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THE
,
" .
CONSTITUTION
OF THE
UNITED STATES OF A~IERICA,
WITH AN ALPHABETICAL ANALYSIS;
TIIE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE;
THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION;
TilE PROMINENT POLITICAL ACTS OF
GEORGE WASHINGTON;
ELECTORAL VOTES FOR ALL TilE
PRESIDENTS AND VICE-PRESIDENTS;
THE HIGH AUTHORITIES AKD CIVIL OFFICERS OF GOVERNl\fENT,
F R o M M A R e H 4, 1 7 B 9, T o M A R e H 3, 1 B 4 i ;
([l)ronologiral N arralivc of l~e Several 6tates;
AND OTIIER INTERESTING MATTER;
WITH A DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OP THE
STA TE P APERS, PlJBLIC DOCUMENTS,
AND OTIlER SOURCES OP
POLITICAL AND STATISTICAL IKFORlVIATION
AT THE SEAT OF GOVERNMENT.
BY
W. HICKEY.
S E V E N T H E D 1 TI O N.
P HILADELPHIA:
185-1.
•
Entered accordlng to act oC Congress, In the year 1833, by
W. HIC KE Y,
•
• ÍI
In the Clerk's Ofllce oC the Dlstrlct Court oC the United States for the Eastern Dlstrlct ot
Penns)'lvunia.
:--.~
~~~-----------------------------
STEREOTYPED BY L. JOHXSOX & co.
PH[LADl:LPHIA.
PRINTED BY T. K. & P. G. rOLLIXS.
1'0
T II E P E O P L E,
THE CONGRESS,
THE PRESIDENT,
AND TlIE
TIIIS SrxTII EDITION OF TIlE CONSTITUTION
18 DEDICATED BY
w. HICKEY.
"The Conslitutlon In ¡ts words is plain and intelligible, and it is meant (or the
homebred, unsophistieated understandings of our Cellow-eitizens."
"The people alone are the absolute owners and uneontrollable moveT8 oC 8ueh
Bovereignty as human beings can claim to exercise; 8ubjeet to the eternal and
unchangeable rules of justiee, of truth, and of good Faith. The moral law is out
of its reaeh; sovereignty cannot violate that, and be more justified than the
humbiest individual."
"Yield aWlly the Constitution and the Union, and where are we? Frittered
jnto fraRments, and not able to claim one portion oC the past as {Jeculiar!y our
own! vur Union is not merely a blessíng; it is a polítical necesslty. 'Ve can-
not exist without it. 1 mean, that al! of existence which is worth having must
dcpart with it. Our liberties could not endure the ineessant confliets oC civil and
r.ollterminous strife; our independenc6 would be an unrea! moekery, our very
memories would turn to bitterness."
(11fT. Dallas in defence of the Constitution.)
iii
TUE provision nnder which TRIS BOOK MAY BE TRANRMITTED BY MAIL
FREE OF POS'l'AGE, by persons having the privilege of üanking pub-
lic documents, is contained in ".!1n act to establish certain post-routes,
and for other purposes," approved 3d March, 1847, in the followÍl1g
words:-
"Such publications or books as huye been or may be pub-
lished, procured, or purchased by order of either House
of Congress, or a joint resolution of the two Houses, shall
be considered as public documents, and entitled to be
franked as such."
Iv
Jr7 • /b
Resolved, ~Ji~Ld; t.fue ~W'( dC!.:, 11, Ce J.~', c('t-:~J lo !t '< .~,rl~" e D" (,
~. e í r J,) (' .1" , I
r:¡,C II"e l'~ LL'C;' ·¿:Pella.te tw,O' L'LO'l\"lliL~ (',c'le1e" 0~ tlU0 C(.[IC¡U IllLe. c'i"J
~ r ({" " , r f ' (l' '\ '\ ' r ' (.' tlw \!JlJÍ1~lltlltll'I1', IlHllv al]" cUln 'ILlC(L~ IlltlCX. CULU (Wmlll,ü.tu'lv J ; I
(.~ d:~c:ú ¡\llt¡'~C ;LCllIJl,CII,b, tCCCIÜ[';y !1't;ILGcJ ClIlJ ¡lrCV~'cJ ;IU li~c
flcl,LJ" íJI- tí;(~ IIlClli~C(:), Il'<L'I'~JC~ tlve Iv't~Ce. ~r~Lll'C Itú~ cxcC/CJ U~c
:".l<1L I~ lllC ;)·[l'll.'", (\'11.:'1 ttLcClltll.í\"C cCilh ¡le'u C('¡IT'
:. 'l I 0-2 " ,J . 1 "D' () l\.es i) ve", j Il';\ r, tel]" tIV.'ll~(vll;J (VJ;}ltlÜ'lv(L~ l'.o-¡11C~ ct tlle (tll-
" . ' r e ( frJ " , e r ' n, \
t.LCILClCo ('.c-'lllJ (T [ILC \c;"ll~ttl'lt.I.'l., Il"",v (t.lv nIL(lltJtl.l'Cl~ lILU-C~, c~('."
L,,,, 1"'CCCll'CCJ fu '''' trl0 II"e (f~ ti'ICo [Pc;trllc, ¡¡llLC~J.~J tr,c~f II~JC ~c
~ll'''L~,,¡~cJ (lit (V JCJlld~('iv uf- tte,c1LL1J' ¡LC'u cm~. cm t:~c ¡l,'~~~e Ct~~LCe.
:.tAtled,
GIl' '\ r l 'C 0'<'1 ¡(I?II~ v [·11', ~«lIJ' ""; '¡¡'el ,:, 1, t_~L,
Resolz'ed, ~rl't t t.~.e ~c('\ ctní ti' l' r trt(~ DJ (;1 rt re. r. C n-lt' !V}-(; ::e~
'\ '\. '\ r r \" '\ ' ['~.' í (,'" o , Y'
lt11ll (~t(~{·tcd Ir llltC,l:l:)('./ ('11,(, 11[llt'_ {(',I e:·:; L( ~ ('1' ,,-)~,l('k(~¡,.) cu-Ltt(l~b
o ., (t?1 " r r (' n , '1 ",! I '\ ), r f'
C'f t~ce ~C>,tólL~i! ifJll lT l;vs \J(bL<.f CC ~)LLl!C'. ".1" tr· ('[ó[}c\.. G.Le
V
· VI RESOL lJ'HO:t\S.
M1A11C, UV tlvc Iwmc o~ tfec gcn~u-tc c.~ tfvc GlG'II;te~ gtu-[:,c~, t:.o
~h. C2kCexu-'e~e'u OÜattwLu-lc, ('~ Q:Pll:';~, to Gc ~;~t'¡;~ltte~ ~l
rv~v ;Iv ff.'HULCC, u-cco'(,~; IL~ to rv;~ ;,~ :>1;Cl1v of II-CLt;OII-LLf exv!~a,I¡'~c;,
(}f ~(}O~.
ff.(';~CLIJ" \.Q¿,{kCL·LcFlI 2, 1SJ¡,9.
Resolved, 2TfllU-t tfl-c :.eC'LetCL'Llj' ~e ~~'Lcctcd to ~ltlLlL;;,fv CG;cflJ
mcm~c'¡, of trLc !V'LC:'CILt gelwtc, wKo [VCL:> Iwt clL'LCCtJt,!' 'wcc;Llcd tlOLcm,
()-fVC CO!Ilj' of tfl0 C(80IL:J,;tltt;OIIl Clflld otfve'u ~oor~~ o',:\cí cd to ~c tlt"o
IL;.Svcd to t~c [feILu-to'L~ ~\J' t[ve 'Le;')úfILt;OII-~ úf ~C~'<lt{L'<IJ' 18tÍ't,
1SJ¡,7, CLt\;d to tFvc [fC!wtú'¡;, ~'LOI1V QfoHJ.ct;, cllLd aU);;'C(Hl;';IV, tfllc
:.o,111-C ILltm~c'¡, of tfve (<tOIL;,t;tlvt~(}11I M fllU-Lle ~ecl1' CLC't.Cll~IJ' ~;LlCIIl til
(}t~'¡, mel'tL~C'L;' of t[Le [f ClLa,te.
Q;{~(}IL~CLlJ" [p c¡üeme'e'L 23, 1830.
* Resolved, 2ffLClt t[te ;'CC'LdCL'Llj Ge ~~'wctcd to !l'lOCl\/W ~'LOIlL
tfvc r lo¡II'L;do'L, ~O'L t[L0 lt;,C of t[1I0 2Ycltu-le, klv t!~Ull;'(lIl~ COll ;e~
of ~&~FLClcr';, c~;tWIIl of t[LC ((201l:J,;ttlt~oll, lt};lft; Clll ufllfl;(lGd;nlf ((1I(ú·
ftJ;'~;" 0\R1 ((Jv;ll~tOll';' ~11CLlt;CJlt't.(lC ulvd ~Cl'(Clt}C[C u-~J.'(e;,;,c;" C1It.~ dl'leo",
;mllO-ÜCLllt :>1;CLt~;,t~c{lC I1lCLtte'¡, ;f[ll;,t(Ctt;~0 ú~ Lrte ~Cit;ll;' úf tl~c
Q/kme'l.~CLlv <J'0l~e'LILI1l ellt u-ILd ll'le ~WC[(;ll cm en,!; (. ~ ;l;, 11"; IVC;¡1 fe;, :
Provided, <Zj"fLCLt tfvClJ' Gc tlL'm;;,fLCd nt &0 ,>(U11e Il'c;{:e CL,> LfLlt~
~;,t 1¡''uYcU/l,.cd fo'¡, tfvc lt;,C ú~ ~f~0 [YCIL{ÚC.
<2TfLlVl~;).(tIJ' JCULlICV'<lj :22, 1852.
Resolved, 2fftctt eu-Cr1l0~ trvc ILel!)- IlWlL~el~ c'l- Lfvc [YCilute ~e,
Mlillle~ed w·;tfil tf~e ~u-ll1e ILlLIl1~e'¡, Clltd ~c;,c''¡;ld~;('lv (·1: C,ltl·k~ u-~ l~e(e
rIL'LIII~:.fved to cClcFv Ü'~ tr],e I11.CI1l~eL~ ü f trLe [Y~ILll.te c'f trte Pu-;,b C(BOIL~'ue;,~ •
* N. B.-A resolution similar to ihis was l'ul'scd by thc 8enrrte the ~th January, 1%3.
PREFAOE.
'J'HF: Consti tution, as the fireside eompanion of the Al11friean
citizen, preserves in full freshness and vigor the recollection of
the patriotic virtues and persevering eoumge of those gallant spirits
of the Hevolution \vho aehieved the national independence, and
t11e intelligence and fidelity of those fathers of the republic who
secured, by this noble charter, the fruits and the blessings of inde-
pendonee. The juugment of the Senate of the U nited 8tates has
deelared the importance of familiarizing American citizens, more
extensiveJy, with this fundamental law of their country, and has
approved it8 assoeiation with the examples of republiean virtue and
tile paternal adviee of the "Father of his eountry," joined to other
kinctred matter, eonstituting the body of this work. To this honor-
able body ís due the eredít of having provided for the first general
promuJgation of tho Constitution, the continued dissemination of
whose wise injunctions a11(1 conservative principIes among the
people, can alone preserve their fraternal union and the precious
inheritance of freedom.
That braneh of the government which is clothed by the Consti-
tution with legislative, executive and judicial powers, and thus
invested with three separate authorities to preserve, protect, and
defend this venerated instrument, has oeen pleased to take thp initi-
atíve in a measure calculated so pO\Verflllly to support the Consti-
tiüion~ as that of gh'ing 1't, in its simplicity and purity, to the peo-
pIe, who possess, themt;elves, tlle sovereign power to judge of the
manner in which it may be executed, to rebukfl its infraction, and
to defend its integrity, and who therefore require every legítimate
vii
Ylll pnl:F.A~'L:.
aid to ennhle them to perform this vit:l11y import;mt duty in jU3ti,:;e,
truth, C1nd :,road J:lith, fur "TllE' C"n"titlltioll ia ít::; w,)rus i5 plain
amI illtelli;.;·ible, ,llld il i8 lIl~l!nl fUi" t!!l~ h(llllchrd, ulisoplJi",til?;lted
nndcrsLllll:infLS of our fi,]1<lw-eit;zcl:.,." "It is addrcsseJ to tlte com-
J~lOn selise of the pOP}lIt:."
