo.
Q. HaY(~ yon not stated repeatedly sin ce this gold rnovelllont bogan


that you were interested with MI'. Fisk in it '?-A. No, sir.
Q. Havo yon never stated that ?-A. It is not Illy habit at al] 1.0 Btate


who is interested with me 01' with auy one of what goes on in Illy oflice.
Q. Have you ever stated it at aU ?-A. Ido Hot l'emember evor llaving


said so.
Q. vVho is 1\11'. Hooker, your partner~-A. He is a bl'Other-in-law 01'


]l,1r. Fisk.
Q. Did yon cver give any testimony before tho arbitrabon cornmittee


of the Gold Board relating to tllese transactiorisf-A. No, sir.
Q. vVere you ever smllmoned before them ~-A. N o, sir.
Q. Havo you ovor boen sUInmonocl to give testimony befmo any comt


in regard to these transactions ?-A. 1 was summoned by the grund
jury.


Q. Are you willing your testimony before tlle grand jury should bo
made a part of your testimolly llere; is it testimony that yon wiU swear
to as the trnth, to come in as a part of this statoment"?-A. It iB the
tr11t11 whatever I said.


Q.. Havo yon se en it as printed '/-A. 1 think not. 1 do uot think it
wil1 givo you any facts that you haven't here.


Q. \Vhen yon ordered Speyers to buy gold and he raisecl some qnestion
about your ahility to proteet him in so large an amoullt, to whom did
yon rofo!' him as stamlillg beltiml yon who would baok yon, iJl ~'OllI' pnr-
chases ?-A. You have supposed a case that clid ltot existo YOtl have
supposed sometlling that did unt take place.


Q. Dil1 SIJeycrs at aliy time mise tho ql1estioll as to your ability to
protect him in aH the tnms,:ctions done for yon '?-A. Speyers always
solicitetl husiness fl'om lIle and never hesitated a lHoment when I gaye
him an 01'1101', amI novel' aslwd me a questiol1 about mOIlOy matters.


Q. Did he ever talk to .rou abont a margin '?-A. ~eYel'.
Q. Do yon know that he, 011 luwing- margins dClllamlefl of lIim, gave


up his principals'?-A. 1 suppose he did a grent lllauy tbillgS. J hav(~
heard he did this. 1 do uot know.


By 1\11'. PACKER:
Q. Did .rou gi ve orders for tho pUl'ehase of tllis 1i n~ millions 01' gold


personally to Speyers, 01' (lid you do it through Hllothcr person ?-A. As
near as loan reeollect 1 gavG tllem mj'self.


Q. YOll tltink you clid not give thcso ol'llol's through 1\11'. Fisk ?-A. 1
think 1 gayo tllem myself. It is possilJle Mr. FiBk ma.j' havo given tllPIII.
1 do not remember.


By MI'. Oox:
Q. 'Was Speyers mueh excited that Friday?-A. Ye", sir.
Q. Did you see him around t11e street and tho goltl-room~-A. Yes,


.sir.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 309
Q. Oan yon givc thc committep a dpseription-a sort of photograph of


his appearance?-A. 1 do not think that is my forte.
Q. Had he tIle appearance of a lllan being perfectly ",iId that dar in


the gold-roOln"!-A. 1 think he gave that impression to a great mauy.
q. Did he to you 'I-A. 1 do not think 1 "ms impressed with his steadi-


ness. He was more excited than 1 evel' saw a broker before.
By l\Ir. P ACKER:


Q. Did yon give orrlers to Speyers to bn~-, pel'sonal1y, or dill yon tell him
IIC' might take his orders from ]VIl'. Fisk~-A. 1 gaye him no order on
Fridav at aH.


Q. When he purchaserl this fiYe millions, what ordcl' did you give
ltim ?-A. 1 think certainly not to go aboye 44. ]vIS impressioll is that
the orders 1 gave him were not to go aboye abont 37.


Q. Yon stated that .ron nt oue time had a partue1'ship with l\Tr_ Fisk.
At what time was that and in what business'~-A. III the banking and
b1'okerage business fOl' about four years predons to tlle spring' oi' '68.


Q. Had he any interest in yonr firm in Septemhel' 'G!),?-A . .1\0, sir.
By :MI' .• TONES:


(J. '''hat was the result of this whoIe moyemcnt npon the broken\ of
vVall street; did they makc money, any oí' them, out oí' it~-A. 1 snppose
sorne made ailu so me iost. 1 do not imow what tite result was.


Q. As these imlIlense trallf)actions haye llever heen closed up, 1 sup-
pose tlle hrokers generalIy-thc bu11s and bears-stand about as they
did WhCll the tlting- began, do they uot"? Do ~'OU kllOW of lUly llarties
who made largely'/-A. N o, sir; 1 do not thillk any one made any lUoney
of any COIlselluellce out of it.


Q. Did you make any~-A. No, sir; 1 did not realize a dollar frolll it


'\'V ASHINGTON, D. C., January 2!.l, 1870.
DANIEL BUTTERFIELD sworn alld examincd.


By the CUAIRl\IAN:
Questioll. State your place of residence and occllpation.-Answer. 1


reside in New York. 1 am au oftieer in the arll1y.
Q. '\Vhat is yonr rauk~-A.. Colon el, anu hrevct major general.
Q. Sta,te what was .ronr occllpatioll in the months of Augnst and Sep-


tember last~-L~. 1 was assistant treaRurer of tlle United Statcs in the
city of New York.


Q. '\'Vhat was the date of your appointmcnt and the date of yonr resig-
nation ~-A. 1 was appointed some\Yhere about the 1st of J uly. 1 think
1 entered OIl the dnties of the oftice OTl the 1st of J nly. Tile date of my
resigllatioll 1 cannot state without referring' to my correspondence. Tt
was some time in the month of Odober. l\Iy resigllation was not ac-
cepted, alld 1 came OH to '\Vashington to p1'css its acceptance, alld 1 was
fillally 1'elieved OH 01' about the 15th of No\'cmber.


Q. Are yon acqnainted with tlle g'eneral eOUl'se of gold during the
lllo11th of Scptcmber last'?-A. 1 was genorally.


Q. Frolll J'our kllowJedge of general business transactions in N ew York,
wltat was the cause 01' the extraor(lillar'y rise in gold durillg the month
of Septemher?-A. Speculatioll.


Q. TIlO comse was artificial and llot natllral ?-A. Entirely so. (J. Do ;ron know \vl!at perSOllS were the managers of the specnlative




310 GOLD PAXIC I~yESTIGATro:'l'.


movement ?-A. Only by general reporto It was pretty wC'll nnderstoou.
1 do ])ot kllow of llly O\Vll Imowletlge, bn tI knmy snfticielltly well to con·
"iuce me from what information and conversation that came uefore me
from time to time.


Q. \Yhile yon were assistant treasnrer at Kew York, (!i(1 yon ever re-
ceive orders from any offiecr of the government at 'Yashingtoll to sell
gold él_A. J llst before tIle 1st of every month.


Q. How were those onlers eomulllIlicatetl to yon'?-A. \Vith tlw C'x-
ceptioll 1 will note, thcy were eommunicated bymail. 'file on1ers \ronl\l
be founcl OH my table on }fonday morning when 1 wonld go to my oftice,
signell by the Secretary himself, with a letter lW1l'ked "Priva te," aull
inclosed in an enyelope marked "Pri\~ate and personal," ,alc1n'ssed to
myself. 1 would most always reeeive these orden, for tIte lllonthl'y pro·
gramme on Monday morning. 1 Rpoke to the President anll to tIw Sec-
retary of the Treasury reqllesting that any orden; coming to 1l1l' affecting
valnes in any way should be always given to tIle lJUblic through tlw A,,-
sociated Press before tIley wel'e givelL to me. '1'hi" eOlll'Se ('ansed me to
know what the orders were by the telegram in t11e Momlay mornillg-
uewspapers. The exceptional oruer was tile telegl'aphie on1er whicl!
came on the 24th of September to seU $4,000,000 of goId. 'l'llat eauH'
by telegraph about 12 o'elock.


<.¿' State your mode of executillg those orders, nsually.-A. 'Yhen-
ever any order, 01' any directioll whatever, ca me from the Secretary oi'
the Treasury, 1 immediately wrote out tite suhstalLce oí' tlw urde!' amI
directíoll in full, siglled my llame to it, and had it ]losted plainly OIl the
buUetin outside my door, simply sayillg tllat by order of the SecretaroY
of tho Treasury the Treasur,v will seU so much gold and pl1rehase so
many bonds dl1rillg the lllonth. Tlle llotice was lH'ief first, so as to give
promptly the whole inf'ormatioll. 1 wOllhl thell take it up in detail, and
prepare the advertisemeuts fol' the press, sayillg that, by Ol'(ler oí' tlto See-
retar,y, 1 would, dUl'ing the lllOllth, seU eY(~ry week so mneh gold, nwl, as
the order might speci(y, Oll alternnte \Vl'dnesdays amI Fridays, 01' what-
ever day it lUight be, wonId lm."- so many bomls. '1'ho al1n'l'lismneut
would appear in the newspaperB that aftel'llOOIl.


Q. State whethe1' yon recC'i\"ed all~- eOlllmunieatioll ii>om tIte SC'cretary
of tlw Treasury,or fr()1ll a1ly oth.er offiee]' 01' tlle gon~rllmeJlt, dllring tile
mOllth of September, on the subjeet of tIw sale of gohl, prpyious to tIte
telegl'um of which yon have spoken 'I-A. Ncme, other thau the regular
orders whieh llave been made publico •


Q. You haye stated that .r0U received a telegraphie or(]er fl'om tite
Seeretary of the T1'easury on the 24th of Septemuer to seU 8+,OUO,000
of gold. 'Vas tllat in cíphe1' ·?-A. No.


Q. llave you a eop."" oí' that o1'de1' with yon ?-A. 1 haye noto
Q. Do .r0u reco11ect the wOl'ds 01' it "?-A. The substallce of it \Yas.


"You will announce that yon will seU 84,000,000 oí' golü ami purehase
$4,000,000 of bonds ou Saturday, 01' nIonday," (1 !lo llot reeollC'ct whidl.)


Q. At what precise hour of the day <lid yon reecivo tltat Il1cssage '?-
A. It woul<1 not Yary five minutes, 1 tllillk, frolll tweh'e o'dock. 1 thín1\.
1 entered it on the dispatch itsdí' in tIlO oftice. 'l'}¡el'(~ \\'ere quite a
numbel' of people there when it was received.


Q. \Vllo hronght that dispateh to yon '?-A. 1 <lo llOt ¡mow; a tele-
graph mcssellger.


Q. \Vbpre were you w!ten it \Vas reeeiveü?- A. Sitting in the assist-
ant treasnrer's offiee.


Q. 'VIlo was present at the time the order was recein'd '?-A. 1 tItillk
.NIl'. HuttOll \Vas present, alld 1 tllink 1\11'. Gal'land, one oí' tIle leadillg'




GOLD PANIC INVE STIGAT ION. 311
men of tbe house of Jay Oook & Oo., was presento My dOOl'keepel', )[1'.
COl'dray, was al so pl'esent, amI there were ll11mUerS oi' otber gelltlcmell
pl'esent and going in amI out. 1 do not renH'll1 ber who they were. Tlley
were business men, sorne of them men who offered bonds to the goyei'll-
ment, and had business at the treasul'y. 1 lmow their faces, alld can
probably ascertain tIle names of balto a dozen 01' more of them who were
pl'esent in the office.


Q. "Vas the message brought to yon by tIte onlinal'Y messengel' :-
A. As far as I recollect, it was bl'ought by tlle onlinary messenger.


Q. Had you any knowledge, dil'ect 01' illdil'eet, beíúre the reeeipt oí'
that message that sueh a message was to come '?-A. OnIy a sllspicion
that it would come, from a dispateh that I hall senL


Q: 'Yhat dispatch had ,You sellt ?-A .. On t11e morning of that day.
when I carne to the offiee, them were Rm-eral gentlemen there VdlO stated
to me what the priee of goId was alld the condition of atl'ain; in ,Val!
street, alld they said, moreoyer, that there were aeeuRatiolls oí' gOyerll-
rnent compIicity; that J was aecuserl of' beillg a party to the specllla-
tíon; that tile Sccrctary of tIle Tl'easur'y alld the Presidellt 'Yel'ü also
aeeusecl; und they asked me if 1 did not think it ",ise to adYise t11e Se e-
retary of the eondition oi' affairs. 1 ussontcd, aud SOllt, a dispatelt to tlw
Scerctary of thc Treasury somcthing like this: "The priee of goJd tllis
morning at sneh ::m hour is so and so, (150 pe1'haps;) there are open
a(~eus:ltions oí' go\-ernment complieity; J wouId reeommend somo
measures." \Vhat they were I do not now reeollect. 1 thiuk the aeccpt-
auee 01' some proposítions mude b.y SOlllO busilless firms in m;y dispateh
to the Seeretal',Y will givf\ the facts.


Q. At whaí hour was that dispateh sent ~-A. "When I arriyed at tlle
office, about 10 o'cIoek in the morlling. 'l'hea, agaiu, in haIf an 11on1' 01'
thl'ee-qnarters oí' an hom aftcrwllnl, some of the gentlcmen \\"'ho were
l)l'eSent whell I sent tIle dispateh, 01' who knew of its havillg been sent,
would eome in lo sce if any repIy bad heen reeeiyed. That is t!le way
that tItey happened to he tlwl'e w!len the reply did come. 1 wonhl tele-
graph to tlle Seeretary, for instanee, that at 11 a. rn. tlle price of gohl is
1iJ;¡; tIten at 11.20, fin' illstanee, illfOl'matioll wonld come in that the
pricc of ¡.roId was 1 GO, amI I wonld teIcgraph to the Seerctary, "11.80-
pl'ice ol' gold, lGO." Thu:s 1 sent him tlll'ee 01' l'OUl' dispatehes that mol'll-
ing. As the ¡¡rice ehanged fl'om time to timo, I gave lüm tIle infol'ma-
tion.


By Mi'. JONES:
Q. Yon said that cel'tailJ persons came to yon fl'om tIte street and told


you the priee of gold, and that there were general ebarges of the com-
plieity of thl' governlUl'llÍ in the mattel'. "Vho ",ere those persons?-
A. 1 will not be positivo. I should make explanation as to 111;')' being in
that position. \Vheu I weut into tIle ollice 1 was determiued that eyery-
thing sltonld be publico 1 wonld llOt allow my <loor to be cIosed. 1 Ilad
lIO privat¡; interviews with auyboc1y Ilor private information for any-
body; that saved me a good deal of trouble. Peo])le were often coming
to the offieo to lmow what ,ya s to bo done. T told ~Ir. Boutwell tlJe first.
time I met hilll that he would relieve me frolll great embarrasslllent if
he would never give me an order which t11e pubIie did notknow before-
haud, as then T shonhl he free from uny aecnsation of usiug it fú1' my
own benefi1,. Thus, when I made auy pnrchases 01' sales on my own nc-
conn1" 1 <lid it on the same hasis as anyhody eIse. 1 suppose that íifty
pcople carne into my oflice that day to asIr me if there were any o1'(l<'1's
to seU golcl. If my memory is eorrect, MI'. \Villiam R. Vermilye, 01' :\11'.
Hutton, 01' some oi' those wIlo called, said tItat the1'e were accusatiolls




312 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
of government complicity spokell in WaU stl'cet; that had been illti·
mated to me before.


By the CIIAm~IAN:
Q. Ha\'c yon eompleted the statemellt of dispatcbcs whicb yen sent


to tIte Secretary of thc Troasnry that morniug?-A. Yes; amI 1 will
furmsh the dispatches themselves.


Q. State to the cODllnittee what yon did on the reeoipt of the message
from the Seeretn.l'y.-A. \Vheu tilo message ca me in there were several
gentlemen presento 1 supposed that thc message was from the Seel'e-
tary. 1 sat behind rny table, these gentlemen in front. 1 took tho mes·
sage, opened it, pnt my halld before it, took a sheet 01' papel' this way.
(indicating,l and wrote:-" Notice: By orde1' oí" the Secrctary oí" tltc
Treasnry. tlle assistant treasnrer will seU $4,000,000 of goltl amI puro
chase $,1,000,000 of bonds" (J:l snc11 a day, 01' words to that etfccL I
signed it, gavc it to the doorkeeper, amI saül: "Put tha.t on ~hp 1m]·
letin." 1 then offered the diliJlateh fOl' eX:1millation to aU present, or
rearl it, Mter which they gener.:!]y left. the oflice.
(~. At tIlo moment of 1'eading that dispatch, hau gold broken in tlw


market 01' not ?-A. 1 think it hall brokcn abont fin~ minutes uoforo 1
got that dispatch. 1 think that l\Ir. "Ym. Soligman, or SOIlW otlJer gen·
tleman, I cannot state positiyoly who, walkerl in aud said: "Gelltlelllell.
gold is 13\)," or 35, 01' sorne such fIgures. That was just before 01' at tlle
moment the dispateh was recei\'eu. J y,rote to tIlo Sccretary afterward
that tha price of gohl hall fallen before 1 got Ilis dispatch, and 1
suggested tllat somebody had tappetl tIte wi1'es 01' had got hold of the
intol'rnation in some shape.


Q. Haye yon any knowledge, c1ireet 01' iudirect, of auy person 01' per·
sons wllo obtainecl auy news in ad\-ance of the seuuing of tbat dis
patch 1-A. 1 hüvc noto .


Q. llave yon auy kuowledge that tlle wires \rere tapped betwcen
"Yashillgton alld New York '?-A. Only f1'01ll tlH'OlT and suspieion.


Q. Have yon auy reasollable gronnd to belieyo tllat tilo wires \Yere
tapped ?-A. 1 was told by sornebody, 1 do nnt recoIloet now \V.l1O it mLS,
because so filany people came iuto 1ll,Y offiec telling me so' mally tltings,
that somo of the opel'ators in the st1'eet ,,'ere awnre of tilo telegraplt
line that the Secreta1'y of the TreasUl"y used fol' lLis dispatches, amI that
they hircd an old o]lümtor oi' tltat.Iillc, who lme\", which the 'Wa:31lÍllg-
ton insi'!:'nlllent was, who could read by SOlllld, to be in 01' abont tlle
offiee, aud listen to tIle dispatehes and bl'ing it. to them. 'l'l!e t,tOl'y
seellled so p]ausiule that 1 ,yas inclined to crodit it.


Q. Did yon make ally im"estigation as to tile trnthfulness oi' that
story?-A .. 1 did noto
(~. Did any Olle else to your kllowledge make !tn illvestigation ?-A.


No.
Q. "Vas any additioual light throwll on that theOl'~·'?-A. Not by me


01' by rny iustrumentalit.y. 1 informed tho Seeretary of tIle Treasnry
of the fact, and slLggested that he sIlould haye a e,\"ph('r fo1' sneh dit;·
patches.


Q. Did yon seU gold in aceordallce with tllO orde1"?-A. Yeso
Q. AmI bonght tIte bonds?-A. Yeso
Q. Rave you any knowledge that auy oflicer of t110 g'OYermellt. of tlw


F nited States, eit11er in vVasllillgtoll 01' N ew York, \Vas in rllly way eOIl-
cerned in 01' inte1'ested in the movement. in go]d llnring rlw lllonth of
September~-A, None whatever. (On readillg oyer 1lis testimony, the
witlless makes the foUowing' note relati,-e to tlle aboye allswer: "1 do




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 313
not change my reply to this question far two reasons-1lrst, it did Bot
occur to me when it was pnt that it applied to mJ'self; second, it was
never any part oi' my pnrpose to make a specnJation in gold, but to put
my lwnas on a gold basis, a matter thoroughly understood lJy bankers.")


Q. vVhat officers of the government, ii' any, did you see 01' converse
with in the month of Septem ber aull before the breakdown concerning
the movement in gold ~-A. The Secretary of the Treasury.


Q. Anybody else~-A. 1 think noto
Q. \Yhen did you see the Seeretary of ihe TrcasurJ'?-A. vVhen he


passed through :New York on his return to "Vashington from his SUill-
mer visit home. Tite Secretary wrote me before he 1eft his honw, iuvit-
illg me t6 dine with him at the Astor Honso on his arrival in New York.
1 think the lctter said he wished to see me before he saw allybody else.
1 lUet him and dined with him that evening. That \Vas lUy 1irst com'er-
sation alld first meeting with him. 1 had a long cOllversatioll thon with
regard to all the business of 1he treasury, and also with regard to the
lllovemellts of gold. lt was III "September, and sorne days befOl'e tlte
breakdown.


Q. State what was the substance of your conversatioll 011 that occa-
SiOll with tIle Secreta1'y in referenee to gold "?-A. The substanee of my
cOlJ\'f'rsation "as gellerally this: "That there were two parties in gold
in tlle st1'eet, as nearly as 1 could get ae it from what 1 had l!eard and
could filld out, one a party of l'uilroad mell, who put it OH tlle ground
tllat thp,Y wanted to get highel' nrice for tbeir tra11sportatioll, and higher
price fo1' gl'aill, to get freights, &c., but 1 thought they \\unted to malee
a little money witbout lIluóh regard to tbe farmers, t11e couutl'y, t11e
admillistration,or anything eIse; ~llld on the otIler side, a great many
mcrchants, who were in11oce~lt1y and without really intellding to hecome
speculators in gold, fl'om tite necessitiesof their business; and then
there "ere brokers, who ,yere bctting against the priee 01' gold alld sell-
ing it short. And 1 said that tIle best thing he eould do ",ould be to
see all parties tIlen he couId, listen to hoth sides, hear what both sides
hall to say, and to take it tor g1'allted that botl! of them wanted to make
lllolley; to make up !lis mind about his course and to keep it secret, aud
w!len he dill make onle1's, tí) make the¡n 8'0 tha" the whole public wonld
lmow them at thesame time. That 1 wouId invite as illally prominent
gentlemen in, "Vall str'eet as 1 could to m(~et him, amI gi ve tlWlll uu
opportunity to talk with him. 1 did sabsequently im'ite aH the bank
p1'esidents and leading bankers 1 couId conveniently reach in a l>rief
time to meet him. 1 think every bauk pl'esident in the eity \"as asketl,
andmost of them carne. That whateYer he did 1 desircd he wonld do
so that the public would know it aU at the same mOlllent as far as pmc-


. ticable." This eonversatioll occurred nt the Asto!' House. '
Q. On that occasÍon did :Y0Ll go witIl the Secretar,)' to A. T. Stewart ~~


A. 1 did; after dinner. ,
Q. "Vas any conversation hall there in reference to gold¡ if so, state


tho subsbtnce of it ~-A. Yes; the Secretary alld 1\'11'. Stewart had a
general conversation. 1 said to 1\11'. Sto\yart, 1 think, " the Secretary
wil! be besiegcd to seU gold, anu he will be l>esiege<l not tn seU gold,
amI he onght to have honest adviee 011 the subjeet. Now, 1\11'. Stewal't,
what is your adviee to the Secreta1'.y~" 1 think that was about the con-
versation.


Q. Did yon ll,ave any other interview with the Secretary of the
Treasury preyious to the breakdown in gold '?-A. Yes; 1 was invited
to <Une with the Secretary at the Union Leagne Club. That was on t11e
first 01' second day after this meeting nt tIle Astor Honse.




314 GOLD PA~IC INVESTIGATlON.


(~. State ,,,hat cOllversatioll, if any, occurred between yOUl'8elf anu
tltc't:3ecretary therc in referencc to the sales of gold "?-A. 1 hall 110 COll-
versliJioll with the Secretary. It \nlS a general dümer part~-, amI
1 avoided ellgrossing hilll or oceupying hilll to tlle prpjudiee of other
gcntlemen, ,yhOUl 1 thought ongbt to have an opportuuity to talli:: to ltim
amI express their views.


Q. T 11IH]en;tootl you to say that yon hall uo cOI1versatioll with any otlter
goyerument offieial except tIte Secretary of the 'I'reasnr) Ilmiug this
llHlllth of t5pptember in referenee to gold -/-A. 1 Willllot be positiyc as to
that witlll'Pf('I'CllCe to t11e lIlDuth of Sept!::'lIlheI'. On sorne oeemüon uUl'ing
tlie SUlllllU?l', (myirnpression isthat it was in August,) 1 wentnp thül'iH'l' to
'\V('sL l'oillt with thePresident. lluul a general eOllversation ,\-ith the Pl'esi-
deut on all matters pel'taining' to tILe l'rcaSlll'y, ¡¡ud ineidental to it '\"llS
a eom-ersation abont gold amI the sales of gold amI the purehase 01'
hOllflR. lt \Vas of a general charaeter, nothillg' specifieally. 1 tilink 1.
said to tIle Pl'csident that the pcoplo in 'Vall :streot wero all appal'ently,
wry patriotie, but that most oí' them wanted to make mOlley, amI tILat
\,hatewl' tllt'y said OH either sido hall to he pl'ctty car-efully weighed.


Q. Aro yon lLeqnainted with Jay GonhH-A. 1 amo
Q. Are :ron aeqnaintetl with J. Fisk,jr. ?-A. I amo
Q. Di<l ~-on seo these geutleuwll Ol' eit.ller oí" them d uriug tlll' \recl( oí'


tIle panie ?-A. r did not seo :1\lr. Fisk, T kIlO\\'. T do Hot }'eeollect
v,bethel' 1 S(F\Y J\1r. Gould 01' noto (¿. Di.! yon llave any eOllwrsatiOtl with them durillg the \Yeek uf (he
panie '?-A.~olle whateyer.


Q. Did .ron send any message to them 01' receive auy messnge frolll
tltem Y-A. As I stated, my ofike \Yas opeIl, and there were at least fiíty
messengers coming in 01' out. 1 did 110t know w110m they callle from.
SOllW oí" tlWI1l may have come f1'0111 1\11'. GOllld 01' l\:I1'. Fisk, 01' f1'om any
finll or llart,'l- r did not kuow 01' ask wlwre they l'ame frolll.
(~. Ditl ,)'on send an,'l message in writing to either of íhese gelltlc-


men 'I-A. l\ot to my knowledge.
Q. Di(l :nm SÜ11(l aTl~' llIessagü in \Vriting to any member of t11e iinn


of Smith, Gould, Martin & Oo. during ally of thc days of tIte panie '!~
A. Kot knowiugly. Sometimes a llleSS('llger wouId come in \Vith a slip
of rla-lJer OH \\-hich \Vas wl'ittcll': "PIcas!::' ask General Butteriieltl if there
are any onll'1's fl'om vYashiugton." The lllesscnger would hamI it, to lile
alld l wonlll ,\Tite " No" 011 it ami hand it back. \Yhere the ruessenger
came fl'Olll 1 lIeyer asked at a11. Pe1'haps 1 hall fifty of them OH the day
oi' 1he pnnie from as nHlIl~' diflerellt people.
(~. Di,l }{¡' .• hy Gonl(l, 01' Hllybolly 1'01' him, during tlle 1ll011th oí" St'P-


telllher 01' the 1ll01lth 01' August, previons to the breakdown, buy any
gold 1'01' 'yoll~-A. Not by my kno\Vledge, consen!, avthol'ity 01' a<hiee.
(~. Did }\fr. .Jay Gonld ever say to yon that he hall bought gold fol'


you, 01' that he \Vas holding gold for yonr aeeount or yOUl' prom 'i-A.
Re said once to me that he \Vas going to buy somo gold for me.
(~. t5tate the time ji-A. 1 call1lot l'ecall the date. 1 haye no idea, of


the date.
Q. 'Vhe1'e was it?-A. 1 caullot recall that.
Q. Exaetly what did he say f-A. 1 thillk he said: "Ilad I llOt


bettel' lmy sorne gold for you," 01' " 1 will buy sorne goltl 1'()l" YOLl." 1
CallTlOt l'eeolleet whieh.
(~. \Vhat did ;ron respond ?-A. 1 made no answer wlmtever.
Q. Did you ever ha\"e any otller eOllyersation with llim in l'egal'd to


t-hat lllatter JI-A. Never. .
Q. Did he e\'er tell ;ron that he had gold f01' yon, or that he \ras carry-




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 315
ing gol(1 for ;ron ?-A. TIe made a claim in writ1ng' on the Satnrday
at'ter tlw panic tbat he was carrying one and a half millions oí' gold foI'
me in a pool.


Q. Rayc you that in wI'iting ~-A. 1 think 1 have.
Q. Did yon make auy auswer to that writiug '?-A. 1 made a verbal


answer to tltc persou who brought it.
(~. vVhat was youI' answer ~-A. l\fy answer was that there was sorne


mistake about the matter; that if l\Ir. Gonld had auy gold fol' llle, he
had it wit.hout my authority amI without my knowledgc, eonsent 01'
a<lyiee; that ií' he had bought gold foI' me, be bought it on somebotly
elsc's order, and 1 wanted to know who had taken the anthol'ity to gíve
him tlInt onler, antl all the circumstauccs about 1t; antl tltat 1 ,youM
líke to see 11im in I'egaI'd to it.


Q. Are you quite sure that there never oecurred but one intclTiew
betweenyou antl MI'. Fisk or l\1r. Gould in reference to thut mattcr 7-
A. 1 ncver exchanged a word OH the subject of gold with ]\Ir. Fisk in
rny life, to t11e hest of my reeolleetion.


Q. PIcase state as ncar as yon can recollect everything that oe(;nrred
between yon and 1\fr. Gould on t11e occasion of his proposing to lmy
gold fel' .ron, so that wc may sec as near as possihle the whole tnmsac·
tiOll '?-A. ]\Iy impression is, without being positive auont it, that ,ve
wcre walkillg ,down Fifth a\'enuc together, and our COllYersation was
on railroad amI steamboat matters; amI 1t mn into the gerwral eonditiOIl
of afl'airs. He said something about that he thought gold would go up,
amI he asked, 01' rath81' he made a 1'emark tending to throw out a feele1'
to me that he had bettel' buy sorne gohl for me. 1 mude no 1'e1'1y. 1
thought the remark was thrown out to get an opinion frolll IIlC as to the
course of gold which would cOlluuit me 01' com1nit tbe goYernmellt 01' be
used in some way for thc purpose of spccuIation.
(~. nid he say anything furthel' 011 the subject?-A. No.
Q. Did that part of the eOllyersation eease utterIyat that point 't-A.


"\Ve parted vcry shol'tly aftel'ward, 1 to go down town, and he to go
down Twcnt.r-third street.
(~ . .oid 1\Ir. Gou](l e\-er mect yon subseqnent to that eOll\'e!'satioIl <HHI


say, 01' did he in auy ",ay take mCHns to illform yon, that hc liad lJonght
gold fol' you, tlwt ,the pl'ice had dcelilled, ancl that he ad dsed yon to
bu,y som!:' eheap gold f\w the purpose oi' l1veraging it so as to r(~duec the
1088 on the first '?-A. N cver.


Q- Did he at the time of the first cOllversation referred to, say any-
thillg about buying golcl fol' ::VIro Uorh1n '?-A. Not a worc!.


Q. Do you know MI'. Uorbin ?-A. Vel'y well.
Q. Did any com'ersation ever take place between ~-ourself Hlld ::VII'.


Gould in refcrcIlce to bnyillg gold for JUl'. Uorbin or Ül l'etel'enee to 1\11'.
Corb1n buying gold '~-A. Never.
(~. 01' in l'eference to his having mly tnlllsactioll in gold ~-.A_. Nfwer.
Q. (Headillg fi.'01ll 1\11'. Gould's testimony as to General Rutterfield


giving him an order to buy gold, and as to his advising General Butter-
tield when the price of g'old went üown to huy some eheap g'old for the
purpose of avcraging it.) vVhat have ;vou to say to that statement 'l-
A. So far as 1 am con cerned it is faIse, whoeyer statecl it.
(~ . .oid anythillg oi" that kind ever oeenr bctween l\-fr. GOllld ancl uny·


hody cIse spcakillg for yon, 01' assuming to speak fOl' yon '?-A. Ke\-er,
by my knowledge, anthol'ity, adviee, consent, connivance, directl.y 01'
indirectly, in any way whateyer.


Q. pid your silence, in the 11rst conversation to which you havc re-
ib'l'ed, give 1\11'. Gonltl auy right, to ussume your eousellt to tlw sugges-




316 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
tion ?-A. Not the slightest. People used an sorts of means to draw
sometlting out of me with reference to what the go,ernment was going'
to do; amI 1 was constantly, as :von muy sa;y, skirmislJed at to expre~¡;
¡;Olle opiuioll 01' to do sOllething, as 1 supposed, to give ideas for their
operatiolls. }Iy desire was to avoid tltat; and when 1 saw 01' thongbt
a question 01' a proposition pnt to me assnmcu that slwpc, 1 kept per-
fectIy ¡;till aud said notbing, whenever snch a course was possiblc.


Q. vVhy did you uot allow ~Ir. Gould to bu.y gold for you ?-A. 1
thought it was an improper thiug ior a govcrnmcnt oftieer to cutel' illto
auy transaction that elevaterl the price of gold, amI thercby (li:-;credite(1
t11e Clll'T'CUCy of the g'oYernment; amI 1 w11011y cleclined all propositio11S
to purchase gold 011 that grouml.


By 1Ir. JONES:
Q. \Vben, therefore, 1\1r. Gould made a llroposition to ;ron to buy gold


for you, why Jid you 110t pereluptoril;r decline it 7-A. 1 thought it uu-
nccessary to offeud anybody, 01' to say Hnythillg that lUight be construed
into a supposition that 1 believed, 01' had auy kllowledge 01' information,
t11at gold lllight go t11e otlier \Va,Y.


By tlle CHAIR~IAN:
Q. Dill you en~r have any cOIlversation witll MI'. Jay Goulc1 in refer-


euce to pnrchasiJ\~ stock oí' the 'relltil National Bauk 't ii' so, state the
titIle wilen, and the subject of the conversation.-A. 1\11'. Gonld made
a proposition to me at some time, 1 think betore 1 wellt iuto the Treasury,
to take some stock in the Tenth Xational Bank. 1 told him tl1at I wonlrl
comiÍ!ler the matter. He sent me an invitatioll (1 do uoí I'eeoIlect tilo.
time) to meet some parties. fdiduot attelld the meeting, and had 110-
thing to do with tIle matter. I maae np Ill,Y mind t11at it wm; not right
foI' me to do so, and 1 did 110t enter into it. 1 11eld no stock in all,y
ballk.


Q. Dill you suy anything to l\Jr. Gould, subsequently, communicatillg
your decision '~-A. 1 do not think T !lid. 1 do not thillk tlw subject
evel' ea.me up agaill. It seemed to be dropped. ,


Q. 'Vlwn ]\fr. Gonld sellt you a. statement of yonr alleged gold
account with him, what wa:-; t11e state of that .JleCollllt, in yonr Ü1YOr 01'
agaillst yOll '?-A. It was simply a lerter brought to me, statillg tbat he
was cauyillg for my accollnt a millioll amI a halt' oí' gold, anll tllat 1
must either pnt up a margin with Smit11, Martin. Gonld &; Oo., 01' t,ake
the gohI HlHI cm!',') ít myself. That was about the substance of it.


Q. Tilat was after tlle breakdown '! A. 1 tIlink it was the day after.
Q. 'ro that ,Y011 say yon made 110 written l'eSllOnse'?-A. Imane 110


written response.
Q. But to the lllessenger yon said wlmt '?-A. That there wf,ls sorne


mistake ahout tlle ltlatter; that if 1\11'. Gould bon~bt aH.r gol!l for me
he did it withont my anthority, kno\Ylellge, 01' cOllsellt, alld that r wanted,.
to understalld who hall taken the liberty to give hilll the on1er to do it.


Q. Did .rou l'eeeive any answer to that message 'l-A . .No, 1 do Jlot
thínk I did. 1 never have seen l'IIr. Gould since.


Q. PIease state to the COlllLllittee whcther ~-Oll hafl an,\' other con Vf'l'-
satioll with 1YIr. Gould concerllillg the course of gohl dl1l'illg' tIlO lIlonths
of Augnst aud Septembcr than that whieh you llave stated '?-A. 1 tltink
1 hado


Q. Row frequently did you mect him cluring those Illonths ?-A. Thrce
01' four ti mes.


Q. vVl.J.ere, generally?-A. 1 think he was in my offiee two 01' three




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 317
times. 1 think 1 was at his house once. 1 will not be positive about
that. 1 think 1 met him in the stroet once.


Q. On those occasions was the subject of the sales of gold or the rate
of gold discllSSetH-A. Sometimes it was. Tho discussion was gener-
aUy on tho conclition of affairs and the course of fillance. 1 always
expressell my opillion that the real value of' gold was not more than 120.


By }fr. COBURN:
Q. Hall yon any communication, written, verbal, by dispatch, 01'


otherwi:,;o, with the President of the Cnited States in reference to the
sale of gold during September ?-A. K one whatever.


Q. Publicly 01' privately'?-A. Publicly 01' privately, in Ctny way or
shape. .
• Q. 01' with auy member of' his family~-A. No.


Q. With no member of his family~-A. No.
Q. Had you such commnnication in tbe rnonth of Augnst with him


01' with auy Illomber oí' his family 01' honsoholdf-A. 1 think that this
conversation that 1 spoke abont, on the vVest Point steamboat,occllr-
red, possibly, in the month of August.


Q. Had yon any in tho month of July?-A. If the lIlonth of Jnly
was the month when the President was at Long Branch, 1 may h~tye
had some Íl[(~idelltal conversation, but it had IlO direct bearing in any
shape, more than a general eorn-ersation on policy. 1 did ¡.;ay to thc
President at Long Branch that 1 wouId be espceially obligcd if, nudel'
any and aH eircmllstances, any information 01' any orders givell to me
for the pnrchase 01' sale oí' gold Ol' bOTHIs should be alwaJ's made known
to the public first.


By :NIr. Cox:
Q. You say that yon never violated that arrangement of yours from


the time yon took oftiee until you 1eft it, that the public shonld know
everything before any priva te perSOll should'?-A. Neyer.


Q. D .. tail the eOllversation between A. T. Stewart ana the Secretary
of the 'rremnll'y a1l(1 youl'self with reference to tue Jloliey b he pUl'sued
in tIle sale oí' gohl ~-A. 1 tIlink 1 gaveyou tIte whole oí' it.


Q. You did llot say what lVIe. Stewart i-laid to the Secretary.-.A. 1
thiuk :M1'. Stewart advii-led the Secretary not to illterJ.(~r(> 011 eithcl' Hide.
MI'. Stewart's ideas and my O\V1l always agreed upon the i-llÜ\jeet. If T
had heen the Secretary of the Treasul'y 1 never shonld have sold a dolo
lar of gold.


Q. He advised him then not to seU at al} '?-A. :NIl'. Stewal't's l'eply,
1 think, was generally, " 1 sItould 1l0t sel1." 1 think these were abont
the words he m;ed, " 1 should not sell, if it were me."


By MI'. BURCHARD:
Q. Perhaps yon have seen in the New York papers at that time a


statemcnt in reference to a $10,000 check given by Smith, Gould, :Mar-
tin & Oo. to Jay Gonld, and hy him indorsed to 'y~n; \Vas there suc11 a
check ?-A. There was a $10,000 cheelc.


Q. vVhat explanation have yon to make to the committee in relation
to it ~-A. It hall no connection whateyer "ith goltl, and 1 do uot know
that thi~ il.l'-estigation is to go into a:lything- el se hnt tile gold question.
Still, 1 shonld like for the satisfiwtion of the cOlllmittee, and without
having' it made a part of the record, to state the transaction. Tho thing
begins lmck of my entrance into tlle Treasury, aneI is a matter in which
my fatllily and private matters are mixed ull, indirectl.Y. a littlc. 1 have
never come forward with any explanation of It; 1 considered my own




318 GOLD PANIC mVESTIGATION.
reputation snfficieut to shieltI me from the imputation of beillg' so foolish
as to take a, bribe of $10,000. Prior to uiy g'oing iuto the Tl'casury, 01'
to there being any snch idea, the Brie H.ailroad had built, 01' was building
and about to finish, a direct cnt-ofr' from th8ir road to make a short line
to Newbnrg, New York, which hue wonhl make tbe distance from New
York to l\ewburg', by the Brie road, the same as by the Hudsoll Riyer
road from New York to Fishkill, amI wonId enable tbe Erie Railroad
Company to rnn its trains on the same time. My wife's family had a
farm of some four hundred and eight,')' 01' five hundred acres, some twenty
miles aboye Ne\vbnrg. 1 hall bong'ht for my brother-in-Iaw the estate
01' .:\11'. Astor, within about a mile 01' tbat. 1 owned myseIf a little farm
tbere, and my wife's brotber had lllarried into a family by whicll llis wite
was a party in laI'ge illteI'est in another large 1'arm there. TheI'e weI'e
fonr faI'ms between us; aU looked to me, as haYing sorne infiuence and
acquailltance with pubhc men, to pI'oll1ote the west-side railI'oad, amI to
do sometbing to aid in benefiting their property. 1 called on MI'. Gould
two 01' three times, aud made him a proposition, wben that railroad was
complcted, to put on a fast steamboat to rnn froín N ewbllrg to Rondout,
touching at tlle docks on thc west si de of the 1'i,-er, my o1!ject being to
benefit that property, and setting forth to him the benefit that would
accrne to the Erie railroad by lllakillg' that eonntry up the rin~l' fuI' thirty
miles tributary to tIle l',¡ad. ;vVe very nearly carne to an un<lerstandillg
that a boat was to be pnt on. 1 agreed to put on the boat, provided the
Erie road would pay tIle boat a sllbsidy, as it would not support itself
entirely. That subject was n]) between us; and the time that .:\11'. GOlllcl
eame iuto my office we commenced con veI'sation about that. vVhen 1
first assurne~l the duties of my office 1 was very much driven, and hao
hardly any time to givc t.o anybody, and 1 endeavored to make aU my
interviews with everybody as hrief as possible. 1 wanteo to organize
the offiee so that 1 shonld feelless tlle bunlen and great weigltt of the re-
sponsibilities of having so much money in charge, fol' which myself and
bonclsmen were responsiblc, and to orgallize a system by which 1 wouId
haye more real control and knowledge of it tllall then existed. 1 w()]'!ced
somctimes from f) in th~ mOl'11ing to ¡-¡ 01' G in the aftm'lloOlJ. That day,
when :\11'. Gould came m, 1 had to make a payment tite l1ext day OH a
real estate tram;actioll 01' $10,000. 'i'hat tbillg was on m,y min<l, amI 1
rathel' wantcd to cut short that intcrview wltb MI'. Goul(l, and 1 said
to 11illl, " You will haye to excuse me, 1\11'. Gould; 1 have a good deal to
do; 1 llaye to go out alld horro", $10,000 for a real estate operatioll, for
whieh tlle money will not be in for some little time yet fl'Olll my OWil
resources." Gould said, "1 have plenty of money lying idIe, and 1 will
lend you 810,000 witb pleasure." r aceepted llis offe1', amI he sent me a
check 1'01' $10,000 within fifteen minutes. 1 imIoI'sed it amI deposited
it in my bank. That is the wll01e histol'y 01' that transaetion. 'l'hat
was early in Jllly.


Q. 'Vas the conversation that yon were tllen haying with him about
tIte steamboat matter¡-A. Yeso


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. You haye stated that you gave MI'. Gould no authority to buy


gold fo1' yon; did yon eyer give him authority to seU gold fo!' ;ron ~-~'1.
No.


Q. In all tbat yon have said in reIation to gold transactions, you cover
buying, selling, loaning, and the whole class of transactiolls thnt may
oeenr in gold?-A. Yes; as an operation exclusivelyin gold, and having
for its pnrpose profits from purchases 01' sales 01' gold.


...




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 319


Q. AmI all ;rour answers in reference to that su bject and your opillions,
whilc yon were not engaged in gold trallsactions, referred to lm,ving,
8elliug, 01' loaning gold (?-:-A. Yeso


By .xII'. JO~ES:
Q. 'Yhat was thc considoration fol' that $10,000 check; was it simply


no loan ?-A. Simply n loan.
Q. Without security'?-A. Without secllrity.
Q. 'Vas your note takon ~-A. No.
Q. Yon said yon conld haye uorrowod $10,000 from the government;


what did you mean by that~-A. I conld, if I had ohosen to do what I
had no lmsiness to do.
B~' MI'. JUDD:


Q. Haye yon paid that lO,OOO?-A. No.
By MI'. Sl\HTH:


Q. \Vore :ron at uny time, while .yon were assistullt treasnrer, made
aware of tIlo pnrpose, intentiOll, 01' policy of the goyornment in reference
to sellillg gold 01' bnying bonds, in advance of the actual o1'ders 1'0-
ceind "!-A. No.


By 1\11'. JUDD :
Q. Did 1fr. Gonld ever ask yon to rotnrn this $lO,OOOf-A. No. I


havo lle,'er soen him since sorne time beforo the 24th of September.
By lVlr. P ACKER :


Q. Has nothing been said abont it f-A. No.
By ~fr. S:MI1'H:


Q. Did you regard it a8 u ea1110a11 ~-A. Yeso
(~. Not a time loan ?-A. Not a time loan.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. Are yon ae!} llainted with P. A. I,ane ?-·A. 1 have no acquaintance.


with him otIlc!' thall that llO was tIle messenger who bronght that letter
from 1Ir. Goulct w11ie11 1 spoke of, in referenco to the alleged purehasc
of gold.


Q. Did yon ovor soe him hofore that time'?-A. Ne,'er. 1 ditl Hot
kIlOW him when he eame.


Q, Dic1 he say allything abollt that trallsaction ro yon '? -A. Yeso
(~. vVhat did he say '?-A. He said he was seut down b;y ~lr. Goulcl to


settle np the matter, anc1 that 1 had better settle it, 01' tlutt the whole
thing wonld be put into the newspapcrs.


Q. Did ho say that in the nature 01' a t11reat '?-A. ~ot in the nature
of a threat of his own; but rather in the nature of friendly adviee of
his own, and a threat of others; that 1 hac1 better ma1\:e sorne compro-
niise 01' c10 something.


By MI'. JUDD:
Q. vVhat was your reply "?-A. lVIy repIy was that 1 shonld do nothing


in tho premises, nntil 1 knew the ant110rity amI o1'(lors he had, and
saw the evidence in the matter, ancl tIten 1 wunId make llly decision.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. Are yon acqnainted with Joseph Seligman '?-A. Yeso
Q. Did yon give lVIl'. Scligman, at auy time during tho mouth of Sep-


tembor, before the b1'eakdown, auy orders to bny gold f-A. No.
Q. Did 1'11'. SeIigman bny any gold fol' .yon, 01' sell any gold for yon,




320 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION •.


01' did yon give hilll an onler to lmy 01' to seU ?-A. MI'. Seligmall bought
lJOtlUl-> foI' 1l1(', and he may have bought gold 01' sold gold in connection
thercwith to pnt tlle bonds on what is called a gold basis. If you bu,y
bonds on a cUl'rel1cy basis, trusting entirely to tlle vaIue of tIle bonds in
eurrellcy, !lO golü transaction comes in; but if you want to purchase botl{ls
on a golcl basis here, the custom is to buy a ce1'tain arnoullt in bonds,
awl to seU an eqnivaletlt arnonnt in gold, so that you make your trans-
~~ction on a gold basis. If yon buy your bonds in Eu1'ope, yon buy a
cel'tain amOl1nt of gold to covel' the pnrchaso there, so as to put them
on a gold basis; that is customary with foroign bankers in dealing in
bonlls.
(~. \Vhen dicll\Ir. Seligman begin to buy honds for yon ?-A. 1 do not


recollcct. 1 think he hought some honds for me as earIyas ,JuIy.
(~. vVhat was the total arnount he bongltt for yon while yon were in


tlH' Tl'f~a;;ur'y '?-A. That 1 cannot tell you withont reí'erring to records.
Q. State it as noar as yon can.-A. 1 think he bonght as mnch as


thrc2-fourths of a million dollars of bonds for me.
Q. \Vas that prior to tlle week oí' the panic, 01' during the week oí' the


p:lllie ?-A. It was some time prior to the week 01' mOllth of the pani('.
Q. TIlO pmchases oí' which yon speak were prior to tIle week (Ir the


pallic ~-A. A long time prior.
(~. Did he come to yon!' offiee during tho week of tIlo paníc ~-_A ... 1


eanllot say positively that he did, and 1 cannot say positively that he
did noL


Q. Do yon know whether llnrillg that week he did 01' dill not buy 01'
seU bunds 1'01' yon '?-A. 1 do 1l0t know without referring to reeorlls j but
my impression is that he did not buy 01' seU bonds f{)r me that week.


Q. (Heading from the testimony of Joseph Seligman, statíng that 11e
had soId fol' General Butterfield durillg the panie week golt1 to the
aIllonllt of $700,000.) StatB eoneeI'lling what 1 have read, whether it is
trnc 01' nlltrne'~-A. That 1 think may be ve,'y nearly corred, and t11e
only person who could make such a statement lllUSt be .MI'. ,Joseph Selíg-
ll1an himself.


Q. Iftbat statement was mude by :\Ir. Joseph Seligman; waB it a trne
statelllent 01' a false one ?-~~. 1 think it Yery nearls trne.


Q. HO\v carne nlI'. Seligman to sell gold for yon; was it a1, yOlll' order
01' rcquest ~-A. Yeso


Q. \Vllen <lid yon give him tlle orded-A. 1 callIlot say w}¡pn 1 gave
him the onIer. 1 tllink it must ha ye hccn tite \Veek beí'ore the paníc.


Q. 'Vas it givell in writingP-A. 1 think noto lt IlIay haye heeu.
Q. Did he eomc to yon of his OW11 aeconl, 01' did yon semI for hirn "?-


A. That 1 cannot sayo .
Q. Did he COllle to the suh-treasur.y to see yon ~-A. IIe "as one of


the freqnent visitors at the sub-treasury.
Q. 'Vas it dnring a visit oí' his to the sub-treasury that that order


of yonrs to seU golf! wns ginm to him by yon "~-A. 1 will not be positive
as to that. It is more tban likely.


Q. Did yon put np a rnargill '?-A. No. .
Q. Did you have auy aceount with hilll whereby he was yOUl' dehtol',


so that he had money of .yours in his hUllds'?-A. lr e had a nmHiug
a.CCOUlIt.


Q. At tho time yon gave tIJUt order how did that account stand-in
your favor 01' his '?-A. 1 do uot know how it stood. We haY(' a l'llllnillg
aCcoullt in tlle purchuse of houds and sale of goId.


By MI'. Cox:
Q. Has that aecount ever be en settled '?-A. No; it llas Hot been seto




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 321


tled. It is an open account still. 1 have made transactions with ]\fr.
Seligrnan within a short time.


Q. What conn~rsatioIl occuI'l'ed between yonrsclf and ]\Ir. Seligman
on the occasioll oí' giving this urder tonchillg' the course oí' gold '?-A. 1
do not rccollect distinctly tbe conversatioll. 1 remernhcr the general
idea.


Q. State it as weIl as yon recolloct it.-A. J.\'I~- impressioll is that T
said to him (wh:tt 1 kllow was my belioí' at that time) that 1 llever be-
lieyorl golll to be wort11 over from 120 to 125; that the tIten yulne was
fictltions and could not be rnaintained; that it was artificial hy specuIa-
tion, and that it wouId certainly í'all by its OWIl \yeigllt.


Q. 'Vas this transaction itseIf settled 01' approxima,tely settled, so tltat
you know whethor you made 01' lost in the transaction ?-A. No. It \Vas
earricd into the eurrent account.


Q. Did he pay you any profits arising out of that transactioll ~-A. 1
drew some mOlley from MI'. Seligm:m Oll one 01' two oecasions-srnall
amounts that wero chargcd to me in the account8. They could uot be
said to have arisen í'rom that transaction. TItey arose í'rom a general
account aR hdwüen individuals. 1 never considered them al-\ eoming'
f1'om t-hat tmnsactioll.


By tho.CIIAm~lAN:
Q. (Heading from the testimony of.Joseplt Seligman, stat,ing that on the


sale of gold General Bntterfield had made ah out $35,000, which waR
settled partly in curreneyamI partly iu U nited States lJonds, wItich tho
finn carricd.) Is that. Htatement correct 01' ineorreet 2-A. 'l'Itat would
make it a eorrect statement, my dmwing a portion of the money and hil-\
still carrying bonds for me. That would make it, as 1 stated, an Opt'll
accoullt.


Q .. Did yon, aftel' the order had boen given to 1\11'. Seligman, sond any
messagps to him during the panie weele 1-A. 1 do uot tItink 1 did.


Q. Did yon l-\¡md \Yorcl to hirn to come up and soo you f-A. ] migh t
h~wp done so.


Q. Did he come up and see you dnring t11at week ~-A. PossiblJ' lH'
did. 1 wil! l-\tate why 1 arn indistinct a bout that. 1\11'. Scligman had
largo transaetions with tho Treasury. He lIad an arrangemenf with tIte
Trm1s111'j' hnfore 1 went there, mude with Genpral Spiunel' at vVashillgton,
1'01' tIte transfel' oí' Clll'rency frorn California, amI for his placing gold in
the treasury here and takillg it out in California, thus saving the gov-
ernment the expense of trallsportation. Sometimes a transaction of
that kiIHl wouhl come up in a shape tltat 1 did not understand elearly,
and 1 would semI fo1' llim t,o make an explanatioll. Two 01' three timel-\
theso transl1;etions eame up in a. shape that 1 wonld not carry them out
till aiter 1 telegraphed to ~Washiugton about them; and in that way 1
frequently sent 1'01' him to ask him as to the state of the case, ami what
correspondence and evidcnce he hall on the point; and he often called
OIl these matters personalI,)'.


Q. In any oí' tItase intcl'views did you converse with .MI'. Seligman
concernillg' tho course of gold and concerning yonr transaction with bim,
alld how it was f¡wing'~-A. 1 eannot recollect now; 1 may have done
so. ]\/[1'. Seligrnan's memol'Y is probahly more eorrcct in regard to it.


Q. Do yon reganl lUr. Seligman as a truthfnl man ~-A. 1 think so;
1 have every reason to believe so.


Q. Can you say that you did not have a eOllYersation with him con-
eerning your transaction in gold witIt h1m dnring the week of the panie,


H. Rep. 31--21




322 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
and eoneerning the probable behavior of goId at that tirne~-A. 1 ean-
uot say that 1 did noto


Q_ if MI'. Seligrnall should testity that you did wouId you eontradiet
him '/-A. 1 wouId uot uutil 1 kuew what he ha<l said. He lllight make
1'l00ue statement as to what 1 said which 1 wouId know po::;itiwly 1 <lid
llot say; but if he shouId say that 1 cxp1'essed an opinion that gold was
not wOl'th more thau 120, 01' that tIlo gove1'nment wouId uot be abIe to
resist the p1'essll1'e of public opínion aud wouId be forced to sen gold, 1
would believe it to be true.


('rhe chairman here read the testimoll'y of ::\lr. Seligman relatíng to
messages sent to amI received from the witness during the panie weok.)


Q. \Vhat will ;you sa.y of these qnestioIls alld answe1's; are they true
01' false?-A. 1 think it ve1'y likelJ they are truü. lllave said to a great
Illally people that although 1 had no knowIedge 01' illfú1'mation nt aH, 1
had no doubt that ]\11'. Boutwüll would continue the polic;)' he had pur-
titwd right alo11g, oí' buyillg bonds alld sellillg gold; l prohably said
that to )11'. Süligman.


Q. Under your orde1's fo1' MI'. Sl'1igmall to sf'll gold did yon tell him
you were selling it 1'01' you1'self 01' fol' anyhoüy else '?_A. 1 may have
told him 1 was selling' it, f()r m'y wife.


Q. Did yon so trll him ?-A. 1 will not say 1 did noto 1 lllUy have
said so.


Q. SO far as yon l'ecollf'et what do ;\,ou think yon did in that regal'd '?-
A. 1 will noí undertake to state wlwt 1 suid, because 1 ha ve no positi\e
l'ecollection.


By 1\11'. ,TUDD:
Q. You state that yon I'e('ein~d SOllW 1ll0lH'y fl'Olll :;\'11'. Seligman grow-


ing out of these olwmtions; how mue1l di~l yon 1'eeeive ?-A. 1 have
!1rawn f1'olll him eitlll'r ten Ol' tiftt~Pll thousHnd dollmos. 'rhen MI'. Selig-
IllHll has exeeuted somo onIers {'Ol' me in Paris. FoI' im;tallco, 1 sent
ove1' to hase lllHny artieles pn1'chascd tlwro. 1 took a, lettel' of eredit
rl'om 1\11'. ScligmHn OH bis llOuse in Paris to cover t110 allloullt oí' tllese
Eurollases, an<l tiloso amollllts are <:lwrged to me. 1 do ll'ot know what
they are. They extelld over conSÍflerable time aml different amounts.


Q. vVill the.Y alllOllllt to t11ir(;y-Jl\-p thom;,llld dollarR in the agg1'e-
g-ate ~-A. No.


By tb(~ (~IIAmj\IAN :
Q. Did yon llave ml~- bnr-inPRR tl'ansactiolls while y011 wprp assistant


treasurel' with )11'. Corbill 'I-A. None \\'hritever.
Q. Did yOIl len o\\' of HUy gold hwdng lW('T1 bonght, soId, or loalled, or
(~arried for J\Ir. Corbin !-A. No.


Q. 01' for yonrself Hut1 llim jointly)!-A. No.
lly .1\11'. J ON1':S :
(~. Did yon h<t,-e illtelTiews wíth nI1'. Uorhill previouR to this panic


amI during tbe panio lJ~ to the probable policy oi' thc goverUlllellt ill
relation to Rellill:~' gold, the state of the market, and aU that '?-A. ]
wonld state as a gellf'raI 311swer to that qnestion tlmt 1 ha vp known MI'.
Corbin sorne twch-e yeal's, amI lw.d ilome lmilillesil transactlolls with 11im
about two years ago, as 11oa1' as J eall l'l'mcmlwl'. 1 1'ormod a bUi3ines~
:!cQuaintance wlth :ah. Corbill in conneetioll \\'üh the overblld mail
:\tages f1'olll Sto Lonis to San Frml('iR(~O, nnd 1 have scen a guod dt'al oí'
lIim since t11011. l IU1\'e be en in tIle habit 01' Ill(~(>tillg him frequcntIy at
his housc fúr yüUl's. .A..fter 1 ca me into the suh-treaslll'y in New York
}Ir. COI'hin wonld taIk to me in roganl to thp poliey oC the administra-




, GOLD· PANIC > INVESTIGATION. 323
tion, about what he eonsidered that policy was, and what it ought to
be; that it ought to have a better price for gold; that it ought to have
a better prico for the el'Ops to heIp tIle fa1'mers and make the admillis-
tration popnlar, for aU of whieh he gave hi8 l'ea~on8.


Q. Díd he come to ,yo n about tlle time 01' tlle punic, 01' a little before,
aIld endeavOI' to impress upon you tlle idea that gold ought to go up,
and that the government ought not to hiudel' it '?-A. That was the
general tone of his conversation whenever we met.


Q. Did you see him frequently abont this time ?-A. 1 should say
once 01' twice within perhap8 a fortnight.


Q. Did he evcr endeayol' to get you to exerci8e inftllcnee to thi8 end,
01' to do as mueh as you coulel '?-A. 1 think the tone of his cOllTersation
was intendcd to imprcss me with the idea that tilat wa8 the wisest thing
to do, and that 1 onght to be a eom-crt to hi8 Yiew8. T do Hot think
he ever attclllpted to induce me to exercise any illflnence, but he endea-
yorcd to impre88 me with tlle idea tlmt the poliey of tile governmellt:
ought to he to cneonrage good priees for eotton, graill, wheat., flon1', &c.,
to be 8eut abroad.


Q. At this time did he speak of' auy ¡.;peclllatiolls in gohl 01' 8toek8, 01'
tell you that he had auy OIl ltand for bis wife?-A. No.


Q. Did you go into ally speculatiollR in gold 01' stoeks 1'01' any 01' the
P1'esídent'8 fami!y, or did. yon know oí' ally gold 01' stock8 ueing uought
fol' them e?_A. ~ o.


Dy 1\11'. Cox:
Q. Did yon e\Ter do <lllythillg in pnrsuance of }Ir. Corbill's influtmce


01' advice with the adllliniRtration 01' Secretary 01' the Treasury to infiu-
ellee their aetion in any way?-A. In no way wilatoyer, and 1 will be
Vel'y glad if tlw committee will address a communieation to tile President
amI Seeretul'y of tIte Tl'easul''y on that snbjeet, a8king them titat (l'lC8tion.


By t1le CRAIR}íAN :
Q. ])iü yon ever propose to illY(~8t any money for any member of the


. admini8tratioll wlli!e yon were assistant tl'CaSlll"er in New York, 01' fOl"
any memUBl' of their fhmiIit~¡.; 'I-A. No.


Bj" l\fr, (Jox:
Q. Did .MI'. UOl'hin h:we anythillg to dó with yon1' appointment as


sub-treasnrer in New York '?-A. ~ot to my knowledge, any more than
from 11is friendship. 1 supposed, of conrse~ that as au ol!! aequaintanee
he wonld 8peak in my fayOl\


By MR •• IONES:
Q. Did yon see him after tite breakdowll in gold '?-A. 1 wellt to his


honse once, when he sent for me, afhw tlte¡.;p statelllent.s came out in the
press. He wa8 siek in bed. MI'. \Vm. JI. J<}yart8, his eoullsel, ,,-as thern
whenI weut into his room. \Ve had 80me eonversation abont these
charges l1ud aecllsat-iOllR, amI he made ROIHe stnternent¡.; about tbem.
J do 110t remembcr pal'tieuIarly t-he eOll\TC'T8ation, but denying thcltl
generally.


By lVIR. Cox:
Q. 1 asked yon whethel' yon took the ofliep of assistant trca8nrCl' in


New York umler any promise 01' obligation, expressed 01' implied, to
assist in any oIwraüolIs ill \Vall 8t1'('et, in eOllncetion with ¡.;tOCkR 01' gohl
01' other trausartiOllS '!-A. \Vith 110 1ivi ng h umnn being; not th.e slighte8t
"romise Ot' ohli!~'ati()n, l'x}ll'eRsed 01' implied.


Q. 1)i(/ t]¡cse tn1ll8actiu1l8 with SeligmaIl begill before you took the
office ?-A. 1 am uot posit.i ve as to that.




324 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
By Mr. J(TDD:
(~. \Vhat is your impression ?-A. 1 think noto 1 have for a long'


time hought gow~rnment seeurities aud sold tbem; and 1 baye done
this through difi'crent parties, fol' othen1 and as a trustee, frequcntl;y, alld
sometimes for m;yself.


By JIr. Cox:
Q. It is perhaps due to yon to explaill a seeming incollsistellc;y oí' a


former ttnsweI', in whieh yon st.ateü that Y011 lmd no trullsuctiollS in gol«l
except the purehase of bonds Oll a gold basi,,; yon afterward acqnies('ed
in tbe statement of MI'. Seligmall that he 801<1 gohl for .ron.-A. That il'
a part of the general transaction to lllake tItt' bonds that lw 01' otlw]'s
were carl'ying for me on á gold basis.


Q. 'Vbat do you mean by a gold basis '?-A. My meaning is this: Snp-
pose to-day tile price of gold is 122, ami the pl'ice 01' J·20s, 114. 1 wunt to
buy onc hundred 5-20s of 18G7 on a gold basis llore. r huy that l11l1011n(.
at tbat price, and sell the same amoHnt of gold nt 122. 1 kno\y YPl'y
well when 1 make that purchase, ,yith the BU1'oppan llJal'l((,ti; (~OI'nl'I'illg
the price of gold, that, if bonds go down fin) per ('{'nt. l)(']ow thc par oí'
gold on tbe other side, they must faH here. It' 1 thillk gold is going to
fall, if 1 think it is 1l0t going tn maintaill its standard, 1 go and RPll a
hundred thousand dollars of gold; and if gohl falls fhe l)pr ccnt., amI
bond s fall tbe same, the bonds will stand, heing on a gold oasis. 13om11"


'however, do not .fall quite as mnch as gol<l, and tbe purchase wiIl be a
profitable one when the gold is sold agaillst tllese bonds.


By the CnAIRlI1:AN :
Q. Do transactions in bonds on a. gold basis depend fol' tbeír pl'Ofit 01'


sale upon. the premium in gold '?-A. ~o.
Q. Does a transaction in bonds on a gold basis dC[lmd in part fol' its


profit 01' loss 011 tIte premimn in gold ?-A. They haye a reh~tioll to eueh
other. Yon have a good many "Vall street witllesses, however, and ir
.ron will put this question to them, thl'y will expbin it more cleady filan
I can,


Q. At the time ofyonr giving the order durillg tbc pnllie week to s(>l1
gold, was it subsequellt to yonr maiu trallsaetion in honds, gl'owing out
of whích there \Vas a balance in yonr favor OH the lIooks of Sdiglllan "1-
A. 1 am ine1illcd to think so.


Q. The sale of gold dul'Íng the panie week ,ras not tllPn, as 1 llIHler-
stand, made in conneet,ion wi1.11 any bond transac1.ion, other than tlH'
fact tilat yelll lUHl a ere<lit in the aecount OH Seligman's boo](,; grO\villg'
out of tbe tl'ansaction ?-A. 1 think SeJigman was, if Bot he, othel's Wl'l'(',
holding sorne bonds fol' me at that time, and a fall in gold would huye
wiped out any cl'edit to my aceoullt.


By 1\'l:r. BUUCHARD :
Q. Do 1 understund you that generally an advance or declillc in the l)I'(~­


miurn OIl gold is f()llowed by au adyance 01' deelille in the elll'I'l'IJ(~y vlllue
of honds "?-A. Very often it is. It depends OH foreign prices mul mar-
kets sornetimes.


Q. Do not they usuaJly sympathize with eaeh otIler f-A. There are
a good many nice questiolls to explain in that cOl1ueetion, which 1 do
1l0t tbiuk tba.t 1 can rnake cleal'. .For instance, a foreign banker, if gold
falls here, can seU bonds and import them fl'om the otller side, aeting
cOllstantly Oll a gold basis ; and ir gold rises lwre, can buy bonds with
currency and send them to the other flide. Tbat has its influence ami
effect on these prices.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 325
Q. If, after Selígman had sold the gold fol' you during tbat week, tbe


price of gold had steadily gone u]1, 01' had heId up, lww would that bave
affeeted your transaetion, fi1Vombl;v 01' otberwise 'I-A. It would have
made me his debt.or possibly.


Q. If, Oll the cOlltra1'y, after tbe sale oí' gold for yon, gold had fallen,
conld .ron lmve been a gainer by tIle amount oí' that ful1 'I_A. Not en-
tireIy, fo1' 1 was carrying bonds. lt wouhI have beell partially so.


Q. State whethel' you lIad, during the mOllths oí' August and Septem-
ber, ¡H'lwious to the breakdown, any tl'ansactions in gohl 01' bond s with
the firm of L. P. }Iortoll & Oo., 01' any membcr thl:'roof; if so, to what
extent~-A. 1 did.


Q. PIease state to tlle eomlllittee, in J'our own way, tile extent a.nd
dmracte1' of thc transactions '?-A. 1 conld give the t1'ansactions in ex-
!let figures if 1 had brought my papers with me. M1'. JHorton pnrchased
1'01' me some bonds in Tlondon, and be made one 01' two diffe1'ent pur-
chases at different times in different amounts, 1 think three 01' four hun-
dred thousatid dollars; in all possibility more, and possibly Iess. 1
stated to l\lr. l\Io1'toll that my impression oí this administration was
this: that in tlle first place they were determined to eollect all tbe reve-
nue oí the goVeI'lllllent as íaithfully as they could, and that in tbe sec-
ond place tlley woultl administer the government as economically as
posl'iible, makillg as few expenses as they could; that the public sen ti-
mellt wouhl not sustaill the SecI'etary of the Treasury in locking np the
money which ",onld accmnulate nnder these ci1'cumstaneps in the Treas-
ury; 'that he would be compelled to innst it in the purchase of bond s ;
that 1 believed, aIthough 1 liad never had one wonI on this snbjeet-and
here 1 will sta te that 1 had then never seen t,he Secretan of the 'rreas-
luy, and did not nntil he carne to New York the time mentioned in rny
testimony, and nC\"er exehanged a word with him verbally-that 1 be-
lieved his poliey wonld be to so improve the credit of the governmellt
"lH to make it possible to fund tIle debt at a lower mte 01' interest; that
1 thonght it was everybody's !luty to put his sIloulder to the wheel, and
that as frtr as my means and credit would aIlow me, 1 should go in for
tllat; that 1 did not tllillk it Look a very wise man, 01' a very shrewd
mall, to calculate as to wh,lt woul(l be done up to the time Oongress
carne together amI fixed so me poliey in regard to tIte aeculllulation of
the l'evellues; tlJat llmew General Grant well enough to believe t-hat
would be his course; that he might lllake sorne mistakes in the road
he traveled, but that his objccti\'c pOillt would be eel'taillly reached. 1
think 1 said that to otlie1' people wheu tiley asked me what r thought
of tlie policy oí' the govermnellt. 1 had liad no intimation from any
official sourees as to what the policy was to be, but it was pIain to me
that that would inevitauIy be tile poliey ; alld fol' an.v mall tü lmow what
the extellt of M1'. Bout\\'ell'H operatiolls wonId be, he hád onIy to Iook at
tlle monthly statements amI illfol'ln himself oC the meanR he would have
for purchas}ng bonds. 1 sailt to .:\'Ir. 1Iortoll, "[ thillk that if 1 were
the Secretary of the Tl'easury, 1 wonhl lLIlllonnce publicIy that policy,
and would reqni1'e my Huhordinates to ])llbIish c\'el'y Satnrday night the
l'eeeipts and expenditures oí' the gO\"ernment. 1 woul!l Hay that a11 the
surplns reeeipts oye1' the expenses shonld be applied to tlJe 1'eduetion of
the debt, alld thell it wonhl be for Oongress to say how Illuch that SUI'-
plus shonld he by fixing the revellues th1'ough the tarifl's amI revenue
laws."


Q. About what time was this ?-A. 1 have said that same thing to
othe1' people. 1 could not fix any time, but think it was at the time
purchases were made. I moreovel' said, and it might be used against




326 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
me, that I wonld never seIl a dollar of gold if I wpre the Secretary of
the Treasur.y, and Illy reasoll fol' it is this: I wouId loan goId, 1mt T
would uot seIl it, because, in the first place, we waut to reduce the rate
of interest on the public debt, aud fol'eign gm~ernments look specially
to the alllouut of gold that is in the Treaslll'Y. You will uot com~illep
thom as you convincc our people of our abundant resources. If they
see in the monthly statemellt of the Secretal'y 01' the 'rreasury so mau'y
millions of gold in the TreaSllI'y, they are read,)' to pnt theil' fUllds iJl
bonds; alld a larg-e amoullt of gold in the TreaSlll'.Y wOllld therefol't'
enable the gove1'mnent more easil,)' to fuud its entire indebtedness at a
lower rate of illterest. I wouId provide that tite Secl'etal'y of tIte
Treasury should be authorized to loan gold to tite national banks, to tIJe
extent of a eertaill peI' centnm on their capital, on the four 01' four-and·
a-half per cellt. bonds in which the debt could ue fUllded. Titen the
merchant 01' ballker, wllOhas gold Ullties to pay to the govcrnment,
couId borrow it 01' the banks. In snch a countl'y as this, and with sllelt
resources, gold is not worth more than par, aml sueh a policj', if adoptell.
would bring gold to par. No comlJinatioll eonId m-cr be made success-
fuI to put up the price of gold whell they knew it \Yas in tite powe1' oí'
any man who held f'our 01' four-and-a-half per cent. bonds to go int,o
the Treasury and borrow the surpllls gold. I have often pl'Olllulgatell
that view.


Q. PIcase state the alllount OfyOlU transactions with Múrton & Oo.?-
A. 1 have said that l\Iortoll first pllrehased so me bond!:? fol' mc, tltl'
amount 1 do 1I0t. l'eeollect. .


Q. Statc what gold transactions, if an,)', yon hatl with ltim 'I-A. 1 do
not think there were an,)' gold trallsactions, except those made by him
incident. to the pU1'chase of honds, with no refcrcnec to tIle pnrchase Oi'
sale of goId by itself. _


Q.What amount of gold did he evel' seU fi)l' .ron in that way 'Y-A. r
do not thillk he ever sold a doUar. He may have bonght sorne alld soJd


. it again without my giving any speeitie directioIls.
Q. Did yon give any speeific orclel' in regard to tite pUl'elmse 01' sak


of goId through him "?-A. N ever. lf he did it at all, he <lid it UpOll tlie
general authorit.r whieh he had from me.


Q. Has this acconnt ucen closed by .YIOl'ton, 01' was it before yon Ieft
the treasuryil-A. I had a statemellt 01' it. By refel'ellCe to my lette1's
and cOl'l'eSpollrlence r could give yon the exact conditioll of the aCcollllt.


Q. State with ,,-hat otlter firm 01' firms 'yon ha,el similar t.ransactiollOi
as these with l\lOl'tOll and Seliglllan while yon \Yere in the sub-treaSlUj'.-
A. 1 had trallsaetions in bonds with other til'lllS.


Q. lIad yon all,r tranS.lctiollS in bonds with othe1' firlOs in t.he same
wa;y as you haye siatt>d .you hall with these firHls ~-A. I haye üM a
desire to be entirel,') frank with tlle committee, allel still I have felt that
the committec and myself, if yon will excuse me, are going ueyond tlw
record when tl18y go outside 01' anytiting unt gold. I had no otIler
trallsactiolls in bOllds ulloll a gold basis.


\Vitness was here directed to retire, and the eOllllllittee, after consul-
tation, directed the followillg question to ue pl'opoumled:


Q. Did yon, fin' yourself 01' otbers, llave aUj' othe1' transactiolls ill
bonds during tlle month of September, previous to the ureakdown ill
gold; if so, what was tho <LmOllut, aJl(I (lid you dispose of them be!i)l'('
the breakdowIl, 01' did you llold them oye}"l


The witness was again ealled in, and the auon~ question propoullded
to him.


The witness statcd to t11e commit,tee tllat he desired to cOllsult COUllS,,1




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 327
before answering the question. Leave was granted, and the witness
was allowed time to consult connsel.


By ·Mr. J ONES :
(~. Wllat leel to the resignatiou of your oflice 'I-A. Before this gold


transaction T found the duties of the offiee wearing upon me vel'~'
severely. 1 wrote to the Secretary of the Treasury that my physieian
adviseílmc oithor to take a leave of absence 01' resign my position. 1
wrote that fact to the Secretal'y of the TreasUl'y in a private lettel'. Thc
Secretary replied that he should be very sorry to have me resign, and
that 1 sItould have a leave of ahsenee if 1 desired it. 1 had made ap m.y
mind fally to resigno vVhen tItis thing came up, aud these clmrges
were madp, 1 then withheld my resigllation, becau;;e its efi!eet, would be
merely to confirm tlle cllarges and aceusations made agaillst me. vVhell
the first accusation was made Hgainst me 1 wrote immeeliately to the
Secretary statillg that charges were made iu tlle newspapers; that 1
considered rnyadministratioll of tilo Treasury and its management as
beyond questiou, amI that T düI not intend to take any notice of tllesp
aeeusations. If, llOwever, tlle aecusations made any impression upon thc
mind of tlle Sccretm:y of the Tl'easury or the Pl'esident, 1 deemed it due
to myself allCI to them to ask for an in vestigation. Tilo Seeretar.y
replied that O!l mere newspaper aecusation of that kind he did not con-
sider it worth while to pay any attention to it,. Then a statement came
out in the papel' signed by Frederick A. Lane. 'When that appeared 1
wrote to tlw Secretary oí' tlle Treasury that as 1 was an officer in the
army 1 wonl(11ike to llave a tItorough investigatian of tbis matter, and
asked 1'01' a comt of inquiry, 01' snch other investigatioTl as might seem
best to lIim to be made. HH sent tlle SOliCitOl: 01' tlle Treasury Depart-
ment, J\fl'. Banfield, to me in New York, witll a IcHer stating that while
the pnblic minu was justly sensitivo in regard to thc chargcs of offieer"
beillg engagetl in tlpeeulation, it \Vas cIne to tlle public that an investi-
gation SllOUhl be had, but that he did not see how it conld he had while
1 hel<1 tite office of assistant treasnrer. l\Iy first reply to ]\'[1'. Banfield
was that 1 wOllld uot resign while tllose charges were pending against
me; until my skirts were entirely clear of tlle charge oí' ha,-ing nsed my
offieial positioll fol' my 011'11 pl'i\-ate advantage. ::\'Iy connsel and friends,
however, advised me to ellange my determination in that respect, and
to send in my resignation at ouce, and ask for an invcstigation, which 1
did. 1 \Vas tllen snffel'ing vel'y se\-erely ,yitll wllat llly physieian termed
premonitory symptoms of an attaek of congestiono ~o action was taken
for sorne time. When 1 sent in my l'esignatioll, after somo days, 1
received a roply from the Secretary aeknowleflging the receipt of the
letter, and stating that he wonld address 1111' shortly npon tlle subject.
Some days afterwHl'!l 1 reeein~d a telegram from the Secretary that
Solicitor Banfield and Sonator Frolinghnysen, of New Jersey, would call
UpOIl me. They did cal! upon me, statiug that tlley had come in accol'd-
ance with my request t.o make an illvcstigatioJl illto thi¡¡ matter; that they
deemecl it due to me to state how they proposed to make that investiga-
tion. Thoy proposed to reeeiyc any statement whieh parties had to
offer, but uot to receive auyaffidaYits. From tlle peculiar nature of
their commissioll, being witllout legal powe1', they conld HOt compel the
attendauce of witllesses. Tlley, therefore, proposed not to take an."
formal testimony, nor to allow an'y counsel to be presento If 1 was pre-
pared to suhmit to snch an ivestigation as that, withont the formalit,r
of affidavits, tlley announced that they"\Vare l'eady to proceed. After
consultation, 1 said to tItese gcntlcmen that it did not seem to me that




328 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
it wonId amouut to an investigation; that if it was to be entereo. on at
a11 1 wanted the wi~llesses to be under oath, amI to have the opportullity
of confrouting tbem, and prodncing formal evidence and refuting false
Htatements; that 1 must decline snch an investigation as was proposcd.
[ said that the session of Congress was near, and that in all probability
COllgress would order an investigation into the matter; if not, 1 would
propose that it be made through a COll,J:t 01' inquiry illtO my conduct as
au officer oi' the army. Thcse gentlemen retumed. 1 came OW'T to 'Vash-
ington, ancl saw the President and Secretary of thc Treaslll'y, stiLting to
them my nnwillingness to enter into sllch an investigatioll which would
leave me at the merey of any parties, W}IO, without being under oath, 01'
subject to any responsibility, could make any statcmenh; they pleased
against me; that this office was wearing upon my health aml nsing me
up, and 1 begged them to appoint my successor. The Secretary oí' t11e
TreasUI'y assurcd me tItat my successor would be appointed very soon,
amI within a short time my successol' was appointed.


By ~Ir .• J ONES :
Q. Thcn yOtl resigued at yonr own instanco ~-A. 1 have stated tIte


1'acts as they oocnrred. 1 think yon will make that inft\rcnco.
Q. You are still an officer of the army?-A. 1 am still au officer of


the army. 'Vhcn 1 was appointed to tIJe snb-trcasnry 1 applied to the
Adjutant General for a lel1Ve 01' absence llntil tho scssion 01' COllgress,
announcing my intention to l'esign my position in tlle arllly whencver 1
sItonld be confirmed as assistant treasuror. An iIlllefiuite leaye of ab-
sonce was gl'anted. 1 ceascd to dl'aw pay, 01' course, as an offieer of the
army from the date of my eutering upon duty as au assistant treasllrer.


By J\lr. Cox :
Q. How mnch money had yon in charge in the sllb-treasnry when


you commeneed the d-gties 01' yOUl' office ~-A. 1 think abollt eighty mil-
liQns in gold, twenty odd millions in cUl'l'euüy, 011e hundred thousand
01' more in the revenue stamp department, anu in t1le assay oflicp, bars,
two 01' three millions; abont one hunclred millions in a11 that 1 becamo
responsible fol'.


Q. llaNe you settled up all your transactions there ?-A. My funds
have been conIlted and my aeeounts approved and settlml, with the ex-
eeption 01' three 01' fonr liUle items) which they llave referred buck to me,
and wlúch haye not been a11o"IVed. Oue, for instance, was fOl' sorne re-
pairs of tlle building; anot1ler "\Vas for a transactiOtl wbieh occllrred in
this way: 1 addrossed the Secretary a letter, durinA' my oceupalley of
the offiee, asking permission to subscribe, as my predeeessol' had done,
oue huudretl dolh1l'R to HU assoeiatioIl fol' infol'lllatioll, whio.h expendi-
ture was authorized and afterward placed in question wit,lJ otlle1' minor
itelllR through the auditor. The whole amonnt is illcon~ideralJle anrl only
01' such a chametel' as is 01' 1'requent occurrelloe with disbl1rsing officers.
1 consider my accollnts f'lllly and substantially (~l()serl amI RéttIed, with
these exeeptions, which are trifling anel will prollably be allowel1.
(~. 'Vhat amoullt oí' mOlley passos thl'ough that ofllce in tite way of


dislmrsements and receipts in the o.ourse of n week (~-A. It ,aries
very greatly. The receipts from cnstmlls some days rml np to sew~n 01'
(;ight hnndl'ed thousantl dollars in gold; others as low as t11ree hnndred
thollsand. The treasurer kecps an aco.ount. ::Ylnlly disbul'sing offio.ers
kcep aeCollllts, aud 1 t,hink the aggrogates 01' their balances are as high
as six 01' seYCII millions a week; s()metimes as high as twelve, and some-
times at':! 10\, as tour millions.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 329
Q. No questioH was made OH your rcsignation except what yon have


stated ~-A. Notlling at aH.
The witness subsequently fhrnished tlle following papers:
;\{y DEAH Sm; In rcply to the inquiry made by your eoml1littee to auswer in writ-


ing, Iluder oatll, amI foI' which puI'pose time was givnn me to eonsult counsel, I would
Htate that my eOll11sel iR absent frol1l tIte city, aud ,yil! llOt l'eturn this week. 'Vit)¡out
\Y,1itillg" foI' h¡tU, I therefore now reply fuUy to this, as I have to other8, uude1' protest
a~ to any rigllt to inqui1'e into antl pnhlish my prJvatp alHI non-·ofticia,l purchases and
illve8tlllellt~, fuI' myself, ruy relat,ivcs and fricnds; all oi' whieh were part and pareel
of tlw amouuts (jf investments, pnre[¡ases, amI sales al1ur1ed to in my testimony. Pro-
tl'stillg agaj¡mt the 1'ight or jnstiee of 8ueh a eon1'se, 1 Icave it to yonr committce to
decide amI establis,h tilO precedcn!, whc~hH by mcans of or throngh the proceS3 oí' a
eongre8sional investigat.ioll, the private ImSlJWSH of an individual is to be made nHtt-
tN' of Pllblic record, through his 0\\'11 iestiJllOll~', 01' that 01' others, as to his hllsÍlwss
tmnsllctiolls, snch trausactions Leing' in no \Vise officiaL Your committee must be \Yen
aware that any rcfnsal on my part to answer fnlly any (}llestionH as to mysplf or auy
officer of the adlllinistration with reganI lo tbese matters, might give color to grollnd-
less accusations. Henee I am, by :tilo situation, amI my desire to lcave nothing 1'or
conjeetllre, deprived 01' a coursc (which you would doubtless have 81lstaÍlwd) 01
silclleo, anll lledillaLioll to reply to aH qncstions raiscd which do llOt boar llircetly upon
pa1'ticipation iu a cOl1lbin::ttion o]' COU1'se to intlnene!' the priee of gold. tlhould 1 evade
01' f,til to Illeet ~-Olll' iU(jlliries, alld lcave you to suspect cOlllplicity of others, I shollld
]Jlaee hoth l!l,\'self an(l thclll in a false position. \Vhile eonrting an investigatioll as to
l1ly~elf, alld any eOlllp1ieify 011 my part., otlicially 01' o'herwise, with auy speculation 01'
combillatioll to aft(,ct guIlI, 1 'lid IlOt anticipate any inquiry into llly priva te amI non-
otlicial h'LSill(,~S, 01' that of 11l~' friellrls. 1 havc neyer considerad that" in accepting an
otlie¡, of gr"at I'l'sponsibility and ea1'f', r divestel1 myse1f of the l'ight 01' privilege to
IlNe 1li.Y o\\'u I'csuurces as frecly as 1 1'leased, so long as in snch use of thern 1 took no
advalltage of iufln'mation 01' knowledgc gained ü-ornmy official positiou. 1 honght
oonds prior to tlw h1'cakdowll. My (mtim purchascs of honds hetwnen the day 1 ac-
ceptcd the office of assistant trcasurc1' and the day I lcft, 1'01' m'y OWIl aecount and in-
vestment, amouut, by earefnl a1ia a('enrate exalllillation of record s, to the following
SUlllS;


In Frankfort, Londoll, amI otller Enropcall marlwts, iSevcn hnllllrnü and thirty-scven
thousand, 01' 7:17 hou(ls. In this countl"y fh"e Inllldred bOllds. I stiU hold nea1'ly half
of theso amouuts. I have made purelu:scs allll sales of bouds for several years last
past; thcl'C Hcyor \Y:lS all~' se<:1'et 011 !lIy Imrt in TeganI to the matteT. l'he cvidence nf
.MI'. Seligmau wonlll rleelll to (·.OllY('y the Í!llprl'ssion that 1 was muking a plHP. anll simple
g-old tmllsadiou amI gailliug lIwre],.\' a large ]ll'ofit, while the real amI exact stute of
the case is, that it \Vas 1m! part of a gell('nü series of tr::msact.ions in honda on :1 gold
basis; anll tIlO profits arisiug ont of aH my Íl,,-estmcnts, purcllases, aUfI sales l1uring
my tcrm of ofllce wonltlnot ~"(,dLlcc tlle l\O~t to llle oi' the b011<13 I hoId aL this momeut,
(and l!Cld wlwn bnfom )'on1' l:oll1ll1itt:·c rOl' (exaulÍnation,) two and a h:11f pOl' ecnt. bc-
low their ma1'kct yalue. NOlle of l!J~- tralls,wtious \\"(;1'C calcnlatl:.l to, intended, or made
for auy purpose conncctetl \Vitl! fllldnations in gnld. I have llcver malle a purchase 01'
sale inteuded 01' calculat"d in au,\' (legr(\(, to atl'("et rhe priee nf gold 01' bonds, other
t.han such as ,,"onM sho\\' nI,\' implieit. ['ailh in m,\' govcl'llmcnt, and aid (1'ather than
illjure, jf of any ell:'(lct) its crcrlit. 1 ,tm thus opcn- in my statemcnt, tll:lt nO:1" may
Huirer lJy 'rny ~ilcncc. AH sales of golll hy me \Ycro to put hond, on a gol(l basis, und
Ilot gold speenlations. 1 do llOt chango my l'c]lly to one 01' ;)'onr 'lnestions eOllecrnillg
the fact whether 1 lIad any lmowlg¡lge t·IIat. any goYernmellt oftleial W;lS in ally "'a3
interestetl 01' conecrncd in tbe gold lllOVOIllCllt, for tlHJ rcasons statclI in my note ap-
pended to yOllr report of tlie tt,stimolly. I (losire to correct the inference l1rising from
my testimony, tlmt 1 l;:ept silnnt when qnest,iollc(l as to tho poli",) of t1w government,
so that it ~J¡all be llutll'rstood in aU cases ·to apply to cfforls fol' illfol'lnation, 01" ideas
towartl gahl speenlation. 1 uescr hcsitated to eOllYCrSe freel,) upon tlHl general paliey
of tlu, goYPrtunent. I finll npon llxaminnt.Íoll that, tlw salos of golrl made for my llC-
oonnt tcst.ilied to by Mr. SelÍ!:(lllan, \\'erc part ami pared of llly transaetions in foreign
und <!omestie aCPollnt" u,lld ,,-ere made by me to placo bond8 on a gold hasis that were
heIrl partially h~, ]¡illl amI parti:tlly by otlHJr8. I inelose t]¡e original l1isputches as re-
eeived from tlll\ SecI'etary, Septcmbcl' 24th, 1 fiml that olle was l'cceived by ea eh line
a11(1 the t,im~" Ilot,ml '"8 stat.m1. I üeRire thern rotmne(l ti)r the files of tho Treasury here.
I give hcrewith a eopy 01' thc letter of Jay Gould, cOllcerning his claim on me for par-
ticipatioll i1' his pool, promisell in Illy testimony, :lml snhmit the original fol' exuruinu-
tion; the o¡-igiuallett0r 1 dcsire returned. 1 eorrect the cvidence with regard to this,
llpon refrcshing my mcmol"y by the ldter itself, so Üll' as to statc in l'eply to the qnes-
tion as to thrct\ts, thtlt the threat was made to sell it llublicly for my name audac-
connt, if 1 !lid uot carry tilo goM; also, that tlw whole thing wonld he publishcd in the
uewspapel's, and ho said would ruin me. I givo he1'ewith tho letter~ 01' the Secretary




~30 G01.D PANIC INVESTIGATION.
of the Treasmy, l'oferrCll to in lll~ testilllony, (\U(l m)' own reierred to with regal'll I C\


,. rp~igBatiol1, &", 1 desir~' the original to he retUl'lWfl. J desire tho correctiolls nokd
Le!oIY t.o Le mad" to llIy testimony on the snhject of bonrl,; npo:l a gold basiR, anrl \'(.-
lllies thereto, whieh your llcnllis~ioll \Vas givcn illC lo re-examino lly rcason of crro~:;
OH,m:; pllrt, 01' your rcporter's part, in clfmrly conveyil1g my ideas 01' Cxpl'cssions. Thpy
a1'(, as foJlOW3: qnest,ioll .• , \Vhat do yon llleau hy a golrl hasis?" Allswer." 1 1ll'''llI
hy a goltlllasis, so eOllduct.ing thc hnóncss that it wOllltllle cquivlIlent to pureh:willg tlle
hOllds fol' goltl; as cnrrellcy is diffcrent in valno fl'OlH gúltl, an,l is lit the samc time la ",lid
money 11('re, tilo trallsllctiou i8 malle hy huyiug hOfl(ls ami selllug gold, Fol' instancI', 1
hny olle humlrei! hOlllls foI' clll'rellcy, sdl the e,]nin,but oí' gold, llml UD" ¡,Il,; C11r,'(':Il','"
fol' paynH'nt 01' tlH: ])onlls; thiR lflavflR t.\¡., bomb on tll!l Hall\(] h,\;;iH ::s if hought in 1,0:1-
don Oi' Fi':111kf"rt, a very customary t,hiug \\'itll rOl'l'igu lmllkcl'H." QUCHtiOll. "J)"
trausact.ions in bOllds on a gold hasis depclld fol' theil' R<llu 01' profit Ul'0ll tll,' 1ll'C'::lÍ1LI
Oll gold r" Ans",cr," Koí. neeessal'ily." To the :\n8W('1' :1" to whot.ll(,l' the sale of gol,!
malle hy SeligullIll bcing in cOllnectiou with bOlldl'lll'chas(·. Aw:wcl'." S'li:::n:l'l :1:111
others were carrJ'ing bnllds forme, a1Hl a 1'all in gold, unll's," 1 placI'll tlw bOll<h OH a
goh! basis, hy an fl'lnivalellt Hale of gold, ",ould hay,' c:tnsell llw10 lose bytlle pureluts"
of tlle hOllcls." To tho aUSIH'l', .. it would have milllc me hi,; d"htnl' p05sibly," add
"tlepending, howovel', upon the l'uling prirps of bnndB ahl'oad 01' in gold." '1'0 tll" an-
swer to thA C¡UOStiOll ag to whl'.ther 1 wonld have l)(len a gainer lJy tlw allloullt (Jf t!1!'-
fall, ¡'caü, Allswer. "Not ent.irely." 1 \Vas holding houlls with him ami otlwl's; it
wonld havc depende(l upon valne of h011f18 in Lnllrloll, Ol' 011 gold l:a,;i,. 11ol'ton &
Co.'s 1'u1'eha8c8 for me \yere a little llll(!el' $200,000, aa!l they soltl gol!l OH accoullt 01'
these bOlllls in July to the amount 01' $200,000. The homb ,yere sold Octoher nI"


Gop!! of ldtpl' f~t' ,la!! (;ollld,
" NEW YOHK, Septcmbcr 25, 181m.


" Sm: 1 am carrying fol' you $1,::;00,0(10 gold, Iwiug -yonl' interest in the poo!. l'lease
pl'(wide l1 place tO-fla:\' 1'01' the s:tnw, 01' giY<' Mess1's. ::-irnitb, Gou1<1, Martill & Co, a 8[[ti,-
1'acto1'Y margin this llloruiug, alHlll't t Iw ])('a1'('r kllow, 01' they wi11 be compclle(l to st:l!
it ou! for \'on1' acconnt um1t-r tIle rule.


"Y(l1lrs, &c.,
".JAY GOULD."


1 further rCllIl'llIhm' a threat ,,,itIt it ¡;lwwu iu writin)!;: "Ten hilll ii' he don't, we
will sell it pnblicly in his na me," which the lette!' itself bl'ings to my mi1H1.


COP!/ of tele[¡ram8,
W.'~Hl:-r(iTOX, Scplen/be¡' 24, 18ü9, (Fmllklill Hne.)


DA-,"IEL BUTTEHFIELD:
Sen four milliol1s of goltl tO-lllOlTO'Y, :1IlÚ 1m" [ou1' million hOlldK.


, GEO. S. BOUTWEL1..
Secrdury T¡·easur!!.


Received at 12,05.-0rigim.b hérewirh,


Duplicate, H:ltne as aboye, t,y "\Vestern Cnion, reeeive<1 at 12.10.


Tclcgrams sent Sl'CI'ctw'.'IlIollt/l'cll Septemufl' 24, (f1l(1¡";f'fl'Jw[ lo in 1Jl!! testimmly.
SEPTDlllElt 24, 1869.


RON, GRO. S. BOUTWELr., Secretar!! Tl'ea~III'!J, Wctsllingfolt, n. C.:
1 :trn reqllcskd tu rcprese,llt to yon condition of ajfail's here. Guld is 150. Mnch


feellllg ancl accusatioll of government epmplicity. The pl'opositiollS of Wothcrspoon,
Dnnc:l.n, Sherman & Co., or Seligman, ir accepted, wOlllrl r,,!icye cxcllauge mal'ket,
ltn<l be j lldicions.


Sellt abont 10.30 a. m.


DAN'L BUT1'ElU'IE1.D,
AS8islallt l'rcasurer,


SEPTEMllER 24, 1869.
Price oí gold at eleven o'clock alld twenty minutes i8 158.


DAN'L BCTTlmFLE1.D,
A88iBlunt T¡·cusIPw.




,


GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 331
SEPTE)1BER 24, 1869.


Gold one hundl'ed und sixty, (160;) lllOV illg ul' eYer~' hom.
DAN'L BUTTERFIELD,


AssiBtant 1'1·IJ(UlUrer.
This last dispateh ll'ft the officc abont tifteell or twenty miuutes to twelve o'elock.


Teil'fJ/'am, ("eat 01/ /'eceipt of di81'atdl lo sell fO/l1' lIIi/lioll.'.)


Dispatch l'eceived. Notice malle pnblic at ouce.
120'elock.


S¡¡PTlmBlm 24, 1869.
Gold fOl'(·,wll fallen to 140, at
DA~dEL Ill:TTEIU'IELD,


Assisllllll T/'eas/I/·e/'.


Copy of ¡clte/' oskil/(J il1l·6stigatio/l.
UXITlm STATES TrmASeny, Ocloba 2'2, 186~).


DEAH SI!{: 1 kl10w 01' no otJWI' wa~' that tlw clmrges and st.atclllcnts affecting my
condnd as un offict'r and a gentleman ean [w so fully, thorollghly, anc1 faidy investi-
gated as by the met,llOd 1 haye ibis da.)' rC(jnested fi'om t.he Pr¡;shlent, and forward
Iwre,,,ith thl'ollgh yÚIl. .\cting nndel' the nrhiec 01' fricnc1s amI eonllsel, 1 have Tí'-
maincd silent., anü ttlk{'ll no notice of tlw I'!JarW'" aIld aspc'rsiolls made. Tho clmrge
tllat 1 ha"" \lüell a party, or lIad any intcrcst ill all~' eOlllhination to affect the price, 01'
haye J¡ought a1l)' gold fol' such pnl'pose, 01' with Rncl! parties, 01' aulhorizcd any person
01' l'arty whatcver, iu any way to do so, is ",holly a \](1 llll(¡nalitiedly falseo Tho charge
that 1 have l'tlceiyc<1 any pay, emolnlllcn(., 01' profit fol' auy servÍ<1e, informatioll, OL'
a~sistauee tO.lIuy such pCl'sons 01' partitls, is wholly '11UI entiroly falseo Tho cbargB
that the gold 01' funda of tho treasul'y haye been soh!. 01' useü in any manner othor
than unüer your (Iil'ections an<1 ordel's, ane! those 01' the Treasurer of the Uniterl States,
a11 of ",lúch are public, is ",11011 Y fabe. 'fhe charge that 1 have used my private means
hl specnlat,ing iD gold, 01' antllorized others to do so; j,; WllOlIy falso.