Sevf'ral djst;n~uished <H1thoritic:s :111(1 illdivlrlll:11s having, in t1!e
plenitucle of theÍr liberality, honored tite anthor and eompiler witll
tlleir scntiments on the s\lhjpet-matter of the work, he claims the
Índlllg-ence of t1](" fricllds ol' the Cr);lstitllÜon in givillg- them plaee
in this edition, lwlievili<],', that a s:dllt:~ry etTc:ct may be prouuced by
tile sanction 01' tbeir Sllt:eial ,ljljHull¡1tion, and tIJe exprcssion oi' their
severíjl views of the impOrLll1Ce of an cxtemled Jissemination of that
instrumento 'l'bese may impress, in terms more unexceptionable,
the obligation incumbent on every intelligent citizen to make him-
self acquainted \\"ith its provisions, restrictions, and limitations,
and of ímparting, so far as the ability may extend, a kno\vledge
of this paramount law of our country to t11e minds of the rising
generation.
The Jength of time rcquircd in tlle ordinary cnurse of business,
for obtüining a pra~tical knowledge of tlle operations nf govem-
ment, by Fersons entcrilJg into }Juhlie Jife, anJ their cmbarrassments
for the \Vant of a convenient mode of rcfmenee 10 the varioHs
sources of infurm;)tion, have sllggesteo the utility of preparing', as a
part of this \York, and (lS gcrlllún to its o()sign, a mcans of eol1ect-
ing and rcnc;cring availaole to the pubJic intere:::t the cxpericnce
aml informatiDn acquireJ in this r('spect, in tite progress of time,
by attention to the business of legislation in the public service.
The five new cbapters in this eai tion rnay therefore be consiJered
an essay, to be imprond and extended here~fter, with a vicw, not
on1y to add to the intrinsic matter proper to be read and studied by
the great body of American citizens, but to render it peculi~riy a
t'ade mecum to the statesman and lf'gisla t or, the ministering to
1,yhose individual convenience must, neccssarily, result in facilitat-
ing the performance of arduous pllblic out y, ano in promoting~ in
no inconsiJerable degree, the public intcrests,
CO:MMUNICATIONS.
FROi\T 'filE VICE PRESTDENT OF TIIE UNITED STATES AND
PRESIDENT OF THE SEN A TE.
11 0TI (O OW'Clá-g,~IL~tOlv, 18 tfe~. 18)¡'7.
Wl\IJt [l,c,a,'(, G ;,i-,
2TrLC u-úCltl11C Olv "2TrLC C(510ILá-t,~tllt~oIV o~ truc ól~,v~~C~ gt,cv!;c~,"
lu-fv~~,fu ~,Olu w-e/"c f{'~'L~ elvoltAJTv lo :'CIL~ m,e, J fvcLu-e ccv'"e~'LCf'k ex<IJ.
111,~L-c ~, CVlv~ l111t~~ IvO ll)- ~c:r lJOl!; to cveee¡ lt 11l1J' II)-CV'l,llv ~fuev,vl~~ ~o'(, ~fu~,
Co-l1'Vll f~nve,tt o ~ ~t-;, d-c;),~CC¡,t~olv * ClIL~ ro'" &c. cvd-m~i-Cl'~CC. c!uev'(,(Vcte'v O~
~~ CG-iLlclut~. JI; ~o, tl)-~t,lLOl\;t I'/Xcejl t~OI\;, tlw ~e~ ;),C~~;rlve?ll ~l!;ree:.t,
IvCCV!;C:.t, cv'ud mo-:.t CVCCI\;'"cvte nW4wu,f cv'vd ~'l\;~d-e ~v 'veeott~o-Iv [O tfve
fWLt ~IL;,r)utll1(W,~ of ll)-rL;(~rv ;l, ex(~~I¡);VfJ~, t'l,COlt~, trLCV~ dI ~u-e ~et;.
:.ce:\;,. cfh ;),cá-e'wc;" aiL~ J ftü-IL0 ~t tl)-~[e '(,we~vc, LLlv~U-Ci-:'[Le (',~i-.
C[(('Clh O'lv.
2TfLe C{2(}IIá-t~tltt~Olv ;~ CVlv ú-~j,ect to Ll,cfu~efv I'VO C2k:nwl-;-ccv\v m;IV~
CCll'V ~C to-o CltteILt~lle, CVIL~ Il-O Qfkme'l,~ca'lv [ve,a.iJ:. to-o d-euctc~. (D ....
11 Cl'Lb, ¡L'''(}U-;;'~Ol~, 0'1- I&~c~, ~t ~{) :,t~l'e ClAvd CVrll)-(UJI.> LI)-~re ~c ¡Lo-:>.
>~~Ce ~o-i- ~IVJ'ClLl\;~~' to l-cv~:'c COlv;,tuLCt~l)-e d-OlV~t,~: ~llt, Olv tr~ Lu-lwle,
al.> tfve o-'(~'(¡'IV~' eluev'Lt o-~ cv C~m~tc?l cOlv~ed-e'l,([;tc?l 'ito-u-e'dVllvelvt, (XI
¡Li-(Wt,~([;e !;",;([;e o-~ IWCV', ClJ' :.;xtlJ' ~eak{) LI)-O,lCd :,cel1'V to ¡¡,Ccvce ~t~ w-~.
d-o-nv ClIV~ 4~~~C'H"j ~elJ'0Il,?l d-~~Imte o'v '¡,~cvr,,,~,. <2klv~, cvrtlwLl~r"
~ ~ l'VOt l[;lVll,Mueve to lve,a!" ~ :.CV~~, ([;t I1wmclvt:> o~ rvea,!; Cl4v~ d-~ll,.r-.
Ilo-~lul1ven~, tfvc¡,t, ~Iv true CIt·([;etl1~cn,t o'u CVd-I11.;IL~~i-(lt~Olv o~ Olt.'v fed-el-CVe
ra'l~, tfvc Ú-~C~~(ut~O\l':' ú-~ tfue ((3lY\l,:.-l;;ttvt~OIÜ cv'ue d-~:,~cv'¡,d-e?l, CVlv o~
~e'¡,u-M~olv cvlvd CX-il,c/,,~elv('e ()~ 111 o't,c, t~,a,lv tl~; 'uht IJCcv'¡,~ COIW~I\;Ce 11'Ve.
o-f &oe. '"eu-c:,,:.e; CVIV~ dI UIlV :.-cvt;;,~~e~ t[w,;t ~b rüoc~ l~VOlü tlve COlv
.e;'C.ltce rLlL~ tfve. o¡lm~olv o f t fue COlllÜ "'j' Clt fcv" ~c ~ COl~:.t-CVIUr¡t
" Tlw fírst an,l ser'nl},1 ,'llitiOIlR.
f ''':-
x CO:lIMli~ICATIONS.
COMMUNICATIONS. Xl
FHO¡\i 'I'HE SPEAKER OF TIlE HOü:SE OF RE:'RESE:\'TATIVES OF
TtlE ü:.\lTLiJ ST,\1';;8.
FR0:.1[ 'rIlE ClHEF JL"STICE OF 'rBE SUPRE:\IE COURT OF TlIE
{;XITED STATES.
fg:~,(, att!Mrl~'v~tcr,v, úGlhüc~ 3, 1847.
QJ (Vlrv ~~'(.,e~tc~ f}r trl,e Jll{)t~CC~ ('f trve [fl\;lvLCI1J.,e (@'crll/¡J to
tfuCLltfv IJcrlll fL' 'ú IJOllJ't, CJ;.t~Olv crf lflJe. (<Pcrlv;,t~tl~~crl1l crf tft,c ól~¡v~tc~
,CJ\cüc:), ll,lv;d"v IJCW !V(VI'C ~CClv ~,ocr~ clwll~fll te :,clvd tfllenv, C(;lvd te
e :-:,l\Ac:'-~ tCllC~'v a'lll\iu.P,([.t~Olll cr~ tfuc¿ IlHLlvlvC'!, ~Iv Il'fl~efll tlve. ll'cr'vPt- fUl!')
C.CClv C-XCCILtC/d. 2Tfllc. w'vc ll'~tlll Il'fll~cfv ~t IvM ~celv CCYITQ1CLtcd ll'~tlt,
tl~c cr(~2'~IVC(;C, ([Ivd tJlIC elJ~Jclvcc tOllJ IW'1'0 ~ll/<lv~;'lvcd crf ~L) Ivc'+:.ctí
. ro 1" f D r' r '\ . . p .
evCCIL'(H'Clj' ll'l"~ l11(lJ v0 l,t l}C'vIJ l}([ ILHlJ-L.e UV [,1.<0 c!-l;,.(llJ:'-:'-Lcrlv crr eVlJC;,tlOiV.>
(l¡(;~;Il~ ItlWI'V tIlle Co-ll,;,t.(,IL{'t~l'lv O~ d~c (ólÜ'll:.-t;hlJt~crlv; C(;lvd, Uv (Y't,¿C'r,
ti)LLlJt, crlv ;'lLC!1I (yC(,ClJ:'-~('IV;', ~t nl,evLj C(;Pll'c(;;!!,) ~ U}~tft,;lv tfllc 't,CC(;(;1t, o-t
1 :)LI~ IlLCIll f}ú:> o-~ tfllc C(}ll/¡t, (l,~d o-f tl1.<c e-u/'!, C'T'fcd ~Iv tlve C(;'t,'flll-
I1LCAvt, QT .,llAt(f ~;,LCCt tfve .S!2;~·ÚW'v~IV to Illll'u',fw..:.e hI'Clvt\l'''~lll't.
C('¡lI.c;, fU'(' trll(,¿ ct?Ctll' .sill;~·(CV·ilr'
!}'lO\" r ( rr
UW t[lv r,cnt I(C:'-¡tC\"t, Q) a,m"
Xll COMMU~ICATIONS.
FRO:\J JUDGE 'VAYNE, A:"SOCIATE JUSTICE OF THE SUPREl\IE
COURT OF TIIE lTNITED STATES.
cfJ (\;111, o-e'<AJ' 111,~V('J¡, O~e~~ed to ~0lA; f"'':' ~Olt!,:, Ct\~t~(}I], (}~ tfte (6011,.
~~t:.tÚOI¡', ~Itd Lo-~ff I¡'Ot, fte!,:,wfGe'':', !.~e alllJ' ot!~e'¡". Q)Ut: of ~ u,.'¡"e.
l1'HwF¡, ~I\;;).e~ted to 'j'0th
C;P0'L1l",~t me. to m,~Fve ~ Mt~,~,caÚOIJ;. * cfJt~, tfu~t lj0!''' Lo-cmed
a,;).d to tite €,;).~!;~Ol\;, ~lttclld-cd ~()'¡, ~~ at'L~G'LLt~OI\; ~'j' tIte. g Clw,te, ~ at~te.
meltli of tFtc t~me~ lo-[1;CI¡' tl1;C C(6(Htat.~,tlt.!;~OI\; [.\}M ~d-0IÜed ~;r tf",e.
:ltatca, ~I\;d 100Ive'l1; IlCll} :.t~te~ fvJ,uc ~CCI1; ~;).l1L~tted; IL~',ÚClLI (\;·¡,f;r
~€a~~I\;Clt~IL~', ~11; tl1;e ~at, MwI\; of tr¡,eH\; M fJ;(lue eCClv (td-l1L~ttcd
LIIrVOI1; e.oll.at~[\t~l1;a f-O'Lmcd e,C~O'Le. tlvc'I,e. [vc\;:'I ~CCI\; ctlllj O'L~~'~lt~e ~e..
t,~OI1; ~\l' ce()I1;~,'Leaa ~G''¡" ~dlll~tt~lUJ' tltwJ;. ¿]i(}'¡" '¡,efc'cC'tce. ~t wCr!.tE;)
~C l,¡,acfltf ~I¡' t1"'~I\;;r d-~aClt,a~~Olta, ~Il,;) !'w.;, IVOt ~CCI\; IllLVdC, ao f.(l¡'L M
cfJ eCLI\; f~l\;d, ~;r ~I\;~r O'I1;C.
cfJ ~n1;, ;).CC(/,:, g~.(" l[}~Lfv ~~ C(lo!; " C1'fV'cd,
0lJOll.!t o~('¿d'li ae,', 0-\,
/aJJZCÓ vft. ~}lJ2e.
cur. ~&~cfvr;r, a:~q¡., OUJ(I,;}r[¡~I1;~,t01\;'
FROM TIIE CIflEF JUSTICE OF THE SUPRE;\IE COURT OF PENN·
SYLVANIA.
cfJ fl.<~o-e. ~tliCl1;t~[}ee;r rveitlL{)Cd ~ '':'CCCI1;t cd~t~o-Iv o-f tlvc ~0dc· ... ~e
«(2o-l1;M,~tlA;t~o-l1;, Ll}~tfv ~ tt}eCe.;).~~Mtcd ~1J;(tr~:.~~ ~¡vd Otl1;C'¡,. I1'L-ClttC'¡, a'I\;.
11.Clvd-ed, "~\l' ~ e~t~CI\; ;"t ~Ivd, ~t ~;l}e~ mc 11.e(,,~tt'LC to :.~~t, !if\;c
comit~CLVt~O'\; ~:>, Iwt ol1;f;r ~ eo-ll,t}el1;~CIl.t ~oofv (}~ 't-cfC'LCtWC, ~~~t ~Iv
... In compliance with this friendly suggestioll of Juclge 'Vayne, the author has
dcrived mueh satisfaction in devoting to it the entire 10tl¡ chapter of this edition.
t The first edition of this iJook.
COMMUNIC.\ TIONS. Xlll
~IHo\-(loriw-Gee C,Om¡leH,J;lul~ 0r poP;t;mC :>t(l;t~;,[;;('~ ~''v e~e\lj d.(I;t~'~ [,!,M ••
<ZJfvc CVHCVI~Cm.CHt ¿;, CVI" ex~clTelt~ C>lvC. cfflV tfvc Ul{~t,~' e.~ gt(t-lc~,
~t ~ tfvc dlVhj' C>~ we,tJ' IllCVIt- to- I;(vl~ cv ILCV'tt ;Iv tl¡,e IWC;t.;ccvC IlW~
Y¡¡,C1¡,t;, l' ~ tlvc dn\l" CVIl.:;) tlve ~"t: Ir, ("lu/vl; LI~e'( e r't.e to ~e ~I¡' tlve .. (VClAv;).;,
c·f dve I1tCVá-á-e;,: ~I; QJíClLIVá-~ Cll-(I;IL~, ;x, Oli;¡K~ ro ~e CV I;cxt"~o-c>fr, ~Iv
ti~e CC>t1VHWII; :'Cfl;c>(r~~. <J'Cvc Mm\v~Ce'v ~:. Iletá-C>lvcll'flj lwlUvoU)'lv t.o
m,e, ~ltt ,ff C\Al~ fVCV\l\llJ' 1;0 '.t~u.e l'I11t te:.I;;"J1,(}\ V1t ~Iv rHJ-C>l.\I'v o-f I;Fw
me'v~I;:, (¡~ fv~~ 1¡''vc>d.lld~{Hv.
OU1~tI~ 'JLCOX ~cá-Iu,cl;, [P~'v,
ú'~L%'v (j~eJ~cl¡,1; ;,e'1,¡}'CVIL[,
C(8¡;e. V&~efl;c1' ¿;lfrt gJ §;,1,;07Z.
FRO:\{ TITE JUDGE OF TTlE DISTRICT COURT OF TllE lJ'NITED
STATES FOR TlIE EAS'l'ER~ DlSTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA.
(rl) (1)-~e{l;'v Ü lo'v,
QJ fl{we r(:t:f:.c~ tf¡)V(lII~rV lrLe f;ltfe l,('fllme a,rL~cfv ~{l;' GCClt. 111e-
,V(ü.L-~, M cff "luvJ c., "t«'lvJ, [tlLde'v ~C>llk ('i~« 'jC" CVILJ cff t~ve 'LwCft,t
&C0I1; á-lv"ll''v;á-CJ to FIl';") , ;Iv :'0 0omllcl;e!; (1; ~Ü'tm" :'0 mCl;lvlj u1vll;Ü"vl;o.<lvIi
~¡,e'ic('~o e-~ ce-Il ;"!'Cll¡'!; ~ e f<' '<.('Ivec.
¿') l~e. CVI1CVrIJ!~CClC ~IL~CX, o~ t(oll~(,~ el11ecccvced ~Iv tf¡,c V'edc\&e
(G0;L;"c~tllt~'lv ~;, llI'cCC ~Cll~~C'J, CluJ, :>0 feo'v cv" QT rLCVl~C tc;,tc~ ;.1;;,
(lt'm'(Cvclj" ~CCl'(~ IV'«'c[)o ('~ ('.(Lte (llv~ á-IrJC. <2J!~c :,wC'l~lf' dC>{'IV-
'\ rr ". r \) f' P i' r r . ~.. f l1l¿ílJ" tl'vt! [C[\>lC;', IlCiLiA'"v ,o<ll¡' toLe 'Le;,!:, el l ve Lcc>c>It-, cv'tc J-ltClCW-ll;)ly
:.c~e,et.eJ ~(Oll~ 1Vl!IllC'WLL;' lH)[¡lIl1.Cél, ll}rL~e!~ Cl'lC ILO·I; ~rAlc,<(\Jll~ (t0N'.;"~
.. , r '\ r . ¡i r r e C(B . . ;)~~'i.c, (l11() flVAj' Iv'«(';"Civt cv :.che;, l', ClII;IHL~ tl Lve "Ü'lvá-~ltlltl{Hv,
p r p' ,'\ . r . .,{ Y'" \ 6
r'l0-ll1' tite. tl',;,t 111 ()1},CI1LCIL[ blll-tl;(ll;, lb ¡{l,mn!-t,eYll', 1.lvl ,8 .
Q[ (!.1lJ, (LJ~;lcJ to lJ('ll fo'" lfve c.c'111j' llCfv;Av fLM ~CC;l; ;,elvt to m,e,
(UlJ ;,fl(lCr, 110 ~01Lr}r" 1'!{l.lJe f' C1!It.w.t l1;'C ~(J'<, ;1;.
OÜc't'J' \e;)llcct-fllWLJ" IJOIIH,
/. ,-Yil. Jifa/u.
XIV COMl\IUNICATIONS.
FROM TlIE nOXORADLE STDXEY nnEE:"F, "'E~ATOR OF THE
UXITEO :-;TA'l'ES.
\JWHD,t ~ca/v g~'L"
QJ rHW'e. Cx(yI11;lt,C~, ~IJ-~iru <J/te~t ca/vc, ~o-Ll/V c~~t;{Hv l~ trw C(BOIJ.,.
bt;tltt;Olt o~ tlw ól~,J.,;te~ g!;,atc~, (UU~ QJ mLl~ ~e. ¡te'Lm~(·tc~ te 0:-.
I"'\,c:,:, IlHj a,¡t¡u'LO-Lca,e O~ tl1.-C ¡tfalv al1.-~ o-~ tf¡"c mc'!,;t;:, o~ tKc uw'Jv.
dI ~o fvolle. ~ lt,C;Ce ft(l,\J-c (\¡ \J-C'LIJ' C-x.tclJ.,á~\J-C ~cl1talt~--d~¡,t, tfve :,!;,Q,te.
fe¡r;ár{~tllkC~. 1I};ce I\~t,<~,v;zc ~" (ll,l~ t.Ita!;, ~t.:, (,~'~ClIe(l,t;Olv l11.at ~C co.
C-x.tCltá~IJ-C lIJ-vl ft .. tltc Cll1llt:. o-p 011& ÓlQlIlOIL-. QJt v;' (v fltl1lc,vta~[c ~acr,
t(vat tfue, C(Sl"n .~~{vt;Olv o~ tfve- 0l~lt;te~ 2ftak:.-tIHU!;, mo-:.t fvoIL0(,e~
~o-'Lfv o-~ tlLe, 11<11;,< ~{Jt:, alt~ :,a ~e:, op tfue, 0'léWú lltt; o-lv-ILa:, Ivot ~et,
rt(l,~ (\¡ ~c.¡Wi.ltC c;'¡ Cllf'{l t;OI¡". Q[ ¡~C'lle, ;1; l11CllJ' C,e, ;lIl&ú~ltc.C~ ;ILto
o-lIk :.eJwo-e;" aC(l,~ell1;c;" alu~ ClfC Olt& :,cm~lwk;c:, o~ Ce{l,.i.IL;lt~" alt~
:.tll,~;C~ to- ~c l¡'IL~. 'L;,tood. qf()LI-', á;'¡, a'LE> ClLt;tfc~ to fwctl; c'vC;).;'~
to-'!, tlw cct!i..e (m~ Cl ~;C;t;r lJO!" r;,~\J-C ;,luOl\J-lv ;Iv Iv"<clw' ;11:1' trvc Il'v€;,e,~
'\. . JT r '\ r . el) p' () •
co-vtL{J-Ih ()} Il/CIIC ~ Olv U,ltU L,uc COUI!t:,~, l\J-l , It'U!rlt lJ.;r lt.
ólJ~'(;" lJe"~ .. t'wr~"
(,/. / /J7f <!~f t(.tJl(JI OJzeeóe.
FRO)I THE CHIEF JUSTIl 'E OF TTlE ClRClTJT COURT OF TIJE
Ul'\lTED STATES FOl:\ TllE DISTlUCT OF COLUMBIA.
t'\l O'r' 0.((0· o (D
""'W 111.-. V\D uel{,c'J', (!;;).1f'
(i) 0\1 r' c:-K C{?) 1 ) '. 7
VW (táll/! 11 <J.!',OI¡", '!.:v. \Q., QJ-::lv, 8, 184 .
'f0[, ro·
"'-Licclk o ~'(,o,
QJ al1v '(CCjH,Cák~ ~;r 1111,)' ~(,ctIV'LClv 01v tfl/c
e.mefl/ o ~ tfvc C&L'VCl,,~t ~Otlkt o ~ tfl/e ®~"t'(;ct 0 ~ CG0rllll1~~, to- tfva"tFv
IJ,C1U ~ú'" lJo-ll!Ú Il/ClU- alLd co-Vwet.ed cd.;t,~{!·lv o-~ tF¡,.c C@o-l¡"á!;,~t-Ltt~lv o~
tfvf ól~'v~te~ gtatc:" tlJfl/~cr¡" tJOl\J F1.-(l,\J-c f{,~v~C;r áClvt to trvcm, (l,1¡,.d
fo-'¡, t~c \J-aE!l{l,.f,Cc :.tat;át~ ~lt~o-'!,I11,{l,.t~OIV CVllolH'xcd to ;t; (l,tJ,~ cálcc,
c~re\l' fo-'u tlw r,{Ue.o-'V~o-lu:. au,d IJ-C~;r ll,.(u'tt'~lvCCl/(¡ 'lo11.-(l,C;rá;:' ,u-f¡,.~rv '¡t0'Ul
~ l1l,.{l,.d-e o~ t~e C&o-ILáÚtLvt;G-I¡", ClII,~ f(}'¡,· t.fLC co-H-ecÚo-l1 .. o-f· tfw
COl\1MUNICATIONS. xv
&~ko-~ \;1), Il-LMt-cttwk~o-'l-, al.> w-cCC (1,~ ~I)' [!ve, [€/.>V[, w.rV~C!J¡ to-IAJ IJ¡(1,1.)-€,
~~áoCo-l}CW~ ~i)' [ft,c, ~o-'UYLC/V Cd.~t~IJ¡~.