1 caunot ent.er iuto <1et,ails, item by ítem, of tilo various accusations mado against
me, otherwise than by a proper ant1 thorough investigation. As 1 still hold Illy COIll-
mission in the ¡muy of the United States, which commissioll, as weIl as the position 1
uow OCCllpy, 1 am llnworthy io hol<1, if the variou8 eharges umdo agaillst me are truc,
1 sincercly trust that you may think pro]lcr to illllors(' my request.. 1 am ndvisetl hy
my counso1 an(1 fl'iends that tJlis course is the true one fol' me to lmrsue. 1 shoul<l
fe(,l ullsatisJicd with auy less fOfmal uml <'xactinvcstigntion amI cxumillntion. Snch a
commissioll wonltl have full po,ycr to investigatc, auü summon and compel attcndance
of witnesses. If (Jomposed, as 1 trust it may be, of ofíicers 01' the highest standing
and character in thc al'lUy, its in vcstigation and decision should be fully satisfactory.
It will be so to me.


l am, very respcctflllly, yonl' obc'dicnt seryant,


Ron. GEOnGE S. BOUTWELL,
Secrctary of the Tl'easlil·Y.


DAN'L BUT'fERFIELD,
.J.8sistant 1j·ea8ul'cr.


P. 8.-1 a.dopt tbis methocl as one ceríaiu to bl'ing a resulto Should yOll deo11l allr
other courBe prcferable, 1 wonht'he gIad to adopt it.


l am, very respectfully, yonl' obedient sel'yant,
DAN'L BUTTERFIELD,


Assistant Trea8lt/'CI".


Copy of ¡cUer of &crelary BO/ltlccll, 1L'hichfixes date of his visit to Ncw York, refcrred lo in
testimony.


GnoToN, &plcmber 13, 1869.
My DEAR SIR: Will you dine with me at 6+ p. m. Wednesday next, at tho Astor


Ronse, where 1 then expect to be 'f No one else. l wish to soe you befare l see others
in New York.


Very truly,
GEO. S. BOUTWELL.


Ron, DAN'L BUTTERFIELD.
P. 8.-1 8ha11 be in New York on Thursday, as well.




332 GOLD PANlC INVESTIGATION.
Copy of lclter of ¡·es/guation.
~ EW Y OIm, Octobcr 25, 1869.


My DgAR Sm: After an interview with ~Ir. Ballfield, 8olic.itor oftbe Treasury, bear-
ing your letter, I 1ind that such un investigation aB I lmyc usked for CUllllOt be accordcd
me, wbile holding my office. In order that yonr depurtlllent may not un omllarrassed
in ally exam:lla,tion of my transuctions aS.assistallt trcasnrcr, a1\(1 also thut I nHty S8-
cure thc investigatiou I lmvc asketl, I l'cspcctflllly t,(;]](1er, throngh yon, to tilo Pr<'si<ltmt
01' tho Unitotl States, my rosignution, to tuke et1'cct aH >lOO)l as a 8UCCCSSor cun be ap-
pointetl an<l qnalified, and receipt to me tOl' the fnntls aud jlUlJlic property.


Renowing llly reqnest fol' a formal amI authuriCativc cX:llllinatíon, that may furc\'cr
~ettle tho trntll of the chal'gos r3ised against ml',


I am, very respectfull,v, yonr o bedient fleI"\'llut,
])AN'L llUTTERFIELD.


Hon. GEO. S. BOUTWf:LI.; Secretary of t//C li·ca.91lI'Y.


CoPY of Se",·ctal'Y Boutll'ell'8 I'l'pl!l.
TlmASUHY DEP.\H'DIENT, .Yovembcl' 10,1869.


SIR: Your letter of tho 2'5th ultimo tentleriug yuur rcsignatiou as assist:Jllt troasurer
at New York, was duly received, amI 1 3lll now direeted hy tllO IJl'csitlent to iufonn
yon that yonr l'esignation i8 aeeepted, to take efl:'ect whcn your snccessor iB tluly quali-
fied. Hon. Charles J. Folger has been appoillted to the offico, and he will prouably m1t.er
UpOll the discharge of its dnties withoHt 1ll1lHlCCssary delay. •


In thns llccepting yonr resignation, I alll abl" to say that you have ShOWll great Im-
ergy und in<lllstry in the office, and I am satistied thltt tlle changes introtlncelllJY you
wil! tend to accnracy allíl safety in tho mlLllgélllcllt. of ita aft'airs.


V cry rcspcctfully,
GBO. S. BOUTWELL, Secretar!!.


Hon. DASIEL llUTTERFIELD, ..:1&~i&tant Trca8/trC/', ~Ycw York.


My delay in forwartling thcsc dOCulllCnt,s is caused by the difficnlt.y in getting at
them aH, amI must be my apology thorefor. Tilo original tlocnments referrcd to hcrein
are in tho hands of tho bearcr, who willlay them lJef(Jl'c your comIl1ittee.


I am, ycry rcspcctfull:y, )'our obodient servant,
, DAN'L llUTTERFIELD.


Gcnoral.T. A. GARFlELD, .Jf. C.,
Chairman Committee on Bankil1g al/d Cw~·ency.


Non:.-I consider this, entire, as an auswer, under oath, to thll qnestion I was given
time to answer.-DAK·L llGTTERFIELD. '


Personally apptlared boforo me Daniel Bntterfi,,]<l, antlllladc oath to thc furcgoing
statcllicnts, suhscribed hy hirn lJefore me this ·ith <lay uf Fehruary, 1870.


lSEAL.] CHAS. 8. NEWCO;\fll,
.votm·!1 Pub/ie, City amI County of Ncw York.


WASHINGTON, Janual'y 31, 1870.
GEORGE ÜPDYKE sworn and examjned.


By tbe CHAIR:!\1AN :
Quest.ion. St.ate your place of residence, place oí' business, and oecu-


pation.-Answer. 1 reside in tbe cit.y of Now York; 1 am in tbo bank-
ing business in tbat. eit.y, as private banker.


Q. Row long bave yon heen in the baukillg business ?-Á. A. little
less t.ban two ycars.


Q. vVhat. was your previous occupation ~-A.. Dry goods illercbant.
and importer amI jobber oi' dl'y gOOfls. 1 was in that.business fol' a
quarter oí' a ccntury.


Q. State to the cOillmittee whether you were familiar with the price
of gold during the past season.-A.. Yes, sir; 1 wat.ched its Illove-
m6rüs carefully.




GOLD P ANIe INVESTIGATION. 333
Q. State wlwtlwl' ~-Oll are personally familiar with the causeR and (·f-
f(~cts of t11e extraonlinary fiuctuatiomi iu gold in Septemher last.-A. 1
caunot say that 1 have any dir('ct perí'o])¡ll knowlcc]gc of them, lmt 1
huye kllowledge illfen'¡lt.ia1. 1 becHlll(, satisfierl, a considerable time lw-
iure tlle lmhble burst, tltat a combillation had be en fOl'med in New York
to monopolizo al! the marketable gold the1'e was in tIte city; at least, all
that was free frolIl go,ernment ownership, and to make eontraets for as
lI1uehmore as they eonhl finel spe(~ulators willillg to seU "short," aml
thus control its price, botb for use and for sale. 1 am cntirel.y sa;tisfied
that such a com billutioll existed.


Q. What was thc immediate efl'ect Oil the business of Néw York of
these tlnetuations in Septembor last '~-A. The effect on business was
very injurions; it p1'oduced a universal distrust of the future; and whpn-
evpr that feeling' obtains in tite market it produces au allllost pntire
paralysis of trade. :No Ol1e is willing to take a step for"anl lllltil lle
can see more elearly wbaí. is a"aitillg, "hen ~;uch a combination as tbat
can he formed, aud can so fnIly aeeompIish its purposes.


Q. vVere there considera bIc actual losses resl11tillg from it in the cit.,.
of Now York 'I-A. Yes; uot so large, probably, as community in gen-
eral suppose; hut still, very considerahle; amI of eourse thero "ere cor-
rospoIHling gaiqs.


Q. Statc tff tllc committee whether mally legitimate business mcn
gf~lleraJl.'- sufl'ered mueh uctual Ioss; also those doill!! any other kind of
bllsiness ?-1c\.. l\Terehants engagecl in the foreign trade, as well as
ballkers, a part of whose business i" in foreigll illterest, amI in which
interrst gold is necossarily involye(l, must always hayo prospective
ohligations to meet in gold. Every day's transactiolls create Hew ohlig'a-
tions, payable in fn1oure, aml liquidate otbel's. 'l'hese transactions at
SOllle tinws increase YeTy largely, and at othor times diminish; so tLat
it is utt(~rly impossible for a merchant 01' a hanker to ke('1' himself
pntirely free, so far as thr gold branch of his business is concerned. TIe
must, a10 sOllle times, have larger obligations to pay than he has assets
in gold to Illeet tllPlIl. And it is the universal custOln, 1 think, among
inteIligellt merchants and hllllkers, amI ot11ers largely engaged in busi-
ness whieh requires gold to settle it, to judge of tlle fnture; and if they
suppose gold is g'oing to he lower, (taking iuto cousideration tite conclÍ-
tiOll of the markets oí" tli<> conntl'y amI of the export trade,) they are
very likely to borrow gold, so as to meet their iUUllediate ohligatioTls,
helievillg that tIley can 1m,\' in future at a 10wp1' rate; ",l1ioh is specula-
tion in oue aspcet of tlle Cl\:-;('. Nol)üdy engaged in business can gi \'(~
an order for goods ahroad in which there is uot spe(~ulation. COIl-
&'queutlya judieiolls lIlall PIHlpanH'S to so arrange his gohl interest as
to ha ve a surplus on hand '''}¡P!l he tbillks the price of gold is going to
advance. and to be a borr:ower, 01' be "shorC' of gold wlwn he thinks it
is going to be lower. At the period precediug tlle Soptember panic, so
faI' as rny knowledge extends, importing rnerchants gellerally bclieved
that our large cotton crop, the payrnent 01' the iNtrl'est of the natioua]
debt, ancl many otlle1' concurrent causes, would· keep exchange in our
favor, aud reduce the premiulll ou gold; consequently, the most of them
were borrowers, in the expectatioll of huying gold at cheaper prices. 1
think that the chief part of thc "short" interest that existed illlme-
diately before tbe combination for that September speculation, was 011
the part of the importing merehallts. NearIy eve1'y man was aeting
uuder the belief tbat he had better borrow at least a portion of his
gold than to hu.y it, thillking that in future 11e would be able to get




334 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
it cheaper. Therefore lll,r opinion is that the elIief sufferers were the
importing rnerchants.


Q. Can ;ron state, with any approximation to aceUl'acy, what the total
1088 of th(~ importing merehants of N ew York was, in cOllseqnence uf
that rise in gold '/-A. 1 do IlOt think it eOllld be Ycry large. The lo\Ye~t
poiat gold had tonched befor!, this combination was íorllled was in lWl'
cent. premilllll. Itadvanced to 40 01' 41 hy geJIt1e gratlation, a little en'l'y
day, wllen, hy a suddf'Il Rtartling Inoyomcnt, it ",as put up to 60. }latter~
\Vore so mixed iu tho transaetionsin gold, froIU 41 to GO, tllllj it is uttel'ly
impossible for any one to lmow, ulllpss he wen~ a pal'ty in iut('rcst, ,,'110
g¡üllrrl and \\110 lost. Xo pxact settlenwnts with rpferellee to tllM llny
of the ]lanic wero evcr mado. Tlwy aH eOlllpromiRed. Hpath & ('o.,
the brokers for the combillation, eOllllHomisc(l nt 1;3.') llt tlw tilllC ,ylWll
gohllw<l filllcu to 131.


Q. You hayo statcd thc direetly injmion'-l effcct 01' that com binatioll 011
importers; will 'you llOW t-ltate wh:ü illjuric:, ,,"(']'c (lil'edly el1'edcd Hllon
bankers, and the bal1killg business 'i-~\. Hallkf'l's ,dlO w('1'e in t11e same
categor;\" as lllcrehants, espeeial1y tIlose t'ngaged ill fol't'igll exehallgp.
snffel'ed considerallly, 1 Lave 110 douht; alJ(Iothpl's (lo11htless gailled-
depüruling upon tIJe prpeise eondition iu ,rhieh they llllppCllcd to be at
the mOIltCllt, in Telation to their gold interest.
(~. Did it affeet in ally way illjurioL1s1y the interest amI business of


the natiollal hanks JI-A. N o, not diredly. ,
Q. Yon hin-e stated tlle primaryaud immediate effeets oí' the 1lI0H'-


ment; wil! .ron no,," state tho incidental general effects UpOll lmsin('~s,
othel' than yOll haH' all'eady lIlclltiolle(l; ,yas tho offoct fclt 11110n bnsinesR
generan,)" t()!' any considerable time after tIle panic was oye!' ?-A. Tlw
i1~jurions e1l'pets llu \-e Ilotyet r¡¡¡sRed away.


Q. Point ont ü] wlwt way it has left its injurions rcsultR npon the gen-
eral business of the eonntrJ-.-A. lt pl'o<1nced an impressiOl] npon thp
meroantile and fillancial llIilld, 110t OlllJ- in this COllllÍ1'y lmt al! OH'1' tI1\'
world, tlmt \Ye lwrn are a seí of gam blers, amI that it is not safe to
euter into ally eontraets with ns, ,y}¡en it. i8 possible fol' a "nwIl eombill-
ation 01' t-lpeculators to monopolií\8 oue brauch (Jf Olll' (:UlTel](:Y, tlle eoil!,
whidl pel'fol'llls its flllldiolls 110"" as \"ell as it did I)('tlm~: tIle Huspell8ioll
of speeie pa~~lllelltR, '-lO far as our fOl'eigll trade is cOllcerncd. The shnd,;:
\Vas so universal, Ilot only in Am\'rica· lmt abroHII, that oar railroad alltl
other se(:m'ities, whieh hermo tllat liad ~ becn sl'llillg ver.fi:eely on t]¡e
coutincnt, espeeially ill Cknually and Holl a IllI , haye since foulHl lmt
httle market alJl'oad. \\. e ha\'(\ had Sllllte of tll('sP seenritics olUselw>s
to offel' to t11e fo)'eign 1I1arl;:et; amI aB the German bankers with ",110m
1 have eOllycr"ed UpOll thc slü\jcd illJ'orm me tlmt that (\vellt llas grcatl,r
shaken the eOllillll'IlCO oí' GpI'IWllI ('apitnlists, ",1lieh has ]]ot yet lWPll
sufficiently l'('stOl'CI] to ilHl11(:e them to pnre1wsc ou1' Recnrities io auy
extent.
(~. Did it afl.'ect tIle ]ll'iee oí' Olll' s(,(;lll'ities, as w('][ as the r('adincs~ of


their s<1,lp'!-~\. H affh:tcd government sceurities Yel'j- little i hnt SOlllP
Gl'l'man haukel's ltan\~ llleutiolled to me cl'l'tain railroad RP<:Ill'itit's tllat
ltay(' Riuee been retlll'lH\d UJlOIl tIleil' IHLmls hy tlteir eorrespondpllts
:1 h 1'0< H] , ni a lotls 01' fmm fin' to SCYPll alld a ltalf per cent. O!l tbe priee
that was originally llaitl for them.


Q. Can yon traep this resn]t (lil'eetly to a laek of coufidclIee inRpil'cd
hy that moycment in vVall stl'cet "1-.:\. It is attributabl(\ to tllat, amI
to tllat solel.y. T1H' effed O!l goYt'rlllllPllt hon<lR \\'as llot Y('l''y material,
and was hut temporar:y. They fdI Í\m 01' three per eeIü.


Q. Dill tlle thH'tnatioll in gol(llast Septembt>r afl'ect in mly \Va.)' tralls-




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 335
actions wholly in curreney ~ A. It ríl'odueed a nnivenmI feeling 01' dis-
trust, wbieh made it difficult to obtaill cnl'l'cney, and injured, fol' a time
very seriously, the general business of t110 coulltl'y.


Q. 'Verc there, in faet, a considerable llulllber 01' iailnres 01' hmüness
honses in consequellee oí' that ('Yellt '?-A. Fllilnrt>s \\'(,I'C lIoi numerons.
There h¡td been a good degree of prndeuce gCIlPrally lllilnifestecl by the
mel'cantile comlllullity since early in tlle summer. \Ve had quite H
stringent money market in .Tune, which lecl to a gClleral apprehensioll
that when the erops were rnoYed, in the fall, that stringelley would be
so far intcTlsified as to threatell a cOillmereial reyolutioll, and that super-
illdueed a good degree of eaution alllong lllPrehallts. To thü; f¡wt alono 1
attribute tile Ület that so few failnreH oeenrred. T tltillk thl failnres oí'
1869, in faet, were only ahont as llumerous as those of the yeal' previous,
aeeording to the statistics of tlle COll1mercial cireulars.


Q. Statc whetlwr yon thillk tbis paIlÍ<~, H,JI(l similar lllOyemcnts in gold
for speeuJatiY(~ pnrl)oses, 1I<I\'e had allything- to do with tIle lllUrlerOUS de-
faleationi< of eaRhiers, amI othem, ¡:ollcerllillg whieh wp han\ l'ee('ntly
hcard and read so much'?-cL Spe(~n~¡¡tiOll iu genel'al is, no <1onbt, ono
of tlle main (~aUReR of thes(' tll'faleatiolls.. Spcelllatioll in stock", sp~'ell­
lation in gold, slleeulatioll in real estatp, ~peeulation iu otller thillg'S.
Tlley aH sllring f'rolll kill(hed llWypnH'uts. flnt thel'o is this abont
specnlatioll ill gol(l ,,'ltieh makcs it mOr(' dallgel'OllS, alld, perllups, rno'e
tempting than speeulation in almost auything eIse, yiz : that it -l'eqllires
scarcely any capital to sppenlate ill gol<l. _A lllHII with a Ycry little
money may Hpemllate to a \'c1','\ lm'ge mnonnt.


Q. What iR the lls11a1 margin l'e(lnired in golf1 Rpecnlation ~-A. llun-e
never been sufllcientl,y illllent if¡('ü willt it to slwak \\'ith :lt'curac'y as to
the general cuStOlll; hnt, r think tIle ge!leral eURtom is tltat, ,,-ith a mall
who is reganled as responsible, no l~lHrgill whaten'!' is n~qllil'cd, Hllrl
where a man's respollsibility is Hot aekllO\dE'dgetl, I thillk tlley reqnire
only one 01' two per cent,. margiu da,)' hy \layo


Q,. SO that tell thoLlsalld dollars margill wouId eHable aman to speeu-
late in golu to the extent oí' a mi Ilion dollars '?-A. Y (~s, sir.


Q. State whether, in yOU1' O]lillioll, t11(' (;01<1 Exclumge, and the Golü
Exchange Bank, allcl its clearing t~]lal'tlll(,llt) are llecessary illSll'UlllC'tlts
in tile transactioll of business '?-A. Thr'y me not absolutely ueces-


'8al'y, but theJ- are labor-saving machiIws. 'fhey enable opel'ators to
receive and uelivel' with loss tl'on1>1e amI le:,;:,; l'isk, and to horrow amI
lend with les s risk than tiley ('ouId !lo withont tlWI11: B(~forn tllPy l~allle
intQ useoperators !lid their lmsilH'R:'; t1lnmgh til\' llatic)]]al hanks wl!ere
'tbey kept their aeeollnti'i, mal it illvoh'elI tlll' llecessity oí' reedYillg gold
&Del paying tor it by a certitied check in eUl'l'eneJ; amI aftel' that was
done it involved the neeesRity oí' seHillg tlw gold HlItI getting tile eur-
rencyfor it, to make good tlmt eCl'tilientioll. Xow the \y!Jole matLel' is
transaeted withont the use of any eertiliec1 elweks at al!. Both the })1ll'-
chase and the sale go tD t1le salllC hank, amI are ellHtlged tl'OIll oue eredit


'00 another. 1 amnotpersuarled tltat tllis gold dearillg-hollse is illjurious
I in its operations and tenclency. Jt iH, as 1 "aid befen'c, mel'ely a labor-


saving ma,ciline. , Perhaps 8lWI~1llatol's in golll ('an operato a little more
lit.rgely by means of it.


Q. What was-thc faet with reg'anl lo t1w üwility 01' diffienlty ot' trans-
acting business during' tJ¡e lIlouth aft!'!' the hl'eakdown, when tlle Gohl
Exchange Ballk was elosetl '/-A. Bnsilless ,\as done as it had been
before t11e establishment oí' tilo gold elpal'illg-house, by getting a eertified
check, and pasing for the gold, aud titen doliverillg the gold to a third
party, alld getting tIte eurreney, tu make good tile eer~ified eheek.




336 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
By Mr. SlIUTII:


Q. DOC8 not the existence of snch HU e~ü~blishment stimulate specu-
lation in gold ?-A. SIightly, 1 sltonld think. [f an operator ,,,ere com-
pel1ed to go t11rongh tbe triangular process of buying and paying for,
and then selling and delivering, the gold, he certainly could llOt do so
Illuch husiness, for time would HOt permit it. Further tlum that 1 do nut
kllow that it tends to increase or encourage specnlrition. It is just tlle
saIlle as the bank clearillg-ltouse system, a machille oí' tlle same charaeter,
and whiell saves au imIllense mnount of labor.


Q. \Vllat do you think, fl'OIll your knowledge of the husirwss of Np,y
York, is the twerage dailyamount of trnnsactions in gold; 1 meall rcal
bone .1icIe transactions '?-A. 1 never ha ve made ally very eareful esti-
mate upon that; \re kllow that something over ha ¡f a millioll of dollar"
daily is requil'ed fol' the pa,ymellt of duties; wo know that the dnties
average about íifty per eent. 01" the eost of tlw imports; eonsequently
the pa,rments in exchange 01' g'oltl would he about ona millioll a day-
that is, one million for tIlO imports, and half a miUioll for the duties. In
the exports, goltl ii> not ineIudéd.


(.),. Do yOll not selld exports'abroad fol' gold r?_A. Yes, hut in their
case scttlement is made by means of bills of exehange, whieh are sold
abroad; 01', if sold in our OWIl market, they are 80]([ 1'01' eUl'rellcy. I
suppose tlwt in the eity of New York, at l('ast one-feHl)'th of tIw imports
are sole1 fOl' gohl instead of for enrrellcy, y,llich ,yonId Le, co,'el'illg dn-
t.ies, a bont half a millión of clolJars. So that two million dollars of gold
per day would seew to be about tIte amoullt of gold trall~aetions, ont-
side oí' Texas alld ou1' Paciíie Statcs.


Q. \V ouId ;you not mentioll ait.ytlling in reference to honds alld secu-
rities "?-A. No; thero are neme soIa for goId with us. Thel'e is uo gold
involved in tbe transaetion lllllcss tbe pl'oceeds are brought home goh1.
Here the bonds are purchased in curreney alld ~ue Hent abroad, amI ex-
ehange dra",n agaillst thern. Taking in eVPl'.ytllitlg, 1 sltoulll sny that
thc gold tmnsactiolls of Xcw York amollllt to abont three lIIilliomi
daily. And in doiug business in the market this wOllld he cOllnted
twiee; so that em lhat hasis six lllilliowi oí' dollars wonId be tIte (laily
exhibit of I'('~nlar business transaetiomi in gold.


Q. 'Yhat do ;ron llnderstaml to he the ¡n-erage tlllllllal trallsaetionH
.. in the gold eleariug-house ~-A. 1 ha're l\(~n:'r noticed tIte aIlulIal ave-


rage strllek.
(~. lf the daily a\-erage iíi ahont scyenty millions, as exhihitcd on the


1I00ks oí' tlw eleariug-llOllse, how 1111](~h oi' that d() yon suppose to be 1e-
gitimate hnsincss ?-A. I íiuppose at least half oí' that, amI probably
more, would be loans and exchallges gl'o",ing out of speenlative busÍllesíi
in gol<1. Fol' iustan ce: .A buy" fi'Olli 13 a llllllureü tlHlUsaml dollars iu
gold, to be cleared tilo follmving das; it is clearell; t11e llllrclwser has
to loan out the gold the llext day, alld so he loans it evcl',Y day until he
parts with it. So 1 sllppose that more tban one-haIf the transaetions of
tIle gold elearing-housc cOIlsist in tlw <1ail;y horrowÍlIg alHllendillg the
exchango of gohl fú!' eurrener, aud rice '1)crsa..
(~. ls there a technieal expn'ssion Ín\Yall street knowlI as dealing


in bonus on a g'olel basis; and if so, what (loes that, expressiou meall 1-
A. 1 ba n~ neyer beard t1le term ns(~d, and have never kllown of bonds
beillg' sold ill market túr gold. It is the universal enstom to sel1 ti)!'
cnrreney.


Q. Do yOll knoW' oi' auy transaetioll in bonds, as for instance tbe pnr-
chase and sale oí' United States bomls, whieh require tbe handliJlg of
gold as a part of the trallsaetion ?-A. N o, sir.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 337
By Mr. S]I¡1I'I.'H:


Q. Are you aware of any practice of transferring the purchase of
bonds on a gold basis, that is, ehanging from eurreney to a gold basis,
as a thing usual or eustomary f-A. 1 never heard of it at aH.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. (Reading from General Butterfteld's testimony as to his purehase


of bonds on a gold basis.) State to the eommittee whether this is
a custom with which you are familiar ~-A. 1 am not familiar with
it; but 1 am inelined to think, if 1 gather his meaning eorrectly, tbat
it is a somewhat common transaction with foreign bankers who deal
in government bonds for the foreign market. If 1 unoerstand him
his position is this: he is aovised of a given price i'or government
bond s in the foreign market-tbat is one element; he has two other
elements here; the price in tbe foreign market is in gold; be bas
tbe price in currency here, and gold bas also a priee here. Thus an tbe
three elements are in bis possession. In order to make a transaction
tbat will insure a proüt, be buys bis bonds and seUs an equivalent
amount of gold, and his correspondent sells his bonds abroad the same
day. There are three transactions whicb, when completed, give bim a
certain amount of profit. That 1 bave no doftbt is often done; if 1 bave
understood ;yhat you have read, that is what the witness meaus.
. Q. vVould not, therefore, such a transaction in bonds on foreign
account legitimately in crease "'the amount of gold transactions in this
country?-A. l. should think that, to a certain extent, they would.
Tbese are speculative transactions.


Q. W ould aman buying bonds bere, not for the foreign market, but
for bimself, have any business to seU gold in tbat transaction ?-A. No,
sir. He might do it with a speeulative purpose, amI witb an uncertainty
in the future; but tbe case that 1 havc stated is a triangular business
transaetion wbicb gives 11im a small profit.


Q. Suppose you were to bave a precisely similar business transaetion,
and tbis eommittee were to ask you wbether you bad, during tbe period
covering tbat time, bongbt 01' sold gold, 01' bad any dealings in gold,
wbat ougllt yon to answer that would be a trutbful answer ~-A. Yes,
sir.


Q. Could you answer "no," and by any ratioeination tbat would be
still true, cover up your answer ?-A. No; no nearer than to caU wbite
black at tbe same time.


Q. Suppose you had ordered a broker to deal in bonds in tbe way tbat
you bave described, that is, 00 foreigo aecount, and that in tbe cOUl'se
of his business oi' doing so be had transacted exaetly wbat yon described,
would you bave been justified in saying tbatyou bad not yourself, or
through your brokers, heen dealing in gold ?-A. Clearly noto


Q. Do you know of any evil 1'esults growing out of the present babit
of certifying check s ~-A. No, sir; none tbat are of any magnitude at
aH.


Q. Are you acquainted with tbe Tenth N ational Bank of N ew York Y-
A. 1 am not acquainted with its officers. 1 know that tbere is such a
bank. 1 tbink that tbat bank and one 01' two otbers rat-her abused the
matter of certifieations.


Q. State bow t11at bank abuses tbe privilege of eerti~ving cbecks ,-
A. By certifying cbecks wben it bas not tbe money deposited.


Q. Wbat do yon mean by money in that sense Y-A. 1 mean wben it
has not an amonnt of deposits standing to the credit of the party to tbe
amount of eertification.


H. Rep. 31--22




338 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. Which deposits may, in part, or in the whole, eonsist of othcr cer-


tified checks ~-A. Yes, sir.
By l\fr. Cox:


Q. What is there to limit a bank in the amount of its certifieation; is
there any limitation in the bank laws ~-A. 1 think noto My impression
is that there is none, even in the national banking law. The proper
place to correct ally evil of that kind, and to. guard against dan gel',
would be in the banking association oi' New York, what is called the
clearing-house. The clearing-house bas power to adopt any system oi'
rules for the intercourse of the banks with each other. lt is a qua.~'¡
partnership. For example, if the Tenth National Bank, as was reported
the morning after the panic, were unable to meet its certifications 01' to
redeem its checks at the clearing-house, the 101515, if the bank had become
insolvent, would have been distributed pro rata" in proportion to their
capital, among an the associate banks. So, if the banks felt that there
was any real danger in certi1'ying checks, 1 presume they would interpose
for their own protection. But, 1 think, with very rare exceptions, there
is no danger there. My impression is that the views which the head of
the currency department of the country has expressed in 11is reports
have not been flnancially sound, because they would have led to the
entire disuse of certification, which would have increased the cost of
banking in New York irnrnensely and increased the hazards. It would
have led to the necessity of countingthe money for aH the transactions that
are now settled by certified checks-countiug it twice and trausportiug
it twice frorn one bauk to auother.


By the CHAIRMAN :
Q. You think it would be abad thing for Congress to forbid the cer-


tificatiou of checks by national bauks ~-A. Very bad. That is one of
those labor-saving machines which is just as useful as banking itself.


By MI'. JUDD:
Q. Do rou apply that to cases in whieh they have funds 01' have not


funds ?-A. 1 think that their owñ saf'ety is sufficient to protect them
1'rom any serions errors, without any provision of' law. The banks in
New York have very mrely suffered f'rom ovcr-certification.


By MI'. Cox:
Q. Do you know the amount of certifications by the TentIt National


Bank on the day of the panic ~-A. No, 1 do noto '
Q. The Tenth National Bank certified to the amOllnt of $24,000,000


on the 23d oi' September, and $15,000,000 on the 24th; do yon not think
that such an amount of certifications aided the parties in the combina-
tion to carry on their conspiraey ~-A. My impression is that that was
,un effect, not a cause.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. How carne there to be such an amount of' checks and currency on


hand on tItose days; how was sueh an amonnt nsed in the gold markeU-
A. On the 24th, when the preminm on gold went up from 41 01' 42 to 60,
the parties who were long of it, amI from whom those who were bor-
rowers had borrowed it, required margins to be put up from 40 to 60.
Now, i1' the amount 01' gold loaned was $60,000,000, as it is supposed to
have been, twenty por cont. upon that would be a very large sumo That
is one of the items; and then there were, besides, absolnte payment
transaetions.







GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 339
Q. How much gold do you think tltere was in the city of New York,


outside of the sub-treasnry, during those days 7-A. 1 knewat the time,
because it ,vas manifested in the bank exhibits; 1 think it was $14,000,000
to $15,000,000.


By ]\1r. JUDD:
Q. Do you mean actual gold "?-A. Oh, no; there probably were not


$3,000,000 of goId, but the certificates of gold were called gold.
By the OHAIRMAN:


Q.Do yon know anything about what could be called a counter-plot
in those days against the bull movement in gold ?-A. No, sir; 1 know
nothing of that sort; 1 do not suppose that any existed.
(~.What do you suppose the course of gold would have beeu during.


the month of September if there had been no artificial disturbance;
would it have been upward or downward ~-A. Its tendency was down-
ward.


Q. How hall it been ruling previously to that artificial movement, for
a month or ,so ?-A. There were temporary tluctnations, as there always
are, but the general tendency was downward.


Q. Have :rou no doubt in your own mind that that upward movement
was artificial ~-A. 1 have not the slightest doubt of it.


Q. What did the real business of New York require-a resistance to
that movement, or an opposition to it f-A.. 1 think that the business
interest of New York, aud of every other place, is promoted by letting
the natural laws of trade vindicate their own supremacy, as they will
in spite of any efforts to th wart them ; 1 think sl1ch eíl'orts were iujurious.


ByMr. Cox:
Q. We have the theory presented here, of which yon have probably


read, that the euhancing of the price of gold after the crops were read,r
to be moved would not on]y in crease the price of grain very much, lmt
would give transportation to the raílroads, so as to enable them to com-
pete with tIle Europeau grain markets. That is Mr. Fisk's theory, and
1\1r. Gould's, amI Mr. Oorbil1's. Oan you state to the committee the
effect of the rise in gold on the crops and on our foreign produce trade,
'not ouly in its immediate, hut its resulting, effect ?-A. 1 will give yon
the same answer that 1 gave to ]\fr. Boutwell, in New York, when thi8
theory was first started, and just after it became known that the com-
bination for putting up gold existed in New York. ~Ir. Boutwell asked
me my opinion of that theory. lHy opinion was then, and is now, that
if the situation of our finan ces and of our foreign trade had been such
as to have produced by natural causes anyenhancement on tIte pre-
mium on gold, jt would hayo boen hettcr for the business of the country,
and especially for the agricultural interest of the Westj but that au
attempt to produce that result by combination, 01' by any other artificial
means, \Vas certain to faíl in the cud, and that tIle reaction wouId pro-
duce infillitely more mischief than the temporary advantage j that it
wouId load parties who "ere relj-ing upon tho permanency of tbe
advance with large quantities of those products, and that, when the
thing collupsed, the grain would be left on their lIands, and would pro-
duce bankruptcy, and that in every way it would be injudicious.


Q. Have yon any knowledge that there was such a theory as that
held in good faith as a doctrine of policy ~-A. No j 1 have noto


Q. You think that there was such a theory held in good faith ~-A. 1
think noto There may have be en parties who were satisfied that that
would be tho efl'ect, hut 1 think that the parties who put forward that




340 GOLD PANIC INVE8TIGATION.


idea were only intercsted in the effect it would have upon their own
pockets. 1 know that the thing was reported to Mr. Bontwell.


Q. When was this interview with Mr. BoutwelI, that you spoke of~­
A. On his ret.urn to Washington from his summer sQjourn at. home.


Q. Was that the time of the dinner given to MI'. BoutweH at the
Union League Club f-A. That was the time.


o By MI'. Cox.:
Q. Do you know of any eombination or plot to bear gold before this


conspiraey to buH it was formed ~-N o, 1 know of none.
By MI'. SMITH:


Q. In your judgment, could the advanee in gold to the point of
enabling the erops to be moved have been legitimately brought about
by the government withholdillg sales of gold so as to have made it safe 1
A. My judgment has been that the best poliey for the Treasury Depart-
ment to pursue is to keep stronger in the ownership of gold. 1 think it
has been l'ather injurions to the business interests of the eountry, amI
espeeialIy to tbe agricultural illterests, that so large an alllount of gold
was sold by tbe government, which has unquestiollably tended to
depress gold more rapidly than it \Vollld otherwise have fallen. 1 think
tbe error, if error it he, oeeul'red in the months of June and ,Tu]y. The
government was then a free seller of gold, when tite amollnt in the mar-
ket was very large. That depressed the premium quite low. In the
autumn less was soldo Tlmt 01' eourse tended to aid the tempol'ary
advanee of gold. Sinee then the government has been sellillg very
fteely. I have always felt that the trae poliey 1'01' the government tu
pursue was to keep the arnoullt of gold in the market as nearly ulliform
as possihle. It eould not he renuered absolutel,Y Illliform, beeause the
government pays out in tour large quarterly illstallmeuts the mass of the
interest, alld tllat at such periods the gold in tite market will be mueh
larger than at other periods. But the sales of gold by tilo gOH~rnment
should be so timed as to mitigate ratIter than iuerease that wallt of
uniformity. In aH curreneieH, whether gold 01' papel', oue of tlle great-
est essentials for the security 01' tho busiuoss interests of tlle eOllutry is
to have it uniform in amount.


Q. "Vas it not allnounced sorne time previous to September, early pre-·
cedent to it, that the treasury wouhI not sen gold in September ~-A.
I thiuk the proposeu programme 01' tIte departmellt was announeed at
the beginniug of each month.


Q. What was the progralllme as allnounced on the 1st of Septcmber 1-
A. That 1 have forgotten; but the Secretary always re ser ved the right
to accept hids for a larger amount, 01' to reJeet them, according to his
jlldgment and discretion.


By Mr. Cox: _
Q. What is your judglllent as to the polic)' aHowing the Secretary to


se11 gold at his diseretion 01' caprice ~-A. 1 have always telt that there
might be a better poliey adopted. I presented, in a letter to Senator
Conkling two years ago, a plan which I thought then, aud tllink still,
would relieve 11S from most, if not aH, those difticulties from tluctnations
in the premium on gold. It was simply for the gOYerllment to announce
that it would seU gold for custom-hollse purposes at a eertaiu premium
for one, two, 01' tllree months, and at the end of i:I:tat terlll, watching the
operations of gold, the amo11nt on hand, and other comlitions, to fix the
premium for another pedod, at the same price 01' a shade lower, and so
go on, dropping the rate of premium eaeh period until we got back to




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 341
specie payment. If the mal'ket price of gold got below the price fixed
by the government, of course the gold fOT cnstom·honse pnrposes would
be bonght iu the market; but if the price got abo ve it, then the gold for
custom-bonse purposes would be bonght from the government, and in
that way tbere would be a, steadiness tnaintained in the price of gold.


(Witncss hunds to the committee a copy of the letter referred to by
him.)


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. Do you tbink there is any neccssity for legislation in reference to


certified check s ~-A. 1\fy impression is that there is no necessity for it.
I suppose that if tbe necessity exists in reference to any banks, it would
be in reterence to tbe banks in thc city of New York, where the certifi-
cations are so lal'ge~ Take the Fourth National Bank, of which I am a
director, and which is regarded as being as free and liberal in its certifi-
cations as any bank in the city. I suppose its certificatiolls average
seven millions a day, and 1 believe I am not in error in saying that it
has never lost a dollar in that way. ,,y e nsed to certify a vcry largo
amount withont equivalent deposits before the law was passed prevent-
ing that. Since that we have, of course, conformed to the law.


Q. From yonr acquaintancc with tho Gold Exchange, and witll its
mode of doing business, is it an institution whose operations ean be
enforced by law ~-A. I think that is a question in doubt in minds of
the legal profession in N ew York. It is a q uestion which has never be en
decided. 1 understand it to be pending at presento As a layman, I
should cxpress tile opinion that the courts wonld en force the rules of
the board. I have never beeIra member of that board.


Q. Have you auy knowledge that any officer of the government was,
directly 01' indirectly, illterested in 01' concerned in the movemellt in gold
during what was known as the pallic week in September~-A. 1 have
no personal knowledge on the subjeet.


Q. Rave yon ally further information that you can give the commit-
tee, touching this general snbjeet, which you think could be oi' interest
to the coulltl'y'?-A. Ido not kllOW of any.


Q. Ras (Jollgrcss any power to protect the people froIll that class oi
fraud?-A. It is to be hoped so, becanse the community is getting in a
very dangerOllS position. If men who have tbe power of eontl'olling
large amounts of money can with impullity combine together to dis·
turb, to a degree that becomes dangerous to business, the volnme of tIlc
circulating medium, whether that be in papel' 01' in gold, 1 regard that as
one oí thc most threatening dangers to the future of the eountry that has
evcr manifested itselt'. 1 know of no way to correct it exeept by proper
legislation to punish for eonspiracy against thc public good. I suppose
it is in the power of Congress to frame a law that would reach snch
a transaction.


Q. Do yon know of any law of the State of New York, under which
such a transaction as that in Scptember 1ast can be punished ~-A. It
i8 the impl'e~sion that we haye such a law if it were properly cnforeed.
1 think the law shonld make such combinations as infamous as possi-
blc. AH cIsc may besafely left to the natural laws of trulle.


Q. Could 8nch operatious in gold have taken place except when
specíe payments are suspended ~-A. I see no reason why tlley might
noto 1 think the retnrn to specie payment will not illcrease our secu-
rity against these .combinations. They are jnst as liable to attack gold
01' papel' by locking it np; and in doing that they can afiect the market
price of everything.


Q. What do yon suppose would be the feasibility of enforcing snch a




342 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


law against combinationsf-A. From thebestconsideration that 1 have
been abIe to give the subject, 1 certainly believe it feasible, and 1 be-
lieve that public sentiment would sanction, and, as far as possible, co-
operate in, the punishment of such acts.


By 1\<11'. Cox:
Q. Would ·you not extend that to all combinations-in wheat, coffec,


tea, banK stock, railroad stock, aud eYerything eIse f Are they not all
liable to be subject to conspiracies ~-A. AH such conspiracies are inju-
rious, but not in the same degree; nor is the magnitude oí' the offense
anything in comparison with that of tampering with a circulating me-
dium of the conntry, in which every citizen is interested. Every citizen
is interestell in the stability and uniformity of volume, both of our
paper currency and of our coin. They enter into the business of every
man, and every man therefore is interested in protecting them from any
violent disturbances of that kind.


WASHINGTON, February 1, 1870.
GEORGE S. BOUTWELL, Secretary of the Treasury, sworn and ex-


amined.
By the CHAIRMAN:


Question. State to the committce what sales of gOld, with ihe amounts
and dates, you have made since you have been Secretary of the Treasury.-
Answer. 1 l1m unable, at present, to give you the amount of sales since the
1st of January. 1 have a tabular statement of the sales made previ-
ous to the 1st of January. From the 29th of April, whcn the first sale
was made after 1 carne into thc Treasury Department, up to and includ-
ing the 31st of December, the sales made directly by me amI by Gen-
eral Spinner, who inyests the interest that accumulates llpon t1le bonds
purchased and owned by the gove1'nment, amounted to $53,39D,OOO. The
table which 1 present to the committee shows the dates of the sales.
(The table is annexed to the testimony.~


Q. vVa,s there an'y month in that time in which thcre was no 8a1e1-
A. No, sir. The sales in ApriI 011]Y amounted to one million.


Q. State to the committee what bas been your mode of giviug orders
to sell gold, whether by letter 01' telegraph ; and usuallyat what time~­
A. Usually by letter to the assistant treasurer at New York, and by
telegraph through t11e Associated Press, and another association 01' the
press here 01' which 1\1:1'. E\~ans has charge. Sínce 1 have known that
he was in chal'ge of dispatches to certain newspapers,I llave also given
him the dispatch as well as 1\11'. Gobright. 1 haye gÍ\'en it to the
agents of thc press. There may have been exceptions in the beginning,
but that has been the general practice. 1 haye usually sent these dis-
patches out on Sllnday nights, either the last Sunday llight of tlle
month 01' the first Sunday night of an opening mOllth, in oruer that dis-
patuhes might not in any way be made use of, as possibly they might
be if thcy were sent on a business day. 1 did in the begiuuing senil
one 01' two dispatches on business days; aml, whether they \Ycre mis-
used 01' not, the eircumstallce gave rise to suspicion that they we1'e
misused. 1 have sínce generally written a letter myself OH Snllday
evening, in season for the muil, to the assistant treaSlu'er at New York,
giving him instructions, alld have at the same time given to the two
agcnts of the press the substance of that communication, so tbat t,he




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 343
newspapers on the following morning would announce t,he sales of gold
and the purchases of bonds for the month.


Q. SO that, as a matter of fact, the newspapers would have the intel-
ligence sooner than the assistanttreasurer ~-A. That has been the
design, and generally, 1 suppose, has been the fact.


Q. At what time bave the sales been made; on J\foudayt-A. No, sir.
Oursales of golel for the sinking fund purpose have usually been ou
Thursday. For a time we sold gold ou Weduesday for the apecial funel,
but more reeentry, when we sold two mmions in one week on aceount of
the apeeial fund, we have sold one million on Tuesday and one million
on Friday.


Q. And these sales have been made by meana of sealed bids Y-A. Yes,
sir; these were the instructions, to reeeive sealed proposals up to 12
o'clock on the day of sale, and then to open them in the presence of the
people in tbe room.


Q. SO that it was a puhlic matter~-A. Yes; and 1 believe that those
instructions were followed. 1 was present 011 one occasion when the
bids were opened, and that was the fact then, so far as 1 saw.


Q. State to the committee what purchases of bonds were made in
eOllsequencc of the sale of gold.-A. Before giving a direct answer to
that question, 1 ought pcrhaps to state that 1 have proceeded in the
sale oí' gold and in the purchase of bonds upon the plan of selling two
million dollars of gold a month, 01' rather $26,000,000 ayear, on account
oi' the sinking fund, and of purchasing about $2,000,000, or at the rate,
as near as might be, of $26,000,000 a ,Year, of bonds, for the sinking fundo
But it is also true that the proeeeds of the sale of gold on this account
have been received into the treasury with otber receipts, except tbat
they are specified. The payments for the bonds designed for tbe sinking
fUlld have been made out of the treasury, but tbe bonds themselves,
to the amount of about $500,000 a week, have been marked as belonging
to the sillkiug fuml, and have been kept separate as the sillking fund,
under aet of 1862; being a substantial compliance, as 1 understand it,
with the requirements of tbat acto The proceed~ of the gold sold in
excess oí' $26,000,000 ayear have been received into the treasury, and
the bonds pUl'chased in. excess of those purchasecl for the sinking fund
have been regarded as a special funcl and have been so markecl, auc1 the
account has been kept separate fmm the sinking funcl in the treasury.
The special purchascs have not corresponded in amount with the pro-
ceeds of the sales oi' gold in excess of what has been sold on account of
the sinking fund, but we have purchasecl boncls, in exeess of those pnr-
chased for the sillking fund, according to the means of the treasury
derived f'rom all sources. On the last clay of December, the bond~
belonging to the sinking fund amounted to ovcr $22,000,000. Tbat
includes the amount purchased by the Secretary of the Treasnry directly
from funds in the treasury, and al so includes the amount purchased by
General Spinner (wbo by an order of the Secretfiry of the Treasury was
made custodian of the sinking fund) with the interest on bonds pre-
viously purchased. Tbe other boncls purchased by the United
States amounted on the last day of December to $64,908,350, and that
amount represented not ollly direct purchases by the Secretary of the
Treasury, but also the plll'ehases made by General Spinner, as custodian
of that fund, from the interest accrued and colleet.ed upon the bond s
purchased by the Seeretary of the Treasul'y.This table (annexed to
the testimony) exhibits the bonds purchased upon both accounts from
the 12t.h of May, when the first purchase was made, to the 30th of
December, when the last purchase was made in the calendar year 1869.




344 GOLD PA~IC INVESTIGATION.
The total amount of bonds purchased is $88,478,800. There will appear
to be a slight discrepancy betweeu the amounts purchased. as sbown by
this table, and the amount held in the two funds, as appears frúm our
monthly statemcnt; but 1 suppose that that is due to the circumstance
that tlle purchases made on the 30tb oí Dccember had not been reported,
llor the bonds received from New York, so as to go into the monthly
statement. There is also another discrepancy, due to the fact that this
1.able does uot show the bonds purchased by General Spinner. lt only
represents the bonds purcbased by the Secretary 01' the Treasnry.


Q. These two explanations, gOillg with that table, will make the matter
apparent, will they?-A. Yes, sir; 1 tbink so. There are otber tacts
presented in 1.he table.. It presellts, for illstancc, the average rate of
each purchase, and the total average, &c.


Q. Please state tbe circumstances oí" yonr order of September 24 to
seU gold; how .ron came to giye that ol'der, when it was detel'\llined,
when the order was sent, ami how sent.-A. 1 \Vas in 1\1assachnsetts
the larger part of tbe month oí' August, and J'etnl'lled to ·Washington
about the middlc ofSeptember; I:Lm not sure abont the daj'. 1 stopped in
New York one day and, prrhaps, a part of allother. "Vhile there 1 be-
came satisfied that there were speculative movements in gold, the uature
of which 1 did not leal'll \llore than that there appel1l'ed to he an opinioll
that Fisk and Gould were concemed in it. 1 heard what was said and
got what information 1 could abont it. 1 came to Washington, and on
the 23d of September, the Thursdas pl'eceding the Friday, 1 becamc
satisfied that the matter was very serions. 1 think gold was reported
that day atabout 145, and 1 was apprehensive froIll what 1 beard that
it Illight advance to a still higber price the llext day. 1 \veut that
evening to see the Presidellt and told him what the state of the marke1.
appeared to be fro~ the information 1 had received. We had a consult-
ation about it, tbe result of whiclt was that if gold advanced materially
the next day, it would be our duty to sell, not 1'01' the purpose oí' forcillg
down the price of gold as a primary amI specific objeet, but beca use we
thonght the business of the country was in danger. Our custom receipts·
had fallen off, and 1 was myself apprehensive (1 do llot rMolleet that 1
mcntioned it to the President) that if banking institntions should
become involved and break, ,ve might ha\-e a l'epetition of sucb disas-
ters as we hall in 1857. 1left the Presidellt without any specific under-
standing as 1.0 whl1t Hhonhl he done, f'xcept in a general way that if the
excitemeut continued and gold advanced, it wouhl be our duty to sello


Q. But still without a purpose as to tlle amount, 01' even as to the
fact ~-A. No; there \Vas no specific understanding as to tbe circum-
st::mces undel' whieh gold should be sold, except that ií' the excitement
continued and there \Vas an advance it w<mld be our duty to interfere.
But the President was allxious, as 1 was, tl~at we should not interfere
unless it seemed to be an absolute necessity for the protection of the
business interests of the country.


By 1\11'. Cox:
Q. Was there any rate of gold fixed ou at that consultation at which


it \Vas advisable to seH "?-A. There was no price named, as 1 recollect,
at which we would seU, hut simply there was an ullderstanding that if
the advance continued and that, in our judgment, it should threaten the
business interests of the coulltry, it would be out' duty to interfere.


Q. The President and yourself were in pcrfcct accord on that point ?-
A. "Ve were in perfect accord; there was no difl'erence between es. On
1.he morning of the 2ith 1 received various dispatches from New York,




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 345
sorne of thern from MI'. Butterfield, the assistant treasurer, and some
fi'OID other persons, merchants and hrokers, (I do not recollect their
names,) an to one effect, that gold was advancing, and that the price was
being rapidly forced froID 150 ~o 158 and perbaps to 160. .


Q. Have yon any of those dlspatches tbat yon can rnake part of yonr
testimony?-A. Here are three dispatches from Mr. Bntterfield. The
dispatches from other persons I have not brought, nor do I remember
from whom they were. Here is the first dispatch I received on the 24th
oí' September, from MI'. Butterfield:


[By telegram from New York.]
FR.\XKLIl'> Tl]LEGRAPH COMPA~""Y, Septernber 24, 1869.


To Hon. G. S. BOUTWELL.
1 am requested to represellt to yon condition of affairs here. Gold is 150; much


feeling, alld accusations of governnwllt complicity. Tbe propositions of 'Veatberspoon,
DUllcan, Sherman & Co., and Seligman, ii aecepted, would relieve exchange market
and be jlldieious. Should he done hy telegraph.


DAN'L BUTTERFIELD.
46-148.


This dispatch was received before the order for the sale of gold was
issued


Q. What was the proposition referred to in that dispatch ~-A. I pre-
sent the coIDmittee with a copy of the Ietter from Duncun, Sherman,
& Oo. I thought it a letter wbieh 1 shonld not ansWer, and, as I recol-
lect, I did not answer it in any formo Here is another dispatcb from
1\11'. Butterfield, of the same date. It was also received before tbe order
for the sale of gold, hut I cannot say at what time.:


[By telegraph from New York.]
FR,rnKLIN 'rELEGRAPH COMPANY, September 24,1869.


To Hon. G. EL BOUTWELL.
Gold over une hundred aud sixty, (160.) Moviug up every honro
DÁl.~'L BUTTERFIELD.


11-colI.4:3.


Here is another dispateh of the sallle date:
[By telegraph from New York.1


1'0 Hon. G. S. BOUTWELL.
FRANKLIN T~r,EGHAPH COMPANY, Septemher 24, 1869.


Priee of gold at eleveno'clock and twenty (11.20) minutes' is one hundred fifty-eight.
DAN'L BUTTERFIELD.


15-55. Now 162.-Garland, operator.


I cannot say which oi' these two last, dispatches was received first.
Upon the receipt of those dispatches, and something after 11 o'clock by
our tiI:ile, I went over to the President and told him what the state of
tbe market was, upon the information that I hado I went over with the
idea of saying to him that I thought the time hall come when we must
interfere. I had a Yery stroIig conviction UpOll that point. I stated to
him the condition of the market. 'Vhet'her 1 said to him first that we
ought to seU three rnillion doIlars of gold, 01' whether he said that he
thought we ought to seU five million doIlars, 1 cannot say; bllt he ex-
pressed the opinioll, almost at the beginning oi' the conversation, that we
onght to seU $5,000,000. I recolIect expressillg tbe opinion that we
should seU $3,000,000, hecause that was the amount that 1 had in my
mind wllen I left the office, and I thought it would be sufficient for the




346 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
purpose. 'Ve had very Httle conversation llCyond that. 1 returned
almost immediately, without saying to him whether 1 would Ol:der the
sale of $:>,000,000, or 01' $3,000,000, or of any other sum, except that it
was agreed that gold should he soldo U pon going back to m.y office, 1
carne to the conclusion that 1 would advertise the sale of $4,000,000;
and immediately upon my return to my office 1 dictated a dispatch"
which was taken by MI'. Bartlett, my sbort-hand writer. The followillg
is a copy:


TREASURY DEPARTME~T, Scptcmbsr 24, 18G9.
DANIEL BUTTERFIELD, .Á88Ú1tant TreaBurer U. S., .NetO York:


SeU four millions ($4,000,000) gold to-morrow, amI huy four millions ($4,000,000)
bonds.


Charge to department.
Sent 11.42 a. m.


GEO. S. BOUTWELL,
ScCl'ctat·y Trcasury.


This dispatch is marked, "Sent 11.42 a. m.," but Mr. Bartlett has
stated to me within a few days that he made un aJIowance for the time
that he supposed it would take tc4ieliver the message at the telcgmph
office at tIíe other side of the street. He says he advauced the time two
or three minutes on account oi' sending it across the street. Thell ap-
prehending that there might be trouble, 01' that sorne interestcd party
might get possession of it, 1 sent by the Franklin Une also the following
dispatch:


[By Franklin line.-Telegram.]
TREASURY DErART~IENT, Septcmber 24, 1869.


Gen. DANIEL BurTERFIELD, .Á88Ú1tant Trea81U'er D. S., .New York:
Sell four millions ($4,000,000) gold to-morrow, and huy four millions ($4,000,000)


bonds.


Charge to department.-G. S. B.
Sent 11.45 a. m.


GEO. S. BOUTWELL,
Secretar!} of the Treasury.


This is' marked. "Sent 11.45 a. m." 1
Q. Dicl you also write a lctter ,at the same time ~-A. N ot at that ~,


time. 1 think 1 wrote a letter durmg the evening. I
Q. Did you receive an acknm,,:ledgment oi' the dispatch, 01' any an-


swer froTIl General Bntterfields, howing that the dispatchwas received ,-
A. Yes, sir. Here is a di~patch from General Bntterfield:


[By telegraph from New York.]
FRA..'\'KLIX TELEGRAPIl CO:lU'ANY, Septembe¡' 24, 1869.


To Bon. G. S. BOUTWELL.
Dispatch received. Notice made public at once. Gold, for cash, fallen one forty at


twelve (12) o'clock.
D. BUTTERFIELD.


17-61.


The hour of the dispatch is llOt given, and it does not appear what
time lt was received. 1 have no recollection sufficielitly accurate to
testify abont the time, except that it was rcceived very soon, 1 believe,
after OUI' own dispatch went.


Q. Did .you receive any other dispatches from General Butterfield
.i,


, J,.




\


GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 347


during the day f-A. Here are three other dispatches of September the
24th:


[By telegraph from Ncw York.]
FRANKLIN TELEGRAPH CmfPANY, September 24, 18611.


To Hon. G. S. BOUTWELL.
Shall 1 anticipate registered N ovember interest, of banks ~


DAN'L BlTTTERFIELD,
ÁS8i8tant Treasu!'er.
~40.
Answered by letter of same date.


[By telegraph from Ncw York.]
FRANKLL'\[ TELEGRAPH COMPANY, Septcmber 24, 1869.


To Hon. G. S. BOUTWELL.
Dispatch received too late for first notices, as yon did not specify 'vhether gold 01'


bonds. 1 have annonIlccel that right was reserved to accept excess of biels over four
millions for either golcl or bonels. Send me eletailed instrnctions by mail to-night.


DAN'L BUTTERFIELD.
43-139.


[By telegraph from New York.]
FRANKLIX TEL~;GRAPH COMPANY, September 24, 1869.


To Hon.oG. S. BOUTWELL.
1 should be reinforccd with cnrrency for to-morrow by cxpre~s to-night .. My haL'mce


is too small to execnte orelers Unael' tbc rules of bu~ines8 here. Can 1 trespass on
package of reserve sent by General Spinner, 'Veelncsday, if necesBary ~ My letter to-
night will cxplain. Answer by this line. It is more prompt tban any other telegraph
company.


44-142.


DAN'L BUTTERFIELD,
Ássis/ant Trea<l1lrer.


• Tho dispatch to which that refers was this:


TREASVRY DEPARTl\IENT, September 24, 18611.
Gen. DAKIEL BUTTERFIELD, Assistant Treasurer U. S., New York:


Say in notice that tbe government reserves the right to accept all bid s, even in
exeess of fonr millions, ($4,000,000.)


GEO. S. BOUTWELL.


Charge department.-G. S. B.
Secretary of the li·easw·y.


1 intended that to relate to bonds exclusively whcn 1 dictated it; but
upon his receiving it, of course he did not kno,," whethcr it rcferred to
bonds or gold. Upon the receipt of his dispatch 1 said:


THEASUHY DEPAHTMEXT, Sept<Jmber 24, 1869.
DANIEL BUTTERFIELD, U. S. Ássisfant Trca.~ureJ', Ntw York:


The government reserves the rigbt to accept bids for the sale of bonas in exceSB of
four millions, ($4,000,000.) Sale of golel to-morrow not to exceed $4,000,000.


GEO. S. BOUTWELL,


Charge to aepltrtment.-G. S. B.
8ecreta1'y of the Treas/try.


Q. Was anybody present at your iuterview with the President on the
morning of the 24th ~-A. No, sir; 1 think noto


Q. Had you conversed with anybody in the treasury before yon went
over to see the President in relation to yonr purpose l-A. N o, sir; not
upon that subject, giving any opinion as to my intentions.




348 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. Yon had made no expression of yonr suuject to anyuody ~-A.


Xot that 1 am aware of.
Q. "Vas anyuody present when yon dictated yonr dispatch to yonr


stenographer ?-A. My recollection is that there was no person presento
Q. Have .yon any reason to believe that the wires were tapped, 01'


have you made any iuvestigation of the snbject ~-A. 1 have not made
any iuvestigation. 1 have heard such rumoI's afloat, lmt 1 have not in-
vestigated the snbject.


By MI' .. JONES:
Q. Haye you an~T reason to believe that your orders were not as


promptly execnted by the assistant treasnrer in New York as they
should have been "l-A. No, sir; without having any evidence upon the
point, except from the character of the dispatches that I received ancl
from such information as was open to the public generally, mJT own im-
pression was, finally, that the dispatch was transmitted withont interrup-
tion to him. Whether it may have been taken off and outained simul-
taneonsly, 01' even earlier, uy somebody eIse, I cannot sayo 1 have no
reason to suppose that it was, except that the suggestion was made.


Q. Have you any recollection now that there was unnecessary
dela.y?-A. Xo, sir; my impression was then, and is 1l0W, that it was
promptly transmittecl, and that General Butterfield gave prompt notice;
bnt 1 have not that information which amounts to positive certaint,r on
that point. 1 have no reason to donbt, however, that tbat was the
fact.


ByMr. Cox:
Q. To whom did you intrust these clispatches for delivery at the tele-


gral'h office'l-A. 1 cannot say; 1 think MI'. Bartlett, my clerk, deliv-
ered them to the yonng man, the ruessenger, who has charge at my door.
His name is Johnson, but he has two 01' three snbordinates. ..


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. 1 suppose these messages were seaIed before they left your o:ffice f-


A. 1 cannot say about that, as they were not delivered' by m,r OWIl
haml. 1 dietated them and signed them, and 1\'I1'. Bartlett hacl eharge
of thern afterward, .AH that 1 know is that we felt the importance of
having theru transmitted promptly amI seeretly.


Q. Whell did you get news first of the breakdown in goIdf-A. 1
think this dispatch from General Butterfield was the first inforrnation
of it 1 received; amI yet there were other dispatches sent to the offiee,
1 think, from other parties not conneeted with the governmellt, who tel-
egraphed the JJrice of gold.
(~. vVllat was your irnpressioll that day as to the relation in poillll of


time of the delivery of your order to the breakillg clown in gold, as to
which occurred first ?-A. That day 1 thought the ureakdown in gold
was due entirely to our offer to sello


Q. That is, that tIte ofie!' was published, and then that the breakdown
came.-A. Yes, that was rny impression that day; afterward 1 lIad
sorne doubts about it, as to whether the ureakdown did not occur be-
fore, uut 1 never was satisfied upon that point.


Q. Dming those days of panic did you receive from 1\11'. Fisk and 1\11'.
Gould, 01' from either of them, a proposition to make a loan to them, to
help to steady the market; if so, what was it1-A. 1 receivetl a eom-
municatioll frorn )'Ir. Jay Gould, of whieh 1 wiII furnish a eopy to the
committee. 1 find inclosed in a letter from General Butterfield, dated
Septernber 23, t11e proposition of Dnncan, Sherman & Co., just l'eferred




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 349
too I did not, as 1 now recollect, answer tbis letter of DUllcan, Sher-
man & 00; and if I alluded to it in any letter to Mr. Butterfield, it was
to decline it. Whether 1 did or not 1 cannot say without Iooking into
the correspondence; at any rate nothing was done about itin any formo
I will also furnish the committee copips of several letters from Mr.
Butterfield, dated the 24th September, and relating most of them to the


, events oí' that day. In consequence of that letter of the 24th, and of
the dispatch of the 25tb, my attention was called for the first time so
seriously as to comprehend it. 1 may have kllown it before, but 1 did
not; up to that time, comprehend tho practice that prevailed in the sub-
treasury oi' receiving certified checks from purcllasers of goId and
others dealing with the sub-treasury. Under the circnrnstances in
which we were ihen acting 1 was ver.y apprehensive of trouble, and I
telegraphed to }fr. Butterfield by both lines as foIlows:


TREASURY D~;PAHTME~T, September 25, 1868.
General D.\NIEL BUTTER~'IELD, A88i8tant Trea8urer, Ncw YorJe:


Gold mnst be paid íor on dclivcry in aH cases. Acknowledge reeeipt oí dispatch
immediately.


GEO. S. BOUTWELL, Sccl'etary T/'eIft8ury.
Charge department.-G. S. B.


(Witness bere read from tbe correspondence attached to his testi-
mony.)


In reply tQ 1\lr. Butterfield's letter of the 24th (numhered 27) I tele-
graphed to him on the morning' of tbe 25th of September as follows :


FranJelin line, telegram 203.
'VASIIING'(o~,September 25, 1869.


To DANIEL BU'ITERFIELD, Assistant Treasurer, Ne:w Y01'k,
Twenty-seven correct; subject to limitation in letter of last evening-.


GEO. S. BOU'l'WE,LL, Secretary.
Charge treasnry.-G. S. B.


To Same, &e., &c. •
'l'wenty-slx approved.


GEO. S. BOUTWELL, Secretary.
Charge treasury.-G. S. B.


On tbe morning of the 25th 1 sent the following dispatch to 1\1r. But-
terfield:


l i'ranklin line, (copy,) tclegram 202.
WASHINGTON, Septembel' 25, 18Ql.


To DANIEL BUTTERFLlCLD, .d88Í8tant Tl'eUBUI'Cl', New York.
Do not deli \'er gold except for money. Have you recetved my letter of last evening'


GEO. S. BOU'l'WELL, Secretary.
Cbarge treasury.-G. S. B.


In reply to that 1 received tbe following dispatcb :
[By telegrapb í"rom New York.]


FRANKLIN TELJ<:GRAPH COMPANY, September 25, 1809.
To Hon. G. S. BOUTWELL.


Letter and dispatehes received. Price oí" gold last night late, one hllndred and
thirty-two.


15-55.


DANIEL BUTTERFIELD,
.1B8istant Trea8Ul·er.




350 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
On tbe morning of the 25th, before the sale of gold, I recei,ed from


l\'Ir. Butterfield tbe following dispatcb:


[By telegraph from New York, 25th.]
l'nANKLLs 'l'ELEGlUPH COMPANY, September 25, 1869.


'l'o Hon. G. S. BOUTWELL.
Committee from Gold Exchauge have waited on me aml asked Busponsion of sale of


gola and pnrchase of bonds. They say if gold is Ro1d below 35, or therel1bouts, it "m
produce disaster. My own opinion is that 1 should make public your instructions in
letter and policy, as in twenty-seven (27) lasl; uight. 'l'hen go ahead. 1 haye kept
your instructions secreto Answer.


65-205.


DANIEL BUTTERFIELD,
A88Í8tant Tt·ea8urer.


The following is my dispatch iu reply :
[W. U. telcgram.-Ciphcr.]


TUEASURY DEPARTMENT, Wa87tillgtOll, SelJtember 25, 1869.
Hon. DANIEJ. BUTTERFIELD, A88i<ltant Tl'ea8nrer, New York:


You may exereise your diseretion about suspendiug sales. If best, ;ron may reject aU
bids under thirty-four, (34.) 1 am not anxious to seU gold. If husiness will be iujured,
omit sales for to-day. If yon do not seU gol<l you must not buy bonels.


GEO. S. BOUTWELL, Secretary.
Charge dep't.-G. S. B. \


Rere is anotber dispatch from me to bim :
[w. U. tclcgram, to be aent in cipher.]


Tmusuuy DEPARTMENT, September 25,.1869.
General DANIEL BUTTERFIELD, A88istant Trea8urer, Ne'W York:


Ifprice is not aboye thirty-two (32) deeline all bids; ifbetweeu thirty-two (32) and
thirty-four (34) I1ccept-amount between one (a amI two (2) millions. Unless aboyc
thitty-four (34) limit sale to two millions (2,00!T,000) or less.


Charge dep't.-G. S. B.


Aud here is another:


GEO. S. BOUTWELL, Swrctary Trea8ury.


[W. U, telegram.]
TREASl:'RY DEI'ARTlUENT, Se;pfmnbIJI" 25, 1869.


General DANmL BUT'l'ERFIELD, A88i.stant Treaslll'er, New York:
Report to me prices bitl for goltl bcfore awanls are maele.


GEO. S. BOCTW1~LL, Secretary TrCa81lry.
Charge treasnry.-G. S. B.
Rere is his'dispatcb in relatioll to sales of gold:


[The 'Vesteru Uuíon Telegraph Company.-Daterl New York, September 25, 1869. Re-
eeived at corner Fourteenth street anel Pennsylvania avenue, 12.41 p. m.]


To Hon. GEORGE S. BOl:'TWELL, Secretary Trca.~llr.'f.
Bids opened nnder yonr dispateh directing sale between thirty-two (32) and thirty-


four, (34,) anrI onIy two milliolls (2,000,000) to be soldo Seconel (2d) dispatch too late
fOl" suspension. Birls of golel ninc millíons (9,000,000) and oyer at rates from .one hun-
dreel three (103) up to one hllndred thirty-four, (134.) Have announccd two millions
(2,000,000) will be sold at frolll thirty-two (32) to thirty-four, (34.) 01i'erings of gold
between thirty-two (32) and thírty-four, (34) two and three-quarters millions (2,750,000.)
Offerings of bonds amonnt to six millions fonr hunelred thousanel, (6,400,000.) nt prices
from one hunelred sixteeu (116) seventeen (17) to one hnnelred twenty-one, (121.) Shall
1 accept uny more bonds thau the amonnt realized from the sale of gold f 1 think it
wouId be \VeH to accept fonr milliolls (4,000,000) of bonds ~n the prescnt condition of
affairs.


128 collect 394.-S. N.


DANIEL BUTTERFIELD,
A88istant TreaBUrer.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 351
My answer to the last part of his dispatch is as follows:


WESTE1D¡ UNro:-.; TgU:GRAPH COMPA:>IY, Septembel' 25, 1869.
1'0 General DANIJíL BUTTERFIELD, A88'istant Treasllrer U. S., New York:


Accept bids fol' bonds to the amount of three millions, (3,000,000.)
Charge dep't.-G. S. B.


GEO. S. BOUTWELL, Secreta¡'Y Tl'ea8ury.


Q. ",,'\Tas therc anything upon the face of the, transaction that showed
it to he a good thing not to accept bids for over $4,000,000 of gold?-
A. l· had in my mind a reason for such a suggestion. It was that there
\Vas considerable stringenc~' in the money market, or there were appre-
hensions of u scarcity of money; and l could understand that ¡¡copIe
engaged in financial a:ffairs in New York should desire the government
to pay out as much money into the ruarket as possible. Here is another
dispatch from Mr. Buttedield:


[The Western Union Telegraph Company. Dated Ncw York, Scptember 25, 1869. Re-
ceived at corner Fourtcenth street and Penllsylvania avenue 20-3 p_ m.]


'1'0 Ron_ GEORGE S. BOUTWELL, Secretary Trea81tl'y:
Dispatch received. Two millions (2,000,000) gold soldo Three ruillions (3,000,000)


bonds accepted.
DANIEL BUTTERFIELD,


A88i8tant Trea8Urel'.


On the same day 1 received the follo\Ving dispatch :
[By telegraph from New York, 25.]


To Hon. G. S. BOUTWELL :
J<'RANKLIN TELlWRAPR COMPANY, Septentbel' 25, 1869.


Golc1-room closcd and adjourned until Monda;'). Goll1 Exchange clearing-honse ruake
_ no settlements until Monday.


16-58.


1!AN'L BUTTERFIELD,
AS8Í8tant TreaB'Ul'eI'_


Q .. State what you said, if anything, in regard to Jay Gould's letter
to you ?-A. l\ly recollection is that l said nothing.


Q. State to the committee whether there was anything in the official
conduct of Mr. Buttcrfield to lead yon to suppose that he was in any
\Vay interested in gold or bonds during any of those days of the panie, or
immedi.ly previous ?-A. If you mean to confine your inquiry to the
time up to alld illcluding the 25th of September, l will answer, no.
There was nothing that had awakcned any suspiciou in my OWIl mind.
1 had heard charges or suggestions made that he was concemed in the


... speculations; but they were not of a character to produce any impres-
sion upon my mind, and they did noto During the events of the 24th and
25th, l did not suppose that he had any connection with the transactions,
except what was official and proper.


By Mr. Cox, (at the request of General Butterfield as per letter
on file:)


Q. Have you any knowledge or reason to suppose that General But-
terfield had at any time, from you or any of the officers of the Treasury,
any illformation or advice of the intended policy in the purchase or sales
of bonds or gold, that would have given him uuy notice in advance of
the public so as to make purcbases or sales for his own advantage ?-A.
1 have no reason to believe that he had any such knowledge. Early in
the season we transmitted sorne dispatches, 1 think, ordering tbe sale of




352 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
gold aud the purchase of bond s, which may not have been simultaneously
given to nmvspapers. This was before we had seen the ol\jee.tion to '
sending them direct to the assistant treasurcr, and to him alone; hut 1
think there was only a smaU number of such cases, when we first com-
menced tbe business of selling gold and bu;ying bonds. Very SOOB 1
came to the conclusion tbat the announceIDeut of purchases and sales
should be made through the Associated Press here simultaneously with
the transmissiou of the orders by mail to the assistant treasurer, so that
the public at large should be iuformed in the morning papers of tbe pur-
pose of the departmeut for the eusuing mouth, before the letter ordering
the assistant treasurer to make sales aud purchases would be receind
by him. But 1 think there were oue 01' more instauces in tbe beginuing,
when in the ordinary way 1 seut to the assistaut treasurer an order aud
left it to him to make the auuouncement in New York. 1 am not sure
that thcre was even oue such a case; but if there was there was only a
verv smalluumber. Q. Was that rule of yonrs to give information to the Associated Press
simultaueously with the assistant treasurer, in consequence of any 8U8-
picion you had of General Butterfield ~-A. Not the 1eas1.. It \Vas
because of snggestions made in the newspapers that parties obtained
advautage; and therefore it was tbat 1 seut the dispatcbes on Suuday"
eveuing, so as to avoid having' l1nything to do with the husiness the1'e. '


Q. State whether General Bntterficld has ever attempted, by 1etter
01' otherwise, to illfluence in any llIanueI' such purchases 01' sales 01' their
policy?-A. Of course 1 caunot say what he may have attempte.o do
throngh 1etters which he has writtcn. 1 can ouly say that 1 never dis-
covered in the letters which 1 received from billl any pmpose to infln--
ence, improperly, the actiou of tlte departmeut, in refereuce to the sales
of gold amI the purchase of bouds. 1 think the correspondonce.. will
show that he occasionally gaye sorne inforrnation 01' stated sorne facts
as to the condition of business 01' of the money market in New York;
but his motive in doing it 1 cannot speak of.


Q. What was the character of ({eneral ButterfieId's admiuistration oí'
the office of assistant treasurer for efficioncy, integrity, amI otherwise ¡
aud how did he discharge his tluties ?-A. 1 should say'tbat his admin-
istratiou oí' the office was vigorous, eflieient, and on sonnd business prin-
cipIes, as far as his administratioIl was disdosed to me. 1 speak uow of
tho administration of the office illdependeut of auy circurnstallce con-
nected with tbese gold transactions. 1 think he introduced sorne
changes into the management of the offiec that were beneficial.


By the CHAIRl\lAN:
Q. State in that same cOIlllection whether, on his leaving the office,


you fouud the accouuts in cvcry way right, and the fuII amount offunds
oí all sorts in the sub-treasury, as yon ougbt to have fountl thcm~-A.
There was a committee appointed to make the examination, alld that
committee has made a reporto 1 have uot myself examiued tho roport;
but 1 am informed that it shows that tho cash and fuuds in the office
were correcto


Q. PIease state to the committee what led to tIle resignation, and the
acceptance thereof, of General Butterfield's position as assistant treas-
urer in New York '-A. 1 sbould like, in that connection, to furnish the
cornmittee with the corresponden ce ou the subject. (The correspondence
is annexed to the testimony.) 1 will state wh¡l,t 1 think \ViII appear from
the correspondence, that rny letter to him suggesting tha,t some cxplaua-
tiou 01' statemellt of his alleged cOllnection with the gold trausactions




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 353
that culminated on the 24th of September was rendered necessary by
the publication in one of the NewYork papers-I think in the New York
Sun-of a 1etter from 1\Ir. Lane, c11arging him in some form oí' 1anguage
with bcing concerneu in the arrallgement which culminated on the 24th
of September. ::\11'. Banfield, the Solicitor oí' tho Treasury, was sent to
New York Oll that subject, and Itad in'terviews with n:lr. Butterfield, and
]earncd sornething oí' tho condition of public sontimellt there which, as
reported to mo, was very strong in tIte opillion that he had been C011-
nectod with the gold speculatioll. I onght to say that, while I had no
sufficiont testirnony showing that he was cOllcerned in tho combination,
and whilc rny own rnind was in great donbt w11ether he was implicatcd
in it, I was clear in the opinion that his usefnlness in that officc was so
diminished, and tho public ll1ind was so strong in the opillion that he was
implicated, that it was a unty on the part of tho governmcnt to ask him to
resign, even if he were innocent. 1 thougltt it was one of thm;c cases
where, as a public omcer, 1 was bOllnd to insist OH having a man in that
position on wbom su eh snspicions did not rest, although they might be
unfounded, amI although it would be a great personal sacrifice to him
to leave the office undel' snch circumstances. Yet still it was m,}' duty
to insi:,;t npon it. How far the correspolldence, will disclose that expres-
sion of opinion 1 caunot say, because 1 have not read it 01' late. T only
know that my efTol'ts were directed to a change in the office with as lit-
tIe personal annoyallce or humiliation to ~Ir.13nttertield as was possible
ullCler the circumstances. I think that there 18 one letter to General
13utterJleld sent by 1\11'. BanJleld, which was Hot !tctualIy delivered to
him. This letter was dated, 1 think, October 22. (This date is fixed
from subsequent examination of the copy oi' letter.)


By .1\11'. JONES:
Q. "Vere these facís pl'esented to you indicating his complicity in the


gohl transactions,' 01' did yon request his l'esignation from mere·rumors
only, from newspaper allegations amI charges~~.A. The statements in
that letter oí' MI'. Lalle wero. very specific. lVIl'. Blltterfield came here,
alld in conversation cxplained sorne of the matters alluded to there, and
perhaps denied others. '


By Ml'.Cox:
Q. Uan yon state húw long' MI'. Butterfield was retained in tohe office


after tbese transactions ?-A. I shonltl mthcr rely upon the record for
that. It \Vas some little time, pl'obably three 01' foul' weeks.


Q. "Vas hi:,; retclltion in office for so many weeks. after those tl'ansac-
tiOIlS in consequcllce 01' your failure to gct a successor ~-A. We had
sorne difficulty in that respect; that is to say, there was some delay
growing, out of that cil'cumstance. •


Q. Was he ret¡üneü in the oIDce for so long a time in conseqnence of
any request of the Bxecutive '?-A, N o, sir. 1 think the President 1eft;
it very rnuch to me.


By MI'. SJl-lITII:
Q. State whether t11e poliey has been urged on yon of purchasing


bonds directly in gold, instead of in cnrrellcy'?-A. Yes, it has been
presented to me; I will not say that it was urged npon me.


Q. What, in your judgment, woulcl have been the effect of such pro-
eeeding on the gold market, ancl on the bond market?-A. Before 1 com-
menced the pnrchase of bonda, 1 consiclered that matter, and there wera
rcasons satisfactory to me in favor of tIle course which I took as against
tIle proposition to purchase directly with coin. One oí' those reasons


H. Rep. 31-23




354 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
was that the transactions would be limited. If we offcred coín for
bonds, wc should offer coin to those ouly who had bonds, 01' who could
get them; but if we (}jl'ered coin for enrrency, we offered it on the face
of thiugs to a larger number of people. If aman could not get coin out
ofthe treasury, except by first getting bonds, it would lead to business
difficulties in the way of merehauts and others who might want to buy
goltl to pay duties, 01' foI' other legitimate purposcs. They would be
obliged first to lJUy bonds. It would place a monopoly in the l'urchase of
gold in the hands of men who owned 01' who CO'ltld ¡¡mehase bonds. 1
thonght t.hat a serious objeetion to the propositioll. In addition to that,
at sorne seasons of the year, our reeeipts of currenc,r fl'Olll ordinary
sources are les s than onr enrreney expenditures; while at other seaSOllS
of tIJe yeal' the eurreney receipts are eonsidcrably in exeess of the enr-
reney expenditures. By seIling eoin for eurrcne,r, 1 can arrangc thc eon-
dition of thc treasury without going into the mal'ket, amI ostcnsibl,r 01'
openly seIling coi n for the purpose of raising eurreney to lllcet the ordi-
nary eurreney expenditurcs of the government. It enablm; the Secre-
tary of the Treasury to have eommand, not only of the gold balance ill
the treasury, but also to make his eurreney balance mect tlte exi:,;ting
condition of things. For instance, this montlt 1 have adyc1'tised tlle
sale 01' foUl' millions of coin, aml propose to buy only tlYO milIions of
bonds fOl' the sillking fundo ~ear tIle ent! of this lllonth we sltall be ob-
liged to advance several millions of eurrency for pensions, due on tlle
4th of March. "We shall have to transmit currency to distallt parts of
the country. I therefore anticipate, unless the receipts from internal
revenue are very large, that our cnrrency expenses tbis month will ex-
ceed our currency reverme; the1'efore, 1 buy onl,r two ruillions of bonds,
and oi1'er to sen four millions 01' goltl, in onler to strengthen the trea8-
ury witIl cnrrency.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. State whether, during the months of Angust 01' Septembel', the


considemtion was pressed on yon that g-old should not be sold while the
grain crops were being sent to ma1'ket, -so that by gold beillg retainedin
the tre:1sury, ami by the priee of golü being allowe<1 to go up in the
market, the erops eonlü be 8ellt fot'wanl from the ",est Qver the rail-
1'oa<1s, and exported abroad at enhanced prices; whereas, if there were
cOllsülpmble sales of gold during that periotl, it wouhl produce a stag-
mitioll in that class of busincss, and tllus produce distress in the COUll-
trJ'. Siate whether that poliey waR urged on the adminiRtration ?-A.
Such representations were macle to me.


Q. PIease statc what your opinioll was, 01' is, concerning the wisdom
of sueh a policy as tIla,t, during that period; 01' whether it made auy im-
pressioll on yon as ,L t.hillg' tlmt ought to be eOllsidered °1_A. lt llevel'
mude ruuch impressíon upon IDy milld. It is undonbtedly ditlicnlt to
moye tIle erops on a falling market in goll!. If tIle market is station-
ary, 1 should sllppose that it is mtllcr imrnaterial, so fal' as tlle erops are
concel'llcd, whether the price of gold is 20,2;'5, 01' ~)O. By tlJat 1 mean to
say tbat I should not feel it my duty, as Seerctary of tlte rl'rcasury, to
nndertake to re¡.,rlllate the priee of g'old, with referente to that miltter;
aml, 1 muy say, to reguIate t11e price of gold at aIl. 1 haye !lot acted on
that tlwol'y. r eonsider it fol' the interest of tlw Coulltry tl..wt the pre-
miulll 011 go1<1 shonld diminish, and T hope the time "\ViII come w]¡el!
there lViU be no premium on it. TIut 1 think that that result must be
wrought out by the clevelopment 01' tlte iutlustry oí' t]¡e country; aIHl
tbat fol' tlle Treasnry to f01'oe dOlVn the pl'icp of gold ut ally time belo\\'




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 355
what the natural condition oí the country wonld dictate, would be bad
policy. There would be a reaction which would be more pernicious
than to aUow gold to take its natural course; and 1 would like to say
that, in the sale of gold, which 1 ordered on the 24th of September, my
object was to arrest a movement which 1 thought was calculated to di-
minish the revenue of the country, to paralyze business, and which
might possibly result in failures that woul<l be very disastl'Ous, and for
which therc was no necessity in the natural condition of things, if the
combination had not been formed.


By MI'. PACKER:
Q. You thought the rise in gold speculative entirely, not natural ,-


A. Yes; and 1 want to say that 1 would only interfere to arrest a spec-
ulative movement when 1 had good reason to believe that it portended
serious evils to the country.


By Mr. JONES:
Q. Your theory is quite different from that of MI'. Gould, who wished


to raise the price of gold 1-A. Yes, sir.
Q. "\Vhen yon threw this golo upon the rnarket in New York oid you


buy up a corresponding amount of bonds1-A. Yes, sir. 'Ve adver-
tiseo to seU f~mr millions of gold; bllt there were representations made
whieh 1 tllOllght hao some foumlation, that the sale of that amount of
gold wonld be injurious, that it would force gold to a very low price,
tl1at th~re would be a reaction, ano that it would tenel to in crease specu-
latíon. Thel'efore, \Ve sold but two millions of golel and purchased
th1'('e millions of bonels.


Q. \Vhat eliel you get in exchange for golel ?-A. Currency.
Q. 'Yhat <lid you huy thc honds with~-A. 'Vith currency.
Q. Viel ;you huya 81,000 bono for $1,000 in curreney1-A. No, sir.
Q. Suppose a bondholder came out anel said that he wanted to seU a


$1,000 llOUd, \Vonld he reeeive $1,000 in national bank notes 01' green-
backs for it ?-Lt. 1 bad no sueh offer. If anybody should ofrer to seU
to tlle goVel'llmellt a $1,000 bond for $1,000 in greenbaeks, 1 do llot
know but 1 should feel justified in accepting it; but 1 had no sucll 0ffer.


Q. 'Yhen you purcllascd theso bond s why did yon not 011'e1' Clll'1'ency
for them, dollar for dollar ?-A. :i supposed it useless to do it. 1 haye
never really thought of it.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. These two letters from J ay Gould, on the 30th of August amI 20th


oí Septembe1', whieh you have laid before the committee, were they
answercd~-A. The letter of the 30th of Allgllst was receiveel at
'Yashington while 1 was in l\hssachusetts, and Judge Richardson sent
it to me. 1 wrote a sho1't answer to it, of whieh 1 kept no copy. 1
think it was formal and indcfinite. 1 "do not think there was anything
in the answer that was direetly responsive to anythillg that the letter
containcd. 1 saw publi.shell in a Ilewspaper in New York a letter from
me, which 1 presnme was a trne copy of the letter whieh 1 wrote him;
hut 1 have not even that copy. Tlle letter of the 20th of September 1
made no rcply too


Q. State what action you took in reference to the Tenth National
Ballk, aml your reason for such action ~-A. On the 23d of Septcmber,
the day before the crisis, 1 hall a suspicion that there must be some
hankillg institution in New York concerned in that affail'. 1 sent fol'
)11'. Hulbunl, Comptrollcr of tlle Currency, and asked him if he had
anJ information that would enable him to designate all~' ballk that




356 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
would be open to a suspicion of beillg concerned. He mentioned the
Tenth National Bank, and stated to me, 1 think, (I am not certain that
1 got the inforll1atioll froll1 hill1; but on that day, or abont that time, I
outailled the informatioll,) that Fisk & GOuld owne¡:l $501,000 of the
million of capital. He also ll1entioned two other uanks which he thought
might possibly be concerned. On that 1 determined to send a commit-
tee to New York to investigate the Tellth National Bank, and with
powcr to examine other uanks, if it shonhl be thoug-ht necessary. 1
selected tbree persons, upon consultation with Mr. Hnlburcl amI Gelleral
Spinner, who \V'ere reputed to ue good accountants in the department,
to go to New York. I sent word to them to rernain after business 11ours.
MI'. IInlburd had prepared a eOll1ll1ission special1y for the examination
of the Tenth National Dank, and, as 1 recollect, a general eOll1ll1ission
foI' t11em to examine other uanks, amI the.y were dispatehed to Ne"
York that night, with instructions to visit the Tenth National Bank at
the opening of business in tlw 1l10rnillg. T.hey had a letter oi' instruc-
tions to examine the Tenth National Bank aTHI other banks, if they founcl
it llecessary. .Yly reasons for sencling this committec to Ncw York at
that time were two: One was to ascertaill whether anv banks were
eng}lged in a Illoyement snclt as this \Vas uuclerstoou to [le. ~Iy other
rcason was this: 1 was nnder t.he impression that if Fisk & Gould,
and the parties associatecl witb them, ,,-ere using the Tcnth Natioual
DanIe, 01' any otber nationaI hallk, amI relying l1pon it fol' support in
theil' operatioIlS¡ that ii' the eombinations to carry up the ))rice oí" gold
did not break from other causes, this check upon their uase of operatioTls
might prevent the ad vanee oí' gold OH the 24th. 1 directed 1\11'. Bige-
low, U!HIel' certnill eireumstances, to prcvcnt the certitlcation of checks
by the bank if they were earrying it on to suclt an cxtent as to enrIan-
f!.~r thc condition of t11e bank. One reason 1 had was the hope that
in that way we lllight l)revent trie eontfnuance ot"tIle cOlllolmréÍüfi ór
cntting off theil' snpplies.


Q. Did yon order the eommittee to stop their iuwstigatiolls before
they had completecl them, 01' Jid tItey complete theil' examination and
make a full report el_A. 1 am uot quite sure as to tlw· eireulllstallces
undcl' whieh they werc direeted tI) sllspell!l olleratiolls, uut r uJHlerstood
then, as 1 understand now, that they continued theil' iuyestiga.tion until
they ascertained the e0I111ection of this bnnk with these transaetions.
vVhether they examined the uank as I\xaminers do whell they go iato
its eutire operations to aseertain its stulllling', 1 am uot surc. Thcy
were llot S(lllt there speeially fol' that purposc. Thcy were sput there
for the purpose oi' aseertaillillg ,vhat eOIlIHlctioll tllis ba.nk, in lLlly oí' its
operatiolls, had with the eomoillatioll tú put u1' the priee of gold.


Q. What irupression was left Oll .r0ur millll as tho result of the
investigatiolls concerning the eomplreity of the ballk with the gold
lllovernent ~-A. 1 have no deilnite opinion as to how far tlley were inter-
ested in it as pal'tieipators in the proJlts 01' losses 01' these pl'ocee!lings,
bnt 1 hacl a very distinct opinioll that the pI'oeeedillgs, as they \Vere
reported to me, were hazardolls in the extreme, amI wholl.r unjustifiable.


Q. And were made use oí' by the clique in gold~-A. I ull!lerstood
that parties hall their checks certified there OH the 2:lü antl 21th to a YO!'}'
large amount.


Q. Statn to the eommittee whether yon belicye the eertificntioll 01'
checks can be broken up withont sel'ious injt1ry to the transaction of
business~-A. lt would be an impedimcnt to bmülless.
(~. A sufliciellt impedimellt to more than cOllntel'balallCe the advan-


tages oí' I'cfusing it ~-A. No, sir; 1 thillk not.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 357
Q. You are still of the opinion ;ron expresscd in yonr report?-A.


Yes, sir; 1 am still of the opinion that it is, practical1y, very dang-erous
in times of trouble, ancI will aggravate the disasters of a panic.


Q,. To what extent would yon recommend its being prohibitedJ?-A.
"Not that tltey should not certify cbeeks when currency 01' gold is depos-
ited with thcm, but that they shonld not certi(y on other cItecks. If
currency were actualIy df'posited. anu tIte certified eheek were eltarged
off agaillst the deposit, the ol\jeetions wouh1 be very mnch duniuishCll.
1 do llOt think thcy would be serions, but the Iaw passed by the last
Congress, as 1 am iuformed, is in a great dpgree illoperative, amll l~Oll­
suIted, 1 IlIay say bere, with the AttoI'Iley General as to whethel' \Ve
had tlte power to enforce that Iaw accordillg to the idea which 1 had 01'
the purpose of Congress in passing it. 1 was advised hy him, anr! m,y
O\yn opinioll concul'l'cd with his in tIte matter, that we had no pu\\'('r to
e1lforce it; that if one ccrtified cheek was brought by a depo:;;itary and
deposited, and the ballk too k the responsibility of passillg tlle Ulllouut
of tlle check to his cl'edit as eash, he lllight t11en dmw npoIl that bank for
an amonnt IIOt excecding' the halance due to him, and they coulrl er~r­
ti(y that check, whieh cl!eek eould be deposited in another ballk by a
cw:\tomer oi' that bank, who oonll1 draw against t11at halanee, aml :;;0 OH.


Q. PIcase state to t11e eommittee whether in your transactions throug'h
the snb-treasury in "New York, in tbe sale of goId for eurrency and the
purc11ase then'witb oí' honds, yOll make ally u:;;e of t11e Golri Exchunge
m' the Gold Exchallge clearing-honse in New York.-A. 1 ca1l only say
tha.t it has neyer been brongilt to my knowledge that we do. -:\fy atten-
tion has llcver been direeLed to that point. 1 ha ve never madp any
inquiry in regard to it, bnt I have llcver supposcd that we hall.


Q. Please state to t11e committee whether yon know sufficiclltly thc
doillgs of that instiLution to ha\-e a defillite opiuion as to its valu(~ as an
intititlltioll fOl' trade amI lmsiness.-A. No, :;;ir. 1 haNe never had oc-
casion to have an opinion whether it was necessary 01' otherwise.


Q. PIcase s(ate to thn eomrnittee whether Mr. COI'bin has pre¡;:sed
npon yon 01' yonr department any particular financial polie~T!tt ally
time, either personally 01' in ",riting,-A. I!tlll HOt aware that he eycr
has. 1 luwe no knowledge tllat !tuy IeHer has ever been receiyed at
tile department from him: T have never rcceived any myself, amI I
htwe no knowledg-e of :'.fr. COl'hin, except that 1 belie\-e he ealled npon
me at the Astor House w11en 1 siopped there, in September Jast, preYi-
ous to the panie. lhave 110 rccollection of any conversation 1 hall with
him. There wero a good many persons who called, and 1 reco11ect
among tbe cards on my tahle seeiug his carel, and upon thillking ove1'
tile persons wilo hall caBed I liad in my mind aman whom 1 supposed
was 1\11', COl'hin. He probably did not stay long. 1 had no recollection
01' the eonversation 1 hall with him, fOl' at the time it did not occur to
me that he was 1\1r. COl'hin, After I saw his card it did oceur to me
that lw was the President's brother-in-law.


Q. Did he caU upon yon the SLLlHIay alter tlw breakdown ?-A. N o,
sir j 1 have no kuowledge of eVCT scC'Íng him since,


Q. \Vas the leatling editorialof the New York Times, Friday morn-
illg, September 24, telegraphed to yon ol' to Y0Ul' department, as far as
.ron know'?-A. 1 have no reco11ection that it was. 1 ought, however,
to rely upon t11e records of the department rather than my OWIl memory
as to the fact. 1 can say that if it ",as telegraphed it made no impres-
sion upon my milld, 10r 1 do not rcmember it 1l0W. .


Q. Yon received a large llnmber 01' dispatches upon that day, did you
1l0t Y-A. Yes; we \Yere receiving numel'OUS dispatches.




358 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. Please state to tIte committee what was the general drift of the


financial discussion at the Union League dinnerwhich was given to ,von
as you came through New York, so far as you can remember it.-A. T11e
Ihnner, 1 think, was about the mÍlldle of September, and occnrred OH
my way from my residence in J\-Iassachusetts to 'Vashington. M,v recol-
lection is t11at there were two opinions upon the subject. 1 obselTerl
from the speeches that were made that there were some persons ",ho
thought gold was high enough, or, perhaps, too high, and others who
thought it would be advantageous if gold were higher even than it \Vas
then.
(~. Ditl you on that oocasion observe anything that appeared like a


concerted effort to impress upon your mind the' necessity oí' putting
gold down ?-A. No, sir; 1 did noto 1 was invitod by MI'. G1'inIlell to
this ditlller. 1 did not supposc that it had any significance except tUl
:tu ud of friendship on his part to me. 1 weut tlwre without ureaming
that thore was a plan upon the part of anybody to induce mc to do 01'
not to do any particular thing. 1 heard the vie"s expressed at t110
table, and saw that the1'e was considerable ü:~eIillg 'upon the part oí'
some men in 1'egard to financial affai1's.


Q. Did you give any expression of vicws thc1'o that wouId Ieat! tho
pel'sons present to understand anything specific as to what your finall-
cial policy would be ?-A. 1 did not design too My impl'ossion 01' what
1 said is that it was chiefly upon tho importance of fumling !1 portion of
the natiOlJ<11 debt at a lower rate of interest.


By l\fr. J ONES ;
Q. ¡\bout the time of this panic in New York, when thePresident was


at Saratoga, did he g-iye you anyinstructions 01' sug-g-estions as to seUing
gol<l Y-A. N ot at Saratoga. lie never gaye me any instructions as to
8elling gold at any time.


Q. 1 mean suggestions as to the proprieíy of solling gold at this parti-
cular time ?-A. About the 4th day of Septembor, 1 suppose,I think
Oll tho evening- of the 4th of September, 1 received a Ictter from the
President, clated at Ne" York, aR 1 n~collpct it; 1 am not sure ,",'here it
was dated. 1 have not se en tbe lette1' since the night. 1 receivell it. I
thillk it is llO" at my residence in Groton. In this letter he spoke, 1
thiuk, somewhat of his purpose of returuing to 'Washington, and when
1 should be here. In that 1ette1' he expressetl au opillion that it ,ya s
undesirable to force clown the price of gold. Be spoke of tlle import-
ance to tlle vYest of being able to move thoi1' erops. IIis idea was that
if golel should fall the 'Vest wouhl suffer and t.he movpment, of the t:rops
would be 1'etartled. Tlle impression maele npon my miml by tlle letter
was that Ile had rather a stroug' opinion to that eflect, but at tlle same
time, in tlle 1etter he said he had no desire to control llIy pUl'pose il1
regard to the managementof the Treasnry; that he was entire]y satisfied
with it, &c" amI he 1eft the matter to my jndgment entirely. 1 saw
from tlle letter that it was his opinion tbat the sale of gold in auy COI1-
siderable quantity might carry down the price of it; alld that ii' the
pl'iee \Vere to fall the 'Yest would be em barrassec1; that they would uot
be able to moye t11eir crops and get a retum.


Q.Tlrell just previous to this panic did yon receive any suggestions
from him on the ¡;mbject~-A. He also wrote me a letter which 1 haye
with me.


Ey 1\11'. COBURN ;
Q. Did yon know of auy order in 1'€latioll to the sale of gold givell


directly to General I3utterfiehl from tIte Presidettt 'i-A. Oh, no; 1 do llot




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 359
think the President would interfere about that. The Ietter to whieh T
have last referred is as follows:
N]<~w YORK CITY, September 12, 1869.


DEAR SIR: 1 leave here to-morrow mOl'lling for 'Western Pennsylvania, amI WillllOt
reach Washingtotl before the middle or !ast of next week. Had 1 kllOWll before maIr-
ing rny arrallgemellts for starting that yon woulo. be in thi8 city carly thls week, 1
would have rmllained to mect you. 1 am satisfied that on your arrival yon will be
met by the bulls and bears of 'Vall street, am! probab!y by merchants too, to induce
yon to sel! gold, or pay the Novembcr intorcst in ao.vance,on the oue sido, aml to hold
fast on tho othor. Tho flwt i5, a de8perate struggle iR now taking place, and each party
want the govcl'llment to help them ont. 1 write this letter to advise yon ofwhat 1
thillk ;ron rnay expoct, to put yon on ;ronr guardo


1 think, f'rom the lights before me, 1 wonld ll10"l'e 0\1, without change, until the pro-
acnt strugglo i8 overo


If yon waut to write me thi8 week, my address "in be Washington, PennRylvauia.
1 wouId Iike to hear yonr experience with the factions a.t all events, if they give you


time to "rite. ~o doubt ron wiU have a better chance to judge than 1, for I have
:\Yoided general discussion 01' tlle ~u bject.


Yonrs trnIy,
U. S. GRANT.