V'fw j'l\;d-lJ'C~ luw-e, IW!i rll(1¡~ t~t11;C Iio ~I1'L~IJ¡C tfJ¡c t€/.>V!i l}C'LlJ'
~l\;f~t; ~lvt, ~'vo-IlV lilw 1J;(\!Lt~(1¡e e--xc\;l1v~I\¡(J¡Ii~o-lv tlIlC\!, 1\;(1¡l}C fJ¡(l;~ r~mc
f.o 1YLC1;te" (1¡1l-~ 1i!J¡c lj''vCC1;!i (';(l;'vC 1U-~rv lU-rv~rv ljOH!V Cü-It \!' IJ¡(L~ ~Cell- co-m·
ILa-W w-~trll L~ o-'v~~It-(1¡e ~v t,rvc @~va 'vbne¡\;!i o-~ gli(1,!ic, rft-ClJ' ~Ce~Cl}e.
~. ~ ~c fifvc IlVO-M, co-'v'vccfi co-t"t €/.>V~Il-fi, (1,1l-d. t,(:¡,et fuvu-e Il-O d.o-¡'L~ ~t
LlHte ~e l\I:"C~lJ to (1,EE cb:"c.~ úr :"o-ClIcttj'
OW~tfv ~LCtl;!i 'LC~I10cf¡, J[ (1;/1'11, ~\ g~'v,
C!lJú-[\;'v ()-~C~\ :"CL L>-'t ,
CYP 7iza12C¿'
FRO;\I TITE IIO:\'ORABJ.E SILAS WIUGITT, LATE GOVER:\'OR Ol<'
NEW YORK-FORl\IERLY SENATOR IN CO:\'GRESS.
ro C(0'tLILrOIl-, 9 ak¡L 'v~e, 18l¡,7.
\ .. Q2,{~lJ' d-C(l, 'v u ~ 'v,
cff tlv(l'Itk, \!,o-lll I~'v ¡;file N'il1j ú~ lJü-ll;'v cJ~t~()-11I o-~ t[ve- (~()-IL:"f¡~ttLt;OIIl
o-~ !ifllC ó'&¡J¡~c~ [PttLte~, 1L>-~tI~ ljOll;'v co-II ;'ü-W~ ~1l-JcX-. 81~e d-C;';~,II',
tLl\;~ ¡¡fve ITL(1¡I¡'¡J¡e'v o-~ ~b e--xCCl\;t~o-IV, (1¡'ve (l;r~fve C'Lc;).~t{L~~e- to -~y('ll;) (l;1¡'~
QJ (l;1¡,t~;lt(l;f¡e (l; 1L>-~;).C C~Lcltr{tÚo-llI o-~ Ii(ve e~f¡f¡ee- l}o-lttmc, (l;1¡'~ fLC(¡'¡;
¡,¡,~e~vrl¡,e~~ to o-ll!v ~'vce ~IL·:"t~b¡,f¡;(}lv~ ~'''o-llV ~Ii.
1...@{!vtl;ILIJ' o-~ rfw c~;t~o-I¡'~ o-~ d~c ({6o-l¡,;,t~blt~o-llI o~ tfue Ol~'L.;f¡c~
gtnkc~, ;111 nw:>t Co-11vnV011l C~'LCllf{ü~OIV, (1¡'vC L>-CLlJ' (';(!/LCCC;,;,-ClJ' 1¡''<~lute~,
W-;tfil f'vcClfLCI1J; e'v'<OlileO-lll~ ILluvctl!.-tÜ~01l-, (,fec'l- ;IW(~;1l-1 tf~c d-[)ll;~t;,
M to Lfvc Ii'uve, COl¡,;,t/LlWt~OI1, o-~ &e It((;((l;'j'~ Ul&~' Qibll C;).~t~o-II"
tf¡,e,'l.C~l"·üC, r~lI,o-W-lv to ~C C(}'(k(,ctflj Itlt~f;~f¡,c~, ~~ O~ 'j''L0l't L>-(l;Ctvc.
Ól]o-l\k COlt';OIL~ (Lli1Ur~!,t;CelC ~ILJCX-, fvowwc'v, COIL;,t;tll;te,~ t[ve ' ... e{l;~
l}(1¡ft\JC o-~ IjO-lIk ~o-o-Fv. QTt; ~tll ~~cJ ~(I;~tr¡'~ILfftj, tLIL~ ~lj (t,n, lmf~~(l;';'C~
m~;t,~, ~Ii 1u-;fE ee(l;~ ~Ii lio 'wrtJ &e- (@(YIL~t;tHA:~úfv ¡L'L(l;ct~e(J¡fflj, Cllv~ ro
¡'¡'ILd-C'l.:>ttVlL~ ~Ii al.> ~t ;':'. QPl0c.~e·(k;II'j', (1,~ lifw tLll;ClrtJ;'~) ;).o-c;" WC\'~
t\f,<-(}l}-~:,~o-l1' (l'fL~ CfUlVo>C to ~t;, \L'«wt~we (l;\Llt C;WÚC,lv ~Il- tfvc el f~(l;~'<~ o-~
t~~.e, <J'o-l}c'wmclvt, ~ C(l,iLIl;út f(l;~C to ft{L:;-e (l; ILCVlil\¡'(,(l;C (1¡ILJ !LOIL>-e.i.fLLe
XVI Cü:rIDIl'XICATIOXS.
telt,~eIWlJ' tOltHtA~;' Q, ~tL;('t eé'll<,>t'([lct~('It, ('~ tlle, ~IL;,bl~i1leILt tIlo &~
m~It,J O~ tlt,e. ~f~oCcv'¡ ,-tft,e. OILr~, COlt;,hl\Á'~~OIL ('f d~e l{2(;n;,t~t"t~OI1I
Ml,fe to ow'v fLCC ;11;,t~tIÜ~OIl';' ClltJ to t!~e c&l.rlt;,titllt~OIL ;berf.
0;\')0 OILe, fctm;C;o/¡, !\}-itfv trLe. Clffu.;,¡;, of Olv'~ ~,Ol'e'dWICltt, C{tl~
fLCW'e. ~¡,~feJ to lHyt~e. fLOII>- CQ,'L~e. Q, jLh'jHYÜ;OIL of OIL'v ~taLtc;'llteIL·
Q,j11'Lect/¡, Il,.e·\}-e'u to fLQ,\}-e. 't.eaLJ tfL0 C(íOMt;tlÜ~OIL ('f trte ólG,L;tcd 8Ji;.(¡,tc;,
W·;,trL Q, cCL't.elILf '~rC'LelLee to ib jüec;;,e. r(tIl~lw<Je aLlt,J Cx.cLct 1¡10-
l};;';OIl,.;', ~ltt 'LaLlG.e'¡, Cl;' oeca;,iCYIL I¡'¡C;'Cltl.;" :>CCII'L to (-x,c'¡c;;,e t¡ve;'u
~lt~CltlL;hJ) 1111~CrÜLtILUtcr~l too (tren.' Ill'L[}e"faC aLl!J ¡IC'l[}C,fllll';¡ e-x,eHeJ,
to :>t'¡etl'f~ G,l.rtl~ to tlLe rilLe (;f LVI~Clt trLCIJ' ut LI~c I1lC'meILt, COI!;,;Jct
('-x,llc~;clI,t. Qlb 'CCfCLCI1.ee. to Q, ('aL'L cfa,c, Ilc"lcet., ClltO flLtT aL,L(tl'~;,i~
of LG.u).:, ;1I;'!\I\I1lCltl, Ultd of liLe ~r'wltt;, 0f l'O I\J.c'u '¡Cun\J fl.rltlLJ il\'
. jl '1) "\ r . ('r f, tt., ('CUIILl'!; rCI'lv to exc'tt Q, ~'cOlt~, Ultú ;'C, ilt{\'¡~. lItl,llCltC0 l~jL01L ;'ll<: 11
millo;);'.
dJt. ;;" ltOl[}CL'C't, HI10'l,. &c 111;lld 0f tfte ~hl~CIl~ rtll?1 r~c ";~;Ilcy
. r r, (T •• i" \ f' \ '\ ~e.ILC~cttIOIV 01' N~L COlllth~j t,wr, QJ (\11I1('li\([k l.te, lL'lUC"J .,xtC}UJcu
[' e . r,,' p ,) ¡, 1 f" l' l'l' 1'.( ¡n • I\¡).(' 'll lllfl\\CiLCe ('1' l,jUII'v L'l.rOlv. Q I l~ ~Il(l , L'e, (1;' QJ lC'110 lt.
ntaLlJ' ~llL,c'~ll('CJ (~;, Lv CrCl;,~,.G,H,r~ ~Il.' OltL ~cI~úcL, ~t C'Cl!lILOt ~[(;e
;"CHHL lo Il'<L.dlH'e u· n¡.(,'ce, ~('llll.?i UILJ CÚ',(<;ct ClIlO lllt.;fO'<lll. lIIlJC'''.
~taLl1~~It.~ c.~ ll~c ((6{Jlt~t~ttt.t;úlv M ~ ~~, t!~ClIL ~~uo !'¡.;LI'lC'do ll'(wu;fcd
~Il/ NtIv COlllLt/~\r.
dJt IvM lCrill ~celr,. u' r{\,[}C,'¡~tc w;;,fv úr \11;IL0, a~ to tri;;' ~rcttc, tftn!;
ro' o ( V • ¡). l' o ((o· r
o-u.:¡/ ¡ll\ULle LIlll'l) 0r lLllll<C'¡;,{lv lilJc'¡C;,r. 1I1l1IJ !J.c, !J.IJ Ül!'v =C~'l:>!n,.
ht'Lc, d.;:.b~~lltcd to Úll'v 00111111011, :.:,llI,(.l;, ilv (L' re"on, to G,e. I1lC1J0 ct
O('(L~;,.~¡,ofv f0í.. tfte tl10~C (lJL'CHwcJ ;,e!~0f(lb, tflllt tite clLV~eld:, Cca;;,.
faLtiC{jL Crf tt~c ;,taLtc I1!CllJ' ~c m't!\~ aLlLJ t~U'(l.rll~IIC;r li<llJC'L;,too~/ ~t
tfvo;)c tl,l~o u,'te. to ~0 tI~c [}C'lc'(;' r'r d~e ;,tIÜe .•
ú1JÜll'L ~Ol.rfv ál[(J~Cát;, trl0 cLJJitiolL ('f t\¡.e. c&Ollát;tttt;OIl,. (·r tflC
[:Prate, tt,;¡tJL C¡, ltlfe ;IL~C'X, ;,tlelL el' lltUt IJOl¡' fllwe lücILQ,i.eJ fl.r( &e.
~e~e'wC q¿)'c'lt:.t;ttlt~OI¡', aL;' (l' jlC'(lllC'A1Wt cl'n;'l,.\}[)ufv to Il,i.eCe~e tr;e
~ttLd.I~ oP trL0 Cl¡'(,~elvt. r{tl[)~; elll J, ~e qou/¡, ((2(}Il;,t~hltiCYIl/ C¡¡¡.O tf¡,e. (} r I \J r(l:l\}-~ (Yr le-~Ol\r¡c:.;, (. f e¡, ~r¡!C, (S "~ (t', (\ de '¡, ([11.0 1\1\ iD e '¡ ~(\ e !lllC'[;(}
~ILte'Le;,t. COHe.~ ~c COIWC.c:LLJ IV~~rl lCce ('L'll',óC- if :LII~IJ" {J dc' iwt
COM:\lUNICATIONS. xvú
~j;Oltl- C11HJ' trV~ll'~ truvt lIJ-OlttCJ ~() :'0 ~(I/" :'O'ULdl'j tÚ' 111«,['; h Olv'¡,
,) r '\ '\ (' [' '\. P JWI-IUJ' I1LClv to U-CCOJ1H:' r,Ul1vClv, CVILO ro d,:.c,v(l 'L~C t ve, (kvtle~ Ü'r
f'L(,C,jJVfAV c:vt trvc, ILOCC~ ul~ Olv(, e,l'cct~olv~ ~ :,a~GC\r to Lrve,~(, COlvllL'Llj'
CV1ld c'vCd~tOl~L~, [o t[~rl]L;)CCl'C~.
dI :'~lvcC(,CllJ' rvolte t;I~e, Itll~l~c.cvt;olv uf
k {J f ~' " " '\' . llel1'lj' w :'OI1Le, MlClv IJ-U lvellJ-le, Ola ÚltlOlv
~'Ol\.o't, ~od~, I1VCVIJ CmJ
to t.lve. edlWcvt.~OI¡' o~
IF'lVII<J' mc.lv Ü'~ tfvc ',-,c\ll\ ~l~(',.
v IJiAhy Cc~:'LI;(e fLoet:, ILOt I\c,( 111; t~cJ me [O C.XoClI11 ;IVC. IJ01V'¡, ~Ildcx ;IV
ne . r ['" l' 1" '\ '\',.c .
U Ll. lt;, ¡¡.Ol', t:, Cv:' cn:( ( : l ¡ IJ (l.:, Ll C :'ll L'JCC t ()CIll C(lvU-~, lí-Ilt; trl-C C'X·OlJ1Lv·
IHtt~lflv:, cfJ I'lCVI'C Illll:L, té'2C~rLG'" lIJ-;tI~ 111\)' f,vltolllCcd~C 0f lJ0'll(,
(l CCI t:'~ OI11CO U.CClt,', (( (' lJ' UIIO ~ILlJ-Cl,;n I~f€o ~~ JcC; llJ' 0-f ~ILtCILt~Ü'IV, ~I tdlLC('_
me. to :'1\ eOllv LV ;t:v t!~c COIl \:~ d€olvcc dI do 0-r· ti~€o lLei~(yf e. lI)-o'l..[v. '¿J¡~e.
r '\ . r [' ,1 [" • r (' (f?J . ll11tUc'l.. ltUl IvOllJC CUHlvccJe() Wl~lv L ve. ¡llllí- ICClholv 0r tlve \001v"tvtlll.
t;tJlV ~:, ILCÜ;Il.CIlX, cwO :'lld'v u:, trve ~Ollllo~ :.tlldc.!vG O'f tlve, ;'II,~t"lvl1le,IL't,
0111 ¡Lt [o ~e. muOc ~(VI11~ f;Ol'l.. lI}~t.fl" IIJ-('¡,; fe, d've fc;,:,ol¡'~ o f lIJ~:'~OI1V f '('(;11v
¡' c¡; r p r' (ro .[,) r r [' r . bee, t.:}'(lt.ILC~, 0r Ilov;' \D0ltlvt'l.;r UH ~ COlvácci.ut.e tlve, w-IVlJ -e, to ¡Lv:,
'\ (" r .
IlLcl11 H ir (lll () Ill~ I LC{(· '/.t .•
0'Lf)'kl~ llw '<,C¡\ctdlUIV o~ 111~ tLCI"&;' ~(y'v tfloc coll~' o~ tf,;;, ll'("&'
o r' OH' n ce '\ r lJ-LllC·{}C IILC, 0 C'<lJ 'LC~ltcütl,llt ~" CI.oIV() t,'(l\.: !J' LJC"{I/'.",
(,'/'¡Í ú'IJO· l' u t!a,J I/' ¿7 f ¿(.
FRO~I TílE 1l0XOIU HLE .TOlf~ l\TACI'lmr:.S()~ DERRIEX, SEX"\.TOH
OF T¡jl~ L XITED S'l'ATES.
(í/¡ (1)@10u-cfv;IL<JJw,nv,28tlv¿Je¡\t.,18)¡'7 •
.:J;cct/t> Ü ~'l.., ({ . '\ r. p 71r (f?J . . " r' r
Q) e·XCL-IHLH.ell L.uc, Co-Il\)' PI' "u Ive, \Dú-Il;,h,t.lI.hOlv 1tl-,Hc,lv IJC"IV
:'"Ilt to 1110 011' ;t.~ r;',:.t. l\llt~i';c,(lIt;()}V; «(lvd tlvclv e~iti.c.;,~cO to ~IHv t.Í~.e.
r(Wo'IC\~Cc, Ü'il~ll;I':V LIJ-Iv;('Tv QJ ClltC.<tU';IVCO o~ tl~0 lIJ-()'c.fv, f'c.Ü'tlV ~t;, ItCOlt..
11 e;,;,; ;b CL-~CIV'L((~IJ' ClIVO ;,t:, COI11IL',crleIL:'~~-CIlC:':'. Cf ti ve, ;mj\O'<tclotvC0
vf ~[;;, ~;:,Li.;f}l{t;Olv (1lllo-ll,~' (vfC CCM;'e,:, o~ ()-tI/v c~t;ze.n;" JI tf~'~'ví~ 110
'\ () q." ro - n
1"lC ('.(Vlv U-li-lll<t. <JJ tI·;' LiVC r1lolVr) (1A1LCIl.tct,[. [([lle, tivClll L1Hh~l,[) C,O¡Iot(oú-L
(tiC ()tflo0b-d~e crvcv'd~c(. u~ Olt'l.. C;~e,·(t~co, ll'rv~Jv C.lCe,(,~, c;t~::;c;v fw.{)
(1; \lC·(.;,o'HS ;.vtci.c:.t ~I¡' lllvJc' .... ).t:.(VILJ~tl;r tl~,AUl\~f~l~¡.. dI tI.Hrl\)C~ ~e
2
XVlIl COl\fMUNlCATlONS.
Ij''vat+c~, tlvc'tctü-~,c, to F",WW- tlva,t el'e'''t c~t~'::Clv W-{l!~ Ilo~M:'~c~ c·f (V
0(rIHJ' ú~ ;x, , (vlvd fva~ I1v(1~c fv~lll:.cf~ f(ul1~f~a/v Lu-~trv ~b COlvtCllh, c,:t
~í.,ec~II.<Clvt (1lv~ 0(1lC~l\,e IvclLl,:>n,r~ o~ ~Ii. 2Tlv~{) W-OILf~ I1'L(1Fw t'L~m.
/1l;O-'<..e. ILC'tfc.ctf;r MIllIL'tcfvClvd ft~~ OlU-lv lw~~t,;,o-,v (tI,) (V c~t~ZC'v ('f tf1.~i>
~,'vC(vt cg\<)cIHl;~e~0; ~t uJ-o-l\,fd c'La,~fc I¡,~nv t{) 'tea,C;,ze /1l;o-'"e C(}'lJ~(LfrlJ'
trve. ~I¡,t~m(vte 'ter(Lt~o-,v ~Iv u>fv~fv fve :.taILJ:> to eU-CllJ' otl¡,c'¡, 0~t~Civ i
(1lv~ tl¡,¡¡,:> ~t{) tCILJCILC~' UJ-ol\;fd ~C to d (,alt>- eElr:.c'v t~e t'vutc't'v(1f ~Q-IJ,~
t\S¡,~t 1\;iJ,;tCi> l¡':> a.i> OILe IlCOltEc. V~C tu-oL\;f~ ~ccol11e :,c'1.:.;e,Ec rvow-
l11.lwfv tlJ,e ~'vtcfC~~ClLce (liVd LJ~Ül\e of ea"elv ~ILJ~L'~~lvaC I1W'lJ' ll'to,note
t~e 11/(1111; IvC:'i> of Iv;i> fC,[fO,U-i>, (1lvd (' f ¡JLC co'(kci>¡vO11 J; Itlj' altJ LlILlwll11 'J'
~n,fel¡"CiJ,CC of ~<JIW't,a.ILCC a.IL~ lJ;CC; (11¡'~ tfv;~ Co-ILlJ;Ct;Olv LU-OlLe~ tCIl,~C'¡.
Iv~l11; tlve a,Ju-Ü'cate Ü't (tf~ Iv'wllC'v mCMI\,lei> liD C'Lfa.l!J'e &e ;;ttcfr~.
~,CJt,(',C, a.n,d ~/1l;I1.!WU-C tl¡,c 1Jl;Ü''t,c¡,fi>, Ü't tlvo:.e ll>-;tf¡, II>-IVOITh fve ;i> I'LOC; t;.
ecvCflJ' M:.(}c;a.ted. QJ\o ft,¡vott>-eed~ (}~ trve Cf§Ü'Li>t~tLlÚOJl" Lu-Il~cfv ~
fQ-t trvc I1W:.t 11(111i Ivf(1;'V c¡,11J- :'~t1'1'ILPC ;;v ~ti> IVl,Ü'l';,~;O'¡':>, tU-OLtr~ ü-ftc,v
CiV(1~~:' Iv; 111; to :.11;[\/'(,11; ;IL,J-~<JIHVlvtf \Y tlv~ er~l.'th O r- Jel1ta~r':lltC:' to
1Jl;;i>rC(1~ rv~nv, (lIV~ (W"C&Clv 1\;1Jl; to (v Jce¡lC'" :.-ell-~e o-t ~'¡(1t;tLLJC~o-'¡,
~fvP'll'(;u-;fc~e~ ll>-fL;efv lte ;:. Ile/~I1L~ltcJ to ell~(\lJ"
'Q[~ lU-Oll[~, ;11; 11L\y (}11;IL~o-IV, ~C dC:';'w~fe t!'vett ált.Clv a. 0o-¡l\y (ir tite
c&OIL;,t~bt~Olv (\,{) tfHvt lLClv;elv ~o-l\; flCLlJe t~'(elt(1't,e.J, árvOtl.<fd ~('/ ~Iv IH·i>.
~Cái>~Olv 0f ca.cfv ~llJ-~e~ar t;'t~~lMLlle t,fV't,Ü-¡l~.rl'Ol\;t tlve [¡\;Ivd, cv., a. :.tllUd.
(I/(J to w-Iu;,clv '"c~e'tClt,ce 11L(1!j ~C fv({;J I~~trv LULJ(jll~r;IV:r c(}IL~; Jmcc,
~Iv C(t~C:' lu-fu;Av ;llLJ(\elJC ~lvei>t~(}IL~ 0f (6o-lv~t;hvt~úIL(1C CUll>-. 0Jltt ,{f
It'(\II"r~ e;,lvCC;u,rf\!' dCi>;,'vc t.o áCC ;t ;ILt't,úJ-lLecd a.~ a. tCx.t.~o¡yfv ~Iv Oll/v
;,(Jl(}(\f~ (1lvd cu r~~,c'~, tluCLt (}l"'¡, \y(\ltIL~ I1'1.CI1" 1YI,(1lJ' ~c tCLl\~rvli ro ~IV(' ll>-
trvc;'¡, '¡,~~,rvt)~, (14v~ to ~CC(}I1l-C (1(,~lLc¡,~;vk~ U),;trv trve~'v J-lLt;ei>, a.~ c~t~.
ZClvá, ~c,ro've trvelJ' Cil~a~e, ~IL trve emllCl'~rme'l-t:. (,f ud~¡}e, e;fc.
QÁ<y~ a. C,;ÚZClv 0f tlve, ól~'L;te~ gl:(1tCi>, QJ tfHLlvfv lj0("\' fo-'v trte
e'(',Il,ef~t l~fu;efv 1J'Ü'll.< fV(1!re 0Ü',\fC't,l ed LV110'v tfue 0Ü'111 m!uJ,~tt.t ~IJ trI ~a
(',(}l1llv~e(vt~o.v, (1lv~ \yO\\, ~(1LJC nHA' ~e;,t tt>-;i>fvCi> tll/(1t \yCCllk e¡:~()-·(;, motj
~c (111l1"flJ' '¡,eml\;lve't,CLte~. QJ a.I'YV, J-C(1í, ;,;~)' u-c<~, ',c:'iv'tJ'¡ !Se.
(2¡yC. V&~erLe\y, ¡;w. vltacjtlfez.Jon f!iJczztén.
COMMUNICATIONS. xix
ti
FROM TITE HON. HENRY CLAY, SENATOR OF THE UNITED STATES.