Hon. Gl,Ol(GE S. BOUTWE!.L, Secrctm'Y of theTrea81l1'Y.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. The lette1' ,vOU now exhibit to the committee is the originalletter.-


A.. Yes, sir;' it is the President's writing throughout. When 1 left
Wa.shington about the 1st of August 1 had an understanding with
J udge Riehardson that the sales of gold fo1' the purposes of the sinking
fund would go Oll in the mOllth of September; that any additiollal sale
would be a subject of cOIlsideratiOIl. Indeed, aU along \Ve have p1'oceeded
upon the idea that sales for the sinking fund should be made in any
circumstanees likely to arise. On the 1st of September 1 wrote to
Judge Riehardsoll this lctter. (Letter appended to the testimony of
this witness.) Upon tho receipt of the President's letter on the even-
illg oí' the 4th of September 1 telegraphed to .Judge Riehardson this
dispateh: "Send no o1'der to Butterfield as to sales of gold until you
Ilear from me." Tite intention oí' this was to limit the propmmls fol'
tlle sale of gold for the month of September to sales of gold for the
sinking fund: TIte paper all'eady presented will sllow what was done.


By 1\Ir. JONES:
Q. Do you mean to say previous to the l'eception of this letter of


September 4 that yon had onlered the sale of gohl ami the pnrchase of
bonds, alld that a±'ter the reception of that letter you had revoked the
ordel' and contined it to tite purchase of bonds fol' the sillking fllnd 'q-
A. Yes; 1 sent this dispatch whichJndge Riehardson understood to
refer to sales 01' gold over and above what was necessary for the sinking
fund fol' that month, except that 1\[1'. Spirmer made during that month
the sale of an amount of gold, probably eight hundred thousand dol-
lal's, whieh he had eolIected as interest on the bonds already owned by
the go\"ernment.


Q. Then you were acting rather in accordance with the suggestion of
the President not to push down the price of gold.-A. The suggestion
of the President, that he thought a fall in the priee of gold would a1feet
unfavorably the bringing of the crops frolll the vVest, led me to countcr-
mand the oruer for that month, so far as it authorized anything beyond
what was necessary for the sinking fum1.


Q. How did you consider the letter of the 12th of September, in whieh
the President said "1 would move on;" did he mean to say that he
would act in pursuallce of his policy-that is, not to endeavor to check




360 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
the price of gold ?-A. 1 understood it to mean that in the existing con·
dition of things in New York, as they appeared to him OH thc 12th, he
wonld adyise no change iu our prograrnme for the mouth oí' Septelllber.


Q. Tlmt was the onIy IcHer yon l'cccivcd from tho Prcsident aftel'
that of the 4th of Septelllberf-A. 1 thiuk so.


Q. \Vhat poliey do ;von understaud to be referred to in the President's
letter of Septemhel' 12, which he thinks ought to be carriod out for Sep·
tember?-A. As 1 llnderstood it, it was that he would allow the existiug
order to remain, which was, as 1 recollect it, to seU a million of gold on
alternate weeks for the benefit of the sinking fund during the month of
Septernber.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. \Vas tIto aotion of the gOYernmellt iu auy way changed 01' thwarted


dnring that monthf-A. On the 24th of September we issued an order
for the sale of four lllillion8 oí' goId extra.


By 1\11'. Jo::ms :
Q. Did ;you receive any other letter from tho President after this of


the 12th 01' September, Ol' any suggestion frolll him in HUy "ay what·
ever, as to tIle Jlolic,Y of selling goId 01' withholding "?-A. No, sir; 1 came
to \Vashington Yery 800ll arter this, aUlI the Prosident also returned to
Washington.


Q. Did ,ron 1'eceiní ally eommunication ü'om the President while he
was at \Vashington, Penllsylvania'?-A. i\fy imprcssion is, noto 1 have
no 1'eeollectioll of l'eeeiving a lettcr from him. 1 eertainly recei ved no
communicatiotl from hilll, unIes:s it was in writing, aud 1 sbould rClllelll·
ber it if 1 haü receivcd sueh a COlllrmmication.


Q. TIten 1 understallll .rou, after the writing of that lettor, you received
no comlllllnication ff:om the President, written 01' otlwrwisc, in refereuce
to the sale oí' gold.-A. Rot nntil I rnet hirn at \Vashillgton.


Q. \Vhell did yon meet him in 'Washington 'I-..:\.. 1 alll llot able to
sayo TIle fil'st time I rccollect haviug a eon8ultatioll in refereúce to
the price of gold in New York \Vas 011 the 2.'3<1, the day preec<1ing the
explosioll orcrlsis. 1 went ove!' to tho Execntive i\fallsioll tlwt evening
for the plll'l)O,~e of talking in referenee to tIle condition of the couutry
growing ont of this lllovemellt in regard to the IH'ice of gold.


Q. W~laL were his views thOll '!-A. Ris views were thatif the price
of gold ad \"<1need materially tIle next day, m; \Ve apprehendcd it ,yould, it
would be tIte dut,Y oí' tIle goveruwellt to seU gold to saye the country
from tIte disastel's oi' a panie.


Q. \Vhat was the price of gold OH that day ~-A. :\'Iy recollection is'
that it was abúut 145.


Q. vVas it the President's opinion tIlat, unless it advalleetl, it would
not be politie tú seU gold "I-A. 1 do not tIlink any opillion was expressed
on that point. 1 know this, ho\Vever, that the Presiüent depreeated
exceedillgly tIle high priee 01' gold at tIlat momento He thonght it
was ,m injury to the country, as 1 did myself. He thonght it was an
uunutura] priee for gold.


Q. '.rhe inference from that letter of September 4th was that tho sales
of gold onght not to be pressed '?-A. N o, sil'; 1 do not think tIle Presi·
dent, in writing 01' in any othor way, indicated his desire that gohl
should arlvallee. The suggestion was that it ¡.;hould IlOt be forced down
during the lllonth of Septelllbel' when the el'ops were to be moved; tbat
they conld llot be moved as well upon a falling market as upon a sta·
tional',Y murket.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 361
Q. Did he think in this interview of the 23d the prico of gold was


too high'I-A. Ycs; that it hafl been forced np by a combination; that
there was no natural cause that justificd the then existing price.


By the CIIAIRJ'¡IA~ :
Q. ,Vas there allything in cithcrof the letters of the Presidcnt that


yon reganIcd as an oreler f-A. No, sir; 1 was left entirely freé, anel by
the terms of tlle letter received Septcmber 4 he stated that he did not
wish to control my action.


Q. Has the President, at any time since yon have been Secretary of
the Treasury, given a di1'ect 01'(1er to you as to the sales of gold ?-
A. Neyer. 1 want to say t1lat in all the sales of gold and tIle purcha,scs
of bOllds, a1thongh 1 have sometimes consulted with the Prcsident-alld
1 havc not always consulted him-I considcr myself officially responsi-
ble far aU tlmt has beea donc by the Treasury Department in regard to
purchases aIld S¡tlcs, as well previous to the letter 1 rcccivcd on the 4th
of Scptember as subsequent to it. J did not then regard any material
advance in the lH'ico oí' gold as probable, amI 1 thonght it was compar-
ativel,r illllnatel'ial whethe1' we sold four millions durillg that month 01'
1'efrained; but 1 saw tho President had an apprehension that the p1'iee
of gold migl1t be forced down f.o the injur,r of a large scction oí' tho
eonntry, aml 1 respectecl tl1at opinion.


By 1\11'. Cox:
(~. Haye yon stated in that eonlleetion tho law 01' laws whieh author-


ize;; yon, as Sccretary 01' tIte Tl'easnry, to seU gold Y-A. 1 understand
tIle law as giving me that authority.


Q. \Vltat. is the law whieh authorizes yon tú seU gold fol' any pur-
pose ?-A. 1 llave not tIte statntcs befo1'e me.


Q. Could not you refer to the law by date so that 1 can consult it~­
A. 1 (~(mld llot at this momento lluwe cxamined tIle act so as to satisfy
myself that there is lawfnl anthority for the sale of gold.


Q. \ViII ,ron fnmislt to the committee a reference to that authority?-
A. 1 will do so. (Statutes Xll, eltapters 33 and 142.)


By l\Ir. J O;{ES :
Q. Yon stated in answel' to the chairman t11at the Presidcnt hall never


ordereü sales oí' gold. In this Ietter of the 13th of September he makes
a suggostion as rega1'ds your polie,r, amI says, "1 wouId moyo on;" has
it bcen his habit to make suggestions OIl thi8 subjeet, or has he eyer
done so in otho1' letters to yon '?-A. 1 thil1k thesc two ldtcrs to which
1 have referrcd are thc only Iettel's in whieh he has made suggestions
to mc about the financial poliey of the government. 1 ollght to say that
when he was here 1 consulted him not. in l'eferencc to ever;y step, but we
frequently conversed together.


Q. vVhat díd you undersbLTlll by the term "moyo on '!"-A. 1 uIlllcr~
stond by it that Ite wouId then advise no changos in our programme for
t11e IIlonth of Soptemher.


Q. That he wou1d go 011 in the same way you did for the month 01'
August ?-A. ~o.


By tIle CnAIR::VIAN :
Q, llas t11e1'e been any corresponden ce bctwcen thc Treasn1'Y Depa1't-


ment and General Butterfieh1, othe1' tIlan what you have already men-
tioned, tonehillg gold transactions 01' gold certificatesf-A. ] uuderstand
there was a cor1'cspolldence bet\\"een General ButterfieId and Judge
Richardson, the ARsistant Secretary, in reference to the aUloUllt of gold




362 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
ccrtificatcs outstanding held by the banks oí the country, but 1 ha,·c
not read that corresponden ce.


Q. Please furnish the cornrnittee with a copy oí that correspondence '?-
A. T will do so.


Q. Have you any knowledge oí a check oí ten thousand uollars of
General Buttcrfie1d which is alleged to have been carried in the accounts
of the sub-treasury~-No, sir; 1 ha ve IlOt.


By 1\11'. LYNCII:
Q. vYhat cOIluection has the certification of ehecks by the bnnks with


any operations of the governrnent 01' the Treasury Department Y-A.
As far as the business of the sub-treasury is concemed, especially in
New York, where rny attention has been more particularly directed, 1
have enueavored to prevellt the custorn absolutely. 1 thillk formerly
they have been received; that there has heen a disposition on the part
of tlle sub·trcasurers to use the.m as a mattcr oí eOllveuience. 1 think
the ordenl 1 have issued haye broken up that practice entirely.


Q. State whethcr the general certifieation of ehecks by tIle ballks of
tlle coulltry, which appears to be disapproved by tlle department, has
HUy cOlluection whatever with the opcrations of the Treasury, ol' whether
it only eOJl(;el'IlS the general business of the cOllutry.-A. 1 think it
should he saitl, as far as 1 know, tlmt it concorns allllost exclusively, if
Bot entirely so, the general business 01' the conntry, aIHl /lot at all the
business of t11e Treasury Department.. 1 umlerstand tbat tbere is a
practice amollg tIle internal revenne offieors of receiving checks in pay-
lllent of taxes. 1 huye 110 knowledge as to 110w far it extemls.


Q. Let me ask yon whother, so faI' as the gOYernlllent is concemed in
its operations, it has not the power to protect itself entirely ill regard to
thesc eertified eheeks without any legislation upon the snl~jed?-A. 1 con-
sider it unlawful for any agent of the Treasury Department to recei,'e
a certitied check on account oi' tlJe govcrumeut. (.2. Tbon no legislation is lIe(~et'isary to protect the goverlllncnt ?~A.
~o, sir; 1 do Jlot umIerstand that thero is.


By tlle CIlAlRlHAN:
Q. lf t11e lIutional hankt'i should certi~y checks to a yer,r grcat extent


JIlight thcy not ultimately come back on the Tremmry throngh tho guar·
antees \YO a!'n compelIed to give them, aJ](1 thns indirectly affeet 1he gOY·
el'llment fillances ~-A. 'l'here is a possibility of tIJat, but in the first
place their circulation is protected b,v a deposit of bOllds, amI tito banks
that are made <lepositories 01' gOYertllllent fllnds by the dellosits of col·
leetors oí' internal revenue 01' disbmsillg officers are requil'o(1 also to
make a deposit oí' goY(-'rnment bonds, amI wo illtelH1 to keep tIle de·
posits in each hauk at an amonnt 1(>.8s than the amonnt of bonds in t1le
hands of the Treasurer of t11e Ullited States as 8eeurity 1'01' sllnh lleposits.
It doos, 11owe\"er, sometimes happeu in tho course oí' bm;ine'is; wheu the
receipts from internal rcvenne are lurge, thnt t11c deposits in a particular
ballk may exceed the amoullt of secnrities in possession oí' tlle goyc'rn·
ment. ,Ve eudeavor to avoid that, unel to require that tlle secl1l'ity shall
al\Yays be ample.


By MI'. LYNcn:
Q. Do yon communicate through the telegraph any cipher'?-A. 1


think two commnllicatious were made in tlw cip1lel' oí' tlle compan,)" Oll
the 25th 01' September in regard to the bills. 'rIle cipher wonld he Ull-
derstood by the operator. There was no ci])l1er used OH tIlo ~±tlt,


Q. It has heen testified before the cornmittee that t11e purposc of tIle




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 363
department to sel! gold was knowl1 in New York sorne time befo re it
callle from the sub·treasury. Is tIlere a governmel1t telegrapIl opera-
tor'/-A. ~o, sir; so far aR 1 know tbe department has no fhcilities in
respect to tIlo telegraph be;rond tboso. which every individual has.


By tlw CHAm:yrAN:
Q. Do .r0u lmow of an;r oflicer of the governmellt of tIle United States


who was intcrested, direetl;r 01' indireetl.r, 01' eonccrncd in the specula-
tivc movement in gold in SepternlJer Iast 'Y-A. 1 do noto The only per-
son on ",110m an-y snspicion rests in my mind is General ButterfieId.


1\11'. (Jox prescnted the following Ieiter as giving the data on which he
hall asked certain questions of the \\-itncss :


TUE ARLINI:TON,
Washington, n. C., Monda!}, a. 111., Jallual'!} :31, 1870.


My DEAR Sm: AH yon al''' the only member írom Lhe cit,y of New York of the COlll-
lllittee on Ballkillg alld CUlTcucy, before \\'llic]¡ 1 was examiued Satunlay, 1 addl'ess a
uote to yon to makc a l'equest in your official capacity, aR heing tho only reprcsclltative
frolll lJly llOme OIl tllat cornmittee. 1 l'eSpectflllly ask, befoI'e your COllllllitten closes its
labors, t1lat t1l0 following gcntlcmcu lllay bH sllmmoned before yon, vLo: IIOll. G. S.
Bontwell, ~sq., of the Treasury, Hon. "\V. A. Richanlson, late Assistant Secretary of the
Tl'easnry, amI Geucrul Spinner, Unite(l 8tMos Treasn1'er.


1 (le~il'(, these gentIcmen to be askcd fuIly whether they hav(> an~' knowlcl1ge, or
reasou tu bcli~ve, tlmt I lIad at auy tillle, fl'olIl thclllselves 01' their 8uborrlinates, l<ti.')
int'orlllation 01' al1vice oí tllcir iutelllle(l policy 01' pluchases 01' sales uf bOlllls oI' gohl,
Ilmt, would hltVe givcn me an:; notice in advallcc of the puhIic, to make pUI'chases al'
sales fuI' rn,)' OWl1 al1vantage; nIso, whetlwr 1 eve1' attemptc<1, by letter or otherwi8c, to
ihJlnencc, in any maune1', snch purehascs OI" sales 01' their policy; also, ,~dlUt was tlw
chamcter of my aclruiIlü;tmtioil oí' the oftiee of assistant trcasurcI' for eftidc)]ícy, integ-
rir~-, 01' otherwise, aml ho\\' I discharged my dnties.


I aak Jndgc Richardsoll to be sununonetl, bccause he was tlle acting 8ecretar)' for a
month during 111'. Buutwell'K abscllce, in OI'der that tlle whole time lllay be covered;
amI l ask General Spillllcr to be ree~tlle(l fol' the 1'eason that he lllUSt have alnlll(1:tnt
opportullities to estimate an(1 know with regard to these questions. Evideuce on tlÚti
point is called for by lllaIl)" considerations of justice and fairucss to lllyself; also,
lJecallse 1 have been examillccl tOllcllillg other officinls and witnesses.


If not improper, 1 rcspectfnlly request that tllis letter lllay be made part of the record
of the cOlllmittce.


Very respectflllly, youI' obcdicllt servaut,
DAN'L BU'f'l'ERFlELD.


Hon. S. S. COX, 01 New York.




364 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Pnj'~hase oi bond,~ by fhe Secl'etnl'Y oi


Aetof- IActOf~r.aTrltll
3. leGo.


I
----------------~ -------


Febru~ry2;;. :Ma~ •. _3.1864:1 June30 18Gt; Mayana ~o· i
Date. On what account.


____ ________ 1862·_1 o·;JO,. i.- '. __ ' Y'~I
'1t~::~2 Sinking fund __ .. __ ... ____ . ______ -- ... 1 $:300,000 11, . _______ . $700,000 _ -- ----1 rn ~~ ~~
June ~& ::::::::::: ---- -- 2~g: rgf I


9


.:::::::::: 1: ....... ~'. 000
-- -- ·1 20, 000


40,000
22.'), 000
470,000


.. _-_ .... _- ..... -- ...... .


21 I Spccial pllrchase ... __ .... _____ . ______ 1 ,.;!~1 900 I 5, roo 802, (,on
28 1. ____ . <lo __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ d.3.),000: lDO, 000 20~, 000
29 : Siu ldIJg fnnd .. _____ ... ___ . __ . ____ . _ . . 4()!, 000 i 3.), 000 (¡5, noo


Áng'1 t l. SjlP':\l~ pnrehase ..... ' .. _ ... - .... . .. r~~: (¡~~ I 1O~: ~~g m, ~~g
12 Sin king fUlHL l .. m, 000 I 32~ OOU 48: 000
LB SpeCÍa 1 pnrchasc __________________ . . 435, 000 I 2;'5, 000 :330. 700
25 . ___ .. do. _. _____ , _. _. __ ._ •.• _____ ._ 2G6,7."';0 , 25:),000
26 Hinkinf~ fnml. . _ _ _ ::¿7~, 000 1 _____ . . lU4,000


Sept. 1 Bpecial lmrchase _____________ . _. ___ . _ 2:>8.500.. .. _ _ _ _ 640,500
1~ .-' __ .. <10__________ 4~~:~~~ l'::::::::::: 316 000 ~~ ~¡:~l<~iZI~:::l;\;';~:'::::::::::::::::::J 2fUg~ I----·io:coo HHg~
::!3 RIllL.i1H~ fHIHl.. __ . _ ----- _ --_. __ -______ 1 117,500 ____ __ _____ 302,000
25 Special pnrchase. ______________ 185,950 ___________ Ion, 00,)


Oc!. ~: ~¡~l;l~hé~: :(~;,~~~,~,~,~: i):,;~~¡;~o;::': l·. 2~~:Z~g ¡::::: --. 400 ~áH~g
1~ s¡","",¡ purchase .... _______ .. _ __ __ __ 5·1.000 __________ . Ki, ~OO
~D I . tlo _______ . __ . _ . _____ . ____ . ______ I 50, 000 1 ()'3 OUO I
21! Sinkin~fnn<1 ____________ .__ -------- .. -- ----------. ---- ... ~l~.,'.O.(.)O.: ~7 I Special pnrcha.'ll ______ .. __ __ __ __ __ __ 6,000 1,000 o


Nov. ¡ : ... __ .do ____ .. __ .. 1:3:2, U~,'O __ . _. __ .. _. _ 282,800
Sin1"ng; fun,L , ___ ... _ ..... ____ .... __ 190,0110 113,000 ;


4 I RIlPeial }I11rdmsB_. _ .. __ . ____ . . _ _ _ ·:1(;,300 2:3,000 1 51 Rinking fUDd, (inteI'rst purchase) - - - 110,000 15) 000 70,000
5 Specia1 fn11(l, (inter"Ht ¡Illr"hasc) ... 110.000 163.000 '


10 Spceia1 pUl'cha'e......... (jOJ,OOO ........... 1<l,000


140.000


5.\0(10
140,000


411. :>00
72. COO
~O, 000


179,800
67. UOO


233,000
129.500
860.00Cl
1l0,000
:114.000
1:l5,000


09.050
21,300


227,400
15J,000
14(;,200


SI, ~;)O
12:3,500


2,000


4, loa I


3.000
30,400
2,000


17,001\
(j, :300


;;P,OOO


17 HinkingfmHl. ___ ... __ .. _______ :n,:10n 4d,lOO 12,000
17 "¡)Pó" 1 puro hase. __________ . 2(;4, COO __________ . 293, 500 27.\ QOO
24 ____ . do. _________________________ . fi17, (,0 , 319,100 10G, (lOO


Dec. 1 ____ . _ do _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ·n7,700 2: 000' I 5,t:!.200 80, (lOO
2 f;jnking' fnn(L _. ___________ . _ .. _ .... "" 74, 2;")0 ~4!), ,;~O ~2, 000 :
8 Spceial Pllrcha:·w. _ . __ • _ _ _ _ _ _ _ l,01:i, 300 ,=<!;J.OOO ",11, ....... (1 :2:1'7,4:-iO '


15 ______ do __ .. _______________________ . 219,73:) ___________ . 24(;.(;03 l:J:l,OOO:
ID Sinkill~fnIld-.-- ... -..... --------- 1·W,300 1,UOO 2~O.OOO h·!j;,OOO i
22 Rp(~ei~ll pllrC'hasc ... _. _______ . __ .. ~~7~, 100 ______ . __ . _ 401, VíO 7~, :m/l I
29 ______ do . __________________ . 1;>R, ;,.,0 ________ .. _ "no, 100 3Sl'. 3311 ~
30 .RinkillgfllIHL _______________________ . __ 23,000 I.:.:.:.:.:..:.:~I_ 3')7,000 __ ¡j8,~i


TotaL ______ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --. 11, 1~'l, 5.)OL~ _749,400 11,773,400 5,670, GOO I




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


the Tl'easul'y ro Decembm' 31, 1869.


Act of March 3, 1865.


COllt-:lols. 18678. I 1868s.
Total,


............ j .............. _. __ ... _. $1,000,000 $1, 155, 070 00 11J.;'O 11;'. ;-;0 138\


... _. _..... . $704,000. __ ...... _. 1,000,000 1,168,512 10 11f>.85 116.18 1-11}


....... _._ .. 1. ___ ... ___ ..... -.... --. 70,000 81,71800 116.74 116.20 1441
_._.0 ___________ •.. _______ '0'_' ___ 1,000,000 1,J53,58150 llJ.33 115.02 140~


$75,000 415,000 $125,000 1,00:1,000 1,164,058 90 116.40 116.04 139&
100,000 820,000 BO,OOO 1,000,000 1,161, Da7 00 !JG.19 116.07 ]:)0


:::::: ::::: .. _~,.~~~,.O~O ::::::::::: 1, OO~: ~~g l" .1: .~5Z,. ~~o 00 1115.29 . ~~5 .. ~~ 137~.
01751,,0000°0 1,515,000 '--1-0'0,000 1, 6~0, OOJ, 1,870,402 50 1]11~·. ~g 113. E3 1 D7}
" 264,000 1,000,000 1,158,228 25 "o~ 115.83 1 :17}
275.000 665,000 ... __ .. ___ l,OOU I UDO 1, 158,09t! 75 115.81 115.F2 l:n~
2GO,000 2,571, UOII .. _ •. _.. 3,000, 000 ~, 496, 4Tl 00 116.55 116.00 136;¡
868,000 1, 4~3, "DO :lCíOO 3.000,000 3, ;'18, OH 00 117.27 116.24 136!!


1, 7l~, 000 617, 000 ~OO, 000 3,000,000 :J, 607, 622 DO 120.23 1 116. B8 1:171,
210,000 7~0,000 ¡ ........... 1,000,000 1,201,f1:íO 00, 120.1il ¡117.0;' 13G}


1,118,0:10 3(1),000 171,000 3,000,000 3,600, 02il ~~ I 120.00 117.44 133
1 295 000 200,000 500,000 3,000, OUO 3,604,8,,9 00 120. 16 117.76 J:lni


'313; 500 fi1,000 44,500 1,000,000 1,201,570 55 120.13 117. 83 1:1:,~
542,530 97, 000 ~G, 000 2,000,000 2,131,136 RO 121. 53 118. 11 l:l~~,


1,032,700 lGl,50fl 177,500 2,000,000 2,42'2,03827 121.10 118.30 l.l,).,
200, 000 ~36 000 ...... 1,000,000 1,198, ll:n 70 119.89 118. 3,; .1:l4~
475,000 :10:( 000 31,000 2,000,000 2,378.71'1 81 118.94 118. :39 l:n
412, ;WO 1ao,430 15,500 2,000,000 2, 3S!), j39 01 11ft 47 11e.4;) 133l
429. (JOU 4,000 21,000 1,000,000 1, 196.247 80 119.62 118. 48 133~


r 83.50
1 8;).4:1


80.93
t!:.-!. U3 I
S:l. ~2 I
83.59
83.92


365


83.56
tiz. 99~
82.93
82.63
82.85
83.00
e:I.13


~4. 19 b3.37
84.23 83.47
84. 2:~ 83 . .').j
83.15 83.93


~~: ~~ I ~!: ~~


188,000 5ilO, 000 EJ,OOO 2, OUU, OOU 2,401, :HJ1 00 120. 10 118. ;;6 133}
771,000 262,000 40,000 2.000, 000 ~. 356, 000 00 117.80 11R.53 136 !


87.89 85.01
88. 69 1 85. 53
88.19 85.84
88. 43 I 85. 93
RO. 46 86. 18
89.37 86.39
SR. 89 86.47
e9. 43 86.64
89.66 86.81
8!1, 4,1 86. 88
90.2;) 87. U6
86.62 87.03
87,62 87.05
87.12 87.05
84.93 86.9ij
82. 41 8(i. 86
88.37 86.95
88.72 87.05
8'J. 19 87. 13
88. 37 87.15
8R. 44 87.16
89.01 87. 2~
SR. 91 81.28
88.53 87.30
88.09 87.32
88 60 87 36
8S.89 87.39
HR.72 87.41
89.94 87.42
89.46 87.43
88.85 87.47
83.7'5 87.51
88.81 87.52
RD. ~1 87.59
90. 64 87. fi7
DO. ID 87.70
90. 0:1 87. 78
91.!l~ 87.88
92. 05 ¡ 87. 93
91.9418S.03
92.52 88.13
92.93 88.18


423 ;,00 20R,7;,O 13,000 1,0::0,000 1, 18:J, 072 53 118.40 118.52 133k
1,041: 5:>0 4:)1,400 48,000 2.000, 000 ~,36l1, ti:l!! 5:> 118.48 118.52 13d
1,274,6jQ 261, ~OO 2B,000 2, 000, O~O 2,387,1);'7 62 116.88 118.45 137ll


147, W~ 120,000 73,500 1, Ollll, 000 1, 1G:>, ;;48 50 116.5,; 118.41 141}
1, ~52, 200 1,214,150 92,500 3,000,000 3, 5:17, 158 16 11790' 118'18 133.42
1,6115,500 4~4,700 11,500 I 3.0JO,000 3,47:3,53312 115: 78 1118:23 130.50


681,500 979,500 18,500 2,000,000 2, :119, 139 18 115.95 11R.l;; no
231,000 67" 000 23, 000, 1,000,000 1,150,945 10 115. !JO 11~. 11 l:nl
23,300 96: 200 34,000 1 1;';],500 173.1,,7 60 116.08 118.10 131!
('8~l, ,,00 1, lGn, 600 3,500 2,000,0110 2,318,883 53 115.!H 118.03 UD!
19G, (100 1,611,000 20,000 2,000,000 2.31-1, 0-19 00 115.70 117. g,; 1:lO¿


1,000,000,. ___ ......... _ ........ _ 1,000,000 1,152,00000 115.20 117.91 l:¡Ot
H50, 000 1,000,000 _. . ..... 2,00:1,000 2, 2!)2, (;00 00 114.63 117.80 1:10l


1 522 150 4 LíO '1 1":00 '2 000 000 22;)7 2;)W 21 11:! (i 117 G3 1'27ü
27f< 250 404: 7::'0 1~: ~oo 1: 000: 000 1 1; 1':39: 090 '20 112.90 117.;:):3 127
723,9;;J 118,0,30 11, "DO 1,000,000 1,126,843 7·1 112.68 117.50 127


_ ... _ .. _ .. _ ........... _ ...... _ ... _. 433, 000 492, 158 94 11~. 66 117. 48 12G~
100,000 . _.......... ........... 201,300 227,580 ,13 113.0fi 117. ,17 1263
41:'),(;00 827,00:) 1:13,000 2,000]000 2,2.=;9,0 o 00 11:.!.!J5 117.::14 1~71
3f)4, lOO 472, GUO 40,000 2,000,000 2, 2.jÜ, 51:~ ti!J 112.82 117.2L 127k
660,900 309,000 107,000 1. 000, (00 1 1,129, 0:l9 02 112.90 117.13 1'!7h


1,420, 100 4~~, 700 114,500. 3, OUO, UUO :J, 382, 483 67 112.73 116. Do 126}
833, 100 I 40, í.00 6·1,000' 2,000,000 2,205, !l92 '!l 110.33 '1' 11G. 80 1211
26:3,.0;)0 1;)1,100 34, :JOO I 1,000,000 1,102, G30 61 UO.2(j 11G.72 12;2!
~8~. 000 11:1,800 9, ~oo I 2.000,000 2, ~·lfl, ~36 56 112.41 116.61 1 ":I~


1, 214~ 200 125, !}.')O ~IOJ 2,000,000 2,2:30,710 90 111. 9~ HG. 50 1':!1}
436, 200 I 7. :300 .... 1 1' 000, 000 1,118,412 34 111.81 116.43 121l


1, 170, ~l,w)O 7i,600 500 2, oon, 000 2,21:1, D83 8;1 110.70 llG.:11 ]:.!)1
1,077,5:;0 140,2:;0 4,000 2,000.000 2, 2JO, 427 12 111. m 116.191120


360,0:;0 220,000......... 1,000,000 1, 110, :;07 RO 111. 03 116. 14 119~


31,388,650 125,090,700 12,613,500 188,478,808 102.754,943 98 1--:-:-:-:-:-:- --:-:-:~T=" -.. -.. -. --. -.. -.. -----




366 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Tbe tollowing papers are teferred to in the testimony of }fr. Boutwell :


Sales of coin and average jwice ]la id fol' the same fo IJeccmber :n, HI69,


Date. i I
__ A_m_o_"_ll_t_"_OI_d_' __ '1 A,,,,,,,,, ~'''':"'-


Al'ril29.... .......... ................ $1,000,000 SI, 3-10, 12000 I
~lay 6 1 000 000 1, 3ül, !J;.!,J OU M~)'l:i:::::::::::::::::::::::: ::::::: ÚOO: 000 1, 3e4, 100 00 I
May 20............................... 1,000,000 1, 4:1S, :J'2:í 00 I
Muy ~4...... ........................ 1, COO, 000 1, 4~1, 110 00 :


1869.


Average. Total ay-erage.


$34.01 $34.01
36.19 :35.10
38.41 36.20
4:1.82


!
38.11


42.11 :B.91
May 27............................... 1,000,000 1, :loH, r.:lO 00 38.86 I :~~. 9O
May 31................... ............ 1,000,000 1, :1'5, 470 00 ~it!. 5J :k~, t::.i
.J une 3. ............. .......... ....... 1,000,000 1, :3?2, 647 5') 38.26 :38. j'K
.Tune 7 _____ . __ . _____ . ___ . ___ . ___ .. _ _ _ 1,000,000 1, acG, ;J!:'z !Jü


:j~;~~ ~L:::: :::::: :::::: :::::::::: ::1 U~~: ~~~ U~Uj~ ~g 31'. üj 3K 76 38.93 38 .• 8 39.18 38.82
.J une 17 I 1 000 000 1, 37B, 773 62 ~\~i~~~;:"l ~~i i~~ ~
S(·ptcllll)(~T'11 ___________________ ._____ 500,000 fl2:J,1:W 00 i


3'/. 88 38. ,·1
36.7G 3'3.3(:1
36.68 :~b. 4;")
37, SO :J,~. 3H
33. ;53 :ld.21
a~,. 24 :3j.4;3
:36.13 :17. !l3
:tt 07 :l7. G7
33. (;ü 37. !J7
:36.29 :J"í.14
3ü,42 37.42


:-kptcmbc'r 23. _____________ . __ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ 2,000,000 2, (j(j::!, ;3,:)0 00
S(ptcmbor2iL________________________ 897,000 1)170,4~O;;0
S"ptember30.......... ......... ...... 1,000,000 1,304, 630 l~
October 1 ...... ......... ............. 1,000,000 1, 2n9, ,108 S;;
Ottobrr5 _____________ . _____ .~.------- 1,000,000 1,~!)9,414:37
Udober 8 .......... .. .. .. .... .. .... .. 1, 000, 000 1, :1l2, 0:10 7"


g~:~~~~ i¡ : :::::::::::::::::: :::::: ::' U~3: g~Z Ug5: ~~~ gg
OI\Í"bl'l' 15 ................ ........... 1,000,000 L 300, 198 00
October 19 .. ......................... 1, OUO, 000 L :300, 211 CO


:33. 42 37. O~'
30.49 3G.82
:10.46 :iG.57
29.94 :16.:n
20.94 :lG. OS
31.20 33. no
30.2G 35, -;1
30.03 35.60
30.02 35.31
30.02 35.17


Od"ber 22 ........................... 1,000,000 1, 311, 300 00
Odober 2G . .. ........ ................ 1,000,0110 1, 30'J, 54:1 2.'
Oeto ber 28 ....... . . . .. . • . .... . .. .. . .. 1, 000, 000 1. ~t8, ,,"0 ;¡;:¡
Odobcr 29 _. _________ '. ___ .. ___ . ____ o 1, UOO, 000 1, 2~;j, 101 00
Noyember 2. _________________ . ___ . _ __ 1,000,0(1) 1: 27;'), Z:~J 7.3
Xovumbcr5 . ________________ , ... ,._ 1,000,000 L2G7,(jO,10U
}.¡'"OY('Ill'lJer 9 ____ . ________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 1, OUO, GOO 1, ~jO, !)U12 ;2;)
"Xoycruhcr 11. - - - -- --- - - - - - - - - _ .. - - - - - 1, DAD. 000 11,' ~~;~.' ~,i~; .~)'OII
¡'¡-OYI'IIl h(\r bL _ . _ _ _. _ _ _ 1,000: 000 _vv l_


:n. u 35.07
~O. o;¡ 31. S()
2~. ~ü :14.7:3
2,. ;'1 34.56
27.52 :14. :16
~ü. 7G 34. OH
27-. ]0 33. UH
~(j. :=;ü 33. "Ii


';:?G.58 :~:l. (j2
X OYClU ber 16 _____ . _____________ . _ _ _ _ _ 1, 000, 000 J, :!'70, 7:l!1 50
Xon~lillH'r JiL ______________ . ________ . 1, 00:), OO~ 1, ~!íi.>, :~30 20
XOY(,llllHT ~;L ______________ o __ •• _____ 1.000,000 1: 2ü.)' 4GB 7;")
XO\'Plllbor 25. _. _. _ ... ___ . __ ._, ... ___ 1,000,000 1, :..!3:2, l':-~ 7:¡
X O\TIl1UCr ~ü. ___________ , ___ , ____ , __ , 1, 000, 00:) 1, 24,1, 7f15 2;-)
1 }eC(' mber :j . _ . ______ .. _ .. _ . _ . _ .. _ . __ . 1, 000, 000 1, 221, 030 00
J)eeemlwr 7. _____ .. _________ . __ . __ ". 1,000,000 1,227, R-m 00
lJvCl'1U bl'r a ........... .............. . 1. 000, DUO 1, 23:;, ~,,3 ~o
[)CCCUl ber 10 . ... .. .................. . 1; 000, 000 '1' 1,228,211 !i0
DcC'clllberl,i .. _ ... ____ . ______ . ___ .__ 1,000,000 1,2~1,!J07 50
Dec('m ber 17 ........... . .. . .. .... .. .. 482. 000 :;PI, nH :10 I
Deccwber 23. ... .. ................... 1,000, COO 1,204,849 31
Doce,mbcr28 .. __ .. __________ 1,COO,OOO 1,:200,G.'i7 00:
December 31 .. .............. .. ....... 20,00U 24, COI) DI! I


Total ............................ [-. ---;:J,'m,OOO 70, Oa3, 326 82


27. U7 :UW
2(i. 5:~ :n.30
2G.55 33.1;',
23.21 3:!. D7
2~. 58 32. 7~)
22.10 3~, :JG
22.78 32.36
~:t 5~ :12.17
22.82 31. ~O
22.1!J :n.i'O
21. ;1fi in. ,o
~o, 4d :n.4"
20. O;) in. ~7
2U.Ol 31. :.!7


_._---


CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE TREASURY DEPART~mNT A1'\D THE
ASSISTANTTREASURER AT NEW YORK IN HEGArW '1'0 GOLf) Al'\D GOLD
CERTIFICATES,


l. From aetlllg Assistallt Treasurer to Comptroller oi Currcney, August 30, 18&9, ask-
ing copy of circular to ¡:ational uanks, oi' Angnst 25, 18Ga.
~. Frolll sallW to ,amo, Scptember 10, mw, inclosing hallk statmnents of coin assets, &e.
:1. From Coltlptrollcr of Currcncy to Asústallt Treasurer, New York, SC]ltclllucr 20,


1869, illclosing eoin accounts oi' llational lJUnks.
4. Froll~ sanH\ t.o salllO, Septembcr 21, 1 t'GH, cxhihiting items cOllntcd as speeie ill


nu,('lOual lJauks.
5. r'rolll Assistant Treasurer Butterfiolll to Assistant Secretary Richardson, Augnst 11'),


1869, in l'tlgu,rd to prevcntion oi fraud in gohl certiíica tes.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 367
6. From Assistant Secretary Richardson responsive to Assistant Treasurer I3uttcrfleId,


August 19, 1869.
,. From A8si~t:tnt Treasnrcr llntterfioltl to Assistant Secretary Richardson, August 20,


186D, statcUlcnt of goIc1 certificates agrees wHh Trcasury reconls except as to
$15,000.


8. FroTÍl Assistnllt Secretary RicImrdson to Assistan t Treasnrer I3uttcrfield, August 21,
1869, nUll1bcr of coio certificates he1<1 by llationul uun}¡s.


9. From Assist:lllt Treasurer Buttflrfielc1 to Assistant Secretary Richanlson, responsiva,
Allgnst 23, 1869.


10. Frolll Jay Gonlr1 to Sccretary Treasury, August 30, 1869, in foganl to the Sccre-
tary's fiu:1Ilcial policy.


11. From sallle to same, Scptcmbcr 20, 1869, suggcsting forty-five per centum as price
of golc1.


12. Prom Uuitcu Statcs Treasurer Spinner to Secretary Treasury, September 28, 1869,
with statemcnt of amollnt of gold ccrtülcatcs.


13. Report of cornmittee, gold coin and bnllion in sub-treasury Ncw York, Dccemoor,
2,1869.


No. 1.


U~ITED STATES 'l'nl1ASVRY,
XelO York, LÍI/gnst :,0, 1869.


SIR: 'Vill you pIcase cause to be forwanletl to me ten of your circular lctters to
national uank8 bcarillg date All/-\,nst 25, 1869, and accompanying forms of Rtatement to
be rendered Septcmber 8, 1869, of coin, &c., ou hand, and oblige, Ycry rcspeetfnlly,


W. G. WHITE,
Aeting LÍ88istant l'reasurer.


Hon. H. H. HULBURD,
CompiroUe'/' of Currency, Washington, D. C.


No. 2.


UNITED STATES TREAstmy,
New York, September 10, 1869.


SIR: 1 bcg to incloso herewith the statements of somo ofthe city hanks, not national,
as to the items lllaking np their coi n aS8cts, Oll tlle lllorniug of Septelll her 8, 1869.


Thc Golll Exchal1/-\,c and others, whose statements are incloscd, CX¡HCSH a desire to be
furnished witlL tlle statclllcnt Uf thc gelleml resulto 1 should wish to ha vo gi ven thom
all the infoTlllation yon fnruish.


V cry respcctfully,


Hon. H. R. HFLEUl~D,
COn/plrQl/er ofthe Ctlrrency, Washington, D. C.


W. G. WHITE,
.Ácting .Á8sistant Tl'easU1·er.


NOTE.-Thf1 stntement hereto appended, markerl A, is a copy of tha consolidation of
the origillal detailed statements.


A.


Statement cxhibiting t7w items embraccd in th/J coin 01' 8pecie account of the thirteen State banks
of New York City, at tite comllwnccment of business on thc ¡¡¡oming of Wedncsday, Septem-
bel' 8, 1869.


Gbld COi11 •• _ •• _._ ••••••••• __ ._ •••••••••• _._ •••• __ ••••••• $26a,645 00
Go1([ bars ......... _ .......•............... __ . ..... ...... . ........ .


$263,64500
Silvcr coin .... _ ....•. _ ...... _ .... _ '._ .... _ ...... _ ...... . 124,05459
i'i1verbars ...••••....•.••...•. _ ._0._ •.•. _" _ •.......


124,05459




368 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
GOLD ·CERTIFICATES.
Ten~ .................•.•..•......•.••............... ' ...... .
Twenties .........•............•... "' ........... , ........ ..
Hunureds .................................................. .
l'ive hundreds ............................................. .
TlJolIsands ................................................. .
}'ive thollsands ............................................ ..
Ten thousands ...... '" .................................... .


$9,180
122,200


98,000
216,000
360 000
60;000


Chccks payable in gol(!. ........................................... ..
Con pons payablo in golcl. ........................................... .


Other items connted as specie :


$865,:{8000
45,491 :n


5550


Description...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ...... ....... ........ 2,85521
------


Tota!. ............................................................ l,aOl,48161


To COMPTROLLER OF CURRENCY, Washington, D. C.
--- ---, Cashier.


No. 3.


TnEASURY DEPARTMENT,
OFFICE OF CO~IPTnoLLER 01<' CrmmNCY,


, Wa8hington, Septelllbcr 20, 1869.
SIR: 1 incloso hcrcwith statement exhibiting thc ¡tems of the coin accounts óf the


natiOnlLl banks of the United Statcs on the lllorning of the 8th instant, anil will too
1ll0rl'OW semI you a iletailcil statement slltlwing thc ilifferent items of specie held by
thc banks of t'¡lC several States and Territorios.


Ver y respectfully,
H. R. HULllURD, C01llptroller.


General DAN'L Bl:TTEIWmT.D,
.dssistant '1)-easurer United States, New Yor~ City_


NOTE.-Statoment appended marked B, with supplemcnt marked C.


B.
Statcment exhibíting the items mnbrace(¡ in the coi n 01' spfcie account o/ the llatíonal banks o/


tlw United Sta tes, at the commence1lwnt o/business on the nWl'lling of Wedncsday, Scptcmber
8, WJ9.


Gúld coin ............................................ $5,489,572 57
Go1d bars.......... ...... .... .... .................... 43,91936


----- $5, 5a3, 491 93
SilV'er coin .......................................... .
8i1ver bars .......................................... .


GOLD CERTIFICATES.
Tens .................................................... .
Twenties .............................................. ..
Hun(lreils .................................... ~ ......... ..
Five hundre(ls .......................................... .
Thousands .............................................. .
Fivc thousands ......................................... ..
Ten thousallds .......................................... .


545,81597
20,34034


$34,700
366, ~100
283,500


1,034,000
8,390,000


380,000


Checks payablc in gold ............................................ .
Coupons payable in gold .......................................... ..


Other items countcd as spccie :
Description ....................................................... .


Total. ......................................................... ..


566,15631


10,488,500
:1:{9, :154 :la
183,57625


:37,062 64


17,148,141 46


--- ---, Cashier.
To COMPTROLLER OF CURRE~CY, Washington, D. C.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 369
TREASURY DEPARTMENT,


OFFICE OF CO~1PTROLLER OF THE CURRl<JNCY,
Washington, AUguBt 25, 1869.


SIR: Will rou do me the favor to fill up the form furnished herewith, so as to ex-
hibit a detailetl statement of the iterns of which your coin or specie account is com-
posed? The ÍnformatioIL is desired for general or statistical purposes, and not with
any reference to the eondition of the banks in this respecto


In order that the returns may bA sirnultaneons, you arA requflsted to 'make the state-
Illent at the eOllirneIWernent of business on the morning of Wetlllesday, Septernber 8,
1869. Pleasemail the return promptly on that day.


Very respectfnJly, yours,
H. R. HULBURD,


ComptToUer o/ the Currency.
To --- ---, Esq., Cashiel' -- }{ational Bank.


C. (Supplementary to Exhibit B.)


Stntement exhibiting thp itemumbraced in the coi n 01" Rpecie accollnt o/ the naliollal banks oJ
tite city o/ Ncw York, al the comrnencement o/ busine8s on tite morning o/ Wednesda.y, Sep-
tember 8, 1869.


Gold eoil1- . . . .. ...... .... .... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . ... .... $2, 395, 254 50
Gold bars.... .. .. .. .. .... ... ... .... ............ ...... 39,845 78


Sil ver coin ........... __ ............................. .
Sil ver bars .......... __ ..... __ ..... __ ...... __ ........ .


GOLD CERTIFICATES.


TAns ... __ . __ ..... __ .. __ ................ __ .... __ .. __ ..... .
Twenties ............................................... .
Hundreds .............................................. ..
Five hnndreds .......................................... .
Thousal1ds .............................................. .
Five thousal1ds .............. __ .......................... .
Ten thousands .......................................... .


217,37254
16,82284


$33,860
:~54, 200
280.000
998,000


8,250,000
3RO,000


Cheeks payable in goltl ............................................ .
Conpons payahle in gold .......................................... ..


Other items eounted as specie :
Description ...................................................... ..


TotaL ......................................................... ..


$2,435,10028


234,19538


10,290,06000
205,18724
48,638 50


7,41391


13,226,59534


'1'0 CO~IPTlWLr.ER OF CCluiENCY, TroRhington, n. C.
--- ---, Ca8hie,·.


Tlllc.\~eHY Dgl',\l\nmNT,
OFFICE OF C():\II'TI{t)LL~~n OF TIIE Cl:HRENCY,


Washington, August 25, 1869.
SIR: Will yon do me t.he favor to fill np tbA form fllrnisbed herewith, so as to exhibit


a deiailed statement of the items of which 'your COill or Rpecie aecouut is composed!
The illformation is dcsired for general or statistical pllrposes, and not with ally refer-
en ce to the conditiou of the banks in this respecto


In order that the returns may he sirnultalleolls, you arp reqllested to rnake the state
ment at the commencement of business on the morning of Wedllesdav, September 8
ltl69. Pleasemail the returo promptly on that day. • ,


Very respectfully, yours,


To --- ---, Esq., Ca8hier -- National Ballk.
H. Rep. 31-24


H. R. HULBURD,
Comptl"oller qf the CUTren&!J.




370 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATIONo
Noo 4.


TR~:ASURY DgPART~fENT,
OFFICE OF CO~IPTH()LLgH OF Tlm CURHENCY,


Septernbenll, 1869.
Sm: 1 inelose you lterewith a statAment exhihitiug the items eounted as specie helcl


by the natioual banks of tIte several Statcs and Territories, on the morning of thc 8th
iustant, whieh wilI, 1 hope, he satisfactory.


Very respectfully,
H. R. HULBURD, Comptroller.


General DANIEr~ BUTT~:RI"IBLl),
, AHHi8tant T!'easurer Unitcd Statc8, New York City.


NOTE.-The statement accornpanying the ahove was a, large, hulky one, exhibiting
the State and Territoria,l distribution of the iterns forming the a,ggregates of the COll-
solidated stó1temeut A 1'01' the whole United States.


No. 5.


UNITED STATES TUEASUUY,
New York, AlI[fust lB, 1869.


DEAR SIR; 1 have labored under lIluch apprehension with regard to gold certifi·
cates, ever since 1 have taken charge of this treasnry. 1 am trying to bring the mat-
ter te snch a system, as far as we are coneerned here, that any attempt at any fraud in
cOllncction with gold ccrtificatcs may be irnrnediately detected. 1 see no reason to
prevent fraudlllent gold certificates being kept concealed and unknown to govern-
mcnt in any 01' our banks, 8honld the bank officers have fi1iled to detect them an(l
rect'Ívcd them as good. Again, if at any time there should have been an over-issue it
conld not be detected short of calling in and canceling all olltstanding certificates.
vVhile 8uch things utay not have occurred, and 1 have no positive idea, that they have,
still it is a portioll of my dut,y to cxercise every possible precaution in the premises.


My attention is more particularly called to the matter, from the fact that the origi-
llal design 01' canceling all gold certificates upon their retnrn to the treasury and not
reisslling them, has been departed from-why, 1 do not kllow-and agaill, that rny
record here sItows outstanding only $:n,164,940 01' gold certifiratAs.


\Ve have in our own cash for daily use, and in remlincss fOl" interest payments, the
sum oL ..... __ ..... _ .................. __ ............ _ .•... _ ..... ,.... $10,122,980
'l'he banks repon last week (golrl) .... _ .......... _ ............ _... .... 24, 154, 4WJ
There is usually with brokcrs aIllI dealora, rncrchants, &c., say .... . .... 1,000,000


35,277,479


Iftbe statement is trne tbat the banks hold their specie all in certificates, tben thOe1'8
is good reason for apprehension. 1 would respeetfully suggcst that tIte national hank
examiners in New York, Boston, Pbiladelphia, and Baltimore, on a given day, say next
Saturday, as that is bank statement day, hedirected to visit aU tbe banks on tbat day
anu run over thcir specie items, takillg a hrief record of the arnount heltl in gold and
the amount held in certificates, the latter record to be taken 80 as to show the num-
ber of notes aJl(I uenolllinations. This record taken OIl the sI1me day, simultaneollsly
at thc poiut,s named, would develop an'y irreglllarity if such a thing exists. lt might
be done withont an examination, possibly by senrling a circular to the banks, directing
thern to make a specitic roturn as abo ve, at a given time.


It would be better here in New York to have an examiner familiar with golu ce1'-
tificates.


1 trust that 1 may not be considered as going bcyond the lino of my uuty by tho
8uggestion.


1 am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,


Hon. WILLIAM A. RWHARDSON,


DANIEL BUTTERFIELD,
Ás8istant Trcasurer.


Acting Secretar!J of the Trell8ury, Wll8hington, D. C.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 371
No. 6.


TREASURY DEPARTMENT, Áugust 19, 1869.
SIR: The suujeet of your 1et,ter of the l~th instant, in re1ation to t.he possibility of


frauds in the issne of gold certificates, had been somewhat considcred before the reeeipt
of your letter. It was for the purpose of guarding against snch cases that the nnm bera
of gold eertifieates redeemed e1sewhere were forwarded to you, that the fact of their
cancellation might be noted on your books. As all these eertificates are numbered
and recorded both in your offiee and here, is not that a sufficient guarautee against
duplicates ever being redeemed J lf you think it is not, we will take such other meas-
ures as on consideration you may deem best.


1 think there is very little probability that an that which the banks represent as
coin in their reports, is composed of g~d eertificates. .


Most banks nmloubtedly have some gold, and they often reckon matured coupons as
specie, 1 think.


Youra, respectfully,


No. 7.


WM. A. RICHARDSON,
Áeting Secretary •.


UNITED STATES TREAS'CRY,
New York, Áugust 20, 1869.


SIR: In rcply to your 1etter of the 19th iustant in regard to gold certificates, we have
checked up by records here with the statements furnishcd from your officc of 0111' issue,
and bave thus far bccn aMe to make' everything apparently straíght, with the excep-
tion of $15,000. The cause of 0111' being llnable to make this compare will be furnished
in detail by my cashier, who has been directed to prepare a letter giving detailcd in-
formation npon the subject. You ask me whether the numllering and recording of the
certificates, both in your office amI here, ia not a sufficicnt guarantee against duplicatea
over being redeemed ~ Whilc this, possibly, might be a sllfficient guamntee, astill better
precaution would be furnished by as definí te a 1mowledge as possib1e of the fact as to
the existence 01' non-existen ce of a greater amount of gold certificatcs tltan oue recortIs.
would sbow to he properly iSRued.


1 am still of the opinion that the best course to pursue with regard to the sul1ject is,
to bave tbe various treasuries amI the national banks furnish, on a given day, to be fixed
sufficiently iu advance to make thc statement simnltaneous, a detailed acconnt of
their gold balanco, givillg the amount in gold coin, and checks for gold on other banks"
and their gold certificates, the denominatíons and nnmbers. ..


'1'hese statements aggregated wonld undoubtedly show auy unauthorized 01' conntcr-
feit isaue of gold certificates in existen ce. A carefn1 comparison of tho record of de-
nomínutions and nnmbers of gold certificates outstanding with this rcturn would make
me feel more co~fortable upon tIlO subject.


1 am, sir, yonr obedient servant,


Ron. WM. A. RWHARDSON,


DANIEL BUTTERFIELD,
Assi8tant Trcusllrer.


Acting Secretary 01 the Treasuf'y, WaskingtO'/l, D. C.


No. ~.


TREASURY DEPARTMENT, Áugust 21, 1869.
SIR: 1 have consuHed the Comptroller of the Cnrreney in relation toO obtaining froro


the llational banks the nnmber of coín certificates heM by thero, alld he is qnite willing
to undertake to obtain the informatioll you desire. In yonr letter of yesterday on tbe
Hubject you Boem to incline to think it best to obtaiu a "detailed account of their gold
balances, giving tbe amollnt in gold coin ami checks for gold on other banks, their gold
certificates, denomination and number." This would complicate the inq niry somewhat.
'Vould it not be sufficient for all the purpose. yon roentioll to ask simply for informa-
tion in regard to gold certifieates Y


Yours,respectfully,


Hon. DAXIEL BUTTERFIELD,
..J.88i.~tant Treasut'er U. S., New York.


W. A. RICHARD SON,
..J.cting Secretary.




372 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
No. 9.


ÜKITED STATES TREASUHY,
Ncw York, AUgUBt 23, 1869.


My DEAR SIR: Yours of 2bt. in relatiun tu guld cert.ificates, &c., received. 1 think
tbat it woulrl be better to ask for tbe statemcnt entiro. If the gold certificates are aU
correct and rigbt, we would not like it to appear tbat we bad any idea or Ruspidon tu
tbe contrary. If it is tho custom of tbe banks to cuunt checks upon each other as gold,
it is desirable to know that fact, and to what extent it exista, it being a questiun having
mncb to do witb tbe gold resuurces of the conntry, and one tbat 1 auppose the Secre-
tary would be glad to be woll advised about.


The President asked me, when here, wbat amount of gold 1 supposed there was in
tbe country. I could give him no idea, for the reason tbat the banks probably count.
their gold in tbis way. Should you ask for a statement of the gold certifieates alone,
it might give rise to rUlllors or alarms that would be used for speculative purposes, or
to malign tho Secretary or the offieers of tbe treasury at Washiugton. 1 desire no otber
information tban the specific information witb regarll to "gold certificates," but it
8eoms to me mucb better to make the circular and inquiry broad enongb to prevent ita
,can from being used for malicious purposes. Say tbat they sboulfl be rcqnested t.o re-
port as follows, viz :


GOLD, viz:
Gold coin 01' bara .... _ ................................... ' ._ ......... $
Gold checks on other banks .................... _ ...... _ ....... _ . _ ... .


'-Gold certificatos .. _ ..... _ ............. _ ............................. .


TotaL .. _ ..... _., ... __ ................. _ ........ __ ........... .
Of tho gold certificates there are in- .


-10's ...... _ .......................................................... $
20's ......... _ .......... _.: .................... _ .............. _ ..... .
50's .......... _ ... _ ...... _ ..................................... __ ... .
10D's .... : ................ _ ..... _ .............. __ ..... __ ............ .
1000's ......... _ .•....................•••..........•..•.... _ ........ .
5000's ................ _ ...... _ ... __ •••.. __ ... _ .• _ •...•••..•.... _ .... .


TotaL ........... _ •..... _ ....... _ ............. _ ............. .
This report would, it seems to me, be more likely to avoid confusion and error thM


to cause it. My purposes and ""isbes will bc fully served by a complete return of the
gold certificates. The quicker 1 get it tbe better 1 shall be pleased and mado to f!leI
comfortable, if it fs found correcto


I am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
DANIEL BUTTERFIELD,


A 88iBtant TrfflSUj·(JI·.
HOIl. VVILLIAM A. RICHARDSON,


Acting Searetary 01 the Treasury, Washington, D. C.


General SPJKNER :
Can you ascertain frolU an tbe assistant treasurers the amount, &c., of gold certijiooteAi


held by tbem at tbe opening of business on tbe morning of Wednosday, September 8?
Mr. Hulbunl will to-day issue a circular to the banks for tbe same information from
tbem.


WM. A. RICHARDSON, Acting Secrctary.


THEASURY OF TIlE UKITED STATES, August Z'l, 1869.
Respectfully returned to the Secretary with the information that circular has been


addressed to the assistant treasurers and l:"llited States depositaries to procure the in-
forrnation desired.


F. E. SPINNER., Treasurer United Stafell.


No. lO.


OFFICE OF THE ERrE RAILWAY COMPANY,
Pre8ident's Office, New Y01'k, August 30, 1869.


My DEAR SIR: Ifthe New York Times correctly reflects your financial policy during
tbe next three 01' four months, viz: to unloose the currency balance at tbe trell1lury,




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 373
01' keep it at the lowe~t possilJle figure, amI also to .refrain during the same period from
selling or pntting gold on tlle market, tIma preventing a depression of the pre-
mium at a season of the year when t,he bulk of OUI' agricultural products have to be
marketed, then 1 think tlle conntry peculiarly fortuuate iu haviug a financial head
who can take a broad view of the sitllation and who I'ealizes the importance of settling
the ·lal'ge balance of trade against U8 by the extent of our agricultural and mineral
products iustearl of bouds anel gold. Yon no donbt fully appreciate tlle fact that in the
cxport of breadstufi:~ to Europeau markets we have ou our side high-priced labor and
long raíl transpo1'tation to compete with the cheap labor and water trausportation of
the great graiu-Ilrodllcillg coulltI'ies of tI!c Black and Mediterralleall seas, and it is
only by making gold high and scaree that the difference is eqnalizerl, and we are
enabled to compete in the London and Liverpool markets. It i~ not merelythe agricul-
tural and producing classes aU over the country, north, west and south, that are
cnriched by your policy of fnrnishing a foreign market foI' t,he sarplus prodncts ofthe
country, atgoorl and remnnerative prices, bnt as weU the mannflwtnring and commer-
cial intcrcst. 'Vllen the furmer classes are prosperons they buy amI consume Jiberally;
thus bringing prosperity and wealth to tlle latter interests. Tllis policy will abo greatly
venefit the vast railway interests-which can only prosper when tlle general bnsiness
of the country is prusperous.


1 sincerely believe that when the frnits of yonr policycome to be pract.icaUy I'ealized,
all classes, the pOOl' as well as tlle rieh, will accord yonr services a generons apprecia-
tion.


With many apologies for thns t1'ollbling you, 1 remain, yonrs, respectfnlly,
JAY GOULD.


Hon. GEO. S. BOUTWELL,
Secreta/'Y oftlte Tl'e({~IlI'Y, IJ'1l8hington,D. C.


No. 11.
Emg RULWAY CO~1PANY.


President's Office, New York, Septernbcr 20,1869.
MY D~;AR Sm: On the snhjeet of the price of gold and its effect upon the prodncing


interests of the West, permit me to say that during the months of September oI' tlle
p:u,t two years the price has averaged abont 45. Gold must range tllis year at abont
that premium to enable the export of the surplns crops of wheat and corno 'Ve have
to compete with tho grain-prodncing eonntries bordering on the Black and Mcditerra-
nean seas, and it reqnires a preminm of over 40 per cent. on gold to eqnalize our high-
priced labor and long rail trauRportatiun tu the seaboard witll tlleir cheap labor and water
transportation. As a practical prooI' of this proposition, there are now afloat for Lon-
don and LiveI'pool, from G1'eek ports alone, three hlludred cargoes uf corn, averaging
300 tons per cargo; while here, the gl'eat tl'lluk lines of raíl between New York,
the seallOard, ami the \Vest, are sllfiering for remunerat,ive freights. :?\Iy theory is to
let gold go to a price tllat we C¡ttl expnrt 0111' snrpllls prodncts to pay onr foreign debts,
and the moment we t11rn the balauce uf trade in onr favor gold will decline from
natural canses. In rny .incIgmellt, the government cannot afford to seU gold dllring tlle
next tllree rnonths, while the C1'op8 are being marketed, and if snch a policy were
annollnced it wonld immediately cause a high export of breadstuffs and an active fall
tra,de.


Yonrs, respectflllly,
JAY GOULD.


Hon. GIW. S. BOUTWELL,
Secretary Treasut'y, Washington, D. C.


P. S.-In adc1ition to tlle above, if gold were put ü)lon tIte mal'ket, goverllllleut bonds
would decline to at least 15, lea.ving the pnrcllase,. malle by the governlllent in tlle past
few months open tu crit,ici8111 as sllowing a loss.


J. G.


~o. 12.


TlmARl'IlY (W THE UxrfED STA TES,
U·Clshillyfoll, Scptcmber 28, 1869.


Sm: 1 seud hercwith a ~t:ttellleut of tIte :llllnllllt oí' gold certificates ou hand at the
oponing of business on the morning of Wedllesday, Septembel' 8,1869, in tlle offices of
the Trea.slue1', a.ssistallt tl'easnrel's, :tlld depositarics. •




374 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
The last of the reports upon wbich the statement is based was rcceived from tha


depositary at Mobile yesterday; othel'wise the statement would have been 1'urnisbed
800ner.


Very respect.fully,
F. E. SPINNER,


l'reasurer lJnited Sta teR.
Ron. G. S. BOUTWELL, Seol'etal'y of the Tl'casw·y.
NOTE.-This Rtatelllellt, lllal'ked D, was, so fal' as knowll, never 1'llrllished to General


Butterfield, nor did he call attention to tne olllission, 80 far as the department is aware.


D.


Statement of the numbel', denominalion, and amoumt of gold úlJrtijícates on hand at Ihe opcnin.q
of business on the moming of Wedncsday, the 8th of Sfptemb61', 1b69, in tite office8 of tite
Treasurer, assistant tnasurers, aúd deposUm'ics of the Fui/ed Slatcs.
-------------------------~------~------ -


I I n.,wm'='T I Aro"., ;~:a8~rer ;nited State", Washington, D. C _ ~II oro, .': I.~ !.,.oo..... .m,] . .,.
A8sistant treasU'rers LGnited Stat"8. I I


F. Raven, .ir., Boaton, Mass~... .............. 40 R 3 67 :146,180
Daniel Bntterfielt¡, N ew York, N. Y .. __ ... .. 1,964 207 347 72 1, 01~, 500
George M. E,\'ster, Philadelphia, Pa ......... 198 160 92 HJ6,8HO
.A.. G. Edwanh~, Sto Louls, Mo .~ ..... ______ . _ .......... _ ........... 0'_
J. D. Ged<1ings, Charleston, S. C...... ....... .. .............................................. ..
ChuT'lp.s Clinton, New Ol'lcans, La . _. ___ ... _. 2 ___ .......... _. ... 1,100.
C. N. Feltoll, San .Francisco, CaL .... _ . ___ . _ .... _ ... _ ......... _ .......... _. ____ .


Designated depositaries.


Samuel J. Rolle,\', Buffalo, N. y.... ........... 69 2R'... ... ........ ........ . .... ... 4,180 •
John L. 'fhoma., jr., Baltimore, Md ......... 67 133 40 49 -ro 312,640
James E. McLean, Chicago, Illa............. 5 6 1 12 ........ 13,200
R. H. Stephonson, CinCÍnnati, Ohio.... .. ...... ..... ... , ........................... .
~ill~:1~·~;~~~'·,~~t1~j~l~ú~·~:~::::::~::~~~~· :::::: '.~:~:: :~~::: :::::::: .':::::' :::::::: :::::~::::::
~E~~1i¡¡;~'~¡;E~1t~~O~ .•.••• ·i~"~I •• ""I-··2L~I····"· ··,~,.2


James p, Luso, dcpositary at Louisville, Ky .. rI'I)()rts tllree of $1,000 each Heut to
assistaut treasnrer, New York, on Scptcmucr 4, 1869.


No. 13.


RC].lort of tite committN 011 lhe c.:ram¡i/ation of tll" !Jold coin and bl1llion 111 lile R1//¡-t,.cailu,ry
and assu)/ office, Né11' York, Deé~Wlbé~' 2, 1869,


UNITED STATES SUll-TnEASURY,
New York, Decembe1' 2, 1869.


Sm: In cOlllpliance with instructioDS conveyed in yonr letter of the 20th ultimo, f.o
the Ron. Chas. J. Fo]ger, assi~taIlt treasurer UlIited Statc~, appoilltiug a comuüttce to
conntsuch money or unllion as lllight ue desired by him, we have tbe honor to report
that owiug to the ahRence of General HutterJleld from the cUy we were nnable to com-
menee the count llntil the afternooIl of Tuesllay, the 2:Jd ultilllo.


At that time Frederick D. Tappen, president of tlle Gallatiu Kational Bank of this
city, having heen chosen hy both General HutterJleld alld Judge Folger as a memuer
of the cornmittee to rcpresent their iuterest, the work wa8 ueguIl by taking up the
bullioll in the assay office, and tbe sil ver coin, and odd lots 01' gold coi n in this offiee,
tbe ollly key and combination of the loek OH tllA door of the assay· offiee valllt, and all
the lwys and eOlllbiuations to one door to ea eh of tIw t\\'o vaults in this office, being
takcn posspssion of by the committee, and kept throllghout tlle entire examination,.so




GOLD PANIC lNVESTIGATION. 375
that no person could obtain aceess to any one of the vaulta, except in tbe presenc() of
one, a member of tbe committee. A11 the gold aud silver coin, in its transmission from
tbe vaults to tbe weighing room, and during the process of weigbing, and on its return
to the vanlts, was at a11 times kcpt in immediate view by at lcast onc of tbe committee.


Thegold coi n was fonnd in compartments in the vanlts, conh1ining each $500,000 in
bags of $5,000 each. The process of ascertaining the umount of eaeh bag was by
counting one or more baga from cach com partmcnt, and proving' tho balance of the
baga in said compartment hy actual and carefnl weight, as agaiust the couuted bags.
\Vhen any variation occnrred in the weight the contents of 8ueh hag was carefully
counted, and when completed a11 were returncd to thc vanlt, pIaced in thc compart-
ment in the presence of a custom-honse officer, one from tIte naval office, and one 01'
more memhers of the committee, who made a record of the nnmher of bag8 retnrned
to the compartment, which, whcn fi11cd with $500,000, was sccurcly lockcd and plllCE'.d
under the seal of the United States Treasul'y. The silITer coin was treat.ed in like
manner, locke(l up in varion8 c,ompartments, and seaIed in the prCSCllCC of thc com-
mittee.


ASSAY OFFICE.


The committce fOUlld in the vault of the assay office an amount of
gold bars, valned at .......... ___ ...... ___ .. ____ ..... __ ........ _. .. $4,225,201 00


SUver bars, valned at _ .... _. __ ...... _ .. _ .. _ ... _. _. _ . _. _ •. $13,872 80 .
Gold bars, vaIncd at . __ ............ ___ ... ____ . . . . .. .. .. .. 248, 351 12


Total .. _ .... _ . __ . __ . _ ................ _ .... _ ..... _.. 262,223 92


On which last am(lUnt there has been advanced by the assistant treas-
urer, in gold COill . ___ ... ___ ..... _ .. , . _ ......... _ ... __ ........ _ .... . 149,00000


Total ............ _ ..... ___ . _____ .. _ . ____ .. __ ..... _ ......... _ . . 4, 374,201 90


SUB-TREASURY.


The committee found iu the vanlts of this oftiec :
GoId coin .....•.. ___ .. ___ ..... ______ .... __ . __ ................ _ ...... _ _ $74,960,000
Sil ver coin ____ .. __ ..... __ ...... __ .. _ . _ .... ___ .......... _ ........... _ . . 43, 100


Total __ . _ .... _ ..... _ .. _ .......... _. ____ . ____ .. . .... .... ... . .... 75,003,100


Thc following is a statement of tbA denominations of the gold coin, as Boar as it was
practicable to ascertain them :
DoubIe eaglcs . _ .......... _ ...... _ .. __ . __ . ___ ... _. ___ . _. _ ... ~_ .. __ ...... $38,570,000
EagIes. ___ . _________ . _ . _ ... _ ...... ' . __ ....... _ ...... _ ....... _ .... _ ... _ . 5,500,000
HaIf-eagles ... __ ............... __ .. __ ............ ___ .. __ ........ __ ..... 14,225,000
Quarter-eagles ................ _ .. _ .. _ ........................ _ ..... __ .. 9,930,000
1)ol1ars ... ___ ... __ ........................ _ ....... __ ........ _ ........ _ . 6,735, 000


74,960,000


y onr COlllllli ttee found iu the vanlt of the su h-treasury packages of legal-tender notes,
whicb, upon heiug counted, were fonnd to alllonnt to $10,000,000. lt was represented
to your committee that these notes were a special deposit with the sub-treasurer, to be
used only by direction of the Secretary of the ?,reasnry. These notes were placed
under the seal of the Treasnry Deparlment, Washlllgton.


The fo11owing are the denominations of said notes:
1000s ... __ ... ___ ... ___ .. _. __ .. _ .... ___ . _. __ . ____ . ____ ... _ .... _. _ ..... ___ 7,000,000
500s ...... _ ... ____ . ____ ........ _ .. _ .. _ .. __ ........ __ ..... _ ... _ ._. __ o ___ o 3,000,000


For tIte balance of the assets of this office, your committee respectfully refer to the
report of Messrs. Calhoun and MeCartee, appointe!l by Jndge Folger and General But-
terfield to count tite same.


Your committee heg to submit. the foregoing rel\Ort, and, in conelusion, take great
pIe.asure in stati.ng that, llotwithstanding the magnitnde of tbc business in the coin
department of this office, it is eonducted with the greatest exaetness, dispatch, and
fidelity, aUll that the Illcmbers of yonr committee have heen treated by a11 the officers




376 GOLD PANIC INVESTJGATION.
and employi's of this office with uniform courtesyaml attelltioll, alld every facilit
afforded them in the proper discharge of the dutie~ whieh devolved upon them in this
cxamination.


Hon. Ch:ORUE S. BOFTWELL,
&el'ttary of Ihe lJ·C<!~ury.


F. D. TAPPEN.
LEWIS D. MOORE.
.JKO. P. BIGELOW .


. S. GCTHRIE.


U;o.;ITED STATE8 TREAST.iHY,
New York, July :n, 1869.
SII~; You may give notice that you will rcceive l'roposals until 12 o'dock noon, on


each 'Vedllesday of the month of August, for the sale of two millions of 5-20 bonds to
tIJe government. The terms and conditions on which bOllfls were purchased during
the month of July will be applicable to the purchasc hcrcin authorized.


This order will not interfere with or qualify the stancling order fol' the sale of gold
and the pUTchase of one million of ¡lOnds on alternate weí'ks, on account of the sink-
ing fund.


Very respectfully,


General DÁL,<n:L BUTTERFIELIl,
GEO. S. BOUTWELL, Secl'etary.


ARsi8fan.t l"co8tl/'er Filited State.~, Xew York.


Personal.
UNITED STATES TREASURY,


New York, AUy/Uit 28, 1869.
8TH; You will pJease eontinue the pnrchase of bonlls amI the sale of gold during tbe


mOllth of Septcmbcr, to tho same cxtent and in the same manner as in August.
y our8, respectflllly,


Gen. DANIEL BUTTERFIELD,
A88i8tantTI'easurer Uniteil Stotes, Sew York.


WM. A. lUCHAIWSON,
Actiny Secr~tary.


GROTON, September 1, 18(m.
My DEAR Sm; 1 think it will be necessary to seU four 01' six millioús of gold during


this month-the latter sum probably-and 1 think you had bettcr give llotice, say Sllnday.
If four milliolls will answer 1 prefer the sale of the least sum. Blltterfield "Hites


me a sceond lcttcr about fumIs, alld 1 ha ye telegraphed you this morning to reinforce
him.


Yonrs, truly,


Hon. 'V~I. A. RICHAIWROX,
.le'y,';{'c. Treas'!f.


GEO. S. BO"CTWELL.


ÜNITED STATES TnEAS1:RY,
Ncw YOl'k, SeptlYtnber 2, 1869.


DgAR SIR; 1 have uot hacl sufficieut leisure to write concerning my advertisemcnt
for bOlllls for this month. Do not know that 1 should havc thought of doiug so but for
the f)wt that the newspapers llave bcen talking of my order being an error. 1 presume
it is cOTrect, 01' 1 shoulcl have heard to the coutrary.


1 indose the two letters whieh marked out my cOllrse. These brought it simply to
the continuation of the sinking funcl purchascs on altcrnate Thursclays, amI the weekly
pnrchase on Wednesclays of two millions.


If any error has been eommitted 1 shonJd he glad to be advised of it amI to correct it.
The low conditioll of my eurrency balance has aided in bU~'ing tbe bOllds favorably


and cbeaply, as it has beell prcsumed tbat goverllmellt would be eompelled to eease
purchases.


1 am, very reKpectfnlly, yours, &c.,
DAKIEL BCTTERFIELD.


Han. GEO. S. BOUTWELL,
Secl'dn/'y of T/'f(l"If'I'Y, Washington, D. C.




GOLD PANIC I~VESTIGATION. 377
NEW YORK, September 22,1869.


SfR: There is a palde in \Vall slrcet, cngiueereu by a bear eombination. They have
withdrawn curreney to sneh an extent that it is impossible to do ordinary business.
The Erie Company l'cquil'es cight lmndred thonsand dollars in currcncy to disburse to
the employés betweell New York and Cincillnati each month. Much of it in Ohio,
where an exeiting political cont,est i8 going on, and wl!ere we have about ten thousand
employed, and thc trouble i8 charged on the administration. Unlcss sorne instant re-
lief can be furnished by the governrncnt, traue and husiness will be at a dead-lock.
Rcpresenting, as 1 do, a corporation of this magnitudc, aud of th.e disbllrsemen~s re-
'1uired untll the heavy crops are moved, eannot yon, eOllslstently, mcrcase your lme of
currency by giving to the banks sorne of the reserve whieh you have on hand f You
wiU cOllsidel' the exigencies of my corporation ruy excuse foI' troubling you with this
dispatch.


Hon. G~:o. S. BOUTWELL,
Seerel(l1"!I 'l'l'easul'y, !f"(!811 iugtol/.


JAY GOULD,
l'resident El'ie llailway.


eXI'I'/W STATJo:S TREA8URY,
Xew York, September 23, Hl69.
~IY DEAR Sm: Messrs. Duncan, SIlCrman & Co., a house of the highest respecta-


bility, sulnnit the inclosed proposition. They flesire to effect an arrangeruent "\'Vhereby
they can relieve the exchange market, and aid in moving the crops. They propose
that their house, the Barings, of LOlJ(lon, will ship gold dircct to me; that upon tele-
graphic ad vice trom snch ofticial as yOl! designate of the shipment of gold to me, tl,ley
wiU deposit any requiretl amouut of security in bonds or currency in order to receive
the goId prior to its anival herc. The hous!', which is one of the highest honor, pledge
themselvcs in no manneI' to operate for a rise or í'all of gold, but simply to sell exchange
and buyas a ready mcans to relieve the merchallts. They would like a telegraphic
reply.


1 am, very l'cs}leetfnlJy, yOUl'S, &c.,


Hon. GW). S. BOllTWI,:I.L, Secreta)'y T),(,((8U'/'y.


DANIEL BUTTERFIELD,
.dssistant Treasurer.


OFFICE OF DL:XCAX, SHER~fAN & Co., BANKERS,
XCIV York, September 23, 1869.


MY llJUR SIR: At yOUI' l'eqnest 1 repol't to you in writing my iuquiry of this morn-
ing, viz: "If 1 furnish to thc Treasury evidence tha! 1 havo shipped from England
English so-vereigns will the Tl'easul'y deliver me the gold at o11ce, and in the meantime
what secnrity will thcy re(juiref" 'l'he objeet of thi~ operation 'wouId be to affor"d some
reliefto distressed mere hants, w ho now are nna bIt' to move cotton 01' cther exportable rner-
chanwse, because thcy are nnable to lIegotiate their exchange owing to the nutnipula-
HOllS of the opemtors in gold. Conlrl 1 make somo arrangement of this sort with you 1
should invcst every dollar in exchallge, (sterling,) which couIa not bnt cause gold to de-
cline, in crease the supply of go1r1 in tIte Coulltry, aud produce a most favorable impres-
sion upon the credit of the United States abroad. If ron can give me a fllsorable
answer 1 will at once make arrangernents foI' a,allillg of it.


\Vith much reSp6ct, yonI'S trnly,
W. Be'rLER DUNCAN.


D. S. BCTTEHFIELD, Es,]., Ássistctllt Treasul'CI".


TREASCTIY DEPARTMENT, September 24, 1869.
SIR: General Splllllcr has aln,ady wl'itten you that if absolutely nece8sary you can


use auy portion of the $5,000,000 of United States notes forwarded on Wednesday lasto
He has, however, sent forward to-day an additional sum of $1,000,000 for the purpose
of enabling you to makc payllwnt for tO-lllOlTOW'S pnrchase of bOllds. The parchase oi'
bonds should not exceed the sale of gold tO-lllorrow, as we cannot afford to reduce the
currency balance in the treasury.


The IJl'ovisíon in the notiee giving you the right to accept all biels for tbe sale of bonds
in excess of four millions of dollars was intl'oduced now with reference to the future,
WhCll it Inight be desirahle to accept hids in excess ofthe amount named in the a<1ver-
tiselllcnt, and also fol' the purpose oí' preventing fictitious bids. Thís provision yon can
iusert in the llotice fol' the purehase of honds hercafter.




378 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Shonld the oids for gold fall bolow 134 yon will limit the sa.le to two millions, and


accept bonda ti) a cOl'responding amount.
I havo IlOt replied by telegram to y0111' dispatch asking unthority t.u anticipate inter-


est OIl registered bonds, inasn~ucIl as tIle oooks are not l'eady, and the sale of gold
probahly removes the reason ior tho request.


V cry rcspectfully,


General DAi';UiL BUTTERFIELD.
GEO. S. HOUTWELL, Secreta/'y.


Uuited States AS8istant l'reas1l1'er, lVew York.


CORRESPOKDENCE I~ REGARD TO ALLEmm Cü.\IPLICITY IN THE GOLD
CORNER.


1. Assistalll Tl'casurer New York to Secretary Treasury, Octobor 6, 1869, oonda
oll:'ered, &c.


2. Secretary TreaRury to Assistant Treasnrer Now York, Octooer 8, 18ilO, ¡(lave of
ab8cnl'o.


3. AssistUllt Treasurer Now York to Secreta.ry Treasnry, October 11,1869, complaiuing
of eharges of complicity, &c.


4. Secretar)' Treasnry to A~sistant Treasurer New York, Oduber 21, 1tl69, Lane's
letter to Gould, published in New York Sun.


5. Same t,o 8ame, October 22, 18ml, advising resignation.
6. Assistant Treasurer New York to Secretary Treasury, October 22, ] 869, inclosing


letter to tho Presidellt Ullited States, asking investigatioll.
7. Same to same, Octoher 22, 1869, same snbject.
8. Same to same, October 22, 18fJ[l, positively (ltmying complicity, &c.
9. Secretary Treusury to Assistant Treasurer New Yurk, October 24, ltlmJ, military


court of inquiry not aclvisa.ble.
10. Assistant Treasmer at New York to Secretary Treusnry, Oetober 25, 1869, ofl'cring


official resigmttion.
11. Secreta.ry Treasnry to r. T. Frelillghuysell, November 1,1869, requesting him to


aet with Solicltor of the Treasllry, &c.
12. MI'. Frelinghuysell to Secretary Treasury, NovAmber 2, 1tlfi9, agreeing to serve.
l:t Secreta.l'y Treasury to MI'. Frelillghnyscll, NOVClllbel' 3, 1tlIJ9, appoiriting him to


act with MI'. Banfield. .
14. Secretary Treasur)' to Mesars. Frelinghllysell ancl Hanfiflld, Novemher 3, lil(,9,with


instructions.
15. Report of Mcssrs. Frelinghuyscn awl Banfield to Se~retal'y Tl'eltHUl'y, Novembel'


6,lH69.
16. Secretary Treasury to MI'. Hnttertield, Kovcmher 10, 1H69, acccpting resignatiotl.


No. 1.


[Pt'imte, utlofficiaJ.]
UNlTED STATES TnEASURY,


New Ym'k, Octobcr 6, 1869.
My DEAR SIR: 1 indose the va.rious slips which ha.ve come in to me to-day. Mouey


works easier amollg the bauks aud ballkors. Our otl'erings of bonda tu-uay were large.
If yon will examine the list sent you, yon will observe that there wero many offers ut
high prices. The accumulate(l illtel'est on 6 per cents, for inAtanee, woul<1 be, with
gold at 3D!, $2 10 in currellcy. Some pcoplc hore have tIte idea that theso offel'ings are
made to depress the honds, kllowing tha.t they wonld be aboye tlle market aud wOllld
give tIte impression that tItere was a large amonllt hangillg over the rnarket. MI'.
Clews's reporter, yon will percei vo, aHudes to our nneasy fceling, although thore 8eema to
be plcnty of money. 'l'hia latter fact is confirmed hy a.bsence of a.ny ~1 per cent. eertifi-
cates corning in to-day. 1 fear that the work pressing upon me here, together with the
anxiety and responsibility, is makillg such inroads UpOIl me, that 1 shall have to take a
fnrlollgh; perhaps, if it continues, have to resigno 1 mention this privately aml confi-
dentiaHy, hopillg for a better turn in my cundition IIItysically.


I leave for home considerably exhausted always, sonwtirnos elltirely su.
Very trnly yours, .


DANIEL BUTTERFIELD.
Ron. GJWIW~J S. BOUTWELL, Seorel.al7J 01 the T,·easury.


Inclosed: Vluious slips which carne in during day from H. Clcws & eo., amIotherH.




GOLD PANlC INVESTIGATION. 379
No. 2.


OCTOBER 8, 1869.
DEAR GENERAL: 1 regret to learn from your letter of the 6th instant tbat your health


is irupai1'ed. }Iy earnest desirc is that you should continue in tbe office of assista,nt
treasu1'er, uuless you find it necessary to resign in onler to preserve your health.


Of coursA, if yon dt'Hire it, leave of a,bsencA will he granted.
Ye1'y t1'uly,


GEO. 8. BOUTWELL, Sccretary.
Gen. DANIEL BUTTERf'IF;LD,


Fni/ed Stale,' AH",iHtant Tri'asurcr, NClV York.


No. :~.-( Personal.)
FNITED STATES TREASURY,


New YO/'k, October 11, 1869.
}lY DI~AR SIR: Certuin attucks htwing ueell made upon me, which 1 have,not seen,


(hut bea1'd of only,) alleging, as 1 undeI'stand, that complicity with the gold operations
has existen herr in thA treawry, it is my desire that in the event of these rurriors mak-
ing any illlpression Hpon ~'oürself orthe President, you shoulll inforTn you1'self(by such
examinatioll and inspection.of hooks, clerks, records, elllployés, &c., here as ;rou may
tbink heRt) as to t11" prohahilitoy of there heing the slightest shadow 01' foundatlon for
any trutlt in sllch statemcuts. As to rny own course pri vately, and unofficially, 1 do
not propose to notice 01' 1'eply to any of th8se attacks. ~ly ofl:icial acts and records are
open always to any of the new8pap~r people, as 1 have inforrned tohem. Fnrther than
this, wbich 1 deeIll due to the Presidcllt ami yourself, 1 do not propose to respond to any
of the assaults. ,


1 alll, ver:-,' respect.fully, your obp(1ient servant,
DANIEL BCTTERFIELD,


, AssiRtant 1''I"ea810·er.
ROll. GEO. S. BOl:TWELL, SecretO'r:// of the TreaNur1/.


No. 4.


Tm~ASURY DEPARTMENT, OctObel' 21, 1869.,
DEAR SIR: 1 bave seen, as you have no doubt sccn, a 1ctter publishcd in tho New


YOl'k Sun of tohe 20th instant, wrUten hy Frederick A. Lane to J ay Gould. Generally
1 alll not disposed to regard newspa,per statelllents; hut the pnblic mind is properly
sensitive in reference to thA management of tbe treasury, and 1 therefore feel that it
i8 my duty to call your attention to MI'. Lane's letter.


The suspieion that any per80n cOllnccted with tlte Treasnry Departm"nt is engaged
in speculation is a misfortune; hut if the suspicion is without foundation, it can easily
he removed, or it will speedily disappear.


M'f. Lane's letter is particular in its sta.tements, and so much in detail, that 1 am
satisficd it must make a serious impression upon the public mind. In tbis view it
seems to me that it cannot be passed over in sil en ce. All previous statements affect-
ing yon in tbe matter of the gold spcculation have been indefinite in characte1', and
withont the responsibility of a name, and 1 have, therefore, regarded them as unworthy
of attention.


Not donbting that yon will he ablc to relieve the public mind of any suspicion that
you were concerned in the speculation as alleged by Mr. Lane, 1 have the llonor to
1'emain, '


Very truly, yours, &c.,


General DA:NIEL BUTTERFIELD,
Á88istant Tl'eIIRul'IJr United Statcs, New York.


GEO. S, BOUTWELL, Seoretat·y.


No. 5.
OCTOBER 22, 1869.


SIR: While 1 sincercly desire to avoid doing or su~gesting anything which aban
emharrass yon, 1 30m yet COllstraineol hy a' sen se of dlltoy too a.dvise yon to resign the
office (jf assistant treasnrer ut l'Iew York.




380 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
This suggcst,ion,I ought in aU frankness to say, is rtJmlereu necessary on my part


solely in conseq uCllce of the sta.tements made that yon were engagcd in tho rccent
speculations in gold in that eity. 1 rogret the necessity of taking this step, for 1 am
of opinion that in the administration ofthe office yOll have ueen efficient, anll therefore
ueserve the appro uation of the government.


It is not to be uisguisell, howevcr, that in so important a trust entire abstinenoe
from all speculative. operations depending in an.\" way upon the action of the govern-
ment shouldbe avollled.


Very respectfully,


General DANIEL BUTTERFIELD,
L18~¡8ta¡¡t Treas¡~l'el' United States, New rOl'k.


GEO. S. BOUTWELL, Secretal'y.


No.6.-(PcI'8or!al.)
UNITED STATES TREASURY,
~Yew rllrk, October 22, 1869.


My DK~R SIR: 1 inolose correspondence to the Presiüent ana yourself, which explains
itself. If approveu by you, 1 wish that yOll would make public the letter to the Presi-
dent, 01' authorize me by telegraph to üo so. I am advised hy my frieuds and counsel
that I cannot and should uot uuuertake a newspaper war with people as uuscrupulous
und uupriucipled as those who assail me. That this course alfords the true one tor
properly setting the mat~er straight and getting a proper refutatiou of t,hese assertions,
1 trust that my course Wlll meet your approval.


1 am, very rcspecUully, your obe,lieut servant,


Ron. GEO. S. BOrTW~~L1", Secretar!! 11'ectsur!!.


No. 7.


DANIEL BUTTEHFIELD.


UNlTED STAU;S TREASURY,
New York, October 22, 1869.


DEAR SIl{: 1 know of uo other way that the charges and statemeuts affecting my
couduct as an officer amI a gentleman can be so fully, thoroughly, andfairly iuveatigated
as by the method I have this day reqllested from the President and forwarded herewith
through yon.


Acting under the advice of friends and counsel,I have remairted sileut, and taken no
notice of the charges aud aspcl'sious made.


The charge that I have been a party 01' had any intcrcst iu any comhinatiou to afl'cct
the price 01' 01' have uolight any gold fol' such purposes, 01' with such parties, or aH-
t,horized any persou 01' party whateveI' iu anyway to do HO, i8 wholly amI unqualifieüly
falseo


The charge that I have receive{l anypay, emolument, or profit for any eervice, inform-
ation 01' assistance to auy such persoue 01' parties, is wholly and entirely falseo


The charge that the gold 01' funds of the treasury have heen sold 01' uaed in any mau-
ner other than under yonr directions and o1'de1'8, aud those of the Trea8urer of the
United States, all ofwhich are public, is wholly falseo


The charge that I have usecl my private means iu specnlating in golü, 01' authorized
others to üo so, is wholly falseo


I cauuot enter into üetails, item by ítem, of the various accusatious made against me
otherwise than by a proper and thorough iu vcstigation.


As I still hold my commission in tlie army of the United States, which commissiou,
as well as the positiou 1 now occupy, I am unworthy to holü, if the varions charges
made against me are true, 1 sincerely trust that you may think proper to indorse my
request. 1 30m adviscd hy ruy counsel and friends that this course is the true one for
me to pursue. I should feel uusatisficd with any less formal amI exact iuvestigation
aud examiuation.


Sllch a commission would have full power to investigate and summon anu compel
attendance of witnesses. If composcd, as I trust it ma'y hc, of officcrs of the highest
Míanding aIlü character in ,the army, its iuvestigatiou amI decision should be fully satis-
factory. It will be so to me.


l am, very respectfully, you ohodient scrvant,
DAN'L BUTTERFIELD.


1 adopt this method as oue celt tin to hriug a resulto Should yOll deem uny othe1'
courso preferahle, 1 should be glad to adopt it.


Hon. GEOHGE S. BOUTWELL,
Secretar!! of the Treas'ury.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 381
No. 8.-( Personal anrl prÍl'ate.)


U~nTED STATES TREASURY,
Xew York, October 22, 1869.


My DEAR SIR: Since sending ;VOU Ill,Y letters of to-da,), and upon reading retained
copy and retlection thereon, while not desiring to bring my private affaÍTd before the
public, 1 deem it due to yon to say ami affirm positively that 1 have never owned ten
thousaud dolIars in gold since 1 entered thc sub-treasury. That my purehases of gold,
other than those made necessary in the execution of orders from proper authorityhave
been simply to pay little expenditnres incul'red for me abl'oad from time to time by
relatives. The whole amonnt would not exceed twenty five hundred dollars. AIso to
say to you that F. A. Lane's statement referred to by you is false, and that his chnractcr
ia not of snch a nature as to make his statements wOl'thy of ally consideration by reaBon
of his former transactions, weU understood and known in this community. Prevíous
to the publicatíon of his statement 1 had no knowledge of him or his character. What
1 have since learned would have justitiell and prevented me froID aUowing llÍm to enter
my office, and forbíds me laying any stress or weight upon his accusatiolls.


Thcsc things 1 cannot well say for puhlic print, hut 1 can properly say them privately
to you.


1 am, very respectfully, yonrs,


Hon. GEORGE S. BOUTWELL,
Secrrtary of fhe Tl'easul'y.


No. 9.


DANIEL BUTTERFIELD,
Assistullt Treasurer.


TREASURY DEPARTMENT, Washington, October 24, 1869.
My DEAR SIR: Your lctters of the 22d instant, to the President and to me, woro


received yesterday morning. An inquiry into the t.ruth of the charges made against
you 8eems to be demanded by the circumstances, but it does not appear to be practica-
ble to proeeed by a military court of inquiry.


It is the earnest desire of the President, as it is my own earnest desire, to give yon
an opportunity to show tho faets of the case, which, we trust, will fuUy oxonerate you.


We cannot, however, be indifferent to the duty of so conducting the illvestigation as
to leave no room for complaint or criticism by any one. This can, 1 think, be best done
by first putting the office into other handa.


In thus Buggesting that your resignation will be accepted, 1 am anxiouB to so act
as to relieve you as far as possible from embarrassment.


MI'. Banfield, who will present this lctter, is posscssed of myviews as set forth in this
communication.


1 am, very respectfll11y, your ohedient servant,
GEO. S. BOUTWELL, Secretar,ll.


General DANmL BUTTERFIF.T.I).


No. 10.


UNITED STATES TREASURY, NelC Y01'k, Octobcr25, 1869.
My DEAR SIR: After an interview with MI'. Banfield, SolicitOl' of the Treasnry, boar-


íng your letter, 1 find that such un investigation as 1 have asked for cannot be accorded
me while holding my office.


In order that yonr departmen t lla'y not be embarrassed in any examination of m)'
transactions as assistant treasnrer-and also that 1 may seeure the investigation 1 have
aaked-I respectfully tender, throllgh you, to the President of the United Statea my
resignation, to take effect as soon as a sncccssor can bc appointed and receipt to me for
tho funda and public property for which 1 am accountable. Rellewing my request for
the formal and authoritative exumination that mav forever settle the truth of the
chargcs against me, •


1 am, very respectfully, your obedient servant,


Hon. GEO. ¡l. BOUTWRLL, Secref{l,ry vf the Trcasury.
DANIEL BUTTERFIELD,
.Á88~~tant TrealtUl'er.




382 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
No.U.


TUEASUHY DEPAHTMENT, November 1, 1869.
SIR: At the request of the Presiaeut 1 write to ask yon to airl in a service which is


not likely to be agrc.cable to you, but which unaer the cirCulllstances seems neeessary.
Genera] Bntterfield very IDlIch desires that there should be an investigation of the


cbarges made against bim of participation in the recent specu]atious iu gola at New
York, before be Ieaves the office of assistallt treasurer, his .resignation being already
in my hands. He asserts his eutire innocence and bis coufidence that be 8hal1 be able
to slÍow it clearly if au opportunity iB given bim.


As an aet of justiee to him, and not in any way ineonsistent witb the pnblic interests,
tbe President desires, llefo1'e General Butterfielrlleaves the office, that snch an investi-
gation shal1 be made as the circumstauces permito As testimony cannot be taken under
oath, tllC most that can be done is to hear the statemcnts of those persons who asse1't
General Bntterfield's compliclty in the transactions rcferred to, and also bis own state-
ment and the st.atem€nts of any other persona that he may de gire to bring forward.


1 do not anticipate tbat theexamination will be prot1'acted, and as at present advised
1 sbould not allow counsel to appear on eithe1' side.


Mr. Banfield, the Solicit.or of the Treasury, has already sorne information upon the
subject, and 1 desire to associate him with you in the invcstigation. You will find
hilo a gentleman of ability and honor, who will aet entirely in the pnblic interest.


1 anticipat.e that it is possible that yon may not be able to 1'each a satisfactory con-
clusion. If such sbould be tbe case we sban still bave doue what was in our power
under the circllmstances to ascertain the t1'utb, and neither General Butt.erfield nor his
friends will havc 1'ea80n to complain of thc uepartment 01' of tho Prcsident as to the
resulto


1 trust you will be able to give us yonr aid in thia matter, and also to name an early
day wheu you can en ter npon the iuvestigation.


Very respectfully,
GEO. S. nOUTWELL, Ser:retary.


Hon. F. T. FRELINGHUYSEN,
Newark, New Jersey.


No. 12.
NEWARK, NEW JERSEY, November 2, 1869.


It being the request of the Presiclent and yourself tbat 1 shonld be associated with
Mr. Bantield in tbe investigat.ion of Geueral Bnttel'field's alleged complicity in the re-
cent gold speculations, 1 cannot decline, and 1 will mect tlle Solicitor of tlle Treasu1'Y,
in Ncw York, at snch early day and at snch pla,ce as be may iudicate.'


Ve1'y respectfnlly,
FRED'K T. l"RELINGHUYSEN.


lIon. GEO. S. BOUTW~;LL,
SeC1'etal'y of the Treasury.


Incloscd: Telegram of Octobe1' 23, 1869, to Secretary, from Fred. A. Lane, proffeting
testimony in il,lvestigation.


No. 13.


'l'rmASURY D~;PARTMI<;NT, November 3, 1869.
MY DElI.RSIR: 1 sm mnch gratified that yOIl have accepted the duty of IDaking the


investigation referred to in my letter of tbe 1st instant.
Mr. Banfield willleave here to-morrow afternoon, and will be at fue Fiftb Avenue


Hotel Friday morllillg, where he will be pleased to meet yon.
1 am, very truly,


Hon. FREDElUCK T. FRELINGHUYSEN,
Newa1'k, New .Jersey.


No. 14.


GEO. S. BOUTWELL.


TllEASURY DEPARTMENT, Nove:mber 3, 1869.
GENTLEMEN: By directiou oí th¡> President yon are hereby authorized and reqlleated


ta inquire into snch charges as may be preferred before you against General Daniel




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 383
Bntterfield, relative tu an aIleged participation by ltim in t.he recent goId specuIations
in the eity of New York, and you will also hear aud cousider his own statement and
any statements or evidenee submitted or introduced by him in his behalf.


Dnder the circumstauces yon wiU be uuder the necessity of receiviug Bueh state-
meuts without the solemuity of au oath; bnt yon will endeavor as far as practicable
tu be governed in the inquiry by the ordinary rules of practice in the conrts of law.


As at present advised 1 do llOt thiuk it will be lleccssary to allow either party to in-
troduce counscI, hclieving that your owu judgment and familiaritywith modes of pro-
ceedillg wilI enable yon with eqnal certainty and grcater facility to reach just concIn-
sions.


1t ia dcsirabIe that the investigations shonld be brought to a conclnsion as speedily
as is consistent with the object in view.


The only persona who have prefcrred charges against General Bntterfield to the de-
partment, or indica.ted a desire to oft'Jr testimony implicatiug him in tho transactions
referred to, are Frederick A. Lane aud Timothy C. Dwight, esq., both of whom are, 1
belteve, resiuents of New York. Shonld they not l)resentthemselves, 1 desire that
they shonld be notifiecl th:tt yon are prepared to hear what may be offered by them in
reference to the Itlattcrs comlllittcd to yon.


Vcry respectfulIy, )'onr obedient servant,


Ron. F. T. FR~;LINGHUYSEN and
E. C. RANlt'IELD, E~q.


No. 15.


GEO. S. llOUTWELL, Secretary.


NEW YOltK, ~Yotember 6,1869.
SIR: The llnuersigned, appointed by yon, at the reqnest of the Presidcnt, to investi-


gate the alleged complicity of General Daniel Butterfield, assistant treasurer of the
United Statea, in the recent golu specnlations in New York, respectfully report, that on
the 5th instant we waitefl npon Geueralllutterficld, at his ollice in this city, and in-
formed him that we had bcen appointed to conduct an iuvestigation in reference to the
matter .above referred to, and we told him at the same time the manner in which tqe
investigation wOllld be condncted, namely: that not having the power we eoulU not
take testimony nndel' oath, or compel the attenuauce of witnesses, and conld not try the
question by affidavits; that we wonld hear snch aIlegations as II1ight be made in refer-
ence to his partieipation in those specnlations, and would also hcal' such answer as he
desired to make to snob charges, and a180 hear statement8 i'rom other persons either to
maintain or disprove tlle charges, if any, brought a,gainst him; that from the natnre of
the iuvestigation we hall eonclnfled not tu permit connsel for either party, but that each
party conld be pl'oscnt durillg- thc illvcstigatioll; that it wonld be our purpuse not to
give publieity to onr proeeedings, Imt:1t the s:tme time, from their ve1'y natnre, thcy
wonld to a greater or less degree hecome known to the public; that all the statements
would be taken down in writing, aud be requireu to be sigued hy those making them,
!lfter which we wonld make report to yonr departrncnt whether in our opinion he had
0'17 had not part.icipated in those speculations; and we then desired t.o know of General
Butterfield whether he was prepared to submit to this investigation, and when we
should proceed with it.


General Butterfieltl then informed lIS that he dcsired to take nntil this morning to
give n8 an answer to our inquiry. We waited npon him this morning, when he said
that while he was very desirons of having a suitable investigation in ordcr that any
cloud might be removed from his official condnct, yet froIiJ. the natnre of the case he felt
that it would be injustice to himself to snbmit to an investigation where the charges
against him were 1l0t verified by oath, and where the tribunal investigating had no
power to eornpel the attendance of witnesses ; that a portion of his reply to any charges
wonld be of such a charactcr, affccting the eredibility of witnesses, that witnesses wonld
be uRwilling to volnnteer their staternents, and that he wonld be rcluetant to go iuto
snch an inqniry a.s that proposed in his present cOllditiou of health withdut the aid of
eonllsel, and without further reflection, and as at present advised he felt nnwilling to
enter npon an inveBtigation of this nature.


As onr fluty in refel'ellcc to this mattel', as we ulltlcrstand it, iB based on General Bnt-
tel'field's voluntarily submitting his case to ns, we have taken no further action in the
premises.


We are, very respectfully,


Hon. GJ<JOIWE S. BOUTW1'T,l"


FRED'K FRELINGHUYSEN.
E. C. BANFIELD.


Seeretary of t/w Treasury, Wa8nfngton, D. C.


f




384 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
No. 16.


TltEASCRY Dm'AKDm;-'¡T, 1\{ovembe¡' 10, 1869.
Sm: Yoíu leUer of the 25th ultimo, tendering :rour resigllation as aSHistant treaSUl'er


at New York, was dnl,v received, and 1 am now directed by the President to inform yon
that yonr resignation is accepted, to take effect when yonr 81lCC8RSOr is duly qualifled.
Ron. Chas: J. Folger has been appoillted to the offieo, and he will probably enter upon
the discharge 01' ita dnties withont unuecessary delay.


In thns accepting your resignation 1 am able to say that you ha ve shown great energy
and indllstry in the office, amI 1 am satisfied that the chungcs introdnccd uy yon will
tend to accumcy and safety in the management of its ajf,1irs.


Very respectfnlly,


G(.llcral DANIEL BUTTERl'mLD,
GEO. S. BOUTWELL, Secretary.


.d88i8tant Treasurer Uníted States, NelO York.


W ARHINGTON, FebrnaJ'Y 2, 1870.
E. C. BARTLE1'T sworn and examined:


To the CHAIRl\rAN:
1 am private t->ecretary to the Secretary of tbe TreasurYi I have held


that position since the 15th oí' l\'[arch lasto
Question. Do you recollect writing a dispatch, at the dictation of the


Secretary, near nOOIl oí' the 24th September, to General Butterfield,
assistant treasurer at New York?-Answer. Yes; 1 wrote two dis-
patches, both the same, one to be sent by the W'estern Union Telegraph
Company, and the other to be sent by the Franklin Telegraph Company;
(lne left the oftice at 11:42 a. m., and the other at 11:45 a. m.; 1 marked
ihe time on the dispatches.


Q. Was any person present when you wrote the dispatches~-A. No
(lne but the Secretary.


Q. Are you a short-hand writer to the Secretary"?-A. 1 amo
Q. The Secretary dictated to you, and yon wrote it down?-A. Yes,


sir. .
Q. Did you take a copy of those dispatches bcfore they wel'e sentT-


A. 1 ga\7e them to the messcnger, amI he took a press copy in the nsual
way.


Q. How long a time aftcr the dispatch was written was it before it
was sent to the ofticef-A. 1 think about t",o minutes; it would not be
much over that, because 1 told the messenger to hurl'y.


Q. Did you'seal the dispatches np in an envelope~-A. No, sir.
Q. You delivel'ed the dispatchet-> open to the messenger?-A. Yes; 1


gaye it to the messenger, Johnson, to haye it copied.
Q. Which one did you send firsU-A. 1 thillk 1 sent the one to the


Frank1in telegraph oftice first; the two officet-> are on Fifteenth street,
immediately opposite tlle Tl'easury; they are ahont three 01' fimr doors
from each other.


Q. Have you ally other direct knowledge of yOlll' o",n in regard to
sending the dispatches, exccpt what you havc now given~-A. No, sil'.


(Witne.ss afterward appeared before thc committee and corrected bis
testimony as follows:)


On subsequent reference to the press copies of the dispatches aboye
referred to, 1 find 1 \Vas Illistakell in supposing that the first \Vas taken
to the Frallklin telegraph office; it was taken to the 'Vestern Unioll
office; the time at wbich the dispatches left the Secretar,V's office was
written by me on the press copies, instead of on the original dispatches.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 385
\V ASHING'l'ON, Februm'Y 2, 1870.


HENRY .JOHNSON SWOI'II amI exalllined:
To t.he ClfAm:lfAN:


1 am me¡;:;scnger to Seel'ctal'y RQntwell; my dutics are to carry mes-
sagcs fl'Olll tIJe Sccretary's officc to other rooms in thebuilding, and out-
side; 1 was 011 that (lnt,\' in thf\ lllonth oí' Septcrnher ¡astí 1 remcmber
having earried a dispatch OH thc 24th of September last; MI'. Bartlett
gave lile that dispatch; it was on tlle usnal printed formo


Qnestioll. ,Vas it in an cllvc]opc'?-Answt'r. No, sir.
Q. ,Vhat instructlons did yon reccivc'!-A. T rceCÍved no particular


instrnetiolls, except to take il; imlncdiately to tlle prcss ofliee and llave
l1 eopy taken tlwreof, lllld tllen to takc lt to the telegraph oftice; the
press offiee is on the otllél' sitIe 01' the hall froln the Secretary's room; a
man I1al1led Be]] (~()picd it" amI 1 Rtood by his side while it was bcing
copied; 1 do not suppose [ W:1S in tite l'oom ono minute; I tllen took the
telegram and ga\'e tlw preRs eopy 10 allother mes¡;:;enger at tlle door,
(Burrill Nicks()II,) all<l took tlle telpgralll Pl'0IH'l' ÍlHlIlediatt'ly to the tel-
egraph otiiee, amI delin'red it to the operatol'.
(~. l<'rom tlte tiuw ,ron reeei ve<l this lliRpa1eh fl'OIlL 1\11'. Bal'tlett until


yon reached tlle telegrajlIt oftice, Ilow long wa¡.; it'?-A. 1 do 1Iot suppose
it was more thall frolll three to üy!' milluteR; lürst weut to tlle Fnlllklin
telegraph offiee, ami tllen eallle h;wk alld eal'l'ied t!Hl otlter telegram to
tIte vYestern UlIion of1iee; 1 lleli\'ere<l tIte dis]lateh in the l,'rallklill otiiee
to tIJe geutlelllan \Vilo is bellillll the ('ollnter, 1\11'. Gal'lalld, llwli<wt'; fl'Olll
tite time 1 reeeiyell it 1 (·.al'l'ip(l it wit,J¡ tltf' fa(~(~ dO\yn, all(I lumded it; tu
ltim oyer tlle eOlluter.
(~. Hid ,rOl! l'ead it 'yolU'self?-A. N 0, ~ill'.
Q. Did yon SH,r all~-thillg to hilll at tIte til1w 01' (lplin'l'ing itr-.\. )lot


a "-01'(1.
Q. Did he say Hn,Ything in rpspollse'?-A. i'{o, sir.
Q. What. Ilid ,ron (lo on yonr retllm frolll tite Franklill offiee ~-A. 1


IIfHI seareel,\" got had;: het()l'(í lUr. Houtwell'R hell sonnded again, amI 1
went ill, amI allother di:-;jlateh ,,-a:-; ginm me to bl'ing to tlle \Vesterll
Unioll Omeei 1 took tite sallle eour,'Ic \vith it, amI deliverp(I it, at the
offiee of tlw 'Ve:-;tel'll Ullioll 'l\>legraplt Company, which is situated SO me
doors from t.he }'l'allklin otl:iec; 1 <ldivel'('(l that dispateh to a lady \VIlO
is now prescnt ill tIte eommittec room.


Q. Di(l ;ron l'ead tlle eontplltR oí' 1hat di:-;patelt''!-A. [did noto
Q. Bid ;ron say anytlting to tll(' llpr:-;oll to W]¡OIll yon delivel'ed it,'?-A.


Not a won!.
Q. Ho\\" long' a tiJJW intel'\'enecl 1'¡o(llll yOUl' l'eeeipt of the iirst dispateh


llutil .yon delin~red the last.?-~'\.. 1 sllOuld lIot Huppose five minutes.
Q. Díd yon :-;1 10 \V either oí' those <lispatdles to any perSOll OH the way?-


A. Not to a solitary person; 1 har! llot a \rord with auy one between
the 8eeretary's otliee llllcl the te1egraph oftiee; 1,do llot reeolleet that MI'.
Bartlett ga H\ me aJly particular instl'lletions; we alwa.ys aet upon the
suppositioll tlwt. telegrams are to he aeted 011 immediately; we havo
general ordt,l's to handhe ntmost dispateh in <leliVl'ring a telegram; 1
Ilaye heen neeustollH'd to <leliyel' sl!('h tC'1egrams; in that il,1stanee 1
deli \'ered t11e dispateh ,,-i Ih tl](~ arem;tollwd ]lI'Oluptness amI rapidity,
no l1Iore aml no 1(':-;:-;.


('Vitlless aftennlnl appeaJ'e(1 bet'ot'(· the eOlllmittee and corrected his
testilIlony as folloWR:)


OH referrillg to the eopi('s 01' the 4li:-;patcht's 011 file in the department,
H. Hf'Jl. ;H--~3




386 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATIO~.
[ fimIlmust llave been mistakell in sayillg the dispateh was fil'st taken
to the Frallkli1l ofticc; thc indorscmclltH Hllow that it was first seut to
the "Vestern Ullion.


W ASHINGl'ON, Fcbruary 2, 1870.
BC1UULL }¡WKSON 8worn anll examined.


To the CUAuurAN:
1 am a messeuger in tlle office of thc Secl'etary of the'l'rea8u1'Y. [am


statione<l at tlle floor of thc Secretary's otlice. 1 \Vas actillg" in that
capacity in the month of September lasto 1 rcmember receivillg a dis-
patdl that carne frorn tlle room of the Secretary of the 'l'reasury on the
24th of Septembcr, 1Iear 11oon. It was givcn to lIIC by MI' .• Tohnson, the
messengel'. 1 have no knowledge of its contellts. 1 took the press copy
to the Secretary's room, and put it in a bakset where private papers are
generalIy kept. 1 did llct read its contellts. 1 do llot recollect that 1
took any other message about that time. That is 1Il,Y ordinal'y business.


Qnestion. Did yon Jet ally one see the papel' that yon carriell '1-
Answ .. r. N o, sir.


Q. Did you meet any OIW WllO rcr¡nested to see it 1-A. 1 (1i(1 lIot.


vV ASHl~G'l'ON, llebruary 2, lK7U.
J1J. CA1UUE COOK sworn and examincd.


To the CHAIRl\1:AN:
.M:y pl'esent residen ce is at GG9 New Jersey avenue. 1 am a tclegraph


operator. 1 was employed as a telegraph operator on tlle 24th Septem-
bel' last in t1le office of t1le "Ye8tern Union Telegraph COlllpany on
Fifteenth street. 1 recollt'ct receiving a dispatch from tilo Secretary of
the 'l'reasury to General Buttertield near noon of that day. 1 think the
tlispatch was delin~red to me by one of those gcntlemell who has givcn
his evidence. 1 do not kno\V his llame. 1 kllew him to ·be a messenger
who had often brong1lt messages from the Secretary of tIle Treasury.


Qnestioll. St.ate, as near as yon 1'eco11ect, what thc contcnts of that
dispatch were?-Answer. It was a dispatch to General TIutü'rtield, at
New York, anUlOrizing" him to sell $4,000,000 of gol«1 amI to buy $4-,000,000
of honds, as faI' as 1 recolleet.


Q. Do yon recolled the time of day at which the message was re-
ceived 1-A. 1 think it was a little before uoon.


By 1\11'. Cox:
Q. Did the me8sage come in a sealed envelope ?-A. 1 thin k not; as


far as 1 recolIeet, it came open. That 18 the usual way in whiclt they
come from the Treasur,y. Occasionally they come in envelúpes.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. "Vas it in eipheI'?-A. No, "ir; it was written ont distinctly.
Q. Did yl:n semI it over the wires ?-A. 1 diO..
Q. Ro\\' 80011 aft.f>I' yon received it did you commence sellding it?-


A. If 1 recolleet distinctly, 1 broke in 011 a wire as S001l as 1 could to
Helld the messagC', as \Ve are aut.horized to do with Yery important mes-
~¡]gefl.




GOLD PAKIC I:\VESTIGATION. 387
Q. How long llid ,ron requirc to transmit it'?-A. AlJout one minute


alld a haIf, Ol" two minutl'tl.
Q. "Vas anylJody elsc ia t11c offiee at the time "?-A. No, sir.
Q. Yon wpre the oHly pel'soll who saw it after it was delivered at the


offiee ?-A. The oHl" one.
Q. 'Vas thl'l'e anj~ person illside t110 offiee who could have se en it Y-


A. Ko one.
Q. Did unj' olle come in with the messellg-er ?-A. As far as 1 recollect,


he came alolll'; ltlltl 1 do 110t thillk that tht:re was any other eus1.omer
in the (¡jJiee at t11e time.


Q. Did ,)'on send a dllplicc::te of t11a1. message 1.0 un,)' IlPrson "?-A. No,
tlir; 1 do not think that 1 did.


Q. Did yon commnnieate the substance of 1.hat message 1.0 uny person,
except as yon sent it m'er the wires '?-A. 1 did noto


Q. Did any person on that occasion atlk yon any question a,1]ont the
message and its eonte1lts ?-A. N o, sir. (!. Do you reconect whethe1' yon sent auy ot1le1' messages abonttlmt
time relating to the sale 01' goltl ?-A. 1 think 1 did seml seyeral for dif,
ferent parties in tIte wmal eOIlI'se of husinf'tls.


(vVitness \Vas l'eqnested to send to the eOlllmittee a memormulnm of
othe1' di8patehes 81:'IIt hy her that llloruing relating to gold.)


Q. Dn1'ing' that wllOle lWri()(l of sen'rul days ditl yon semI a good
many messages 011 tlmt snl~iect1--A. 1 di<1, in tlIe ordillary eourse of
business.


Q. Di<1 yon s('11(1 the t1ispate11 t1il'edly to New Yorld-A. 1 did not;
1 sent it to the main oíllce, comer Pennsylvallia ayenue a)](l Fourteent1l
street.


Q. \Vhy did yon 110t sene! it diredly to New York ?--A .. 1 elHleavored
to do so, but conld 110t get possessioll 01' t11e tIJl'ough wire, anu .so sellt
it to tIJe llIaill ofliee.


Q. Sta tI', to thc best of ~'onr reeollection, how long it was after y011
l'eceived tite !IH>tl,;agp hl:'fOl'e it ",eut OYe l' tite wire ?--A. 1 am fn]]y confi-
tlent tltat it wa,; lh'e minutes. (!. Are .yon fnlly cOllfident of it frOlll yonr own recollection, 01' froID
t1le marks OH the original '?-A. Frolll my OWI1 recolleetion.
(~. \Vhat 'H're you doillg dnring that ti \-0 miuutes?-A. \Valking from


oue instrnment to anotlter, tryillg to ¡¡et, it off.
Q. Did ,You get it otl as SOOll as pOtisible umler the eirCllmstances "1-


A. [ tlid.
Q. 'Yhat do ~·OU do witlt the oi'fice copies of messageti sent oyer you!'


wire ?-A. 1 sell(l them to t1le maiu otliee OH Pourteellth street. They
remain in the otlice 8Yel'j' l1ight, locket! 11p, alld are sellt to the main
office eyery lllorning'.
(~. \Vas there any mark on the dispatch which ;ron received made at


the Tl'easul'y, 01' lIl<l(le hef'ore yon recen ed it, indicating time ~--A. There
was 110t, if this is a COI'l'C'ct eopy, as fnI'llished hy }Ir. Tinker.


Q, 113 the entr,)' 11.15 ~-onr clltry ?-A. It i8 my elltry.
Q. 1)0 you kllow how the dock in your olliee eompared 1.bat day with


the dock in the Tremmry '1 __ A. 1 do Hot.
Q. Do yon know how the dock in 'yonr oftice compare!! with t1le cIock


in the main office ?-A. 1 eallnot say.
Q. \Vhat was tlIe habit, at tllat Úllle, as to adjusting these clocl,s y-


A. FrIte order is to get ollsen'atory time nt 12 o'eloek, oyer all t]le wires
nver,v da)'; lmt t11e clock which 1 ha(l in 11l,Y officc at tlle time ,YH8 not
no corree!. time-keeper. 1 timed it e\'el'y morning" by my wateh, und 1




388 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
often timed messages by my ",atcIl; but, tbat lUol'Tlin~ 1 timed tho IllCS-
sa~c by the clock.


Q. ls your city wire, oyer which you sent tllis lIlessage to tile main
oflice, conneded wit11 'ViIlanl's Hotel f-A. It is noto


Q. ls it connccted witb anyotherp~ace except tilemaillOmce.~-A.It
was comlec~ed at tbat time witb !he Post ()fjice, am1, 1 think, wit11 t110
Metropoli' an Hotel.


Q. Could an operator teIl, by the ea1', in cit110r o[ t11m,e oJIlccs, what
yon \Vere sending io the main office ?-A. Yes, sir. En'ry operator can
read what is going OHr t1le \Vires. 1 can read a11 t11e messages passing
from the South to New York.


Q. Do ,rou know whether the message, sent, fl'Olll tile maill officc, wal"<
sent o'-er t11e Bankers'and Brokers' wire 2-A. It \Vas.


Q. Haye }OU heen accustollled to \York over tIw Bankers' and Bl'Okers'
wire ?-A. 1 haYe. 1 semi a11 t110 bank lmsillcss aud aU .Jay Cooko's
busilless by it.


Q. Do you know what cOIlJlections that brokcrs' wire has between
Washington and New Yorld-A. 1 belieye it haH connectiolls in Phila-
delphia and Baltill1orf'_


'" ASHIXGTON, Fcbrllary 2, 18;0.
,J. G. GAl1LAXD SWOl'll alld exallliuetl.


To tlle CUAIRilIAN:
1 reside in 'Vashingtoll ci(r. Iam mallag'er of tlle Franklill telegraph


oftlce 1101'('. That is an oppositionlino to (he 'Vestel'll Gnion. Thetwo
lin('s aro in lIO ,,,ay cOlllloctcd. 1 was an opcrator in the Frank:}in tele-
gTaph oflice 011 the 24th September lmit. 1 reco11ect hayjn~ receh-ed on
tllat day a dispatch to bo transmitted from the Seerotary of the 'froasury
to General Butterfield, assistant trcasurcr nt :New York. 1 sent the
dispatcb ll1J,self, ami 1 think 1 remember tite wordillg of it.


"\Vit.liess I'uhse(lnelltly f'ul'IIished the cOIllmittee with tlle follmrillg
copy of the telegram 1'eferred to:


l Tclegram.-lly Franldin line.]


TmuscllY DEPARDIKXT, Septembe¡' 24,1869_
Gcncml DAXIEL BUTTERFIELD,


AAAiRtl'lllt TI'CIl.mrel' F. S., ~Yc!t· rork:
So11 fonr milliolls (4,000,000) goltl tO-lllorruw allll bny four milliolls (4,000,000) bonds_


GEO. S. BOüT\n:U"
Secretar!} of t/w Trl'll8Ul'y.


Chg. tu dep'L-G. S. B.


" This telegl'alll was halHletl in to me by 1.11'. J Oh11S0I1, oue of t.he Seeretul'y's meSS(lll-
gers, at 1 L38 a. m., aud New York gaw\ "O. K." to it at 11.40 a. m.


ii Respectfully, &c.,
ii J. G. GAl\L.\l'\D."


1 hayo had that telegram brought to m;v miml 1Ieforo on aCcoullt of
r2pOl'ts that 1 saw in tlle newspapers. 1 took tlle dispatch ll1'ysl'lf
ri2"ht out ol' tlte hands of the l1leSsellg-er of the SeCl'etal'y oí' t110 TreasllI'y,
and 1 forwanlecl it lllyself to New York, alJ illsido of tIte spaco of ono
minute ..


Q. 'VIlO gayo ;ron t11e dispatch ?-A. Tbis young man, (indicating tho
witness, Helll'y.Johnsoll.)




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 389
(l. Has 1](' \)(WII in tltl' habit 01' hl'inging JllP""ag{'s ¡mm the Treasury


b YOlU' oftlce?-A. lt's. sil'. (l. ])i(l he say Hllythii¡g \\'lIen IH~ lll'li"pl'ed tlw llispateh t.o ,\'on ?-A.
)l"ot that 1 alll a,,"HI'l' ot'.


Q. Did ,Y0n say all,Ytltillg tu hilll t·-A. 1 lhillk noto
Q, 'Vas t1lel'(' Hllyllolly in tlll' o!li('e at tlw tinJ(' hl'sitles yonrself"!-


. \. 1 thínk 111el'(' wa:s no mll' thl'I'l' hnt lIIy aS!'ii!'itHlIt.
(/" Dill yon HitO\\' t11e (lispateh to yonr'ass¡',tallt,lwt'ore ~'on sellt iU-


.l. ~o, Hil', 1 llítl1I0t :sltow it tll any Olll', I took it rigltt OlÜ of the
hallds oí' tlll' !lIe:-;HPHg-pl', and SPlIt 1t mysplt'.
(~, Dilllw make aH,Y illquiry ill rpt'pl'PIU'1' to its ('Oll(l'llts ?-A. No, sil'.


}l,r desk is quite elose to wlwl'l' 1 ,,'ns ,\'ltell 1 took tlw 11iRpatch t'rom
(Iw Hll'ssellgel', 1 inlluedialply put tI\(' lllllllber 011 m,V lIlunher book, sat
110WlI :tt tite illstrllllwnt, e:t11el! .x1'W York, anll sent tlll' mPRsage.
(~. Yon SPllt lIO intt'1'\'l'11i1lg' lIleRsage ?-A. Xo, sil'. (1, Did ,Y0ll s('lld an'y lIws;;agl' to an,\' perRoll otl)('1' than U{'neral But·


tf'l'ti(·ld in l'pfrl'l~l)(,l' to tllat flll'Ssage 't-~\. ~o, sir.
(~. Did yon lllll'iug' tllat day eomlllllnil'ate to Hlly persoll tile fact of


hasing sellt ;;llell a 1I1l'Ssag'l' '1 -A, Xo, Rir. .:\lr. Boutw\'ll cInes his busi·
ness g'l']wrllll,Y tlll'flllgh OLl1' oftin', allll I take p:reat p1'ille in doing- ¡t. 1
have nlway" iS;;!H·1l striet ins( rnetion" to tlw Illl'SSenger who takes a dis·
pat.dl fmm l\fr.'Bllttel'npl(l 01' )[1" l<'olge1' to rhe Spel'dm'~' to wait at tite
Secretary's door anl1 get an HUS\H'l"


Q. 'Vhat is tlw WlIIW of 'yOlll' o]leratol' ",lto rel~pi\'('d this llispatch of
tlle 24th of 8pptc1I11)('1' at thp otl)('1' ('11(1 of the lille 'I-A. 'rhat 1 do IlOt
know; but 1 know that tlw manager oi' tlw oftiee, in all cases, either
takes tlwse lllessages hi1l1se1t' 01' follows tllP JIIl'SSPllgl'I' boy, who takes
them l'ight to tlle 11001' oí' }Ir. 11'01ge1'.
(~. Ho", long has ~'our line heen in tlle 1mbit 01' sending tlispatches for


the T1'easnry Department 1-A. 01l1.v Rince )-11'. Boutwell's administra·
tion eommenced, 'Ve llen~r eould get in befor\' that,


'YA::lHING'l'ON, D, C., Pelii'lwry 2, 1870.
CHá.RLES CALLEN])El~ sworll un<1 eX:1mined.


By the CHAnL\UN :
C,ÍlW"tiOlI. 8tate your n':'\id{~lll'e amI I)e('upatioll.-Ans,,"er. ;\1,11 resi·


dem'e i" at J,) rultoa ;;tref't, Xml':ll'k, ~ .• J. }Iy oe(,llpatiou is that of
pxalllillPI' oí' tlatiollal bank~ 111ll1l'r tite Comptroller of the Cnrrency.


Q. IIo\\' 101lg' hay!' ,\'OH 1IC'l1l that ofJi('P~-.. \. POltl' .\'ParR, 1 t1link, in
.lauuary.


Q. Y~lll \\'(,l'e llctillg' ill tltat ('apaeit,Y in (It(> lUOlltlt oi" September last.-
A. Yl's. ;;il'.


Q, 8taÍ{~ ,,'hl'tlll'l' yOH l\I¡}c!l' aH\' l'xaminatioll oí" tlH' 'l'enth National
Bank dUl'illg' tlw lIl(I]'ltlt 01' Septpu;ber.-A. Xo, Rir, l did noí.
(~. State whethel' -"OH wpi'p familiar ,,'ith the affairs ot' tbat hank dur·


ing that, lIIonth 01' all~' part ot' it.-.. \. 1 waR, so fin as a general obser·
vatioll 01' tite affairs 01' all thl' bankR in tite l~it\',


Q. 'Va,.; that han!.: tlistn~ss('d itl lIIakillg its ~"ettlt'IIH'nts any time dur·
ing t.hat lIlo11th ?-"\. 'rhe Oll]Y day t,]¡at ir waR distresse(l was on Saturo
day, tlle 2,)t1l oí' Septl'l1Ilwl', aftpl' tite black Prillay.


Q, vVltat \Yas that l1istreRS "?-A. On Fridav the bank had hall a se·
vere l'l1lJ. eOllseqnent llpon tlll' gold panic~, aHll 011 Satllnla~' lllorllillg'




390 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
it came np Iargely illdebted to tlle cImring-llOl1Se. The hank did noto
meet its indebtedness as promptIy as it ol1ght to have done. It was not
paid up to Í\YO o'clock. 1 do l\Ot recollect tIte exaet alllollnt of indebt-
edlless. They were strailling ew'ry l1ern~ to }la:v- t1le drain npon tllem
ove1' t.lwir oounto1', nnd 1 supposed tItat. had left thcm withont IlH'a¡lS to
pay their intlebtedncss to tIle eleal'illg-house_


Q. How mnch Wl're t.hey shorU-A. They were sltort ahont B1.i:!,OOO
at. two o'doek.


Q. 'Ycre they shol't by any more than that amoHllt nt au'y iimc dur-
ing the tlay'!--A. They had arranged dming the day all 1mt that amollllt
of lmlance. 'rhat \Yas all the balance they \Yere reported m; (leficient.


Q. How lllllCh cash Itad tItey on hand nt an'y time ?-:'-. 1 enullol say,
1 had made no examination of il.


Q. 'VItat. Hssistanec, if any, (lid yOH ¡.dn' the 1mnk iu seltling this
balance ?-A. 1 fOllnd the bank debtor to the elearing-honse at 1,""0
D'clock, and 1 pnt mJ"sclf in cOIHmHllication with tlte hank clearing-llousl'
couuuittec, of which 1VIr. J. D. YerlJlil~'ea, pl'csidell1, of tlJe 1\le1'ehan1,s'
Ballk, was chairman. 1 hatlllotohillg to do a bont looking iuto thc mat-
ters of t.lte hank. There WílS a speeial cOlllrnit.tee in thc bank cxamilling
ií. T11at committee was sellt on b~r the Secretar,\" of tlle 'l'l'easury. 1
liad been abseut frolll tllP eit,Y attelldillg tllc flllH'ral 01' my 1lI0ther-in-Ja\'\".
Ileft tOWll TIllll'sday afterlloOlI, alld atlvisetl ::\Ir. Kllox~ depu(y comp-
troller of tIte CnrrCllcy, who was iu Xc,,- York at that ti lile. 1 asked
him to 'Hite to tIte COlllptroller, aud Hll~- to 11im that 1 wai'l obJig'cd to
leavc, owing to thc rleath oi' mr 1ll0tlte1'-ill-law. 1 came fl'om tlle funcral
011 Friday night, amI found tIte diflieulty in ]l.Tew York. 1 \Ycnt to thp
dearing-hollse to see ii' they ha(l eJeared their halan ce, amI 1 found
there was a deticiencJ" nf $15:¿,OOO. ::\11'. Dickillson, prcHitlcllt of 1.111'
bank, stated that while he hela eertifie(l dwcks on othel' hnllki'l for a
large'l' H1ll011nt than tIlat, he was nnable to ('olll'et thc:,:e ('}lI'('ki'l heeanse
oí' tlle banki'l refusing to pay him green backs lIpOll tllClll llndpl' an
arrang'eulPlIt ,,,ith tlle elearillg-hollse that Olte hallk shall not ])l'N;ellt to
otIter ba\lk8 certifieü l'lleck8 fol' greenbad:,::, but that tllp dl('(:k¡-; "hall
be settled. by tlw c]eHl'iug-lloll"P amlllot OH'!' tiJc COllntcl'. ' J saitl to tlH'
clearing-bouse ('Olllll1ittee, tl1at ii' tlll>y ,yould giyo lIW lincen minutes 1
thollgltt 1 eoultl arrallg'e t hut balance alld J)l'PH'nt tlle failnre 01' tllP
bank. 'fJ¡ey a"ked me lInw. 1 to](l tllem that 1 ,yonlll ar1'Hnge so that
1 coul<1 draw theso cheeks. Then l,n'llt to olle bank, ,,,hieh 1 kllc\\"
was a large l'rellitor HlHl ",hieh lm(l l'lenty oí' green h¡ICk8, aml askpü
them to takc these certified checks amI let me hayp $l.j:!,O()O for them,
in order to pay tIle balance oi' the Tellth Natiollal R\Ilk. 'l'his was tllt'
Bank of Ne.w York, which i" in the same 1mih1ing with tIte ekaring-
house. Tbis was done, of course, with tIte cOllsent oí' Ihe pl'esident of
t.he TentIt National Ballk, anCI' a little hesitation. 1 mge(l llilll t.o it 80
as to prevent. tbe failul'e of the bank, beeallse 1 said to 1Iim tllat ir mis
aH in tIte plan to haye. oue hank fail allll to follo,,' it with tlw faillll'f' of
anotber.


Q. In what plan f-A. There was a. eombinatioll t11e1'e to urcak so me
01' our nacional banks. It liad its origill in a purpoi'lC to seize t11a1,
opportuuity to make eonfusiou ano to brillg ahont a 1inaucial crisis.


Q. Did yon llIHlerstano that. that. comuiuatiou was the same as the
gold combination ?-A. Xo, sir. It was au opposition to the gold como
uination. It. ",as not strictly an oppositioll to t]¡e goltl eombillatioll, unt
it was Hnother combination forme(1 in the exigell(:ici'l of the lIloment.
Certain part.ies who \Yere in favor of t]¡e Sblte han k syi'ltem, alld certain
partieswho were largol,\" intt'n'8t.efl, 1 tltillk. in the GohJ EXt'lJallgl' Bank,


.....




nOL]) PAXIC INYESTIGATION • 391
.:lIul other ::::ltaU' Ol'g-auümtiolls, alHI ee1'taiu eapítalists who were bears in
stocks, seizml tite opportllllit~" 01' tite e1'isiH in goId to nndertake to make
n, crisis in HtoekR.


Q. Statp aH .\'Otll' l'eaSOllS fo]' belieyillg that snch a eombination
existed.-A. 1 lweame satistie(1 tltat tlw 1ll0vellwIlt to Helld OH a specíal
('OmmiRi;joll to pxallline certain lIational banks in Nc,," York had its
Ol'ip:in in (JI)(' diqne tltat (1(>"i1'e<1 to break tItiH gold conspiracy, and in
anotItcl' eliqne that waH desirons 01' "bearing" stockH; and, 1 think,
tllPy IIIOH~d tog(>tl}(>l'. 1 callnot gíyc ~"ou tite names composing these
eliques. 1 llan' tricd n'ry a RsüInollsly to aseedain definitely the nameH,
amI [han' 1Iot been ablo to reuelt satisfactorily to myself the llamcs
uf al! t,ltp pa1'tit~s eoncerned. 1 Rhould uot wisIl to gi\~e any names to
tilo detrimont of othe1' pa1'tles; lmt T waR satisnml fL'OlIl the manller in
which they manipnlated the thiJlg thut therc was that determination,
t'rOlll t!t¡; 1':lct that tite (~Ollllllitt.('fl whieh weut c¡n to New York said to
llle eontidentially, that tlJ('~- hall illRtrnetions to examine the 'l'enth
Nat.ioual Ballk, ulld titen tlle~" mentiolled other banks. 1 knew what
that meant. 1 thong1lt it \Ya,; }'('¡whing flll'ther t.Itan IlwrrIy the gold
cliqu(>.


Q. Vl'Oltt \\'11(11) <lid tlwy l'('lHllt tltat tlw.\" hall ilJstrnetiolls'?-A. From
t11e Sp('l'l'tal',\" or t]1(\ Tn'asllry amI the Comptroller of the Cllrrency.
'rhat \ras t'iaid to lile in eOllyersatioll, amI 1I0body else knew it. 1 knew
that tlw intlllPIJec which lmlllght thelll the1'e to examilw the Tellth Na·
tional Bunk meant a great denL lllore than mere oppúSitiOll to the g'old
elique. lltad to fOl'llI JIIY cOllelnsions hastiIy. E,e1'ything is done in a
lllll'lT in )le" York (;ity, all(l e,;pecially in slleh 1m !'xeiting time as that.
\Yheu 1 raised this 1ll0lH'\" for the :u;sistaneü of tlU' Tenth N ational Bank
1 did it with a fnll e()n\"i~,tion in my ()wn 1IIj¡}(1 that tbe faiIure of that
hank wonld he followod by raid" OIi othel' hallks, allíl that the dctermi-
nutioll W:1i' to pn'('et a gf'llpral crash ami a di~t1'ni't ni' our natiollal ballIr·
illg R.vt'ltelll; aud ,;nl>St'r¡IH'lIt (ICyeloplllellt,; ill t1le matter of the Gold
Exehallg'(> Hall k ('olliil'lJl('(l 111(' ill t Itat ovinioll. J WUR inyited by the
elearing·hou,;p ('olllmittee to llH'et witl) thelll "1',11('11 the~' WP1'(' disellsRing
the matt!']'. Tlicy hall th('i1' eOllllsel present. Tlwre Sf'ünH:,d to he an
npathy Olt tlle part oí' al! tltp Ktate hank of'lieialR in regard to fhe matter.
I could BOt lllHlcr"tawl it. The superintelldcllt of tho Sta te lJa1l1e de·
partmcnt or AllJauy (,;\11'. SdLUylel', 1 think his name \Yas) ,,"as sellt for
by tIte eOUlUlitt('(' at 1ll.Y ,;nggpstiol1. The 001(1 Exehangp Bank ltad
lleen placed in thp 1t<I!HIR oí' a r0('('i"e1' b~- the con1't, alld therc ,,"as no
powel', Re!'lIlingly, to g'ei nt thp hook" oí' iIJe lmllk to nRcertain whether
it wm; ¡.;oln'lIt m lIot. III the eonrse 01' settlemellt with tho Gohl Ex-
('hange Ballk it he('aJut' :LII I'lelllent oi' llcresi'ity almoRt for the clearing-
house eOllllnitten to underlitalld ,rhat tIle eontlition of the bank was.
They were feadhl oi' attacluncllt. 'rhey brought their counRe1, .Tudge
BmoU, t.hE'1'e, mI(l he (keidell tltat thero was 1\0 powel' to examine the
book8 of the Goldl~x('hallge Ballk, RO as to han~ un intelligíble ex-
hibit. 1 snggcRü>d thell that it \Va,; perfE'ctly proper for them to send for
the superintemlent of t1lc Ktate bank (}ej)mtmellt nt Albally, and that
he ce1'tainIy h:HI tIte powe1'. He wa,; teleg1'aphed fo1', and came. dOWll
by tbe Hteamel' that night. 'I'hat \Yas tlw \Vedllesday 01' Thursday of
the wcek immeuiatd,\- following this· black Friday. \Vhen he callle in to
the dearing·housc eOlllmiUf>e llext lllorning lw decided tbat he had no
powe1' to examillC that hank. 1t had been plaeell iu the hands of a
1'eceÍ\-er by tIte eourt, ami he dOllhtell hiH authority to go in and examine
whethcl' t1le bank ",as Holyent 01' noto H was a matter of g1'eat surprise
to JIl(, 1)('(':lIIs(' 1 kllí'\\' that, hy olll'1n\\" it tonld he done. Judge Emott




392 GOLD PANlC INVESTIGATION.
was of the opinion that he had the authority. AH tIte sllbiSequeut de-
velopments eonvineed me that the opposition to the national bankiug
system had united at the time, thinking that it was a g'ootI opportnnity
to make a raid, and that the goIrI panie was really seizeu npoll by other
parties than those illlmediately interested in guld. As it always is in New
York City yon canllot get U]} a Rkirmish in one thing hnt al! other in-
terests are iuvolved more or les:s heforo yon got througll. 1 went to the
Bank ofN ew York amI arnmgoll with 1\11' •• J ames Il. Ballker, tlw YÍec prosi-
deut, topay tho balancedue theclearing.hollse hytho'I'Cllth NatloualBank,
$152,000, he taking certifie!l chccks OH other hanks, which t.lw 'l'enth
National13a.nk had rceeivcd that day in paymellt of loan!'; \\'11ich it had
eallcd in. 'I'11is was on Satllnlay, 1 tllell wcnt to tbe 'l'enth National
Bank aml found a larg'e el'owll outiSide and illfüüe, and a goml lIeal of cx-
eitemellt, amI I fonnd that. the lmllk ,vaR \'('I'y low in greenbaekR. 1
askcd them 1'01' whateycl' thcy had in the :shtipe of Rccnritie:s. 'rhey
gave me cel'tain certificJ check:,; ou othcl' hankR, OH w1l1c11 tllose banks
had l'CfllScd to pay grecnba(~ks, 1 wcnt with tboRe eertified ellecks f.o
the hanks and got gl'eenbaekR YOl' thelll. .A.R i'iOOIl aH J pn'sented thp
checks, the gl'ecnbackR wel'C paid without ally qlwstioll, They said:
"Oh, yes, we will pay them tn ~-on." If any bauk hall llOt ]laid them 1
should han'l prote:stcc1 Rllell bank. 1 mu(le a L'P]lOl't to tllP (~ornptrollel"
of the CUl'rency.


Q. vVlly woilld not the cleal'illg'·ltonse l'eeeive tlw eertiJinc[ ehedu\
which the 'renth National Ballk held ag'ainst, otl1l='1' hallks '?-A. By the
rules oí" tllc cleal'ing-hou8P it (~nllHot l'ecoÍ\-o allythillg' in paymerJt. fOl'
balances but legal-tender notes 01' elearing-Itouse eert.ifieates.


Q. vYiIlllofj a eertified elwek nI' a nationaI hallk g'pt, a dparing-lton8tl
eertifieate "?-A. :No, sir,


By MI'. S::I-IlTH:
Q. 'l'hey are nsed in the dearing-ltollse to determino balalltes ?-A ..


Oh, yeso Tlley sencl all thei1' em'tiJie!l check" there iu tlw rnorning, hui,
tIte halance" dile the clearing" 11(lll;;!' must lw pai!l ill ¡,(TI' (m 1>:1(·1\s.


By the CHAnDlAN:
Q. Aml in t11is eaiSP, t1le 'J'cnth Xatioual13allk \\"<1» Illlahlc~ lo pa.') its


halanee exccpt in certified check s Y-A. Tite 1Jallk \YlIS lIltahlp to pay its
balance in gre('n hneks. Tito rules nf tIte dea.rillg-housp f()rbicl banks
presentillg' eertified cheeks to otlle1' haIlks fol' paylllCllt Oy(~J' t.lw connter,
and the clea,ring,housfl itself wouhl lIot receive them. Bnt 1 weut with
t,hose certifiecl (~lIl\cks to those otlle1' hallks, aJl(I dpuJanclE(! gr('cnbacks,
amI got them. 1 paicl thp balallf'(\ dile to the elea1'illg-hollse hy tl1('
Telltll NatioIlal Hank, anc1 fUl'llislle(loye1' $100,000 io thp hallk witll
which f.o mect, tlle' l'llll at its ('omltpl', aJl(I to ('Tl:l IIlp it to ]lay I'n·r.vt1ling'
on demando


Q. Have .ron, sinee thaj- tinH', ('x:uninecl lh!.' [J:mk, lo ,;P(\ whpthpI' it
losí. allythillg hy those tl'ammdi()Jls '1-.\. Yes; 1 Jook('cl oye1' their
afluirs, cash items alld loall", aud 1 knmy that tltl'l'(' are SOIlW t.hings in
aheyance UOí', l1nsettlcd, hut nothing that ill\'alidatl's tlll' ('apital oí' tIle
ballk in t110 least. The h:mk llas a ~aHpllls, :1nd 1 mil :,<atbtipc! tita!, ití'
stock to-day is worth lO,). Tí j,.; I'¡,lIillg nt 107.


Q. Did tIJe bank yiolate lIte law, d1ll'illg tIJos!' day,"" ill :tll.\' rpspect,
!'lO ülr as YOU 1mo\\' '?-.A. T thiuk llot. 'I'!te eOlllll1itr(,í' tIJat \Vas exam·
ining tIte hank dnring those two (1a,\'s, Friday :1lI<l 8atlll'day, ,,"ould be
('Ol1lIH'tent to tell; 1 ealll10t td!.


Q. Prom yOllr OWII kllowledg(' amI inÜll'llla:ioll, fOl'lllally alld int()rm-




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 393
ally, you cannot say whether the lmnk did 01' notT-A. 1 think it did
noto Tbat bank of aH other banks in New York City, llad been exam-
ined by myself, und pretty tboroughly overhanled on violations of law.


Q. At wbat time '?-A. In Aprillast. That was my last previons ex-
arnination; 1 made fonr 01' nve reports, which are on file.


Q. You said, in :r0UI' testimony a líttle while ag-o, that yon regarded
tite movement which led to the appoiutment of these examiners as one
hostile to the llational bank8. What do yon know about tIle immediate
CaUSf'R that lell to tIle appointment of these examiners f At whose in-
stallCC, amI on whose complaints, as far as yon know, were tIley ap·
pointed "I-A. It iR a general knowledg-e. 1 cannot specify names ¡
hut 1 han'l my jllformation from severa1 bank presidellts. The pl'irnary
InOY('.l1Ipnt was made by {larties WllO were largely sIlort of g01d, and wem
opposed to the clique general1y. They t,mid: "Rere, \Ye caullot break thiR
dique; jt js too llowerful, aR a gold clique, for ns to break it; but there
is oue thing we ean do. If \Ve eall get a slweial eommittee from 'Vash·
ington to eXalnine that lmnk, \YO can perhaps prevent its eertif'ying
(~hecks fol' them, aud thus prCYellt theil' banking üteilitics for carrying:
gold, and that will lJrl~ak tbe ('lique." As soon as thiR speeial eOlllrnittee
makCH itH appearanec in ~ew York Cit,y, tlwse pariies go l'ight to \York
amI te11 otber partie~, und Uwy gd np au excitelIlent in tho stoek board
by Ruying ihat a Releet. eommitte(, nf illyeHtigatiou of three is in sueh a
hank, amI that that bank has gol, to titi1. ~\ \V ay go stoeks. 1'eop18
sell out. 'fhey Srty tltnt if a hallk is going' to fail, iL iR going to make
t1'ouble. They let tlwil' stoekR go, amI tllel1 the~8 ppople wll0 llavl~
lJIOIW~" aJl(1 who llIHlerHtand it aH, huy thoRe stocks low.


Q. no you now tllillk that the1'8 \Vas allything in the cOlldjtioll oí' tlw
'renth }¡ational Hank whíeh required a special examinntion ~-A. No
more tllllll un.') other lJl'okpr's lJ:m k. Indoed, 1 RuppoRe, and am qriite
eonyinced, that Ow trallsactions of the gold dique were ea1'ried on a¡.:;
rnueh throngh otbe1' ballks as thl'oug-lI tIto Tenth Natiollal 13ank.


Q. vVhat relatiolls, if any, do yon nnderstand tlJe gold dique liad to
the 'L'enth ~ational Bank ?-¡\.. They \Yere supposed, by the publie, to
OWIl a coutrol1illg illtpl'Cfit in the stoek. '1.'hat is, tlle Erio railrO:Hl wa"
:-;up}Josed to OWll half a millioll of stock oí' t1le Tellth National Banli. 1
kuew that tlll'Y hall parte(l with a.la1'g'e portioll of Iheil' iutereHt to OtlWl'
¡larti.0s. -(l. Fl'ipIHl1y Ol" lI11friendl.y to thcllI'!---:A. Friendly, 01' <~OllrRP.


Q. Di!! the fact of tllflir parting' with n, portioll oí' th('ir illte]'('st (·.hallg"l\
tile fa¡;t oí' tbcir haYing really a e(Hltrolling intluenee in it 1-A. No, sir;
except tlJat tho;y did uoí, haye a llHljorit.y of tIJe l1il'edioll oí" tlw 'l'nutll
National Hank ut that, time.


Q. '1.'0 what extent, 01' in \\"hat re:-;¡H'ct, di<l tlw gol<l diqlle get lJe.]p
frolll the TentIl NatiOlllll Hank ?-A. 1 do not think the,v got any, bt\·
'yolJ(l wItat otIler tinm; got.


Q. To what cxtellt did tll" Tenth Natioual Bank eertify ehceks fut,
any member oí" the dique, so far as you know'?-A. 1 :hayo not the
figures before me. They certified very hu'g-el,\'. Hnt the Tellth National
Bank would not have certified eheek:-; foI' the gold dique, except to tbe
amount that other han ks had certifio<l ('heekH previously, amI that those
ehecks had been deposited in tho Tenth National Bank. Ev('I'Y eerti-
tied check mnltiplie~ itself.


Q. vVonld you regard 24,000,000 oí' eertiHcatioll, by l,hat bank, OH
Thursda,V, as an nndue amount'?-A. Yes, sir; but stiU it has been
larger ÍlI otile .. banks of le¡.;s eapitaI, at times of g'l'eat ¡.;t.o(~k exeite·
lIH'nt. ..




394 GOLD PANlC INVESTIGATION.
By .MI'. BVRCHAl{]):


Q. When you say that eyer.y certitied check lllultiplies itself, do you
mean to say that, if tlteU'irst Natiollal Bank, for instance, certifies a
ellcck for $100,000, amI that check is takell to the Tenth N ational Bank,
and (lepositetl, that it is therelJy doubled '?-A. Yeso lt is doubled iJl
tile clcarillg"·house accounts, and it may go in the same \vay through a
<lozml bUllks, so tIJat in t1e clearing-honse it would represent 81,~OO,OOO. (J. nid yon come OH to Washington on any of those days "?-A. 1 !lid.


Q. Did yon have any cOIlYersation with the authorities at the trcas-
lIry, in ret·ercnce to thc appointmcnt of tile cOillnü¡;;sion '{:-A. No, sir.
The appointment was maüe cntircly withont my knowlcdgp. 1 wa¡;;
away whcn it was made, aud knew nothing about it. They- went on
Thnrsday llight, amI I lcft Ncw York the same llight, on my way to
within tifteen miles of AIlJany. This commissioll made its appearanep
nt the Imnk UIl Friday momillg', ami 1 kuew lIotltillg' ahon! it till Satnr-
day 1l10rning, when 1 retu1'lled.
(~. ])0 you kilO\\" whether tite COlIllllis¡ÜOIl eOlllpletecl its examillation


01' not '?-A. Thcy assnrecl me, at 01)(\ o'clock 011 Satnnlay, that tllf~~- liad
completed it.


Q. Do yon kllOW the reasun why thp,Y wcm l"\~calle<l fl'olll theil' general
work of examining natiollal banks (?-A. Thcy \Vere not sent mI a gen-
eral examining cOlllmittee. They were sent with specitic iustrnetiolls.
(~. Hnt tlley liad also instrnctiom.; ,,-idcl' t11an that banle alolle '-?-A.


Yeso Ido not lmow the reason why they were rceallcd. ] ('ame to
\Yashingtou Sat\ll"(lay Ilight, teleg'l'ailhiug' to t,hp Secretar-r an<l Comp-
troller oí" tlle Onrrency that 1 would like to see thcm OH SUllda\". WlipIl
1 saw]\Ir. BOlltwelL 'in tilo lllorning, he said to me, befo!"c l' said any-
thillg: ",y e n·callpd that committce last nigllt. 'rhpy ,vill make no
f'nrther examinatioll." 1 8pent Sl1nday in 'Vashingtoll, and wellt back
SUllda:r lIight. 1 (lo not kuO\y what reason lp!l thPlll to reeall the eom-
mittce, except that t]u,;y \Yere sati:,;ficd that T could attelHl 10 tlH~ duties.
1 huye l'ecpin~d u"imrancp", bot11 from the Secretar.\' amI the Comp-
tr01le1' oi' ll!e CnrrCI]('Y, tllat t11t';\, (Iicl 1101. deelll it pl'lld(~lIt to lwye t.hti
eon1lnitt('<, l'nnain. 'J'h('y hall rpcallpd tllPlll beí"o!'e 1 eallH' Oll to \Y:1SJ¡-
illgton.


By 1\1 r. Sm'l'lT:
Q. Did eitllC'l" of them sa~' what imlnced tlWlll to recall the 1:0011lllit-


tee '1-A. 1 do 1I0t thiu k ilwy did. I simpl.r said to them, and 1 think
Oley agrccd with lile in a ll1emnI!'e, that iu a time of excitelllfmj, like
that, it would ureak almost ally lJallk to hase it kllO,,"1l olltsitle that a
special eommittüo hall b('l~1l SPllt to examinp its a~rair;.;. TI "'onld bB
magnified al. 01lce as denoting weakness.


By the CUAllDlAN :
(~. llaye ,You e,'el" heen directf'rl ~illC(, to Illake au exalllinatio1l 01' that


hauk ?-A. No, sir.
Q. nave ;you kllOWIl flllything' of its trausactiolls sillce whidl led .)"011


to suppose that it shou}d be cXHlllined "?-A. N o, sir; 1 know enong'h oí'
its transactions to know that its lmsilless is ver} limited. 1 was iu t]¡e
lJank every day, more 01' lest:, for a ",eek a(ler t1lat nffair, amI when the.)'
w:lllted to opell brokers' accounts and to go on in tlw sallw way, 1 said:
"No, gentlemen, it is 1l0t safe." Alld 1 cOl1nseled the general declining 01'
aU tl1e"e aecOllllts, nllll tried to ma ke arrallg'PIlll'nts fo)' trausfp!'ring t.he
bauk to a location where it "o:11d do a legitimate cOlIlmercial hnsiness.
In that I hawl sllcceeded. 'l']¡ere has 1)('(\11 an elltire transformation in
the lJoard of direction, alld the,\" lll1\'C secul"e<l room" in a lmil(liug nI>


---




UOLO PANIC lNYESTIGATION. 395
town-the New York Lite Insurall(~e building. They willmovethere OH
tIte 1st of Mal'ch, amI tIte ballk \ViII be a eOHllllercial bank. Jt has 1Iot
(101le any brokerage business since tIlO panic. 1 kno\V that you couId
not ofI'er ally inducement to t1le pres011t dil'ection of tllat bank to stay
there and do brokel'uge lJllsiness.


Q. Do the natiollal bank8 generall~- do a hrokerage husilless'!-A. No,
sir; lIot generaIIy. A few oí' tllem do.
(~. Did ;you llave ally knowl<:dge of all arrangenwut uetwec1I tlle presi-


dent 01' any other oftlcer of that bank and any of the clique brokers rluring
that week, that the bank \Vas to CPl'ti(y eht'l'ks f()l' tlwltl tn an~unlimited
01' to a very large amount'f-A. Xo, sir; r haye uo such knowledge.
Indeed, 1 <lid not suppose that 1\fr. Diekirmon could haye said anything
of the ki~(1. 1 had tllOnght that 1 had satisfaetory a¡';HUl';lIleeH frolll thp
presÍllent of tlte bank that tile law wouId be obsernd.


Q. llave you now any kllowledgp, with OH' affairs aH passed, 1ltat tbe1'o
was any sueh arrang'emcnt as that ?-A. ,N 0, sil'; T han~ 1I0t. r know
that MI'. DiekinRoll elaimed that he of hiR own aceord notified theRe par-
ties that he eould Tlot certi{r their dLeeks, hut that finally hl' gavp aH a
reason tbat there ,,'ere exuminers at tite hank.


Q. Do ,)"Ol! kllow of au,)" officpl' oí' thp gOVPl'llllLcllt oi' the Unitpd ~tateR
\VIto was dil'eetly 01' indil'eetly illtercstef1 in o)' eOllllectetl witll tlle gold
lIloyement in '~ew York in ~eptelllher laRt '?-A. 1 have neyel' sllpposed,
fmm all tite obsel'vatioll antl ilHl'liry 1 eOlllflmake, that thel'e waH !llore tban
on!!, aIHIl do uot know of my OWIl knowledge that 1,hpre waH auy. Oí'
eOUl'se it \nlS a mattel' oi' public (,OlllllWllÍ tltat (;eneral Hnttcl'field, tlHJ
assistallt trea:ml'er, ,,-as involn'fl.


Q. IH that tho one to wltOTll ,'I'our R1L]I]lo¡.;itioll l'('fl'rs ?-A. YI'¡';, ¡.;ir.
By MI'. l'ACKER:


Q. ~tate ",Iwther tlw 'l'elltlt ?-\:ttiollal Halik <lid ;óvu eel'titipt! cheeks
tllat da,\" wit1lOUt lLaYing' ot]¡l~l' CIlP!'!;:H ('ertilípd lo tlle salllc H1I10unt
depositcfl.-.A. 1 f~onld Bot sa~' that fl'OlIl lW1'SOlWI kIlO\yleflg'('. Jf T hafl
,~pent tite cntire d_ay with thp hall!;: 1 eould anl'lWl'l' the qUPRtiOll.


Q. Dí!! ~-OIL lIlake ally PXalnillatioll SUhSPqHt'llt1y t~n' tlw ]l\ll'pOSP of
aseertaillillg-'I-A. Ro fal' m; 1 \ya¡.; ahk tn 1 llirI. It is impo¡.;¡.;ihle to
tell in a broker's bank, Hllles¡.; .rOll are tl)('re l'igltt "traight alollg tbrougll
lile da.v, whethel' tlw ballk I'(,ltifips to f'IIPI'];:s ]H',\"OlHI tlw a1110lLlLI, dt'-
:lositc(] 01' llOt, t()!' tll(' H';L~()1l fllat at:: o'(~lol'k, for in¡.;taIH'l'. yOH ean ()Ill~'
aseertain t.he reRults of th" elltire dn,\":,; t rall¡.;adiolls, aIHI ,\'on al'(' llot abl!'
10 aseel'taill definitply w!tptltpl' at a n,\" pal'tienlal' llOu!' in tite dayeItt'tks
h:we beell certified hl'yolHl the amouut depo¡.;ited 01' llOt. 'fhis could be
done by making an exalllillatiolL f'y('l'~- tiftepll minute" fluring 1he day,
lmt no person would he Yl'l'Y likl'ly to lllakc auy on']' f'l'I'tifi('ations that
day while tIte examinpl' \\':ll'l ])l'eSellt.


Q. At tlw tinle .vOl! \\'P11t, to l'aisl' the lIundl'cd all(l odd thonsalld dol-
lars fol' the Tenth NatiollaI Bank, npOll whose ('prtitie(1 ch('ck did yon
mise that 1Il011P.Y ~-A. Th('l'(' \\'81'P yariOllS ef~rtitie(l d¡pd.:.s oí' parties
",ho had llaid their loan¡.;. Tite ban!\: liad call10ans, alld tlle parties caUlO
in and paid tllClll by certified checks Oll tIte differellt banks of tllo eity.
1 eouId not no\\' gi\'1l ~'()lI t1w nal1les. 1 wal'\ ilHlignallt at thc position
which SOlllO of tile ba11ks al'lsnmed on that dar, and 1 [';tate frankly to
the cOlllmittee, that the onfol'eing the rule 01' the elparing-house made for
the oI'dinaI'Y trammdiOll oi' business, ill au ('xigelle~- whieh illYoh'ed t11 ..
failnre of Olll' oí' theil' numher, 1 cOllsitlered an outrage; and 1 said that,
if thu'n \\'as a Ilatiollal ballk whieh eertified a cheek tOI' whieh tlley were
Ilot ri'ady to ]l<l,\" t lLe gTe0nbaek;;:, alld tho fact came to m,Y knowlt~dge, ]




396 GOLD PANIC INVESTLGATION.
would seml it to vYashingtoll 1'or sueh actioll 01' the' department as might
he considered proper. 1 belieye that wltell a bank eertifies checks it
Hhould be able to pa.y in greenb.wks, should they be demanded.


Uj' 3Ir. S:m'l'H:
Q. (}iye tILe names of an." ballks in ~ew York whose action at this


time wa.s intellded to break dOWII Ol' injnre the national banks.-A. H
was a wide-spl'pad feeling there. In the first )llace there are State
banks whieh are desirous of aecomplishing sneh a purpose, and I regar(l
the whole action at Albany, in the facilities they furnish for Htartillg lIew
Htate banks, as being intenrlerl for that purpose. '


Q. 1 speak nolV of incliddnals 01' bl1uks in cOTlneetiull with the gohl
panic.-A. 1 cemld not g'ivc yon the llames of parties from personal
knowledge; 1 only speak oí' the development 01' general facts. 1 eonld
reí'er, for instance, to the Gold Bxchang'e Bank.


Q. Who Wf're lal'gely iuterested in that hank 'I-A. MI'. Belledict, aud
Lockwood & Co. Lockwood & Co. snhscqnently failed. TllPy WPl'(', Sup-
posed to han' heen strengthened by the Gold Rxchange Bank to the
extcnt oi' its ahility. '¡'he failnre oC the Gold Bxdtange Hank was can sed
hy its favoritiSIll to sorne of these parties, 01' others (lf their friendf\.
Their rule \Vas not to ¡¡ay out anything until an tIle transaetions were
settled; but for the purpose of assisting theil' favoritcs 1 hc,Y pai<l out
balanees to particular parties. Titen otile!' parties failed, aJl(I t1le ütil-
111'0 of tIte han k was tilo cOllsequence.


Q. ])0 yon know what repl'esentatiolls \Yere mude to tIte Secretary of
(he Trcasnry ane! (JoTllptroller, which imluccd thc appointment of 1,1Ies('
parties to lIlake an eX:llllination oí" the Tenth Natiollal Bal1k ~-A. No,
Hir; 1 would giyc considerable to kllOW that. 1 do Ilot lmow who madf'
t,1Ie applicatiou. r \Yould likc yer.v weH to have the committee kllo\V. 1
have no tecling about it, lmt 1 think thc effect would he of some valne.
1 do 1I0t thillk there wonld p"el' han~ he en an opportunity att'orded to
this "lmll" party in gold ir tilere had llot heen fil'st a "bear" party who
had beeu Helling- gold short 011 thp Htn'ngtlt of the expeeted erops; it is
HO twery yen!'. (}ol!l WUH ullusllally amI rapidly depress~!l in pl'Íee by
the lllel'ehants, hankerH, ami otlH'I'H, w\to ,",(lId sh01't. In my jndgment,
amI iu tlw jllllg-ment oí" the heHt men of N ew York City with whom 1
han) eouH'rsed, amI whose opiuiOll8 J would reganl a8 most valuable,
tite short interest was IlPal'ly sixt.y mil1ions nt the time tllif; party eaml'
in to 1'ake aclYantage of this opportnnity.


Hy the CHAIR'C\lAN :
(~. About wltat time !lid t1wy hegin to operate '?-,A. About the 1 iítJ¡


or ~Oth oí' .\ngnst. FitHling' t1le magnitnde oí" the sltort interest, amI
knowing' that tl11' banks hphl only ten 01' twelYC millions, they Haid, "vVp
ean easily huy that; the gOYel'lllll!'T1t is lIot going- to seIl, an<1 these fel-
10ws eanllot get their sixty 01' scYellty millions oí' gold." 'rlmt \Vas tlH'
only imlncemeut tor thrsc pal'tip¡;.; 10 kef'p 011 bnying. 1 want to say
tilrtlwl', that this moyrHlPlIt ",as a tlght,betwc,eJl gold gamblers. 1 think
it was six oí" one alld half a doy.en oí' the othel'; that tile parties who sol<1
short in Hlltieipatioll of the eottoIl erop sltonld hayo 110 1II0re sympathy
than tlw ot,her partieR. r do not think it WHs Jlo~sihle for any ailllliniH-
tration of the finalice" to provPllt tite l'eHlllt that follo\V('d, and it wilI
(~OlOe againjnst a" Rure as the sun risPi'; and i'wts.


Q. Do yon 1,lloW of any legislative l'f'lIIed:,' for it~-A. 1 think then'
j¡;.; a partia] l'cmel1y that \nml(l JIl'('yent .111.'1' Yl'ry ('xtmHh'(l (1)('mtiOllR.
(;01<1 is 0111.'1' ",ante!! fol' tIte payment of dut.ips alld fin' shiJlllHnt ahroad.
1f a IlH'l'rltllllÍ wantl'11 to pa,\' hi¡;.; !!uties 011 g'oods, I think 11(' ('ollld go tn




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 397
the collector of tIle port 01' tIle proper authority and obtain a certificate
of the amonut oi' dnties, whielt eonld he taken to the assistant treasurer,
and tIle aSRistant treasurer anthorized to fllrnish the amount of gold at
tIle market price for that day. 1 think the government could nx the
market price of goId for caeh da,y throngh the cllstoms rcceipts, and
that this wOllld pre\~ent piracy upon the mercantile cOlllmunity.


Q. If they paid their eustollls dllties in goId wouId tItey not be at the
merey oi' tbe rate if the street fixed the markct ratc ?-A. 1 do uot see
how ihe street c01lII1 fix the market rate if there \Vas no demand for t11e
purchase of gold.


Q. Conld n0t they tllemselyes combine to push dO\\'1l goId 01' push it
npf-A. PosRihly, alll! ~'f't yon eonld not f'asil,y form a eombillatioll
aIuong importerH to t1lat l~xtl'nt.


By Mr. S~n'l'II :
Q. \'V ouId an,)' sneh plan m, tllat pn~Yül!t shol't sales of gold 't-A. 1


do uot think it \\'oulcl flllly, and J'et it \\'ouhl in a great measure, beeaus(l
they seU thcÍl' gold sltOrt n{lOIl a "pe(~nlatiy(~ idea. 'file greatest eallS8
of t.he evil, howlw('r, is perhaps in tllP system of e1earanees at th8 Goltl
Bxchange Hallk. I f legislation eOllld l'equire the adual delivery of gold,
and brf'llk up thi" s'ystem of exchanges 01' elearallees, it wonld do mnch
to eheek thc evil. 1 hayo tried aUl eouId through the assoeiatc lmllk"
to preyellt its reorganizatioll. 1\1ere ho,Ys in tIJe gold-roolll are permitted
to trallsact business to Yery large amollllts: aeting, of course, for other".


By 1\lr.J'ACI\Ell:
Q. 'What. is it thnt prodllees tiJe "ho1't RaleR of gold to which .)'Olt hayo


l'eferred, and what intercst do the importen; themseIyes t.ake in that
operation ~-A. l\iany orthe importers Iteld Iarge balances of gold dUl'ing'
aU that strillg(,IH~'y, alld did Ilot "eU m'en nt tlle enhauced lll'iee. Tilo
banks conId llot ¡,¡oll, becau¡,¡ü they held it lIndel' tleposit, and might nt
tlIly tilllo be ealled upon to pay it out. 1 think tite foreigll bankers c1id
more to induce the risp in the pricB of gold than the importer;,;. The
time \Vas \ylu'n tIte ballks controUed tlw 1l10ney moyement. They do
not to-clay. Foreign capital :md ontsille capital are larger to-day titan
t.ho banldng capital.


Q. Did the importers IInite to put down tlle priee of gold when they
desircd to malw heay,)' pa;m~Pllts rOl' importatious ?-A. To SOUle extent,
1 think, tl1('Y <lid.


\V AsnH\G'l'ON, D. C., Febnwry 2, 1870.
Russ¡,;u, A. HILLS sworll :lll(l ('xamille{1.


By the ClIAunrAN:
Qne¡,¡tion. S~ate yOllr residence and occupation.-Answer. 1 reside in


New York, and aIH lt broker.
Q. \Vere .ron a broker in September last ~-A. Yes, sir.
Q. State to the eOlIllllittee whether you haye any kllowledge of a COIll-


binat.ion formecl in tho city ofNew Yorl, , in Selltember last, for tite pur-
pose of a(lYancillg t.llo priee of gold ?-A. 1 knew that there was sneh a
combinatioll f¡mlled.


Q. lIow did yon know it '!-A. By reeeÍ\'ing orders frolll Fisk aud
Gonld to buy gold.


Q. Dicl .rou receive o1'(ler" f1'01l1 anybody else ~-A. Frolll ~mith,
Goulu, J\Iartin & Co.




398 GOLD PANIC I~VESTIGATION.
(~. Bid tho mere fact of Y0lll' receiying' onll'rs from tbem show you


that there \Yas a comlJillation ?-A. No; lJut 1 kn8\\" it fmlll Iny expel'i-
ence in lJnsines,,;, amI frolll my seeillg them together in tite oflice of Wil,
liam Heath & Oo., the firm t11at 1 was in at the time.
, Q. Dül yon recei\'e any onler frolll those parties foI' t1le pnrchase, sale,
01' loan of gold during the panie week oí' September 't-A. Yeso .


Q. 11'rom WhOlll did ~·on receive the orded-A.Pro)[l 1\11'. Fisk.
Q. Froltl any otIler person '?-A. No; t'rom 1\Ir. Fisk alolle:
(~. Did yon ud in that mutter for ;vonrself, 01' for SOlDe others 'I-A. 1


acted for tbe firm of 'Villiam Heath & OO.
Q. Did yon receive any orden; from }11'. Smith, of the firm of Smith,


Gould, .Martin & Oo. ?-A. N ot during t1lat week. 1 h~ul reeei ved orden;
from thelll previons to that ,,'eele


Q. State what the or<1ers, which yon recei\'e<l 1'1'0111 }Ir. Fisk (lnring
those da.ys, were.-A. I receiyed :tn Ol'del' OH Tlmrs(lay 1Il0l'ning 1.0 huy
a million at 41. On 'Vednesday tIte orders came to me throngh 1\11'.
Heath, in the gold-roolll. T1Iey were to buy tlIree rnilliOlIS at 37~.
1 ga,ye the O1'(lors to dift'erPllt brokers. Tile lirnit \Vas snbsoquently
raised from 37~ to 40~.


Q. Haised by ",hom ?-A. H.v ~Ir. Heath, tOllling frolll those parties
who were in onr oftiee nt that time.


Q. Did ,ron execute those orders?-A. 1 bought SOllle oí' the gold; not
aU. I think 1 bonght about seyen millions.


Q. From ",hom G/_A. Prom oue 01' two hundred different parties.
Q. In large 01' in smalllots ?-A. In aH sorts oí' lotll-from ten thon-


sand to t\\'o humlI'e(1 thonsallCl.
Q. "Yere yonr orders !imited as to the umount ;\'OU were 1.0 buy ~-A.


Not ut 40g. l\ly ol'flers \Yere "to hoh1 tlw ma1'knt" at .j.0t.
Q. 'Yhat do yon understand hy au order to ]¡old tIle market ?-A. Not


to let it go bolo\\' 40~.
(~. 'V11a1 !loes ilmt imply?-"\. Tt is au nnlimited O1'do1' to llUy, 1 pre-


sume.
Q. Why do people giye llll 01'111'1' oí' t1lat S01't'/-,\. In 01'4101', as \Ve


terll1 iI, "to 1m]] tho market "-to pnt ll]l tIle priee. '
Q. \\'hat assnranee hall ,\'ou that ,'10m principals eoull1 baek yon in


sueh an unlilllitc(I o1'(le1' as t1lat, '/ Did they say unything abont it 'I--A.
~(), sil': 1 presume they controlled a goo!l denl of money.


Q. Did yon lIpar Heath sa.v an,\,thing abont the 1'eSOlll'eeS, 01' about
hunks tlmt ,,'onld stand by them ~-A. He spoke 01' tlle Tenth National
Bank.


Q. "Vl!al l1i41 Heath say in regard to that'!-A. He tol<1 me that the
Tenth National Bank ha!! agwp¡j to eerti(y to an unlituite!l extent that
day. That is tlje way I 1111derstood it. Thel'e \Yas sonw q nestion raiseu
as to marg'ill, and he statrd tlutt to llW. A s1101't time afterwan1 one
of the officers of t1le hank ('aIlIe ¡lito the oflice oi' ,,'illiarn lieath & Oo.
and said tbat it was impossible fo1' the bank to cel'ti1~'~ as there were
three uank examiners in there to prC\'ent it. 1 undel'Htood Itim to be
the p1'esidpnt of the balde I will not say positive1y that he was the
presidellt, hut I knew lIim to be an oflleial 01' the bank. MI'. li'isk and
l\Ir. Gould were in the ofike at thp tilll<'.


q. vVhat response was made by any oí' t1108e pnrties to that remark "?-
A. I did not henr the eOlln~rsatioll Jllyself. rt was toM to me by MI'.
Reatl!. 1 saw t1le man come iJl.


Q. \Vhen 1\Ir. rIeath tolcl ,ron (his, !lid lw make an} expression in ref-
crenee to it, as thOllg'h it haü dis('oll(~I']'tt'd tlwir plans '?-A. He seemed
ratlter cm barrassed a bont it.




-:---~~"'~"7C'~


.' ¡" ...... ,~.,


GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 399 j


Q. Did he tell yOll that the uank had agreed previously to certify to
an unlilllíted UIllO\lllt '!-A. Yes.


Q. AmI that that news which the officers of"the bank braught down
\Vas' a partíal breaking np oí' the old arrangement ?-A. Yes, sir.


Q. Do yon kllow of any orders gh'en by any of these parties to the
dique hesides the ord('rs given to you 01' to tIle finn of vVi1liam Heath
& Uo.t-A. Yeso 1 IleanI ::\11'. Fisk give an o1'(ler to Albert Speyers.


Q. vVhat was that onler '?-A. 1 heard hím tell him to go to tbe gollI
I'oom aneI mise tbe price oí' goId to 5i). lt was t,!Jen líO.


Q. \Vhen was that ~-A. 'rhat ,,'as, 1 t.llin1;:, after 10 0'c10ek OH FrüIay
m orllí n g.


Q. Do yon kno\\' whether }1r: Hpeyers exeentcd that ordcr ~-A. He
Ieft the offiee to do it, amI ,,'!Jl'll 1 wellt ovpr to the gold,roolll the priee
\Vas [);"j.


Q. Do you kno\V any other hrokers wllo "ere lmyers of gold fol' auy
nf thoso partios eOllllllonl,v kllown as tIJe cliqne party?-A. R K. "Vil·
Iard \Vas a prominent hllyer tor thclll. 111 fact, he mallagetl a good {leal
of t11eir purehases. Qnincn amI EllOS amI .MI'. Beld~n \\'e1'e aIso bnyel's
tor thp!II.


Q. \Vhat re[180n haye .von to belieyc tllfit tIlese parties ,,110111 ;)'on han~
mentioned W'cre dique brokers '?-A. Bocanse it was th~ general im-
p1'ession. 1 kncw them to be large lenllers of gold.


Q. Did ;ron ever hear auy of tbese mell say tIlat they ,,'ere carI'ying'
gold 01' doing hnsillpss f(Jl' :1II'y of' tlle elique ?-A. Yes, sir. 1 was told
hy 1\11'. Hcath that ~rr. Carn~r was carrying ahont twe1n'l millions of
gold 1'01' them.


Q. ])id :')OU hpar ~lr. Uancl' himself say ~1Il:')thillg about it '!-i\. No,
flir. 1 mn not pcrsollall;\' aeqllaiuted witIt him.


Q. ,Vho was present lwsilh's yOllrs(~lf allcl Speycrs and Pisk, in the
oftiee of Heath & Oo., when Fisk gan~ tIw orders to Speyers °1_A.
Nobodv. 1 came ove1' to ten ~lr. Fisk t11e state of tIle market. 1 to111
Ilim t11;lt the Hlarlwt "m; strong at .iO hil!. Speyers then ('ame in and
I,'isk ga\'e Speyers an onlcl' to go out aud mise the mal'ket to 55, uot
saying how lIlueh to huy.
(~. Do you nnderstand that to be an order to huv to an \lnlimited


HffiOllllt <-A. To huy all gole! oflercd lindel' 55. '
Q. ,Yas tllere auy otl)(~r eOllyersation hetwecll SlleyCl'S arHIFisk '?-


A. 1 <lid IIOt lIear any other.
Q. Did yon haye a;1:') eOIlYCrSaÜOll witll ~Ir. Belden 011 the :!:1rl 01' 24th


in referencc to the J1)OYClI1cnt in goldY-A. No, sir. Oll tite 22d whon
1 was buying this gold ~Ir. Belden eame up and askefl J1ll' how Illueh
gold 1 had hougllt. 1 told him 1 conld lIot teIl him, as 1 lIad 1I0t figurefl
itup.


Q. Did you see .!\fr. BclllclI in eOlln~l'satioll witlt Fisk 01' GOllId during
any of tltese days '?-A. Yes, sir; 011 tlle momillg' of 1<'riday.


Q. Did ~'on Iuwe auy diflieulty in cil'aring aH the gold which ,Y0ll
bought amI soId anllloaned '1_,\. ¡'¡-o, sil'. 1 loaned an tlmt gold.
(~. Did you clear it through the elearíng,house off_A. Yes, sir.
Q. ,y ere your trausactiolls of Frilh,;\~ al! clearcd ~-A. No; tbey were


settle41 ex-clearing-hom;e.
Q. ,Vhat does that pxpression mean '!-A. Tito Go111 Exchallge Ban1\:


couhl I10t clear, amI thc contraet.s wpre spttled betwee1l lllcmhers out-
side pri\-ntcIy. They "'ere al! setth'd 011 the hasis of 35. That was a
eompromisp.
(~. By whose ol'der diel ,ron rnakn these compromises '?-A. Srnith,


GOllld, :\fartill & 80.




400 GOLlJ PANIC INVESTIGATION.


Q,. liad ~'ou so me of yonr orrlers for settlpIllcnt fl'olll Fisk '?-A. No;
nOlle fl'OIll Fisk; t.hey wem fmlll Mr. Smith.


{l. 1>id M1'. SJUith sett1e Pisk's onle1's too ?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. Huye you an:, kuowledge tIlat auy officer of the United States


gove1'nment \Va:;; illtere::;ted in 01' concerned in the gold lllOvpment of
t:leptembe1' lu:;;U-A. No, sir; 1 huye nol:. any knowledge of ¡t.
(~. A t. what timt~ OH Friday (lid gold hreak dowll ?-A. Abollt 12


o'clock, 1 think.
Q. \Vltat iR your understanding 01' tlw ean::;c of tbat hreakdown 't-A.


'rile fin;t thillg tllat broke gold wa::; ver,V heílYY ::;ales by lUr. J ame¡;
Bro\VIl. He ¡;old about sevell millions at (jO to Speye1's. It struek tlw
markpt at tlw time tllat theRe Rales wen~ pxtl'aonlinary, amI that they


. must be fol' Romo impol'tallt account.
<l. How 10llg ailer that sale did tIte l1(>WS appear OH the street that


the Treasnry was going to sell "?-A. A vc1'y sllort time aftel'. At tho
time 1 heard it, it was current in tlle gohhw)lll.
(~. H ad yon any intimatioll frOIll aHy SOllree that tIw Trcasury was


going to seU hefore the formal lle",s was dec1arcd in tlw str(!et ~-A.
No, sir.


Q. no yon know auybotly \VllO did han' Huelt nü\rs preyious to tlw
sales oi" 1\11'. Bl'oWIl :?-A. 1 do noto


Q. Uo you belicye tltat allybody in l'i mr York Oll the Htrept had that,
news previons to the date oí' thl' oftieial annouueemcnt '?-A. 1 CHIlIIot
I.'lay that 1 do.


By ~lr. PAchEn :
Q. 1)0 yon know :lu,)' pel'soll in tlle (iold l~xdHIIIg'P \Vilo liad tIlO


1I0WS ?-A. No, sir.
By "MI'. Oox:


Q. You liad Dolitigation abollt that ll1attel'?-A. No, Hil'.
By tile ()IIAIRlIIAN:


Q. \Vhat were you doillg' OH Friday-buyillg' 01' sellil~g f-A .. 101l1y
bonght $100,000 oí" gold OH Friday rOl' l\1r. Fisk at JiJ. \'Ve \H~re left
with that goltl OH halHl. \Ve soltl JIO gohI on Fritla.y-we loaned gold.


(),. ,,\'hose gold ~-A. Smith, Uoulll &; l\Iartitl's, Hlllll\lr. Fisk'R.
(l,. How llluc11 did yon loan 'I-A. Ahollt telllllilliOllS.


By 1\11'. HURCHA1W:
Q. Then ;your onlel'R ",ere all fl'Olll Fisk 't-A. N o; frolll Visk, amI


i'rom Smitlt, Gonld, Martin &; eo. T pnrehascd for them Oll \Vedllcsda,Y.
(~. Did you pUl'chase any OH 'fhunHlay 'I-A. Yeso
(),. AmI OH .Friday J·OU ImlllPd ~-A. On Fri(lu;>- we hougltt, $;100,000


rOl' Fisk at 45.
(~. Did ~'ou settle tbat OH Fisl,'s order, or tIlO OI'(lpI' of t:lmith, (¡ould,


Martin & Oo. ?-A . .l\Ir. Slllith onlen'(l tlle sett]elllellt of aU of them.
Q. Alld you mado tite settlellwlltR ?-A. 1 !lid.


13 Y l\'Ir. S:MI'l'II :
q. At what rate tlill you lmm O!l Friday"¡'-A. _\.11 tllC \\'ay fl'olll ono


por ccut. to what \Ve cal1 "tlat;" llpither tlle hOITower lIOl' 'tIlP lon(\P!'
I'eeeiying auy premium.


By tbe CllAlRi'lIAN :
Q. \Vhat is t110 object of lending' gol([ in tlHlt wa," 't-A. Tlw demand


jo!, it oecasions it. Sometimes gold is ,,'mtl! a prerniml1 1'01' horrowing it.




GOLD PANIC r¡.;rVESTIGATION. 401
By MI'. DPIWlIAIW :


Q. On' tllat o['(lr1' to ]¡ol(l tlle llIarket, "hy did yon only get $100,000
fOl' Fi~k '?-.\. Tlt:lt ol'(h'r to hold tlle lIl:lrket WlIS ou1Ve(lIws(lay, at 40~-.
TIti:,; plU'chase of i3100,OOO, at 43, \Yas OH Friday.


By the CUAllDlAN :
Q. \Vere yon Ol'üer<,ü by Fisk to pnreha:,;e jnst 8100,000 ?-A. YeRo
H(~ told lite to go iato Uw market, aucl ]1ut the market up to 14.3 hy
Lidding' fol' :i5100,OOO. This was a fe\\' llliuutes after Ü o'cloek,just at tIle
opE'lJillg'.


By :\f1'. cTONRS:
Q. J)o yon reeolled at what hon1' on Friday it wm; c1istinetly nllller-


stooü ill tll(' C;,old Board, 01' amOllg' hnsillE'SS mea in 'Vall street, that tlte
;:;ow1'lllueut \YlIS goillg to :,;eH gold '?-A. 1 think auont 1:? o'cloek Oll
Frida\. '


Q. lIo\Y ,,'as that ulHlerstood~-"\. By general rumor tlll'ough t11e
erowü.


Q. Tll:1t, r i'l1p]!osr,\I'as Tlot lllHtl'rstood at the timE' JUl'. Bl'O,,"1l \Yas
sel1ing ~t'n'll lIlilliollS?-A. No, sir, not, Hutil aftenYlll'd. T11e uews 01'
tll(' gO\'l'l'l\ll1ellt ,sale callle \'PQ soou arter t11at sale oi' MI'. Bl'o\\'u-a
yer,," :-;llOl't, tinle a ft el' \1':1 nI, ahont 1:? o'cloek.


Q. HO\r In", <li<l gol<l go 011 tlwt day ?-.d. It tell to :32.
Q. 1 Hllppuse it fdl almo:,;t illllllpdialel,Y '?-.d. 'tes, sil'.


\Luun:wno¡.;r, Ji'clil'l{((I'Y :,~, 1870.
CHAl/LES E. Ql'l:'ICRY s,,'orn mul eXaJllille(l.


To tIte CILUIDIA::\ :
1 rpsi(ll' ill Bl'Ookl,\'ll, aJl(l' am a e1erk for \Vi1liam R('ath &. eo., stock-


brokcl's, Xew York t'it~,. I" was fWl'\'ing' in tlmt eapaeit.y dlll'il!g' tlle
IllOlltIt of Septemhcl' lasto JUy speei,ll dllties \"ere luwiug tlw lI1anage-
mellt of tIte ill-üool' lmsincss 01' tIte office. 1 o,-e1'see t11e geIH'ralmHu-
agl'll1ent oí' tIte oftlee.


Q . .dnÜ tlle books Hmong other things '?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. Are yon familiar wit11 the uUHine:-;s operations oí' the firm durillg


the mont11 of Septembel' 1:Ist '!-A. Yps, sil'.
Q. WIJat hnsillp,;:-; <li<l tIle tirm transact <1nrillgtbe days kllo\Yl1 as tlJe


days oí' pallie dllrillg' SpptE'1Il1wr la:-;t ?-.d. Bll,\'illg amI selling :-;tocks aIl(l
golü, lllon~ partil'ularly go](l (llll'illg' tltat \yeek.


Q. FOl' \rhOlll diü t IlPy lHl~- gold 'I-.d. ThE'y bongTlt gold for Smith,
Gould, -:\fm'tin & en., }lrÍIH'ipally, a]](1 fol' .lame:,; Fisk, .ir., am1 B. K.
'Yill:ml. 1 n'HH'lllhl'r that 0111' 10t of gold was uought fol' Mr. 'Yillaru.
,Ye lJaye regular out-Oí'-tO\\'Il eu:-;tolllPl'S amI eit-y enstoUlf'l'R, unt thei1'
busiuess \Yas smal!.


Q. What \\'aS tite total al1l0uIlt of gold pnrehast'(1 01' sold 01' IOaJwd
by ~'Olll' til'tn ülll'ing tltose da,Ys '/-A. FrOlIl tIte 7th Septemlwr to tlle
:?4th Scptember, inelnsiw, we bOllght and borrowecl amI 1'epeived foI'
aeeollllt of tIte se \'Pl'a 1 parties 1 haye l1lPntiouctl $14-,013,000 gohl, t11e
eu1'reney lll'iee oí' whieh wonl(l he, \\'ithont eharges, 81D,:?()J,16R.


Q. J)id yon sell 1'01' tItose parties at that time ?-A. 'Ve soJel gol<l for
,Ta~' Oon1<1. 011 his lWl'Roual lH'('Olltlt, \le sohl $:3,K4-3,OOO frOlll ~cptem­
[1E'1' 11 to tlle 18th inelllsive. ,y e :,;old an<1 deli\'ered, and settled 1'01'
~1l1ith, Goul<l, }Iartill & eo., t11e balauee oí' tIle gold.


H. Hep. :)1--26




402 GOLD PANIC INYESTIGATION.


(~. 'Y\lat ",ns tltp 1IigIH'Rt rate thnt ~'Oll paid fol' goIcl1.hat ~'Oll 11m-
c1ln';I',<1 for nny of tltoRe pmticR ?-A. Forty-fimr mul o1lc-C'ig,]¡th,


Q. \\,('l'fl nlllhose trallsaetiollR 10 whidl ,\'0\1 ltllye 1'1'1'1'1'1'1'(\ ~I'tjh~(l in
the Ol'tlillary wa:\' by the clearing dqml'tment '!-A. All 0111' goltl pur-
cha,;pR'we1'e l'eet'h'etl in that wa'y, amI on1' d('liYel'ip~ \Yen' lI11ult' throngh
the ckal'ing-honsp. '1'0 f,wilitnte tllp plllTll;l,;(> \I'C; t'1lIplo~'L>(1 ot]¡pl' ]n'okers
to ewente thp 0]'(1e1' tor ns ,,,hieh ,ye l'ec('in-d frolll Smith, (¡onld, 1far-
tin 8.: eo., amI froUl Fisk, amI tIte o1'(I('1's to seU gohI that ,ye l'p('ein,¡l Ü'01ll
Gonl(l.


Q. AmI were aU the settlplI1ents tltrongll these hrokel's marle in the
onlillm'y ",ay ?-A. AH tIte RettleJIIPlttR 011 llw pnl'dl,IS(>S, ;1Il<l so fa1' as
thc sales \1'('1'1' COllCCl'I1C(l, ,Ve settled a l;lrge HJII011l1t of gol(l at tlle
rate 01' 35.


Q. How do yon nsn tIte ,,,oHl "Rettl('(1 '!" III thp R('llSI' of ('()Jllpl'O-
mise ?-A. Yes, sir. ,,-P RoId baek to tlw ]larties. Tlley bOllgllt the
gol<l Ü'Olll liS in spttlelllf'lIt of tlJpir diff('l'('IH:PR at ttw rat\' 01' ::.J, \\'hieh
was tite rate estahlished by Smít1l, üonl(1, Martíll & eo. f01' sl'ttll'IllI'1Iü;.


Q. ,Yhat was t110 rate nt whieh tite goltl \Yas hong'lit ol'i,l.dually?-A.
T1H' gohl \Ya,; h011~ht at Imvpr figlll'('H ami \l'mi malll\ up to higher fig-
'JlllV,,; the ]larties gaY(' tht'il' eheektl fol' the (liffl'l't'lI('es.


(l. \Vhnt amollllt <lid J'on srttle in t]¡at \\'ay ?->\.. Bet,,'een ¡¡ille amI
tpll lllilliollS. 1 thillk tlw <11ll01lllt \lHR abollt $U,i<l()O.()()O.


Q. \Vhat "'(luId l¡ayc been the differem'p, as l:elatl~(l to IOHs :t!l(1 gaill
to ,nHlf til'lJl iu Rettlillg, if it harl "ettletl ill tite l'egnlnr ,,'n.Y OH an l'xaet
basi" of tite tl'am;aetlOll"; '!-.\.. TIH' partips to \YllOlll \re lw(l gollllo;llled
,,'el'(' gi \-ell tite oppol'tnllity oí' pnr('lwsing' the gold back of u:-; lit that
rat(', 01' oí' ,r:Ütillg ulltil lIte Unid Bxehauge Bauk den red. ,Y]¡ell it
clcarell, aU'the gol(l tlwt was len. \Yas l'learl'd hy S1l1ith, Oonhl, Mal'tiu
& ('o., or hy us on 1 !teir aeeo\lut.


Q. Sup]lose the t·rausadiOllH ('(ml(l ha\'c hf'PU dpa!'e'll (li]'pdly "itllOnt
au\' break or diffieulty. what \\'oulü han- lwell the Iliffen'I)('(~ in tlll' 10:5:5
au;l gaill lwtWf'C'll llH: hm llIodes oC :-;ettll"llH'ht ?-.\.. Jt i,; illlpossihlp to
tell, lJee:lllHe gold ,';u'ic(l ht'tWl't'1I :W a1Hl :¡;¡, ;11)(1 ln;lll~' oí' 0111' sPltlf'-
llWlltS Wf'l'l' made ",!ten g'ol(l "'as ::~. That "'0111<1 lllal;:¡, tlm'e P(']' I'('nt.
011 tl)(' g'olll, ;lIld that ()ll-t1H~ \\'llOh~ alllOll1lt of tell lllillio\l:<; woultl huye
bcen 8::00,000.


Q. By ,,']¡osp onlprR ,,,ere thosf' compromisc flcttlplllcnts maue'!-A.
Smitll. f~o111(l, 1fmtill & ('O.'s.


<l. ,Ye1'(, tlíey ltlacle in ;'I'om offic{' ?-A. Yes, sir.
(~. HIn\' 1llallY ]l('oplp, (lo yOI1 thillk, ('aItH~ in UH're to spttlp in tltat


way?-A. 1 cOllld ten YOH d('finitpl'.; ifT conlll ";P(' o111·list. ,re' haH> a
1iRt or all l\w partip,; ,yilO aeeepted onr settlemellt". 1 slllmlÜ say frolll
t\Y!'lltY-fin\ to thil'ty.


Q. ~Yllo were tlt(;se p('ople ill t]¡p maill '!-A. '}'\)('I'e "<'1'(' a 11111l1])('1' oí'
(:}el'tllan baukprs aul! 01' Buglish lJallkel's, Sl1dl as :\[attlt('\\- .:\IOl'g':l1l &:
SOll, Kamlah, San('1' & ('o., ITallgmtell & eo., a1Hllu:tll.Y otl)('l's.


Q. Did ltllybody !'lile hesides SlIlÍth, Gonh1, :\fal'till & Co. giye onlel's
fol' ~\'ttl(,lIl(,llts of f.hat kincl ?-~L ~o, sir; 1 thillk tlle onlf'l''i eame ell-
tin']y fl'OIll the1l1. Q,: AmI the gold "hieh YOll (lid thllS spUle wa,.; pnrelws!'ll fol' Fis!;:
:11:1(1 \Yillnn\ ;)1)(1 (Jonl(l '?-A. Yl'S. Tl)(>1'1\ mt,; 1m! O]W Ítem oi' S3(JO.OOO
bOllg']¡t for ,Yillanl, amI tliat "aR at 37J,. '


(). Hem \ras it that Hll1ith, (;ol1l<l, ;U;trtin & ('o. g'aY!' onh'!'I' for seto
tling' Vi,,];:'s an(1 "'illare!'s ancl (}ollllrS He(~Ollllt ill thM "ay? Di(l :ron
RC('¡'pt an o1'(le1' frolll them as g'oo~1 fOl' ,lll tlle otll(>1' ]larti~'s ?-~\.. tes,
.sÍl'; "e cOlldlHled that it was Olle all<l the í-iHlLl(> thiug.




GOLD PANIC I;,\VESTIGATION. 403
Q. 'Yhat Jp(l .ron to tltillk that'?-~\. 1 eannot ~a.r, except that tIte


onler8 appean'(l to he ,!,\'in'lJ in snch a Inl'y as to lead ns to belim'e that
t It('~ wero one amI tite same thillg'.


Q. Y OH U1l(ler~too(ll'l\ally that they ,rerc opt'ratillg' as oue family?-
A. 1'es, sir; so far as tite t'ntire lllOyement was COllcel'llt'd.


Q. Di(l thl\~' ('H'r (lo allything 01' ~a.r allythillg tltat contrauicteu that
'notioll '!-A. Xo, sir.


Q. Ditl tlLP,Y 1'ati(y an thp sdtleuIents tItat ~'on lIladc ~-A. They rati-
fie(] tllelll in tllis way: Tltat Smitll, Chmld, l\Iartin & eo. aceepted all<l
gan' ni) tite V'r1I1S 011 \I']¡ielt to s~~ttle \\'itlt partic:-l. Tltat was a ratifica-
tjoll Ol' sptth'II\(>llt of tlw Pllti1'e ae(:Ollllt.


Q. nid ;Ion traw;aet lnu;illcs8 on thcsc uays -fol' 'Yilliam ]JP)(lCll &
CI). ?-A. Xo, sir.
(~. Dül ~'Oll tl'all"ad HlIy fOl' ]\fr. 'YO()(1'InlTll I-A. 1fy illlpl'cssioll is


that "\Ve <lid to tlte I'xtellt oí' h'o millions. TInt tltaL gold was takell
frolll ns hy }lal'yill & eo. bt'fore Lite 24th.


Q. Do ~'on kllml- 011 ",hat tlay it ITm; takell ?-A. It ITas hetweell tlle
22d aml the 21th; 1 thillk tllc 2Jd 01' 23d.


Q. Did YOII ha \'(~ tnlll"Hdioll:-l (1Ill'ing' tllo,;c dap; ,,'it11 Albcrt Spe~'Pl's~­
A. Wc I'ceei\'('rl frOln Albert Speyel's 87JO,000 gold by onlf'l' oí' SmitIJ,
Gnul(1, 1fartill &- eo. \\'e had a larg(' alttOllllt of 1I1OltPy oye]" aJl(l they
as).;:('(l ho\\' 1IIlwh golll In' eonld carry fol' them. \Ye eOlltielltell to 1'P-
Cl'ÍYÜ 87.W,OOO at 40 frOIll ,Alhert Speycl's, wltieh we üitl 011 thp :::\ü.
(~. "'as that gol!! whiell he 11ad plll'ehH:-li'd OH tIJe o1'(ler of Smith ~­


A. J ('a1l1l0t tt'll that. \Ve simply h,ul an 01'11<.'1' to reeeiyc it fl'Olll,AJlw1't
SP<".HTS at that rate, ,,'hieh ,,-e <lid. lIo\Y it wa~ plIrehased J ea1l1lot
sa\'o
(~. ,Vas that settled for in tIle usual \Yay ?-A. Yei).
Q .. Dirl ,ron see AIlH'1'1 1')1)(',\"('1'S durillg a1l." oí" those Ilay" in yOlll' 'ha(,k


of1Í!:e '?-A. 1 sal\' "\lI",]'t Speyel's Oll tht' (lay In.' 1'eeein'ü tite g'oltl, f()j'
1 lll.'g'otiatctl lrith 1lim thc l'l'('piyillg of t1le gold. Tltat was on tlle 2:3(1.
1t \las a \"('1'1Ial 1 I'HIIS;l('ti01l hetlH'ell liS, aJl(I lIly illllH'cssioH is that \re
ele<l]'('d it tI mJl1g1 I tht" ('karing-1101Ise amI paid at tlH' eleariug-llOll:-le fol' it.


Q. ,,'hj('h oue or (h(, linn oi' SUlÍtlt, (Toul(l, 1fmtill &- Co. ga,'c "OU the
01'(1('1' '?-A . .:'Ill'. SlIlitlt.


Q. 1 )ill ."OH se(\ 1It'. Speyel's <1uring the 24th ?-A. Yes; hp ealllt' into
om' oftke seH~ral tillles. (l. \rllo wa~ pr('~('lIt w11('1I he ,vas thero ?-A. 1 can onl.r ans\n'l' tlwt
OH imj)]'('s"iom;, heeanse 1 \Ya:,; tl'Husaetiug hll"i1l('~S ill HlIothl'r o 1lil' ",
allll t 1H''y oeen piPIl tha t day 0([1' ]l1'i I'atp oftiee wi t hon t nski lIg tite pri yilege
of doillg' so. \Ve had tl\'O dool'lI'a.p, alld t11(',) eallle in and Iwtllpil'tl
tlw ¡ll'ilate ofliee.


(). \Y1t(~1I yOll say ¡, thl'Y," wllat IWl'SOllS do ~'on lllean ?-A. ::\Ir. Fisk
and :'Irr. Gonl.l; all<l Illy illl]H'pssion is that }Ü. Dp1(lml ",as then;.


Q.. Vid ,von Il('a1' aH,\" ('onYl'rslltioll 011 that day lJetWf:'l'1l un.)' oí' tbese
gClltknH'n amI :'Ilr. S]I(',I·p1's ?-A. Xo, sir.
(~.\Yllat \\'<1'; MI', Hl'ld(>lI d.)illg' tlH'l'e, as yOll llllclel'stood ?-.\. T can-


not tell. 1 11('1'P1' di(l 1;-1101\' :\[1'. lll'lr1('lI~s l'e1atiollS in tlle tram;attiol1. 1
prei'nme he was a hl'o];:(')' t'or thl' ]lool, tite "all\e as we, amI tllat 111' eallw
there lH'l'hapR to g'pt oniPr,; to hll.\' 01' to sell, Ol' to JIIa ke lmsilll'si), (l. \Yhat pl'l'>\OllS eOIlI]lo,;<.·(1 tite ]1001, as ~'on uuderstand it t-~\. It is
ill1]10S8ib1e fol' IIlP to say. 1 do uol kilI)\\" who did cOlllpose t1lP pool,
1I([t, infelTing frolll tlw ()I'd(']'~ gin'll, 1 sltonl<l sa~' tlle finn of Smith,
GOllI!I, :\la1'tin & ('o., an<l Fisk ,\1Hl Uonld.
(~. Do YOIL l'peolleet tlle tillle I,,!ten Físk allll GonlJ anll Beld!'ll left




404 GOLD PAKIC I~VESTIGATION.
thc offieo that day to g'O out of "~all .street?-.\. Yeso 1 think 1f1'. Fisk
alld )I1'. GouId left abont haIf-past oue.