óUlJtv~e:¡,:.tu,f"~;""CJ' tF"u,t lJ'<H" ~1"tClv~ 1;0 1'-'t,,~e~:.Fv C\¡ foWLtFv c~~t~o-Iv o-f
tfvc U-D-~IA1VC, co-ml'V~ec~ (uv~ l"'t,~"a/t,C~ ~I¡j' I¡j'()1,t" Co-l"tU,;",,;"vCJ' t,h,c C(Bo-l".
:>t~uvt~o-I'-' o-~ tr.,c ót~I\'~C~ gtu,tC:', (l,lv~ ()t~'v fV~CJ'r.,CLj \M)-C~J (l,lv~
;I¡,te'vc:.t~~ m(l,ttc'v, dI tCIIFvc l'teC(1;:.tv~A> ~I\' C%lv'uC:':'~lv~ I;f"c :.CIIt~:'~CÚo-llI
dI fv(l,u-c ~c'L~u-c~ ~WI1V 01111 C%(1;f1t~lt(l,t~o-l" o ~ tfw w-o-'(~. ~ll; fV(l,u-e
~~;'ll~iJ'~ ¡l"~,I1W/vt ~I¡" tfw I1vu,tct~e;, Lll-r.,~cfv ~ em~()~~c:" (l,1"~ ~t¡,. tFt,e
o-t,dct Lll-~&' w-Ft,~f¡,. tFt,clJ' be ~CCI" C\¡'v1,(l,IV<J'C~ • qfo-lII'v 've:'~~ClvCC (l,t t~
c;'t1t o-f OW (1,Jv~I1'CJ'to-lv, (l,1"~ ~Iv o-f"C o-f ¡j"c !VLV~e~C o-ff~c:" ftM C\¡f·
~t~c~ lj'o-lII OIIv ~¡,I¡,.o-ttllllV~LJ' of CllCCC:':' to tfw o-t~;"'lICLf te-xt o-f tF¡,.e
c&D-lv;,t~t;I;~o-l", (1,lv~ 1;0 tfvc o-tf¡,.c'v ~OClllmCI1J,:, (1,11I~ 'uceo-1,~;' Co-lvt(l,~lvC~
~i" LJ'o-lII'v u-o-Ewmc, o-f Lll-rv~rv lj'o-lII (l,!"lve(l,'v to fllCLu-e M:'~~III()-L1;JI¡j' (W-(L~eC~
LJ'D-lI/.,:.cEf. ólJD-¡,t;t Lll-D-tfv, tFw'icefo-t,c, ~c:.c'¡,u-e;, Ive'ufect co-,"f~~e¡we ;"v
~t;, enÚ'¡,e C\¡¡,¡,t,FvetVt~c~t"J"
2f~cte C\¡te :.o m(l,lv\!' a~,,~ :.tNcFt, o-~U-~o-l¡";' 'vC(1,:.G1v;, ~Iv ~\}o-'t" o-f tFt,~
~D-D-~ ~e~ltt e-xtc,v:.~u-cflj' c~'¡,c¡,t;ra,te~, (l,1"~ ;"'v t;fw ~f"~;' o-f Cl}Ó'1j' c~t~elv
wfw C(l,lv C~¡"¡}€'IV~cl"tCtj (1,f~D-t~ to ~LI/icCr¡,.(l,:,.C~, t~ cff CC\!tt4¡,.o-t ~o-l¡,.~t
tfw e-x~tclwe" o-f C\¡ COM·t(l,11It (l,lv~ ~t<J'e" ~1',nt,CIIIV~ fo'v~. <2k1"~
f,~~ZCIv;, Lll-Fvo (l,te" <J'o-~'IlAj' (1,~'¡'D-(l,~, 0IIt,~ r've~\'c'v;, Lll-fvo C\¡te" Co-l1'L~I\'<J'
(l,1nD-1Lc.r ¡¡,.;" lu-o-J:~ tL-Ce ~o Lll-eC~ 1;0 D-~tCII~IV !vo-:.:.e;,:,~o-IV o-f 01 ~o-oFv Lll-fv~Fv
C~1"tvt~:.e;" Lll-~tfv~1'-' C\¡ ;,mU,ee COnvll(l,:';', tfw tcC()t~ o-~ :'0 11VC11IVIj' ~mlvo-'u·
Wnt oN' (l,t~'vu,f CU-Clvt;, c\¡lv~ ~"at~lv(1,e ttc\¡l~t~OI\';'.
dI t ~;, :.ctL-'vecC\!, ¡ve"cc:':'(l,'t\!' to (1,~~ (l,1V e-xjl've:,:,~o'IV o-f mlj' Lll-~:'Ft,c;,
Uwt lj()-Ll; nV(l,ll ott(l,~lv C\¡ e~~ct(l,E 11IU,t'v~w~ ftom tFve" IVlll~e~, :.o
1,~fvftJ' me'vi.tc~ ~o-'v ~o-¡,t;'v fa,~ot;,.
dI (l,m 've;,I"cctfll;cr~,
ólJD-ll!'v o-~e~'t.
xx CO:\1:\11;XTCATTO~S.
...
FRO:\I TlIE IIOX. LEWIS C.\.3:", SEX,\TOTl 01<' TIrE l:Xrrl:D ST .\.TCS.
@ (O-~'e(t'(, Ul:V,
e/Ll; lJÜ'IV'V (C(VIC~t Q) rW!CC CCl'(Clllll'IJ CX:!lIl:llcJ. rtltJ ~ü Illlt fl(,'>~-
, '. r r [' p ~' . r r U'
tctbc to 1lLJC IlllJ ('lll'LI0Iv ('r lltc l}(l llC l r' IJ Otl'v C¡JdLC'IV (JI ~ ,le ~c'lt.
:.:~tllt~0IL, ti~(yll~Jt ~~ ~;, a" lll-lf'CP~ l[}í~~(Ofv Juc;, ILÚ't Ileed CLlllJ' tc:"t~1l10.
Il~CvC O~ 11l~ltC to ~[,;, llLeL~t;" IW'L LO~lT tl~c eé\t'~O~~(YIV (.~ Il'Hj jllJ~I11Cllt
OÜ'I1\1lLClld ~t tlv;. 11lÜ"cc to 11lI~L~0 flWO'". Q]t ~;, (¡, 111 (:llIIIHCllt cf ea,tC,
(\'IV~ ell~Ú'I¡" a"llJ a"CC1\,'LClC;!', Cvll,J I1lCI~J' :"(lfcf;r JCjlCllJ uIH'IV ~t;, ülll-IV
~'LtL~IL:"~O or{\,,~I1l~, 1U-~!;rvÜ'llt OClú'~lt;r to ~.t.;, a,,~d tllt;!' ClJl>Cl1t;t~(H\,,;' c~".
Oltm ~t(¡'I1 .. CC;' lll-floCltwcl¡,. <¿J1~c 1~Ü'~(,C Ü'f tl¡,o C,(,llltf,( \r ClILJ trle 'Le..
ItcCl.teJ (Y,<Jc't;, (}~ tKc UC!LClte fe.'v ~t;, ltlleCr~l'(d~(,lv cwJ J;;,[,(~ecld~('IV,
ClAc C9J'IW[t\y IV('IW"ClU'¡" to tfvc eIW''LClc!-,C'(, ü~ tI~c lll-Ú'.I:, clILJ to t¡'IC
a~~f~~'J cvlt,d FJef~t;!' (·r t[vc eVlülw'" Qfb :"C'('llilllful;' CICW\ltC~l' ;!;,
(lIWClJl~C(lC ~IWCM;:!(lt;(}IVJ, CtlLJ L!~c C(I11¡l'tc;,;,~(¡[¡, ('f l:¡,c ;mit(}Ü([ll~
rl.~~t(l·',~ectC ~lICt;, 1u-1~~Cr¡, IltCCCJCJ (lilJ nl.tCllJcJ lfuJ It",('CCC;\;ll~~ (,r
[' C(8 . '\ ('. l' r ~ r r r ~ . tve 'l'ILlyCILtlOIl', (lILcJ [ll-lLW v IllCL',,{(.() tlLe II'(O;\'(C~;' ú, tllc CI().c'lltlolv
cl ~rl.e C{6Cr1L~t~~lt t~t'IV, tfví C<{13t (llC titc átcti}'C;) ú f JÜ'tt~~ (lll,~ ClIlX; c:~J'
t;LC tlLC f;IUCIC CVH~ (HLIIlllj OÜI1.o~ILllllnut~L'llo, Iw[}e CLL<.ca.Jlj' tccc~.[}lJ
tl¡,c a'ltll,'tÚ'~lLt~(HV ür :'ClCC(llC CI1l;ItCIIl:. IlIClv, !ll-rlÚ~C tcUc,;, (l'(C e(,II,·
• ~. n r ~' , Ó 1) • r r. . '\
tüll¡C( ll¡' tl:..c ,OLIllCI¡, ecJLl;!elh LJJ,t:, Ir el'c'v l,¡,cl.e W((;, (lo lle(!('¡J
• l' r .' r··' ¡'" '\ [' í' l' ~ llv lit,c 111;,teí1J (,r Ü'IV'v CC'lllt.t.(~" W·iLlc!¡' (,(lLlea IlltOlv tt;, to lJ'Ú 1, .!C[o(,L
r {' ". r' (' r (('1 . . r l' r '\
n¡LÜ'lv toLC [}lC~;'lIlCl';' Il"llll:lv liLe \cl'IL~llttlttC'jv lvCl;' [}'C(,<ll(llvt, Cllla 1111011,
r ~ . rn' r' .,J '\ r' . . [' ,) . ) ~lloC ().l¡ ¡.lell LlC;' l~ cILe0IUÜC'(Ca [}c,¡O'Le lt 'Lcc.cl(}cd t ¡,C ~Clltctl(:lv ('~
tlloC QiLl11e'L~eCVIV [jltcvteJ CVILJ ItCC'IILc, trw~ Ilc:( ~(:~ ~J 1I¡IOIV IIJ. cJf
lU-C w,cle IloOllJ- :"cltcv'tcvtcJ, el;, 1[}0 LOCLC ;I¡' 17~7, ILO 1ll0"tllC ItC'll'.¡o'¡,
r;') r . r 01 r'J" r . l' fl' r. . ()
rOllle [}'<llllll;' t'('1ct1vC'v. Lv' ¡tdIIC(" WtllL C! L l.loe c'"'ilC'tl(!Il:C l'~
(o\\,,, J(lILJCL;' al¡'~' Oll'v ~fC;,;,~,t1;" 1ll·0 C(lIV ~0 I{.(II~ tO~ldrl,c'v, 1111'~~
JcII(110 IlltC'IV tlloe :'IL~L~t 1ll-;tf1.o w.r~,;('lv IIJ-C ('elllc I¡IV to lite, lll-;''''¡;,.
0'Jl1¡~ctrJ¡e,I¡, &c/ fCCe~IL:I;' of eOILCc~;';Ü'lv (tlLd C('llllll0111;;'C !IJ-rt~eí't, (lll~.
ma"tc,;') Oll/v f.(ltrtc(~ l[}~cr cC"¡Ü;.ILlle to n'I¡';Il!(l{C tftC~'v ~l"¡L~, (\o'i' el¡"()luJI~
CO:MMUNICATIONS. xxi
(r~ tft,cm, t<Y tL'tC~("l}C (VlL~ ILCI 11 dLULtc trL~~ Il'LCe~()II~ fVC( ;tCl~,C, o,C-
~,tL~lcd ~;r :.e'w~e:, ClIL~ :'IAWC'¡ ~II ~';' ll}ft,~fv o,'¡,e Ll}( ~ttelv llv <fU/v ILo,;,1i
f¡l:.ter'¡'lj, ClII~ nwlJ' f~IL~ ~H(lE CXClITlILEe;, <Yf IL,o,t~IVClE CClrClm~tlJ' ;Iv
d~c fM.tU/VC, :.rLOL"C~ teL;;" CCrIl~de'c.ClÚOlv ~e ~'v()~CI1) L~¡v, ;;, &e ~/<cClIi
el \\ c,atlolL <Yf tfIJe dCl~', Ll}fv~ef\) wellt:. o,w fCl:.G FLCl:.GCILl'IL«t to o, :,ofttt;crIL,
lW d,"/I, C~'tCLtnL:.t,(lILeC;' UI.> ; m\vo:'~I~«t 0,;' th..~ Cl'¡,e IL<YÜeILtcr¡¡,;,.
qr <YLVv '¡,c~e'¡,cILce to tft,e \],w,cúcc, of ~crme ClIL~ 10 tFl<o,li 0f tfLe
l11e~~o,Cl}(Le a~,c;, ;IL a'1l~r(Ln~, Lv-fLc'te tFLe ~;,r~Lla;oIL <Yf tfvc fUL(YlV-fcd~
0\: tfvc;'v "'c~tccl;l}e C(8Ü'IL~t;tltÚOIL~, C:'11CC;o,Cf:r amolL~ t~ :rNvtfL.