Q. \\~m, tIwl'e ally appeal';llU'e of dallger ahollt thp oftiec ahout that
tillll'; an,rthillg' that tbl'eatelled their personal safety, as far as you
know '!-..:\. ~o, "ir, 1 do not kllow of auy. They le!'t by the priyate eu-
traue(' door.


Q. At what time did gold break clown that da.r ?-Detwecll 11 and 1:!
tltat (lay.


Q. nld it lH'eak clown heforc thc llews of the l'rt'aSlllT on1cI' to sp11
gold came ?-A. 1 thillk it was the receptioll of that news tbat hroke it.


Q. Di(l .ron henr that Ite\YS hefme the l/reak ?-A. Xo, sil'.
Q. no you know of any messagcs hayillg UCCll sent that dar fl'olll


all,\ pel'soll in YOllr baok oJllce to the snh-treaslll'er ~-A. Xo, Ril'.
Q. no ,ron Imow oí' 11ll,Y lIll';.;sagc l¡¡~yillg' het'll l'I'(·piyp(l'!-A. Ko, sil'.
Q. Do .ron k110'" of auy messengeri:l hayillg come 01' gOlle bet"eeu the


tn-o phwes )?-A. Xo, sir. .
Q. ])0 .ron kuow of an.v offieer of t11e Unitetl State:,; hayillg hoell ill-


tel'f',;ted or eoneerned in thi:,; IllO\'PIllPllt in golt1 ?-A. No, "ir. 'Yc aeted
Plltirel,- a,; hI'okpl'S ill t1H' trallSa(~tioll. mHl ,n' lJatl f'ullrp!ialJce Oll tlle
ahility' of Pi:,;k alld (+ould to protect ns' in ally Cycut.


To 111'. Bl-UCHARD:
\Ye had a ¡.;toek ilHlicator in lhe front ofllce in t1le frout of tIJe lmild-


illg', amI jt. al:,;o imlieatcd tlie tinetllatioll oí' gol.l.
By::\I1'. PAOKER:


Q. \Yhat Hlllollnt of ,T. Fisk's pnrchases ot goltl did yonr finn Bell?-
~\. All of it; ~;i,02,),OO().


Q. l~]l to ,dJat time was that '?-A. ep to the 2:3<1 of Septembel'.
(¿. Did .\Oll lIIake settlement¡.; of Fisk's pmchaRcs by tlireet ion of ::\11'.


Smitlt '!-A. Yes, sir. T cmlllot te1I liow it eanw ahol1t, ¡mt r kllow tIlat
}fl'. Slllith agl'ced to sdtle a1)(1 did settle. He Il111St 1tan~ .lollo ';0, T
presllllle, by SOllH' arrallg'Plllellt 01' .l\lr. Fisk. ,yitlt parti('" \1'110 di(lllot
ael'Ppt tlie S('itlt'lllPllt nt ;¡;¡ tlie.Y agT('('d to ,;ettIn tli" tir,;t.hIY tlJat tIte
l'learillg-honse wonld he ope1led, amI tIlen' \\'11'; $J:?J,OO(l l('ft to that
tinJ('. H \nlR dearp<! thl'Ollgh the deal'illg-hom;i~ at tilO ¡¡rice of gold
tliat (lay.


'YASHT:'WTOX, D. C., Pd)l'lI(lI'Y il, 1870.
JAcon D. VETI::\IIL YE sworu aml exallliJlcd.


By tbe CllAIlDIA.:\ :
Questioll. State ,r0nr residenee nnd orrnpatioTt !-Amnyel·. 1 ]'(':4i.1('


in New YOl'k City; Hm íI hauker; :tUl llresidcllt oí' tlle )Ierdmnts' Xa-
tional BmJle; am chairman of t110 clcarillg-11ou~e cotl1llliUee, t11e expeu-
tiye eOlluuittee of the eleal'ing--llouRe.


Q. Plp;1~e ~tate whd1lt'l' yon al'e ül!lliliar with the gelleral lListo1',r o[
the :';0 (;n11er1 gold panic of Septemher last '!-.\. T alll aCtllwi!ltetl with
it :';0 f':1l' as eOllllpcted \yith tllf' (:lparillg-hom;t'.


Q. Stat(\ ",hat :he effeet \Yas 11])011 tIle opt'ratiollR of lIw eleal'ing-
1Ion,;p ?-A. On tlw lllol'lling oí' Saturday, tlle :!,Jth of Se]ltemhpl', the
Gold Ex('hall.!.~'e BlIllk wa:,; (l('hite(l to the deHl'ing-hou';l' io tIte aIUOllllt oí'
$l,SHíi,OOO. Thi,; Hlllount they pajel us in gohl. Th('y couhlnot pay itin
eUI'l·Pllt'y.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATIOX. 405


Q. -What goId was tltat ~-A. 1 s1111pose it was goId which they had
reeei \'0<1 t1w day IJPfol'e fl'om depositors who hall soId gold; they were
to l'ceeivc em'I'eIH:'y, lmt tlle opl'rat-ions of the Gold Exelwnge Ball k tlwt
day were so eonfuse<1 tltat tlley eonld not mako tIlo clearing. Tlley nu-
tlertook to üm w a lille, amI :-;ay :-;ueh a mal1 hall fnIfilled his eontl'aet
amI sueh a ltlall lwd Ilot, and tho eonseqnmlee was they di(1 not rcccivo
the elll'rene.)' in pa,\tIlcnt 1'or the goltl whieh ,ms to be delivered to tlle
pm'(:lwsl'l's, Por this go](1 tItey gaye tlJeil' eheeks io the val'ious hallks
without haying t11e euneney 011 hand. The eOllseqllellee was, they had
l'UIl ill (lebt to the Hi'ii'ioeiatpd hallks to tIle amollat of one millioll eig'ht
hl1lHIrcd <tIHI cighty-six thoui'iaJl(1 (Iollars. Tlw,Y paid us tlle golll dlll'illg
Satunlay. In this eOllncetion I wonIcl say tIlat it ii'i enstomaT'y in the
:Xew YOl'k e}eal'ing-hollse fol' tl!e debto1' banks to }lay hC±()l'e 1 o'doek,
alHI hy t\Yo o'cIock wc pay tIle erc(litol' bauks. But 1Iere ,yas a bulk ot'
gold whieh we CÚlll(I lIot pay out to the otIter ban];:,,; ,ve ha(I giwlI onr
l'e(·pipt to tlle Oohl ExdwlIge Bank that wc had this gold amI. \Yonld l'e-
tnrn it. To ohtaill Clll'l'eney in o1'(Ie1' to makc sl,ttlt'IIH>lIt, lIlar! to hor-
row Ü aí the dim'l'ent ballk", So 1 ,wut out and llscd t]¡e g-old in this
way: lId tlll' llallk of COlllllle1'ce han~ $iiOO,OOO, the hank 01' A'JH'l'i(·a
$;')00,000, Ollt' O\rll lmnk, tl\e l\ierchants' Xational S:300,OOO, and othel'
b,!IIki'i sllmll(~t' lllllnllllts, lllltil the whole $i,88ü,OOO hall beeu taken,


Q, \Vas -that gohl adnally LleIiYCTod tú these hallks 'I-A. Oh, ~'('S i
1 ddin~l'ed it lII\'sl'11'.


Q. T t]¡ong'ht' )'on werc responsiblc for its i'iafe l'etnrn ?-A, 'l'hnt
was thc l'eason \Ye placccl it in thesc hall ks, 1\'11('re we kne\Y \H' eonl(I g'pt
it. 1 malle Hl'l'angelllPIlts with these lmnks to carry it nnd l'etlll'll it 1\'1H'1l
,H' W('I'('· eall('(I 11]1011 fOl' it. nllt fol' that 1\'p wonld ha \'1' 1)('(' n , 01' mi!J1it
hayc been, tlmnnl ¡lito as ball a fix as the Oold Ex(']¡allg'p Ballk was,
(~, ILHI"tllü Gol(I Exehallge Rank 110 elll'l'ell(~y to giye ",Oll ?-A. lf


tlll',\- ha,l tlH'y \Yonl(I not g·iyl' it. 'J'hey may ha.\'e tllOnght that if tlll'Y
eoul(1 eOllljl('l IlS to carry the gold rOl' thpl\l until they conIel lIlnke
al'l'<lllg-elllents with their dpalel's, jt "'onl(1 he so lInwh lwlp to tht'lll.
Tllat, j¡owcn~r, ,,'as only a portion (ji' tIte gol11 ,,'e receiyell. On the ~¡th
oí' NPptmnlwr, the }Ionday aftl'r tlw pnnie, thp Oold Exehang'e Bank callle
in cl'clIitor at onr elparillg'-honse tn the l'xtl'nt of B~:);),O()O, 'Ve m;l'(1
that el'el1iL iu takillg np that lllueh oí' the gold which we had bct()l'e
IO<llw(1 Ollt. That settlc(l so 1II1wh, l'e<llleiug th(~ total alllollllt to
81 ,ü;-¡:{,OUU, the balanee of tite fil'st day's gold l'('ccivc(1 frolll the Gol(} Ex-
ehang-e Hallk. Se}lh'lIIlwr ~S, TlH~sday, the Gold Exe}¡allge Hallk call1l' in
il\(khtü(1 to the cIearillg'-llOllse 8~,-i-t-:\OOO. "\\-e dis(~O\'I>l'ed t lIis ])dOl'e
wp got throllgh with Olll' e!l'al'ing, amI illllllediateIy gaye onIel's to tbe
1I1aIUlg'eI' to "top, ~\I\(I not (1l>lin'l' any 1lI0l'(~ exehange to all~- bank. 1
went (Ioml to tite Gold Exdmllg'e Dank and insisÍl'(l npOlI H sl'ttlcment,
alld arte!' SOIllf> pal'l(',\' tltey ga,-e lJW ",hat illl'ned out to alllOl1nt to abont
8~iíti!),OOO; of tIlat thel'e was a ronlld minion in gol(I, tile halance \ras
in dellland lO:lns, tIw "aIlIe of \\' hiel! 1 l1id not kllOW nntil 1 got them to
tite hank. 1 took tlle g'ol(1 amI hox of :-;eclll'itÍl-'>; aJl(1 WG.8 glad to get off
,yitlt them sati:lv. 'rile hmlk was lIot yet ill the hallds oí' the l'e(~pin'l'.
'Ve eolleded tlt"e loalls as fa,,!. as wo eónld, Il1ltil cyentnally ,,'C l'l'aIizl'd
82,üOO,OOO Ollt of them amI t1le gol(l. Thp lirst day's gold they took np
whclJ 1\11'. Jo1'tlan wm; appoilltell rpccÍ\-el'; he was the secolld l'(~l~l~in'r,
In the course of h\'O da}s the,\' took np abont $1,S;,)3,OOO. 1 wont íll'Olllld
to t1le (liff'prl'lIt bank" 1\'llore 1 liad }llaee(1 tlw gold, gaye thell1 tlH' gl'(~Pll­
bad~s whieh the banks hall giren lllP, and got baek the g'ol(I whielt 1 h~HI
1():Jlled tllelll. fll l'eganI to tIte 82,H:3,OOO in<1ehtedlless to the GoId I~x­
clJ<lllge Bauk) the lllillioll of golll 1 had ohtaiueü Ü:Olll tllelll 1 US\¡!tl




406 GOLD P.ANIC Il'IVESTIGATIO~.
prpcisdy as 1 did the first 81,800,000. 1 gaye it to certain hanks to carry,
and tltns paid so mneh of the (lebts oí' t1lC' en'üito1' hlmks of thC' Gol.1
Exchlmge Bank, amI t11e balance 1 reelailllC'd 011 tllose 1xllIks wllich hado
created this ere(lit. I (he\\' drafts ou the hauks, ou eadt f~)l' its nelatiye
proportioll \\'bicb its debt bore to this $1 ,4-t.:~,()OO, amI that, is t1lc way \Te
settleü that da,..-. We ünal1y eompleted tlle settlelllC'11t by payillg tlle
hanks whieh ,ve rec]aillleü ou in instalhuputs. On tlw 30th oí' SPptPIll-
ber \Ve llaid :t3 per eent.; on tIle 1:,;t of Oetober 8 pe1' eent.; on tl)(' 4th
of O('fohe1' ~7 pe1' eeut.; 011 tlle 7th oí' OetobC'r 4 pe1' eent.; 011 the 11th
of Oet01)(']' ~o pe1' eent. ; ~on the 1i>tlt of Od01Je1' 8 per eent., whieh COlll-
plptf'(] t he Rettlemen t.


Q. Does .r0nr dt'Hl'ing-housf' stiU contiuuo tn do bURinf'ss for the
Goh1 Exehallge Bank~-A. Xo, sir. Tbey are 1l0minalIy lllemhcrs oí'
the el!"Uillg-JlOuse. \Ye haye neyE'r st1'ieken thelll off; 1mt \ve haye
giyen on1e1's, jf they prcsellt tltemsel,n's, tllllt.t11ey slwll 110t 1)(' l'peeinod
lIutil \ve can caU the COlllluittee together, ,,~hen we p1'obably should
thl'oW tlwlll ont altogethel'. I lllltlel'stmltl tltat tllP'y (10 Hot uo", prpteud
to do a bal1king' busillel's at aUl oHI", a clearing<llOnl'e 1)1]siues:-;. 'l'hey
kl"Pp tlH'il' aecount ,,,ith the l\Ietropolitan Xatiollal Hallk, haYillg mafle
~nch alTHlIgellH'llt that theil' depositol's er!ll haY(~ tIte l'PSllOllsihility of
the l\J etl'opolitan Ballk.


Q. \Yhat is tlH~ aserage dail~' transaetions of tho ~ew York eloarillg-
honse '!-A. From eight~· to OliO hlll](lred millions of dollarl'.


Q. \Vas it not larger than usual during those days of tilo panic'!-
A. l\f~- illlpl'CssioTl is that 011 that ltea"y da~' the alllollut \Yas Olle hnll-
dretl am1 torty-one millions; not quite donble tito usnal amollnt. 'Ye
s('an:f'l,v ('HW \Yeut 1w]ow eighty millions.


Q. \\'hat is tilo usual pereentagc of lmlallees, (:Olupareü with tlle total
Hlllonut oC elearanees ~A. lt l'a1'elv exceed8 th1'ee milliou dollars to be
lH'tnall~- paid oyer on st'ttlOIl1Pllt. o


Q. Kot quite 1'onr per eenU-A .. ~o, sir.
Q. \Yas tlle lwrcentage gl'f'ate1', 01' less, than u8nal, dn1'illg t1l0sc (lays


of t]¡l' Plmic t-"\. I eallllOt lmS'Vel' tlmt to a certaiut,y. .l\I.y illlllression
i8 that it was somewhat greater.


Q. Stat~ whetl]('l' ;ron rf'gal'd the Gohl Exeltallg·(' Bank as a llC'cessary
in,.;tl'lllIH'llt oí' tra<1t' '?-,\. r !'l'glml it as lm Hlllllitigaied eyil. My r('a-
I'on is litis: a lllan not ,,,orth a llulHl1'ed doBar,.; may go amI bny gold to
thl' l'st('nt of onc 01' two hlllHlrf'd thonsalHL dolIarR. Ir gold goes llplle
is aH l'ight; if it goC's dOWll eyen onc·ltalf of Olle ller eent., h~ ('Hnllot
affo!'fI tu pay the los8. 1 thillk it fosters a Rpil'it of reckless sJlecnlation
alLlollg' iue,,;pollsihle parties.


Q. IR your hank dpariug-house au iuco1'poratcd bo(ly?-A. No, sir;
it is a yolnlltarv at'isoeiatioll.


Q. Can its ü:an¡;;actiolls be enfo1'ceü in a eomt of la", '?-A. \Ve haye
llPYPl' had t11at q lteRtioll tpsted. Perltaps .ron ,rill llllflel'sta 1](1 Ollr lllode
oí' doing 1)]]siness hettt'1' ,,-hCll T teB yon t11at \Ve (10 llot hecollle n'S]lOlI-
sibIl" as a clearing-house fo1' flllything exeept lllen'ly fol' t!Jp lllOving 01'
thl' balallces. If (:lllTPW·.r iR paiú to ns we pa." it OYN to the pmty to
,,-holll it is dne; if it is llOt pnid to l~S, we m'(' 1I0t liahle. TIte hanks
("l'patiug" tltiR liability, Lite amullut 01' whil'h ShOlll(l be llaid nI', are tite
losers.


Q. ls the elearing·hon¡;;e a bank orgallization, like the OtIi!'!' banks of
K l'\\' York-a natiOlllll hmll~ '?-A. ~ 0, sir.


Q. Then no suth eorporatioll exists'ÍlI la\\' as tlle .New York clea1'ing-
llOlI,;e '?-A. );0, sir.


Q,. It Jl(wer súel1 all~-b()d'y?-A. So, sir.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 407
Q. Aml was lten'r sllp(l ?-~\.. No, sir. 'Ve are not in a positioll to


test that qnestioll at all. TII el\"e of all~' tnmble, snch legal rcmedies
lIl11St aplll,V,lIot to liS, but to the banks that create tIle trouble; we
mcrel} operatp a 11IadJÍlIe. \Vere we to pass exchallge, SllOUld ally
bank exdmng'e he t('1I tltonsaml dollars sllOrt, for iustallce, tIle lIaaJe
,rollltl lIot (;Ollle to tlte elearing,llOu¡.;e, lmt di1'cctly to tite ballk ill elTor.


Q. Hnp]lose a b:lIlk shonlü .lo to:m individnal wlmt thc (}o!d :Ex-
eh¡lIlge Hallk did to the clearing,}lOn¡.;e, l'l'IHlcrillg it ill1]lossible to make
a (;1('<11',111(;1', \rlwt l'elid' wonld tlll' iJl(liYidllal haye had'?-A. The1'Ü is a
gl'(',lt ditt'el'('ltee uct\Yeen that case a1Hl OIll'S. \Ve exehange entirely as
lJl'tween lJallks; tllat (;(H;e rd'ers to illdiyidllals; tite cases are in no \Vay
alike. 111 tlw palli(; 01' 18:¡7 \\,p }¡ad ]Jl,t'cir;ely that comlition of aftilirs;
a dozt'1l hankl'l, pel'llalls, were ulla hle to l'(~¡';llOll(l; hnt tlley m'l'lmg(>II the
matt el' h~' payillg oyc1' to t1le cOllllllitteü seenl'itics, as tltis Golll Ex-
ehallge Hallk <1i<1 to liS; an<l tlte ('Ollllllit tee lIsed ellollgh 01' tltelll to pay
the h,mks ,,'ho ,n're ('J'editors ofthe banks ,dIielt were ill debt.


Q. Di<l 'yOll han\ an'y diHienlty in lllaking' eIearauces with ally na-
tional hank '!-"\. IY(, hall a tlifli(\nlty with tlw TI'lltlt Xatiollal Hank.


Q. l'kase I-itntc wltat it ,,"ns.-A. irhe tronblc \Yas oí' sholt Illll'utkm.
On tlw IllOl'Iliug" of SPlltpllllwl' :!7, tite Tpntlt Katioual \\"m; in (leht to
tIte ckarillg',hon"e $7~:~,U()(), ,yllich was "etrle(l ,,,ithont any rf'clamation.


Q. "-hat (lo yon mean hoY rcC'lamatioll ~-A. ,\TIten a b:1IIk ÜOI:'R Bot
re¡.;polltl to tite [lllnk" to ,\"ltieIt it is üJ(lebtetl, tIte ballks whieh en'ated
thi¡.; deut are hehl n'¡.;pollsilllc, alJ(l wc tu1'n aronud aIHI tIraw on thelll fol'
tite alllOllltt, so üU' as (hey ltan, iW'lllTI'Ü the debt, so as to enahlB ns to
settle. 111 thp ea¡.;e oí' tite Tellth ~atiollal Bank, as 1 rmi<l, ,,,e sl,ttletl
,,,itltont ltayillg" reelmnatioll.


Q. 110\\' \Ya" tlw dimenl1y r;ettlcd '?-A. At lOg. o'elock, bf'Í(H'(~ 1he
cxchange,; \Yere d(·liye1'ed to tite hallk, 1 '"ellt tlOWll tltel'e amI statell to
thl'lll that theil' deht war; S72;;,OOO, amI that \Ye ,,"ould uot ddi \ef tlteir
(>xcltallg('" lllltil tltt,y gll\'e liS sOlllctltillg' to eoypl' that; tlley paid me
$400,000 in wllat i¡.; ealled thl'('e ]lee e('nt. dearing,honsc ce1'titieatel'l,
\\"hieh t IH',\" \\"('1'(; holding' as l'e¡.;p1'n'¡.;; tltey gave lile call loalls I'llough
to con']' tlle diífen'llec bet\\"('cn tilllr hUIH1rell thOllsanll alHl "l'H'n llllll-
<ll'ed amI twellt,Y,tlll'I'(\ thmuian<l dolla1'~, aad ahont twenty-iiy!' to thirty
tltouRall(1 dollars ill ('X(:('''S. T ,,('lit \\"onl iIllIllP(liate1y to the partj¡·s, aud
they paid mc, I tIlÍn].;:, about one hUlldred amI thirty thonsaud dollars .


.


By JIl'. COBUl~N :
Q. \Vere ally 01" tltose eaU 10Hm; against ,LlTlJel'l Fisk, .ir., 01' ,Jay


Oouhl, Ol' all} of tllp }lartie¡.; cOllllcetl'(1 with tlle gold dique tlmt got up
this palli(' '!-:\.. J rlo not kIlO'" who \\"C1'e cOlluectell \\'ith that dique,
ally fmthel' tItan hy general ¡';lIppositiOIlS alld stl'cet I'UIllOl'S.


By the CllAIlDIAN :
Q. ,V<'l'l\ tIH',Y agaillst hanks or hrok('rs ?-A. JIy ill1pression is,


thong"ll r lllay he w1"on,~', that tIte~- were agninr;t brokel'r;, ll1o¡.;tly.
Q. Do ,\'OH 1'eeoll('(·j Uw lJalllPS 01' all} oí' thelll 1-"\. X o, sil'. T \Yas


al)()ut to adtl, t1lat tIte I'egnlar honr fol' paying' in at the dearing-honse
\Ya¡.; 1talflla:-;t olle; at t\YCllty millllter; 1Iast two the Tellth .:satiollal yet
owcü olle hllntll'l'll alld llilldy-tlll'eB tllOlIsanll do]]ars; hut by threc
o'dod~ thc \\"!tole 1I11l0nllt \YlIS lIlade np, mul tlmt'enlled tlle whole thing.


Q. Htatc whetlter :m.y oflieer 01' the gO\"Pl'nllJ('llt rClldpl'Pd :fOil ally
H'isi¡.;tallee.-A. .1\1,\' ull<1t'I'stalHling" \Yas tl1at J\Tr. CaIlender was the
means ot' l'ai¡.;illg tlti" Iletieiüncy oí' $100,000.
(~. ,,'ltat \Yaíl tlte maUpl' witll the Tellth National R¡¡nk tllat day?-




408 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


A. The,v hacl been certifying pl'etty largely tlle day before; 11!PII a COIll-
mittee frolll \ r ;u,11ingtoll mlllw Oll to examine into tlw ('()]I/litioll of itt-;
aft'¡lin;, amI the llublic got ",ind 01' it, alld that l:reated a goo!l dl'al oí'
excitellteut, and ma)],)' deuwlHls wl're lWH18 OYPl' theil' conllt('l', a 1I(llllallY
banks beGllll(~ llllpas,v mul l'et'm;ecl to T'('cog'llize tlwir eel'tifit'll eJ¡l'ck¡;:,
wltich made it llecessary for t11e Teuth .Natioual 10 va.)' out a g'l'eat deal
of eash.


Q. Dill t1l0 TPllth .National yiolate auy law in tlle eourse oí' those
trallsaetiOllS ?-A. That 1 eanllot answer. <


Q. Di!l t!H'Y yiolate any onlillary ballking CllstOlll !-A. 1 ,1111 1I0t a1l18
to ¡llIs"-er tltat either.


Q. Do yon kllOW whetller thpy oyer-cprtifip!l '?-A. 1 (~allllot· sayo
Q. State wl!ptlwl' 01' not ;ron cOllsider the prpspnt ell"tolll of {'t'l'ti(ying


tbe ehecks oí' otlter ban].;:s is an uusafe Ol1e ?-A. 1 thillli. ir it were eon-
fined to tlte striet leUer of the la\\- thel'e wOllhl he no (lang·('I'.


(¿. 1)0 :rou tllillk t110 letter of the law is ü'P<j nelttl,\' "iolate(1 in tlle
present metllOd of banking 'I-A. 1 elll only gll!'SS ;IS to 1 hat. ,


Q. \\'ltat wonhl be the effeet U]lOll business of í(¡l'1li¡](lillg thp eel'titi-
eation of elleeks ex(~ept Il]lon the aetual deposit 01' 1Il0lH'y ?-A, lt wOllld
interfere Yery mueh with tlw tr,lllsaetiOTl oí' lmsinesl':.


(¿. 1 mean tlle checks of otll('r banks; sU]lJlose tltat cn~r~- natiOllal
hank was forbiddeu tlle certifieatioll of its checks 011 tite deposi t oí' t1l0
cltecks oi' otller banks, an<l the ct'rtification of dwekl': cOlltilH·d to tite
actual depol':its oi' curréncy ?-A. 1 do 1l0t ~lieYe it wouM be pO"l':ible
to carr~~ ou our business. For insl :!lH:P, 0\11' el(~a!'ing-1touse shows daily
Ü'OIll eighty to OliO lllllldred lIlillions oí" dollars in elearances. A Yery
largo ]lart of t11at m'ises fi'oJll the operatious oi' tite g'Oy('l'llltll'llt, tIte sale
of bOllcls, &c. ,Vitllollt the use 01' el'rtifiecl elweks it w01\lcl 1)(' impos"i-
ble to trallsact tltü; lmsilless; tlle currency is Bot tltere; that, all(l th8
gold ll11ited, \yollld uoí carry O!l a sillgle da}'s opP!'atio\1s. \\' e haye
onl:r tIti!'t.r milliolls of gol(l, ;m(l lwt\H'en thirty amI thirty-tiyp lIlilliollS
of legal tOllllcrs, which are tho onl,V thing8 that ('an 1)(' 1\,,('(1; Jlatiollal
bank notes are uot usod iu tlle settlemollt oí" balanees at tll(' elearÍllg-
hOl1'.'"e.


Q. Do .ron regard it as posl':ible to confine the rertitlcatiOlI of dlceks
to a saf<' alll1 legitima Le business 'I-A. 1 sllOuld tilink it llIigllt ho; it
always has heen nntil withiu the last six 01' soYeJl:yeal's. '


By }f1'. COllUlN:
Q. By w]¡aL meaus eoul<l tIte ccrtificntioll oi' check" be COllfill(~<l to a


pro]ll'r ~l!Icl ll'gitillwte bllsinpss '1 ,'"hat lIIeasures (:olllllyOIl l'l'COIllIIW1Hl
to iusure that result ?-A. Tilo prel:lellt law, it scell1s to 11\(', \\oLllcl he
snfti(:ient, if it \\,pn~ lmt pl'Opel'ly anü rigidly e1l rOl'cc(l, alld hallks
allo\\"ell to eel'ti(y only OH el'l'tified elwd:s oí' otber hallks, or ill ('ao-:(\ the
pady wHnting' to draw s!tall deposit gOYel'llmcllt hOlI<1I':, Ol' othl'1' ample
spcurity. lt is Ilot to be suppo"pü tItat maH.)' 01' tIte bHllk" \\"onl<1 loan
mom'y \\'!tiell they ,,"ouId be l111abll' to settle fOl' at tll(\ ("]p'll'illg'-hollse.
Al': to aboli8hing: tlle use oi' eertilleü dwcks,I do llot thillk tl¡<lt, \\'onld
1Ie í'olll\(l at alllH'íwtieahle; 1 tllink ,llIy la\\' (~ollt¡)('llillg it \\(mlll ('I'<lIIIP
tIlO o!Jeratiolls oí' trade so seYel'el~" tlJat it \Yould hn YO to he 1'('])('al('(1.


Q. ~llpl)()l':e tIJat olle ballk certifies a check \\'hPll it has no (]l']losits;
thil': certlfied eltcck is taken to auotLer bank, an(] thPl'ü lIIa(lp a (lPllO"it,
au<l allol1l('1' check obtaillell nllOll il, amI tItis Pl'OC('ti" i,; n'pl'ntL'(l illllefi-
llitely; is it 110t possible for a hu'ge l1l1lllber of fl'all(llllPllt (:el'lifi('atl'1': to
el'ecp into t]¡e hnsillcss oí" all tIte banks, amI man,\" oí' tllem hp pl'lfcetly
illllocellt '?-A. YULLl' suPPOSitiOll is that the bauk eel'tiíio::i in dirüet üOIl-




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 409
traycntion of tll(' la,,; that lllight ]lossibIy oeenr, to he su1'e, hut it
wouhl be agaim;t thc bauk'" OWI1 illllllediaíc interests.


Q. Hut if olle bauk should do so, ,rouId allothe1' bank haye auy mean s
of kllO\yillg it '!-A. )[0, Sil',


Q. Iu otllpr ,yon1s, hanks hayc 110t, from day to da y, any eheck
agaillst tIte fl'alH1nlent eel'tifi(~atious oí' otIle!' hallks aronlld them "?-A.
:Xo. ,Ve eallllOt kllow thc truth oí' what a 1mnk certifie;;;; lmt we can
judge HOIIH'wllat frolll Ilpxt llloI'llillg'S dearallec.


Q, A hall k lIlight eertify a lIlall'i'J eheck for $;¡,OOO wilen }¡p, hallllot
t1le IlIOnp,\ in tlle lHw k, 1101' qn,V seenrit~'; alld if t1le lllmt failcd to pay
it, th(~ ;):ll¡];: lIlight; in sudt h (~as(, \YollId there be au'y way oí" lmowing
"'lletlll'l' that lJank eCl'tifieü to tIte trnth 01' Ilot'?-A. CertaillIy uot.


, Sudt ea;;;\'" ha YP occlll'l'ed 011 a slltaller seale.
(). :-;npl'm;c a litan i'Ja~'i'J to a llank, ".illH! Imt m~ clown as IUlYiug ltalf


a lllillic)]] of dollal'H, ancl certi(y a cheek fol' llle," whtm he has uo lrtOlHly
in tlw 1):lIlk to ba(:k tltat clteek, aud the bauk shonld eCl'tit:\', \\'onl<1 yon
deem tltat a It'gitilllate :111(1 pl'ope]' trnllsa(~tioll ~-A. Ir tlte party in that
ease "honhl (lepo:-;it :-;ce1l1'ity, aud tIte ballk sllon1<1 eertify it, I :-;llOlIhl say
tImt wa:-; a, lt'gitilll;¡fe tnlllsaet iOIl. Hut if the bank sltollId 110 it, merely
to ('"a do tll(' la\\', \\-ithout a düpoi'Jit 01' spcnrity, Hot intclHliug io be re-
SPOllHiblp, lv;.,ltollld say it was entirel,r '\Tong.


By ':\[1'. CUBeHN:
(). \rllat i:-; tite eltaraeter of tIte bnlk 01' tltese transaetiolls \\'11t'1) they


rllU up to llillet,\· 01' one hlllHlrp(l milliom;; is it all n'al lHlHillCS", or
maillly spPC'.nlatiye tram;at'tions '1-,\, My illlprcssiOlt ii'J that a lal'ge pro-
pOl'tiOIl 01' it eOIl:-;i"t" of :-;peeuIati \-e trausactions.


Q. J )0(':-; or Iloes not tIlis praeti('e oi' (:prti(yillg elteek" facilitate amI
eneourago s¡wf:lllati,-e tram;aetiolls 'I-~L 1 thiuk it e:lllllOt be so C01Ii'Jill·
erf'(l. lf a party js speenIatillg to the cxtellt of baH' a lIIillioll 01' a mil-
lion (lollars a (by hc (,allllot get his ehed,;: (:pl'tilieLl withont giying fnll
yalll(\ 1'0]' tLl:!! (,(·l'tilleatiou; oí' course tltere are cases "whcl'e wih1, loose
Spt'(,llhtioll i" d01l1' tltat I kllow !tot Itillg abollt.


Q. :-;taÍl' ~YIH't]¡l'r yon rpganl tite extJ:aonlillal'y l'ise in gol<1 !ast Sep-
temlH'r as 11ft tural Ol' :trt i fkial.-A. Oh, artiticial.


Q. \\'llat do yon thin k wonldlta \'(~ lweu tlw lH'ice of gold in Septem ber
bll! f~H' tltaj, al'lilieial Ínterfercnep ?-A. :N ot far hom t'l'Om ~,) 1)(-'1' (:t'ut.,
1 sI 10 111 <1 tIlillk; thc genpl'aI, untllraI tenc1cney was dowllwanl.


Q, Do ;ron lmow of anyeonsidpr:lhle losHPs hayillg ueplt snft'r'reLl in
cOfl~eqlWltee of t1w gold pnnie ?-A. 1 (lo HOt know persollally. 1 lludf\l'-
tltalll1, of ('Ollrsp, that losi'Jetlu:crf: sldfpl'l'd.
(~. SLaie ilt what way tIte goll1 panie ",as detl'imental to lmsiue;;;s.-


A. lit lllpl'cantile traltSactiollH iL is (lnite enstomnry fol' tlle Il1CI'(']Ulllt
wlto lmys lJiH g'oOÜtl fol' goltl to UOlTOW g'old to }la,\' his ohligations, 01',
ratlwl', to u:-;(~ tIte gol<l, HU<1 wheu bis obIigatiolt falli'J (lne he lmys tllat
gold [lm11'1'Ílll'ni'J it. ,\ .1el'aJI.!!;t~JI](~nt iJl tIte enrl'eney like that of Sep-
teltlbel' lasi nl'eeHsal'il~' had its cffed; as gol<1 wput up merehants
heeaJllP 1'l'igltt(~ltP<I; tltPy were 1totitif'ü by the parties ~vltO had Ioaned
tltem gol.1 tltat t.lwir mal'gills 1Iml (lisappeared, alld were calletl npon 1,0
l'PtUl'lL t11(, go](1 Ol' put 1l]l more lIIal'gill; the cOllsequenee ,vas many of
them had to 1my at Yl'.l'y high rates.


By .:\!l'. S:mTII:
Q. ,rllat l'eaflOlt hayo ;)'on fol' thiukiug tlat hut fol' this llllllatnral


intl'l'f'cn'ltee gohl \\ould ¡wye beelt ahont ~,j per celtt. in Sf'ptembpr?-
,\, I eallllot giye tite Ol'igin ot' lit Y illlpl'~HSiollS. 1 h~tYe a g"eIleral idea
tltat tlle pl'eltliullt \Youltllta\'e been Hot far frOIll tltat figure.




410 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. It has be en a matter of cnriosity to me "hat it is that f1x('R and


(lete1'll1ine" thc price of gold; ",hy alld ho", goltl "l!Ollltl be ~\Yol'th 80
much no,,' and 80 lIluch at anothpl' till1e.-A. That lIlatter Í:i goyernell
principnlly by t1lc wants of nade; at cCl'tain seaSOllR oí' tlw yPHl' gold
will cOll1mnlld higher prices than at. otll(,l'il, heeam;c thl'l'e is more
demalHI fCJl' it. If tLe1'e i" a shol't e1'op of cotton, 01' of whent, you will
l'elu1i!,r ilec that it will enhance t11e price of pxehallgp, aul! gold ,,'ill
adyancc; it will reqni1'e the shipping oí' golf! in plaec oí' t1lel'ic to coyer
our foreigu ex(~Lallge.


Q. You llaye stated it as :mur opinion that, th(:' Gold l~x('.hallge dear-
ing-houl'ie is an unmitigated evil; that it promotes specnlatioll; state
w11et11er tIte hallk clearing-11onse is o]len to the ilallle ob,it'ctioll.-A.
There is llO specll1ation conuected ,rith that opel'lltion; it is Illel'ely a
place to balance accOlu1Íil; 110 mOlley traul'iaetions except tlle Hettll'IlH'llt
oí' the dHY'S hnHiness. In former days each uauk had lo go l'Olllld \\'ith
a ponch and exchange aud settle rlil'ectly with euch ot1ler ballk ,yith
which it did bUl'iilless. The bank clearing-honse COllilolidateR tllis \\'1101e
matter.


Q. Raye ,ron any knowledge oi' any officer of tite United States gOY-
ernmellt uping eoneel'1led 01' interested, directly 01' iudil'ectl,)', iu tIte gold
operatioHs of Septemuer last "I-A. 1 have HOt.


I


'iVASHIKGTON, Febnwl'Y 3, ]8,0.
H. R. RULnuRD sworn and exumilled.


B,v tlle CHAm]IA~:
Qneiltion. State yonr official positioll.-Au·swer. 1 arn COUlpholler of


fIle Cnrreney.
Q. \Vere ,ron conyersant ,,'ith tlie afl'airs of the Tenth Natioual 13allk,


.Ne\\' York, ünrillg t11e month of September last'?-A; Not particularly
during' that mOllth.


Q. lIad ,ron heen preyionsly "?-A. Por" ;yerr 01' more prior io t11at 1
had UN'Il \\'atching the conrse of that bauk.


Q. PIense state the conditioll of t1lat u:lllk at. t1le last rrp;nlar exam-
ination prior to Septelllhel' 21, of las1, .rear.-A. To do that 1 slionld
han~ to l'efer to the examiUel"il reporto This 1mllk ,,'as eOllsitll'red
pecnliarl'y a urokers' hallk, amI was manage(l, to a grea1, extent, iu sllch
a mHllllPr as to tilcilitate their operatiolls, partieu1arly iu t11e lllatteT' of
certificatioll. This examillatioll was lIla(le aftel' tlle act was passeü pro-
hibitillg eertifkatioll exeept npon actual eredits. This hank "'fHlld
al'l'lmge with its urokl'l's that they ilhollld üepoilit then·ill eal'ly in t11e
da~' cIlecks on SOllle otIler ballk. These checks were uot to be pn'sc'llÍf'rl
for certitieation, bnt were to answer as tleposi:;', ulltil ;3 o'elof:k, \\'1IPII
they were to be taken up, tLe ae(~()llut, lmving h('('n ma,lr np h~- tllis
amOIlJJt over the amOllUt. eel'tified. The examiner lllentiollH sevcral
cailes illll¡,;tmti!lg' the operatioll 01' thiil mallller oí' <lOillg lmsim·,;;;. 1<'0]'
im;tall(,(" he says: "On Tlml's<1~ly latit," that il'i, tlle 17th of A]lril, lSüD,
"MI'. J oseph llil'S aeeollllt was uot made gooll, Hud .iUilt befOl'o ;) o'dock
theile elt('('ks ,,'ere presented at tlJe UOlltÍllPutal; tlwl'e 1willg' !lO funrls,


, tlle Tenth Natiollal ¡,;till llOld t1lell1, pelHling' a settlement. lIe pl'oposes
to pa.r $S,OOO eash, the balance llis (mil notes, $l,()()O pa~'a hle e¡¡eh
lllOllth; his facilities for paylll(,!lt, of eOllrse, dcpelHlillg Hpon llis snece~s
in unsiuess." Tlle exallliner cOlltillnes :


FilHling how thc plan hall opcrate<l in this ~:l,P, T prnposeü to tl'st it a liUle r"l'ilwl',
if sti]] cOlltillllCL1, ami accon1illgl~' !.uok (alllollg otltel'") frolll tLe t(("h of the l'eeei\illg




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 411
tellel', nt 11 "'d,,ek, tI", fol]owing f'lH't'ks ¡,)1' ",hieh cl'cc1its had heen l11fifle to the partics
dra ",ing tlle ,·hüeks ou otller IJallks, aJl(l·ccrtiti,·at"s to large aUlOullts already made:
Hoy! & (lanlnpl" on ll'l1lk nf COllllllOI1\\"calth_ . ___________________________ $100,000
Qninan & ¡':u''", on f;ho" amI Ll'atlter Bank ________________ . __________ o __ _ 100,OO()
\\". H. (jranl)(~u, olLl\!ecltanies' llankiug ASHO(;Íatioll __________ . __________ ._ 100,000
.TCS8l' \Y. Jklle,lid, 011 AlllC'l"icau Exclulllg'C Da11le. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 80,000


Am! otl",]'s, all10nuting jo ~l ,5iO,000 on yarions hanks. In hnt tl;l'ee cases ont of jifleen
v.·ere, the dweks goo,l., t;Ol1lP n!tc're,! in f'xchange cheeks fol' tite saJ/w alllOIl1!t, hy the
8w/u'lllu't;f8, oH tll" ']','ntll J\'atiollal. f;Ollle "ffl'l'(',l to certi(y H!HI pay thrnngh exchal1ges.
Son", l'l'l'li,'c!, "They lIIig!tt 1.)('. ma<1e gond hy ~ 0'(']0(' k ;" &c., &c. Tl!e fil'st threc 1 pro-
fest",!. s"]Hling Lle\\'dlyu in a eal'l'iagp, ",it1l a llot:try :tIla 011" of thc clerks ni' tl!e hank.
Thi, or ,·tll1l·"', cl'":tt,,c1 :m exdtement on tite ,t1'('('(, :,n,l in the se\"('r:t! lmnks they visit"d.
)l;ot cI"siring' in this fi)'st instante to c1amagc i1Hliddnfll eredit, or to haye it lH'ove det-
l'illlental in all,\' \\ay to the llnticl1lnl R,\'Stp,lIl, hnt l'athel' to make it a llote of warning to
h(lth 1","k, allll bl'okers, I withltc1,l the uotiee,', ana inelose the sau1P hCl'cwitl! to )-Oll, to-
gt'tlwl' with lll'otests, ('opi"A (ji' c]¡ccks, &e. ~ '. , I indose tite mUlles :1l1tlumOl1llts
1'01' ",hie]¡ el'e,1its were tht1s lIla(!", alH!npon ",hiel! cel'titications were baseü:
A. \1'. Shl']lhcnL _______________ $1011,0110 Fitrll & 130WCll _______________ _
Ho~,t & Ganlllel'. ________ " ___ . _ 100,0110 Qllinnu & Enos _______________ _
E.F.Hook. ___________________ 100,UOO ])zomU&Co __________________ _
Re ... ], L,'o & Cart'cnt _o. ____ ,_ _ ]011,0110 H_ L. HOl'tOll & eo _____ . ______ _
C. B.:,wtli,.¡ . ___ . __________ . _ _ _ ¡'lO, OliO ,Y. F. Li "crmore & eo. ________ _
~L ~Iit(·],,,ll. ____ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 50, (100 Sn,\',lam & Co. ________________ _
W . .r. Hal" & Co _____ .. __ ______ 40,000 A. Fl'ank & Hm ___ .. ___________ _
T. C. ~IarldJalll &,C". _____ . _ _ _ _ :{O, (lOO Fp:ll'illg &, IIazelton ___________ _
,V. H. \[,'osing'cl' ,'i.:,Co ____ ._____ 2::;,000 J. & ,Y. SeligmaIl & Co. ______ _
lllnking' u'tot;l oi' $l,G,IO,()()Ll.


$100,000
100,000
100,000


(JO, 000
50,000
50,000
:{II,OUO
25,000


500,000.


Tlle ('h""k (Ir J. \Y. Bf'lll',lict, inc!ors.,¡l hy C. 13Cllcclic:t, on tlw Anwrirnn Exehange
Bflnk, "-:h"!:lt"c! in .11((/'('11, (no tlay,) ancll'ronoU11cc·d by that. banle a .fi¡¡·yCI'!!. A. Frank
& Jjro. are tite ~aIlle Imrtie~ ",lto, ~tIlne 1l1onths sim'e, fail"d to JIlake guod tltei!' acrOllllt,
amI \\hu now owe tlle hank $:2fi,tiOi ;);) í<ll' tlJe Hallle, OH [tu extcllsiOll ±()]' seYP1',ll mOllt11~
-ability tn pay pretli('akc1 Oll sueces:; i11 "bllsiness," witll these eertiticatiollS as eapit:tl.


Q . .As 1 understalld the matter, Oll tbis plan, aman draws a eheck aall
pnts it illto tIle hank, and then nses the bank's erediL to do his O,Vil
busiIwSR with.-A. l'hat is it exaetly.


('l'lw witness lwre exhibited to tht· '(,Ollllllitt('f~ the notiees, protests, amI
other llapers in eOlllleJ,:tion with the matter sct fOlth ahoye.)


By tlH~ CUAIRJIA.X:
Q_ Ilo'\\' long hefo1'e tlle Septernhf>r panie did this examillution take


pl:we '!-A. H was malle abont the--mitldle of A pril.
Q. Did 'yOll, as the Chief oí' tIle Currency Burcan, eOllsillel' thateolldi-


tion of the hallk a satisfaetOl'y CHIP '?-A. ~o, sir.
Q. \Vhat. sieps, ii' auy, did .ron take in refel'ent~e to that matter after


tIte l'eeeipt of tlle l'epol't ?-A. 1 instrneted the examiner to wateh eare-
í'ully, all<l ir the practiee was continnctl, H1Hl ii' auy violation of the law
could be pl'on'ü, to l'f'port tu me nt ouee. There is some diftieulty \\-hen
matÜ~r¡,; aro llot sati¡,;faetor.r in estahli¡,;hing a positivo YÍolation oí' the
la\\'.


Q. Statf' to tho eOlmllitteo ,,,hat 1f'(1 to the appointment of a board of
svec:ial ~>xalllillers to he sent to ;{pw York Oll the llight of the 23d oi"
Septelllbc¡' Y-A. Tht> Secretary of the Trea¡,;nry inf'Ol'lued me that he had
receÍ\'ed illformation t'rom X ew York to tite effeet that tlw Tenth N a-
tiollal Hallk ,vas eng-ag-ed in a seheltlt' to loe k up greenhaeks, l111d he
requested nw tn clesigll:itp a mUll frolll llly office, to join two others, oIle
appoillted hy hilllSl'lf amI olte hy the Treasnrer, to go to New York to
exnlllille tlw hallk. 1 al'POillted a mall foI' that pnrpose, amI, at the re-
qnest of thc Secretar:", eOllllllissionecl tlle other two as examiners, and
sent them on fol' that purpose. Tlwt it,; all 1 know aoont it.


Q. Uad j'ou auy otheI' reaSOll for their appointmeltt thall ,'fOIl have
¡,;tated ?-A. :Xo, sir.




412 GOLD PANIC IXVESTIGATION.


Q. \\01'0 ,ron eycr S110W11 tlle 10tters of cOlllplaillt to tIte Secretary~-
No, sil'. .


Q. \Vlwt \Yas tIle illlpression m:\f10 011 yonr minrl on t1le r('eeipt of
thcil' l'eport as to t1l0 cOllduet of that ballk dnrillg" tlw days of the panie ~
Did ,rOl! I'l'ganl its eonrsp as in ,wcOl'dalwP witIt tIte la\\" '1-A. ~o, sil';
uot stl'ictl,Y. }I.v 'Üpillioll, howen'1', wa;; that, ii' the cxaminers had Ilot
becn in tlLe ballk on tIlat dar, F1'ida,\", tIlo oertilkatiolls 01' tlle uUllk \\~onld
have lJeen 1II11elt grcater than tltey \Yen'. 1 gathcrcd th"t fl'olll the re-
po1't malle by tlte examillers, to th .. efrect that parties \\'llO came with
their ehecb; to ue certifietl were tUl'Iled a\Yay, ,vitll a \yIli;;pP)"(,t1 state-
llIent, that gorel'lIment examinen; wero in there, amI that tht'yeonld
uot do it.


Q. 1 lwlieye ,Y0n recollunem1p,1 in .ron!' allllllaIl'epOl't that SOIHe legis~
latioll he llHd I'estricting tho practico of certi(ying <~heeks, di,l :nlll not?-
A. 1 did last 'ycar amI tIle .real' bel'orp, amI at tite la sí se;;sioll oí' COll-
gress a law was enaeted npon the :mbjeet, wllieh was intell<le,l to hayü
a restraining inflnence.


Q. Htate to tIte COllllllittüe wItptlwr that.law iR, in yOlU' jntlgllwllt, ef-
feetiyp t(n' the p11rpose which it is de:'iigned.-A. Not as full,\' a;; I (:olll,]
wish. Ithillk, ho",cyer, that ithas hall a good d'feet, all(I that eprtiticatiolls
are not cal'l'iptl to tlle same extpnt that tlw.Y wpre befo1'!'. \\'ltpn~ L[ley
are tlw b:lll k has better SOClll'Ít;\- fo1' them. •


Q. Do yon reeollllllPnd any ac1ditiollallegislntioll!-A. 1 do noto
Q. What j;; .r011!' jlHlglllent as to tlw propript,r oí' í'Ol'hiüdillg tlw ef'1'-


tifieatioll of dleek" \"here t11ero are no depo"itfl of ll1oney, l.lUt onl,Y do-
posits oí' otlIpr ('('rtinf"] dll'eks ?-~\... 1 tlo 1I0t thillk that the hl'" \yould
lll'l'Il1it tm(~h e('rtineation no\\". 1 am illdinc(l to thillk tItat it i:'i ,1onp,
but it is tliflkLllt to get nt the fadR; there are so ll1any ways of cyading
tlte la\\'.


By }'h. BUReRA UD:
Q. As 1 1111<lerstalHI, there i8 CyirlPIH'P to shO\y that thcl'e ,,"pro lIIaIly


milliolls oí' certified checks depm;itcd in the Tenth NatioIlal .Ballk OH
Th~LL'stla'y, allt1 thai Illilliolls 01' (,(,l'tilicatioll were il')~1 npOlI thClll ?-
A . .l\[y idea \\"as that eertificatiOlI ;;honltl hp )'(~stl'ldetl to lIw adual
moncy in tIto bauk to tIte eredit of tlle depositol'.


Bytlle CnAIlDIAN:
Q. ITa yü yon kllo\Yletlge, 01' sati"faci ory g-round for belieying', tllat


tlwre \\"aS m,,~ combillatioll in tIte eit...- of [\t'w YOl'k or ('I;;p\rllpre to
üistUl'b Ol' lm:~d, ,10\\'11 tIte l1atiollal ba;tkillg system dnrillg' the ]ll'l'iod of
the gold p<lllic: ?-A. I know of Ilothillg to that ell'ect; 1 was llot there,
howeyel', allt1 \Yas 110t able to jndge.


Q. Di,l,ron üyel' ha\~e auy iuf'ol'lIlntiou lodged ",itIt ,Y011 as Hll offieer
of the gOYerlllllellt to tIte eíi'l·et tliat 1')11('11 a plan \Ya;; in operatioll ?-¡'L
1 Ilad :'itatemellts frOlll tite exallliner, ::\I!'. Ca1l(~lH1er, tlwt lle lw!iPH'(I
sneIt a sehellle \Yas 011 foot.


Q. J)iü yon see 8uffieiellt reason to lea<l yOll to ;;uPP/)S(" that thut was
so '1-1\. 1 CHnllot say positiyely. .I Itad reason to belipye lit OlIe tilllP
dnring tll(~ last :vear tllat a mOY!:'llIellt wa~ Oll i'oot to eaIT~~ tlle Ilatiollal
ball].;:;; baek to the :;-;rew York State lJankillg s~·tlt(,lIl. 1 l'ccoi\'('ü lIotice
frolll sm-eral hall ks that tlley 1Iatll'eeonyerted tltetw;elrf's to St,tte ball k~;
amI tIlose notice;; were all ¿n tIte sallle prilltetl fOl'lll;;, ('yidclltly prepare(]
f()l' tllt~ pUl'pO;;P, and llseü by;;olllo bauks ill Albany, Tl'oy, ~III,I );ew
York; amIl \Yas a(h'isetl that thel'(~ wa;; a gClIcral JIl0n'llwnt 011 foot,
amI tlmt it would result in t11e trallsfcl' oí' all tIte old bauks in J'í üw York




GOLD PA);'IC I);'VESTIGATION. 413
(:;ity to tIte State banking "y"telll; 1mí as to the particular mOWlmentin
Rp"ltmn!ler, 1 hayc no llll~all's of .ill(l'gillg'. -


Q. I\'a" all'y pfEmt JIIad(l (ln1'illg' tlte time that those pxallliIwrs were
Oll llnt,Y as sneh ro pl'Otlll'C t]¡pir l'('call '?-A. 1-10, "ir.


Q. W l'1'(, tlte,\~ reeallc(l bet'()J'c tlle,\' eompll'tcll their examination~­
A. Xot betol'l' tIte,)' eOlllpldpd thcil' examination of tIte Tcnth ?'ratlonal
BlWk.


Q. H:IY(, ,YOH aH,)' kIHnyJe<lge that any officer of tl](' gon'rllluellt of
tl](' 1-llit('(l Nt:ltl's \\'as ('oH(~prlle(l 01' illtel'{,sU~ü in tlw gohlllLOn~lllent in
SeIJtelllbel' 1-A. No, sil'.


\YASIIIKGTOX, Feú)'/l(lI'!I .t, 1870.
C. A. Tri\KER sworn amI cxamined.


To t11e CUATR}1AN :
1 l'psille in IVasllÍngtoll, D. C. I am mUllagcr of t1le IY ('st('l'n l~Ilioll


teleg'l';¡plt lill(', fol' tlle eity 01' IYashing'ton. 1 was so l'lIIplo,\e!l OH tbe
:!4t h oE S('ptl'lIIh('~t. On that ¡[ay 1 saw a !lIcssagp frOlll tl)(~ Sl'ere-
taryoí' tlw Tl'l'aSllry to Gelwral Buttcl':tü>hl, assistal1t trcmml'el' at Xew
I'Ol'k, <liI'P(·tillg' ltilll to i'ell g'old awl pnrehase bonds; lll.)' attplltioll \nu,
(:alleL! tu it, in ·onh·r tllat it lllig-1It ]¡l' IlllrI'Í('ll OH'r tl)(' lineo ft was llot
]¡l'ollgItI to the lllain oftiCl', (·0l'llC'l' oí' tIte a\'ellllC and FOIll'te('llth st1'eet,
but to tlle 1n':lII('11 ofti(:p, -1;¡0 lciilPPlllh street. 1 \\'aS at tlmt time in
the Olwratillg' room of tlle lllain oftiec.


QIW:-;! ion, 1 1 an~ ,Y0n ~\Ily !JleHnS of statillg' preeiscly at WlllIt tilllP .'~01l first
lUId kllO\\'II'(lgl' oi' tlIaf, di"patdl ?-Ammpl'. lt \\'(ml<l I)(~ il!I]J01iKiIJ]p fol'
!llP to Ktat(' silll]ll.r by reeol1el'tioll, beeanse 1 am of'tell in amI ont oí' the
OIll'r~lting 1'00111. This (by, h()\\'pycl', 1 happPIH·t1 to 1)(' in tllis I'oom.
Sill(:e ~'l'Ktpl'(lH,\-, alltieipatillg that ;ron "'()llld eall llpOll me ill regard to
tlmt (lispnteh, 1 hay(' exalllÍlle(1 it to s('e "'Ita! ",ere tue time mHl'ks tlpOll it.
I ÜIHl tlI;lt, it \\'as l'cepiyp([ at tlw lJl'<llldl oftiec OH Fitt(,l'llth ;,;tl,(·('t at
11.J,) a. 111. :U,I' im;tn'tetiolls to thc 01ll'ratOl' at tlmt oftiee {Ire, w]¡eu a
(li,;patcll oí' illlportall('l' is rccl'iyed, amI slIe has uo! thp m;p of tlle wil'e
to ::'\ew YOl'k, ií' that is tlle pOillt, oi' dl'stination, to semI ir. iltllnediately
to tite main ofti('e, ",hel'e we haye ,,'ires wOl'king constalltl~-. }1iss Cook,
tlle o]Jpratol', hd(l it about fiye miulIt!·s, ami t!t!:'n ¡';Pllt it to tlle maill
oftiee, fl'()llI \\'hidl it \Ias KCllt throllgh illlllll'diately to Xc\\' York. The
marks u]Jou the dispateh sltow that it was in tlle llIain o11ice (hree
lllilllltpS.


Q. \\'hat is tlH' (liffl'I'('Il(~P 01' time hetween XC\Y York awl 'Vashillg-
üm 1-A. A hont t\\'elYC Illiuutes.


Q, I\';IS il)('n~ all.)'hod,\ in tl1P llwill offi('(' 1wsitle yon1'¡.;elf \,!ten tlle
llispatelt wa;,; n·(~('in~(l fl'Olll t110 brandl oftiee 1-A. Yes, sil'; tItere \Yere
t\\'e1\'e 01' llftecn ollc1'atOl's tltere at tite tillle.


Q. Di(l ally otlH'r l)('rsoll exeept yonrsdf lmow of tIte dispatch being
recciyeü '?-A. Tlw operatm \Vilo recl'iyed tite dispatch, a, ~ll'. Kerhey,
klle\\' oí' it; and the operator who S(~llt it to Xew York, muned Burns,
kllew oí' it.


Q. Vid you get auy respou¡.;c Ü'OIll N ew York illdicatillg its n~cei pt~­
~\. Thp pl'opel' l'eSpOlli'ü wOll]d lw" O. K.," :1'1'0111 thc opemtor receiviug
it; and 1 DIHI that re¡,;pollsc l'cconled .•


(¿. Di\! tlw me¡.;sagc "O. K.n bear (late, so as to SllOW at what time it
,,'as I'eeei\'(~tl 'I-A. 'l'lte tillle Illal'ks would be placce! npon tite dispatclt
by the oJlemtor Itere.


Q. Do .)'011 kuow wltether tite dock at the brancll office agreed witlt




414 GOLD PANIU I~VESTIGATIOX.
t11e clock at yonr offiee tltat da~~ ~-A. 1 SnppORf' it di(l. ,Ye hayc tbc
time nt 1:! 1lI. fl'Olll the OhselTatol'.~·, ,,,hich timc is giYell to aH our
hl'alH'h offiet's.


Q. 1:,; thel'c Hnything in tbr bl'Hlleh offie" whit'h ,,"01l1(1 slIow wlldher
tll0 dispatdl was SPHt fl'Oll1 thpl'(" 01' fmlll yonl' offiet', dircctly tn Xew
York '!-A. Yes; tite llnmber ,,·m sl10w that.


Q. ,Yollld Uíe opel'atol' eertaiHly ].;:nO\\·, in sCll(liHg' the mrssage,
,dwthl'l' it was to go (1il'(~ct to New YOl'k direet, Ol' thl'ough yonr oJ1iee?-
A. Certaiú1y; it ",ouId be sent on dim~l'rllt wirps.


Q. A¡.;iüc 'frulll tl18 operatol' who l'p('pin'(] tho (Iispateh in yOlll' offir-e,
anü tllp olle who SCllt it to Xcw York, ,raR tll<'1'(, auy otllt'1' ]Wl'SOU,
lwsülps ,\'on1'1;(,]f, ,y)¡o kucw 01' itR exiRt!'Jl(~P tItCl'(' ?-A. Y('S, sil', ell(]pl'
onr Hystl'l\1, t11e lll(~Ssengt'l' boy takes t11e (lispntch amI passcs it to tlle
11llllllWl' dt'l'k, w110 recon1s its lI11lllber; anll tl\(, Opl'l'lltOl' dl('(~ks it Ü'Olll
tite n U1llbel'. TIte mestmge "·OlLl.1, thel'efOl'c, han~ passcd t1n'ollg'll the
hHIII]S oí' tlw lllesseHger l)()y ¡¡lid of t11e 1Imul)!'r e11'1'k, who is also a
bo,Y; but 1 think Ileither of thelll ",ollId han' 1)('('11 likely to 1'ead it.


Q. Did ,Y0ll ginl this lllessage aHy Hpeeinl attelltioll, so as to kllow
tImt it \Yas SC'Ht promptly ?-A. Yes, sir; 1 did.


Q. Hnye all,\' broke1's any slleeial anangelllc11t ill l'eg'anl to teleg'l'aph,
ingl Is tllPl'!~ ",hat is e¡¡]letl a ])1'Oke1'8' ,,,ireY-A. ,Y('- gin' rOl' tlle lUle
oí' hl'okers 011e ",ire bet\rcen here alld Xc\\' York, wllich also (~OIlIlP.·t:-;
wit11 tlle hrokers' ofílees in 1'Itil;J(]plphia, amI Haltilllore. Th('l'ü are
tllree omcp~ in X(~W York eOIllH'cü'tl ,YitIt thü; "'Íl~(', so that tite 111"O];:er8
]1(.'1'(' 1taye tlirect COlllll11l11leatioll \virll thp gold l/mm1, the sto ('k 1)o<1n1-
t11e JIlaill oflkf' ill 1\ p\\, YOl'k-aIl(I ,rith the b1'okers' oftiecs in tIte otber
cities to ",hidl 1 han' 1'et'erreü.


Q. \\~as all~- dispateIt scut on'1' t1le bl'okers' ",ire eOllceming' t1te tlaIe
of Treaslll'~' goId withill fifteen minutes lwt"ore or after this ditlpatdl ?-
A. 1 eanllot ,UlS\Ver frOIll 1ll.Y 0\\'1I kllO\\lpdgp; if aH~,thillg or that kil1(l
were RPut frOlll t.Ite lIlain oftke the 1't'('.0]'(1s ",ouId SIlO\\" it. Tlle l)l'o];:er,,'
",ire Las Í\ro t.('1'lllilli ill ,Vashillgtoll, ulle at tite lIlaill o!liee amI oue 011
Fiftt't'uth street.


Q. If }[iss Cook hnd 8pnt the diii]lateh (lil'(,et1.\~ to ~ew York, mmh1
she han' sellt it oye1' the b1'oke1's' wire ?-A. Ye,.;, sir, oY(~r t1w same
"'ire \Hl ,,"ouId baH' Rent it by.


Q. Am1 Rlw tOlllü haye selít it oye1' thnt \\'irc im;tead of Rellding' it to
t1le Jl1ain oftice ?-A. l\Iy illfen'llep is, tIwt tlrat "'in; \Vas ()(~(~npi .. (1 at
tIte 1ll0.lllI'llt, so that Rlu' (:ollltlllot g'ct the lllc,;"agl' in. lf~ anothel' oftiCI',
pedw]ls in Baltim01'e, fOl' ill"tnllel', '\,(;1'e using' tite pe to (:ollllllllnleate
\rith XCIV York, it wonld prp\ellt 11('1' s¡'H(ling tIte 1l1l'Ssage at t11ü mo·
ment.


Q. 8tatc, as tIte mawlg'l'l' of tbis lillP, wlwt l'{'('onls \YPTe ma.l .. in Xe,,'
York 01' tlle l'eceipt oí' this (]isp,lteh, aH.1 th .. (lispositioll JIIatlc oí' it?-
A. Alltü'il'ating the f)lIl'stiOIl (lf tite ('otl1lllittl'l', 1 telegTHplwtl ro tite
nwnagm' of tIte ,Yall street olliee, Nc\l' York, askillg- by ,,11<1t o]lPl":ttor
tIte me""age ,,,as 1'pcein,.l, amI t11e time of its l'('('eipt; aIso tite tillle of
its dpliY('1'Y, :1Il(1 by ,,,hOlll recpiptcd io1' un the 1llI'~"ag('-JJook, to "hidl
sJtl' 1'eplÍl's as follows: .
\Ya~]¡illgtOll Ill('ssage (jf Sl'l'temhpr 24 rr"'l'in'l1 lly 'lis, 8. F. TllrlH'r, at U.O!), OHr


tinle; l"l"Til'ted at.12.1ll, by G"lll'ral Buttertield.
::\r. E. LE\rJ';, J/III"'fl(')".


Q. Xow, aJlo\Yillg' for tlte dillt'1'f'w'e of tilllP hphn'l'H \Yashillgtoll alld
New York, how lIlay Illilllltes actnally dnpfif'd hum the tilll(, tII(' lIleH-
¡;mg-c mIs SPllt \lllül it ]"('lwhed General Blltkrlídd ?-A. Fl'Olll tllp lmlHdl
otlicc to the rnain oftice "Iras fiYe ruÍlmtes; thl'onglt di(' maill oftice three




GOLD PANIC IKVESTIGATION. 415
miulltps; time oeeupip(1 ill sending it, perhapR, one milllÜ(". And the
r('ton1 is that it was delin're(1 to G('Il('1'H1 Hnttcrfieh1 witllin oue minute
of t!1P tillle or its reepipt ilL ~('" York. 1 do not know the distance
fl'OIll tllp telegl'aph otlke to Uw snb-! l'easllry; 1mt tltey 1I11lst l,e YPl'y lIeal"
eaeh other. Tlds wonl(l lean' ronr minutes 111laecou1Ited for; which, 1
tllínk, is to he explaiJw!1 by tlle diffe1'e1lce in dOl'ks.


Q. ,,'lIat is tlle W\1IW of thl' 1lIl'sseng-er "'ho eal'l'il'd tlle dispateh fmm
the XCII' York oftice to Gelleral Buttcl'íiel<1 ?-A. 1 do 1Iot kllo\\'; he was
:1 1lI(~!'¡.;('¡.¡g-(~1' of tlJe \\-aH Rtn'pt. oi1ke. Tlw 11IeRRag<' was (11'Iin'1'('(1 to
hi1l1 :-;(·;t!('tl, allf] he won}(l hayo had 110 OppOl'tllllity of Iearning' its eOI1-
t('lIt:-;; !;&rtaillIy 1Iot-,,'itbin tlIe Oll() minute':,:; time witltin whid.l it "'as
(]pIin~] to (jclleml Hnttpl'íield.


Tilo ,\"itlles:,; snhst'qllcntly fnrnish('<l to tite committee tIJ0 following
eopil'K oC tite diflpateh, n:,; reel'iyed at tIle braneh omee on Fifteentlt
st1'eet, all<l as eopicü at tIw lll<lin oftiee amI sellt to Xcw Yo!'k:


[By telL'gral1l,J
7 \\-,


11.45, i'El'TDWEH 24, 18G!.l.
To D.\:-.-mr. IkTTEHFIELn,


_I.,,,is¡illll ]iWI8111'I'I' ('¡¡i{id 81a11'8, ,y('1(' rOl'k.
Sell rU1I1' lllilliollS (4,000,000) goltl tU-lllorro,,", :lud lJ1ly fOllr millioll, (~.IJI)f).nnn) holltls.


C'h:ll'g'(' to Del':l!'tllll'ut.
10 F. i'i, .JO. Paiel,


eo. & K,-11.5;:;.


UEO. ~, BOI'T\\'ELL,
8ftl'llm'Y of ti/(: TI'l'118111·!I.


1 C('l'tify the ",ithin to he a trne e0l'Y of Ol'iginal telegram 011 fik ill thi, ofrior.
• CH_\I' .. \. TI'iKER.


JIaIUl(/CI' Ir. C. Ji'{!J'/¡, IrO,,/¡iIlY/OII, f). C.
7 F. S. 23. Dx.


'y,\.qnX(;TO:-'-, ;24, 18m.
(Hp(,l'i\,,'d :tt ('nr1h'r Fo\utc,'llth "tred :mtl PClIllsyl\'auia an,uur, 11.::0 n. lU.)


To D,\s n;r. 1)¡-TTEHFIELV,
.h.,i8/(/1/1 1'/'('(1811)'1')' 'l-lIiI(',/ S{a{"8, .Ye/(' ro)'/.'.


S..lJ fOil!' llliJliollS C4,OOO,O!lO) goJ,! to-mol'l'O\Y, aud huJ' fon" íllilliollR (4,1If1Ii.tlOI 1) lJOllds.


Co. & K.
10 F. f>. 40, P,¡j,1.


GEO. :,.J. BOI"l'WELL,
Sc('/'('/o/'y J'/,('({SI/J·Y.


1 cuti(v lIle f01'(:goiug to he l' hue e0l'Y oí' tdegl'lllll OlL file in this ofll,·,',
<.'tl.\K. _\, TI'iKEH,


,11({¡¡(/[jI'I' 11'. C. 'üly'/¡, 1/'1I.,llill[jII/II, 1J. C.


,"ASHL'IGTOX, Febrl!((/'Y ;¡, 1870.
C. ~L TINE:ER reeal1PIl nlld l'p·exalllilled.


Hy tlte CHAnnIA~ :
QnestiOll. Haye yon tlle g'Plleral pltarg'c of tite \,~pstel'll Cuioll 'rele-


graph l'olllllan:y'fl otliee in\\' ashiugtou ?-Aw-wer. Y es, sil'; 1 haye, (J. Han~ yon in ;yo11r pO!'i'<('SSiOll, or llllÜl'1' ,your eOlltroI, 01' m'l" thel'e
in tlll' llos:-;es"ioll oí' the telpgraph eOll1lHllIy whieJ¡ elllllloys ~-on, ,llIy
tl'legl'a Ill!' ",Ilidl Wl'1'e ,wut OYI'1' tllP wil'es fl'OIll \Vaiihillgton to Xew York,
OH Fl'ülay, tilo 24tll oí' Septelllber, ll"i(i!), whieh ",ere file(] with yon fo1'




416 GOLD PANIC IKVESTIGATION.
trallsmi"sioll betwcen thehonn5 of 11.15 :l.m. flllll1::!.15 ]1. m., in re1ation
to tIw lHlrchm5e 01' Hale oC goId, other tllHn tlle <li"patdl oí' 8ecret:l1'y
BOlll well to UClleral Hnttertiehl, whiell has alreall,Y be\Hl lll'odnel'tl hef(H'e
this COll1lltittee '!-.d.. 'Ve huye.


By tile CHAIR~IAN :
Q. The eOHlltlittC'e desire yon to prodnce tlH·lll.-.\. T (~allllOt cOlllpl~'


-with t11e request of t11e eOllllllittee, nnde1' ll1~' pre¡.;ent instnwtiolls. 1
willlay t1w l't:'(ll1l'st before the company fol' illStl'1wtlOlIR; alH1 gi,:e a tinal
dccision in au honr 01' two.


Q. Yon stated in yourfOI'lller dispnteh the offíces in 'Ym;hing'tOlI, Np\\'
York, Baltimorp, alld Philadclphia, with whieh t1lis ln'okel'ii' ,yil'p COll,
nected, OYl'1' ",1Iidl the dispateh f1'om the Seen'tal''y of tlw 'l'l'l':lHllry to
f~el]('l'<ll nntte1'fipld passed. State ",hetlLPl' a II operator in auy of tll(';;e
offices '''011111 tlnderstand a dispateh sellt over that ",ire ·~-A. If he 01'
shp ,wre a sound operator it wonl(l he j)()"sible.


Q. DUl'illg the pight 01' tpll milllltl's' delay ht'tween tlw i ime this di s'
patelt \Yas lrl'Onght to tIte b1'anch offiee OH Fifteelltlt street HII<1 tlw time
it was hrought to the main offi<~e, could it lt~1\'e be(,lI i'PIlt ti'OIll that ()fti<~('
to :x ew 10l'k .withont eomillg' throllgh ,\"on1' ofti<'(' ?-A. 11 eonl.l, lmt by
no on(' except ::\liss Cook. . .


Q. COllld i'he haye sent it to :Xpw York withont its eomillg' tlmmgh
tItemaillol1ke.?-A.SheeouIdhan.s(.ntitdiree!.It \\'oul<l ollh' ha\'e
been üeunl at tlte illstl'lllUcnt nt the lllaiu ofliep, withont pa;;sing t lJl'()[\gh
thnt instrnment.


Q. Stah' ,,,hpt11pI', dnring that tell minute", :ron ht'al'<1 that <1isllateh
go ove1' tite ,ún's frOlll ::\Iiss Cook1s nJliee to Ne", York ~-,\. r (~all ouly
state f1'Olll HI'y memor,') that 1 <lid noto T was out :lIH1 in the ollPratiug
room, amI it' i'm·h a dispateh wa:s sent, r may 1Im'e hl'~lJ'(l it witItout
beillg ahlp to l'ememher it lll1\\'.


Q. Hlln~ yOll any knowledge 01' belief that an~' pPl',~OIl in ,\'0111' offiee
heard tItat <li"p:ltf~h go oye1' the \"ires befo1'e .YOU·,'iPllt it, al lhe tillle
.yon hu\'e testifipd ?->\. 1 han~ 110 kuo\rledgl' tllat auy Olle di<l.


'\YASHINGTOK, Feunwry í, 18íO.
C .. A. l'TKKER reeal1ed.
(\Yitnes;; l:li(l hefore the e0ll1111íttp(' a <líspatdl, l'ec~piYP<1 by hiJII from tIle


('X('('1I1 in' c01llll1ittee oí' lhe 'YeíStCl'll Ulliull Tclcg'l'aplt COlIlP:IJl'y.
"~itm'sH also presPlltetl the di;;patdlPS eaJlp<1 for h~- t1le (,ollllllittt'P


\"hieh 'H'1'e lptpi ,'eü at the 'Yest01'n Union 'l'l'lpgraph COlll}/:Ill'y ill t1lis
eity het\Y0en tite hOl1J's uf 10.1':; a. lll. and 1~.15 p. lll. Oll t]¡e ~4tIt 01' Sep'
tember.)


By the CHAm3IA:':
Q. Are these six dispatehes that yon haye pro<lnee<l hefore the eom,


mittl'e all tlle llispatclws tItat \\,p1'e sent oye1' ,)'on1' wirp" or (kli\'<'l'p!t at ~
eitIler of j'Olll' ofliees (tIte maia amI the lmllleh OftkPH) <luL'ing that pel'iod,
relating to tlte t-lale 01' pl1l'ellHt-le oí' gold'?-A. They are. ",


Q. ~\l'l~ b\'O oí' tlte¡.;e :six the sallle <lispatdles -tItat 11<\\"e lmherto heen
laid ht't'ol'e the eOllllllittee by the SeeretmT of thp Tn'<ls1ll'Y, thp Jil't-lt di-
l'eetíng tite ;;ale of gold, all;l thp speolld 'gi\"illg la ter intltl;netions con,
eeruillg tItat ¡.;ale ?-A. 'rheyare.


On lllotioll of )Ir. J udd it was resolyed tItat, as the fonr l'elllaillillg




GOLD PANIC INYESTIGATION. 417


dispatches were of a priyate naturc, and wholly immaterial to the 8ub-
ject-matter of the investigation, they be returned to the witness and be
not introduced as part of the testimony.


WASHINGTON, February 5,1870.
FORD C. BARKSDALE sworn and examined.


By the CHAIRMAN:
(~uestion. Please state ,rour residen ce amI occnpatioll.-Answer. 1


reside in New York; 1 am a jonrnaliRt.
Q. State to the committee what yOl1r relation to the press was in Sep-


tember last.-A. 1 was one of the editors of the Sun; 1 reuwined so up
to a fcw days since, when, for the pUl'pORe of being able to contribute to
more papers, 1 resigned.
(~. Are you acquainted ~with MI'. Corbin ?-A~. 1 "intervicwed" 1\fr.


Corbin, MI'. Gould, and others, alHlmade the "e:lposÍ::," as it waR ealled,
in the Sun.


Q. no .YOU Imow General Butterfield ~-A. Yes, sil'.
Q. How long llave yon known MI'. Corbin '/-A. Since the first day of


Odober last.
Q. How lOllg have you knowl1 General Butterfield '?-A. Since about


the 10th of October.
Q. vVhat do you know of ,\'our OWll knowledge witb respect to this


gold panic and tIle causes whielt produeed it °1_A. 1 haye had the story
fromlVlr. Catherwood, MI'. Fisk, l\1r. Gould, MI'. Corbin, MI'. Butterfield,
~ and others. I have no lmowledge of my own. -


Q. You know tbat there was a combination to put up the price of gold
in September "?-A. Yes, sil' ; frum interviews whieh 1 have had with the
leading parties conneeted with it.


Q. State anything yon know in reference to the appointment of Gen-
eral Bntterneld as sub-treasarer, in connection with speculations in gold,
ir you kllOW anything about it, either through General Butterfield, MI'.
COl'bin, 01' MI'. Cathcrwood.-A. Colonel Catherwoou's statement to me
was that he was spoken to iúr tIte place of sub-treasurer, prior to the
time that General Blltterlleld was; that the programme was made out
fUI' what he was to do in case he' got tl,le appointrnent, lmt that he de-
clined to fill the entire bill.


Q. State wllat ;ron ullderstalld b.y tbe entil'e bill.-A. It was to give
inside m'w~ fl'om the Tremml'y Depal'ÍWf'llt to theRe palties, so that they
eonld make mOlle.\'.


Q. \Vho is MI'. Catlwl'wood ?-A. He ü; tbe step-soll-ill-law of Mr.
COl'bill.
(~. Helate what ;ron kllOW in relation to t]¡e nppoilltmeut of General


Bntterfield as snh-treaf>urer.-A. On MI'. Catherwood's declining, Gen-
pl'al BntteI'field was proposed and pns]¡et1 by Corbin, Gould, and Diek
í.'3chell, as 1 i'iuppose. 1 only kllow positiwly that Gonld and Corbin put
him forwanl, amI that he was 1I0l1lillated.


Q.. Give the coml1littee the sonrces of yOlll' illformation about him.-
A. Mr. Cathel'wood and Geuerallilltterfield.


By l\1r. J ONES :
<'1. Yon say 1\11'. Catherwood told you that a proposition was made to


11im to take the position of sub-tl'easurer, but that he declined to fill the
bil1. Did he tell you what persons had proposed to him that he should


H. Hep. 31--27


• '''''1




418 GOLD PAKIC INVESTIGATION.
be appoiutecH-A. He Jid uot state ally one positively, except Oorbin
and Gould. The.v were referred to direetly by Oatherwood. He made
objections to certain things, and throngh their influence he was with-
drawn.


By :MI'. Cox:
Q. Statc what otber information yon received from any of these par-


ties in relaiion to this subject of the appointment of General Butterfield.
-A. lVly information was from .!\fr. Gonld; also from lVIr. Butterfield.
When Butterfield was nominated, Oatherwooc1 says, he agreed that he
would give them such information as from time to time came iuto his
hands, by which prior information they could make money. General
Butterfield told me that these parties <lid uot come to the sub~treasury,
nor to him, ut a11; hut that their operations were based upon informa-
tion comillg' to them from lVIr. Corbin; which, they stated, he got frorn
Butterfield in cOllsequence oí' secming his IlOlllination. .


Q. This information, then, comes from Bntterfield as well as frorn
Catherwood 1-A. Both from Butterfield and Catherwood.


Q. Can yon state when these intel'views were had ?-A. The interview
with General Butterfield occurred three days before the article appeared
in the New York Times, which was called the defense of General Butter-
field.


Q. Were you the author of that article~-A. Yes, sir.
Q. ,Vill you send the artiele to the comlllittee ?-A. 1 will.
Q. ,Vho authorizeel .vOll t6 write that article '?-A. General Butter-


fielel; though 1 suspect that in writing it 1 went a Httle too faro It
was not in tended as a defense of General Butterfield, but as a elefense
of President Grant.


Q. The facts thereiu stated carne through General Butterfield ~-A.
AH the faets exeept the supposed defense of Corbin. That was done
for the purpose of drawing out eertain doeuments said to be in posses-
sion of other parties, amI it had that effeet. AH t.he other fact.s con-
tained in t11e article eame to me through General Butterneld.


Q. The article charges, 1 believe, tltat sixty thousalld,dollars worth of
paintings amI statuary were sent to the ,Vhite House, and that when
General Graut diseovered them he lIad them reboxed, in the night, amI
sent back to N ew York. Did General Bntterfield te11 you that fact?-
A. He tolel me that such a thing was done; that while they were re-
pairing the ""hite House, in September, these gooels were put ¡nto the
honse as a present to the I'resielent, as was supposeel.


By MI'. JONES:
Q. Did he tell you by w hom they were presented?-A. By the "ring;"


he saiel "Dent" was in possession of the White House at tlIat time; he
said 1 do not know whether General Dent, 01' who; he saiel they hael beeu
plaeed in position on the walls, in eorners, aud niehes, &e.; but tbat


, when the Presielent came home and saw them there he asked Dent if it
was general1y knowll that he was there; Dent saiel it was not; anel the
President orelereel them to be immeeliately repaekeel anel sent back to
~ew York. ,


Q. How elid General Bntterfielel· say he kuew aU this ?-A. 1 do not
know what he said; he did not mention the uame of any oue as his infor-
maut; he simply saiel such a thing was done.


By 1\11'. Bt;RCHARD:
Q. And he asked you to write an artiele for pnhlication stating these


things?-A. 1 do llot know that he then asked me to w1'ite au article.




GOLD PANlC lNYESTlGATION. 419
1 was then preparing an article on a Iurger seale, for the purpose of mak-
ing the exposure. That article, howeyer, 1 have never written. The
thing got pretty warm in N ew York City against Hntterfield, and rather
lively agaillst Corbin, so 1 did not write it, as 1 intended.


Q. Have rou ever reeeived any consideration for withholding any oC
the'facts wllieh you learned in relation to this matted-A. No,sir; the
real oQjcct 1 had in withholding what 1 learued, at least sorne oí' the
thiagsI learned, has becn that 1 iut,ended to wl'ite a drama on the
tlling.


Q. Rave rou eyer reeeived anymoner, either through Corbin, Butter-
field, 01' any other person, in eonsideration of writing 01' "ithholding
aJly inforlllation you obtained in reference to this gold movement ?-A.
1 haye received money frolll other parties for ot11er purposes, hut 1 never
l'eceiyed any money from Corbin 01' Fisk.


Q. Huye you answered Illy question ful1y 1-A. 1 eannot say that 1
ever received any money from .111'. Butterfield for wI'iting on t11is subjeet.
{. reeeived money on t,,-o different oeeasions from :Mr. Butterfield for
writing for bim. .


Q. For writing either in relation to the gold panic 01' in relation to the
treasury ~--A. Xot in relatioll to the treasUl'y. 1 I'eceived a hundred
dollars after 1 wrote that article in the N ew York Times, for writing it.


Q. Prom ~vhom ?-A. From General Butterfield; under the express
stipuIation that it was foI' defending (}eneral Graut from eomplicitj- in
the gold movement. General Butterfield said that, so far as he himsclf
was coneel'ned, he \vould rather have given any amount of money than
to have had it written. . .


Q. Have yau ever seen any letters written by Corhin to Butterfield
in relation to the Hub-treasury?-A. No, sir.


Q. Have you stated fully the inte1'view J'ou haye -had on this snb-
jeet'?-A. 1 think :M:r. Catherwood, instead of asking the position of
suh-treasurer fOf himself, was desirous that 1\11'. EllO should be ap-
pointed.


Q. Did they state to ron that .111'. Butterfield was ready to do their
work ?-A. They told me that he had " gone hack on them ;" that he had
not done what he promisedto do.


Q. Did yon he al' of these facts previons to his appointment ?-A. My
inf'ormation previous to hiH appointment is too indeflnite to enable me
to state anything on the subject.


Q. 8tate the particulars of yonr interview with Corbin on the 1st of
Oetobed-A. 1 have that in my pocket in print.


By l\Ir. BURCHARD:
Q. When was it that the convenmtion oceurred in wbich l\Ir. Cather-


wood told you about this arrangement with General Butterfield, and the
proposition they made to him 'l-A. 1 think it was on :Monday night,
Oetober 4, at :Mr. Catherwood's own house-at least it was the night
oí the great freshet.


By the CHAIR:NIAiíf :
Q. Did 1\[1'. Catherwood say that the position of' assistant treasurer of


New York had heen tendered him ?-A. He said he eould have had it.
(.~. Who told him he conld have hall it~-A. 1 do not know.
C¿. Díd he say any offieer of the United 8tates governmenthad ten-


dered it to him Y-A. No, sir; 1 do not think he did.
Q. Did he say any offieer of the United 8tates ~oYernment had to1<1


him it eonlll be 01' would be tendered hilO ?-A. 1 do not think he did.
Catherwooll is a Yery eareful taIker.




420 GOLD PANIC I~VE8TIGATION.
Q. Did he aUude to any person 01' persons as beillg the ones who told


him he eonld have it "?-A. Yes; he referred to Corbin. lIe also stated
that he had been deceived by some person in reference to the same
thillg'; that the pen;on had llot allowed h1m to kuow that MI'. Hntter-
field had been substituted untillong aft.er his appointlllent.


Q. You mean that Catherwood didu't kuow that he eould lUlYe l>een
been appointed nntil long after Blltterfield wm; appointed ji-A. That
was as 1 nnderstood it. •


Q. And after llutterfield was appointed, Oatherwood UlH]prstood tltat
he eould have hall it ?-A. That is as 1 understood it.


By }[r. Cox:
Q. State an the iuforlllíltion ;rou haye iu referencE' to the appoiutment


of llutterfield; wlJE'ther ,ron obtaillecl ii fl'Olll Rllttcrfield, Catherwood,
or Corbin.-A. 1 think 1 have stated it aH. Cathcrwood, after this in ter
view on the evening of thE' freRhet, hefore referl'ed to, said that Cor-
hin's deeeiving him illl'espeet to that matter had cost him sixty thousand
dollars. How, he dldn't teU me. lie said that if Corbin had not got
weak-kneed on the gold qucRtíOll tIle thing wonld haye sueeeeded.


Q. Did Catherwood sa,\' he was interested at aH in this gold panic, 01'
lllovement ~-A. He said he was uot; that they kept it a seeret i'rom him.


Q. Did he sta te that he kupw \\'ho were intel'ested, 01' give yon any
hints as to who were interested?-A. Catherwood said tlJat ii' the man-
agement of the gold ring had ueeu left to him, as waR at'first suggested,
it wonld llave heen a suceess; that tite reason it i'ailed was, tllat Uorbin
got weak-kneed. I am uot positive that he nsed Corbin's name, hut he
referrerl to t.he oue who had the lllanagement of the aft'air, and that was
Corbin.


Q. 'Vas that an that MI'. Catherwood said to JOu about this bURi-
ness "!-A. No, sir. The next most important interview, T think, was
ten days ago, at MI'. Catherwood's oflice, No. 74 Broadway. llis brother,
William L Catherwood, asked me why I had never lllentioned the real
originator of the gold ring:~ He <lid not mention the nanie.


Q. Did he at auy time mention his namef-A. Ile did"uot.
Q. Do yon know who it. was '/-A. I tltink 1 do. Iu reply to his ques-


tion why 1 had not mentioued the real name of the originator of the
gold movement, 1 told hirn that certaiu parties had cornmenced using
so mnch venom on the subjeet that 1 would lHlYe no more to do with it,
and theretiJre stopped the exposé an aroulId before one-tenth of it had
come ont. In further conyersatiolL in l'eference to this sul~jeet MI'.
Catherwood Raid tlmt the lllall to WhOll~ he referred was yer,\' wealthy;
that he he1d the repllhliean part", oi' NewYork State in his hallds; that.
the propositiou to Mr. Catherwood ahout being appointed suh-treasnrcr
first came throngh him alllI to the gold ring in writing. 'l'hat docn-
ment MI'. 'Villiam Catherwood con si (lered so impol'tant that he suggestcd
to his hrother, Hohert L., that he should take it to a notar,)" public and
have it certified to, ,yhich wat,; (loBe. The ra'IlP 01' the persoll who ol'igi-
nated the gold ring has never been mentiowll, and 1 do not know it,
althoug-h I guest,;ed the mUlles 01' a good malJ,)' persoIls, right there.


Q. You say there was a lettel' written ami allthentie.ated before a
notary public ~-A. Yes, sil'.


Q. With reference to this gold panic '/-A. "'hether it was in refer-
en ce to the gold panie onIy, 01; to the appointment of the l'ing, 1 do not
know. This was before the pl1nie.


By tIle CHAIRMAN:
Q. Did you ever see the letter ?-A. ~o, sir. 'V. L. Catherwood told




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 421
me that the clerk of that honse took it and had it certified before a
notary publico Robert Catherwood told me the same thing.


Q. Who was the notar;r public '!-A. loo not know that. The impor-
tantthing in that letter 1 understood \Vas the nomination of Butterfield
and his appointment.


By 1\11'. Cox:
Q. Haye you any knowledgc of any goyernment officer being con-


nected with this movement ?-A. No more than that General Butterfield
told me, 1 belieye, that half a million dollars gold \VaR bought for Gelleral
Porter, and that General Porter refused to acccpt it. 1 gavc the sub-
stance of that in the Times afterward.


Q. Had you any conyersation 01' cornmullication with MI'. Gould in
reference to it ; and if so, whut information did you get frorn hirn ~-A.
The substance of the information that 1 got from him was published in
the New York Sun on the 2d of October.


Q. Had you interviews with MI'. Gould and MI'. FiRk together ?-A.
YeR; twenty 01' thirty of them, 1 presume.


Q. That article of the 2d October \Vas written by you for the Sun?-
A. Yes; everything about it was written by me.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. You \Vete asked a little \Vhile ago whether you had received any


mbney from several parties, naming them, and 1 think you ans\Vered in
the negative from several of them, but that you omitted the name of MI'.
Gould. 1 ask you if you ever received any eompensation from MI'. Gould
for any services done by ;rou for him in the \Vay of writing on any of
these subjects ~-A. No, sir. ,


Q. Did you ever receive any money from him ~-A. Yes, sir; 1 asked
him Once for the loan of one hundred do11ars, and he gave it to me.


Q. Was that in the way of compensation for ;rour services ~-A. No,
Rir.


Q.When di,d yon receive this money from )'11'. Gould ?-A. After 1
had stopped \Vriting.


By Mr.Cox:
Q. Did you recei n'l. any money from lUr. 1<'isk 1-A. N o, sir.
Q. Locate ~Tour int.eI'views with MI'. Gould, if you can, and state what


they were.-A. The first interview that 1 had with 1\11'. Gonld \Vas on
the morningof the 1st October following the printing of my I'eport of
rny first interview with J\-Ir. Corbin on the 30th of September. They sent
a messenger to the Sun oftice for one of the managQrs of the papel', and
MI'. Dan a sent me. It "as to take into consideration Mr. Corbin's note
to MI'. Fisk denying that he had any such cOllversation aH was stated in
my report of the interview. 1\11'. Fisk, .:\'11'. 00n1l1, amI 1\11'. Crouch, of
the Herald, were sitting together, and MI'. Fisk showed me the note.


Q. What \Vas the substance of t11e note 'I-A. That be, Corbin, had
uot spoken of MI'. l!"isk in any way derogatol'y to him, as \Vas published
in the Sun. 1 repeated that Corbin had said so. The~- said then that it
was a question of veracity between COl'hin and me. 1 replied that there
was no question of veracity at aH, but that }Ir. COI'bin had said a11 1 had
printed, and a great deal more that \Vas too llonsensical to print-that
he was a good Me,t,hodist, his being a long time in the Methodist church,
his uot associating with snch men, &c. The note was to the effect to
assure MI'. Fisk that in his conversatioll with the Sun reporteI' yester-
day what he had Raid belittling 01' derogatory to him was not true. That
was two 01' three mornings following tbe black Friday.




422 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


Q. Detail ally COllYersatiolls that you had with Mr. Corbill in reterence
to this gold business, and locate them.-A. Ml'. Gould and Mr. Fisk
asked me if 1 would go and see ~lr. Corbin again about his denying this,
antl 1 said 1 woúld, amI Mr. Crouch, of the Herald, said that if 1 went
he would go, too. 1 left the Erie office und went up and saw Corbin
again.


By MI'. ,TONES:
Q. Did 'Corbin cver teH you anything about this gold conspiracy~­


A. He denied that he had any conneetion whateyer with it, or with
Messrs. Fisk and Gonld. He said he had never sold a dollar of' gold, had
never been in the gold-room, aneI had never speeulated in gold; that a11
he bad ever done in that way was to huye the COUpOllS of bis bonds soldo
After 1 hafl been to Corbin's, 1 went back and sa-w Gould and Fisk, and
they said they were satisfierl since 1 had left, that what 1 had said yes-
terday as to what Corbin had said was true. '\Vhen I fil'st weut to Cor-
bin's' house on the 30th of Septembel', he sent wo1'(1 back that he was
engaged on particular bnsiness and asked me to call again at 12 o'elock.
,\Yhen 1 weut back at 12 o'clock, MI'. Fisk was tllere\ alld MI'. Crouch, of
the Herald, was outside.


By MI'. BURCHARD :
Q. Do yon know that lVIr.li'isk saw 1\11'. Corbin Oll that occasion t-A.


That was proved beyond all donbt. lVIr. Corbin so stated himself to m(\.
MI'. Crouch went with 1\11'. Fisk to the honse. :J1r. }~isk was in the bacle
room when my card was sent in, and said," Corbin, look ont for those
meu." So Corbin sent word to me to come back at 4 o'clock. At 4
o'clock, wben 1 had m,r real illterview with Oorbin, be said that Fisk had
llot been in the honse since a certain time in the summe.l', when he was
tltere to inqnire about General Grant going up to Fall River alld New-
port, and offered him a passage in one of' bis boftts.


By MI'. Jo:cms:
Q. Did MI'. Fisk 01' .:\Ir. Gonld e,~er tel1 YOH what cOlllleetioll t11ere


bad been betweell ~lr. COl'bin aud themselves ?-A. Thev' flaid he was a
joint shal'er with t11em. •


Q. Did they tell yon that he was tú operate with the administration
to effect their pUl'l'0ses ?-A. Yes, sir;. that hehad it an fixed with the
administration; that they illvested their own money alld advanced him
$25,000 and had pnt up a check of $100,000 more On deposit; and that
the objeet of ::VII'. Fisk's interview with him t-hat day w11en 1 was to caU
again, wrrs to demand that he should pay for the loss he sustained on
bis share. 1 also sawa note written in the office to 1\11'. Corbin, demand-
ing that he should make an iwmediate settlemellt, 01' that tbe case
wonld be put in the hands of tbeir lawyers to be enforced.


Q. Did they teH yon what 1\11'. Corbin was to do, 01' what pa1'ties he
was to approach ~-A. Yes; tltey said that llC had approached General
Grant, alld that General Grallt's family had shared in this matter.


Q. Who said that ?-A. ~lr. Fisk. .
Q. Strrte what Mr. Fisle 01' lVIr. Gonld said to yon in regard to tbat


matter, as to what Mr. Corbin's professions 01' promises had been to
them, what be was to do, and how he shonld do it, and whether tbe
President 01' any of bis üunily hall been interested in the results 01' the
whole tbing'f-A. 1 do not think that General Grant alone was meTl-
tioned; it was always his family that was mentioned.


Q. State what }\fr. Fisk tol<1 yon.-A. That is a11 stated in tbese
articles.




GOLD PAXIC INVESTIGATION. 423
By the CHAIR]Ul'i: ,


Q,. 1 understood yon to say that J"on were present at an interview be-
tween .:\ir. Fisk and 1\Ir. COl'bin, after the breakdown of gold f-A. No,
sir; 1 never saw :NIr. Fisk in 1Ir. Corbill's honse. 1 say that whe~
went back to 1\11'. COl'bin's on Thursday, tlle 30th September, havitrg w
been already there in the 1II0ruiug, .:\11'. Fisk's carriage was outside, and
1\11'. Crouch, of the Herald, was sitting in it.
(~. Did J'ou see Fisk and Corbin together that day ~-A. No, sir.
Q. How do you know that they were together Y-A. 1\11'. Fisk toId me


so, and 1\11'. Crouch toId me so, and MI'. Corbin told me so the next day.
Q. "Vhat do you sayas to the truth of this statcment, which refers to


t11e Satu1'day arter t11e panic, "He, Corbin, went down to \Yashington
on Saturday night, as 1 afterward heard, alld carne back on Monday
night, spending the day, Sunday, in \Vashington; 1 have llever seen
him frolll that day to this;" if that is testified to by J. Fisk, jr., ull(ler
oath, what do you say of it as to its bcing true 01' false ?-A. That is a
statelllentundel' misappl'ehension of one week's time.


Q. Is tIle statement tl'ne 01' false ?-A. Here are a dozen different affi-
davits to the eontl'lUT. Thel'e must be a mistake in t11e time. TIle dav
when 1 went there, riml when Fisk was in t11e back room of 1\11'. Co~­
bin's honse, aeeording to 1\11'. Crouch's testimony amI ::\11'. Fü,;k's testi-
mony, was OH the 30th oí' September.


By ::\Ir. Cox:
Q. Do 1 nnderstalld yon to say that .ron neyer saw auy lctter written


by any of tllese parties "ith reíerf>uce eit11er to the appoilltment of Gen-
eral Bntterfield, 01' to the combination to raise tlle priee of gold ?-A.
No, sir; 1 stated it iu referenee to tlle appointment of 1\11'. Butterfield.


• , Q. Rave yon ever seen any letters written by citIlcr of tItose parties
with referellce to the raising of t11e price of gold 'I--;-A. Yes, sir. I saw
~1r. Gouhl's letter to General Grant, whieh was delivered at the piel' of
the Fall River boat, the llight when the Presidellt was going there.
:LVII'. Gould showed me the letter, stating about three hundred ships beillg
on the sea to carry grain to England. This was tlle time when P1'esident
Grant was not accompanied by either .oí' them.


By the CIIAIR~IAN:
Q. Did you see the letter deliyered to Prf'sidellt Grant ?-A. ~o, sir.
(~. "Vho showed yon the letter 'i-A. 1Ir .• fay Gould.
Q. Did he say that he had deliyered it ?-~\. He saiu t11at :SIr. Fisk


had deliverecl it.
Q. "Vas wlmt yon sa\\" a copy 01' tIle original ?-.\. Ido not kIlOW;


jt was iu Gould's hanclwritillg.
Q. Do yon yourself kuo\\" that he tleli,e1'ed ally 1ette1' to General


Grant ~-A. Xothing but frolll what :MI'. Fisk says, aud ::\11'. Gou1d says,
and 1 think that General Grant Ilimself says so.
, Q. 1 ask yon whether yon kuow that MI'. Gould de1iyered any 1etter
to General Graut ?-A. 1 do not know, but 1 tIlink they aU testify so.


By 1\11'. Cox :
Q. What was the snbstance of the letter ?-A. The substance of it


was to show that if gold was sold out of the treasnry it wonld ruin the
business not only of the E1'ie company, but of the agricultura1ists of
the couutry, as, ir gold \\'eut clown, no g'raill could be exponed abroad.


Q. It was au expression of that theory?-A. Yes, sir.




424 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


By the CrrAIR::lIA:co< :
Q. Was there ally rp.ferenee to personal interesti' in the rise of gol<l Y-


A. No, sil'.
Q. Was the1'e any 1'efe1'ence to a combinatioll to pnt gold up~-A. 1


think noto
By )11'. Cox:


Q. Are there any othe1' letters ÍÍ'om lllly oí' the parties that yon can
recan ~-A. N o, sir; 1 do not think of auy. :\11'. Fisk does not believe
thc1'e are any other letters.


Q. Have yon any knowledge from your eonversation with either of
those parties, 01' otherwise, as to any otliee1' of the government being in-
terested in that gold movement "?-A. They said that General Bntter-
field was interested in it before his appointmellt.


By the CHAIR::lIA:CO<:
Q. llave yon J'oUl'self auy knowledge that Ge,neral Butterfield was


engaged in the gold movement~-A. No, sil'.
By MI'. Cox:


Q. Did you talk with MI'. Corbin as to his relations with the gold
movement as affeetÍllg t11e President aud his household ?-A. No, sir;
no more than as 1 have printed in my acconnt of the two interviews.


ByMr. JONES:
, Q. Do you know oí' any of the family oí' any officer connected with the


govermnent that was interested in that gold Illovement ~-A. No, sir.
Q. Rave you any reason to believe that gold was purchased for any


person in the family of the President, 01' for auy other officer of the gov-'
ernment, during that time of speculation !-A. 1 have not reason enough
to believe that any was pnrchased for tbe family of the President; 1
have not sufficient evidence to convince me of that. .


Q. 1 understood you to saya while ago, in answe1' to a question oí
mine, tbat 1\'11'. Gould told you tbat JH1'. COI'bin knew t1le rores, and that
the family of tbe President was interested °1_A. Tf you ask me whether
they said 80,1 will say, ~'es; but if you ask me wbether 1 have reason to
believe it, 1 cannot say that 1 haye.


Q. If you have any reason to believe it, from the cOllversation you
have hall with Gould ami Fisk, 1 want to know what t11e reason is 1-A.
1 belieYe t11at MI'. Corbill represented tllat 1\11's. Grant had a part in it.


Q. Why do J'OU belieH~ tbat ?-A. From his acceptance oí' the check
to divide it.


Q. Have yon any other reason for believing in-A. Tbat is the best
reason, except their wo1'd:


Q. Did 1\11'. Gould tell ron positiycly that .MI'. Corbill told him so '1-
A. Yes; and MI'. Fisk. They never tolc1 me any fnrthe1' than, as has
been published, that )11'. Corbin represented that he wonld divide that
money, and that he also reccived the check for a hnndred thousand dol-
lart on deposit, aud afterward returned it; that it was placed to his
credit, and that he refnsed to take it uJ).


Q. Did Gould ten y~)U tbat Corbin said to him that be would divide
thi8 twenty-ftve thousand dollarsf-A. That he wovld divide it., 01' that
he had divided it.


Q. With whom?-A. The President's family,I think he said.
Q. Are you sure about that ?-A. Yes, sir; 1 am pretty snre abont that;


both Fisk and Gonld said so.


-




GOLD PA;'\IC I~VESTIGATION. 425
Q. Did be dE'signate what mcmbersofthe President's family~-A. No,


sir; no membE'r was mentioned-but always the family.
Q. Do yon recollectwhen =.vII'. Gould told you this~-A. 1 thinkon the


3d of Oetober¡ part of it he told me immediatelyafter my returning
from my seeond intE'rYieVl' with MI'. Corbín. 1\'[1'. Gould and 1\'[1'. Fisk
were together. 'Ve went to tIle eomptroller's room, and then they con-
fessed abont the ring beiug np.


Q. They both told you the same thing 'l-A. Yes ¡ they made the con-
fession that the ring was up, amI tlmt MI'. COI'bin was eqnal1y in with
them. \Vhcn they found that Corbín had gone baek on them, they said,
"\Ve will make a elean breast oi" it," and that, as 1 was on hand, 1 could
have everything exclusivelyfor tbe Sun. 1 wrote evcrything that was
writtcu OH the subjeet for about a week, and the other papers copied it.
1 wrote all the affidavits.


Q. You say that Oorbiu neyer admitted to JOu that any of this was
true '~-A. He denied that he ever had auy transactions with those men,
01' tbat they visited h1m.


By :MI'. SMITH:,
Q. Yon stated,I think, that you suspended the publieation of these


matters.-A. 1 stnpped giving the partieulars.
Q. vVhy Y-A. Beeanse 1 thonght that it was hnrting parties that were


innocent. '
(~. vVhat parties "I-A. 1 thought that it was hurting General Grant,


and that it was hurting :MI'. Butterfield.
Q. And yon thonght that both were innocent"?-A. 1 knew that one


was innoeent; 1 knew that General Grallt was innoeent.
Q. How did yon know it ?-A. 1 knew it from the absenee of aU proof;


1 worked tn get what proofs there were, and 1 do not know but that 1
got aU of them; and íhere were none to show his conneet.ioll with the
matter.'


By.:vIr. Cox:
Q. vVhen yon speak of General (}rant being innocent, do yon mean to


inelude his family likewise Y-A. No, sir; 1 cannot say his famny, for 1
have General Buttel'lield's word that sorne members of his family were
implicated in rceeiving this amount of goods that 1 have spnken of,
whieh was intended as a bribe-I mean the sixty thousand doUars'worth
oí' adornments for the 'Vhite House.


Q. Yon confine it to th('m ?-A. Yeso
Q. TeU ns who the parties are to WhOIll yon l'efer.-A. 1 refer to one


of the J\fessrs. Dent.
Q. Did Butterneld say tbat Dent received tbese gonds '?-A. He said


he had received them, aml that 1\fr. Dent hadsupervised putting them in
the honse, aml knew aU about them. (l. That he knew why they came "?-A. Tbat he kllew that tbey were
presents; of eonrsc he eonld not teU tbe motiye of the presents.


Q. And that this man, Dent, had accepted the pl'esents ~-A. 1 do not
know that be aceepted thern; lmt 1 belieye that he sllpervised their
being l'egnlated in the vVhite House.


ByJ\fr.JoNEs:
Q. State how }fr. Bntter1ield happened to say that to yon.-A. He


said it to me in the snb-treasury, tbree 01' four clays before myartiele
carne out in tIte Times. '


Q. What did he say Y-A. In speaking of names tbat 1 had not men-
tioned, he said, " 1 see yon haye ]eft out MI'. Dent's name;" and General




426 GOLD PANIC IKVESTIGATION.


Blltterfield sugg-ested that 1 SllOUld put in an interrogatory íorm, " Who
received the sixty thousand dollars' worth of statuary, paintings, and
other gewgaws that were sent to adorn the 'Vhite HOllseP He went
on to say that when General Grant came home in the evening-when
he weIlt there from some watering-place to hold a cabinet meeting-he
discoyered them, and ordered them to be boxed up aud seut back; and
he suggeRted that 1 should ask whether 1\'11'. Dent did do it. That is
about what 311'. Butterfield said ou that point--that about sixty thous·
and dollars' worth of goods had been seut to the \Yhitl'l Honse aud re-
turued.


By the CHAIR~IA:>l":
Q. Did he say by whom they "ere sent ?-A. lie did noto


By MI'. J ONES :
Q. 1 thought .r0u said a while ago that they \\'erl'l Rent by tile golcl
ring.-~~. No; 1 die1 I10t say so.


By the CHAIR"TA:>l" :
Q. Did he say to whom they were directed in \Yashillgton ~-A. :So, sir.
Q. Did he say when they were sent "?-A. It was when fhe \Vhite House


waR bl'ling repaired, amI wlH'H General Grant was OH his summer trip.
Q. Dnring the abscnce of General Grant and his family'?-A. Yes, sir.
Q. Did he say to whom they \VeTe addl'essed~-A. No, sir.
Q. Did he say who, if anybody, received them~-A. No, sir.
Q. Did he say that he knew tbat sllch goods had been sent"?-A. 1


should say he elid.
Q. 1 uuderstood .ron to testify tbat what General Butt,erfield said upon


that point was put in the form oí an interrogatory to .rou.-A. '~hy he
spoke of Ü in that way was, that 1 should mention it, ií at all, uot as
coming directly from him, but a" cOllling in the form of an interroga-
torro
(~. And that was understood by you to be all a1iirmatioll that it ,,-as


so?-A. Yes, sir; most certainl,r.
By]}fr. Cox:


Q. Did .1'ou gather fi:oIll.that cOll\cel'satiun whu the pal'ties were who
sellt tltose goods to the White House?--A. ~ o, uot any names; the gold
ring gene rally was mentioned, and other parties who were aner certain
appoilltments at the time-quite a large combination.


Q. ',~hat appointments were tIley after f-A. 1 do not know;. the~c
were after SOIlle fa ,corSo


Q. 1 understand ;you to say that moneywas raised in New York by a
combination, for the purpose of lmyillg this sixty tbousand donars' worth
01' property to be sent to the 'Yhite House-a combination 01' parties in
the gold ring, and of parties seeking appoilltmelltSj is tbat what 1 un-
derstand :rou to swearJ?-A. 1 \Vil! not say that; 1 do 110t kuow that it is
safe for me to say that these parties were seekillg appointments, 01' that
they"ere in the gold ring; but this money was made up by people who
were iu the gold l'ing and also by others; that it was not inteuded as a
gola ring bid at all, but to get general fayors. .aIy general impressioll
was, tIlat it was to fllrther this idea of preyentiug g'old being sold out
of the treasury.


By 1\11'. J ONES :
Q. Did :rou understand General Buttel'field to indicate to you by that


conversatioll that an attempt had been made to intluence tlle atlmillis-




$ Al '" ~ je .-.;;K.i,J a


GOLD PAXIC IXVESTIGATLON. 427
tration of General Grant, through his family, to yield to that specnla-
tion in golt11-A. 1 canllot answer more directly that an attempt was
made to infInence him. 1 do uot know whether this thillg was illtellded
to influence him.


Q. How did yon unde1'stulld General Bntte1'field in the matte1' ~-A.
1 understood General Butterfil'lrl to mean that it was to buy a favor or
favors from General Grant-to curry f:lYor with him.


By tIle CHAIRJIA:N:
Q. Do yon mean to say that ~'on understanll it yonrself, 01' that yon


nnderstood General Butterfield to mean that~-A. 1 ullderstand and 1
't:hillk he meallt it.


Q. Do you understand that. th('~- "e1'1' sent for that reason, or do yon
understancl that 1\11'. Buttel'field said so; "hiel! is the statement that
,rou wish to make~-A. 1 say that 1 understand that it was for that
·reason, and that 1 think General Bnttertield meant to cOll\Tey that idea
too.


Q. 'Yon say that y011 11l1derstaml that these goods \Vere sent in order
to purchase fann' \VitIl the administration; state to the committee llpon
-what ground you l1ase yonr opiuion ?-A. 1 do not think that men would
give away $60,000 for nothing. 1 do not 1mow anything ahont it exeept
"hat General Butterfield told Ille, and 1 think tIlat General Butterfield's
impressioll was the same as millt'.


Q. Did be say t1lat lüs impression "as so ?-~~. X 0, sir; General Rut-
terfield ditl not give his opinioll npoll it.


By Mr. S:\1ITH:
Q. 'Yhat was the occasioll of t1lat intelTie" bet"een General Butter-


field and you; was it songht by him 01' by ;you 'I_A. It was sought by
me. 1 had a dozen interyieWR with hinl\


Q. 'Yhat was the objeet of yonr Yisit '?-A. To get aU the information
1 eould as to tbe gold ring, for the purpose of publishing it. MI'. But-
terfield sat clown one day amI gave me a good deal, that was not pub-
lished, as to how )11'. COl'bin had got into favor with the President;
how he got into the falllily; how be got i!lto eou1'tship; as to the first
business transactions óf Bntterfield ami Corbin; how Corbin was under
the salary of tIle Butte1'fields for years; and how the thing had aH got
mixed up. 1 kept tbe statement, iutending sOllle day to have my stor.r
after the gold excitement was aU oYer.


By MI'. J ONES :
Q. Did General BntteI'field ever expreRs an opinion to yon as to


whetber the administration had anything to do with this gold Illove-
ment?-A. General Butterfield pledged his life and honor that the
administration neyer knew anything ahont it, except that he informed
311'. BOlltweU some ten days before black Friday that sueh a thing was
being put up. It appears that 1Ir. Bout"eU did know of it some ten
days before the thing 1mr:,;t.


By fue CrrAIRJrA:X:
Q. You say it appearR so ?-A. General Butterfield said that he had


an iuterview ,,-ith Govel'llor 130ntwell at tIle Sto Nicholas, when MI'.
BoutweU was coming 011 to 'Yashingtoll.


Q. And thát is the g1'ollnd of ;your statement that it appeared so f-
A. lt appeared so to me fl'Olll 1fr. Buttel'field's statement.


Q. IR there any othe1' g1'ollIld of fact on which it appears to yon that
Goyernor Boutwell (Iicl kilO" 2-.\. X o, sir; except that after his being




428 GOLD PANlC INVE8TIGATION.
told this by General Butterfield, he received dispatehes from these par-
ti es urging him to keep in the same direction.


Q. Do you know it f...:....A. Yes. 1 think the dispatches were repeated
back, and I know that he wrote a letter to l\1r. Oould.


By ~lr. J ONES:
Q. Haveyo'u any reason to believe that there was any understanding


between the gold ring in New York that sent these goods to the White
House and any mem ber of the President's family, that the articles were
to be sent ~-A. N o, sir; 1 do not think that the President's family knew
what they were foro 1 do not think that the President's family (speak-
ing of himself, wife, and children) knew that they were there untH he· •
saw them, and then he ordered them away. .


By l\lr. Cox:
Q. llave you any reason to believe froID anything that yon heard


froID Blltterficld or froID Corbin, that Corbin had anything to do with
sending on that property ?-A. 1 do not know.


By 1\1r. S~UTH:
Q. This letter of Secretary Boutwell's-to whom was it written 1-A.


To Jay GouId. It was written frolll 1\lr. BoutwelI's house, in .LVIassa-
chusetts. It was a very evasiye letter, an unimportantIetter. 1 couId
see that it evaded what 1\11'. Gonld wanted. .


Q. Did it communieate any information as to tbe purpose of the gov-
ernment?-A. No, sir.


By)1r. Cox:
Q. Did yon Iearn fI'om .MI'. ButteI'field, 01' from .MI'. Corbin, or from


other parties, anything with referenee to 1\11'. Corbin's hel p in the appoint-
ment of General Butterfield ?-A. That is a thing that 1 have not kept
in mind much; but 1 am under the impression that .Mr. BntterfieId said
that MI'. Corbin had helped him in obtaining his appointment.


Q. 'Vith any purpose aside from ordinary friendship ?-A. :No, sir; he
did not state for what. .


Q. For no motive, whntever, in the way of speculation f-A. 1 have
not hea1'd any authoritative motive.


Q. What dicl yon mean by saying that ~Ir. Butterfield gave you an
account of the relations between 1\11'. Corbin amI MI'. Butterfield's family,
and a11 that ?-A. The point oí' it was that at that time the newspapers
were charging that he was in with ::\:11'. Corbin, and he could not come
out and deny that he was, because he did not want to go back on an old
friend; and then he went on and told me how they had been mixed up
and related. He had sent np word to ~11'. COI'bin by a particular friend
to say, "If you have used my name to pnt np this l'ing, 1 will keep my
Imnd down and say nothing;" and dayafter day, when these charges
came out upon 1\11'. Butterfield, he wouId say, "You sec how my reIa-
t.iolls are;" ancl he spoke of MI'. Frank Dent having attended MI'. Cor-
bin's school in Sto Louis in 1835.


By 1\fr. J ONES :
Q. How often were you in 1\fr. Corbin's house Y-A. Four times.
Q. Dicl yon ever see Mrs. Corbin during yonr visits 1-A. No, sir; 1


canIlot swear that 1 ever saw her.
Q. What is }fr. GOllld's charactcr in N ew York as aman of veracity;


do yon believe him to be aman of truth ?-A. 1 have no I'eason to dis-
believe him.


Q. What do ,rou tbink of MI'. Corbin, from w hat yon know of him ?-




aOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 429
A. 1 think he is the WOl'st and rnost consnrnmate old hypocrite 1 ever
saw.


By 1\11'. Cox :
Q. Did yon cver teIl M 1'. Cm'bin that if ~'ou were put on the stand


yonr testirnony wonld eompromise Mrs. Grant, 01' allything like that f-
A. No, sir'.


By Mr. JONES:
Q. What do yon think oí' 1\11'. Fisk; is he aman of veracity; what


is his reputation in the cornmunity'?-A. He lIlay have a pretty rough
repntation arnong sorne people, but they are mostly his enernies.


Q. "rhat is his general reputatioll as a mall oi' veraelty; is he re-
o'arded as aman of truth, 01' not "1-A. A good many whom 1 know do ;~lT that he is not aman of truth, but, as before said, they am his enc-
mips who say so. 1 helie\'e he tells the truth in this affair.


Q. As to the greater number that yon know, wlJat do they say ~-A.
1 do uot helieve that 1 enr hcard the greater number that 1 know ex-
press any opiuion npon the sul~jed. 1 wouId take his word.


By Mr. PACKER:
Q. You say that DutterJield toId ~'ou that Jiye hundred tllOusand dol-


1ars in gold were bought fol' Gellerall'ol'ter; did he state that from his
own kllowle(]ge, 01' that he heard of it publícly ~-A. lIe stated that he
saw the letters.


Q. 'Vhat did he state as to the reply oi' General Porter ?-A. That
he repudiated the whole transaetion.


By MI'. JONES:
Q. Did MI'. "Butternela. evel' \:~\\ JlClU., \)1' \\\t\.m'(\t~ tI,) :,'I,)\l, Uri\t G\)Uld.


had purchased gold for him ?-A. N o, sir; but both 1\11'. Gould and ]\fr.
Fisk alleged that Butterfield was illterested in it, alld 1 saw their de-
mands to him to put up bis part of the pool.


By the CIIAIR~IAN :
Q. Have you seen 1\11'. Fisk since yon were summoned to appear be-


fore tbis committee ?-A. Yes, sir; 1 saw him Jast evening in N ew York.
Q. Did yon have any eOllversation with him as to the substance of


his testimony before this committee ~-A. N o, sir; 1 had previously'
he told me that aU tbat he stated was published in the papers. .,


Q. Did yon haye an.\' cOIHTersation with hirn in regard to 'your own
testimony"l-A. 1 told him that 1 was going to tell what 1 knew as far
as 1 was asked. -


Q. Did you say in general what yon would state ·~-A. No, sir.
Q. 'Vas there anything in your conversation that grwe a basis to the


dispateh which 1 will read to yon: "New York, Febl'uary 4. Reporter
New York Times, Washington. Ford C. Barksdale, a reporter for the
8un, goes to vYashingtou tO-llight to testi(y before the Committee on
Currency and Ranking. T,ook out, for him. His testimolly wilI be full
and raey. He will stop at tbe Ebbitt honse. James Fisk, jr."-A. No
sir; that is all 1\11'; .Fisk's composition and idea. On the contrary, 1 d¿
not think that 1 haye given any raey testimony.


By MI'. P ACKER:
Q. How did yon come to have this conversation with him ~-A. 1 go


to the Opera House on Erie matters abont twice a ~ay, and 1 was there
yesterday with two ladies. 1 liad bcen trying to get up an artiele in
reterenee to the Ei'ie railroad; it is nothing ullusual for me to be tllere
three 01' fonr fimt's a da,y.




430 GOLD PANIC l~VESTIGATION.
By the CHAIR~1AN :


Q. Are you on terms of personal intimacy with .1\11'. J. Fisk, jI'. ~-A.
1 do not kuow what you can personal intimacy; 1 am acquaiuted with
him.


By MI'. P ACKER :
Q. How did he kllOW that yon were coming here to testify?-A. 1


told him that 1 was coming; 1 alijO sent word down to MI'. Catherwood
that 1 had been snmmoned, anc1 askiug him if he was going to \"ash-
iugton.


By .1\11'. Cox:
Q. Howdid yon happen to communicate with Catherwood about it?-


A. 1 arn at his office every day.
By the CHAlR}lA.N:


Q. How did you come to suppose that you amI Catherwood would be
summoned together ~-A. Becanse we both had been held on so long.


Q. ""'ho held yon on ~-A. 1 was informed that my name was given
in here as oue of t11e first witr~esses; 1 was informed by letter from
here at least fifteen days ago, t11at my naJlle was hauded iu.


",y ASHIKGTON, D. C., Febnwry 5, 18iO.
ROBERT r. BROWN sworn alld examined.


To the CHAIRMAN:
1 reside on Staten IsIand, New York; 1 am an officer of the Uuited


States Treasury-a detective police officer. 1 have been employed in the
sub-treasury in New York since 1866. 1 did not hold tbat office in Sep-
tember lasto 1 was at that time a messenger in tIte sllb·treasury. JHy
dnties were to carry messages, to keep order in the building, to direct
strangers to the different depal'tments, and to keep people in a line when
they carne for their intel'est. 1 reco11ect carrying messages during the
forenoon ofthe 24th of September fi'om the office of General Butwrfield,
the assistant treasurer. 1 was carr.ving tbem to Moríon, Bliss & Co.,
H. 'V. Perkins, ,Tohn Garland, J. vV. Seligman, MI'. ]'ahnestock at Jay
Cooke's, and, 1 thillk, one to Smitb, Gould, l\lartin & CO.


Q. Did :ron take any message to J. Fisk, jd-A. Not on that day.
Q. Did you take messages to any of these parties the day before the


break down in gold ?-A. Yes, sir; to almost an oí tbe said parties.
Q. Had yon been iu the 1mbit for a long time of taking such mes-


sages ?-A. Yes, sir, every day; sometimes two 01' three times a day.
Q. Were these messages in writing, 01' were they verbal messages T-


A. They were in writing, done up in au envelope, aud genera11y marked
either "private" 01' "personal."


Q. How do yon happeu to recollect t.be names of aH these persons T-
A. Becanse 1 have been in the habit of doing General Butterfieltl's busi-
ness, and 1 made daily visits to an of these parties, aud had done &0 for
a long time before.


Q. Did yon bring any messages in return f-A. 1 did most oftbe time.
1 sometimes brought back verbalrnessages.


Q. Do you recollect ally verbal message that :rou were ordered to Ile-
liver that day from the sllb-treasurer to anybody eIse ?-No, sir.


Q. Do you reco11ect any verbal message that yim were ordered to




CA.


GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 431
bring back during that day, or the day befo re, from any of tbo¡re per-
sons whom you have narned ?-A. Yes, sir; one or two.


Q. State them ?-A. When 1 gave the Ietter they wouId send WQtd
back to say that it \Vas an right. That was the general message.


Q. Do you recollcct an)-thiug el:;~ that was sellt back as all allswer
aside from that ?-A. N o, sir.


Q. Were any of those rnessages on open slips of paper 1-A. N o, &ir.
Q. Did you know anything about the contents of those rnessages f-


A. 1 cannot sayas to that day, but on severaI occasions, when 1 bave
taken messages to two 01' three of tbese persons, they wouId call the
boy to give them the goId rates.


Q. Did that occur on the day of tbe breakdown in gold?-A. Yes,
sir, in oue case; that "as iu H. vV. Perkius's. 1 saw :Mr. Perkins put
it down in his own handwriting, pnt it into an enveIope, and hand it to
me.


Q. When did yon carry messages fl'om General ButterfieId to MI'.
Fisk ?-A. 1 should suy it was a week or two before the 24th.


Q. Did you carry ha~k auy message in return ?-A. Generally to state
that it \Vas aH right; that he would attend to it.


By 1\11'. Cox :
Q. Do Y0f!. know 1\11'. Gould ?-A. Not personally.
Q. Did yon earry any message tu him from Butterfield ?-A. 1 carried


it to the .firrn of Smith, Gonld, ·l\Iartin & Co.
Q. But to Mr. Gould hirnseIf personally ?-A. 1 cannot say positiveIy,


but 1 think 1 brought a message tu 1\11'. Gould.
To the CHAIRIHAN:


1 cannot say whether 1 was in the building or not at the time the dis-
patch carne in with that order to sell gold. 1 had gone out between 11
and 11~ o'clock with a message to Mr. Perkins, and another to J. W.
Seligman & eo., and when 1 carne back there was quite a party in the
room, and 1 understood tbat a dispatch had arrived from Washington.
1 was out between fiye and ten minutes; not more tItan that, 1 should
sayo


,y ASHINGTON, Febrllary 7, 1870.
AUGUSTUS L. EROWi'< sworn and exarnined.


To the CHAIR~IA:X:
1 reside in the city of' ~ew York. 1 am an attorney at Iaw. 1 am a


member of the firm of Brown, Hall & Vanderpoel. 1 was appointed in
the lllonth of September last temporary receiver of the Gold Exchange
Bank. 1 think my appointment was on the Friday folIowing the gold
panic, which would be the 28th of September. 1 held my position abont
two weeks; ruy duties wcre, nnder the statutes, to take possession oí
the property of the institution and to hold it, to await the order of the
conrt. 1 \Vas temporary reeei,-er, pending the hearing on an applica-
tion for a reeeiver. 1 was custodian of the assets of the bank, with aIl
the powers of recei,-el'. 1 wouId have been authorized to go in and re-
ceive a11 the asscts of the bunk and retain them, su~ject to tbe order of
the court. '


Question. What !lid yun do in pursuance ofthe order of the conrt, under
the statutes relatingto ~'our duties'I-Answer. 1 imrnediately, on having
the orderserved onme, filed my bond tothe amount of $10,000. That was


--




432 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


the amount fixed in the order. It is very usual not to require a bond in
the case of a ternporary reeeiver, but still in this case it ",as required. 1
then immediately wcnt to the institution, seITed tlle order on the offi-
cers, and gave notice to all the elerks in eharge that they were on]y to
Iook to me, and as soon as possib]e~ on the smne day, went to work with
half a dozen assistants and made an inventory of all tlle property of the
hank.


Q. What did yon find iTl the ",ay of assets ?-A. 1 took one 01' two of
the bank officials and two 01' three outside pariies and made an inven-
tory of eYerything that was in the safe. There was a cOIlsideraule
amouut of gold aud of gold certificates aud otO currency, and there were
sonw obligations of various kinds, in the safe. 1 made :11u1 filed an in-
ventory. 1 have not a copy of it. It·is on file in the oftlce of the clerk
of the supreme court.


Q. What el se did yon do '?-A. 1 retaiIwd pORRessioll of tlw property.
1 gave notice to all the parties who 1 could ascertaill hall money 01' prop-
erty of tile institutioll that they must account to me. 1 ealled upon the
officers of the clearing-houso, where it was sai(l there was a large bal-
ance of several hundred thousand dollars due to the Gold Exchange
Bank, and 1 required them to fnrnish me with a statemeut 01' t11e amount.
1 caned upon ono banking instltlltion wLere the Gold Bxehange Bank
had funds on band and procured tilat amount. 1 was unwilling to leave
the amollut in the Rafe, whieh would baye compelled me to reIllain aH
the time, and 1 haLl this inyentory made. 1 took a portion of tho gold
tlle Ilf\xt dar ami deposited it in the sub-treasury, taking for it the cer-
tificato·of 1\fr. Rntterfield, tIlO assistant treasllrer. TLe gold certificates,
to a Yery large amount-some two 01' three hUlldred thonsand dollars.-
1 deposited witb tbe United States Trust Compally, and 1 put the cur-
Tency aml a portion of the coin in the Broadway Bank. My object was
to divide the property, amI therefore 1 put it into tbree difterent placell..


Q. Did yon make any payments to the creditors oí' the bank?:-A. Not
a dollar. 1 did not feel m:vself autllorized to do so. Tlle ordor nnder
whieh 1 was appointed waR fOl' the Gold Exchange Bank to show cause
on a certain day why a pormanent rcceiyel' should Ilot be appointed,
and meanwhile restraining the bank from acting, and appointing me
ad interim receiver. Soou aHer 1 was under,yeigh tIte question arose
whether 01' not the bank wonld be ablc to oxtrkat,e Uself, and tlle ser-
vices oí" an expert, .:vIl' .• Tonlan, wpre secured. He was, 1 think, the casIl-
ier of tIle Fourth National Bank, whieh was largeIya m'editor of the
GoIrI Exchange Bank, and thel'efore felt a great illterest in extrieating
it. MI'. JOI'dan eamc thel'e amI, at 1he requeRt of t11e oflicers of t11e
GoId Exchange Bank, and \\'itlt t11e eonsellt of' tho plaintifi' in the suit
wherein 1 hall beea appoilltod, 1 permitted him fnll alld free aceess to
aU tho books and papel'S in t1le institntion. 1 staid thel'e in pf'rSOll, 01'
by sorne of lllyassociateR, hy day aml sometimes dnrillg' the greater part
of t.he llight, and all SIlI líla y, 1:'0 al-> to enable tltClll, ií" posilible, to get
un insight into tbc aif'ain.; uf t11e i¡¡stitution, t1lt' olÜl'd Iwing, iI' they
were able to do so, to mak(, applieation to huye allotht>l' order drawlI
relieving lile alld plaeillg 1\[1' •• fol'dall as reepin'l" fin' t1le purpoRP oI'
enabling him to make settlclllellts oí" theile gold difficulties. I 1I~l(1 110
authorit.y to do it umlel' tite onler appointing lllP, aud it finally reRultefl
in that way.


(\Vitlless idelltitlr.ii copieR of the following papel's: A eopy of the
order appoillting him, marked A; a eopy oí" the inYl'lItoI'y takPIL by
him, marked B; ,'1; cOPY of the order substitnting :1\11'. J ordan in his
place, l)larkerl C; MI'. Jon]all's reeeipt to him, mHl'ked D; alld t11e




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 433
order discllarging himself from the receivership amI canceling his bond,
marked E.)


Q. State an,)' preliminar,)' conversations that were had with yon before
your appointmcllt as reeeiver by any oí' tite parties eoncerned.-A. 1
never kuew of my appointment, amI had no idea oí' it uutil tlle morning,í'
whell 1 llwlerstood tlJe order had been made, when MI'. Sterling, one o
the plaintiff:':l' attorncys, of tlle firm oí' Field & Shearman, called npon
me alld stated that 1 wasappoiuted receiver. It \Vas with sOll1e hesita-
tíon that 1 acccpted it. Tllat was the lI10rning wheu 1 took possession. (1. "Vhat amonnt oí' compensation did yon receive for ,your sCl'viecs 1-
A. It was tixed by tlle eourt at $15,000.


Q. "Vas there any other allowanee made 110 you for attorneys' 01' couu-
se!'s fees ?-A. By the order, which 1 had no part in fixiug, there was
au allowallce oí' $5,(100 made to m,)' partller, MI'. Vanderpoel, as my
COUTlscl, to guide me in my course.


Q. Did you have during that time the senices oí' couIIsel ?-A. Con-
tinllously, by day amI uig'ht. He was freqllelltly with me through the
night. 1 was often at the bank until late hours.


Q. What was allowed for counsel's fees to the parties in the case 1-
A. 1 think thev ""ere each allowed 85.000.


Q. \Ylwt sel:Yice did the counsel for the bank and the counsel on the
other sidp rcndcr'?-A. 'fhe preparatioTl ano sen"ice oí" papen;, attend-
ance 011 variOllS adjournments oí' the case, for it was adjollrlled on yari-
OIlS occasions from time to time; then there were negotiatiolls cOlltin-
ually b,v day antl night.
(~. Did you ever act as receiyer befo re that time in any case 1-


A. Never.
Q. W pre yon consulted in regard to tIle compem;ation that was allowed


to ;you °1_A. On the evening when it was fixed 1 was consulted, and my
ideas were sornewhat larger than the eompensation fixed. The ballk
officers suggested one sllm, alld 1 suggested another, and MI'. Yander-
poel, representillg IIIyself, amI these gentlernen, atter meeting together,
finally agreed to fix it at $15,000. 1 suppose that 1 could very properly
have got more by 'Yay of a percentage. 1 had actnally in my hands, of
currency, about seven 01' eight hundred tllOllsand dollars. 1 hall elaimeel
possession of a large amoullt of money that "'as in the clearing honse,
and whieh 1 was negotiatiug to receivp. Upon the system of percent-
age as allowed in such cases, 1 pre~mme that my compensatioIl should
be at least $2fí,000. That may seem extnlOrdinary for so short a time,
but it was tlle ollly receivership 1 ever had in my life, alld 1 do not pro-
pose to step out of IIIy professional affairs to take a receivership at a
trifling compensation.


Q. Who were the plaintiffs in the petition for the receivership~­
A. There werc four 01' five actions. The first was brought by MI'. Os-
borne, amI tIten other bills were :filed, and other suits seemed to pour in.
There came in three 01' tour afterward, and in each of them the judge
continlleel my appointment-Iappeel it over; in other words, 1 was made
receiver in each case. 1 understalld that there were applications to
make special receivers, but the judge refused to do so.


Q. Were the plaintiffs in these cases paid the arnounts whieh they
claimed to be due to them ?-A. 1 really do not know auy more than
what the order expresses. 1 complieel with the order. '


Q. Do ,Vou know whether that order was the result of an actual agree-
ment bet\Yeen the parties ~-A. That 1 cannot sayo 1 was very careful
in scrutillizing the order for my own protection. 1 founel that it was
consented to by the bank anel by aH the parties •.


H. Rep. 31--28




434: OOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
Q. Rave yon any knowledge tbat any of the pa1'ties cOllcerned claimed


about that time, 01' immediatt>J:s suusequent, thnt they had not been
consnIted, and that they had 1l0t enllsented, amI that that agreement
did not represent t11e facts ~-A. No, sir; the point seemed to be this :
The trouble seemed to be to ellable the Gold Exchange Bank to settle
these gold cOllt1'acts. 1 had no authority to do that l1nder my order,
and the (iold Exchange Bank desired to get a reeeiver with power who
might go and adjust these cases. YOIl wil! tind that the order appoint-
ing MI'. Jordan authol'izes him to go on amI settIe those acconnts, so as
to enabIe tIte bank to resume business.


Q. Do yon know whether there was actual1y a hearing before any
court preYiollsly to tIle issuing nf the orue1' appointing .:\'1r. Jordan ?-
A. 1 do llOt know anything about that. 1 suppose the partics attendeu
from time to time. They seIlt me notices oí' adjournmellts from time ro
time.


Q. Was tIle comt sitting in chambers ?-A. It was what they call
~pecial ter m at chambers. The judge sits a month. A particular judge
is designateu for u month, anu comes OH the first MomIay in the 1ll01lth,
and sits till the first .:\'Ionuay in the next month. The jutlges are tlesig-
nateda year altead.


Q. SO that it is reaIly an opell court ?-A. Entirely. Tt conId not be
an order out of courí; it wouId have to be a court order. It is a specia.!
term order. A judge has no authority to Illake sueh an order out of
eourt. It Illight ue done, but it "ouId have to be cntercd as a court
order.


Q. Bid yon see the judge during the days that yon were receiver f-
A. Never once.


Q. 'Vere ally snits bl'Ought against yon as received-A. There were
noto There "as a good !lealof trouble dnring that time. They were
issuing attaelllnents against the bank, an!! thel'e were IlPopIe tr-ying to
replevy property of the bank, amI aU the papers were served on me,
but 1 was not a part defendant in any suit.


Q. Did yon bring any suit, as recei"er, against any party~-A. 1 did
not;
(~. ''Vere efforts made on the part of ereditors of the bank to get pay


from you al-A. Yes, sir; very often they came to ask whethe1' they
conld haye their accounts settled-these gold differenees.


Q. Diu you have any trallsactions "ith l\lessrs. Fisk and Gonld, in
refe1'ellce to the bank, during that time?-A. N ever once. 1 do not
think 1 saw them Juring the time. 1 know them very well.


Q. liad ;yon any transaetions with their attorneys 01' agents, 01' any
·one else actillg' for them, uuring that period ?-A. No, sir; 1 was per-
fectly aware of my position, anu was careful to keep myself st1'ictly to
my dl1ties.


Q. Do yon know of any nfficer of the government of the United States
being illterested in~ 01' directIy 01' indirectly concemed in, the movement
in gold in the lUonth of September last?-A. NOlle at an. 1 know nothing
ut all about it.


By }lr. JONES:
Q. 'Vas MI' .• Tordan appointed receiver at the suggestion of any par-


ticular class ofpersons Y-A. 1 think he was rather the representative of
the GoId Exchange Bank. He seemed to be in fllll accord with the offi-
cers of that institlltioll. It required, in order to arrange the differences,
that SOIue financial lUan should go into the ma1'ket amI borrow golr!. MI'.
Jordau was, in effect, oue of their OWIl men. 1 afforrleu him eyery facil-




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


ity that 1 could, first taking care to get it in writing from all tbe parties
interested.


By Mr. COBURN:
Q. Repeat your statement abont the compensation allowed to you.-
~t1. The firRt suggestion of the bank was $10,000, and 1 suggested a
rather larger SUIll. The statnte, 18nppose, wonld have giveu me more;
it would have given me a percentage, and that percentage might go up
to five per cent.


Q. Not for a temporary received-A. There is no difference in that
respect, so far aR iees are cOIlcerned.


Q. If a, receiver die! not sce fit to continue, would he still be entitled
to the same fees as if he had gone on for ayear ?-A. 1 do not mean to
su.)' tllat, uut 1 mean to sa.)' that, technicaUy, 1 might have iwüsted npon
a percentage. [f aman is appointed an execlltor 01' trustee oí' an estate
to-day, and enters upou the duties, and is to-morrow removed, orchanged
in any way, 1 take it that he would be, teehnically, entitled to the
same statuto1'y fees as if he had gone on with it. 1 1'eceived the whole.
01' the fllnds 01' t1le institution alld paid them over, uuder the order 01'
the comt.


By the CUAIRJ'IAN :
Q. Paid them to ;you1' successor ?-A. Yes; and 1 paill po1'tiolls of


them out to the c1'editors.
Q. Did j-OU make the dislmrsements ordered in the decree appointing


.your successor, 01' did he make them ~-A. 1 lllade thellJ.
Q. That is, you paid yoursel1' amI the attol'lleys and others Hnder the


orde!' ?-A. 1 not out Y ¡mid those different fees, but 1 know of seyenty
thousand odd dollars which 1 paid under the order oí' the court to one
party, amI there was anothe1' ltem oí' oyer $200,000 which 1 paid.


Q. In othe1' words, you turned over to your successor aU the llloney
that yon hall 1'eeeived, less the amounts w hich tlle onler appointing hilll
directed you to deliyed-A. Exactly; and it is expressly so stated in
the receipt.


,V ASHINGTO;'¡-, D. C., February 8, 1870.
J. A. KERBEY sworn amI exalllined.


To the CHAIR~IAN:
1 am a telegraph operator. 1 reside in the city of 'Vashingtoll. 1


was a telegrap!:l operator in the lllonth 01' September last, in t11e employ-
ment of the vVestel'll Un ion Telegraph Company. 1 was engaged in the
maill office in this city, on Fonrteenth street and the ayenue.


Q. 8tate w11ethe1' J"OU translllitted a dispateh, llear 1100n, 011 the 24th
September, from 8ecretary Boutwell to General Butterfield, assistant
treasure1' at New York f-A. 1 1'eceived Rueh a disllateh 1'rolll what we


. can the city line, alld hauded it oye1' to the clerk to re-check it, and had
it put on what is called the broke1's' wire, which works iuto the broker,,'
office at New York; and 1 saw the message sent.


Q. What is yÜUl' custom on the receipt of a message, in refe1'ence to
noting time ?-A. The rule is to put down the exact time when the mes-
sa.ge commences; but the custom about this thing is: For instance, i1' 1
sit clown to receive what we caU apile of messages, 1 eommence at a.
certain hour and allow a minute for each message, not IQoking at tlle
clock for each. The time does not vary probably five minutes in an
hour in that way.




436 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


Q. How nearly can you testify to the accuracy of your marks gener-
ally ?-A. The onIy way wouId oe by comparing other business that
was done at the same time,


Q. To what person did you deIiver the message to be re-checked ?-A.
When 1 reccivcd thc mcssagc frolll the city line 1 was sitting opposite
the operator who was workillg on the brokers' wire. There ltad ueen a
num ber of messages ahout the price oí' goId, amI 1 said here was a lues-
sagc that wonld knock that thing-or some expression of that kind.
Tbe moment 1 received it 1 called the atteIltioIl of the rlerk to it, amI
he took it to numher it on the hook. MI'. Tinker was walkillg' abont at
the same time, and 1 told him that 1 had jnst recMved a Yery important
message frolll 1\lr. Boutwell. He and several othel's oí' us saw the mes-
sage lmt right through.


Q. lIow long do yon snppose it was from the moment yon began to
receiye the message untiI it was transmitted oyer the N ew York wire?-
A. lt was probably two Illinutes from the time 1 commencell to reeeive
it till it was finished, and then, 1 tmppose, it took one Ot' two Illinutes
to get it re-checked. Thcn it ,,"as put on the top of some otlter busi-
ness and sent right ahead. 1 suppose it was probably íiye minutes
altogether.


Q. Who is thc opcrator that scnt it to New York ~-A. 1\'11'. P. H.
Bnrns.


Q. Did yon see him semI iU-A. Yeso He went rigbt on scnding
what messages he had there till this one was rend,r to be sent.


Q. Fl'Otll the lllOlllent yon lIad the telegraph in yonr possession till
tlle moment ,ron saw it scnt conld any person in that office have sent
the same news without ,rour knowiug it?-A. Oh, ;yes; it conld have
been done. There are about twenty wires working to :New York. 1
showed the message to several operators there and talkcd about it.
Seyeral of them knew of it.


Q. If it were sent, it ,vas not more than a minute before tbc time that
it was regnlarl,r transmitted ?-A. Not more than a minute.


Q. Have j'on any kuowledge that it \Vas sent sllrreptitionsly?-
A. No, sir.


Q. Do yon oelieye that it was ?-A. 1 do noto
Q. 'Vere any operators near enough to j'0ur instrllluent to hear tIte


news as yon receÍ\'ed it '?-A. 1 do not recollect any cxcept the mltn wll0
was workillg tbe brokers' ",ire right opposite me. He could haye lleard
it ii' he had listened, but he was working with New York at the time,
alld it is not probable that he paid attention to my instrumento


Q. Can a mall nllderstand botb instruments at the same time ~-A.
He cannot.


Q. Oan yon send a message and at the same time be sending
another ?-A. N o, sir; 1 cannot do it. Some people pretend tbat they
can, but 1 never SftW it done. 1 haye seen operators take and send mes-
sages at the same time. 1 can do that myseIf. 1 can listen to a few
words of another instrument amI keep on sentling.


Q. Do you know how yonr clock at the main office compared with
the c10ck at thú branch office that day ?-A. No, sir. Our cIock is regll-
lated ever,}" day at Iloon hy having the timc tclegmphed fmm tlw ~ aval
Observatory. 1 believe they get the "ball time" at the Treasnry too.


Q. Does t1le brokers' wire o\'er which that messagt' \Vas sent go to the
, gold-room at New York ~-A. Yes, to tbe gold-room and severalother
places.


Q. Coulü the operators hear that dispatch as sent over ?-A. Cer-




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 43'1


tainly; not only the operators, but anybody wllO bad been an operator
dnd who was near by.


Q .. Does an operator take an oatb not to divnlge mel'lsages ?-A. r
never took sncb an oath, alld I bave been an operator twelye 01' fifteen
years. It is a general understanding among telegrapbers that notbing
is to be diYldged.


W ASIlINGTON, February 10, 1870.
ROBERT B. CATHERWOOD s\Yorn alld examined.


To the CHAIRMAN:
I reside at 313 East Thirtieth street, New York. ':My place of busi-


ness is at 74 Broad way, N ew York. :My general business is building
railroads and water-works and taking COlltracts.


By Mr. Cox:
Question. Are yon acquainted with Mr. Corbin ?-Answer. 1 am.
Q. What relationship do yon bear to hilll "?-A. .My wife was t1le


daughter of MI'. Corbin's prior wife. He is caBed my fathcr-ill-law, but
he is only so l?y marriage. He is not my wife's father.


Q. Do you know General Bntterficld '?-A. 1 do.
Q. Uad yon anything to do with the appoilltment of General Bntter-


field to the post oi' assistant treasurel' at New York 1-A. 1 had llothing
to do with his appointment. .


Q. Did yon assist in any way 01' bring any infiuellce to bear in procur-
ing the appointment '/-A. No, sir; 1 eanllot say that 1 did.


Q. Did yon attempt to bring any intlnence to bear 1--1\. 1 snggested
to a fricnd oi' mine that it was the request of MI'. Corbin that General
Buttcrfield should receiye the appointuwnt,. 1 llever had any conversa-
tion on the su~ject with General Butterfield.


Q. Who was that friend of yonrs f-A. :\'11' .. Tay Gonld. I merely
suggested that it was MI'. Corllin's snggestion that General BntteI'field
should be appointed. •


Q. MI'. Corbin was the first that suggested to yon MI'. Butterfield's
name Y-A. Yeso In a mere casual conyersation tbat 1 had with }fI'.
Gould I said that 1 bad bad a conversation with MI'. Corbill in reference
to the matter, and that MI'. Corbin thought that General Blltterfield
was the most competent man after ll1J-self. 1 had beell talked of at the
time in reference tO the position. 1 eonsulted with MI'. Cm'bin in refer-
ence to it, arrd declined to go any farther in the matter.


Q .. What reason did yon give 1\11'. Corbin for de.clilling ~-A. My
reason was frankly that the position was too confining foJ' me, and that
I had too mnch other inteI'est outside, amI that, althollgh the position
was an honorable one, 1 did not think the eompellsatioll would jnstify
me in snrrelldeI'ing my other business to take it.


Q: Whereupon MI'. Corbin suggested General Butterneld ?-A. l\fr.
Corbin snggested General Butterfield. 1 went to see General Elltter.
field in regard to it, but he was not at home, and 1 left a card for him
stating that Mr. Corllin wanted to see 11im. That is aU that 1 know
abont it.


Q. Was theI'e ally conversation bRtween yourself, Gonld, and Corbin
as to the o~ject of General Bntterfield's appointment aside from his
official dnties' Was theI'e ltnything said abont gold 01' stock operations
in connection with the appointment ?-A. No, sir.


Q. 'What was the reason that l\fr. Gonld gave yon for General Butter_




438 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
field's appointment ?-A. 1 do not tbink tbat NIr. Gould was in favor of
General Butterfield's appointmcnt. He was desirous of myself 01' some
other person.NIr. Oorbin bad suggcsted it, and NIr. Gould bad a g-reat
deal oi' confidence in MI'. Oorbin's jndgment and bis ability to as"ist any
fl'iend in whom he took aH interest, aud of course Ml'. Gonld yielded to
him in tbat respecto


Q. Did you eveI' write any letters in reference to tbat matter to tbe
anthorities Itere, 01' to any otheI' person, to assist General Butterfield's
appointment ~-A. [did noto


Q. Yuu say there was no speculation in gold 01' stock s e\'er contem-
plated in tbis arrangement for the appointment of Buttcl'fteld al_A.
There was no arrangelllent of that kind. 1 afterward board of tbings,
uut 1 do not know uf auy mysc1f. 1 never had ally convcrsation with
auy of them about it.
(~. After the appointlllent of Butterfield, did you have auy conversa-


tiOll with NIr. Gou1d 01' Th'r r. Oo1'bin 01' MI'. Butterfield in 1'efeI'PllCe to
gold speculatious ?-A. Not with General Butterfield; the1'e were coil-
versatioIls with Gou1d and Co1'biu.


Q. Nothing in reference to pntting' np tIte priee of gold ~-A. No sir.
Q. Was anything said by any of tbose parties about General Bntter-


fte1d using bis offieial positiou i'o1' the purpose 01' belpillg gohl specula-
tions, either before the appointment 01' afterward "?-A. j\fr. OorbilJ,
MI'. G0111d, aneI lll;yself had a conversation one day. It amonnted to
this, that men eould opera te with safety when they were aeting on a
certainty-that is, when tbey kllew ",hat tItey were doing. Thel'e was
no uIHlerstallding' ah out aIlythiug; it was a mere casual observation.


Q. Did they propose in that eOIlYersatioll any mode of ascertaining
what was cel'tain about the movements of the government ~-A. Nevel'
to me. 1 will state frankly in rega1'd to that matter that, as soon as 1
declined the appointment, 1 sug-gested MI'. Amos R. BlIO, amI it was
rejected. It was thought tbat General Butterfteld was entitled to some
eonsideration, and that he was a bettel' man. From tbat time forward,
1 was neyer talked to 01' eonsulted in the matter.
(~. 'ro whom did you suggest MI'. Eno's name ?-A. To MI'. Oorbin.
Q. Ditl yon ever see any lette1's written by ~lr. Corbin in reference to


that matter "?-A. 1 neyer did. 1 got a little note from j\lr. Oorbill llly-
self, in ,vhieh he said that he had not seen General Butterfteld yet.


Q. Do you know whether MI'. Corbin wI'ote alJy lette1's in aül 01' Gen-
eral Bntterfield's appoilltment 'f-A. 1 do noto


Q. Did you hear 01' it either from Butterfield, Co1'bin, 01' Gould ~-A.
MI'. Oorbin tohlme himself that he had written to General Buttel'field,
and he Tead lIle a 1eUel' in 1'eply from General Butterfield, in which
General Bntterfield tbanked him Yery kindly, and hoped 3:11'. COl'bin
wouId exercise his illfiuenee as he had pl'eviously done; tlmt he was
undel' mauy obligatiolls to 11im, and that he hoped he would be sueeess-
fuI. That was about tbe tenor of the letter as lVIr. OOl'bin read it to me.


Q. "Vas a proposition e,'er made to .ron to take t11is offiee with a yiew
to a:.1sisting in speeulation; and (1i(1 yon ever decline peremptorily
hecallse you could not assist in any sueh ohjeet ?-A. Not so emphati-
callv as tbat. Q'. Put it in your own language.-A. After 1 was solicited to accept
this offiee, and had the matter uuder debat.e, 1 went tIle next day to
haye a conversatioll with :\11'. Gould and j\1r. Corbin, and 1 found that the
remark \Vas simply this: that the parties eOllld operate in a legitimate
way amI make a great de al of money, and that aH· eonld be beueftted
by it in a legitimate manner. N othing ullderhand 01' illegitimate. The




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 439
phrase used was " illegitimate manner." 1 satisfied myself that 1 could
n@t fill the bill.


Q. Wbat did this megitimate manller cOllsist on-A. 1 felt in tbis
way. 1 could not say tbat it was tbat, because 1 was not asked squarely
to do any thing; but T took it for granted that it meant tbat. 1 did not
look at it in tIle same light that they !lid, :1IHl 1 just declined.


Q. Sta te more distinctly wbat \Vas tbis legitimate thing?-A. 1 nnder·
stood tbat it \Vas buying gold amI stoekR alld bOllds on a certainty of
the mo\'ementR of the goyernment in selling 01' not selling gold.


Q. If rou can ¡rive the exaet language of Gould and Carbin to that
yery point, pIease do so; amI fix the date if you can.-A. It was along
in tbe Iatter part of Mayor June, 1 think. 1 think 1 baye got a Ietter
in my pocket from ~ir. Uorhin which will give me nearly the date.


(Witness refers to a note in his possession from MI'. Uorbill to bimseIf,
dated .June 4, 1869, .in which the following passage occurs: "vVill see
}fr. Gould abont Jerser Uity railroad. Have not yet seen General
Butterfield.")


WITNESS: "Jersey City railroad" is a cipher. It means tIle sub·
treasury.


Q. vVho agl'eed on that cipber ?-A. There was no agreement
about it.


Q. How did .)'ou l1nelerstand it ?-A. 1 was so intimate with ~fr. Corbin
that 1 umlerstood it in a momento


Q. Then MI'. Corbin neyer told you that whün he wrote ".Jersey City
railroad" he meant sub·treasnry ?-A. ~o, sir; but 1 knew the business
between Gould and him at that time.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. ls it not true that :LVII'. Gould was building a railroad in Jersey


City, amI that Corbill OWIIS property over there, ami tbat tbey had con·
stant business communication about the matter ?-A. It is true that MI'.
Corbin OWllS a gl'eat deal of property in Huelson City. not Jerse,y City.


By ::\Tr. Cox: .
Q. You knC\y the business of these two parties so well that you


understood ,; .Tersey City railroad" to mean" sub·treasury '?"-A. That
is the impression 1 got of it at once.


ByMr. Jmms:
Q. In after,collversation with Mr. Corbin, did you understand him to


haw meant that ~-A. 1 did not ask him whether he meant sub·treasury
or Dot.


By ::\elr. Uox:
Q. Yon say :von understood tlle business between Gould and Corbill


well ellough to know that this Jersey City railroad meant the 1mb·
treasury'?-A. That is my interpretation. T mar be right and 1 may be
wrong. 1 do not know tbat )11'. Corbin ever said so before 01' after·
ward.
(~. Raye ron stated all t1lat passed betwecnMr. Corhin and yonrself,


MI'. Gould aud yourself, and General Butterfield and yourself, in respect
to t11is business of tbe sub.treasnry ~-A. 1 think so. "Ve had a good
many conversations about that time, bnt, as 1 stated, they have passed
out of my miud. 1 do not reeollect anything cIse now.


Q. Was thero auy mode agreed upon to influence the aelministration
to appoint General Butterfield ?-A. Nothing more than that MI'. COl'-
bin stated tbat General Butterfield had done a g1'eat deal of ser vice




440 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
during the war, ami he felt he was entitled to sorne consideration; that
he had been disappointed in rcspect to one 01' two appointmcnts of other
kinds i that he was a suitable man, and had sorne right to ask for iti that
he had been a great frielld of President Grant.


Q. llis military record, thell, was one of the modes agreed upon to
iuflnellce tbe PI'esident !-A. Yes, sir.


Q. 'Vere there auy other illfluences brougbt to bear npOIl' the Presi·
dellt, so far as yon kllOW ~-.L\.. 1 do not know ot' any other.


Q. You do not know whether iuflnellce was obtailled from bUllkers,
bI'okeI's, alld other people f-A. I kllow nothillg of that s01't.


Q. Was any petition got up by Xl'. Corbin f'or the pnI'pose of appoillt-
ing General Butte1'field, so far as yon know Y-A. Not that I know ot'.


Q. Did MI'. Corhin tell you that he could aSSllre the appointment of
General Rlltterfield f-A. He did. He t01d me he had got it i that is,
he told me abollt the time that it was arranged.


By MI'. JONES:
Q. Did he tell you that the President had agl'eed to give the appoint-


ment to General Buttel'field, 01' to slleh person as he (COI'hin) Illight
recommeú<l ?-A. I cannot tell you exactly what he said. Tite Presi-
dent used to lJe at his house a good deal. He told me afterward that
he liad it arranged amI settled; that MI'. Folger had been withdrawIl.


By }fr. COK:
Q. In any of these cOIlversations was anything saiel about General


BHtterfie1d having raised a large subscl'iption to purchase General
Grant's house from him '?


(Qllestion ol\jeeted to by a member of the committee. vVitness di-
reeted to withdraw froUl tile room. After consultation by the commit-
tee the witness was again called, and the followillg question put to
him :)


q. Were there any other influences talked of in these yarious COllver-
sations between these parties (Gould, Corbin, alld Butterfield) for the
purpose of indueing the appointment oí' General Butterfield to tIte sub-
treasury ~ If so, what were they ?-A. }fr. Corbin and myselí' had fre-
quent conversatioIls in regard to how he wonld carry t,his point. Gen-
eral Bntterfield and myself never had any conversaf,Íon at an; but }fr.
Corbin and myself, and }fr. Gould and myselt', particularly }fr. Corbin
and myself, had conversations OH the subject. 1 w'as at 1\11'. Corbin's
house nearly every morning and evening, and we had several conversa-
tions in regard to tIle appoilltment of General Butterfield. 1\11'. Corbin
elaimed that General Butterfield was entitled, as 1 said before, to tl'le
position frolll his record; that he had done a great deal for the admin-
istration; that he had taken a very active part in getting up a subscrip-
tion for a houst~, &c.; that he was a warm friend and advocate of the
administration, and under these eireumstances would be entit1ed to
consideration alld weight. MI'. Corbin likewise told me that he would
see A. T. Stewart. He told me afterward tbat General Bntterfie1d had
seen MI'. Stewart, and that MI'. Stewart had taken an interest in his
appointment.


By }fr. J ONES :
Q. Subscription for what house ?-A. For the honse OH I street, here


in vVashington, which was first purchased oí' 1\11'. Corbin for General
Grant, and afterward fuI' General Sherman.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. One of the witnesses states that, when General Butterfield was




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


nominated, Ca.therwood sa.id that General Butterfield would give s11ch
informatioll as from time to time came into his hands, hy which prior
information they cOlll<1 make money, and that this information carne to
him from General Butterfield and trom 1\'11'. Catherwood; did you ever
state the subRtance of that to an.r persol) ?-A. As 1 haye previously
stated, General Butterfield aud 1 never had a, conYCrsatioll in the worl<1
personally lIpon that subjeet, and nothing of this kind, therefore, ever
occill'red personall.r between General Butterfield aud lnyself. There
was afterward sorne conversation in regard to operations with certain
parties; that is to say, :Mr. Gould, ~Ir. Gorbin, m~'self, and sorne other
assoeiates had an understanding that we would go into some operations,
such as the purchase of gold, stoeks, &0., and that we wonld silare and
share alike, dividing the purchase into fÚill'ths in respect to onr profrts
and IosRes.


Q. These parties were GouId, Corbin, and Catherwood-who else ~­
A. 1 do not know who the other partieR were. They were to be taken
eare of by l\:[r. Gould, as 1 understood. They were presurned to be cap-
italists who were friends of his. It was aH to be done through one
so urce ; that is, there was to be but one purchascr in thc markct, so as
not to create the excitement of opposition.


Q. About what time was thiR conversation !-L-\' About tIte latter part
of }fay OI' tlw first part of .J une.


Q. How much gold was bought in pursuanee of that arrallge!l](mt~­
A. 1 do not kllow oi' a dollar's worth. 1 will sirnpIy state that 1 uecImed
to go into t1lis sub-treasury business from that time and afterward; fo1'
reasons w11ich it is not necessary for me to state. lnever was cOllsulted
01' talked with abont it. '


By MI' .• JUDD:
Q. "Vas this conversation preceding 01' before t11e time yon were talked


of túr tho snb-treasury'Y-A. It was about that time.
Q. Can yon state whether it was pl'oceding the time when your llame


was pending'I-A. 1 do not think it was, becanse Illy naIlle was onIy
pending for one day. The next day 1 decIilled it.


Q. Can yon teIl ns whether this eonversation and arrangement was
110t prcccding that one day ~-A. It was not; 1 think it was withill the
next day 01' two afterward, 01' along' about that time. There \Vas no
arrangemellt that wouId lead to any great excitement in the market. lt
was on this basis, that there wouId be a Rtability of t1le monl'y market
of sales of gold, &e., frorn w1lic1l there was an assurallce that we could
operate wit11 satety.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. Did yon ever express to an$' one your belief that General Bntter-


freId wonId give prior inforrnatioll to parties who wonId combine to buy
gold ~-L-\'. 1 never did.


Q. Then was the statement 1 just referred to true 01' false ?-A. 1 have
no recollection of makillg any remarks to anybody on the subject. 1
have studiousIy avoided taIking about this rnatter frorn beginning to
end.


Q. Did you ever have any conversation upon the subject of tbese occnr-
rences with a MI'. Barksdale l-A. No, sir. :MI'. Barksdale was, 1 believe,
a reporter fúr the SUIl at that time, and the onIy conversation was this:
He carne to my honse the day 1 was to have started for 'Vashillgton, but
was nnable to get off in eOllsequellce of the freshet. He sent up his card
as MI'. Barksdale. The name, as 1 read it, was similar to that of an




442 . GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


architect who was construeting a house for me, and whose card I supo
posed it was. I found, however, on seeing him that it was this reporter
fol' the B\111, who said he had come a.round at the request of Mr. Dana,
of the Bun. I.asked him if he would step into the library. 1 comrnenced
talking ahout the weather and various matters, when he, seeing that I
was driving away from the subject he had come to talk ahout, said he
had come to a"k me something about the affairs of 1\1r. Corbin, &c. I
said to him, that with an due respect to him, ~1r.·Dana, and to tl1e press
generally, 1 wished him to undcrstand that 1 hall nothillg to say to him
01' to any outside party about the matter; that if he had come to talk
abont gold, or about l\fr. Gonld, lle lllight stay there till nOOIl; that he
never would get any reply from me iu any shape 01' form; neither did
he whilc he rClllailled in my honse. Arter staying for half an hour, he
remarked as he went out, that if MI'. Corhin had acted as I had done
there wonld have heen no trouble about tlle matter, amI that he hoped
1 would treat other reporters in the way 1 had treated him. 1 told him
1 haflno other inforlllation to give, anr! 1 gave him no othe1' information
whatever. He has since caUed at my office frequelltly. My office is
right opposite that of the Cnban Junta, for which, as 1 nlldpr"tand, he
is the reportero In these visits he has had several COllYE~rsations with
my brothers, but I have neyel' cOIlveyed to him any infor11lation wlJat·
ever.


Q . .Are yon known as Colonel Catherwood Y-A. No, sir; 1 am noto
1 have three brothe1'S wIto \Vere coloneI:; in the war.


By ~Ir. COK:
Q. Are yOll the gentleman who has charge of the Brooklyn water-


works as cngincer'?-A. No; 1 had charge of the water-works at In-
dianapolis, and oí' building a railroad in Brooklyn.


Q. Did you ever state to lVIr. Harksdale that you were spoken to for
the snb-treasury prior to the appointment oi' Buttel'field, hut that you
declined to fill the entire biIl1-A. I mar have said in conversation with
ruy hrothers that I wa" solieited to apply iúr the appointment of sub-
treasury befúre General Butterfield was appointed, lmt as fol' telling' MI'.
Barksdale 01' anyhody that any snch arrangement was proposcd, nothing
of that kind cver passed my líps.


Q. Did you state that General Bntterfteld had ever entered Ínto any
such arrangcIllents ~-A. ~o ; that is ullqualiftedly a mistake. MI'. Ba1'ks-
dale caIlle into my office the other day and told my brother that Geueral
Buttel'fieId \Vas down upon me; tbat he had vilified me in the most
abusive mallnc1'. )fy urother was thunderstruck at hea1'ing that such
shouId be thc case; alld when he told me what rernarks Ral'ksdale had
said General Buttel'field hall made, 1 said it \Vas very strange in General
BnttBrfieId to talk in that way abont me, when I lmd sURtailled him to
the fullest extent. 1 liad, howeve1', said in a com-crsation with General
Buttel'field that he was a great fool to resign; that he should llave
fought it through to the end. That ís the onIy cOllvel'sation 1 bad
with General Buttertield on this subject.


By MI'. COK:
Q. I do not understand your statement about this arrangement in


which tIte protits were to be divided ínto four parts; do 1 ullderstand
that that al'l'angement was made betweell yourself, 1\'11'. Corbin, alld }fr.
Gould?-A. Yes; the arrallgement was madI" verhally, although 1\11'.
Oorbill asked to have it put in writing.


Q. At whut time was tlmH-A. It was early in June. 'I'1Ie rnatter
\las settled ahout the appointmellt oí' General Buttel'field before his




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 443


appointment was made; that lS to say, Mr. Corbin gave me to under-
stand so. So far as ally participation on the part of President Grant in
these matters is concerned, 1 never opened my Iips to him on the sub-
ject, or he to me, and 1 have no idea that he kllew anything more about
this atI:úr than yon gentlemen sitting llPre.


Q. YOll wel'e to get one-fourth '?-A. Yes; amI lVIr. Corbin was to get
one~fourth; J ay GonId was to get one-fonrth, and some of his friends the
other fOUl'th. 'Vho j¡is fl'iends were 1 do not kIlOW.


Q. 'Vas it mentioned that the other fourth was to be given to the
frifmds of Jay GouId? what was doue in pursuanee of tbat agreernent 01'
arrallgemellt ~ did you have any conference with Mr. Corbin 01' othe1'
parties in reterenee to it ~-A. 1 had several conferences with :MI'. Corbin,
but the.)' resnIted in nothillg. lVIr. Corbin stated that t11e1'e was nothing
done; tltat the arrangemellt was a failure an rouml; that there had not
been a dollar of gold bonght at aU. This was along in tIle laHer part of
June anO. ,J nI.)'. 1 told lVIr. Corbin 1 thought it was a little stl'ange; that
1 hall heard reports that these parties were speculating in goId alld stocks,
and that 1 thought tbere was something going on; but 1\11'. Corbin re-
plied that nothing was going on at aU.


Q. Did yon ever have any conyersation wlth :MI'. COI'hin about t,he
profits he reeeived ti'om operatioIls in goId '?-A. 1 have sinee this blow
up. 1 went to see him, and told him what ::\11'. Gonld hael said to me
about it., and his reasons for Ieaying' me out of the al'rangemellt; what
his I()~ses were, &c. 1 knew nothillg' about the transaction, except what
1 heard ontside, from the time General Butterííeld was appoiuted, ailel
have never consnlted with him (Elltterfield) exeept the OIle converS:1-
tion before referreo. too


By Mr. JONES:
Q. Did 1\11'. Corbin ever tell ,ron that he liad purellaseo. gold for t11e


Presülent's wife, 01' any of his family ~-A. 1 cannot say that he did tell
me in tllose plain ,yords.


Q. Did he ever intimate it to yon ~-A. He intimated to me that he
liad mado a purchase of some bonds.


Q. Por whom ~-A. 1 think he said for himself aIlfllVrrs. Grant.
Q. What do yon mean by "intimated y" -A. He said in pIain English


that he had bought bonds. He saiel nothing abont goId.
Q. Diel he give yon any reason why he had purchased theso bonds foI'


Mrs. Grant 1-A. He told me that M1's. Grant 01' the President had a
fow thousand dollars, 1,he balance, 1 belie\'C, oí' the sale of their honse,
01' something of that kind, alHI 1,hat she g'ot him to use it in what way
he thought best; that he hael a notion to imt it iuto real est.a.te at Hnd-
son City, but finaUy purchased so me securities for her, as he wonId for
anybody else. That was his repIy to me; nothing else.


Q. Do yon know anything in referenee to the 1etter that was written
by MI'. Corbin to the Presidcn1, while he was at 'Vashington, Pennsyl-
vania?-A. 1 know he told me he had written a letteI', but 1 neve!' saw
it.


Q. Do you know, of yonr own knowlcdge, of auy officer of the goYern-
ment in \Vashington, New York, or elsewhere, having been iriterested,
direetly or indirectly, in the pUI'chase 01' sale of goId in connection wi1,h
the panic iIl September last~-A. 1 do noto


By MI'. J ONES:
Q. Haye .rou any reason to believe any such transactioIl took place in


regard to any of the officers of the government or tbeir families ~
(Qnestion objected to by a member of the commit1,ee on the ground




444 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
that the witness may give any facts within his knowledge, but ma~T not
make statements from hearsay. Objection snstained by the committee.)


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. Have yon any knowledge of your own that any member of the


family of any officer of the government was interested in the purchase
01' sale of gold in September lastf-A. Outside ofMr. Curhin 1 llave no
sueh know ledge.


WASHINGTON, February 10, 1870.
HORACE PORTER sworn and examined.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Question. State yonr positiQn.-Answer. 1 am DOW serving as private


seeretary to the President.
Q. \Vere you serving in that capacity in September lastf-A. 1 was.
Q. State tu the committee whether you received a letter from 1\11'.


Corbin while yon were at 'VashingtoD, Penusylvania, towanl the mido
dIe of September Iast ~-A. I did, alJout the 18th 01' 19th ol' 20th of
September.


Q. State the cil'cllmstances of the reception of that letter, and the sub·
stance of it, as nearly as yon l'ecollect; and state in the same connection
whether, to your knowledge, General Gl'ant received a letter by the
saine messenger; and Rtate whatevel' yon know concerning botl! let·
ters.-A. 'Yhile \Ve were stopping at 'Yashington, Pennsylvania, the
President and 1 were ellgaged one morning playing a game of croquet
in the·yard. 1 was told that there was a gentleman there whu ,vanted
to see me, and I sent him word to \VaH till \Ve had fini"hed the game.
1 then walked into the parlor, the Presidellt taking a seat Oll the poreh
near the wiudow. A gentleman in the room handcd me a letter, which 1
opened. It was to this effect:


NEW YOHK, (1 forget tbe date.)
The bearl'l' has a lettcr, whieh he !lesires to ueliver to tbe Presi!leut. PIcase affonl


him an opportnnity of doing so.
A. R. CORBlN.


1 callea to the President, and he stepped into the parlor, and a letter
was handed to him by this rnessenger. Tlle Presidellt walked out, 1
think, on the IStoOp readillg it, and in a few minntelS T walked out in
auother direction. Wher¡ 1 l'etuI'ned the messenger was stiU sitting in
the parlor alone. He addressed a fcw wordlS to me ahout the ,yeather.
A few moments afterward the PrelSident returned, amI this gCllt,leman
arose, heRitated a moment, and said, "Any reply~" or "An,vthing fuI'·
ther~" The President said, ,,~o answer," and the mesf\enger started
off, got into a bllggy and droye away. 1 said to the Presidcnt, """Vho
ilS that lIlaIl~" He said, "1 do uot know; wlly 1" 1 said, "1 merely
lLsked 011 accollut of the peculiarity of the lettcr of introdnction whieh
he brought to me; his llame is HOt meutioned in it." TIe said, "Letter
oí' introdllction frol1l whorn~" 1 replied, "Fl'mn MI'. Corbin, of ~ ew
York." He said," Is that messenger from New York f" 1 said, "He
appears to be." He seemed quite surprise<l and silent for a few mo·
ments, and then, and in some snbsequellt conversatioTl, he gaye me
the impression that he supposed this man was a messenger from the
post office, who had merely brought themail up. It had beell custom·




GOLD PANIC INYESTIGATION. 445
ary for the postmaster himself, 01' one of his clerks, to bring the mail
to the President, and deliver it in persono


Q. In what the President said to the messcnger, did you understand
that tlle messellger asked allythillg in regard to the contents of the
letter'?-A. No, sir.


Q. Is tlle lctter which j'ou rcceivcd in existcnce?-A. Lt is Dot; it
was an ordinary note, which 1 tore np the lllomellt afterward.


Q. no yon know whetller the letter adlll'est-1ed to tlle Pl'esident is in
existence 01' not?-A. lVIy understandillg is that it is not; it was de-
stroyed at the time.


Q. State what is the.habit of the President in that respcct; whether
he is in the habit of destroying letters addressed to him 01' not.-A. He
destroys a great lllany, aH that are not of importance for tlle files.
(~. no yon kccp his files 'i-A. Yes, sir.
Q. If that letter were in existence would you have knowledge of it f-


A. It would be in my custody, in all probability.
Q. llave yon any knowledge of tlle cOlltellts of tlle letter addressed


to the President'?-A. It has be en a frequent matter of conversation
between the Presitlent, myself, ane! .Mrs. Grant, and thc.y have spoken
of it. 1 did not read the letter myself.


Q. \Vhat wassaid about the time of its reception concerning the let-
ter and pl'oposed response to it ~-A. 1 heard nothing saiel at that time.


Q. llave you stated substantially all the cOlltents of ~'our letter frolIl
MI'. Corbin ?-A. Vel'batilll, as nearIy as 1 can recollect.


Q. "Vas there any allnsion in it to gold, 01' to speculationsin golcH-A.
None, whatever; it was merely a letter of introduction.


Q. Row soon after the l'eeeption oi' these letters did yourself and the
President alld party lcave foI' tbis city"J-A. 'Ve left, 1 think, on the
21st; ami 1 should suppose that this was about two days before we left.


, (-l. Did you receive, while tbere at 'Vashington, Pennsylvania, any
commnnicatioll from either Jay Gould 01' Fisk in regard to gold; if so,
state w bat ?-A. Yes; 1 recei ved a lettel' in this way: A few days after
we reaehed vVashington, Pennsylvania, 1 reeeived a package of mail
matter from Mr. Corbin, at whose house we had been stayillg at New
York, and who had been directed to forward to lIS any mail that rnigbt
arrive after we left. lri the package was a half sheet of note paper,
not sealed, whicb read, as nearly as 1 recollect, in these words: "Pur-
chased to-day $500,000 of gold, at such a priee, (which 1 now forget,)
which will be placed to tbe credit of General Porter." Tbis was dated
abont tbe 13th 01' 14tb of September. 1 do not tbink tbat the place was
mentioned. It was not addressed to any person, and was signed "J ay
Gonld."


By.Mr. Cox:
Q. 'Vas there any explanation of it at all ?-A. No, sir.
Q. Was tbere no letter fl'om MI'. Corbill, 01' anybody elsc, explaining


it ~-A. N o, sir.
Q. To wholIl was it directed ?-A. It was not directed to any one. It


wasjust a memoralldum signed "Jay Gould."
Q. Is that in existence ~-A. It is not, to the best of my recollection.


1 intended t() keep it, and put it in a trunk, but in traveling about a
couple of months afterward 1 made seareh for it, and 1 have since made
thorough search for it, and could not find it.


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. State wbat response, if any, you made to that communication 7-


A. As llluch as 1 was annoyed at the idea of being drawn into a co1'-




446 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATlON.
responden ce on snch a suhject, 1 feared that if goldhad heen purchased for
me in N ew York my silence might he taken for consent. 1 wrote to 1\11'.
(,ould that 1 had never authol'ized auy one to buy gold for me, and 1 1'e-
qnested that no snch pnrchase shoulll he made on my aecoullt. 1 am
an officer of tIte government, alld cannot enter into any speculations
wbateve1'. .


By J\fr. Cox:
Q. Is that the same telegram that was in the papers under your uameY-
~"". [suw varions versiolls of it, gene1'ally given as tplegrams, hut there
was no telegram ; it was a letter, amI the comm nnieation that 1 1'eceived
was a letter 01' a memorandnm. J\Iy reply was addresseu to J ay Gonhl,
anu sealed.


By tbe CHAIRMAN:
Q, 'Vas the snbstance of that commnnication to yon, and of yon1' rc-


sponse, pnblished iu tbe papers snbseqnentlJ~ to that time Y-A. Yeso 1
did uot see a verbatim copy, that 1 recollect, in any of tite papers, but
the snbstauce of it was pnblished. .


Q, Did .ron receive auy response to that letter of yOllrs'f-A. 1 never
heal'd oí' the subject sin ce.


Q, 'Vas that the conclnsion of any correspondence on the snhjeet~­
A, That was the conclm'¡on of the correspolldence.


Q. Had yon ever anthorized J ay Gonld, 01' auy other persou cOIluected
with him, tu pnrehase gold or stock for yon f-A. Never.


Q. \Vere yon ever told by 1\'11'. Cm'hin that he had pnrchased gold 01'
stock 1'01' yon through Jay Gonld aud Fisk?-A. Never. J\'lr. Uorhiu
never made any allusion to me that induced me to helieve that he was
connected with' any speculations.


Q. \\T ere yon with the Pl'esident at Long Branch 1-A. Yes, sir.
Q. Do yon recolleet that an intel'view oecurl'ed between the President


and J. Fisk, jr., at Long Branch '!-A. 1 ha\'e no knowledge of any
such interview, althongh it may have taken place withont my knowlcdgc,
as for a week 01' so 1 was sta'yillg at a cottage with a friend of mine,
while the President was staying at the Stetson House.


Q, State to the cornrnittee whether you have any knowledgc of a Ietter
heing sent either to yourself 01' to the President, 01' to yon túr the Pres-
ident, frorn MI'. Corbin, shortly before the breakdOWIl in gold 01' shortly
aftcr-a lctter having sorne reference to the qllestion of whether he was
engagecl in specnlation 01' llot.-A. But one letter was received from
MI'. Uorhin at'ter we l'etnrned to 'Washington City i'rorn Washington,
Pennsylvania, and probahly the only one that has been received sin ce.
Tlmt was received on Saturday morning, the 25th oi' September.


Q. 'Vhat was the substance oí' that lettel', if yon know iU-A. Ionly
knolV it from hearsay. It was saying that he was not engaged in any
specnlation. 1 did not read the lctter.


Q. Do yon know whether 1fr. Corbin ,isited Washington on Snnday,
the 26th oí Septernher, the Sunuay after the breakdown in gold 1-A.
He did,


Q; Did yon hear any conversatión hetween hirn and the President in
reference to gold ~ if so, state to the cornrnittee what it was.-A. Yeso
1 was present at breakfast when he carne down to breakfast. MI'. 001'-
hin, after the ordinary conversation, started to speak npon that subject
and cornrnenced in this wav: "There has been trouble since in N ew
York. A great many people are rnined. The bnlls and the bcars have
.(¡oth suffered very severely." The President turned round and said, "1




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. - 447


am not ut aH Rorry to he<ir it, aneI 1 have no sympathy with g'old gam-
bIen!." 1 think that that stopped the conversation, at 1east at that time.


Q. Did you hear anythillg furthpr said upon that subject between
those }larties '?-A. N othing at all that 1 reconoct.


Q. Have yon any knowledge that any officer of the govel'llment of
tlle Ullited States, either at vVashington 01' ~ew York, \Vas interested
in, or ongaged in, 1:he gold movernent of Septem ber, 18G9 ?-A. 1 haye
noL


By ]\[1'. PACKER:
Q. Did you mail that Ictter to Jay Gould~-A. 1 did.


By 1\11'. Cox:
Q. Have yon made any search for the 1etter whieh came to the Presi-


dont at vV:u.,hington, 1'a ?-A. No, sir; my recollection is that it was
destro;yed at the time. The question of search has never been mell-
tiolled.


By MI'. ;J ONES:
Q. Did 1Ir. Jay Gould ever intimate to you in r\lly way ill the summer


that he would buy gold for ;you ?-A. 1 saw Jay Gouhl twice 01' probab1y
three times Ül my life, and ollly once when he sp'Oke 011 the subject of
gold operations. That was at MI'. Corbill's honse.


Q. 1 wish to kuow whether he ever made a proposition to buy gold for
you, or intilllated that he wouM do so?-A. 'Vespent a conple ofdays with
MI'. Corbin on our way to vVashillgton, Pennsylvania, frolIl lH're. Prob-
ably the day before \Ye 1eft, 01' a couple of evenings before we left, the
President, .MI'. Cmhin, MI'. Gould, and myself, were sittillg in the room.
Persons goillg out, MI'. Gould and 1 were left alone in tlle room for a
few IIlmuents. He liad heen talking before abollt business matters,
about his railroad, dcscribing the opemtions of it in quite au interest~ng
manner. He tlIen spoke of his large operatious in New York, and how
he purchased and sold a great mauy things. After some conversation
of that natnre he said: "1 purchase and seU immeuse surns of g'old in
New York, amI 1 haye means of knowing jnst when gold is going up and
when it is going clown, and 1 seU when it is going down ami buy when
it is going up. Do ;you ever purchase 01' seU gold 01' stock s ~" 1 said
1 never did so. He said, "You had better let me get j-OU some gold;
gold is going to rise bef'ore long, and suppose 1 purchase some for yo u."
1 said, "~Ir. Gould, 1 ha,'e neither the inclinatiou nor the means of pur-
chasing gold; and if 1 hall, 1 am an officer of the g~Yernment alld cannot
enter illto anything that looks like speculation. lt muy be perfectly
proper fol' yon t,o do it, but it wouId be a rnanifest impropriety for me to
do it f" 1Ve were tIlen illterrupted by somebody coming in. 1 think he
said that he cOllld guamntee me agaiust an 10ss, 01' something of that
nature. After 1 made this answer to him there was nothing further
said. The only impression left on my mind was, not one of any gold
combination, but t11at it was a pl'oposition of agentleman of large means
to do me a kindness, which he might have thought proper, but which 1,
as an oflicer of the goyernrnent, thought to be manifestly impropero


Q. Did he say in that conversation that he had pnrchased gold for
anybody in connection with the President 01' MI'. Corbin '-A. No, sir;
he did not mention such a thing. He said nothing to lead me to believe
that he was connected with any other persono


Q. Have you detailed the full conversation as you recollect it~-A.
Yes; that is aU that occurred on the subject.




448 GOLD PANIC ISVES'l'IGATII)N.
By MI'. Cox:


Q. Have yon had any eonversation with l\Ir. Goultl since about it'~
A. I have never seen 11im sinee.


By MI'. JO~ES:
Q. You spoke of a cOllversatioll between the President, Gould, Corbin,


and yourself. "Yhat was the subjeet of that convprsatioll "?-A. 1 thiuk
the conycrsation was eaI'ried on pl'incipally by MI'. UOl'bin. He \Vas ad-
voeating the poliey of letting gold be high so as to send grain abroad
and finany }lave the way fol' lowel' gold.


Q. ,Vas MI'. Gould advoeating the Rame theory al' policyf-A. I do
not reeollect that while 1 was in the room he joined in tbe conversatíon.
He may lmve made some remarks.


Q. Did the President seem to assent to 01' differ from MI'. Uorbin ~­
A. As is his usual custom, he made no reply at all.


Q. Yon spoke in reference to the lettel' rceeivcd by the President at
vVashington, PennsyhTania, and you said that that letter was dpstroycd
and that it was aftel'ward t11e subjeet of sev(;ral conversations between
yourself and the President and Mrs. Grant. \Vhat were their expres-
sions in relation to that letter "?-A. 'The snbstance of the remarks \Vas
to this cftect: The lctter would haye beell like hundreds of otht'r letters
received by the President, if it had not bcen for the faet that it was
sent by a speeial messenger from New York to 'Washington, Penns~Tl­
vania, the messenger Laving to takc a carriage amI ride some twenty-
eight mile8 from Pittsburg. Thi8 letter, sent in that waYl urging a cer-
tain policy on the administration, taken in cOIlnection with sorne rumors
that had got into t116 llewspapers at that time, as to MI'. Uorbin having
beeome a great bnll in gold, exeited the President's suspieions, and he
belicwd tbat MI'. Corbin must have a, peculiar intere8t in tb08e specu-
latiOI18; that he was not aetnated simply by a desire to see a eertaill
poliey earI'Íed out for the benefit of tbe aumillistratioll. Feeling in that
way, he suggested to :Mrs. Grant wbat to say in a letter tbat sbe was
writing to 1\1rs. Corbin.


By tbe CHAIRl\'[AN :
Q. "Yhat did he suggest ?-A. He Ruggested to her to say tbat


rumors had reached her that 1\11'. Uorbin was eonueeted with specula-
t01'S in New York, and that she hoped that ii' this was so, he would <lis-
engagc himself from thcm at once; that he (tlle President) was very
much distressed at sncb rumor8. She wrote a letter that evcning,
whieh I did uot see. That, I think, was the night after the messenger
arrived, and while we were still at "Vashington, Penllsylvania.


By MI'. J ONES :
Q. In that conversation, did yon hear )lrs. Grant say that any gold


had been bought f()I' ller, 01' that any propositions had been made to
buy gold for her ?-A. ~ o, sir; I fi'equently heard her say that there
was none.


Q. Ho\V did she happen to say that there W1l8 nOlle ?-A. She said it
in the general discussion of this matter, and ti'om it having come out in
the new8papers.


Q. She said that she had never authorizcd any one to purchase gold
for her, and that no one had e\'er made a proposition to purchase for
her '?-A. Yeso


By MI'. JUDD:
Q. This statement of 1\lrs. Grant was based on something charged


against her in the newspapers ~-A. Yes, sir.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 449
By ::\fr. .J ONES :


Q. You say that that Ietter sent to the President, at Washington,
Pennsylvania, was destroyed 'I-A. :No; 1 said that it was my under-
stauding that it was. 1 <lid not sce ít destroyed.


Q. How did yon arri\'f~ at ihat ullderstanding ?-A. The President
said it had been dcstroyetl.
(~. Di<1 he Ray why'!-A. Xo, Rir; 1 mentioned in illy previous testi-


1ll011y that it is custornary for him to dcstroy lctters that do not go on
file.


By J\'1r. Cox:
Q. Do .rou know whether any furniture, statuary, or gew-gaws, for


fnrnishing the \Vhite HOllRe, \Va." Rellt to tIle \Vhite HOLlse during the
summer, unanthoriJled'I-A. Tltel'c were some things sellt tltere unau-
tlLOrized, but through a mÜltake, ~wIlich 1 will eXlllain: Browll & Spald-
ing, w110 are largc jewelers lllHler tIle .:\letropolit.all Hotel, in }lew York,
were to seud over somo ornamollts fol' the ,Vhite Ronso. lVrl'. Spahling
himseIf was here, amI .:'IIrs. GrallL ordered sorne statuettes. TIe mbtook
tIle ordor to bo for RtatllHl'y, a1[(1 110 came witlt a qWllItity 01' statlles.
The President eame down into the ,~estibule in thc morlling, aml found
a lllllllher oi' meu opelling large hoxes alld takillg out statlles. lle ill-
qllired abollt tí, al\(l \Yas toll! tlley lIad heen onlered. He :,;aÍlI it "as a
lllistake, ¡¡ud he told the meu to box them up again and not to open
more. They w('re tak(~ll hack to ;f e\Y York, alHl .l'vlr. Spalding sent
sorne brom-:es fol' the mantel-pieees, ,,'hiel! were paid forhy the Oommis-
sioner of l'ublie Building's, out of the appropriatioll, amI whieh are ]]OW
in the \Vhite Honse. This was w!ten thB \Vhite HOUi-;O \Vas being túr·
nisIled la:,;t snmIller. That is aU that 1 kno\V Oll that :';lü\jed. MI'.
Spalding bronght the statnary hiillSelf, illstead of statuettes, and it \ms
to hilll that Geueral Grallt aüüres"ed thesc relllarks.


By MI'. PACKER :
Q. ,Vas this order [01' fitatuettes macle Hnder an allpropriation of
COllgrpss~-A. It was; al\.1 arte!' cOl\snltatioIl, al'> 1 ullder"tood, with
tilo COTllmi:,;siOllel' of Pll blie nuildillgS. .


,V ASHINGl'OX, Fcbruary 1~, 18'ü.
~IOWRY S. S)IITH SWOl'n aml cxamilled :


To the CHAm::lIAN :
1 reRide in New York City. :;\Iy occupatioll ifi tell'gTH]llling. 1 am


conneete<1 with tho Fl'al\klin Te1egra]lh lineo 1 hayc Cllal'g(1 of the
cOlllpally's oflice, at 11 nrmLd ~tl'eet, }fe\V York. 1 \Vas in elwrge of
tllat office OH tlw ~±tIl of Septelllbor lasto T kd g(~neral oversight 01'
tlle bn"iness. 1 was familiar with tlle doillgs 01' tIte o111(;e, alttl its
reeords dnrillg that day. 1 kllow 01' a dispatelllta Yillg been reeeived over
the wires on that (lay, frOIll Secretal'y BOllt\n~ll, addresscd to General
Bntterfield, assistant treasnrer. That dispatch was reeeivecl at 11 .. )
o'elock, NewYork time. 1 mean, that that ",vas the time it ",vas entered
on tIlo deliY(~ry register het'Ol'e lwing sent Ollt by a messenger. Tllat iB
the time marked llpon it.


Question. How lOllg after tIle aetnalreeeipt ofthe message oye1' t11e wire
HIItil tlle time tltat the entry of 11.{)7 \Yas lIlal'ked UpOIl it "?-A 1I8we1'. It
wonId not have been two minuteRo 1 took the message m,yself frolll tite


H. Hep. 31--:?9




450 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATIO;'\'.
opcrator to the copying-boy, anü he made an imlll'cssion of it in, say,
two secondR. 1 then took it to t11e Jeli \'cry llt'pal'tmcllt, and told t1e
delivery clel'k to be eal'efnl amI11lsh tltat liyel,)'. Sai(ll," Let llle see
tlw boy that is goillg to take it~" lIe sho\ycd me tllC boyo 'IYhCll the
dispatch was envelopeü aucl ready fol' goiug oui, wltieh prohably oceu-
piel! abont two minutes from the time it was recciyed, the boy started
with it.


Q. 'VIlo pnt the time down npon t11e meRsago "l-A. TILe llelinry
clel'k, the man who is illtrustccl ,rith aH that lmsiuess. {J. \Vas ihe eutry malle frolll his watch 01' í'1'olll the dock of the
office ?-A. Frolll the doek, right OH'l' his heu(l.


Q. Did :ron recei\-e frO\ll the assistant t1'casurcr ally aclmowle(lgment
of its receipt "I-A. 1 presume so. 'Ve alwaYR do ha \-e the sigllatu1'e of
t1le l'eeeivel' npon thc hoy's hook. T Call1lot fill(l the book or that II10nt11.
1 lookcd fol' ir, and couId not fincl it. Tlto book 1I0W showll me i8 the
kind of book \Ye use in tlle oftiee fa!' that purpoRe. 1 exped that tho
book is 80111. 'Ve usually keep those oooks abont sixty da:ys all(l tllf'll
tItoy are carried to a Rtore-hollRe ",itIt old papel' aud stuf!', and solcl for
waste papel'; and I 8nppose that book 1ll1lSt have gOlle with tlle ro~t
of it. {J. Do yon know how ,Y0lU' dock agreecl that day with tIlo c10ck in
the snb-tl'easuryT-A. Xo, sil'.


Q. 'Yhat tiltle di<lyou kcep ?-A. Xe\\' York time. Rencdiet of llroml-
way keeps om' c10cks iJl onh~r.


Q. \Ylmt iR tilO differellCc of timo bctwccn Wa:-;llington amI New
York ~-A. I uelicn~, twelve llIillute~; alld the difl'erence between Now
York alld Doston is t\\'o1\-e minutes. The photograph now shown mo
represents the blaek-uoard in tlte Doston gold-roolll 011 tho 24th of Sep-


, tembe!', Rhowing tbe qnotations as furnbhed from Ne\\' York. I llad
c}¡arge of that thi1lg fol' nearlya :real'. Tite lllOlIlPnt t,]¡e qnotation is
fia:-;bed frOlll New York it is p]aeoü 11lJUll the bmml. 'l'hi" pllOtogl'aph
is gotten up by a lll:tll wlJO \Yas in eharge t1l01'O at tl:e time.


Q. St,nte ,yhether the tlispateh frolll t1l0 Sl'en~tal'.r oí' tlle Tl'E'asury
would have beeu heard by the opcratOl' iJl B08toll \dtlLOllt beillg rellcated
in ~ew York ?-A. No, sil'; it wouIrl hayo to be l'cpcatell.


Q. How lOIlg' does it onlill<ll'ily i ake a l1IPs8age to be sellt frolll ;your
oftiee to the suh·treaRury aud üdiycrpd in t1le usnal wa.\' ~-A. Our IIWS-
sellger boys haye special ()J'(ll'l's to go witlt that lmsiue¡;;s in a tremen-
dOlls hUlTy, amI \yhell one oí" thelll gets :1 lIIessagn rOl' tIte Ruh-trl'a~lIry
110 rnn~ the ,,,hole w:ry. 1 tlliuk it should llOt takc more tllan th1'ee mill-
utes from the time tl{e boy left tlw otlie!l lllltil the message is ddiyerpü.
Tilo a,;sÍlstaut trea';lU~r shonld haye got that \Iispafdl, cl'l'taillly, h.v
twelve, 01' Olle 01' t\Yo lllilmt('s after tweh-e. Thero was a g1'eat c1'owtl
upon the Rtl'et'Í that day, amI it 1ras ,-er.\' dimcult for tlJ() uoy to get
th1'ongh, but still it suould 1l0t haye taken him lIlore thall fin~ lIlillllÍ(':-1.


(\'VltnesR preseuts a 1)]'e8s eop.\' oi' the original dispatch from Secretary
Bontwell to 1\11'. Buiterfielcl, \vlüch correspollLls with t11at aIread.)" in e\'i-
dence.)
(~. State whether, f1'o111 your kllowledge of tIlo tranRaetion in your


office, it was p08sihle foI' the l1e\ys of that dispatdl to ha \"(~ goue out of
yon1' office before tilo dispatdl \ras regularly dcliyercd at tlw sub-
trea8u1'y.-A. ~ o, Ri1'; I 110 not thillk 1t possilJle. {J. ""VitaL ,vire was that disl'atch sent over?-A. "'Ve lllul 0110 wi1'e
UpOll whieh \ve do some brokcrs' busilleR", but 1 too k tIle lH"E'C:alltioll
d1ll'ing those days to iake tho brokcrs' oftiee:-; off' that \yire, alld to l'ut
their bnsineRs upon a separate wire, so tllat tho} ,yould hea1' nothing in
t11eil' officcs of what \Vas coming 01' going.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 451
Q. "Vith what oftiL,e8 was the wirc over whioh this dispateh was scnt


conneded ~-A. The dispateh wellt through Baltimore and Philadolphia.
Q. "Vas it repeated in those cities )?-A. :Xo, sir; it eamo direetl,r.
Q Could any operator unywhol'o on the line ha ve heard that dispateh


oxccpt at thc New York and WaRllillgton offices?-A. Ycs; it conld
have becll heard at b01h the Baltimoro and Philadelphia offices alld at
allothe1' litUe oftice at Lambel'tville, New ,Ten;ey, whieh we have fol'
testing purposes, but the operator iR Ilot thore generally moro than l1\"e
minutes a day. 1 know that 1 hay/! hard work ellough to mise J¡im
whenevel' I want to get him, exeept in the 1l10rn1ng.


Q. "Yhat persous were in ;your oftiee at tho time thiR dispatch eame'?-
A. None hut the operators; thoy were there, ('jf ooursc.
(~. Did you, or any other person in .your prescnce, mention t11e fact


of tbo rcccipt of the message amI the snhstance of iL'?-A. No, sir. 1
also took padicular llotiet· of tlle operator who reeeiycd the disllatc11. 1
knew 11im to be a. Yo1'y faithfulrnan, hut ill easo he might melltion any-
thillg 1 kept a striet eye upon h1m after the diRpateh went out, aml hp
never left tlle tahJe, alld had no opportunity 1'01' communieating' witll
auybody witllOut my soeing' llim.


Q. Do you know ni wllat time gold hroke down in the New York golt'l
market?-A. This photograph oí' tIle blaek-board in the Boston gold-
room will show it; the time giveu is ~ew York time.


The following i8 copied from the photogmpll roferrecl to:
11.53 _______________ - __ . __ . ____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ lGO
11.54 __ . __ . ___ : . ________ . ___ . _ . ______ ... __ . { 11.!~


1{ d~)


l1.GG - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - . - - - - .. -__ - - . - - - - - - .. - - { i¡g
11.08 ______ . ____ , . ____ . _____ . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 130
11.5!) _____ . ____ . ___ . ____________ . _ ... _ _ _ _ _ _ 160
12.03. __ . ___ . __________ . _ . _., ____ . __ . _____ . 148
13.07 ___________ .. ___________ . __ . ___ . _____ . 140


Down to 3.33 ..... __________ - - ___ . ___ - . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 133~ closed.


Q. State to tho committee what the telf'grapltic al'rangornent is for
indieating the price of gold throughout tlle COllntry.-~~. It is tf'legraphed
from tIte Gold Hoarü in ~ ew York. So soon as a sale takes place aman
stationml at a little tlesk toncllos some eledl'ie keys; that turnR tltroe
indicators in the gold-room, alld is also eOllIlected with, perlwps, three
hundred iIHlieatoI's in tIte yieinity in hrokerR' OfllCf'R amI in teJpgraph
officcs. "Vo have OliO in our own oftiee. En'1'Y change in tIte pl'ico oi'
gold is tieked out by tlw hell, amI it teUs tllose figurl'R, iJl(licating tlle
price; tItey are moyed by elock-work. A Rale has 1I0t takell place a
rnoment before the priee is lmo\YIl all arouml. 1 do HOt kllOW how many
illdicatorR tlle1'e are in tite Ullited States, hut I tllink tIte1'e are three 01'
fonr hunured in Now York, alld twenty 01' thil'ty in Boston.


Q. vVhat was tlle heluwior 01' tIte gold indicator on that day, as to the
fluctuatious in gold )?-A. As golcl advaneed, of coume our indicators
had to creep up with it, to show us the gold qnotations, hut the pl'iee~
jumped so rapidly that the ilHlü,ators conlel uot keep pace with the rise.
Eaeh revolutioll ShOWR a difference 01' one-eighth, alld wheu gold jumps
two to three per eent. at a time, it takes a good rnany revolutions to
keep up with the advanco. It did better on the rise in gold than it dia
on the faH, 1'01' the rise was a litUe more gradual than the fal1. At an
eyentR, the indicators did not' faH until aftel' the fall in gold. Tlle




452 GOLD PA~IC IN VE STIGATION.
faH was so rapid that the indicators conld not keep pace with it, and the
wires were bUl'lled off hy the electric cnrrent, so that we had no more
gold indications for several days afterwal'd. n took time to repair the
indicatol's. They had put on so much battery that the wires were
bUl'lled with the electric current.