!lHl~ <YILC of tlLc CCltc~ of tfLe ~,<Yl/C(ILI11 CILt, fLl:<lL; :,f¡,e;, Cllv i m 1 L<YÜ a lIt
fC~:,oH', Lv-fulefL ca~Vll,út ~c too :.G'¡OIL~flt C<YnlAllC1Ld,c~ to &e tUl~r~c
at[:,e¡Lt;{}iL. V"fLC (GÚlvat~tllt;('IL ~fLÚltEJ ~e (L :,crw<Y[.~ocfv, mo,~e fo,-
m ;[;u/v to lL;' f'vOt1L <YLL'v C(L (el c;,t ljCo,'I;'. dJt;, ILí; ILe ;/1 rc~, ;t;, Il/LO-
l}t;,;om, ;t;, [;m~t(lÚOIL;', ;,rvOlt,[~ ~c ;,tLtJ;C~ o,tv~ LtlLdeí:,tO{J~, o,IL~ trLe
m<Yte &€Lj Cl'¡,C atLld ;ed tfve ~cttc'v Ll}lCe &clJ' ~e (LIl !lkCClo,ted (LiLd &e
J(;{V,¡c'v tf\)elj lV-;Ce ~cc<Yl1Le. {! ;,fL<Y1Lf~ ~C ~rcLd to aee lJDtL'v cd;t~1V
o~ tfLC ~Ü'ILat~tLLÚVIL ;IL el/C"~' :'CfLCi'OC.fw1ÜC ti\) di~ ól~'LWlv, o,¡¡,d t11 \l'
e(JCca~!Le (L1I'~ m~,:.cfr aíe ;'0 ;I11IL'(C;';'C~ Ll};di, tf¡,e ;m!WÜaIH>,e of
ll~ l;' ~ll~~C:,t;(rlV, ~rLat Ll}e ilLtmd to d;;,t'tiE'\lte arC trte Colt~e~ Ll}e, '<,e.
CC;l'e, ((I1'Wfl~ tru:, :.eflúúC el~'vM~C~ G~ úD..Á~;efl;~o"L.
dJ a 11l< , decLí, :'~'L,
~C1"cct~LLCr*, ~(rUk Ci'~ed\ ~("l}\,
SéeWtd Y6aM.
2*
..
XXll CO:\Il\1UNICATIONS.
Fno~ TIIE HO~. DA.:\'IEL WEBSTER, 8ECRETAltY OF STATE OF TIIE
D.'\ITED 81'A1'ES.
,c,. ú'lVu:>ft;ILj[01l, <1J\e,CIllGC:¡' 11tfll, 1850.
(rl'CCL'¡, [PL'¡"
O) () '\ '\ . r '0 o r' (l p r "''\. . l\.0" (~C~:.tCLltU-lIt1' tlt'(vt ~{}l\; eLLC (vL"'ltt to \H\U-ll:'!\; el rC'l\;Ülll QUlttOlll
r r ()¡) (' 'p r (f(1 ., CT l' r. . . 0r [I¡,e b)JO'¡" 0r tlt e \CÍl'll;"lltlltVÜ'llI, Q) tu te \1 CC,eL:'tt~,e UlI e·xll!LC~;'lIl;r
m \r ~cl~('f tiHlt tlve extCIL:'~l}e ~;;,t'('~~llt~OI\; Ü'f tl¡,ctt lH,flVllle ~~ l'~
Im~['; e eLlt~ <yclte'wC ;1ll11 Ü'ÜnIH'('"
V"'llIc ((Bül¡,:.t~tl\;l~Olll {·f &e 0l~iL;tC~ gtCltC~ ~~ el [{)-~;ttm dJll;'['nI!'
111m!;; (I! ·"ecÜ''t.~ed rlllt~(\'I1'LelvtuX 9[l\l{)-; ;t;~ [,l\;e Bond, CLIL~ [fu:-
Ü'ldt,t Bond, üf [Ive l/Jlton 01- lr~c .. c.8\(\;tc:>; ~t~:> cv[C tf¡'eLt ~;l}e:.
w:. a J\Tational ef¡'(l'!.cvcte'¡,.
Q;kfllw;,!; Wc1lj tlHll\; ;I\; &e COlllÜ'¡[j ;;, CCl¡lCl~fe of 'LCCl~;ll<y ;t;
CLllId tll;ctt l{)-fL~cfll.,O Jec¡lllj CÜ'ILCC'¡ll~ Clrp, ;,f¡'IJIJ'2l ~e IllctJe ecv:>;lIJ ue.
ce:.~;Gfe to are. ~Oll'~' illt~l\cu.t;Olll, ,ff [1[;111:.., ;., Gc.t.tc'¡, CClLeLlflltc.d
t-o CLccom¡lf;:>!~ trt;;, md, tI~(vlL ClII:y wí~;crll Itu:> ¡t'(cecJc'2l ;1;.
ÚlJü,v~:> ltJ.~tfu l}e<.~, t'!.He<.c.'] u¡(:~,
flZfamúl úJf9¿ter.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
JAMES MADISO:'\, Prcsident of the Unitcd Shtes, on cntcring
uron the duties of tlle office, decbred, t11at "to support the Consti-
tution, which is t11e coment oC the U nion, as \vell in its limitations
as in its authorities, anJ lo favor the advancement (1 science and t he
rlijJusion of information, 3S tlle bcst aliment to true liberty," with
other salutary scntiments and intentions, would be a resource which
could not faíl him; and added, " but the source to which 1 look for
the aio which alone can supply my deficiencies, is the well-tried
inlelligence and virtuc of my fcllow-citizens, and in thc counsels of
those rcprescnting them in the other departments associated in the
care of the national intcrests."
"Tú Sltpport the Constitution" by his ta1ents, by his best ser-
vices, and wi th his life, if req uircd, is the firm and irre vocab le de-
termination of every true patriot; but the " support" presupposes
a knowledge of that valued instrument; and the knowledge can
alone be expected to follow a careful reading and study of its letter
and its spirit. To afforo an opportunity to every American citizen
to do this, is the objcct in tho publication of the present editioll.
If, as Cicero informs us, in ancient Rome the very boys were
obliged to leam the twelve tables by heart, as a carmen necessarium,
or indispensable les son, to imprint on their tender rninds an early
knowledge of the laws and constitution of their country,
" N ücturna versate manu, vcrsate diurna:'
If it was deemed important to the preservation of British liberty,
in the earIier and better days of that country, that .ftlagna Charla.
xxiii
xxiv INTR mUCTORY REMARKS.
should be authoritatively promulgated anu read to tllf) people-it
is no 1ess important to the preservation of American liberty, that
every inte1ligent citizen should, by ltis own wm and authorily,
aided by the liberality of the Government, possess a copy of tbis
great clwrter if ./lmerican lióerfy.
There appears to have been no formal provision made by the
Government of the United States for the promulgation of the Con-
stitution, except by a concurrent resolution of the two IIouses of
Congress, made during the first Congress, (6th July, 1 ¡89,) whereby
it was "Resolved, that there be prefixed to the publication of the
acts of the present session of Congress a correct copy of the Con-
stitution of Government for the U nited States." This, however,
\Vas sufficient to show the intention and the judgment of the Patres
Patrim upon tho subject.
Every gaad citizen, capable of reading and understanding its
meanil1g, is bound by duty to his coul1try, if in his power, to pos-
sess a copy of the Constitution. The compiler of this publication
has added the Dec1aration of Independence, with il1valuable matter
claiming paternity of the " Father of his country," and other inte-
resting information, and has so limited the cost of this Cansti-
lulianal bauquet, as to enable the Government, should such be its
pleasure, by a judicious and liberal investment in this proviuel1t
stock-to lay up, for a time of need,a vast fund of available trea-
sure in the minds and the hearts of the people, for the defence of
their liberties and the perpetuity of their institutíons-to sow the
good seed in virgin soíl, which might otherwise be occupied by
noxious weeds. With diffidence it is submitted, that this national
object may be practieally effected by the distribution of barely so
many copies as may place one in each village or neighborhood,
which would introduce it to the knowIedge of the people, who
wouId then seek by their own means to possess it; and thus as a
mustard seed would it multiply, and its salutary principIes be ex-
tended. N or could any means more convenicnt be proposed, than
to intrust to t110 hands of the guardians of tho Constitution in Con-
gress the distribution, or the sowing of this good seed. It would
appear from the tables of tho 1ast ccnsus, that there are, in the
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. xxv
UnÍted States, np\vards of thrce and a half ruillions of filen, ov('r
twenty years of 8~e, capable of reading; and shoulJ thero be 0111y
one copy furnished by t11e Government to every hundred men, a
large portian of t11c other ninety-nine wou1d, probably, hy tlteir OWIl
means, obtain it.
Víewing the immense diífusion of printed political mattpr through
a11 the villages and hamlets of the Republic, as t11e ahundance of
material provided by the generosity of the Government and zeal of
private enterprise, as política1 food for the mind, this compilation
may be consiúcred as salt for the prescrvation of such as may be
whoIesome, or as lime to neutralize and destroy such as may be
cariaus. It \vould be a test by which to separate tbe wheat from
the tares and cock1c-a crucible by whieh to separate the gold
from t118 dross and hn8e metal, or t11e cupe! by which to try the
current cain of politics, and a hxt boo!,; by wltich lo jwlge if the
ol'lnoJoxy rf poli/leal disquisitions.
By the Dritish statute, "cnnjirmatio cartamm," the great charter
\Vas directea "to be allowea as t11e common law; all judgments
contrary to it are dcclared voia; copies (1 it are orrlered to úe sent lo
alt w/ludral c1wrcltes, ami read lwice ayear to t!te people;" whercby
it was intenued that tile sanctity of the place shou1d inspire a pecu-
liar veneration for that noble structure of fundamental law-sacred
to human liborty, civil and reJigious.
According to Plato una Aristotle, "Le:c est mens sine l'Jj'ecftl, et
quasi DCllS,"-tiíc law is mind tuillwHt passion, and lherefore lilte
God. Or, accorcling to Grotins, "God apprnved and ratifled the
salutHY constitutions of govcrnment made by men;" while De-
mosthenes declares, that "tite design and object of laws is to ascer-
taio what is just, honorable, and expedient; and when that is dis-
cnvered, it is procbimcd as a general ordinance, equal and impartial
to all. 'l'his is tho origin of law, which, for various reasons, all
are under an oblig'ation to obey, but especial]y because aH law is
the invention and gilt of lIeaven, the resolution of wise men, th8
eorrection of every ofTenee, amI the general comp:lct of the State.
to live in confOflnity \vith which is t11e duty of every individual iu
society."
XXVI INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
Bossuet remarks, that "If tl13 Roman laws have appcared SO
saered, that their majesty still subsists, notwithstanding the ruin
of the empire, it is because good sense, which controls human life,
reigns throughout the wholc, and that there is nowhere to be found
a finer application of the principIes of natural cquity."
Algernon Sidney adds, that "The Israelitcs, Spartans, Romans,
and others, who framed their governments according to their own
will, did it not by any peculiar privilege, but by a universal right
conferred upon them by God and nature. They were made of no
better clay than others; they had no right that does not as well
belong to other nations; that is to say, tlle Constitution of every
govcrnment is referred to those who are concemed in it, and no
other has any thing to do with it."-
" Salus populi est lex suprema."