Q. Have you any knowledge that any otlicer of the goYel'llment of
the United States was interested in, 01' in ally way concerned in specu-
lations in gold in the month of September '?-A. N o, sir.


By MI'. P ACKER:
Q. Yon did not yourself deliver the messag'e to the assistant treasurer~


-A. No, sir. The suPPOSitiOll that I did arose out of the circumstance
that my chief operatol' in the office saw me take the llH'Ssage and rush
to the delivery office with it, alld he thought I hall gone with it to the
sub-treasmy, but 1 did noto


By the UHAIR3iAN :
Q. State whethel' you have any lmowledge that the wires of any tele-


graph lines betweell New York and Washington ''1'('1'('. tapped 011 that
occasion, so that this clispatch, 01' any dispatch on that day, was snrrep-
titiously takell possession of.-A. N o, sir; 1 have lIO knowledge of the
kincl, and it is my impression that the thing was not done.


W ASHINGJj'ON, Febrnary 14, 1870.
vV. HARGRAVE '\VHI'fB SWOl'll ancl examined.


By the CHAIRnIAN:
Q. vVhere do yon reside )?-A. vVashington City.
Q. What is your occupation?-A. Booksellpl'.
Q. How long have yon residecl in Washillgtoll~-A .. Twelve month8.
Q. "Where did you reside pl'e\Tiously to coming here!-A. In Frcdcr-


icksburg, Virginia. I was bOrll in Fl'edel'ickshurg, amI lived tIlere
fifteen Ol' twenty yeal's. .


Q. vVhat was you!' occllpation hefore you cmlle to '\YrLi:lhington?-A.
Booheller.


By 1'11'. COK:
Q. You delivered a letter to me this Illorning ~-A. I' did.
Q. State if the contcnts of that letter are tnw.
(Ol~iected to by 1fr. Judd, and ohjection sustained.)
Q. State in wIlose employlllent yon \ycrc },tst fall.-A. In the elllploy-


llleut of Coyle & Towers, booksellers.
Q. In what capacity were yOll tlwr!"l ?-A. As book-keepcr.
Q. \Yere yon in the hahit oi' going to the expl'ess oilíce for thelll fol'


paekages 'I-A. No, sir. .
Q. Did you ever reeeive their pnckages by express f-L~. I did.
Q. At the store J-A. Yeso
Q. Do you recollect when the gold panic was in New YOl'kJ-A. 1


do not recollect the date; I reconect the fact.
Q. vYhat month was it in el-A. I thiuk it \Vas in Octouer or September.
Q. Do .yon reeollect receiving aJly package auollt tlmt time for Uo~-le


& Towers '/-A. 1 do.
Q. State the circumsblllces conneeted with tite reception oí' that


package.
(Objected to by Mr. Jucld, and objectiol1 sustaincd.)




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 453


q. Did you see the receipt book for express packages ~-A. 1 did.
q. "Vas it the 1Il0Iley book, as it is called~-A. Yes, sir.
Q. 115 that the tcchnicaI won1 for it "l-A. 1 do not know.
Q. vVbat does it coníain ?-A. Simply the entry of money packages.
Q. 115 tltat thc book that you signed when yon received the package 1-


A. Yeso sir.
Q. D'id yon enter your name tbere on receiving a package tbat day~­


A. 1 did.
Q. Did yon see ally other entry in tbat book of a money package to


be dclivcrcd to any pcrson on that day '1 If so, describe what you saw.
(Objectecl to by MI'. Judd, bccansc the book is thc bcst evidence, and


it is not procluced, alld its llon-prodnction is not accounted fol'.
Ol\jection sustaincd by the cornmittee by a vote of 7 to 2.)


By the CHAIRMAN:
Q. You say tbat ,rou receipted for a mone,rpackage. From whom was


it receivcd 1-A. 1 do llOt know.
Q. To whom was it addressed ?-A. Coyle & Towcrs.
Q. vVbat was the lLtnOunt oí' money for wbich yon receipted ~-A. 1


do not recollect.
Q. What mOllth was it in1-A. 1 cannot sayo
Q. \Yhat xcar was it ?-A. Jjast ,real'.
q. "Ybat was the date at wbich you made that entry ~-A. 1 cannot


s.: .. y.
Q. What time oi' the day was it; morning, noon, 01' night ?-A. ::VIorn-


ing.
Q. What day of the week ?-A. 1 have no recollection.
Q. vYho uronght tbe book to yon °1_A. Tbc money clork, 01' tho ox-


press man, whose duty it was. 1 do not know bis tecbnical term 01'
name.


Q. Was he a person whom you had ever seen before'~-A. 1 cannot
say certainIy.


Q. 'Vas he a por son whom yon have ever seen since1-A. Ithinknot.
Q. \Y ouId yon know him now if you were to see him "?-A. 1 tbink noto
Q.vVas be a boy 01' a lllHTl '?-rlc. A mallo
Q. "Vas he tall and had he whiskers ?-A. He was tall and had


whiskers. That is my reeollection, but 1 am not positive.
Q. \Vhat company ~was it that tllat man served "/-A. 1 cannot say


whether it was Harnden's 01' Adams's. Thev are botb in the same
building. 1 did not obsen'e the booIL •


Q. Did yon not say in the letter which you addressed to :MI'. Cox that
it was Adams's express ~-A. 1 think 1 did.


Q. \Vas tbat statement correct 01' incoITect ~-A. 1 shonld rather it
was not taken as testimony, because 1 may be mistaken as to its being
A.dams's 01' Harnden's.


Q. Did you talk to anybody in referenco to tbat transaction ?-A. 1
mentioned it to one 01' two persolls that 1 bacl seen tbis entry.


Q. vVbo were they~-A. -;VII'. Coyle, of the firm, was one, and the
other was a young man wbo was clerk in the establishment.


Q. 115 tbis Ietter in your handwritillg '1 (lndicating the letter to :MI'.
Cox.)-A. n is.


Q. Were yon requested to send this letter to the committee ?-A. N ot
specially.


Q. Were you generally ~ Did auy body suggest to you to write to any
member of the committee ~-A. It was s.uggested.


Q. By whom?




454 GOLD PANIC I~VESTIGA'l'ION.
'YITNESS. 1 prefer not to answer tlmt qnestion, for the simple reason


that 1 do not wish to bring any one into trouble.
,Yitness was directed to answer the question.
A. The Rev. JUl'. Pit:wr.


By MI'. JUDD:
Q. ,VIlo is he 'J-L~. A Presbvterian minister in this eitv.
Q. ,Vhere were yon when he sllggested that to yon 'I-A." At his honse.
Q. Row came he to suggest it to yon ?-A. 'J'hat I callnot tell.
Q. ,y ere yon talking abont it ~-A. I was noto
Q. ,VhOlll clse have yon talked with about the propriety of yonr send-


ing such a letter "?-A. No (me.
Q. \Vhen ''''IS it that :1\11'. Pitzer suggested it to yoa ~-A. I,Hst llight.
Q. SUllday night ?-A. Sunda.y night.


By the CHAm31AN:
Q. Did yon begin the conversation ?-A. 1 did noto
Q. Did he ?-.Á. He did.
Q. Did he suggest the contents of the letter ?-A. He <lid not.
Q. Row did he know anything about the matters oí' whieh yon haNe


testified, so as to make a first snggestion '?-A. 1 had spoken of it pre-
viously.
(~. ,Vhen ~-A. 1 do not recollect tIle date; but it was abont tIlo timo


that the occnrrence took place.
By ]VIl'. JUDD:


Q,. Yon had spoken of it to him ?-A. To him, as weH as I recollect.
1 am not positive.


Q. ,Vhere was this letter written ~-A. It was written at his honse ;
nt the honse where he boards.


Q. \Vas he pl'esent when yon wrote it ?-A. N o, sir.
Q. Was he pl'esent when there was a draught made of it?-A. No, sil'.
Q. ,Vas it snblllitted to him aftl~r ,)'on Wl'ote it jI-A. Yes, sir.
Q. Did you talk over with llim what should be the contents of the


letter before yon wrote it f-A. N o, sir. 1 do llot exadIy understull(l
that question.


Q. Did yon talk with :1\[1'. Pitzel' as to what ;fon shonld write in the
letted-A. It was his suggestion to me that 1 shon1<1 write the letter,
amI tIle eontents were my own cOlllposition entirely.


Q. vVhere does :\11'. Pitzel' live ?-A. At 60± F street.
Q. llas he charge of a eongregation here '?-A. Yeso
(l. \Vllat eOllgregation '~-A. The Central Presbyterian Chureh.
Q. Row long has he been in ehurge of it~-A. 1 do IlOt know.
Q. Row long have yoa knowIl him ~-A. On1y since 1 carne here.
Q. Do yon know wllere he eallle from here '~-A. lle came frolll Vir-


ginia .
. Q. Do yon know froro his stateroent how long he has been in vVash-
ington ?-A. 1 do not know.


Q. Did yon say that yon were going to J\fissomi '?-A. Yeso
Q. vVith whom are yon going there ?-A. 1 am going thel'e with a


lady; simply to take charge oí' her.
Q. Are yon going there to reside "?-A. 1 am.
Q. In ,vhat part oí' :l\Iissonri ?-A. In the western part.
Q. How long did yoa say .yon have lived in Washington ?-A. Twelve


months.
(~. Irnmediately pl'eceding the time that yon came here, where ltad


XOU lived ?-A. In Hichlllom1.




GOLD PAKIC INVESTIGATION. 455


Q. Wllüre were yon Ilnring the war ?-A. In tbe Soutlt, in Hichmond.
Q. \Vere ,)'on in the serYice in any way ?-A. N ot at aU.
Q. Yon had no cOllnectioll with it?-lc\.. None whatever.
Q. In tllat conversatioll that :ron hall with ]\:[1'. Pitzer did hfl say any-


thing of the importance of this being sent to the committee ?-A. He
thongllt it wlmlll hn impol'tant.


Q. In what view ~-A. 1 do not know exactly. He did uot statc.
Q. \VaR therc not any rcason given fol' it ?-A. Not that 1 recollect.
Q. Did ]\fl'. Pitzer pl'cneh yesterrla:r 'I-A. Yl's.
Q. \Vas it in thc eyenillg, 01' in the mornillg, 01' hetwcen services tltat


yon liad tliís eOllycrsatioll with him 'I-A. It was after serYices.
Q. Can :ron tell n8 "'hat tilllc in the year it \Vas ihat you saw tltis


receipt book ~-A. 1 call1lot tell yon positi\-ely.
(~. WaR it as late aR the :.!1th of October f-A. I have no idea of the


date; not the relUotest; neither as to the da:r of the illonth nor of the
week.


Q. Yon haye no illea whetlter ii was September 01' Octoher 1-A. No,
sir.


Q. Miglti it 1Iot !¡¡l\'e heen as eady as August ?-A. Olt, no, sir.
Q. Are .ron snre of that ~-A. 1 think noto
Q. Are yon snre of it ?-A. N ot certain.
Q. l\Iigllt it uot llfLve heeu as eml,r as ,T uly?-A. 1 haye 110 idea.
Q. You aro cortain that it wa:,; in the last days of Jnly, about the


24th ?-A. I um not sure of the date at aU.
Q. Are you as SUl'e that it was in ,Tuly UR .r0u are tltat it was uot in


October1-A. 1 am not eertain as to what month it was at aIl.
Q. Might it pos8ibl,r llave teen in J une ~-A. I canllot sayo
Q. Can yon lIot eome aH,\' lleal'Cl' to it tlma fl'Oll1 ,June to Deecmbel' Y-


A. No, sir; fL'om the simple fuet that 1 was not illterested in tlte aft'air
ut the time Ü or:eurre!l.


Q. It seems thnt yon told what yon saw to a good muuy gentlemen ~­
A. 1 tolcl 1"'0 01' three per:,;oIlR.


Q. Bnt yon call1lot tell the committec whdher it was in June 01' De-
ccmbl?r, 01' betwecn tho"lc times "?-A. I call110t tell what time it was.


Q. ])0 ,ron mean to ¡.;ay tltat yon do lIot l'ccolleet tlte lllouth iu ",hieh
it wa:,; '?-A. 1 do not l'eeollect tlte mouth.


Q. Do ,ron reeollcct the day oí' the weok ?-A. No, sir.
Q. ])0 :yon reeolled the llame 01' tIle lUan who hrougIlt it ?-A. I never


kllow llis name. .
Q.' Do ,ron l'ccollrct tite name o[ the expresR compall'y ?-A. 1 do noto
Q. ,Vas he a whitc mun or a blaek man who brought it ?-A. He was


white.
Q. 1)0 .ron l'rlllemher tltat ?-A. Cortainly.
Q. Hid he huye 011 a hlaek coat 01' a white coat ~-A. Ido not know.
Q. If YOll do uot recollect the eolor of lliR eoat, ltow do .ron reeollect


the color of hi:,; faee "?-A. Roeause 1 know tltat tltcre are no hlack melL
employed for that ]lUrpose. .


Q. Thüll YOII do not know ii fI'OIl1 J'ceolleetioll, hut beeanse of t11e
I11()(le of lm:-;im'ss of the eompany; i8 tltnt what yon mean ?-A. Tt i"
only in that way; aR far as 1 know there are none hut white men em-
ployp(1 in that eapaeity.


Q. Can yon sny, frolll yonr present l'eeollection, that thc man wIlo
curried it ihere \Vas not. [l, blaek lUan '!-A. 1 cannot.


By }ll'. Cox :
Q. Yon haye stated that this matter occurred about the time of tlte




45G GOLD PANIC HíVESTIGATION.
gold panic--black Frülay; hmr do yon l'eeolleet that mnch oí' ü?-A.
Silllply uccausc tllUt was the tlting which cause<lme to llotice the eutry
UpOll tIle book. If it hacl not been fol' tltat I should 1l0L have lloticed
the III a ttel' a tallo


Q. Yon recollect the excitement abollt golcl in New York ?-A. Ido.
Q. AmI hy tltat meallS YOll are enal,lcd to rccollcct this oecurrenee "1-


A. Tltat is all.
Q. "'Vas it lwfore 01' after tIle gold panicf-A. It was artero


By l\Ir. Jo::ms:
Q. Are yon quite cedaill about that~-A. I am quite eedain, so far


as I can sayo
By :\Ir. JUDD:


Q. IIow long arte1' ~-A. I canuot sayo
Q. Have .rou 1l0t any idea?-A. I)robably it may have been a week


01' ten days; something like that.
Q. "Vhut i¡.; YOUl' best l'eeollcetion about it Y-A. I would uot uuder-


ta]¡e to fix a date.
Q. ]\fay it llave beea thirty da.y¡.; aftel'wa1'd ?-A. Po¡.;sibly,
Q. l\lay it lmve been sixty days aftcrwa1'u ?-A. I think it hardly


prouable that it was so long as that.
Q. "'Vas it lleal'er sixi,)' tltau tltil'ty ?-A. I eallIlot sayo The ouly idea


I have is that it was after the punie, p1'obabl.r eight 01' ten days.
Q. AmI it may haye been thirty ehtys '?-A. lt may llave been thirty


dan.
(~. Ami it ma~' have been forty-fiye days ~-A. Possibly.
Q. Awl po:ssibly sixfy <lays Y-A. Possihly, but hardly probable.


By :\fl' .. JONES:
Q. Do yon remembe1' \\'hether t11e1'e \Vas still exeitrment in Washing-


ton about the gold panie O/_A. It "as talked oi' in t11e papers at the
time.


Q. vVas it talked of in the ¡.;treet ?-A. 1 do not know. lIy ueaflless
preyents me eouyel'sil1g mueh.


By 1\11'. BTTRCHARD :
Q. ",Vhen did YOll leave tite employmcnt of Coyle & Towe1's ?-A. In


Deet'lIl he1'; 1 think tIte 27th. 'l'itat is, t11e eOllcern failed, and was
elo,:;erl up hy the sitl'riff on that day.
(~. Ditl yon l'eeeipt for any other express paekages !-A. Nonc hut


that one.
Q. That you l'reeipted for in yon1' OWIl handwriting ?-A. In my own


hal1dwriting.
By tlJe CUAIlDIAN:


Q. Di(l .ron sign .ronr wlme 01' thc firm's name ?-A. :Uy llame.
By ,;\11'. JONES:


Q. ])i(l ,)"011 take thisexp1'ess book iuto yom hand ~-A. T llid noto
(~. no\\" did ~-ou receipt it '/-A. lt lay 011 the eOllllter befol'e me, and


I siillply wrote lIly uaml'.
Q. AmI YOH saw other entries ?-A. 1 did.
Q. ",Vhat othcr ellüies <lid .ron see '~
(Ol).ieett~d to by ::\11'. Jndd, and objeetion slLstained.)


By thc CIIAlR~IAN :
Q. lIow many pages oí' tite express book did yon see~-A. None


othi'r tltan the olle whieh lay open.




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 457


By nIr. LYNCII:
Q. Did yon say that yon do not know anything about the amount of


money that yon receipted for ?-A. 1 do noto
Q. You coullted it to see that it \ras right ?-A. Yeso (.¿. \Vas it as much as one huudred dollars ?-A. 1 eannot sayo
Q. ,Vas it Olle thousantl dollars?-A. It \Vas certaillly 1l0t that mucho
Q. Alld you have no recollection as to the amount ?-A. 1 have noto
(~. But .rOU received it, aml countetl it and receipted for it? -A. Yeso


By 1\11'. BURCllARD :
Q. Did you make auy entry on tIle casIl-book oi' tIle amount tIlat yon


received ?-A. Certaillly.
Q. 111 tIle cash-book 01' in tIle day-book ~-A. 1 do not recollect. It


was posted up, of course.
By 1\11'. JONES:


Q. You say yon are uot certain whetIlcr it carne from Adams's or
Harndeu's ?-A. 1 am not positi,-e. It was one 01' the other.


By the CUAIRl\fAN :
Q. Are they separate companies, that bring packages from a rus-


tan ce ~-A. 1 do not know positively. They have been Ileretofore.


,V ASHINGTON, D. C., Febrtlaty 15, 1870.
SAlI'IUEL M. SHOEMAKER sworn anu examined.


To the CHAIRMAN:
1 resirle in Baltilllore city. 1 am a manager and owncr of tIle Adams


Express Company. 1 have been manager of that company for twenty-
six years.


Qnestion. Do your tluties, as supel'illtendent of the Express Company!
make ,)'on familiar with the affairs of the oflice in this eity'?-Answer.
They 110.


Q. Do ,)'on keep books of aU the transaetions of the company ~-A.
There are books kept oi' all transactions.


Q. llave yon a book known as the money receipt book ?-A. Yeso
(vVitlless produces the money receipt books of the company in this


city, fruIn .July 22 to Noyemher 3, 1869, except those connected with the
Treasul'j' Departrnent, aneI is directed to examine for an entry of a rnoney
paekage to Co.y1e & Towers, booksellers, \Vashington.)


Q. You have examined the hooks fl'orn the 24th September aud yon
fiud no snch entry on the books ~-A. There is no such entl'y as Coy]e &
Towers OH the buoks.


Q. From the 24th September forwartl, on the hooks that you have
pl'ot]ueed, is there an,)' elltry of a money package addressed to l\'lrs. U.
S. Gmnt ~-A. There is; on October 25. 1 was mistaken. 1 find it this
moment.


Q. State wllat that entl'y (indieatiug the figures) iS.-A. After cal'efu1
exarnination 1 Hm satisfied that it is 8350.


By 1\11'. Cox:
Q. Append that entry to your testimony.-A. The entry is as follows:


RBceipt. De,criPti(~~1 COlltaillin;J \'hpI'efrom.¡ Á,l<lrPRs.
1 Pk · .. ··· .. 1 v 2:;0 I 00 I N. YOrk ... ¡ Mrs. U. S. Grant, White House.


Charge:-1,


A.. Donn.




458 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


Q. ls there auy other entry on that page of a money package arl-
Ilrm;sed to Uoyle & Towers ~-A. Yes; the entry is as follO\n; :


D·escription. !Containing, ,Vhere from.¡ Addrcss. ehargcs. TIcceipt.
, I


;-~_~=~I -37-17,; ~=l-;':~~~I-C-'()-Yl-e-&-T-'-)W-P-I'H-_.-.--.-.... -----.. ----~... ¡¡ 75<: ,\r. H. 'Vlüto.


Q. \V'ho is thc messenger that clelivered these packages ?-A. ñIr. J.
S. Dodge.


Q. \Va;.; not yOllT' impressioTl at first that thc figures in tIle entl'y of
the package [01' Mrs. U. S_ Grant were 825,000, and elid yon uot so state
to 1,he eOlfllnütee O/_A. Yeso 1 would sta te, in expIanatioll, that 1 had
lJcen looking last night for a $~5,000 entry. 1 have uot slept mneh for
the last two weeks 011 accoullt oí the sickness oí my ehild, so that 1
was hardly fit to be here to-day. 1 am very nervous frolll loss of sleep, &e.


By Mr. BURCHArw :
Q. Are valnahIe packages besides money cntered on that lJook 'I-A.


Yes, sir; they are.
By MI'. Jo:,ms:
(~. "Vas there any other package sent to ]\'[rs. Grant fol' thl'ee months


after the gold pallic, that you 1<:now oí' ?-A. N ot to my lmowledge. 1
was entirely ignonlnt of this olle untiI this IIloI'1ling.


By MI'. Cox:
Q. ls IIarnden's Express combilled with yours ?-A. Yes, sir. It was


cIosed ahollt tIle 30th of June lasto
By MI'. COBURN:


Q. 1 see that tIle package is marked "free." \Vould yon haye carried
$3,),000 free?-A. No, sir. AJl small packagcs to Gcneral Grant are
carried free.


By MI'. P ACKER :
Q. lf it had been $35,000 yon wouId have charged regular rates~­


A. Yeso
By :\1:1'. J ONES :


Q. Haye yOll auy knowIedge about this particular package, except as
an entry in tlIc book ?-A. No, sir.


"\v ASHI~GTON, D. C., Fcbruary 15, 18iO.
J. W. EURSON sworn and examined.


To the CHAIRThIAN :
1 reside in Washington City. 1 am ellgaged in the office of Adams'8


Express Company. During tho months of September aud October,
18G9, 1 held the position of mOlley cIcrk.


Question. "Vhat were your cluties as money cIerk?-~\..lls\\'rr. To
receiyc aH moneys that came to tIle office; lllolleys and 8mall ya]nabIe
packages.


Q. ¡'jxarninc the entry now shown yon, (as copied in tIle testitllony of
]\fr. ShoemakeI'-tlIe package for 111'8. U. S. GmJJt,) and state ,rlIethcr




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 459
yon yourself made that eutry ~-A. 1 did not make the entry. It was
rumIe uy Mr. J. 1\f. Croyean.


Q. Are yon familiar with tIle signature in the colnmn of reccipts?-
A. 1 do not recolleet ever to have seen it before.
(~. Statc to the committee, from ~~onr knowledge of this book, what


these rulings, nnder tIle head of "containing," indicate ~-A. The first
colmIln is illÍEmded for tlollars, amI the othel' coluIlln for cents.


Q. What do those figures in that entry indicate '?-A. That entry is
one package, valne $350, from Kew York, marked, 1\11's. U. S. Grant.
Tlmt c<n is not a free mark. It is the regular pajd mark. There is
llothing in the entr.v to indicate whether it was free, 01' wIlcthcr the
charge was paid in ~ew York.


Q. State whether you have any reeollection of that package ?-A. 1
have noto


By Mr. Oox:
Q. ls there any record of whom that package came frorn ?-A. N o, sir.
Q. "Vould yonr uooks 01' way~bi11s show whom it carne from ~-A.


The way-bills probably wouId.
Q. What pcrSOll goes ont with that book ami deli,ers those pack-


ages '?-A. J. S. Dodgo. He is in the employrnent of the company.
By NIr. J ONES :


Q. Ha,e yon knowledge of any other package sent to lVIrs. Grant 1-
A. No particular kuowledge. (l Have yon any knowledge at all?-A. 1 have seen small package s
going to ]\frs. Grant at di:fferent times; no packages of any note, to my
kllowledge.


By MI'. Jc;DD:
Q. "Vere these books kept nndor yonr supervision ?-A. Yeso
Q. They were in your custody '?-A. Yeso
Q. You know tIte eharaeter of the oooks, amI what tha figures cntcred


on thom represent ?-A. 1 do.
Q. You haye no doubt at a11, tItat this elltry means a package valned


at $250'I-A. None whatcvcr.
Q. 18 there anything to indicate that this was a money package ?-A.


N o, sir; on the contrar,r, 1 suppose it was uot.
By MI'. Jo:cms:
(~. Why do you suppose that it \las llOt 7-A. Because it is marked


"V," for yalned. Packagps otbpl' than lllolley paelmges are so marked.
Q. Are moncy paekagcs always inüicated by tho abscncc of that


mark "V" ?-A. Yes, sir.






VIEvVS OF TITE }IINORITY.


1\11'. Cox, from the millorit,y, presented the following:
The millorit,y of the committee, while resenillg tIlO right freel,y to


comment upon the llu~joI'it,y I'epürt, snbstantial1,y concur with it in its
dear, ahIe, aud snccinct staternent of the irnmediate "eílllses" which
produced the falllous gold panic of Friday, ¡:kptembcr 24th, lasto


\Ve forbear cOlIlmellt OH thc Rocial, polítical, and economic causes,
incidellt to our pecnliar currenc,r, 01' to our two elll'l'encies-which
afl'orded tlle opportunity to gold specnlation. No one donbts that if the
eonstitutional ellI'l'eney nf cüin llad remainecl to ns, snch panies ,ronld
llaye been and would now be impossible. lt is a strikillg eommentary
on bad fiscal goVeI'nnH~llt, tltat it was possible for men of gl'eat auda-
eit,Y and unscrnpulous motives, so to combine themeUllS as to efteet a I'isc
iu gold, bywhich to attain great gains. lIowever plausible 01' wise
may have been t}le theoI''y npon which tlle "conspiratol's" aeted, amI
whieh they sncceedcd in impressing upon the Executive, v'Íz: that pro-
duce would uc cnhanced, the I'ailroadR fu11,y pmplüyed in its trauspor-
tation eastward, aud its exportation increased; nevertheleRs th08e \rho
worked this theory did it fol' their mm aggramLizemcllt.. No more poli-
tic plan could ue devü,ell for 1lI0rnentary gain. Xo more dangerous
scheme was evcl' illn~lltt'd for the injury of tbe people, if \le look to the
em1, to the lmrstiug' of the uubble and its reaetioJl. Tt is au axiom, that
the cost of a11 snell fludnatioIls is nltimately paid by the commmer of
products. ,


Whatever may ue its merit as a theory for transient and üesigning
purpoRes, it is certaill that it allmee! the President 01' tIle Uuited States
1'01' a time. However much this theory may have intlne1lced the Execn-
tive in his peculiar coursf', Hlltl ill giviug the interviews aud directions
abont gold sales, Ilereafter apparent, it is equally sme that the origin of
this com;piraey to J mise the price of gold had i1l it a sinister aud
RPlfish ol\ject. Whether that ol\jeet \Vas fully accomplished 01' not, we
do 110t care to kuow. 've are investigating causes ollly.


ORIGIN 01" PLOT.


Rnt while this tllf'ory seem8 to have heen the hinge on which this golcl
speculatioll tnrned, it ifl also trne tlwt tIte egg of this conspiracy was
laid furthcr back. It waR hatehed as earl~' as the month of ]\fay 01' June.
If Oatherwood tells t1le truth, the cOllfederates were Corhill, Cather-
wood, amIOonh1. Who was mORt pl'oIllinent is no matter. Theyare
equally l'espo11sible fol' its illceptio11. Whell Catherwood made his exit,
if he is to be eredited, it was that Butterfield shüuld entero Tlw scheme
had in it, as tIte first moye, the appointment of a snh-trcasnrer at New
York. Re must be one t'acile to the uses of the conspiracy. Row the
plan was contriyed, 1fr. Catherwood testifies. He thns gives us its uasis :
"ilIen eou1d operate wi th safety when they are aetiug 011 a cerfainty."
Afterwarcl, when deyeloping the plot, he was askcd to state more dis-




4G2 GOLD PAXIC H'VESTIGATIOX.
tilletly tIte "legitimate thing" whieh tlte "pool" wasto attain. ne am;-
wered:


1 nnllel'"tooü tlmt it waH hnying golel ancl Helling sto~ks and bontls on a cc1'taiuty of
the 1ll0VCIllülltS uf thü goverumeut iu ~elliug 01' 1l0t selliug gole!.


In fllrther development of the plot ke even goes so far as to Ray tltat
the profi tR of tlle " pool" were (li vided i lito fonr parts, onc-fonrth to Cor-
bin, onc-fonrth to himsclf, one-fonrth to G-ould, and one-fourth to --,
sorne one for whom Gonld was taking C:11'e. On this point ::\11'. f}(mltl
was not (luestioll(~d. He is thorefore Rilcnt. In this as in othcr rnat-
ters :!\Ir. Oorbin forgcts 01' peI'vcl'ts thc Útcts. He dcnied :111y such com-
bination, foI' he dellied giving :1ny aid to G81wI'al l~lltterfield's appoint-
ment. He sweal's: "1 f'mllkly tolll Üould and CatheI'wood 1 could HOt
recommend tbe latte1'/, and again he sa:rs: "1 withdrew m,V pl'omise to
hel}> Euttprfield." He al so deuies auy eOllYPl'satiOIl with Bnttel'field as
to Goulll. He sweaI's tlmt he hall no commnnications with Butterfield at
aU during the movemellt as to the gold business. \Vhile Mr. Oorhin
dcnies generally aU plalls as to gold tiuctnations, he finally, nnder pres-
sure, eoufessed that he hall not en tire exemption froID selfishness. He
"hall Ilot attailled per1'ection, but was strugglillg fol' it!"


N otwithstanding tllose deuials, it is ceI'tain, l)y a letter prodnced by
Catherwood, and writtpn by Oorbín to him, that there was a secret <le-
Sigll to obtain control of the oflice 01' sl1b-treasllI'er of N ew York. lt wm;
so secret aud bad that Corbin, when wl'iting', used a cipltcr to con n'y,jt
to his step-son-in-Iaw, Catherwood. vVheu they said '" N ew Jersey rail-
l'oatl," they llleaut "Now York sub-tl'easury." How rnuch reliance is to
be placetl 011 Corbill's' statcments will hercafter further appea1'. Oe1'-
taillly, on all matters where he i8 not confirmed he needs it, badly. In
onr judgmellt t,llpre eall be no dOllbt that Blltterfield \Vas seleetell to
know the "ccrtainty" of tIle goyernment movements in the sale of golcl
aud purehase of bonds. Catherwood testifies tIla!; he was to be prcRsecl
on tlw President, beeallse, 1st" he was a military man, of fail' rel'Onl in
the war; 2d, as an old fricnd of t11e l'resülent's brotltel'-in-law, }Ir. Cor-


. hin; :3d, because he was a 1'riend of tlle Prpsident, Ilavibg raiRcd t11e
mOlley to pay Geuel'al Orant a large a([\'HllCe np011 the hOHse whielt (JOI'-
bin hall originally sold to Grant, uJlon a similar snbscriptioll. ,Ve for-
beal' any COllllllPnt upon tllese tnqlsaetions. l'hey are outside of ou1' in-
quir,r. It is enongh that Blltterficlü succeetled to tlle oftiee.


W hut further ,vas done, the majo1'ity repol't faithfnlly details. "Ye
lwve 110 dOllbt tllat the cleal'illg-llOllSe, whieh i" a llllisanee to lcgitimate
trame amI cOllllllerce, and tlle Gold Exchallge Bank, which was an in-
stl'Lllncnt used 1'01' Lhe eertificatioll oL' fabnlous amoullts uot repn'sentt'd
by money, (the" pltantom gohl," wllich played so c01lSpiellOus a pmt in tillO
drama,) are olmoxions to t11e sweeping criticisll1s of tite m~\jOl'ity reporto
Tbo clearillg110use gaye gl'ea,t faeilitics for gambling. Sevellty lllilliOllR
a day was its general average, amI llot half of it legitill1ate lmsilless.


"You can," says MI'. Fisk, "make 1nore transactions throngh the
cleal'lllg-house with $5,OO() tha1l with $100,000 witllout it." He n'gal'(ls
it " as an irresistible temptation." JUen withont means are by it ellablcd
to deal in irnll1ellSe SUlllS 01' gold, Ol' llltalltorn gold. It is \Yell illnstrated
by this witlless: Yon arc a lIlclllbcl' 01' the board, suppose, aml yon R:ly,
"1 \vill scllyon gold at 21," and 1 say, "1 will take it." Yon aIHI 1 l'X-
ehange tiekets. TO-IllOlTOW:ron lULYe got to giye me that gold; but ,\tllt
come to me and buy the gold, 01' yon borrow it an(l give it tu !lH'. It is
nothing really bul; a piece oí' paper." A million thns may settle hn'llty
lllil1iOllS of transactiolls, or no gold nt all may settle millioíls,


Tlle millority concar wiLh nIr. Low, tllat they "kllOW of no legitimate




GOI~D PA:íIC INVESTIGATION. 463
husiness tItat conld uot be trallsacted without the Gol<l Exchange Bank."
"Ve COllcnr in tlw ]wl:Íorit-y l'nport that fedl'ral lngislation in tlle lorm of
taxation w!luId be oí" grrat ntilityin Ilestroying' tllü; pe"tift'rons im;titntion.
TIte galllhliug lwll" 01' HamLmrg 01' l\Iollaco are llOt more peruicious as
temptatiolls. Tlleir evils are feweOlnparetI to tllose illtlieted UpOIl aH
OUl' eoutltr,r all(1 its business by this time amI labor-savillg machine to
facilitate g'ol.1 galllhlillg'.


,Yl!en lillch a sy8tem is unc1erstoorl, honest people outsido of ,Vall
I'Tn'pt ",ilJ llot ,nlllüer that gold das!Jeü U}) frolll forty to sixtJ--three and
a half ]lel' eellt., an<l dropped as instantly; l\1HI tItis, too, when not a
dollar uf ('Oill, or eyen g'olc1 eItecks, challged halH1s! )r or ,,'ill they won-
(h~l' tltat tlw "long"," 01' tho"e who hall the gold "COrllerl'rl," were uot
so strong lmt tlwt, fonr milliom; oi' real gold wo111(1 oreak them, es-
pecia]],\" whell it ,,-m; knowll that the goyernment, "ho were to sell tllese
folll' milliolls, had nigllty 01' lIillety milliolls behind.


GOVERN]IE:XT ALD.


IIellce it "'ill be ,,(~en how imj)ortallt it was [01' Ull'Se specn]ators to
know of a "certainty" what the g-overnment intelHled to do. If they
(~ouhll'dy on Ü;, aetioll oeing dinllgcd to them, speculation "as safe.
Tllc natural la",s oí' tr~l(1e and cOllllllereial hOllor would th Irm'Í any plau,
unless tlle ]llotters could rel~- on the goyernment, citlW1' to interf'ere 01'
ret'l'aill. \VIlPll thn adminüüraiÍoll "ere kllOWll to oe in 1'ayor oí' illtla-
ting gold on tlw "croll theor.r," it ",as au elemeut ¡u the aecomplish-
lllent of tIte plan.


'ro .:Ur. fiollhl, aman af remarkaole coolness anc1 braillA, was eOlllUlit-
ted the mallag'emcnt of' the practieal opel'ationll. He seleeted his agellts.
'l'Jwy \Yere orokers 01' y:trious repute. Some ,,,ere, like Belden, sIuewd
~\lld bolll; 80111(" like Sppyel'l', illtlallllllablp, .ret lltallagpaoln. ]1'isk sccms
Oll],r to llaye ol'cn tlw "robm;tiouIl" elcmeut; but, in fad, he was as
1111etilc~ a:-; tllü " wooühino" about llis mol'l~ Yigol'ons colleague. He SPCIIIS
to n~ lIlOl'e like a yoeiferous liclltenant "ho earried thü eOlll mands of bis
quid eaptaill wlto wilk<l thClll. COl'hill, ~who is crec1ited oy Gould aud
t1lc ('oltllllittt'ü with lJPiug-n'l'Y sagaeiou:-; aml ,rily, ,vas rf'lied 011 to ket'p
tlle l'residellt to the produce tl1eory, qlld to pl'enmt Seel'etal'y Boutwell
Ú'OIll lwiug "o inlluencell by Uw oeal'S as to coutrol the Presiden!. He
plied lti,; pnl'po,,('s hy ('(1itol'iah; to the press, alld hy ldte1's to tIte 1'resi-
dellt. 'Ilte ",metit,Y of his Üe1l1eallOl', aud t11e Shl'eWÜlle"s oí" his taet,
1('<1ltilll to he lrt[,~tl'll by Gould cn~u, as well as by 01 IIl~rs. He p1'o-
ú'"s"ll to oe anxion.,; for tite lll'osperit,r oí' t1le cOlllltry, fol' tbe high price
01' hrea(bluJl:'i, aud t!Je lJalall(~c oC t1'<1<le in our Ü1YOl', "ith a Yiew to aid
t1lc t1lell })(']](Iiu[..:' dediolls iJl tlw Ílltcle:-;t oí' the adIlíiuistl'atioll aud tIte
(,olllltr'y. 'Ihe part played by Butterficld is uot so yerJc clear. He ('er-
t¡lillly too);. advautagn oi' bis oftkial positioll, i1' 110t to aid the schellle
aud help his cOllfederates, in tlle eud to help himself.


'Ibis is SIlOWIl by t11c testimony of 11is ballJier, :;VII'. Seligman, as \VeH
as ov his 0\\'11 evi<lellcü.


Tiíe ll}iuority of tlle COllllllit.toe are, ho\Vcver, so far as this inqniry is
concerned, ntterly cal'eless upon whieh of these parties shall fall tbe
oTlns alld odinlll oí' this plan, OJ' oí' its opüratioTl. It is of no iwpol'tauce
foI' tIle pUl'poses of legislatioll, or for tIle illformatioll of the pnblie jmIg-
mellt, ,,-hat persollR gaitH\d OI' suffcl'ed; 01' w11ether the suits now pend-
ing 1'01' thc üebris of thü disaster are just 01' noto ,Vhat hrokers plaYl'<l
tlwir pal't~, ,yit,h whotn, Ol' ]¡ow, and with w hat results, iR of little puolic
conseqllCttCO. But it is of inestimable importalleo f'or tIlo people, whose




464 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
valucs alld prospcrity suffer by these OCCUl'rences of panic in gold, to
know why such terrible curses come; how, ,,,-hen they do come, to fiml
tho 1'omedy 1'01' them, and how to prevent their reelll'l'cncc. To this end,
it is of equal importance to know that it is at any time in the powcr of
nnscl'upulous men of means and audacity to so combine as to changc
an the relations of trade and ruin innocmlt peopIe.


Snch cornhillatiolls produce npon business universal distrust of the
fntnre; amI, as a consequcnec, almost an entire pal'alysis 01' tralle. This
was the immediate effect of this panic Ul'0ll the foreign tnLde in which
gold interests arc in volved and which depends on prospective obligatiolls
Ül goltl. It is illlpossihle to estimate these afllictive effects on foreign
cornrnerce. lHerchants in the foreigll trade often meet their irnmedütte
ohligatiolls by borrowing gohI, hclieving that thcy can huy at a lower
rate in the fnture. Before this Septcmlwr 1'1111ic there was an immense
amount 01' gold borrowed. Hence, the ehief sufferers, as JUl'. Opdyke
tcstifies, were th'3 illlporting merchants. Baukers amI lJrokers were
similarly though llOL equally afteeted. Bnt tIlO worst effectil were too
general and illdefiuite fol' alUtlysis. TItese reached over the whole eouu,
trv antl over t.he eutire world of commeree. lt madl~ nwn think that ,,'e
were a nation of gamblers; that it was llot s~Lfe to doal with a people
under whose policy alld gOYCrnlllent it was posiiible for slIoh cOllllJirm·
tions to he maue. AH our secnrities suffel'ed, more 01' less, nt home and
abroad. But for the peculiar prudence 01' Olll' merchants, who had been
warlled in the preeeding 111 011 t]¡ s, the shock amI disaster wonld h:1ve
heen incalculably greater. At a time \VIren 0111' importatiolls rcquired
the use of a lllilliou of gold lH~l' (by, and when our eustollls unes 1'eguired
tIle half of that ilurn, it may he readily inferred how snch iluetuuJious
affeeted all our dOlllflStic trade. In this eonucction it is well to rClllember
tItat the jollber huys of the itnporter, who pays in gold; that thejobber
sens for enrrency, anü his pnrchasel', as \Vell as himself, is guilled by tIte
valne of gold at tlH~ time ¡ aud that profits may be lost if gold rises be,
tween the time ofselling a11d time o±' payllleut. It ,vill also be l'emembel'ed
that the tariff dnes are payahle in gohl, and the price of the al'ticles
imported depends on the price of gold.


The minority are, there[ol'e, Illore anxious to point out the sonrees of
these terrihle evils than to fix npOll ally man, 01' set of men, the íStigma
of cOllspirators against the commOll weal. vVe are williug' to admit that
the parties are aU that imagination mtll paint of lLllSCl'npnlolls men; amI.
yet, stopping hen~, there can no good resnlt from this investigation.
vVhether Corhin's illlloeellcy of the plot be aLlmitted 01' dellied; whetber
as Fisk says there "never was any nnderstlmding regal'lling a (',Ol'ller in
gold;" 01' whethel' he over " hall a word 01' not with auy human being on
the subject, cxeept with COl'bill ;" ,yltether, as Gould tpstifieR, lw ollly
jntended to I'un gold np to 37 OI' 40, hnt t,hat it was rnn np withont his
aid 01' wisIl by "frightened hears who jumped over each others' sholll·
del's for it;" whcther Fisk was in with Gould 01' Hnttcrileld, or with
oithor of them ; 01' Cathenvood with neUher; 01' whetbel' Speycrs played
his insane part as the broker 01' Fisk or of Belden; an this is inco11se,
qllential cornpared to tite iuquiry: "Row did the go,'pl'lllllent poliey
affect these disasters; and how may snch disasters lJe al"erted in the
futul'e '?"


The minority join with tbeir colleagues in recommel1(Iing somo logis,
lation upon this suhject; hut titey eallllot fail to spe how impotent aU
legislation will lJe, so long as agents of the govcl'nment and their Ollt,
side eonfederates can know with "eertaint.r" :lllll cOll1Hlunieate with
ease thc jntelltions alld comluct of the fiscal aflieers i11 al! vallee of lmlJ,




GOLD PANIC JNVESTIGATION. 465


lie int'ol'Itlatioll; or 110,,", lwillg addsed of sueh iutelltioll alld eOllduct in
ad vanee by a eareless nnd unpracticnl R,Ystem, they ma;v adapt their
plans to t11e exig-elleies oí' w11ieh they are ¡¡d"ised. AH sueh legislation is
flltih· RO IOllg as a polie,)" i8 pursued by the Secretar.}' of t1le Treasury
wldch (l.dt'i.~e8 81/ch (/gcnt8 (///([ the ]Jubliclclwt to e,rpect ((8 to 8((les of flold,
so that RpN:lllations llla~- proeccd wit11 safety. lUr. Catherwood de-
scribes our lllcauÍlIg' when he states tIlat tIle hasis of their original plan
wa" tltat there wonlrl be Rtahility in tIte sales of gold, as an aRsurall0e
1'01' flafe ol'el'atioTls.


It is possiblo fo1' snch eOlllbinatiollfl to Rlt('(:ep(l en'll bette1' tltan tlle
one 1l0W iuycstigated, HO loug as t11e treasnr~' is fnIl of goId, amI flO loug
:lfl the hl'ad oi' the 'l'l'easnr~- ('au dispose of it at pleaRul'e, as npon his
llrcsent plan. 'ro reJlled~- tIle cyi! \\'e RllOUld 1m H', tirst, no such omnip-
otence, over the enrrenc.", lllal'kets, allcl illterests oí' t11e lleople; no snch
supreme control ycstcll in any one, 11O\,e,e1' hone¡;t in illtention, 0'-1.'1' tlle
results of ou1' industries; and, ¡;pcollfl, 110 sehellling- amI untrustworthy
flubordiuatp oftieiaIs, amlllo llossibility o±'such applÍflllcPs amI allproaches
t.o the hcad of thc g'O\~ernJllCllt, whieh t11is iUYI'lstig-atioll rCYl'als.


Tltere ifl l10tlJing -IH'Ove(l in tItis illYt'stig'atioll so clearly as tlJis fact:
Tltat tlw scltcmel's l'clied and riflked (beíl' fortulleR absollltcly 1l])01l t11eil'
belief oí" wlwt tIJc gOyernmPllt ,,'ollld clo. MI'. Uonl<l f;UyR tltat tIte
w]¡o]n Rp('(~ulatioll WilS basetl llpon the belief tbat tIte gOH'l'llmellt wa"
llOt gOillg to seIl gold. He say:-; that he hall gootll'eason to snppose "ir
was the Jloliey oi' tlw ndmilli¡;tl'atiOlI to let gold ,york np nlltil aftt'r tlJe
fall el'Opfl \\,(~l'e ll10H'Il, aml that ]le IIp,el' would ha ye gOIlC illto the
movement uulp:-;s he liad so 1Ielie,c(1.7' He asselt:-; tItat JUl'. Corllia had
hecollle ve1';y llltlf'h intp1'esipcl in tIte "CrOl)" theory; it hacl heeome a
1ll0llolllania \yith him, amI that. after yal'Íoús illten-ie"-fI witll COl'bin
<1u<1 witIt tbp l'1'esüle11t, tlle latter fl'Olll heing a "eoutractioni¡;t" Iwc1
"ehallgpd !tis yie\YS ;" tItat tIte Presidpllt remal'ked "that the goYeru-
lllPllt \\'ould do llothiug during' tIte faHmouths oi' the ;year to pnt dOWll
tIte púen 01' gold Ol' llwlm IllOlll';Y tight. On the eOlltl'Ury, titey "-Ollh1
do cYerythillg' to facilita te the 1ll0YCIllcnt 01' hreadstuffs." 'rbe Prpsident
g'<tYC !ti" l'casolts to ::\11'. nould \dly he mmI(l uot sell gold. He Raid to
'}lr. Uorhill tlJ:lt JIl'. HOlltwell lIad giyen HU onle1' to seH, amI t!tat he
Coullte1'mH1H1ed it, ami that afü'rwanl JIr. Doutwell aCllniesced in tlle
I'n'sülcnt's views. That JIr. Gould mlfl l'ight is eyidpllCed lJ~' l\lr,
HOlltwell'fI testilllOlly Itel'eillaftel' (¡uoted. On tIlese aS"Ul'allCeS 1\11'.
(;on1(1 l'iflked Iargely. He bOllgllt g'olll 1'01' Jlr, COl'bin OH amI after
these nSimnmeeR 01' the l'residf>llÍ. These atlsurances of tlw l'l'esiclellt
wcre ]'('peate(l to ?lf1', Gonld ou tlle tIlínl illteniew whiel! he relates.
}Inrt'()\'el', a letter was wl'ittell, as JI!'. (;onlll states, to MI', BoutweH hy
tIte l)l'(~sidpllt, in I'pÜ'l'ence to t1lis mattpl'. This is doubt1ess tite lettcr
on the ~th of f)C'jltcmbel'. It ,,-as intended as a eonnter-blast against
tlll' "beal''','' wIto wv1'e io .line JIl'. Boutwcll in ~ ew York. In lml'sn-
:wee of the "ame plall the Ictter of Corbin was (1i;c.;patehed by Fisk to
tIle l'l'esidellt at. "\Vasllington, l'ellllsyh-allill, That Ietter is 1l0t tle-
flel'ibt~1l hY COl'bill alHl Gouhl1l1ikt,. In itt; alJsenec 01' deíltruetioll the
testimoll~; of tlle Pl'¿~si(lellt ,,'as iucli"ppnsible to SllOW fnrther "hat rdi-
ance \Vas plneell by the se!temers 011 tlw g'oYel'lllncnt aid. That testi-
lllOUy i" l'd'uReü ; lmt oí' tlmt hCl'eafter.


l\lr. Fü;k eOllfirms tlonld's :-;tatemcnt ai; lo tIlPil' illlplicit l'cliance on
t11c adlltini'iLratioll 1'01' 11teil' sneeOl'. He testitied aIso that BLlttel'llPltl
was cOllsitlt,l'cÜ "allilllpOl'tant." "1 eould see," he RayR, "that jf they
had a elailll OlJ Itiltl, if he got, tite ]H'W:-; 111'st, he would giye it to thelll,"
* * * ¡, Bntterfie1ü kept sending dOWll word to 1\11'. Gon1<1 that


H. Hep. 31--30




466 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


oyerything \Vas all right." SO S<l,'lK 11r. }<'iKk. ~IJ'. (;o1'bin told him
"tbat J¡lK (Co1'hin's) arTang'emcnts ,,'ith General Ol':lllt \\'(,I'P pel'ff'et."
!Le adnd, :tK he s\Veal's, Oll w1lat Cm'hilJ llIl(l his wil'· tolel 1Iim. Uf'
:3weal'S tltat COl'bin was in tIle plot beeause oí' his l'('1atioll to tite g'uYern-
lllellt oí1kials. Uilles:> Fisk s\\'l'an; tu lit's ¡w t1!(. wllnksal!', hf' \\':IS HlOSt
apprehpllSiye of g'O\'l'l'lllllellt i11tprfeI'elWO "'ith tllpir ]IÜUl. "1 saiel to
Gould, if \n' b01lgllt, golü np tIte gOW'J'1Il1]('llt ,nllllü llll!oall t IIdr g'old
OH 10 us." Saiü he, "'l'IIat is al! tixpd." TIl(~L'!'('sillellt \\'lIS th('ll JJI
the eit,\". .( COl'bill lms got Bnttl'l'tielel amI Grant alll'ight. COl'llinlta"
pre"'lill'd OH (;rant to ltlake it 145." 'ro ('nllJinu Fü;k, COl'hin (';\lllf' out
aud ~aid, •• }Il';';. (}rant lJad all illtel'est." COl'hill said, " r OH ll('(·.l not
hayo tI!e k;¡st 1'('ar." 'l'his waK ill ans\\'l'l' to lile ,,'11f'1l l as]':pd him
wh('llI('1' lhe gon'l'llment would llnlmtfl OIlUS. 1 tht'1I Raid,"] W:IlIt to Imow
whdll(']' \"hat l\Il'. (lonl<llws toM me is trne; r wallt to kllm\' ,yltether
yOI1 hayo sent the t\Yl'llty-tiYe t]¡ousanÜ (lo11~\I'K lo \\':!"üingtoll.
as 11P :-ltat<~s; lw tlwlI told llle lw ha<l sent it," Fol' flll'tlwr eOll-
Jirmatioll of tllis part of the plan to rel,\' OH goY(~mIr\('llt ll(']p, ,n' l'efá
10 ttH' illterestingextradR, mark('(l A, Ü'om Fi"k's statplIlPllt. (~P(~llot(',
pp. ,j,'jG-4'j'j.) Thp,Y pnrpol't to giyp illterviews ~\1ld _('OII\'('I':":ltiOlI:> lH'-
tweell Fí::;k an¡1 (:Ol'hill, i1l sOll1e oí' ,yhil'h 1\I1's. Corbin is al1pg'pd to. tak('
parto DIJe a!l(]('tl]lf'l' aSSllrall(~(,R of pxeell1.i"p aid to tlw 11I';.;ita! illg' Fisk.
'rll('se int('l'Yi(~\\'", if 1I0t trne altogdhl'J', llaye sOllle Y¡·l'i:.;illlilitllde, :1,-;
tlll'y tlllmillnte in t]¡p (li:>pateh 01.' Cmbill"t; lett!'!' to tllt' l'n~:.;illellt at
\V:!SiJillgloll, l'l'llll;.;yh~!lIia. :!Jl(l in a jOlln](',Y l.y tlw wOl'tll~- COllp](', 1\11',
aJl(ll\ln;, (;Ol'llill, in thp uigllt :lml iJl 11~IRt(', to \Vnshillgton, 1). C. H
\\'as llot tilll!Jr' <'lill!ax 1¡:l<llwt'1I n~¡\('lIpd, Hlll1" eyery manlw<l to (1r:lg'
out lli:-l Olí 11 ('Olp:-;e," (Fi~k,) tltat tlli:'\ ll'1ialle:üollthe ex('(mtin'as"j"hllH'1'
"re' IllH f.o Ila HI lü iled.


,VhetIwl' Fi"k fahl'ieate" tlwt'l' statplIll'ntK Ol' not, it. i" (:('rtnin that
tIte "eoll~j)iratorfi" r('lie<1 Oll thiK aid to 1I1f' las!' \\'Itl'I]¡p]' tlIpy lJall
snffkipllt ]'C'aSOll for SU(·lt l'pliall('p, \\'l' do Ilot Hin\' (~()II¡.;i(1('1'; 110]' i" it. l1l'(',
('s~ar,\', ill onr yi('\\', to (,()Ji;~id('l' at all


Nor <lo('>; Cm'bin in !ti" 1(',,;tiIIl01l,)' eXl'l'e~Rl,\' dl'lly tlJal 1i1i" I'Pliallc¡'
wa" :1'1l:1l't oí' the plall. \YlIih~ ,,'Ü al'P as l'eady to ;1('e',I']It ri;.;k~" statl·,
menf,.; :\;; tho8e of Corbin-<1l1¡1 110 ]llore ]'('¡llh-\\,ü Jilld in tIti" lIlattef
that CmlJiu, tIte ltrotlH'r·in-la\\' nI' the 1'1'('"ill(~!lj, alTangp:-l frf'f!U('lll nH~('t­
ings for Oonlll ",it11 tllP 1'1'{'si(lent; tllat botlt llpOll the steamhoats 01'
()oultl alll! Fisk allll ill (;o1'\)ill'" hOllse, lIte; fllllp"t eOlllllluniea1.ioll takcH
phwo with the Pl'e~idpJlt. rt. :IP]lt'aT'S, aI:-;o, that. UOl'hin <le:-ligm'(l tn ]lre-
SPlIt )1r~. Gnmt soml' Rtoe1\::-; a,; pml.\' ns .Jnly, "(mly to p1e:1';p Id:> Ki8ter-
in-law;" aJl(I, aHhouglt ::\11'. Uml.ill cOllld llot RC(\ "\vhal a littIn iutendeü
gift in stock s last snmInel' had to do \"ith g'old tinctnatioll:'\," the HOllS('
únd tite ppople \\'illllOt 1'ail Lo f«'(' that ii was BOt altogcthe1"HII illsigllifi-
cant gratnity by a 10yiJlg' brotll('l'-in-Iaw to plea:-:e his :-;istc'l',ildaw. lt
had some little taillt or seltisl\l1csK, thongh it may bo the (ll'sig'ner \ya"
uncoTlseions of it. \Vltv 1\11'. (~o1'hin HhonId cal! ill his \rife to tl18 las1,
agonizing' ll1teniew WitIl these ¡;ehemel's, befare they ",ellt to \Va81Iillg--
ton OH tltt'ir pilgrimagf', is HR mneh oí' a myste!'y as the hast,\' c1i~patth
oí' lettl'rK to tite diKtant Pl'cKi(lclIt. Thp lflystnl','{ iR ollly solyp<l Oll the
theory that the schemers l't>1ied on goyernmeut aid to tlw ver,\' lasto \Ve
are left in thü dark as to ho\\' the l'res;clent !c'anw(] or Corhi¡¡'1'l ~::ol<l
specnlatiun:-;, 110 ,yas so 1';\1' fi'nm th(' ,,('('neo \Ve are nt a ¡mm to m;dcl'-
staTHl tlw \'iolC'lIt apfleaIR lll<ld(~ hy COl'bill in the committee room 1.0 tlw
Almight,V against a, mem ber of Uongre"s penet.rating hy qnestions illto
llis dC8igns as to the purehai'ü of bond:-, &c" ti)r the President'" !lom;!'-
hol<1 i Hll<l er¡nally at a Im;H to llIH[pl'staud wlJy hn H]I]lC'ale<l to t!w l,(,SO-




GOLD l'ANIC I~VESTIGATION. 467
lutiOll of tllis 1l0nse to pl'otect hilll from amnvel'ing" fluel"ltiollS lwaring Oll
I:mch dC'¡:.;igns; amI stil1 1II0re pnzzlerl at his prcvarication amI evasion in
not anl"lwl'l'illg' t]¡e halL' !lozcn qncstiom~ n¡:.; to tlle anthorshil1 of the "Sis"
letter,* l111lcss "pOlI 111(' lJypotlH'sis tlwt aU t1le plottel's ill tbis selfish
SChelllP, illeIndillg COl'hin hilllRelf, 1'eli('11 OH tlw assiRtance of the admiu"
istl'a.tioll. l'laill ppople ,\~jll wOllüer, flurllloor people wiIt be astollil"lhed,
that t11is mall COl'bilJ s]¡on1fl ('oo11y take Olle-ltalf minion of gold to bis
wife's el'prlit, as plll'dl~~"l'r from Gonlc1, aud titen aguin a million 11101'e-
~ll foI' ltis ,rife, an<l all •. eOllJlllelltially ;" eOllJldentially, bef'anse "it
wonld hUl't ]¡illl if it camo ont"-H' he rlir1 not rcly OH tlte goyernment
ltelp to illllatc goltl, SD as to l'en1ize llJlon his patriotie trop theory.
Shrewc1 people "npoll the stref't," eVPll, ,rill be astonisheü that he Sl1C-
eecded in getting from Gonld $~.),OOO cash, which he c]rft,ly 11iLl in bis
tmnk on a eheek I'eqniring amI receiYing no signatnre of 11is, amI ming-
ling with jt anothel' $1,000, so as to make it 8~6,OOO, amI tlms conceal
the trammetioll-unless he l'endered somo aid 01' gaye somo eonsidera-
tjOll. Xor will the \n)Ju]pl' eease that, arter t11e matter m18 bI'uited, his
wi(e 8110nh1, to use ltjs own lallgnngt', "pref('l' a HPttlement to a lnilliant
offl'l''' of $l()(),OOO moI'P 01' prolits never earned hy !lis etTortH. vVhat
eouhl tlta1. ¡.;elTicp amI ('(Jl1Si(!cr:ltioll he, lllll('s:;; it was in c01l11t'etioll with
¡he EX(,f'lltin', in imlll'('SSjllg 11is "ero])' tlteol'."-" of Íllrlatillp; gohl'?


T!tN(, j,.; ll'ot :1 p:lltü~le ot' tbttbt hnt tlmL C:H'hin \\~a" iIlLpmstp(], alHt
his róle ,nt"R tltat oí' proC1ll'illg' tlll' ;li<1 oí' the Pn'sirkllt fuI' his tlteory.
Bnttel'fielfl lliIlIS(']L' [l'¿Jllkl\- states to Gonld ,. t]¡at he knew t1te yiews :l1l<1
[lolie:voí' tlw g:OY(·.]'llltll·llt "\v{,l'P tlla(, ilH',Y \nmhlllot spJl :w.y p;old ulltil
after t1le ('ron,.; ,,'erl\ ;;(,lIt to tll(\ mal'1,c:." \Vho cUllüilmtefl to tllis
poli(~y 111l1p~s 'it ,,"as l\Il'. Corbin ?


'l'itat tltis \ras tht' pulie~- illlpl'f'i'is(·d llpOll tltn Pr('~iilt'llt hy t1lis pel'ti-
naeÍolls sdlellu'r is placerl bC'yOlltl tlJe Sh:ldow oí' a tlonbt, b~- tllo C01'-
1'l'Sll()]U1l'IH'(' bd\H'PIl tl[(\ Presitle!lt :11](1 the Sceretary oI' tIte '1'1'(,:1SUI'.)'.
The Pl'e.'iillPnt, "it]¡el' fl'o!ll com·ictioll oí' the fe<lsibility am1 ntility oí' tilo
el'Op tlll'Ol'Y, Ol' f'mlll lli" 1tuliil'crellce amI illattentioll to the desigut<
nndf'rlying' it, :H'('('pkt1 it. !Iü !len']' int!\llikrl tlwt golr1 shoulll g'o
dO\l'II. (,ollhl di¡l 1:01. ('xpo('t it. la t11i¡:.; \Vas tho rf':lliz:üion of 11is plun .


• J:J'irilclji'(}liI Corvin·.' !",timoli!! .
. , (l. Di,l ;>"()u, al'1"l' tItH" ~h()w lmy lctt<'l' to ~J¡-. C:oul,l, n','clv<,tl fto:n lmy mell!ht'I' of


:h"l'n,.;i<!elll·" f:lIl1il~'?-"\. 1,lilt-y"". I should >f'Y that th:¡t i, nnt the JI!tr:!"eology.
¡ ditlllot ~¡II)\\" :1ny l<'ttl']', hnt I 1'('1,,1 to him RO nllll 'o.


"Q. \Vllat <li(1 ~~()ll I'l'1l<1 to hilll !-A. \Vell, 1 do Hut kJl()\Y. Let llH! try m~~ memo!'y.
tt waH a lett('l' ~Yritteu to lli,\' \\ ifl'-\\'l'itten in g'l\.\a~ di~Ln' . ..;~,


.1 ny )11' .• JOXE';:
"Q. \Yl'iitCll U," whom'!--A. H was wl'itlen hy '~i,:
"(l. \\~ho e-A" lt. "'''" writt,'ll in a lllllT~~-an ai1'ectionate Jptter, written in haste.
"Q. \VllO \\Tote tlw ll'lt(']' '~--A. 1 llUl l\l1 ",ycl'ing as H])('citlcally as hUlllan phl'aseology


cau Üo ¡t.
"By 1.11'. JelJIJ:


.. Q. \Yho do yOll 1110:111 hy , BiK' ·:-A. 1 "m (,"]lhining.
"t¿. lon (~an Htat" tIle' llaille I-A. 1 am explaillillg, ami cannot do it any better tban


1 HIn <1oill~ h.
"Q. \VilJ YOU allRwcr that I¡u"stinll 'I-A. 1,\'jl1. 1 ,,-ill not evade it, nol' am 1 capa-


lJlc of (wasiol1.
"Q. \YllO dtl yon nwall ¡,y' s¡s' !-A. 1 lllealL .iusL w]¡nt 1 sayo That waB the signa-


ture to the l .. ttp\,. 1 am so agitatetl; antl 1 wi~h the committee wO!lId notice 1 am a
little excited-very weak amI very 1101'Y0[18. 1 am perfectly brok8u dOW11, and tllcl'e is
Lut a w1'cck len. A l..tter "anle then:, :18 1 \y,,~ ~ayiJlg, sigllell 'Si8;' I llave 110 doubt
abont it., hee:tllse th:tt iH th\l "'ily in \\'1Ii,,11 tho~e we;;terll b<lies write; they sit ,lo\Vn
and wI'Íte a Hot,· allll Si¡ÓH, 'In hast ... -Sis.' 1 llever receiY<'<l a let,ter from her, anu
t::J.nnot H\Yt"U' tu the [¡alltlwl'itillg 01' it, bllt h:l\'" 110 (\ouut of it."




468 GOLD PANW IN,'ESTIGATION.
Unconscionsly, 01' eonscionsly, the Prcsideltt in ltiK lettl'l's to ¡¡Ir. Bont-
weH worked in nnison with thc conspiraton;.


nOLn RESERYE, ETC.


It is impossiblc tu lll'('yellt largo amonnts of gol.! fl'OIll acclllllula! illg
in tbc treasury, espceiaUy nnder onr prescnt Sy"tClll of tal'iffs amI pnlJlie
debí. lt is a pf'rtillent inquiry, therefol'e, ,,'lncll tllc millority desire to
make: how mueh gohI SllOU]Ü he l'etained ill tlw tl'eatmry as a reserve,
and in what nUUlller shonld the ~mrp]ns be disposed on Tllesc an°
among tlte diftielllt q uestiolls ~wllÍc1t ariRe in t!w adminiRtratioll of the
Trcasur,\' Departmcnt, in the prcsent llllfortl11latc alltl allo!Uolns condi"
tion oi" the enrrellcy. It is impol'tant to Icnow 110w the pl'csellt SyStClll
originated. 'l'he yiews aJl(1 aetiollR of the n~(~Pllt SeerC'tary (l\lr. Meenl-
10ch) in dealillg' with them are thus cxplained in bis l'eports to COllgress.
111 his l'eport oí' Decelllbel', 18tJtJ, he rem:lrked, that in order to se cure
st('adilless in tIle mnrket ",hile lHlsille~s was eOlHll1del1 Oll a paper hasit>.
tltf>re must he power in tIle Tl'easury to preYellt snccet>sflll eombination,..;
to hring" a hont tinduatiolls fOl' purely r<peenlati \'e purposes. He thollght
sp~cie payments w('re uot to he attaineü hy a1l aeelllfllllatic)]) oí' COill ill
tIle treaslll'y, to he paül ont at a future da.r in tlle redelllJltion oí' g'OH\l"II-
ment obligatiollt-', l/nt mthpr by quickf'lled ill(lustry, iuel'eased prodllc-
tion, alld 10wer prices, ,,'11ieh alOllt' conlll Illake ns a ereditol' allll Hot :1
(]C'hior n:l!.ioll.


In his repol'Í oi' ])eeelllher, 18GS, ([lag!Os -J-i'l-D,) Jw Ilse<l th(~ follo\\'illg
langnage:


It \Yas, m"l (,()l1sLmtly 1m" l¡('('ll, th('l'efol'(" th" ailll of tlH, S(\('!'t,t:IlT so to aüminister
tlw Tl'easnl'y, \\"hil" bOlTowing lllone.\' an(l fnlltlillg tite t,'m]>omry ohligatiolls, as t ..
)ll"l'yellt a eOlllHIl'l"eial el'iús, amI to kee}J tite busilless 01' tl", eoulltry as steaüy :" \Yas
11088ib1e Oll tJ¡e hasis of aH irretl('(·muhh· amI (,ollstantly 11nl"fm\tillg ('lllT,'nry. \Yhdlter
his effmts han\ ('OIlÍrihllt(',! to this I'UÜ Ol' not, he ,lot'~ llot 1ll1l1t'l'tak,o to Hay; 1ml tlw
faet ís llllf[llediolle(l tllat a gl'l'at \\:11' has been dos,',l, Jal'ge loan8 ha\"(, lW"1I dt"d~d"
IH':lYy n,Yelllll'S haye ¡leell et)lleded, anll ~OllW t.llÍl'tcl'U ]¡lllllll'",l lllilliollS oi" ,lo]Jan; (Ir
tl'lllpnl'al'y ohligatious have ])el'U paiLl or fUlHl('t[, aJl(l a great ([..lIt lJl"tJllght iuto man-
ageable shalw, not only ,,-ithont a ¡¡lIaudal crisis, lmt wHhullt all)' ,\istllrh:m('t) to tlt.'
o\'(li11[\ry hnsillcss of the cOlmtry. '1'0 ar,"0ll1plish these tltillg's sllceessCllll)', LIte ~eerl'­
tal'y (l"(,lllel1 it uecl'ssal'y 1hat the Treaslll'.\" sllOll1(1 he ke!,L l'OUsralltly in a strnng ('on-
tlition, with po\\"('r to pl'llYent t.lw cl'etlit oi" the g-Il\'el'n'lllt,n1 :m,l tite gl'eat íuter!',t, (l¡"
the people fl'Olll being I,laeed [\t tlw 111"1'("Y of :111 ,'I'l'se illlllll'llees. Kotl,~ithstalltlj¡'g tll,'
lllagnitlHle al1l1 rh:lraet"l' of tlw l1ebt, tbi" pOlyer ll,,' Tri'aslll"y has, fur tho bst tlll"""
years, jlosses"ell; ami il !ta, U('('I/ Ihe n"ell k/lo/CII (')"¡8Iell('(', rathl'1' titan t.lte excreise of jI.
whic!t h:1H, in rqwated instmll'e8, san'd tlle conlltt)' fl'Olll p:lllie iUlIl tlisilstcr. The p;ol.l
]"'Sl'l,\"(', tlH' 1Il:1illtl'll:lllCI' of whieh has ;;nh.il'l'fcü tlw Secretar," to cons.tant an<l hitt,'r
nilicisJll I has gin,ll a cOllli<ll'llCe to the ho1<lel's oI on1' ol'Clll'ities, :1.t home a])(l ahroa<l.
lly the constallt e\"Í,kncc whie\¡ it e"hihit(',l of the ailility of tlte gO\'l'l'Illllent, witho111
,ll'pen<lillg ll]lOll lmrrha."l's in tite lll:Jlkt't, to ]lay (he intel'est 111)J)1l the ]lllhlie lIe1>t. :111.[
a steadilll'SS lo tnllll', lJy ]Irc\'elltillg \'ioleut tltll'tllatiouR in the cOllYcrtible yahu' 01" lJ¡"
rurrency, which hal"e bl'l'll a more thall illllple e(llll]lCllSalioll to tltl' ('Olmfl'y ti,]' an;~
loss of illterl'st that may have h"(,1I sustailleü t.hereby. lf the gol,l in t[IO t1','asllry
had 1>eeu sold llown to \\'11at ",as allsolut.Ply lle('.(k<l fol' the pa)"lll('lIt (Jí' thc illlel'l'st on
the 1mblic debt, ]Jot 01l1y \\"0111,1 tlll' pnhlie er(',lit have h"elL l'llll:l1lg,'re,l, hu!. tltp 1'111'-
relley; :lUd, eousequelltly, the eutire hnsilless oí' t.he countl'j' wOlllel han, I)!"'ll ,'O!l-
stant1y suhjcct to the (l<Illgerom, po\\"er 01' specnlati\'l' cOlllhinatiolls.


}'rolll tllese extracts it 'Till appear, fll'st, that the fornwl' Secrct ar~~
kept a, reserve oí' coin, to stcady lnu-;Ílless; that he reg;anled tIte loi"s ill
interest more than made up in pre\'elltillg' lleav.)u 10SH(~S to tilo CO\llltry.
He regardcd his power to seU <1K ilHlispensalJle to ]1reYellt COlllbinatiollS
fol' fluctuations alld speenlations. He llaR al"o Rold gohl to raise eur-
reney whell necded, ~lIld to Raye the papel' ('lllTClle~' fl'OIll (leprp(~iati()ll.
\VhateYcr \Ye lllay thillk oí' tllis illllnensp pm\'er, lodged in the brca;.;t. oí'
the SeerC'tary, it ltlllRt be eoufes;;eLl tbat there \Yas gnoat fl'ce(lolll f'rolll




GOLD PANIC üIVESTIGATION. 469


slwenlatioll alld palli(· lllH1C'1' tlic poli('y of tIte laH' t::lecrt>Ütry. His op·
I'ratiolls are w(']l d('"crihe(1 in tlIe follo\\'illg' ('xtraet rrolll 1Iis rC'pol't 01'
1.')6.') :


Simila!' (,olllpl:lillt ha,,, al,,,, 1"',,11 IlLlttlt· uf tIH' lJl:llllH'!' ill ,d.id. ,~(lltl :UI,1 11011ds have
hee1l disllOs,'¡¡ 01', h,'· \Vl,at h"" l'''''l! ,tyll'll "SC'(,!,l't sales;" "1lI1 )'pt l']'('ei"ely the same
I'om",,' l!as b("'1I l"mm('d ill tll,'S(, sal"R that ('al'pfll! and lll'lH!Pllt lllt'1l JIu)'",,' ,,'lto seH
on tlH~iJ' 0\\'11 rll'(·Ol1llt. TJw Nal(~~ ha\'(~ lW(,lL Llultlu whell eUl'l'('llc\r ""as llm~(lt"}d. antl
pri,'",,; \n'!'e saiisractol'~'. 11 /I'(/S 1101 evu"idl'l'ed 11"8" (Ir jJl'/llIolt lo IIdl'i",: Ih ,Icalas }J}'('~i8('ly
jc/¡eu aJ/d tu !clwt ((mOHJlt ~((lrfi 11'(;)'(' 10 bf JIi(fdt, (llO ::-;:111(' lll:lll Opt'l'ntillg 011 llü; (nYI1 aceount
\\'o1l11l 11:1\'1, ,lolle tIti",,) 1m! al! sales of g'o11l ha,',' 1",ell litad" in the ol,,'nlllal'kd, and
oC hOlHls hr ag;('llh~ 01' tlu· aSki~tallt 1n'a.'mrpl' ill ~~P'\' York, in tltt' onlillary \U.l)'. ,,·ith
" v¡"\\' oi' "btaillillg' tlt" Y"l'Y I"'st 1Il'i,'l's. amI \vit!t t!t,· 11':"t l'""ihlt, ,li,tnr],allce 01'
hll~iIlP~,"'.


Fl'ClIll the:,;e extraets, nnll ti:Ulll o!lipl' passages in his l'PpOl'ts, it ap-
pcars tltat MI'. ~lCClllloch comüdpl'('(1 ii to l)(~ tIte I1nt,'- oí' tl1(' gOW'l'll-
lIlt'llt, while it ];:t't'ps il1 ein:nlatioll a lal'ge yolnme of llotes-which,
altltonglt üt'prl'('iatl'll, an' still the legal stau<lal'll oí' "ahH', all(l ~\Ylticlt
the 1!p0])1\' an~ eOllllll'J]('!l to l'eeein' HllIlllSP as "J;nyfnl lllolle,Y':-to pre,
Yellt, hy tlle use of aH pJ'opel' l\lC'alls, tIwil' 110tes fl'OIll beillg llC'llreciaipü
ni' k('pt (',oustautly HndnaLing in yaltw hy specnlati\-e illtlllellees and
cOlllI.illatioll". :\11'. :\[cCnlloch t]¡ongltt, aIso, wlten gold >Ya:,; to lJP sold
fol' tllü pnl'jlo!;e of sUl'pl,Ying tlIe ÜI'Ht3tll'} \riiIl clllTeney, Ol' of l'Ü(leelll-
iug gO\el'lllllent obligatioll", t1lat tIw "ah~s sllOnlr1 he maLlC' in t11e maulle1'
;l!loptp(1 1)y lillsinC's" mell, with thc yie\Y of ohtainiug fnll cnrrent pricps.


The pl'eSellt t)eel'ctm'~- C'utel'taim; difr(~rellt \'Íp",S of the duty uf tlle
g'overnm(mt in l'cgal'll to its eil'enlating 110t('~, mllllw llaS adopted a dif-
ferent course in the sale of gold. He tlIinks that tIte gowl'Illnent has
nothing to do with thc "money market," not wiUlstal1!liug it has il! eil'en-
lation four ltundred milliolls ofi1're<leemah1e legal-tender uotes, tlte appre-
eiation 01' dellreciation of which affeets cvcry man's uusiness aIJÜ tlH'
yalne oí' e,~el'y man's pl'operty t1lrougllOnt tIte lengtlt aud ureadth of tIw
t'oulltry. I1l this rell1ark \Ve may cxcept the Paeifie States alld the Ter-
l'itories, wltere gold is the circulating mediulll. These fOil!' lllludred mil-
liom; of íJa]l(~1' lll()ll(~y lllay be largely apprcciated 01' depreeiated in their
convertihle yaIue b~~ dea1ers in llloney;who are enriehed by the very fiuetu-
atio1ls ~\Yhich are so danluging to lf'gitillmte lmsiness. He thinks it also
",ise to l10tify (lealt'1's il1 l1(lvance oí' the time at which sales willue malle,
and the amollllt tltat win he so](1, tlms, ",lwn 1lot intendillg it, giVÜlg to
them ihe informalioll tlwy nec(l; that thus t1ley may make profits at
tlle (,xI)(>I1;;e of tlw publico It will be be1'e observed frolll tltc testimony
(Jf t!JP ])1'('s('l1t t::lt'Cl'etar,Y, as weH as that 01' Geuf'l'al Bnttel'fieId, that
¡'rOlil a Illi,,!ak(,ll poli .. .\' Ol! t11e pm't oí' tllc Seeretal'y-aml may he Hpon
tl1(' :l11Yi(,<, (ji' ]¡ ¡;; :'o:lIbonlillate-t1lis opell, plallsible plllJ1ieity as to golü
,.;al{·s \Yas :tlloptc(l. !lO\\' rlltile it, \ya", ahl1lHIantl,'- ap]lear,.: wlH'1l the
tl'stilllOHy oí' hl'okt'l'" a!H1 telegl'<tllher¡;; i" l'etHl. Thel'e i~ 1l0t a llonht
npOll thl' minds 01' the luillOrity tbai t]¡('S(~ opell lll('''tiag(~" \\'('1'P ill SOlllP.
lllystp1'iollS way, 110t llllI';1\'eled h,\" tlle eOllllnittee, kllO\nt to ('('rtain par,
tips ill \Vall stl'(,(·t ,llld t]¡e g'old-roolll, amI "UllOll the s!l'e(~t," (ll'fol'e their
pnhIieatioll to the \\'orhl. Tlte Üld. tlwt th('s(~ lllessagps eonld lw lmowll
amI t1w llu)(le 01' tllpj¡' (li\'1l1g'enH'l1t eOllcC'aIed by the appal'('nt fairlless
!'lllplll,Yt'(l, ma,\' llH\'e be('ll OIlC oí' tll(' iJl(ll1cemf'llts lo tlte rOl'lllation oC
tIte plot. '


}low, \Yllile \Ye (lo uot <lesire 1\01' illtellll to impnte imjll'ol'el' llloti\"e¡.;
to tlte Secretar.)', llOl' to impngn his illtegrity, ,re cauuot o\,pl'look t11p
fact thnt it \Yas tbis polie~- of tIw Seel'l'tary, ((lul hi¡; e.xpeetrd adherence to it
11 U del' Exeentive illtltwllces, tltat 1erl to t11e C0111 binatioll of speculatol'S t'or
a(}yalleing tlw lll'iee 01' gold, 01' ratlter to <lppl'pciat p lJ llited Statps !lotes.




470 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.
This mueh tite lllajority shouIel haye saiel in traeillg the ol'igill aud charaeu.'r
oft,he panic, whieh it has been made tIte uuty of this eonlluittee to investi-
gate. Tllis eOlll bination depreeiated the propel'ty of the conntry to tIH'
rxtl'nt orillan)" llIillionsof (lollal's. H gayo a sIHwk io hmünpss fl'Olll whiclt
it has uot yet. l'ecoyered. Jt rnilled hundreds of nwn wIlO lt:l<l llO ('ouuee-
tioIls with it. It east snspieious UpOll Olll' highest otlieiaIs, whieh is 01'
itself 11 loss 01' e1'e(lit alHl yaInrs t.o tlw eOllllh'y. It has eOlltl'ibnted
to the sprea<l of extra\'agance alld sJleclllatiou-Llebaueltillg' t he llloraIi'
of traele, while atl'ecting all tlle "aInes 01' illdllstl',\'.


What tIw lossee; are, ineident amI eO!1SP(lllPllt, lIpOll tIli,., mo(le oí' sell-
illg gold ullder snch eombillations auü cireumstallees, i1le PlllillPIÜ 1111'1'-
ehantR amI otlWl'S wlto ,rere before lIR han~ SllO\rn: .:\lr. Lo\\- He; to
t'oreigll trade, J\Tr. Opdyke as to dOllle8tic tratle, ;\ll(l ot.llen; ae; tn a1l OH\'
illtel'estR, haye spokell.


As to the polioy that should !lo IU'l'cafh'I' pUl'imeü in the sales of p;ov-
ernrnt'nt gold, if these sales are to be coutilluetl, it ü; 1l0t tlle (lllt,y oí" tIte
eOillmittee to ad vise. '['he minori ty are, ho\YeYer, 01' the opiuioll tllat tlw
power to make sales shonld llot be left to the tlie;(~retioll of HUy oiticer,
no matter ho\\' able alld honest he lllay be. lt Rhoulcl be l'egulated by
law. 'rite tplllptatiolls to an improper use oi' sueh a PO\H'l' may be too
strong to be rel-Jisted, aml ir l'esie;te(l, SI1SpieiOll will still iucvitabl.Y
attach to its exereise. Thnl-J the usefuIness of tlle offlcin 1 ",i1l1H' Ílllpail'ed,
amI reproaeh he brougbt UpOll llw gOyprllllll'llt.


In rel1ecting U])OU tite immense stl'ides Iately takcll in tIlO aggT<llleli7,p-
mellt ofpowcl' in tlle fcderal gO\-erlllll('llt, \yhethCl' it has becll illcreased 11,\-
the swonl 01' the IlUrse, ,YO eallllot kaye ihis part of our l-Juhjcct witbout
entering a protest as emphntie as Iaug'uage can ntto!' it, ngainst a lliR-
(',rctional'y pO\n~1' whieh airee/e; at iLs ,,,ill all the Y:lInce; of the conntry.
It lllay "\Yell be (lonbted whet]¡Pl' ,YO shall ('Y(,l' l't'Í!'a(:o onr si!'!,s to local
or pubIie ü'cedolll, so long as OllO f¡·(lernl otlicialeHn cllllcC't t'Ot11' hnll(ll'e(l
Illillions 01' taxeR per allllllm fl'()jll tl¡P oY('l'üL',cd pllblil', ami "reg'ulnh'"
uearly t\dce as lllany milliolls oí' llaVel' l'l1lTl'IH'Y, alHI ,ti \;'ill tl'aflie in
golll, whiel! is tl](' l'l1lTency oí' fiweigll, il' ])Ot 111('. shl1Jól;l1'Il 01' dOIlH'sti"
e0ll1111Pl'l't'.


\Yhat Hlilollut oí' ('oia l-J1LOulli he kC]lt in tIle t l't',¡'Slli'y ill l';',wne ;IS ;1
pl'l'paratioll COl' ILllforcscPll emcrgelleies, amI to g'iyc ~;teadilJt\~s tn tll\' COll-
vel'tible Y;¡]l1t> of tilo lcg'al-telllkl' i¡.::;m'~', 111111'1 d(,~I('llI¡ lIpOll (~()lltill[2:,'uci('"
tlJat ('anl1ot he ;llltit'illatcd.


LeRe;, IIO\H'yeI', ,,'in he l'l'flllÍrctL thall \"n,.; IH'c!leü w!tell tlw \york 01'
funding' tlle tioating llebt \Ya" in pl'op:re¡.:s, Thí' ilulieatioH,; <1]'(' that;¡
murent l'('Sf'l'ye ol' $±O,OOO,OOO, in additioll to tite mnOl1lit rOl' Iy!Ji(']¡ g:old
certiíicates hayo hren iSl-JllPll, will be a1l1jllP.


In titís "io\\" tho millorit.r see a p1'o])e1' alllllogj('¡¡l eOlllH'ctio!l ])l'tW('('11
l'edueing ont' taxat.ioll allll tarill'. lA'''S mOlley ill tll('. tre:!sury, amI lwtter
mOI1PY il1 tlw hands oi' the poo]lle, a1Hl t]\('l'O wOl1ltl 11(\ ]Pss ]ll'oJlig'ucy ami
corruptioll, a1l<1 less temptatioll for hold adyelltm'(']':'i to 1akp ¡]([Yalltag'1'
I)f tllf' f'lTO!'" ()f l'yt'l1 ;111 hOllest 'llllllillisil'atioll.


CONNECTIOI\ 01<' OFF1CIALN '\~I1'II PAI\lC.


The pnbli(~ woul(l he glatl to kno\\', iu ('oulIeetioll with t]¡is IJ<mic, that
there are no ohargel-J mado 01' l-Justained agaill"t tlw Exccutiyo Ol' hi~
subordillates; the.r ,\'ould be glad to kuo\\' tIJai aH l-Jnslli(~iOlIR a1'(\
remoyed ",hiell these extr;lOl'dilllll'y S(:hClllf'e; han' ellg'endül'cd. So far
<lR the Rub-treasul'or nt Re\Y York is concPl'lll,tl, y;e rl'fl'l' to IliR OWll t{'S-
til11ouy, 1lI](1 e'lIJelll' ill tl](' g'Plleral eOllclllsiollS óf t he majo1'ity; so faT aH




GULD PANIC I;\,\'ESTlGATION. 471


tlle Seel'l't,u''y uf tite 'l'rca:';lIryi:-; COIIt:l'I'lIC41, he gayc u:,; a frank statemellt
()f whaL we lwlipV(' lo be an hOllest admitíü;tration oí' a most pernieious
8ystelll. i:)o f:ll' ;[" ('()IIe(~l'll:'; t 11<' Pl'e"ident, tlle millority were oyen moro
desirolU'; than the lIlajol'ity of t1w (,OHllllitk(~ to join in a l'eport ontirely
relllo\'illg al! donbt, pn'n in tIlO llIilld~, of the most prt1iudiced, agaillst
the Chief Exc('ntin' alld !ti" falllil~·. Durillg' tllP examinatioll this was
onr oitell l'Xpl'('"sed alHl urgent uesire. "'e conId take no partisan 01'
othel' plpa"lln' in aHixillg <lo staín Oi' illtiieting' a wouud upon the Chief
gxe('ntin~ of om' (·unlltl'~·. Tt i8 no agl'ePH ble offiee to illlllllgll the personal
ilttE'gríty oC Olll' ('OlllIl1011 PrE'sidont. IIis resNveel 1ifo and militar;y
l'PIIO\\']), and tlw gl'pat gootl-will tli"played towanl him by tho peoplo in
makillg' him theíl' dlOíc(', ¡loes aml shoultl, in somo SOl't, llpdge 1Iim round
abollt. Olt!' n'speet fol' his o!1iee, as woIl as fúr himself and frionds, 1eads
u" to tiJl']wal', \\ithout tIle 1ll0:,;t positi\"(~ oyidpllCe, to implieate llim 01' any
oi' his, hy elwl'g-e Ol' üllIuendo, in a plot to trauo in 01' tampor with tho
(:lllTPIl('Y, 01' alred rOl' ~l,ltish l'lllls tlJl:' YHInes 01' the people. ,Yo hoped
to joill hl'a1'til~' \Vitll ou1' coIloag-ues in ¡[('(luittíllg hilll oi' imliffel'onee to,
or acqllíeseence in, sllch "eh('llIe".


Tltis lwillg Oltl' ,,,isll ami motiYl~, it llligltt ]¡an~ bepll ('.\.jlected tltat ou1'
colloagnl''' ,,"oHhl ha \"0 beC'1l chePl'fully prolllpt to assist in earrying out
tlw oIÜe(:t, :1l1l1 this \Vas 1 Iteil' Jirst dpsign. After testimony had boon
takon "ltO\Yjllg tIJat there wa8, a:-; a pm't of tllP plot, a· pl'ceoncertod
detügll to illtlul'ncc tIte l'rC'sidellt in its Ü1TOrj aftol' tlw eonfpreneos so
OftOll l'e]H'atp(1 het\\"(,t'll tllt' Pl'ptú¡[ellt, Fisk, Goul<l, aml Corbin, at the
houso oí' tlle la:-;t and OH tho stl'ame]' 01' the otheI's; aflol' tlle dispateh of
tIle lettol's hy the eOllfedel'ate:-; to a distant part oi' thc laml, for the eye
of t110 Pl'p:-;idellt alHl hi:-; wiii:'; afinl' tlw Pn':-;ident lIad himself, as i8
"llOWIl lJy tlLe testillloll'y of tli(' Secl'ctal'y of tll(' rrl'pasul'~-, lllHlel'taken lo
inÍPl'YPlw in tltís lllaUpl' of golü saks, so :1:-; tn keejl gold up; after the
Presidl\ut is ShO\\'ll to 1)(' a eOllH'rt to tlw ('l'Op thf'Ol'Y oí' tllP cOll"pirators;
alld ai'tl:L' tlw ldtpl' writtl'll by l\Irs. Gnmt tn :\Irs. UorlJin, (whieh, like
t.he lpttct, oi' ('Ol'hill to thp I'l'csi(lclll: \\":lS (]psü'o,yPt!;) alter all these
"WOl'll S(atelll('llb, 1lOinting' t,) tlw lteal1 of t1)(: gon'l'lllllt'llt as ltaYing
takell, in tlti", 11IP oHly iw,LllH:P, :-;0 11 te llel'sonall'l'spOlliiibility npoll thi:;;
:-;ul\jeet oj' go]d "ak~, :llld in H lllatü'r Whel'(~ t.he chi<'f oí' the conspira·
ton; was !ti" llrotllPl'-in·la w; amI at'[(·1' the testimoIly beforc U!-', "howing
the Ol'igin, lH'ogTPs,,;. :111(1 (~ol1ap:-;p. oí' tlH' sel!elllc, it lllíght hayo lleon ex-
]lcete(l that tlle eOllllHitte(: ,,"oul(l HOt. (li"soln~ wituont, gíYing tlw Bxecu-
ti \'l~ all oppol'tnnity 01' cXlllanatioll. \\T e say oí' cxplanation; bnt \Yo (lo
llOt Hay il as Ji(,(,pssarily illlpl~'ill<g 1Iis illculpatioIl; nol' SllOUld tlle major-
ity tlms iJlsist. Hut uplanatioll \m" talled for, of tho diffl'TCllt parts
whidllw plaYl'lL 01' \\"a" lllaüp ill play, il- lIlay be h01l0stly, in a drama
",her!' hi',; ,rift" J¡j:-; sistcl', tllat sistpl'\; 1msbaJl(1, a1l(1 hilllseIf, were cou-
:-;talltly appearillg" as per80/l(l'. OllP worel yonehsafed from t1le Presi(Iellt,
olle "tatl'llIPIlt. fl'Olll llis wife allü !Ji" 8iste1', ,nmltl haye elucidated lllan;r
mystel'il':';, aJl(l furni"llOd us tIle oPllortullity of sayillg: ",y e, tIle oppon-
put" oí' tití" Expell! í n', ill all raíl' C'l'itíei"lIl, add our tribute to confirm the
partia.l nttestatiull of !Ji" friellds, allü \Ve <lo it t11e more eheer1'ully be-
eaUi;e \Ye a1'(\ ])O\llltl h~' (HU' l'elatioll" to t he admiuistl'ation to ehallenge
all its :wi:-;."


,Vas tlti:-; o]l]lortullit.Y fUl'lIi:-;h(·ü ? .J nstiee to t Iw COllllllittee requiros
ns to sa,')" that, at tirst, it ~ca8. lt \yas left 1'or tlll' minority to suggest
this, lHlt it was llIlal1illlonsly agT('('d too ,,"¡~ did it witlt bocorning
respcct. 'rhe l'pcord s11o,""s that J\h. Cox offoretl the following:


11110\'" thnt tIw chairlllan of this eOlllmittco he r~qnflstcd, either in writing 01' ])('1'-
~ol1ally, a~ 11" lila,\" ,'hoo,o, to ('onrl'!' "'iHl thn Pr('~i<lellt of ·tIle Ullitcd Statcs in re.fer-
eTlI'('. to tI,,: j,·,till'"IlY g-in'lI l",flll'<' tll<' eOllllllit.tcl', which refC'l's to him or Ilis family;




472 GOLD PANlC INVESTIGATIOX.


and that in said cOllí"'l'l'lll'e he r('~pcctfully rellncst of the l'resülmlt" after cOIIHiüerillg
t,lH\ math']', wltethel' he d"sires to be heanl before tIw cOllllllittee, or otIlcnvise, with
reference to saül cvülellce,


ShOl'tly aftel'wunl, OH tIte 4th of Febrllary, tlle hOllUr:t bIe ehairm:lll,
General Garfield, made the following repOlt :


In pnl'swmcf' oi the illHÍI'llctiollS oí' the cotllluittl'e, 1 eallpt! 1l1'01l ti", 1'l'l'"i,I,mt of
rIle ellited States, allll stated to hilll tilat in SOIllC of th" tl'stilllOlly taken !>don, th"
eonllnittee personal rcfcrellcc was lIJlHle to himself, amI to HOIlle lllellllJcrs of Jlis f:ulliJy;
an,l that th" cornrnittee hn,[ anthorized me to lay uefore him that l'0rtioll of the t"sti-
Illon}', tltat he lllight lllake any snggestiOl1R 01' statelllcnts concel'lling it if h,' ('!los(' lo
,lo so.


TJJe I'l'('si<l,'nt desirc,lll1c to express !lis thanks to tile eOJlllllittee i'Ol' t,IJeil' ('Olll'tI'SY,
alH1 to Hay that hA prdt>lTetl Hot to see tite testimol1y, 110]' to lllak" a11y sng'gPMti011 or'
statelllt'ttl. ill l'eferellee to it durillg tIJe }JI'Ogl'CSH oí' tile ülveHtigatioH.


On t1l(' presentation of this report it was sng-geste(l tllat the Presidellt
desired to be more formal alld offieia1 in his reIations with the eomlllittee
of Cougre¡;;s than tbe resolntioll seemecl io indieatp. Therellpon, hpliey
ing tilat he ,,"onld be g-hHl to appear and afford u¡;; his explanations, (as
bis Seeretary had, mal as Presidellt Lilleoln haü to a former cOllllnittee,¡
alld stiU anxiolls that we migiJt 11ea1' him, so that wp might all join in
the jllstifieation oí' his personal integrity, aR \yeH as of hü; oflidal con-
dnet, as to the gold sales, ::\Ir. Cox, on tiJe 4th oí' Fdn't1al'Y, lllowd tilat
he be Slllllllloued. lt was Rnggestcd that \Ye had not tLo power to roaeh
the Bxeentive i11 this ,vay; that his only mode oí' COlllllluuicating witll
this orallch of the goYernmellt, \ya¡;; by llw¡.;sage; tItat lw llIight
llaye eontmllplate<1 tltat HlmlP, amI tlta1' ou/' olll~' molle of reaching-
hinl for official ae1'¡;; \Vas by impeaeJllllPllt. 'l'hereupoll, to I'E'lllo,'e all
sueh objf'dioIls, alld sti]] feeling' tho lleeessity of hearing from tho
PresidplIt, Olle of hi¡;; frieIHls OB the eOllllllittee, and in our judgment his
wisest friellcl, Oll t1le motioIl arifülIg OH the Rth of Fehrnary, to Sl1mlIlOll
tile PreRi<lellt, lIIoyed to all1('n<1 it "by reqnesting" tho President to ap-
peal' beforo t11e eOlllmittee>. ThiR ,"ote 10 :tllll'lld, ak 111p rp\'or([ sllows,
\ras lost.


TllPre \ras the sallle resnlt OH tho original resolntjoll to "nmlllOll, TIle
('0l1lmittee eould not haye shmnl Jl]ore resped to t1trd)re¡;;i(lellt. llldef'd,
it is our O\\'ll helief tllat lw ,,'onl<l no1' haye rd'uó'c,1 to ;iJljJear. En'a
tltongh he may hayo donbted OUl' llo\\"er to ¡;;\1l1lllWll hilll, !tI' mig'ht han'
\raiypd his right ancl respondeLl.


Thus the llIHlersigned are Ie1't for their gllidnllee in the,,(~ mattenl E'U'
tirel,," to the myste>riOlm, unexpbiIH:<l, eonftietillg, a!l(l l!plmlolls tpsti"
mon,\' which poillts to, 1mt do('¡.; Bot ente!', tIl(' i11Yiolahle ehmnlwl's oí'
the \Yllite lIon¡;;e.


\Vhile we aeeonl to tllP ('.ollllllittee the 1Itmost yigilallee in prosei'utillg
tlwir researehes into the eomlnd oí' th(> knb-treaSlll'pr amI the Ilallllt¡;; oí'
the gold gmnbler¡;; alld tlwir agent::-l, in ~PW York, ,,'8 Glllllot ~l('eor(l to
them tlle ::-lame thOl'ougllllt'i5S in tIlo examination of oftieial¡;; in tIw dt,\"
of ."'ashington. Bxperts, broker¡;;, ballkers, lIlerehalltk, litigant¡';-lllPn
\\'ho knew and men wllo <lid lIot kllow-lllell w'll() bul !teanl thillgS
¡;;(~eOll(l and tlti]'(} haml, aud men IVltO had only tltporieR to s,,"ear io-alJ
appenr before tlle eommittel' \\'itllOllt 01dpdioll; Imt SOlllP of the ehief
perfonner::-l are hpl!ill(} the ¡.;ct'lIe~, aud no reqnest, ltO\H'Y('r 1'l'Spectflll,
hrillgs thelll forth to the lig'ht. 'fhe eondlld oí' tIw sllh-trpaslll'pl' Íti
handled \Yithout gloyes; tlle testilllolly 01' tlw ~ecretm'Y amI bis reconls
are SlH·t'~](l before us with great franklless; tIte telpgralllt ol)(,1'at01's are
ealled in, and t11e testimoll'y oi' impJj('ate<1 an<l intere¡.;te(1 men in all the
labyri nt hsofthis 1l10i5t stllpf'lldous ]llot, whose leading featun', as \H' llaYe
shO\yn, '\Yac; it" relianee on Bxecuti,"e aiel, is pxltanstin>l'y ginm; 1m! tlw
Exeeuti\"e is not allowed to !Je heanl, eyen to explaill t1l0 lllisehiefs 01' tll('
\'irtnpó' 01' hi¡.; o\"n expressed polic~". If it be trne, as 31r .• 'L A.l,o\\'




GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 473


testifies, that tlw eOllspiracy was a" wicke(l eombination of men to raise
the priee of gold, to the injury of tile eommon interest, basing their cal-
(~ulatiolls 011 tlH\ J)olicy of tile goYernmellt to withhold so mnch gold
that they eonId manipnlate the halance ¡" if, as he swears, the immediat~
"cause" of the "punic:' "was a combination of men to mise the price oI'
gold for pnrposes of their OIVIl-Illell wIto aded OIl the belief that gov-
ernment would continue to hoard its gol<l as it hacl been doing,
depriviug the coulltry of tlw use of that gold;" and if this policy " macle
specuIation a matter of easy ealenlatioll;' arul whell the committee hall
already shown, by conversations and letters, that the President had bee11
eonverted to tlwt poliey, we demftlld to lmow what there is in thp
Execntive office tLat we sltonld stO]! short ontside of its doors in Ol1l'
illvestigatio11s. The majority answer: "there is nothing to ineulpate the
PresÍlIent, amI OUl' duty does llot caH on HS to caH on him until that is
done." But we are not assuming tltat tLe President is a criminal. The
committee are not an impeaching body. The personal refiection upon
llim and hi8 fumil,\' was strickün frorn the original resolutioll. "Ve are
only to examine t11e "causes" of the great panic. As these eanses wen'
so cIosely assoeiatf'rl with Ex(~cntive actioll, it seelllS to us strange that
the majorit'y "honld assnme t hat there is a charge of Rxeentiye eOlupli-
eity, so as to den y iuvestigation of these "causes."


'fhe majol'ity lay gI'f'at stress and give gl'(~at ereclence to .:\11'. Gould.
He ga,~e it as his opinio11 that t1w Presidellt was purü mal lllulno f~Ol1-
llectioll with the lllOyement. ~What has that to do with onr investiga-
tion of "nam,ps '1'~ tlnppose this iR .:'111'. Gould's opiniou; or suppose .:\11'.
~Fi:,;k (as he does) gin's a tlift'erent opiliioll. V\Te lcnow it is a part nr
tIle plan of these shrewd ope1'ators, in matters of this quasi-politiüa 1
nature, ",Itere their illterests are in qnestion, to balanee 01' divide tLeil'
opiniolls oetweell parties. Hut are these OJlillions, even if shared hr
tlle eOlllluitfe(', ]iro Ol' con, a reaROIl [oI' calling a halt w1ten tlle illvesti-
g'ation reaclles tlte door of tlle vVhite Honse ~
. Bu! eY(~n 011 }Ir. üonld's statemellt \re do 110t see wh:v tIte President
"honld llot 1ll' ealle(1. HefeITillg to whut we 11lwe alrpalt,\' l'econnted as
to his testilllony, and refel'l'illg' espeeialIy to the note at bottom of thl'
page* as to ti\(' tiro h,tters R(~IJt io \Vashington, l'ennsylvania, it is


By the ('IU TlDU:'; :
c¿, Ditl 1 llJl(1erstautl yOll to ~ay that tJl<' Idh,r frolll :\Irs. Gl':lut to :\[I's. CorlJin \I'a,'


in l'l'SjlOllSt' to :\[1'. Corbiu's 1"lteL' lo tilO l'1'esi,leut! Ho\\' do ;\'on kllo,," it. ~wm; ;11 r~­
,'!,Oll," lo !lis letto']' to the Presidellt !-A, :\Ir, Corl,in tohl me so.


Q, l)id the IPtt('r it,df a"kllO\yledge itself to 1)(· a rpspollso to his Jdtel' f.o the 1'1'("-
ideut ·~-A. So fal' a,s this expl'essiou wcnt. 1 "ollsi,lcL'c!l tlwt it. dia,


Q. ,Yas thel''' :mythiug' in the lettel' that :\[1'. Curuin spnt to the P1'csi,lellt, in ml\':ml
to his sp('enlatious in gold ?-)" [ think Chapin took h,-o lett,·]'s; on" from :\11'. Curbin
to the 1'1'esillcllt, uJlIl UIlC frUlll :\11S, Co1'ltin to :\11's, Ul'llllt.


Q. Bllt lhe l"tI",· to th,' l'1'esitlellt, 1 nmlcl'stantl yon to say, 01' thc snhstallce of ir,
\Q1S tlev-otccJ, RÓ ihl' as yon R.~nY it, tu (lisrlls",illg' general (llH'stioll~, thf~ general Ilolicy of
rlw 1\'0\'e\'1I111"llt, :nul tlmt the Icttel' oí' ~fl'~, fll'ant to :\[1's. C'ol'ltin spoke ahont specnln-
1 ions of :\11'. COl'hin. Jlo\\' conltl that he a l'"spom,e to his I"ttd to the l'r,'sident. ~-A,
1'll((t ix (/ ]JoiJ/! Ihl1t h(lx O(,I'I(/,!,I'r/ fo J//(',


Q, ,Yhat do yOll sayas lo thal. point :-A, 1 tlJillk (]H' papel's hatl n,e,l :\11', COl'hin',
name alld that tJ,e Pl'l'sidcnt prohahly tllOnght 11<' h:ul sOllle inten'st; iudCl") he mi!lllt
!ta/'1' fo/d hiJ//.


Q. Do yon kllow that lit,· l'l'csi,lellt hatll'\,(,l' heell ill[ol'lnc,l hy :\11', Cm'hin, liS- yoni'-
".11' (JI' Jly any otltel' ]ll'l'f;tIl', that :\11'. Corhin was "pcl'ul:üilll\' in g;old ?-A. Xo, sil'. 1", Do yon l ... li"ye )¡" hatl h,'pn so illfol'llW,l whi'n Iw ,,'as in New York, at t1w tilll/'
.. f an\' of t1w intel'Yie\\'s he lma ,,,itlt yO\! (Jl' :\Ir. Corhill '?-A, There was nPH'I' a W01',l
pass,,;l hetvn'cn the Prc"itlent and IlIJ:self,or in m.\C heal'ing, tlwt would J,'ad me to
'UP!,O'I\ the P1'l'sident kn,'w llnythillg :,])ont his lllOH'lIIents, (¡ut IlIiR Id 10' '!f' JI!'8. (;}'(!J/I
lIIigld loole' 1(,' lllOl/!111 1/1' di ti,




474 GOLD PANIC L\'VESTIGATIOK.


asked of MI'. Uould how eOllld 1l[{\ "His lettt'l'/' l'('cl'til'illg UorlJill to
i>top his gold tlpeculatiomi, be a response to Corbirú; letter to the Preso
ident OIL tIre (~rop-inJlaf,joll t11eol",\ '1 1\11'. Gould ji> eyidentl.r staggered,
aJICl replics: "T11at is a lloillt whiel! has oecnrreü to me." And, agaÍlI,
being f}llestiollcd, he is as mllch puzzled as tIre COllllllittee was to kllo\\
how the PresÍllent amI his family, at \\'ashing"toll, PellTls,Ylvania, 100ew
of sueh speeulatiolls, for he says: "This 1etter oí" J\Irs. Grant migbt
look aR though he did kilo\\' thelll, tllOllgh he lIli;.dlt ha \"(J 1t>:IrJw<1 UWIIl
li:om newspapers, 01' other souroes."


'rIw minoritv also believe that it woul<l elucidate tlw fuete; eOlllleeted
with what is '(~allecl the "Sis" lettel' ir tl1(' laü,Y ",110 wrote, all{l tll1'
lady w110 receiyed it, \Yere permitted to explaill it. Tlle lettl'r was dl'-
stro'y'ed. lt \Vas a delieate matter to eall upon tIte gentlel' sexo v\' e did
not fe el as if our fnnction ,vas cxaetly tllat of a eomt of justiec, whieh
has no "respect)) for tho sexei'l in the mattcr oí' evidenee. Hnt whell
the committee sUlIlllloJled .a lady, who is in thp hum ~lp oeellpatioll or
lBlegrapher, 'we SftW no reason ,,'hy, with proper r('g'nrd to tIte wife and
sister ofthe J>residellt, tltey eonlllllot at least lit' l'Pc}lH'i'lt{'ü tn givc thei]'
tcstimony. Thc 1Il0tiOll of 1\11' .• 10nes, of Kentneky, was nspeeiall'y'
g-uarded, so as to limit tile aetioll of tlw committee to tIJe "taking oí'
their testim01IY," IlOt ~y sllmmonillg t1lese l¡¡dies to appear in a room 01'
tho Capitol, but by thoir statement taken wherc tIJe,)' ('hose-ill tlwir
houses, amI in i'luelt a \Yayas wOllld {'omporl witlt a (Iuo tkl'en'IH'c to
their ¡.;ex and position.


Thü; request, like tlJat afterwanl to ¡.;mnIlIOll (~l'neral Dent, 01' thl'
gxeentive 1\fallsion, was refllsed. TJte lllil\ol'it~- wpre, thel'efOl'e, \Yitll-
out thü meaDS oi' thoroughly sifting suüh "eallses" of t1le palli<~ m; WPl'('
<~OIllleet('d ",itlt thf' a <'ti O]) of thp Expt.utive amI hii'i familiar ('011111'1'-
tiOllS.


The llliuorit,Y !lo 1l0t clt>i'iir<~ to euenlllbel' theil' l'('purt ,,'itlt a r!'iwan;nl
oí' t1le poillts "hieh shoul<1 amI (~()\ll(l haYI\ hPPll 1ll:t<lp ('\ear ~." lIJe tpf;ti-
mOll'y of tIloso ,rÍtnesses, wllOm th(' eOllnnitteü l'eí'usp<1 to SUllIlllOIJ.


'[he telitimoll'y 01' Cat hel'\H)()(l, Corhin, Fi~k, a"lld Gouhl, in thl'Íl' ('011
tradietiolls mJ(1 eonfusioll, i¡.; olllyexplieaule ill a salisJhdoJ',v ,,,ay, 1J,\
Lhe eYidenee oC tite n:jeded witnesse¡.;. 'ro illnstratr: 1 sto Catltel'\Hlotl.
if lw j¡.; to h(~ lwlit\y('<l, "ays that COl'hin fo]<l hilll ihcl'e \Ya s SOIl!ü illterei'ii
in the p:oltl sah'¡'; 01' purehases hel<l by tIw I'resi(knt'¡.; falllily ill Spptelll-
1)('1' lasto lle also says that COl'hill t01d hilll JJ(í had honght bonds for
:\frs. Grant. Are these statemcllts tnw'l Tf Ilot, \\'ho is to (:olltradict
Ulf'lIl-t.ll(· nurPliable Corhin; 01' llll\st we belie,,!' tlte llnillljlt'ae!J('¡]
Catherwoor1! Again, Catlwnvoo!l was :li,!i:{'cl whetlter he had reason to
helicvc thut allV memher of tlle l'rcsirleut's house1l01<1 wa~ in HIl\' \\'a\
{Oolllleded with' tite gold 11l0VellH'llt. U<, was gOillg' to state \\'hat (~orbiil
told him, w11ell he ,,'as Htopped. > \11! COl'bill is l'C'lia hle on HOllle poillÍl'i.
but nní on olhers, as it \Vould fo;(,Plll. llear::;u'y' was frer¡llüllt.ly lllllllittf,¡]
hy the eOllllllit,tee, lmt 1lot 01l this {){~ea"ioll. J)itl noto thi., put theeolll-
mitteo on illquiry at tlw sonree of illfonnatiOlI'! \\'hut i" that, ~onrl'\'.
l1nless it he the \Yhite ]lollse ~
~. As to the lctter from J\Irs. (:rallt to l\1r~. (~Ol'l¡jll. there is uot tl)('


i'iame clesel'iptioll 01' it ¡.Ü\'en hy Gould, who ¡.;a\\' it, ;1lHI COl'hill, \VIlo
i'illOwc<1 it. :1\11'. (;onlü says it was siguetl uy 1\I1's. Grant's giwllll~tme :
"'Ir. Corhill says it ",as Higned by "Sis.7• lt eOlltaiu('<1 :1Il :\IIlllonitioll
frorn tlJe Pl'('sidellt to e!osc his (Co1'bin's) spf't'ulatioll;4 a;4 r¡uiek ai'i ht,
eould. In the aUH('llce nf thi~ letter,01' aftel' pl'oof ()i' its dei'ltrnctioll.
tbc eOllllllittef', withollt illdelieac)' to tIte ladics, coulrl haH~ t:¡]u~1l theil'
testimony amI pcrhaps malle all <~Ieal' as to thp kIHnr!p!lg'f' {)f tlw l'1'í'si-
cJent and ltiR Üllllily aboa! the¡.;p f;]Jeenlatioll¡';.




GOLD PAXIC lNVESTIGATIOX. 475
3. This lottcl' 01' l\frs. Grant's (as Gonlrl s\VearR) was in rcspollse to


MI'. Corbill's Ietter to the l'residellt. Jf so, what \Vas Corhin's Ictter,
that it should eall for snch a response?


Coroin says it hall JlO reference to 11i" speeulatioll8; unt it must han"
liad reff'rf'nee to them; elsc no sneh ammer would hlWC ueen l'espoll-
sivc. If so, uoth Idte1'8 Rhould lmve ueon prodneed, or, Oll evidenee of
tlleir dcstrnetion, tlle partips most eOlwPl'lw(l sl1Oul(1 hayo testitied to
tllOir eontentR allíl ohjpet. Yet tho eommitten deny ns tlw priyilcgc to
lIcar suelt }lartics .


. l\foreover, 1\11'. Gould thinks that Chapin took tifO ll'ttPrs to \Yns]¡-
ingtoIl, PPllllRylYauia; OIle to tlle Pl'csident hOlll ]\fr. COl'bin, a11(1 tho
othcr to 1\1rs. (¡rant from 1\11'15. Corhill. \Yhetlwr this be trne 01' uot, it
is a matter of sucll rlonbt that tlle testill10ny of }\frs. Grallt amI .l\lrs.
Corhin slwllld haVf~ heril ghcell to dissipate 01: eOllflrm tlle donut. \Vhat
\Vas that other Ietter of }Irs. Corbin to .:\1rs. (lrallt; 01' was aH.\' sllch
sellt '? AH we kllOW is, jt had refel'CllCI' to Corbin's go]<l speenlations.
On tl1is, we han~ 110 othf.,r UlISWt'l', ;1S tlw only party called is Corbin,
and he is uot questioued as to this particular letter, amI ii' he were, he,
as we llave RhoWII, i8 llllreliable. TIte mnjority themselves discredit
him more than they do Goulcl. In fatt he says not]ling abont a letter
from his wife to .l\11's. Gnmt, SPlIt to \Yashington, Pelllls.yh'ania, hy
Chapill. Thc eommittec hayc sea]c(l Olll' lil's, hy refusing to take suclt
testimony as would ullrayel tllis 1ll~'ster.Y. X o t'xplallatiol1s are pe1'-
mitted.


A fte!' tllt' hreaJu10wIl in gol!l, 1\11'. Oonl<l says that Corbill lJl'oiIC'rcd
t.hat he aIHl his wife should go to \Vashillgton and gct tho o1'(le1' to sell
go1ü l'p\'olwd. What passp!l al \Vasltingtoll. not ollly betweell the llWll
hut the WOllIPIl, is lIot ('xplained. E\'cn if }\fr. COl'hin is rpliablp, it doei'i
Ilot explain al! tlwt trnllspin'cl. Yet wc arc forbiddell to call 011 't!J(\
partil;s WI10 kllow JlloSt :lIul hest oí' t hiN ¡,;ülguhll' jOllrn('~'. t()\' this re-
markable objeet.


J. Thpl'(~ ',"PHI \"al'iOllS (/paliug'" ill shwks, alld <:\'('11 a telHler of a por-
Lion oi' tIwlll hy COl'bin to :\Jri'i. (; raut. He sars th¡ü slw l'l',irdpd tl1(\
tplHh\r; but ir he i" lllll'pliahlp, who i, ... to solye tlU' mattl'l'? \\'ht'1l
;¡"ked abont. thi" <Jlul ¡;;illlilal' <l!;~,igtli'i, ::\lr. COl'bin ¡]ar('s up, appeals to
AL1\UC.HI'l'Y GOD :llld tlH' )'{'"olntioll oI' CongTc;;" to ln'otl..'e~ 1lim! Did
Mrs. Gl'allt inf'orm t he l'n'si<lt'lIt of t l1e,,(' in,¡j(lions approaches of ]lel'
hrother-ilda.\y tn "pIPas:' )1(']'., olll~', lmt in ]'t'alify to itllllWlI('P t]l(' eOll-
dnet oi" the l'residcllt ?


()ertaiuly C01'bin Illldpl'i ook, a,.; 11(' i'i\\"(':l1''';, to deceÍYo tlll' l'l'csidellt,
arter his pretended closing' oi' !Jis gold transaetiom;. ,\-hat \nlS in ülat
lettcr whieh Corhin St'lIt lo the 1'1't'sidclIt a1Jout his hcillg' out of all
spcculations'~ \Vhat wa" lIi" l'cal ohjed, '? \Vhat elst' i" there in it be-
side his statement oi" it: \Yhere is it! J\Irs. Corhin had written aIso,
inelosing' the let.tm' or l!pl' llLlsbaml, sayiug' that he had no intcl'est Üt
g'old. \Vbat was in that ll'tter 01' l\il's. Corbin's? As it was couuected
\vith this ütr-reaehillg allrl ruillons ¡¡auie, ,,'hieh concerns millions of ill-
nocent famiJies in this eonntl'y, wt' ongltt to kllow. ThiR is denied uso
Again, ir, was aske<l "!\lr. ('Ol'hill: "Did yonr wiú', at t1wt time, kuow you
had madl\ that trallsactiOll F' l'eferring' to tlle gold transaction of a half
millioll with Gonld. Un answers: "Only as 1 iuformed he1'; as Gould
went out, I tol<l !ter. She had no knowledgü of tite tr:msadion, until 1
told lwl' wllllt I ha(l (10l1P, a]](1 n'IIlnrked that 1 hoped it wOllld benefit
h{l1".'·


Vd :tllothl'i' illl]l]'('ssioll mlS aftenranl attempted to he ereated hy
COl'hi1l, to \,>'it, tltat hp di(lnot tell Ilis "dfc abont 11i..., golíl speeulatiolls




476 GOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION.


till after t1le ln'eakdowll; al1 oC whidl is importall t, alld Ml"s. COl'bin oaly
eould clear it U]). Resides, thcrc were yariOIlS intcryiews wlwre 1\1rs. COI"-
bin was present, alle! espeeially t11e one so graphically, ii" not co1'1'ectly,
told by Mr. Fisk,* ,,-hel"e 'Hinging of haIHIs alHI gnashillgofteetlL ar('
depicted, ancl 1\I1's. COl'hin ,,-as seut fo1'; aud fo1' this \Ve must rely Oll tOIl-
fnsetl amI (~ontraclietor.r teRtimollY, w11e11 1\ln;. Corhill eould at once
cla1'if.r it. There is gTeat ditl-'l'rence also bet,yecn COI"bill allü Fisk as to
what Corbill told Fisk, 01' ,,-hether he told him an.vthing, ai-:l to ~fn;.
Gmllt's interest of $23,000. A wo1'<1 frolll JUrs. Corbin llliglLt ha w set
these fads in a truthfnl amI consistent light, as well for onl" ]wtü'l"
nlHlerstallding" of tltese " eansei-:l," as for the yindication of tlie pal'ties.
Bnt this is dCllietl to uso


Lastly. ,y e llaye before i-:ltated that the Prci-:lidellt himself, for tIte fi1'8t
~----------~-


~ F.ctmctA from Fi"k'8 te8timol/!I.
1 thell had, Ulle en'llillg, allotller interyiew with COl'bin. ,Y", "",,re f',di!!g ,) íittl"


}H'rVOllH a!tollt tiw pORition we were then in. 1 s,Lid to Corhill, I 1101',,,1 ('verything wa,.,
aU fol' tite beRL "But," Raid J, ., if \Ve RllOnld lllisR-ifthe go\'erI1lIH'llt ~hOlll,1 sdl thi, gol<1,
it won1<1 certailllv ue a serions matter." Corhin then said tn m<': "1 \y,mt yon to talk
witll my wife." <MrR. COl'bin <'ame into tite room, 111'1(1 bpell illtro<lllf'e<! t;, ~1rs. Cor-
l,ill befl~re. Tite thillg hml gone heyullll tllC lllatler 01' 1I\e1'e eourtesy ",¡tll ::D,dlOd,\' 1
lllet tller... That \Ya, the fil'st time 1 ha,l 8e"n he1' in refer"IH'e to tltis Íl'al"ae.tioll. ,y"
,.;at ,lown an<i talke,] tlle matt.er oyel' quite fuUy. 1 ,1i<lllot coy',1' ally lllat ters up. 1
took it fol' grante<1 tlwt the,\' 11ll<1 hougllt gol,1, allll tlllü they 11>,,1 as mudl illtf'I'<·.,t ill
the matter as 1 hado She made this re:n:nk: "1 k11I1\I' tltere \ViII 1,(' !lO gol,l 80hl hy
¡Iw goy"rlllnent; 1 [1m (¡nite positive tIlI're will be 110 golll mltl; j(,l' thiR is a, elJalll'C of
:. liídillle fol' n8; ¿"OU u('t),lllot han, :llly ull('a~i!leRS \\'hate\'Cl'."


.... , -;f if- .;..:. 3' .-,


[ fitartt'd :I\\'a;-', OH tlle Hü,,"gth of thato COln-er8atioll, am1 1 think it wa,.; O!l tl", lllorn-
i!lg (jf 'rIml'srlay WA len OUl' e:tlTiag" ha,,].;: of tite llost o/liee, aJl(1 whp!l Wl' l':tlll(' up to
get into thn earriH~e, H~ 1 ~(UllO alo!l~ 1L1I Htreet, ,ve f-ltoppell right lwlo\y lhUH":lU &,
:-::hermlln's ot'tiee. ~Ir. Goulrl says to me," OJ¡] COl'hi!l fe,+< (l'Iluhl"d ,,,,,] lll'l'VOU"; a!,ollL
,OIU" gol<l; ht, \\'ants a hnn<lrp'<I tltOllS<l11<1 ,]ollar,,;" 'llHl, Raid Mr. (jolll,1 to !lll', ., \\'hal-
do VOll thillk of it 1" Saitl 1: "]f h" \\':I!ltA a. hlln,lrp,l tllOllRallll (]ollal's t.o í\ ... <i ollt io
l'al:tieR in j¡lkl'l'"t, h,' ha,1 hettel' ha\'p it." 1 think tllÍ" \Vas O!l the aftcl'llooll oí' Thllr,-
,1::,\'. Mr. Gould asket1 if that di,lu't look ¡t, if there Jllight be s"me blow-llp. I "ti,l,
.. If he "':Hit" that lllon('~- to ,leal ont to l'eül'!l'. alltl i( \Yill h"l1' to strt'ugt]¡cn OHI' I""i-
rion in 1'('g'll'Il to tlti" gold, w(\ ,yil! gi\'p him 011<\ llllIH1n·¡j 01' tlVO 11l1l1l1re,1 tholl,.;an<l."
.. IYdl," sai<l lu', ",lo a~ yon please." 1 toll1 llilll 1 \\'olll,1 go aJl(1 gt·t the lll()ll('~-, alllt I
W('!lt illllllp,liatd.1' to Smith. GOllI,l, ~Im'tin .\: Co" ~ot a ",,,'d, ¡()l' a hllllllretl t!tolt":lllll
,lolI:n'H ami brollght, it all'[ gay" it to ~lr. ()onltl in lhe eanülge. l\l1'. Uunl<1 i'"i<1 h"
1'.-(",1,1 stop tllno wl)('n 1)(\ ",,,nt hOllw tltat Ilight :""] gi\l'it to hilll."


.'é - -. "'-'- .,¡.


LAs to a Sll1."""I11t'llt, illten'if\w, nftN tlt" bl'pak,[own, ]'i,k thus testilif'R to ,\'llal he
saitl to ~lr. C'orbin alu1 his ,,'ife:] Naitl J, "Vo ;run kllo\l' \dmt yOll llaYO <Ion" h(,T\', yOIl
amI yOtlr I)('opl,,!" He üeg:m to \\'ring' !ti" halld,,: :llld "Oh," Iw say", "(his i" a IlOr-
l'ibIP po"itioll; :1]'(\ yon 1'lliw"l ?, [Rai<l 1 ,1i<ln't kilO\\' wllCt.her 1 \I-a" 01' lIot: :uul r
;1,k,,<1 hilll ngain if 1", kne\\' what ha<1llH]ll'l'IlI"1. ]-[" h:l<1 h .. en er,\'illg, :1Il<l :.;aitl JI(' hatl
jnst hean1; tiJa! he IlnrI ¡,een nuo ('\,('nthil,.,. was an l'io'ht, ]>1lt tlwt sOlllethillg
'ltad occllrre<1 enti1'eh' <litfl're¡¡t frOlll ,,-]¡at 'he h~<1 :1l1ticipa!t~1. i)"i<1 J, "Tltat tlOll't
;llllOllnt to :tnything:< we kllow tltat goltl ollght Hut to 1;" at thirty-OIlt', an<l that it
,,-onl<llloL he lmtfol' snch p"1'í'ol'lllanct's as ~'Oll h:lye hatl tltis last \I'",'k: ~()ulmow \'\"1'11
it. '\\'o11ld Ilnt if you lwr]llot 1'lil(',l." J kl)("" 111at ROlll"],,,t1,\' 1:a<l l'lm a Ha\y l'ight into
liS, :llId Rni,1 1, "ThiR ",!tole ,1--<1 tltillg h:tH tllrll .. <1 Ollt .jtlHt a" J told ,"Oll it \\,OIl]¡J; 1
,'oll"itle1' tlle ,,'hole pa1'ty II pnck oí' CO\\"ll',l" :llld [ "X1H'dt·,1 tltat \\'ll('ll \1'" C:lIlle to cleal'
0l1l' halHls tlwy \\'oul,l so .. k it j'ight int .. liS." 1 sai<l to !tim, .. 1 ¡JOll't, kilO\\' wl,,·thn
\-nll haYt' li,',1 01' uot. an,l 1 ,Iou't Imol\' what on~ht tD 1", ,lo)]lf' \I-ith YOll."
. 1[(, -wa~ OH tIw oU;cr :-:idc (11' the tabll', \n'{lpil'l~ :\lld ,\";¡il11lg', HIHl i \Vas ~lla~hill~ 11l,Y
¡¡'dh! "Kow," he says, " yOll lllllst '[llid YOllrselC' I (01,1 !tilll T <li<ln't ,,,ant to [,,'
'luid; 1 11l1d llO df'sin' to ('y"l' \,,' 'luid a!~aÍll, aw1 ]ll'ol)aloh'Il\'n'j' .ShOltl,ll,e 'lui<·t agaill.
He ~ay~, "Hut, lll~' tleal' ~il', ,\'011 ",jll ]01-;(' ;rollr rf'a~nll.'· ~a.YH 1, ,. ~rll''y{'rs 11:\f3 alrt.lall~
lost. hi~ n,nSOll: n'U,Oll has gUIl" ollr oI cl'<-,r~'¡'otl,\' hnt lll'·... J ,'olitillll"'l, •. )1m\', wha!
¡¡re ¿:on goingto do! Yon 11;1\·0 got ns iuto tltj~ iltillg', :11](1 wllHt ;:11'(' ,"Oti g;()ill~ tu .10
to get out of it r~ l[e ~a.Ys, ,; 1.1011'[ kno\y; 1" ill ,L:;O :lnd g('t IJI,\' y,·it(,.'· 1 said ... Gl'!
!JCl' <lO\\U h,-'!'I'." TIlI' soft t:dk was all OYel'. JI" W('lIt "i' ,sbil's :u"l till',Y l'I'll¡:'I1{'(l,
tottling illtll tlle l'(lOHI~ IlH)killg' oldel' lhan f-:tt'p]lt:H HCl;d,:ill."i: !Ji. .. \\"iC\, :\lId he .110111




GOLD PAKIC INVESTIGATION. 477
time, took H ¡;pecial interest in the affairs of the treasury in reference
to gold sales. About the 4th of September l\1r. Boutwell was inl\fassa·
chusetts, amI thc President in New York-both, howeyer, at these points
taking caro of tIte goverlllucnt aud its fiscal amtirs. The President writes
to 1\1r. Boutwell a letter in which (as ]\fr. Boutwell swears) "he ex·
})ref\sed au opinion tlmi it ","as undesirable to force down the price of
gold. He spoke of the importallce to the \Vest of being able to move
their crops.n ]\fr. Boutwell says he saw the Pl'esident had "rather a
strollg opinion to tIJut effeet ; " " " that tlle sale of gold in any con·
siderable fjuantity mig'ht carry <1oWlI thc IH'ice of it; and tIJat if the
1)rice wen~ to 1\111, tIte ,Vest wlml(l be embarrasse(]," &c. Tlús Jetter, ¡;O
importallt, is llot pro(hu:ed. Tndeed, the IHOSt SigllitiC::tllt eorre¡;p0Jl(l.
l'IlCe is wanl ilJg in tllis inYl'~tigatioll.


Now, lItis lett!'l' proyl's ie 10 he t1'1w tIte Pl'e",idl'llt ,Y:lS stl'ongly im-
lmed with tlle crop tlteol''y; he had beclJ impresl3ed 1,.'1 Corbill all(l
GonId; al! prpt\'¡ISeS tllHt he kppt thelll, 01' eitllPl' oí' tllem, aloo±' alld
prevellterl tllcl\l appl'Oadl IlpOll tItis tOllic, iR rl'filted by tIliE; lctter. It
was writtell aL an opportllllc time to l;PP]l np gold, amI, \\"hethe1' Í1üPllllp¡l
01' not, it was (lirectl,Y in m}(l of the eapital ol~jpet of the eomipiracy.
Besides, thc I'n'i'!i<!ellt'" Jeth'1' to j¡iR SPI:l'ptaJ'y had it¡; I'ífeet. .:\11'. BUllt-
,rell telpgl'<lpl}('(l to llis a:,;sistant, }Il'. Hicltan1soll: "SemI ]]0 ol'(lt'l' to
Bnttertield a,; tn ~alp,; of golrl ulltil .'Ion ltpal' frolll lllP." '1'hil3 "'as a
Jilllitatiull nt' tia; g()~(l saJe", to sales ful' tIlO "illking f'1l1l(1 only, 1'01' SPp-
tem!>líl'. l\I r. BOllt\H'll s,,"pan\ t ]¡at it v .. as a l'P\"oeation of the on1e1' to
¡.:ell gold 1'01' Sl'ptellllJf'l', I,()]]tinill~' tilO salptl only to j ¡w :,;illkillg [nud.
Thl'. suggestioll of tlte l're;-;idc'nt lell Itilll, as he l3ays, "iD eonutermanll
rhe 01'lIp1'," <X(',


\Vhat is stil! 1ll00'I' siglli11cant i,; n ¡;nb",p(llleut lett,·l' wltich ~Il'. Hout-
well prodlll·PK.


Thi" ot11r1' ldtl'l' \ra,,; llatpll olll,r a forinight ])efo1'e the hlack FridaJ",
to wit, l~tlt S('ptemhel'. 'rile Presi!lpllt pelllled it jnst before he left
llpO!l ]¡i~ PellllKyh"ania trip. \\re appcnd it a~ a !lote beJow.* Tt i8 fu1l
look ... l lik ... lt-ath. 11 .. wa~ joHlill!,; jw;j lik,·. that. (Illnstratillg hy a trf'mblillg 1ll0Y"·
lllf'llt of tl", J¡"l\y.)


Yillally ¡ ~aid, "]'lu'1"<' is tl,,· I""üioll "f t11u m,Ükl'. ,\T,. are f(n'l~" miles 110\\"U tlJt'
n,'la\\"ar.', :Jnd w,' ,10n't kno,," w;1('rc \\"e an'. ] don't kl1o\l" 1mt w(' may te ridl; lJllt ir
lo()li.~ tle\jli~lt 1ike a" ií' \Y(' \\",'1',' jloor. You hay .. got llA iulo tbis serap", and no\\' w1:lt
¡, ""oil'" to 1", llon"!" ~1)(, 8aitl ,lH' eonJ,ll1ot t1ink lltis I1:Hl ¡'eca done witll tlw Presi-d,'~t's r.onH\·nt. ;-;h .. tltoJlght IlnuhY(·llluul ÜOll" i~ in yiolatioll oí' tlu1 8trict onlers 01'
tlw l'rc,;j.knt lIot· to 8"][ golll. I-\aid J, "That dOll't l]plp matters at al!. j can't tdl
yOIl ""lI,'r,, \V" ,t.:llul:' ,V,· ha,l ,old l:ll'g.· alllounts 01' g01l1, ,,"iJich 1 was afrai,l "ould
not go out. .. :'0:0\\', ~IJ'. COJ."1,in, what, ,lo Y'JU lllf':m to <lo!" TIte oI,1man straightenod
IIp in fn'llT ,,1' j!t" tabl,', :llld ":Iid, "1 ,yill i-i0 IIo\\"ll to \Yashillg;ion aJl(llay jt at tll!'ir
/loor: 1 \\";ll {"t!tom tl:is Ihillg:'
~ ;l,'nY.loHK CITY, Scptemuer 12, 18GD.


PL\]{ :'Il:: j ¡ •. :\\"(' ]¡(']'" jo-mOlTo,," lllol'lJin.!!; fol' ,Ve,tf'rn ]>Pllllsylvauia, amI will not
reaeJ¡ ,Yas!tillgtoll 1,('1<,1'(' rh .. lIIitldlc OJ." lll~t of nl'xt "ede. lIall 1 kno\\'Jl tef()J.'o Illaking
my :lnall""t'IIH'llrs f,,1' ,;taJ'jillg i!tat ;ron \\"onl,1 he in this cil,\" cady this week, 1 woul,1
h'lw n'm:7illp,1 to ll\(,d, ~-Oli. j :1111 oaristiell tIJUi on yon1' arrivul yOll willte meto by tll,'
hull, ,,11<1 l",al'>'; "l' ,Yall ,(n'd, :11111 prohahI..,. hy merdmut8, too, 1.0 im1nee YOIl to S¡;lI
"old 01' pa)' 1111, ]\oYf,1Il1H'J' int"l't',t in a,hane" Oll the (me siüc, amI to llOlrl fast OIl tll.(·
~tl ... J'. TI;" faet is, a üeHIH'rate stragglc is 110\,. lUakillg, :lnd ('aeh pariy W:ltlt t,he gOY·
erlllllt'nt to la'Ip th"lll out. 1 ,,,rite Iltis ldter lo [l,]Y-i,c ~"on of "llat 1. think ;ron UUl~"
""I'ert, j,o 1'1It. yon 011 yOlll' gu:ml. 1 think. frlll.ll the Iigh~s hcforc lile, 1 w?uld mo,~e
011 withollt eItallgu IIl1tll tlw prc,;cnt strnggle Ji, OH'l'. 1t you "aut to wnte me tlno;
wcek, JlIY :](111]'(", ,yill 1,.. \\'a,hingtoll, l'ennHyl~-;lJ1ia. 1 wOlll<llike to 11I'a1' .ronr expc·
riPIJI:;' \\:ith i lit' bctjoll," at al! ('\' .. nts, ir t1wy g'iyo :r0l1 time to \\Tite. No doutt YOU
will ~Jlt\"" a ¡,,·tter elUUlCI' ti> jnllgt' than I. 1'111' 1 llll\",' a\"o;'l,'([ w'neral tliscussioll of the
"lll'j"d.


\"0111'8, tl'llly,
ro f'!. GRANT.


HOII. GfO¡WE S. BOlT\\"ELL, Si'c/'d(l/,y or Ihe T/'C!tNU/'.'I.




478 UOLD l'ANIC INVESTIGATlO::'\.


of anxiety abont gold Rales. rt is the same lettl~r whidl Coroin had
wllCn he assurcd Gonld of tlle l~xeclltive aül. He !"efer,; to tlie strngglp
of bnlls aud bearR. He wm'lIs tlle Seerctan' wlH'1l he i8 to ani ve ill N ew
York to heware-if it meaJ1R an,ytllillg-of t!w hea!'8. 'rhat i8 tllc mean·
ing of it. He "Tites, "1 tltink, f!'olll tlw 1ights lwforo me, 1 wonhl lIW1J/:
on IcitllOUt (,hun!Je until thc lHC8Ciet stru:J!/lc is ol'er." l\lr. HOllt\Yell ,,,:wea1',,
tlmt hy moving OH, meallS, "to sell a 1I1illioll oí' gol(l, OH ¡¡lt,'mate wI'ek".
fOI" tlle hencHt of tilo sinkillg" fllll(1, (llll'illg t1tü lIlonth of Scptemhel'.';
'fhis ncvel' illP:lllt the t'ale of gold extra, like tlw sale of tIl(' fonr millions
on the ~H]¡. Jt, meant, to kcep ,:1' rlP pl'icp, nllíl 1I0t, to let it drojl. Tt
"uitel1-wltethcr he intended it o]" llot-tlw tle . ,iglls 0[' jIte eOll,,¡lira-
j ors. Tlwy ~wtt,t1 Oll i t.


'fhis Pl'o(~c(lnl'e oí' the E.\.I~Cllti\-('-il"i"l!illg' sug'gestiollfi wilil:h o]lt'ral.nl
as COllllJ1fllHls-is;;ued h~' hiJa \y1¡ile a\\"lI'y frOltl tlle ('apital, lllHlel' tlw
1'001' of COl'hill, autl t11e intlnenee 01' !lis cmrl'('(lenit('s, in tile midst of tlle
eonfliet 01' the llHmey mf'tl'o]lo]is, al)(l in a linn of (lnt,y i'()r tlw lil'Ht amI
only tillln (,xPI'(~isell-~tecon1ing' to }Il'. Bout\\"cIl, a <luty 1'('S('1'H''¡, to tlle
:-\ecl'etm-y oftlIe Treaiilu'Y, 0[" ir not so 1'('8('1'\,('(1 hy la\\', tltell olll,'! be-
eanso tltel'(, is 110 la\\" 1'01' tlw anthOl'jzation oí' thesc sa!p,:-iH so pxtraOl'-
dinary, tll:lt. \\'1', are fnll:, jn"titieü in demaJl(ling I'Xplalla! ion" from tlle
Presidellt himself. lIo\\" call W(\ ill\"estig'ate t11c "C,llIS('l"i," HIl(] lnav('
tItis pre-emillPlIt inihwlI<:e lll1l'CYea1e<1? \Vhat ,,'en' "tlw ]ig'ltts" [)plure
ille Exeentin\ to <1irl'et hi" lJatlt fllUirbt tlle d(wions ",ay s of 'Vall and
J3road st1'eet speenlntioll ~ lIow mnch illlllllinatioll was patriotie'1 To
]lurslle an illvc8tigatioll to this poin t, aud thPll Rlld!l(~ltl.Y tlroPllillg" it to
Ray "jl'OIli tlte eddellce '¡chit/¿ 'Ice /:m'('; ,re tilltl the Plesi(lnllt ]Jure," is
eql1ivalent, Hlld(~l' tltn eil'enlllstanecs, to s;l~'illg' "111(\ I'n',~idellt Itas a
royal pl't'I'og'atiYe nlHl ('Hil (lO]lO \\l'Ollg', alld \\'f' \rill 1I0t (''\~llll!lIC into
his eOlHlnet at a1l."


lt', alter tlti;; ~IWll'ysi", ail)"olle ,,",CiD doui)ts tlH' lll'Opriet.Y of tl¡p iÍl'st ae-
tion oí' tlw eOillmittc(; ill layia,2; tlwse lltattl'l'S b"j"oI'(\ t1l" I'l'esident fuI'
nxplanatioll; 01' ir an,\' olle tlonhts the Jll'OIwid,Y of ],NjHP,;ting' Itim amI
the othpl' lnl'ties to gi\'c theil' te,;timollY, we a"l;:: tlwt tlt;> ('\'iüell(~e i)c
l'cad anll all 110nht will vanislt. TIlP p<,opl(" wlto al'('· llÚ 1'('$IH'cters of
pCf80l}S, wltere tlw Íl'llt1t is to be s]¡o\,;u, wouhlllot 1'<'(" tltat tlteir Pl'esi-
(lüllt \yas treatcIl f<lidy ir sneh statell1l'llts \\"el'!, alkm('¡\ to g'() Oll l'eeol'(],
Hn(l no opportnníty rOl' ltim to he 11e:1\'(1.
\Vll~lten'r oí' valno tItis cxamillatioll Iws 1'01' fnttlt'e kgis!ation, mI('


\·alne it has 110t. 1t Itas llot pllahlt'd tlw ('Ollllllittl'e witll llll<lllimity to
sppak fully 01' tIle eOllllectioll ot' tlIe ltigltest gOYf'l'I1111cnt oJlieial "ith
this extraol'llmal'v moyeme;¡t in ~·ohl. .As iltp f'xaminatioll \ras ill t1tit,1
regard partíal, ROe IlIllSt, he tite l't'I~Ol't.


111 (~()lldnsioll, tlte llliIlO1'it~· respeetfnll'y dedilll' to g'ivo any certifieates
nf immacnlatelles,;; to any parties. 'l'IH~ l'l\:Dlntilm lllldpl' wItieh we aet
tInes llot eall fuI' 01' compel ns to do RO; an<1, 1IOW('.\,(,1' mneh it may be
de>~ir¡tVe in mall,V vicw", \Ve snhnit OHr r'~JKllt in th,lt r,'t:cl~llee t) which
we were enfol'ceLl bv tlw (~()!I(1tl('t of tlw Pmsi(ll\llt alul thl~ aet of tlw
llw,ÍOl'it,\·. "


Tite pnblie lltay üraw its OW1l ini'erel]('('s :IR \\'('11 t'rOIll llw testilllolly
as frOItl it" ah"pllee. ,Ve han' 1I011e to dl'a\\'; aHll by this ;;t,~ttement we
frallkly sav tlwt we make 110 imiÍnnntioll 01' ("hal'~!,'e. Let the fl'ielHls oi'
the B~l'ent.i\'p, ir 118 be ill :llly \Vay <1:Il11ag(l(l by 111('il' zpal in shiehling
1lim, k~ held n',s¡nn-;ib1e fol' OHi' silellc2.


011(\ of th0 minol'ity, }Ir. Co:s:, tl,'sires to arld ftw lliIllS(M, in comlusion,
that tll!" illvestlg<lt,ÍolI has lID lltilit,,\", llllle..;s it, int'orlllOl tIte puulic mind
of the absolntt' m'e~~ssit,\', oven thwu;:;h te:ll[l()rary üistresl, allcl as tllC




nOLD PANIC INVESTIGATION. 479


only preventioll agaim,t the recurrenee of such disastrous panics, and
fnrther, as t1le only pCl'lIlUnellt relief fúr trade and comrnercc ami busi-
ness of aH killds, that wc should l'ctnrn to go](l and sil ver coin. If this
is llot taught by this illve,',tigation, tlien it has no ]ess01l. 'l'he specula-
tioJl, (]ehaueheI'Y, ])l'otligacy, and extravagance incident to snch a situa-
lion, will go on, Illltil it enlminates in bankrnptey :LIHl pover(y.


s. s. COX,
Heprcscntnti¡;c 8i.J;th District, NCIO York.


. 'I'HOS. IJ. ,JONBS,
Rcprc8eltfatirl; 8i:t'th nistrict, ](entucky.


\VASIIIl\(nn", Fcbruary ~S, 1870.






INDEX.


l'",g~.
1"[AJOltlTY HF.f'OhT .................................. ............ ............ ............ 1
JAMI<::::; B. HODG¡;KI.s, teHtilnon,y of..... 25


The Gold Board, itA origiu ala1 opt~ratioll~.. 2;) .. -:~2
'file Gold Exehange Bank.. 29-45
The gold pauk, its (ll'ig-in ami progress... ............................ 34-39
IlljmwtioIls Rnd ~imilal' tlocllmcnt~ ............................................ .40,4fi-flO
Certified ehf'cks. theil' use aml a1.Hl8c ...................... 43,44
Tt'uth NHtiollUl TIank of Kew York.. _ .. 0 __ .... ___ .... 43--45


HE"RY M. IlEXElHCT, te8timolly of...... . _ ...... _ ..... _..... 50
The ("¡"olü Exehange l{allk.. ___ ... __ ......... _____ ...... ______ ............ _ ...... _ ........ __ .. 51
The gold panic and itAo progl'e~s_........ .... ............ ............ ............ ........ ............ 52-59


.J OEN l~ONXEUl tt'¡.;f,imouy oL .................................................................... _................ ......... •. ....... ... 59
The goltl panÍ('. and its progl'l'8S_ .. _. _ _ _ _ _ _ .......... ___ ..... _.... .. , ... _. 5n-63
Tenth ).¡atiol1a] llallk oí' ~l'W York: aIHI Jt,s }¡i.~t()ry........ ...... ... ......... ... .... ....... ti1


ALllERT SmYEJ'H. testimoIJy oL .' .... ____ .. __ .. ______ ... ____ .. ___ ...... __ ..... _ .... __ ... __ .... .. 63
'l'he goltl IlHuie ami it~ progl'P~~ ..... . .... _ .......... _............ ................ 63-73


JAMES M. ELLlS, t~·~timO]l'y oL . ~............. . ... _. _ ... _. 73
Heath & CO.'H dealiuu;.s with t.lu~ .J eliqut:-' .............. __ ........ __ .. .. ........... __ . í':~-e1
The Gold Exehang-c an<l it~ opt'I'atiollS ... _ .. _ ....................... _ .. .. .. 82,83


JOH"S H. STOUT j testillloll'y of. ............................•.•.........•.......... _ .•........ _... 84
rI\mf,h National Bank and it~ operatiolls...... ...................... 84-B~
Uertífied cheeks, théÍr use amI ahuse ....... __ .... __ ................................ __ ...... b5-87
Tenth Naí-ional Bank, {'Xamillatioll thereof...... . .. __ ...... .. ~7, AA
Tenth N atiollal13ank and General ButterfiehL ........ _..... .. ... B9,90
I~EWI8~. 81'I.M60S, the gohl pUllie ..... . ................ __ ................. 90-92
};nwIN S. CUArl", testimony of ......... ____ ........ __ ........ __ ........ _..... .... 9:1


Tenth N ational Ballk alld (~e]'titif~tl t'hecks ........ __ ... , . _ .............................. __ . ~7
HENRY K. E~ol:5, transactions as broker ...... _ .................. _ ....... , _............... 100
SAMUEL W. BOOCOCK, transaetioIl8 as brokcl' _ .................... _. ............... .... .. ...... lú8


CHA~~!Sg~i2~fe~~'~'liS~(~~:~lf?~;~(~f~t's' ~;S-(;R' ~ ~ ~~: ~: ~~~ ~: ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~: :.~ ~:: ~.-::: ~ ~ ~~:: ~ ~: ~ ~::::: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~: ~ ~ ~ g~
JOH;t;~1~Ii(~~~~O~~~:~!~i~'1~~ ~:~;rl~llk~~(~~oa~ R~;]~k'::::::: ~::: ~:~::: ~:: ~ ~ ~::::::::::::::: ....... 116, ~~~
RIC~:~hl?:i~(:lJ~~~~~~! ~:n:';'~~J' ~;,:,;~~~q'::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: ~~g
JAY GOULD, testimon,V ni' _ ....... __ ............................... ..... ..................... ... 131


'l'ransaetions in gold . _ .... _ ..... _. ...... ...... . .......... _ ......... _ ......... 131-150


t~t1~J~l~~f}~\t;~~~~i{~~~f~:~\ {; -~ . '.': -. _:: ".:. ~ _: -_ ~ . :--' .. : .: .-. -. :.... ~ : :.:. ~ :. :. ~:. ~~~' ~~~~t~i
COIlvcnmtions with Presidcnt. Grant. .. _. _ ............ _. _ .......................... _ ........ 152,154
Corbin's ]ctt.fT to Presideut (iraut ............... __ ... _..................... 1.15,159
~[r". Grant's letter to Mrs. Corbin .............. __ . __ .... ____ ...... __ .. ____ .... __ . 156,157
Corbill'R trip to 1Vashington ..... _ ..................... _...... 158
BnHt'rlield's cOIll1edioll Witll tbe panic .. __ . _ ...... _. _ ....................... _ .. _. . 162
~ ew York Times editol'ials .................................. __ .. __ . 164, J 65
Gonld pays Corllin ::r.25,000 _........ .. ......... _ ........ _ ................. _ ............. _ 168
LcttCl'A to St:"('Tetar.y Bout.wdL..... . ... _..... . 372,373


J Aj\lE8 .}I'IHK, .J R., te~timOIl'y ot' .... _ ........ _ .. _ .... _.. ...... .•........ . . ...... . .. . .. 168
Transactiolls in gold. ....................... .. _ ... 168-171
Cl'Up-trallHportation pro.if'ct.. _ ........... ___ ... _..... .. __ . 171,176
Boat ride and t..·.()IlVer~a.tion with I)re~üdent Grant. _... . .......... 171,172
Corbill'¡;¡ a!-'~lIl'aItee of g:overnment aifL __ ". ... . ....... 17:l, 182, 183
Buttertield·8 eOIlllf'etion wit h the panic .......... _ . . . . . __ . _ ... 174, 180, 181
Mt>~f'f'Il~pr from Fisk to Pn'sident Grant ..... _ ....... _ ................. _ 174
11r8. CorlJiu's HS8urance of g-overnment aid ..... _. _... 174,183
Angry intervicw with 1fl'. ami Mr~. CorlJiu ............... __ .. 175,176


. Opinion of the c1earing-honse ..... _ .............. _. __ ... _ ... _ . . ....... ....... 182
C. W. POLLAHl>, CorlJiu l.¡~iHk, and GOllhFs illterview..... . .. 184
WILLIAM ·E. nOlJnI~, tnstimollV of. . ...... _... 185


Gold panic and its ahmstr(~J1l8 f'fff'-cts.......... ...... 185
OpinioIl on Golel Exehange Bank ~:
Opinion 011 Gold Roolll ...................... " .... __


(iEORGE H. HTUAH.'I\ testimony of.... 188
ConsequenCf'8 oi' Kold pmiic................... . .. _ ... ... .. . l"B
OJlinion 011 Gol.1 Exehangc _ ........... _. . .. ............ 188


HENRY H. ~{AHTI~, test.imolly oí'. .... __ ... __ ..... ........... HIO
GoId operati()IH~ bt't'nre Hntl dnring panic. 190-202


JAMES RH.OWN, t-f'Rtimony of ........... oo. __ ....... 202
l)('aling with Spí'yeI'A. Fisk. &c. .. .............. _ .................. 202-210
Opinion on Gold Board alld Gold .Exchaugp .Ballk . . . . ....... ... .. 209


H. Rep. 31-,-'H




4S2 INDEX.
Page.


E. K. WILLAH,Il, tr,ll1S¡lctilm~ as urokor. _____ ~ ___ ... ________ .. _. _ 210-219
'Yn.LIA.H J. \\íoolnvARD. trausaetiolls as broker. __ .. __ .... _ .... __ . __ ... __ . _ 219-221
H1RA:\f C. HocawH. testnllonyof _________ ......... ____ _' ... __ ....... __ .. _ 2''!~


Tl'aUsactiollA oí' Gol,l lJ.\change Bank ......... _ .. __ ....... _ ... _ ....... _ ................. _ 222-226
Ht~m"ivt'l' appoint,p.il , aJl(t why _______________ . _ _ 2'24


J(HlX "\Y. MA(~Hl':!lEILt(,Atimon'yof ... __ . ____ .______ _ ____ . _________ • __ . ___ .'_._._ 226
EXlllIlinatiou 01' Tputh KatioJla] TIank ........... _ ....... _.. 2'27-2:lO


WJLLLUI O. CIIA1'J1'\, letter-cal'rier fl)r }'isk . _________ .. ___ , __ _ _ _ ... ___ .. _ 2:~
THO:\IA~ HA.:'Irp.so~, earrieH UlPHHages from snh.t.reasury. _" _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ :l33
nE:-.íJAMJ~ F. CAIt\'EB,trall1'\Uctiollsasbroker _______ .,.________ _ 235
JOSEl'H SELICMA~, tranRactüllIs in hanb.ing .. _. _____ .. _ . __ .. ____ . _____ . _______ . _ .... _o. _ _ 238


1)palillg,'s \vith GellC'ralBuUrrfirld .___________________________ _ ;Z~{8,2;m
Estimate of amount, oí' gold iu'United Statt)8 ________ .. ____ . _. _ .. _._ ... _ ..... ___ .. __ ...... _ 241


ABEL I(A'('HBOX¡'; COI""", tEstimony of .. _. _______________ .. ___ .. _. __ 242
Crop-transportation project _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ ..... _ ..... __ . __ .. ____ .. _. __ ..... _ ........ __ .. 21:1,249
Pn'Hi(lellt Grallt's mOYt'lOonts, summer of '69 ___ . _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 243, ~46
CorlJin'slettPl'to Grant __ ... __ ._ .. __ .__ _ _____ ........ ______ . ___ ._ __ 24!\250,263
.:\ln..¡. GrHII1 's lpttl-'I' tu -i\[ 1"8. Coruin _. _ .. _____ . _ _ 251,253
Transactiolls with Gould, honas anrl gold ___ . , __ . _ .. __ ... _ .... _. _ 253,256
Intel'yimv with FiHk mul GOllld uftel' pa1llU_ 262
J ournry to "\Yashingtoll . __ .. __ .. _ _ ____________ . 266
Illterdt-'w with Presiopnt Grant _ _ _ _. 261


~\;)~:{;i~~':~~~)~~I~!,<~~\t~~~ ~1\t· ~~~~~fi;ll(-I-_ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ -_ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . ~ ~ ~G9, ~~:
An illtelldcd gitt refllsed. __ __ __ __ _____ .... __ _ __ __ __ __ __ _ __ 270


C. C. NOHVELL,t,estimonyof .. _.... ____ .. __ .. _ .. _ 215
Thc editOJial furnishcd Lv Corbin for Times _ _ _ 275-279
Buttel'field and Goul(j, __ : .. ________ ........... _____ .. ____ ... __ ... __ __ 2>10
OpiuiononGold Exchangt',Bank,&c. ____ .____ ________ _ ________ ___ __ ___ ~~1
HE~ I<Y M. S'lITH, trallsactiOlls as uroker ___ .. _ . ______ . _____ .. _ .. ___ ... ___ ... ___ ... __ . 278-2>11


Gf'tf. out iu.innctiom~ _______ . __ . __ ... ___ . __ _ _ _ _ 286
A. A. Luw, testimony of. ____________________ .. _____ . . _____ ... __ 281


General eifeeLH of thH gol¡l panio ____ . _____ . _ _ _ _ _ 2H9-29a
Opillion on Gold Exchange anO. bank __ . _ . __ . _ _ 2!11
Opinioll 011 financial polil"Y of t.h ~ Sflcret.ary _ _ _ _ _ ____ . ________ . _ _ ____ . _ ... _ 2!l:J-~)8


Wn,LJAJI.I RELllE¡.J, tl'ansad.ion as broker _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ . _ .. _.. . . 2~)B-309
DA:r.;lEL BL"TTEnFIELD, acf.ioIl HS a~si~taIlt trea,SlIrl'r ____ ... _. __ . _". __ .. _ _ _ _ ........ _ ..... _ a09, :UB


'I'ransactions with Gould ... ___ . _. ___ . ___ .. " ____ .. _____ .... _____ .. _____ . _ .. _____ .314-318
'l'ransactioIlS witli Sflli,!-,rmal1 ___ . _______________ . _. __ . ___ . __________ .. ___ . ___ ....... __ .... __ 319-322
]}oIHIR 011 a J!oltl hU8is ______ ... ___ . . __ , ____ • __ . _ _ _ . . ______ • _ _ _ _ . __ . _ . ______ 320, 324
Resig11s his pOSitiOll .. _. __ .. : _ .... __ ..... _______ . _____ . _ .. __ .. ___ .. _ .... _., .... _. _. __ . _. ___ . :l27,328
LeUer to eonullitteo _______________ . __ . __ ... __ . _. _. _. __________ . ________ . __________ , __ . ___ .. 329
Corre,pOlHlpllce "ith Secretar)' of the TreaBury ______ .. ____ . ____ . _____ . __ ...... ___ . __ .. ____ 330-:l32
Leltpr tu Hun. S. S. Cox .... __ . _. ___ . ____ .. _. _____ .. __ 363
GEO(ll~:~t'?:iDe~~~\;~8t~~~r,l1~!i·c" ~::::: ~ ~:::: ~ ~ ~ ~: ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ _ -. - -. - - - - .. - . - ..... -, - - - - - :J:3~-~~~


Opinion 011 Gold Exehauge _ _ _ _ _ _ _ :~3j, 336
Opillioll on certit',riug' eheeks _. _______ . _ .. ___ . _ .. _ .. _ a~n-311
Crop-trunspnrtation tlH'ory. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ 33!l
Opil1ions 011 financial polic'y geIlf'I'n 11y ___ . ___ • _. ____ .. ____ .. __ ... _ _ . __ .. _ .... _ 340


lfon. GEO!WF. H. BOI:TWELL, h'stimouy of' .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 342
Gelleralmallagemeut oi' treaHllr,}~. ___ ... _. __ .... _. ____ .... _. _____________ :342,::151
~\raIlsaetilmH prfl"illllS to the p~nic _ _ :144
Conyer~atioll with Prt'sidellt ti-rallt ,. ____ ... ___ ... _____________ .. _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 344
Telegrallls, Bout wpll ml(l Butterfield _ _ __________ .. _ .... 345, 351-354
Crop·transport,atioll theoI'y _. !t _______ . _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 554
Teuth Natioual Ballk iuyrstigatioD ____ ... __ . __ . . __ . ___ . ____ . 35:'),356
OJlinion ou r:ertified ehecks . ___ .... ______ .. __ _ __ . ____________ . ______ 356,357,362
Lt'ttpl's fl'om l)n~sid~I1t Grant_. _ .. _ .. _ .. __ ' _. ____ . ___ ._ _ __ _ _ .. __ .... _. _ ._. __ . _. _. 358, :-J;)9
Pr('~ülcllt Gt'allt Oll t,he crop-transportatioll theory ~ _ 358,360
Tablf', bOllds plll'ehasp(l by treasury ____ . __ .... __ .. __ . ___ .. __ ... _ .. _ .. _. ____ . _ ..... 364,365
Tahlo, sal('~ nf coin tlnring 1869 ___ ~ ____ ... _____ . ____ ~ .. ______ .. __ ._ _ 366
Correspondence, liuanc:iaL ___________ . _ _ _ _ _ _ __ . ____ ..... ____ . ___ . __ . _ ... , 366-::It:4
lnvestigatíon of ehargf's against Euf.terfield __ .. ___ .. _,. _ 3R:l


E. C. BAltTLETT. writpr of <liRpatches tD ButtcrfielrL ..... _______ . ____ . __ . ____ . _ . _. _ 3R4
HRXRY .TOHNfiOX, carrior of dispatchcs_ _ _ .. ___ .. _ _ _ _ _. _____ ... _ :185
;NICK~ON BumuLL, messenger wit.h Ilispatehe:t - ... - -- ... -" - - -. - .. - - - -- - fla8~
K CARIllE COOK, Washington telegraph operat"r ... _ ... _ ... ____ . ____ ' __ . ___ . _. ____ . "
.J. G. G Al{LA~D, Washington telegral'h operat,or . _ .. _ ... __________ .... _ _ :l8B
GHAHT.ES CALLEI\DER, teHtimony of _______ . ____ .. _______ .. __ .... ___ .... _ ..... __ .. __ .... _ .... _ _ _ ~it:9


Examines Tenth National Bank. Kew York ._ .. __ :lM9
Assistallce t,o Tenth National Bank, Kew York. ________ .. ___ .. __ .. ____ .. _____ .. ___ .. __ ... 390-395
GI'.lleral crash ofbanks intended __ .. _. _________________ .oo _____ • _ 300, a91


RUSSELL A. Hn,LS, trallsactioIls as brokcr ______ . _____ . _ ... ___ . __ .... _. _. _. __ , .. _ _ 391-401
Teuth :'<atiollal Bank promised Ul1limited certification _ .. _. _ ... _.' 398


CIIAH.LES E. QFIXCEY, testimony of _____ ..... ________ ... __ . _. _. ____ . ___ . _ 401
lleath & eO.'8 transact,iom:¡ durin~ panic week _ ... _ ... _______ .. __ . 401-104
Heat,h & Co.'s tralH'mctio1l8 witb 8peyers _ .. __ ..... _ ... _ _ _ 40:1


.r Acon D. VEHMILYE, testimony oL ___ . _____ ... _. ______ . ______ . 404
Clt'aring-house operati()m~ Iluring panic wCflk _ _ _ _ .. __ . _ .. _ _ _ 404-410
Opil1ion Oll certifiod chccks _ ... _ . ___ . _ .. _______ .. _ .. _ _ _ . _ 403


TI. R. HULHUI{D, testimony ni",. __ .... ____ . __ ....... _ ... _ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _ __ 410
Tran¡.¡,a('.tions as Comptroller of enrrenev _. ________ ... _ _ _ ___ ... _. _. _ 410---413
Examinatioll of Tenth Nat.ional Bank, New York __ .". _ _ 410, 411
Opiniu11 011 1'.t~I'tififlil eht~eks _ . ___ . _. ______ .... __ .. " _ _ __ _ _ _ _ 412


C. A. TJ\"KEl{, time of aeudillA" telegrams .. __ .. __ . _. _. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 413---417
FOJ-w C.13AHK:?HL-\LF., report.l'r for Sun, t.üstimony of . ___ .... _ _ 411


lllt,pn'ic\-v:'\ Corhin, Gould, &ú_ . _ _ _ _ _ 117-430
Ilrnl:wlltfo\ :,;eut tu \Yhitp Homw_ 4J8, 425, 426




INDEX. 483
Page.


RoBERT P. BnOWN, earric8 messages, &C .... - _ - -- _ .. . _. _____ .. _ .. _______ " __ .. __ . ___ .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 430
AUGUSTUS L. BROWN, testiruon,y of ________________________________________ ..... __ ....... _...... 431


!'!oings as \ccC'>iver ()f~old Exchan,ge Bank. ___ _ _ _. ___ o ___ ••• _."." ••• _ •• _ ••• _. ________ • __ 431-435
CompensatlOn as recelver. __ .. ______ 0. __ ._." •• ____ 0_ •• _____ •••••• ____ • ___ • _ '_"_0 ____ 0_' _.. 433


J. A. KEItBRY, 'Vm~hington tl-llt-'graph operator, tnstimony of _. ___ . ____ . __ . ______ . _ ... _____ . _. __ . 435
RoIlERT B. CATlIEllWOOI>, testimony of. _ .. __ .. ___ . _ .. ___ . ____ .. ______ . __ . ___ .. __ .... _ .. _ ... _.... 437


Ref'u8es tu IJf~ AssiHü.t,:Lnt TreasureT. __ .. ___ . __ . ___ . ____ .. ______ . _. _ ... _______ ... _. ______ . _. 337-439
Corbin works for Blltterfield for the place_._. __ . ___ .. _ .. ______ . _____ .. _ ... _ ... __ .. _. _ ._._. _ 437-440


HORA CE I)ORTER, testimon,Y oí. _____ . _. ___ .. __ . _______ . __ ... _. ___ ...... ___ •.. _ .......• _. _...... 444
Gould notillos him of ¡rold hou~ht for him ___ . ___ . _. _ .. __ . ___ ......•. _ .................... _. 445
Presirlent Grant, and Corhiu'fI cOllversation ............. _ ....... _. _ ..... _. _ ........ _... ..... 446
Goultl's kintl oft'er tú Portf'r ...... _ ................... _ ..... _ ...... _ ........ _ .. _ ......... __ . 447
Corbin's letter to the President _ .. _ .. _ ... ___ . _ . _____ ..... ___ .. __ .. __ ..... _ .. __ .. __ ' _. ____ .. 44B
Jlfrs. Grant'. letlcr 1,0 Mr •. Corhin. _ .. __ .. _. _ ... ______ .' __ .... _ .... _ ...... _. _. _. __ . __ . 448
The presenta sent to the White Honso _. _______ . ___ . __ . __ ........................... _ ... _.. 449


MOWRY S. "MITH, New York tologra-ph oporator, tcstimony of . __ ' _. _ ... _ .. _ .. __ . _. _ ...... ___ . _ 449
Explanation of "gold i !ldicator" .. ______ . _ . ____ . ____ . ___ ........ _ . ___ ..... _ . . . .. . . . . 451


W. HARGRAVE WHITR, bookkeeper at express oflice, tcstimony of.. .............. ........ ...... 452
Suspieious entry in express book ............. _. _M _ •••• __ •••• __ ••• _._ '0" O' _ •• _ ._ •• __ •••• _. _ 452-457


SAMUEL M. SUOEMAKEH., I1utllfLger of Atlams' Express, testimony of _ .. __ .... _ ......... __ ... _... 457
Package sont to Mrs. Grant __ M •• _ •••• _. ___ ••••••••••••••• _. _ •••••• _ •• __ ••• _. _ •• O _. _ •• 457, 4~


J. W. BUn.80N, packa,~e Htmt to Mrs. Grant.. _ .. ___ . _ ..... _-o • ___ • _ _ _ o' _M _. _ ••• _._ ••••••••• __ • 458,459
YlEWS OF HE JlfINOIllTY _. __ . _ .. _. _ .. _ . __ . _ 4<>1


o






41STCONGRESS, ¡ HOGSE OF HEPRESE~TATIVBS.
~d 8ession. f


CIL\HLES A. PITCHEH.


{ REPORT No. 32.


)hllCJ[ 2, 18iO.-OI"["1'(),l to 1)(' l'l'inte<l und rCCOllllllittetl to thc Conllllittee OH Putents.


)[1'. JENCKES, frolll tite COllllllittee ou Patellts, malle tite iollowill¡.!,'


REPORT.
The (Jolnmittee on Patentx, to 1chmn was referred the petition of Charles .. t.


Pitcher, for cOlnpens((tion jor the use of ((, patented 'Ínvention belonging to
the petitionerfor an únprovement in ?n(whines for making brooms in the
penitentiary in tite District of Col1l1nbia, beg lem'e to report as fol101CS :
Upon hearing tite petitioner, it was the impressioll of tIle members of


tIle committee that the subject to be illYestigated properly belollg-ed to
t11e Committee of Claillls, but, upon looking into the papers filed with
the petitioll, it was se en that the question ülyolyed in tite claim depended
npon the proper construction of the statutes cOllcerning patellts, aml
were matters of patellt law properly witIlin the jurisdiction of the com-
lIlitt~e. They therefore COllclnded to giye tIle subjeet of the petition a
eareful inyestigation.


n appears from the papers med with the petitloll that Olle Spellcel'
Howe obtained lettel's patent of tite United States, bearing date Decem-
ber 1, 1837, fuI' a llP'" ami useflll imprOyellH'llt in machines for making
brooms, by meallS of whiclt it was claimed that the wire by whiclt tite
broom-col'll is fastened to the broom-handle can be more firmly amI
securely applied titan by mean s of ally preyiom; machine, 01' by any mode
of manipulationbct()re kuown. On the 4th day of Deceml>er, 1857, the
patentce assigned aIl Itis interest in the Íllyention, as secured by the let-
ters patent throughout tIte cnited Statcs, to one .Tollll Fox, for tite ex-
pressed consideration of two thoLlsand dollars. This instT'lllnent 01' con-
y~ Ycyanee seelllS to haye beell regularly recorded in tlle l">atent. Officc 011


the same dav.
Broom making had ueen introllueed into tIte penitentiary, amI was caI'-


ricd OH in a smaU way by the Itancllal>or oi' tite cOllviets, in tite .real' 1857.
Soon after tIlo issnÍlIg' of tIte patent the innntor entered illto a contract
with Tholllas Thormley, the warden oi' tIte peuitentiary in the Distl'ict oí'
Columbia, which contraet was reduced to wl'iting alld executed on the
11th day of February, 18,38, hy wltioh the said warden agrced to permit
the said l{owe to \York anel carry 011 within the inclosure of the penitenti-
al'Y, fol' the term 01' olle .real' frolll tIle 22d dar of February, 1858, a broolll
machine aud apparatus, complete, for the manufacture oí' aU kinds of
hrool1ls; and also agreed to let to said l{owe, during said real', such cou-
yicts as tIle warden might designate, not exceeding tell men, to work on
the manufacture of bl'ooms, at the rate of forty cents a day for each con-
"ict so employed. The propel'ty used for thc manufacture of the brooms
was to be at the risk oí' l{owe, as far as fire was concemed, and, R.owe
migItt rernoye the same at tIle end of thc year if he paiel the whole sum
due for wages of the corrdcts. Howe coyenallted to pay forty cents per




CHARLES A. PITCHER.


(Iny 1'01' the wage" oí' tlH' COllyid,,; and thal, if 110 ütiled jo pay, IIt(! war-
den mig11t Keizc t1lc lllac1linery amI Htoek l1"cd in making' brOültlH, and
('itllPr make sale of thcm fuI' tlle bellefit oí' tlle Unite(\ States 01' makn
118e of t11e Hallle; amI, "fol' t11e more Hnre aJl(1 effednal s('(,1l1'ing of tlw
11ire of said ('0lIyiet8," Howe (,üllyeyed to t1le said wal'(\('n all his I'igllt to
t11e maehillet', amI tlle use of thelll undel' tilo patent "01' by any OtlIPl'
means whatsoew~l'," allll aIso assigll('1l a11 tlw tooIs aJl(I 8toek.


Tlle petitioner aYers tllat under the cOlltract threl' donhIe-ge~ll'P(l
lllaehines were pIaced in tbe pellitential'y amI operated unLil N uvelll her,
18f¡!), when the Cllited StateK becallle tIte lmrehas('r of t'aÍlI maehine"
from said Howü, amI continucd lo opera te tlle sanH' lIntil the 24th oí'
Xo"emher,1862, He furtbel' sta tes tlwt ahout Mardl 1, ]H,rm, the \\'ar-
den uf said pt'llitentiary, aeting' 1'01' and in heltalf of tite Ullited Stateí;,
eaused to 1)(' erected t11reo uther (Ionble-gean'd machines, making altll-
get,her 8ix doublp-geared lllachillf~R, and wOl'ke(1 tIte "allle hy eOllyÍ(·t
labor until tho ~()th day of SoptellllJer, 1862, "hen tite jlcnitentiary wa,;
diRcolltinued. Thormley ccased tu be warden oi' tlw pCllitelltiary carIy
in l8!")!), amI \Yas í;lH'eee(}eü by U. P. Seng'stack, who was rellloycd ill
Apl'il, ]86], alHI succcedeu by H. S. King, ,,,!lo waK wanlcn at tlle tiIllt'
that the penitentiary was hrok(m IIp in t-l('pt(~mh('r, 18G2.


Tlw petitioner became tIte pnl'chaser of the patent alld ot' tltp rigllt,;
of t11e assignee, Fox, by a COllYe,rallce dateu April2, UWI, I'l'eonlcü Apl'il
;l, 18tH, fol' tlle lJOminal eom,ideration oí' fiye thollsan!l (Iollars. 1t !loe,;
not appear tIrat ThOl'mley, 01' either of tlw snb"eqllent wanlellt' of tlw
penitentiar,r, had an'y uotice of tlle title uf Fux to 1111' illY(~ntioll pateuÍ(o(l
by Rowe, nntil the í;ale of HO\H"S stoek an(I machilles in ~on'mher, lSGn,
no1' was any attempt malle by said Fox, or hy t!le petitioner, to enfo1'cl'
tllPt'e l'ig!lts against HO\\'(\ or either of t Iw wanIpll" at :lIly time by an,\"
legal proceedillg's. The petitioner made a (lemamluyl(m tite hoard ()f
insllectors of tlle penitentiary on the lHth 01' April, lHtil, ,vhieh wa:-; 1'1'-
ilponded tn 011 the 5th of Febrllar,Y, 1862, h,Y au a(lrni¡.;sioH uf tlI(' illfrillg'p
ment and a staü'mellt of tlleir imlbilit~· under tlw la\\' eitltel' to pay ~llIy
c1amages 01' to agree upon the all10ullt whidl :-;hon!d he pai(l. 'Thi"
(,oIlelusioll was approyed hy t.he Sp(~retary oi' tlle 1 ntprior OH t hp 1 nt 1I
of 2\1ay, 186:!, amI the slll~ieet \Yas by him l'ef'elT('(1 to Cougn·,ss.


It appears that the waÍ'llell, in 18HO, lllade an nttempt to pnrelwHe frolll
Pox a lieenHe to use t.1w machines tllen in tl)(' penitelltial'y, 1mi faileü to
agree l1110n te1'lns. TIte three additiullaI machines were cOllstru('tecl
a bont the 1í;t of :\larch, 1SGn, anrl 1wfo!'ü tlle wanlcn hall 1lo1 iee tltat. t hl'
title to the patent was held hy ally ot11t'r persoll thau }{O\\"l', aud wllllt,
lto\\'tl was still carryillg ou bis bllSi1leSH in tlw llenitelltiar~·.


Immecliate1y afteI' t1le action takt'll hy tl1(\ 8eel'etary oí' 1 he 1 nterio]'
in 2\Iay, 181~, with reg'ard to thií; (]emawl, the petitiOlH'r appliel1 to CUll-
grc;;s for relief, and hiH petitioll wat' r('fi~l'l'e<i to tlw COllllllittee Oll tlH'
Uistrict of UOlllll1 hia. of tlle H Ollí;e of lkpreselltatiH's, w110 report('(l,
asking to he discharged therefi'olll, all(I that the petition be l'eferr('(l tn
thü COll1mittee of Ulaims of t!le Honse, alld it was so rpf'el'l'ed, Aft.eI' tlH'
passage of the bill reorgallizing the Comt of' Clailllí;, -:\lareh :_l, 1¡';¡¡:l, leaY('
to withdl'aw hiR petition was grallted upon tllll. petitiollPl";; O\\'H :lllPliea
tioll, for tlw pnrpose of prescllting Ilis claims before tllat comt.


In .T une, 1"'63, he preRented hiK petitioIl to that comt, settiug 101'1.11 I1 j"
titlc to the patent amI the nse of tlH' maehine patl'llt('(i iJl tIte penitt'lI-
tiary; ancl claimecl that t11ere was aH illlplied eOJl1rnd ill s\leh u:-;e \lndt,!,
the eiremllRtall(~Pt', which \\'ould.iu,;tif.v sai<l (:Olll't ill taking jUl'it'didic)I!
of the claim, aJal askeLl "the United 8tates to l'd'uJl(l hilll the lllOTW,\- (0['




CHARLES A. PITCHER. 3
tlH' mOlle."';; Ir 0I't I I it lla" aet1lally l'(~epi\'('{l fl'01I1 tite nse 01' !ti,; ¡H1tpnt,
ami whielt in equit.r allfl goo<l com;cü'llce 1Jclollg's to llim."


'rile eOlll't aft('l' arglllllent dee1illed to take jnris(lictioll amI <li"IllI,;"ed
tlle pctitioll. (Xott aJl(I11llutillgtoll Hep., p. 7.) 1'11(' pl't,itiOlH'r agaill,
:lt tlw Hw(,ting oí' tite :IKtlt COllgl'ess, applied to COllgress t'or n·1ief.
Tllis petitioll was preferrcü in tllP Sellate, a"king that .illris<1ietion 0\'e1
his case Illight 1)(' cOIlf'('lTed Oll t]¡e Conrt of Claims by spceial ad. Tltis
petitioll waH rcl'erreü to tIJe COllllllittee on Claims, wlto reported a bill
('onferrillg' jlll'iSllietiolL Oll thp COUl't oí' Claillls iu tllf\ pl'ellliH(~", whieIL
lJasse(l tite Sellate, and in tlle Honse \Vas refel'red to tite COInmittce Oll
tlle .J llllieiary. This eOll11l1ittee recollllllended a Ilon-COllcnrrenee in tite
i-knatn bill, amI it was thcl'pfol'!' laitl npon the table 01' tite llom;e alHI
lost.


'rILe petitionrr t1wrru]loll preferred :111otILer petitioll in the Sellat(',
asking titat COllgress lllight examine tlw lllattpr oí' 1lis elaim lllld gi\'p
him relipf. Tltis petition was reí~rrel1 to the COllllllittee OH Claims, ,,110
made report ill t1w fin;t spssiotl oí' the ;¡8th COllgTess, (.June 2!), 1864,)
íSennte l{ep, ('om, :Ko. ns, to aeeompany 1Iill S. "Xo. 338] reeolllmem1ing
tllP l'Hynlt'llt oí' tlll' snm oC tin"l tltOllS:111<l dollars i()l' the use of the p:1t-
t'ntetl machines ill the penitelltiar~', froll! the first da;)' of Xo\'cmbl'!', 1K3!J,
tI) tIlO 20th .lay of Sel1tember, 1862. This hill passsd both IIonses, alHl
tite petitiolll'l' n'eeiyeü the smll ot' fjyp thollsantl llo11lU'i; Ollt oí" tlw
tl'('ftSllry,


lIe n~",' llH'l'S t]¡at this was not appl'opl'iatell allll paülnpOll cOllllition
tltat jt shonlr1 bl' aecepte(l in fllll t'or his elaim for (1:mwges fOl' tIte
infringenlPllt oí' i;ai(l patent by pers,ol1s in the emplo'yllleut of thc Cnited
States, nol' in full fol' pl'otits lIllHÜ, hy the lTnitetl States hy tite UH(' of
said inn'lltion, lmí asks that his whole c1ailllll1a,Y be iIHlnil'P(1 iuto, au(l
tb(· l.emai1Hkl.oí.itallo\\.rdaJHlpaidaft!.!.gi •. illg credit 1'01' tite tin'
tbommnc1 dolla1's ah'pa(h" rc('('i\-('(l.


'rltp (~lailll of tlw prtiÚOlle1' is that thp Cnite<l Sta tes " ShOlll<1 U('C'OUllt
ti)!' tlle pl'otits tIH',Y haye .lt'l'iye<l Ü'Olll tite llse oí' his machíIlP." Iu ('sti-
Illatillg tites\' sllpposed pmfits t11e lH'titionCl' aSSlllncs t1mt he has proye<l
that tlw an'l'agp lllllllbel' 01' broollls w!lü'h can be made OH machines
whieh tll(' publi(' lJaH' II l'Íght to ns(" is 22~- pl'l' da,)', a]1(l tllat [i0 per (lay
.'an lw lIIadp Oll Howe's lllHchine; tltat the p1'ofit made Oll bromlls OH'l'
cost of raw lllltt(,l'ial i" OIW dollar per dOJleu, 8& ce \lis pCl' broolll, Hnü
tllat he shonld bp allo\Ycc\ t!Jis profit Oll the exeess 01' the num1ll'l' oí"
hI'OO!lti; tita! ('oul(l be produced on'1' the llumber that ('onM he produced
hy ot11('1' lllal'llilH's l)(~l' day, dllríllg tlm enUre pPl'io<l thnt tlw machines
\Ver!' in lIse nt t!J1' ppnitential'Y, i. c., fmlll April, 18ri8, tn Reptemlwl' 20,
18m~.


In tlta1 way he 11gun's the profit Ilnrillg tlle pel'ioü of-
Thorlllley's eontl'act with 1<owe, at _________________ .. __ _
rnder '''arlle]} SPllgst:lek _______________ . _____________ _
ClIdl'l' 'Yar<lell King ____ . ___________________ . ______ . __


AlllOUlltillg in t!t!' ",!tole to _________________ . __ -_


83, ;372 40
18,274 40


.'3,34!J 3ri


2,), UlO 1;)


Tltís cOlllpntation was pl'eSellte<1 to t11e Sellate COllllllittee OH Claillls
in t1le ;~8th f)ollgl'eSS, auü tlley say in their report, (Scllnte 'Hep. COUl.
~o. U8, :18th COllgl'eSS, 1st sessioll, that-


The ¡!;1'l'at ,li tlknlty has heell to as('ertain the ]11'oper alllollllt. of ,1alllHW's ",hich
,honl,l he allowl:ll. Tite govenllllellt. as appcars from tIlA t,estillloll'y of tlw WHnlells,
ofti.cers 01' t,]w pellilelltiary, 'lIul ,,¡,]u'rN, hnyp recei ,1;<1 a 1,elleJlt from thp llse of tltis ma-
,'I,illl' in tllp l"'lIitelltial'y, tin' t1l .. tiltle IIIPlItioll("l, nI' OY<'r twclIty thollHalHl 11011a1';<




4 CHARLES A. PITCHER.
oycr ,yllat, ir, \\'onl,1 ha ve realized frolll lIlallllal la hor ,uul llIachiues 1101 patI'11t",!.
YOllr eOlulllitll'ü are nf Opillioll that jnstif'o wonltI ÜellUlll!l t1mt the memoriali"t ,'lIIl1ltl
reccin, at Jeast 011t,-fol1rth of the pwlit"


,,",. are a ",are 'b llIueh largcr amonnt con1<1 lw 1'N'0\"01'(',11 hy la\\' ag,üll~t aa iLuli,'i11nal
Iol' Hnch iufriugclllcllt nf a patento as tlu, go,"erLLLLwut has m,nIe iu tllis "'He', 1m! tili''\"
(hillk the gon'n11lJeut ca,lluot he helü (o sllch liahility Ullrler ,di tlw elreUlllHtauces.


rpon this rC]\01't, anel for fllese reasons, the oill appropriatiltg ü\'('
thou"a!Hl dollars fOl' the nse of tite"n patenteü machíne" was passl'el,
whieh Sl1m thp petitiollf'l" l'eeei \"ed, as he Imys, Olt aCC,UUllt. TIte petítioller
arlmito; thron!.!;hont all his eOl'l'l'SpOllllenee with tite offieL'l's oí' tIw pelli,
tential'Y, amI in his petition, HlI\l in the orief tileü therewith, that thi~
is uot <t case fol' t.]¡e elailll of yinuictiye or punitin\ elamages 1'01' a will-
fnl infringelllent, no)' olle ia whieh the actual damages as l' 01111 el hy a
jnry wonld 1)(' tl'ebled uy the court undel' tlle la\\'. 111 sltort, his demand
is not for dalllages in the teelmieal sense, lmt fol' tIte pl'otits lllatle by
tl1(' use ofhis mnehiue in the sellRe in \\'ltieh the wonl "profits '.' is used by
t1Je eomts in tlleir df~Cl'P(,S in such cases. He cites tlle lp;uling ueeisions
ill tile Supremo Comt. (Liyillg¡,;ton fll. \Yoodworth, 1;") How<Lnl, 34-G.
Affirllll'd ill UenIl r8~ J'lInson, 20 Hmnml, 20:t) AmI more roeelltlyat
th(' lll'esclIt tel'lll 01' tIle Sllpreme Conrt in t11e case oí' The L'l'ovÍdenc('
Rnober Company ¿'s. Goollyear et al. In aH these cases it is declareel
that the protits actnally made o,y t11e nse of tlt8 illventioll, and Jtot wltat
lllight han~ beea Illulle by the use of ii, that is, ]ll'otits in tite merealltih'
sense and not llossible specnlative pl'Ofits, are ,,'hat shonl<1 be a.,;certaillpd
amI de creed agaillst an infringer in suc11 easet-;.


:Xow, whatever oc tlle metIlO el oí' computing profits, it is entil'ely deal'
UpOll thp eOlltract between \Yan1ell 'l'horllllcy amI l{owe, the inventor,
that t11e Fnite(l States are not liaule at a11 for the mm oi' the machines
oy Rmye, dllrillg the whole periocl that he earriell OH t11e mannfaetml'
of broOlllS at the pCllitentiary. These machillcH wern his, the stock \Ya:;;
his, the oroolllS ,yere sohl by hilll, the business \Yas ltils, amI the profits
oy i~ were his. He was Silllply a eemt,raetOl' 1'01' tllC laoor of tIte cOllvids,
nt forty ecnts a day f'or caeh, aud for this compellsatioll to be paid for
Bot more than ten cOllyiets. ll(~ hall the use of a snfficicllt JlOl'tiOll 01'
tlle pCllitelltiary fol' the canyillg OH 01' his businpss n" wen as tile la bol'
oí' the COllyiets. AmI tlw goyernmcnt took no ri"kH iu hitl purchascs~
sales, profits, 01' losses, out hacl seeurity on aH his maehilws auel stoek
fui' the l'ayl1lent of tlw forty cents per da)" 1'01' paeil ('Ollvict's laoor. 1t
is denr, too, that the1'e Wel'b 110 pl'o1its to be aceonntc:d f\)l' by Ho\Vp, fol'
he failf'd lo perform his coutmet \Yith the United States, ga\~e n]1 lIis
bllsillesH, allel thp warclen t'omeloseü tIlo lien givell oy the eoutraet npon
Itis machines and other pl'operty ill tlle penitentiary. I~or angllt that
the wardell kmm', HO\H~ \ras still the owner of the patcnt rpferred to in
hi:s eontmct, aud t11e goVel'llIUellt was ca1'efnlly guarelt'el alld sccmed
f1'om auy liaoility 01' loss oy'reason 01' lLnything Rowe lllight do. Tilis
portiou 01' the claim mHy thel'efore he dismisseel :¡s haYing no fonndatiOll
eithcr iu law 01' PíJuity.


From the time oí' the purchase ()f HO\YeH lIuwhiLH's n1ll1el' tIte fi)]'('-
dosllre, H1Hl the eemstrnction of tIte Hew machillcl5 1Jy \Vanlcn SL'ug-
stack, tIle gOYerlllnent \Yere using HO\ve's inn~lltioll amI are liahle' to
acconnt for tlle llrotitfi 01' sncIt use to tlto O\\"lll'r oí' HO\H\'S Imtent. Bllt
tIte lllcthod of eOlll]luting thcse proMs adO]ltl'd oy the ]ll't,itioller, allll
ilHlirect1y sandiOlwü by t1le St'nnte Committep ou Claillls of the :38tll
COllgl'PS~, is precisely tl~at w}¡idl tlle Snprellle UOlllt has COlHlOlllueü in
tilo ca:ses aIread,\" refe1'red too \Yith tltc dpal' amI poiuted langnage~ 01'
thoso ¡lpcisions llPt(H'c thelll, ir s "trange that tll() ]lctitiollC'r fij¡Olllu hay"
so erl'pd, 01' that a committec 01' CongTess SllOUld hayo gOllC so t'ar Hstray.




CHARLES A. PlTCHEH.


Tlt{, Oel'it ('yidel)(,(, of \\'ltat tlte "adllal p1'oiiü," 01' a gin~ll lmsiness in a
df'liuÍle perio<l ",ere, is tlte record of snch business kept hy those "ho
were t'<!l'l'yillg' it Oll. This eyülence has always oeen acccssible in the
l'e('onls oftIte 1lellitclItial'y, kept hy í'aiththl and responsible ofticers, aull il'i
('olldll"inl hoth 1l1)()Jl the petitioller and the g'oyernment. These oook"
Itan' becn examinc(l hy yOUl' eOllllllitten amI they sho\\' tIte following
n'slllt".


1'l\i" lmsilleR" oí' brool1l-making ReelllR to luwe becn cOllllUeuceü in a
tilUall way in tIte pCllitclltial'.v by hantllabo1' in 1R;)j, tIte whole alllount oí'
it jH'eYiolls to tlw Ho\\'c contraet beillg but 8124 2ü, oí' ",11icll 827 27 was
Vrofit. Aft.c'l' tIte COlllllleIWClIlent oí' \york uuder tIte Howe contract the
ho()ks sIlO\\' reeeipts of ltlOlley paitl hy him tor tlte In bol' oí' the (~oll\'icts
tItl'ongh tlw YPH1' 1¡.i;'"¡,." amI illtO 18i)U, ,,-!len tIle payments cease<1, tIle
whole amollllts of sllch paylllPnts as "Itown by tlw journal being less
t han ci':!,OOO. Artel' tlte ¡mrchase oi' machines l1lHleI' the ti)l'ce!osm'ü, a
n>gulal' aC(:Ollnt Ú, opelH'd \\'Íth tite broOlll fadory, as ,yith the s!loe fac-
tOl''y :l1H1 ot11('r ilt(lnstries, aml this aecOllllt plll'pOrtS to cOlltain a11 the
pUl'clta,.;es a tI(l salps Itlade in earr.dllg OH that manufaetnre. Fl'om A pri1
] to Oet01H'1' 1, 18(;(1, (tIte hook" Hhowing no regular orgallizatioll oí'
t lw hm.:ille,.;s or ,rol'k itl the hl'OOlll faetory nntil Apl'il 1, 18GO, aftel'
the pnrchase of tlte machines in ~o\'ell1ber, 183D,) the \\'llOle Hmonnt of'
tll{' ullsiness.\\-a8 ~n,81O US, on whieh thcl'e \\'<18 a lo::.:s of 8fí85 ():!.
FrOl)l Octobrl' 1, 18130, t () April 1, ISIH, t11e HlllOl1lÜ of pnr (']1<1:;('s \\'as __ - __ - __________________________________ _
,"h01e ,lIlLOlltlt oí' sales _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____________________ _


t-;lumill;':' a 10,,\,-; 0[' ___ - ________ - _______________________ -
Fl'Olll \\'hieh shollltllJt, dpdllde<l the Yalnc oí' stock OH 1tantl_


L('<!Yillg' all al'twlllos" oC ____ , ________________________ _


8:~, i:í31 .s7
1, !)8H (l,)


1, i:í4;~ 8:!
;>80 10


],lG37:!


J)1ll'ÍlIg tlH' pe1'ioll tItat Killg' ",as \\'anh'll the lJusiness \Yas as follows:
Frolll >\pril 1 to (ktolH'l' 1, lRlIl, \\'ho1e amollnt, $3,20(j 01; oí' which
t11ere \Ya,; in stOI']( 011 hall(l OdolH'l' 1, $:!,11.) 08; giYing cJ'c(lit foI' this,
t11e1'e was :lll ('xcess aho\'!' eX]leuditnl'l's of SilO 78. Frolll Octobor 1,
] HGl, to the hn>aking' IIp oí' the lll'uitelltiary in SeptClItlwr, li-l62, tlle
wllole amonnt of tlw hn"ille,;s was $U,.--¡i-lI U(¡; showing an exeess oi'
illt'Ollt(' OV(,l' '>Xl)('IHlitul't'::': aftpl' sale oí' stock on hand, 01' 81,1110 D7.


It wonHl soell1 that th(~:-;e 1>ooks hall been examined by tIte petitiolll'r,
01' in ltis hplwl1'hy ex-,VunlpllKillg, hefó!'e making his uffidayit, fóI' Killg
COll1pllÜ>S tlw lllllllhp1' of hroollls madI' amI sold whilp he was wanlell ut
71,400, frolll the l'ceonl oí' tlte 11lltn]¡P!' ol' ]¡room halldh's \\'hielt tIle books
t-;h()w to 1UtHl hef'll purehasetl iu that pcriOtl. At $:! per dOZCll these
O,:WO dOZClll'i ,,"ou1(1 lt:l\'(~ b1'ollght 81:!,-HlO; alld dedndütg frolll tlle whol('
:11110Ullt 01' hnsillpss rlnriug' that pe]'iOll SU, 787 D7, the .amOllllt of stock
on hanü $2, lUí 68, \\'1' fiud that tlw sales oí' h1'oollls Hmounted to
$12, G72 2\1; ",itllin $;~OO of King's eompntatioll. This approximatioH
eOllnrltlS the cOlldm;Íons arrh'etl at bv :ron1' (~ollllllit,tee.·


The aetnall'psn1ts oí' i Iw wllole hnsüless oí' lm)OIll-lllakillg at thc pell-
itelltiary, after tlle tel'lnillatiOlI 01' J{o\\,p's contract,was as follows:
:x et los!'! Ulule]' ,Vanlcll Hpugstack. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ $1, R4!l 34
Net g-ain ulltler \Varden King _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 2,321 D.I


Totalllet by the wllole lmsiucss ,. ______ - - - _ - , 472 (j]




6 CHARLES A. PITCHEH.


Hut this aCCoullt does uot show all tIte items that shonhl be cllal'g-c(l
against tIte broolll fadory. It shows simply the ro(~t'ipts and disbnrsc-
mcnts in carrying 011 the lllannfaeture. There ü; no charg<' fOl' lahor,
l'Cllt, insnrallcc, intc1'est on capital invested, i-\nlH'rintelldence, repairs,
01' a11y of the lllinol' items whieh lllust be charged against a lllallnfaetnr-
illg business bef()l'c a diYidcnd of }l1'otitf; ean Le declared. It appt'aI's
frOlll the appropriations, as well as f1'Olll t110 recOl'(ls of tlte penitentia1'y,
tllat dnrillg tltis period of t",o ;rearR and a half t1le goYcl'llment \Yas
llaying about thirtecn t11011sand doIlal's a .real' fol' the salarieR of tl¡p
oftieers 01' the institntion, and that the appropl'iations to eOH'1' defieil'u"
des from 1858 to 18ü1, mul to close its Lnsiness, amol1llted to $-4-2,574 .i;"j.
1t failed to be a paying institutioTl dnring this JlPrjod by this lal'ge
aIl10ll11t. The eharge of a \"er;r slllaU portion of tll(j money paid rOl' the
"uperilltclltlcllce of the institlltioll t.o thiH broolll mannfilCtnI'e, allü a
considerable portion shonld jnstly be eharge(l to it, \\"ollld consume this
HInaU balance of pl'ofits amI show that althongh llominall.'" pl'Ontahlp in
(letaiI, this illdn"try ,,,ith t1le othcrs failed to Ilwk .. tlJe illStitutioll pront-
a hle as a w I101e.


In 110 sellse, thel'ofol'c, llluler the patent la\\', a" illter)lrctell :l1ld aümin"
i"te1'ed by the Supreme Con1't, conId :lllyelailll fol' damages 01' pJ;i)nt"
haye accrue<l to thp petitionel' by tIte use oi' tlteHc hrOOlll maehilH'" <In-
ring tlle pcriod that they were iu llHP in this pellitentiar'y. Xo (h111lagP:-;,
ro)' Hone were illflicted; no lll'ofits, for llolle were cal'llell.


lSoltle otlwr CUl'iOllS í'aets appear frOlll tho papers snlnllitteü hy tlw
petitioller whell compared with thp l'eeo]'(ls of t,l1<\ Iwnitplltiary. Tlte"e
lllachiues Hm (les(~l'ihe<l as doubIe-geared, whieh HIPanS that tIte,\" were
"0 oOllstrueted that two nlt'1l ('ouId \York at one aUlI operatl' OlW
lIlachine by treadles, li\;:e a sowillg lllHChitw. Oll(\ of these machines, as
appears from a letter oí' \Vanlell Sellgstack, appelldc<l to Fox's aflilla\"it
of Jnlle 2ü, I8ü:!, (I)etitioucl"s exhiLit No. 14,) cost Jifty (}ollal's. The
"i.'\, 1'01' t11e use of which profits are elainw(l cost, tlw}'(~fol'r, ahont thl'E'e
hnlHlred dollars, alld eaeh \\'HEl opf'l'ated hy two COUyictH, ",!tOS(' labor
\Yas yalned at fort,v cents each per day. Eyen wit h this slllaIl ('Hpital
it scoms that }{owe, the, illYC1ÜOr amI the fil'Ht COlltr':J('tOl'~ í'aiIpll to make
it a pl'ofitahle business. Yet tho pditionel', OJl this sIight hasis, ng-lll'('s
IIp a elaim agaillst tite gOYernmellt of proMs aetllalI.y made lluring tIw
administratiolls of ,Yardens Sengsta(~k amI King' oí' $2:!,ü2:3 ';;1, when
the recordEl of the penitentiary RltO\\' tItat tlw total amonnt oí' mone,\"
ill\"ested in tIte business dlll'ingtllat periofl was 110 more than ~22,1:)() 82,
illcluding stock OH Itand at its close.


The cc)uuuittee ha\'e no llleaus of ascertainillg" t,]w reIatiolls betWl'E'll
l~mve ancl FOX,1101' the pnrpose oí' tIte eon\"ej'aIIef\ tn Fox, 'otlH'l' than
nppears on tIle üwe of 1he instrumento But it is hanlIy ('redible that
Howc, immelliately"aftt'I' haYing Yl'sü'd the titIo to hit': lllüpnt in Fox,
shol1ld haye eommcnl'cd building amloperating tIJe machine patl'llteü
lIndel' tllP e.res of his grantee withont SOllW arrang-ement Ly whieh Iw
had acquire<1 a liccnsc amI authol'ity for so doillg. [t i" Ilot llsllal 1'01'
iuyentors to becQme the infringers of t11eir own pntents". AmI if Howe
hall sucIt Iicense and allthol'ity frolll Fox fol' hllihIing" lllHl operatillg
these machines at the penitentiary, they hcing tIte tirst :ln<l onl." O1ll'",
so f¡]l' as tlw eOllunittee m'p infol'mecl, that ,,'el'e hnilt aud operate(l ilt
the United States, tllen t11e pnrchaser of t11o"e machines wonld alt'io lm\"P
Lhe right 1,0 opera te them without makillg' oth(']' paylllen t than that
rt'quired of Howe. 111 sneh ea~e the petitioner ,,"onM hayp no daim
npon the C"nited States for the infringemeut 01' his patp11t hy tlwil' otli-
,',1'1'''. (Bloomel' 1'8. :\lC<~IH'\Yall, Li lIoWal'(l.)




CHARLES A. PITCHER. 7


In cOllclutiioll, tite eOUllllittee al't' of Opillioll that tIw clailll i8 lIot war-
J'anted by the patellt laws, aud has no fOlllldation in fact; that the
amonnt hel'etotore allowml alld paid was so appropriated ullder a mis-
conception of the law amIa Wllnt of knowIedge of tlte facts. They have
lJeen tltns lIlillute in t}¡e examillatiol1 of this claim 011 aeCoullt of t}¡e
persistellce amI the partial Illllllel'ited sn(~eeS8 with whiel! it has beell
llrged upon Cong'l'esti. The decisioll of the Court of Claims, adverse to
the petitiollf'1', iti fimnd in 1 Nott amI Hlllltington's Ueport, p. 7, and tIte
l'ecol'ds of the penitelltiary, with all the lJooks (Jf aecount aml voncItel's,
are deposited in the Departmellt of tIle Interior. The Iaw, as applicable
to this elailll, iR to he found in tlle deeisiolls nf tbe Supreme Court here-
illbefore referred to, amI innllmerolls deeisiolls of inferior conrts l'eferrell
to in the rep01't8 oí' the cases in the Supreme COlIrt.


'rile cornrnittee reeoltlmend that tlle petitioncr's bill alld aceolllllallyillg
paJlel'R be lail1 npolt tlle table, amI tllat this report be prilltl·t1.


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