Judge Blackstone remarles, that "every man, when he enters
into society, gives up a part of his nn.tural liberty, as 6e price of
SI) valuable a purchase; and, in consideration of rcceiving the ad-
vantages of mutual commerce, oblig-es himself to conform to those
laws which the community has thought proper to establish. And
this species of legal obedience and conformity is infiniteIy more
desirable than that wild and savage liberty which is sacrificed to
obtain it. For no man, that considers a moment, would wish to
retain the absolute and uncontrolled power of doing whatever he
pIcases; the consequence of which is, tbat every other man \Vould
also have the same power, and then there would be no security to
individuals in any of the enjoyments of Jife. Political, therefore,
or civil liberty, ."hieh is that of a member of society, is no other
than natural liberty, so far restrained by human laws (and no far-
ther) as is neeessaryand expedient for the general advantage of tho
publico Rence, we may co1leet that the law, which restrains a
man from doing mischief to his fe1low-eitizens, though it dimi-
nishes the natural, increases the civil liberty of mankind. And
Loeke has we1l observed, "where tltere is no law there is no free-
dom."
Socrates made a promise, with himself, to observe the laws of
INTRODUCTORY RElVIARKS. XXYll
his country; but this is nothing more than what every good man
ought both to promise and to perform: and he ought to promise
still further, that he will exert a11 his power, when constitntiomlly
called upon, to compel other8 to obey them.
The compiler of this edition of our own venerated Constitution,
to which he has with anxious labor prefixed a copious, and, he trnsts,
a faithful analytical index, believes that there are among his fellow-
citizens many thousands of intelligent men capable of reading amI
understanding the great American eharter of liberty, but who, with-
out seeing and jndging for themselves of " its limitations and its
authorities," have, wíth a passive credulity, (which in other mat-
ters of comparative insignificance, would have been indignantly
spurned,) reposed their faith, their birthright, and their safety, 00
the opinions of others, whose impassioned, and sometimes vi tupe-
rative tones have appealed rather to the prejudices of the heart than
to the integrity of the understanding.
1\1r. Dallas has well said, that "the Constitution in its words is
plain and t~ntelligible, and it is mean! jar the hamebred, unsaphisti-
cated understandings rf (mr jellaw-citizens." To this sentiment, the
compiler is indebted for suggesting to his mind the idea of publish-
ing thiR edition of the Constitution, with its accompaniments ; and
he thererore believed that the1'e would be propriety and justice in
toe dedlCation of it to this d istinguished statesmall, and through
him to the American people. *
The compiler, diílident of his own ability to do adequate justice
to the subject, has called to his aid some of the most eminent
authorities to sustain the inviolable sanctity of the law, and to im-
press upon Americans a reverential attachment to the Constitution,
as in the highest sense the palbdium of American liberty; so that
their judgment, as well as their affections, may be enlisted on the
side of the Constitution, as the truest security of the Uníon, anrl
the only salid basis on which to rest the prívate rights, the public
liberties. and the substantial prosperity of the people composing
the American Republic.
He will next have wcourse to the authority 1)f the universal1y
esteemed alld lamented .J ustiee 8tory, as to the high responsibilities
of the pcople, allu thp proper [llI)ans of gllarding the irlPstiruahlc
---------~------ -" - --~- ----~--------------
* The 1st mlll 2J ü,[itiun, "ere c[odiuatcd to J\lr. DJ.llas, ami tilo ~u auu t:ulis(:'luCllt O(litioue,
with hi~ pcr:ui,óioll, tu tilo 1'001'le, &e.
XXVili INTRODUCTORY RE~\IARKS.
rights they now enjoyo In referon~e to the Constitution of govGrn~
ment he says: "lt must perish, if t110re be not that vital spirit in
the poop18, which alone can nourish, sustain, ana direct all íts
movemcnts. It is in vain that statesmen shall form plans of go~
vcrnment, in whieh the beauty and harmony of a republic shall be
embodicd in visible order, sha11 be built up on solid sulJstrnetiolls,
and adorned by eV8ry useful ornament, if the inhabitants sulTer the
silcnt po,yer of time to dilapia::tte its wa11s, or cTl1mble its massy
supporters into uust; if the assaults from without are never resistcd,
aIld t11e rottenneslil ana mining from witbin are mover guarded
against. \Vho can preserve thc rights and ]ibertics of the pcople,
,yhcn they s11a11 be abanllonca by thC1ll8dvcs 1 \Vho sln11 kecp
w0.tch in the temple, when the \\":l1chmcn sleep at their p08tS 1
\Ybo sha11 call upon the people to redccm their possessíons, amI
revive t!18 rC'pub1ic, when tliCir o\\"n kllla~ llave delibcratelyand
corruptly surrendercd them to the oppressor, an(1 haye Luilt tlw
prisons or dug tl18 grayss of theÍr C\Hl fá('!l(ls 1 Tltís d~ll'k pidnre,
it is to be llopod, wiD m;vsr be applkablc to thp RepnlJlil: of Ame~
rica. And yet it aiTc]'(L:J a warning, wllic]¡, likc ,dI tlJe lesson8 uf
P,1st expcrienr-e, \Ve are not permittcJ to Jisregara. AlllE:rica, free,
lmppy, auJ cnlightelJ8U as she is, must rest tho preservation of her
r¡¿'llts and liberties upon tbo virtu8, indcpendence, justice, and
s;cg<lcity of t11e people. lf either faíl, tho rf'public is gone. Its
slmdow may renmin \Vith a11 the pomp, at:d eiwulllst:lllce, anu
trickery of government, but its vital !l0WST \villluve d"p,utcrl. In
Arncrka, th8 UGlllélg'Og'uo may c.rise as \Ye11 as elscwllC're. He i8
the natural, thol1¿h Rpurious gro,\"t11 of rcpublics; and, like the
courtier, he may, by his blandishmcnts, delude the f'~lTS ana blind
tl:e eyes of the peop]e to their own a8struction. lf e\'er the d:1J
slnll arrive, in \yhieh tbo best talcnts ana tho best virtucs shall ];e
I1rh-en from office by intrigue or corruptíon, hy tite ostr:ll:isrn of tilo
¡;r,os"" or t]¡o still moro unrelcnting persecuticfl 01' party, legislatiol1
'úll C8ase to be natioml. 1t will ue wise by acdJcnt, aEa b(ld by
system. "
"In every human soeiety," says tho cckhratcd Eecwria, "there
is an e!fort continually tellding to confer OH one part the height 01'
power alld happincss, anJ tu reduce the othcr to the extreme of
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. XXIX
wealmess ano misery. Tite intent of gooo bws is to oppose this
effort, and to dilfllSC thcir influrmee universally amI c(lllally;" and
l\1ontesqllieu declares t11'1t, "In a free state, every man, who is sup-
posed a free agent, ought to be concerned in his own government;
therefore the legisla/ive power should reside in the \,,"hole body of
the people, or their representat.ives. The polítical liberty of the
citizen is a tranquillity of mind, arising from the opinion each per-
son has of his safety. In order to have this liberty, it is requisite
the gO'iernment be so constituted, as t11at one man need not be
afraid of another. TIte enjoyment rf liber!y, and even iis support
and preserva/ion, con.,isls in e¿'cry man' s being alluwed to q;eak his
thoughts, and ¡ay open llis sentimen!8."
The compiler wiU next propose to his fellow-citizcns t11e ad vice
of a profound philosopher, as to the proper mode of preserving the
independence of the mind, which is alike applicable to every free-
born American citizen, ano points out the means by which the na-
tive talent, the integrity oí' heart, and the indomitable spirit of the
people, guided by patriotism, will be renaered available in the pre-
servation of the Pllrity of tbe govcrnment, and of their own líber-
tif:s. It is suhmitted, tll:1t a copy of this edition of the Constitu-
t10n he in tILe posspssioll oC ew:ry eitiZf~n capable oC reading ano
llnoerstanding tlle meaning of langllage, be1'ol'é wl10m tile followillg
instru<:tiotls (Jf Lockc would tl¡('n be placeJ :
"Reading is for the irnprovement of the ullderstanding."
"Tite improvement 01' the understanding is for two ewls: first,
for our own illcrmse of k n()\vledge ; secondly, to enable liS to de·
livor ami mal¡e out that knowlerlgc to othcrs."
" I hope it \Vill not be thought arrogance to say, that perhaps \Ve
should make greatcr progress in the discovery of rational anJ con-
templative kncl\vledge, if \Ve soug'ht it in the fountain-in the con-
sideration of things thcmsel ves-anrl maJe use rather of our own
thoughts than other men's to find it; for 1 think we mayas ration-
ally hope to see witil otber men's c,Y.es, as to lmow by other men's
undcrstandings. So mllch as we ourselves consider and compre-
heno of trutb and rcason, so much \Ve possess of real and true
knowledge. Tlle floating of otber men's opinlons in our brains
makes us not one jot the more knowing, thOllgh they happen to he
;{
xxx l~TIWDUCTUHY HEMARKS.
true. vVhat in them was science, is in us but opiniatrety; whilst
we give np our assent only to reverend names, and do not, as they
did, employ our own reason to understand those trnths which gave
them reputation. Aristotle was certainly a knowing man, but no-
body ever thought him so, because he blindly embraced, or cOllfi-
dently vented, the opinions of another. And ir the taking up ano-
ther's principIes, without examining them, made not him a phi loso-
pher, 1 suppose it will hardly make anybody else so. In tite
sciences, every ane has so mllch as he really knows and compre-
hellds; what he believes anly, and takes upon trust, are but shreds,
which, however well in the whale picce, make no considf)rable
addition to his stock who gathers them. Such borrowed wealth,
like fairy money, though it were gold in the hand from which he
received it, will be but leaves and dust when it comes to use."
.. How many men have no other ground for their tcnets than tIJe
supposed honesty, or learning, or number, of those of the same pro-
fession. As if honest or bookish men could not err, or truth \vere
to be established by the vote of the multitude; yet this, with most
men, serves the turn."
"All men are liable to error, and most men are, in rnany points,
by passion or interest, umlcr temptation to it. Ir \Ve could hut see
the secret motives that influenced tile llIcn of name and learning in
the world, and the leauers of parties, ,ve should not al ways filld
that it. was the embracing of truth, for its own sal,e, that made
them cspouse the doctrines thpy oWllcd and maitltained. Tbis at
least is certain, there is not an opillion so ausuru whieh aman may
not receive upon this ground. 'fhere is no error to be named,
which has not had its professors; and aman shall never want
crooked paths to \Valle in, if he thinks that he is in the right way
wherever he has the footsteps of others to follow."
Jt is not hence to be inferred, however, tllat the opinions and the
Judgment of the wise and the good are to be uisregardcd, and more
especially are we not permitted to treat with irreverence the politi-
cal ¡oetrines and maxims of the fatbers of tbe republie, whose wis-
dom and counsel, and devoted patriotism, gave being to the Decla-
ration of our independence and tbe Constitution of our country.
In t118 fundamental principIes of our Government, on w1lat can tlle
INTRODUCTORY RKMARKS. XXXI
American mind and faith repose with as much confidence and
safety as the expositions contained in the "Federalist, an incom-
parable commentary of three of the greatest statesmen of theÍf age,"
in the extraordinary judgments of the supreme judicial tribunal,
and the solid wisdom embodied in the constitutional commentaries
oí' those who have imparted dignity and purity to the moral ermine
which ornaments that august tribunal 1
Nor can the American people look to any source more entitled
to their confidence, for an exposition of the essential principIes of
our Government, and, consequently, those which ought to shape its
administration, than to the farewell address of the "Father of his
country," (contained in this compilation,) and to the principIes
proclaimed by the "Fathers" of the memorable Declaration and of
the immortal Constitution, when respectively "called upon to un-
dertake the duties of t11e first executive office of our country."
Thomas Jefferson declared those principIes to be-" Equal and
exact justice to all men, of whatever state or persuasion, religious
or political; for having banished from our land that religious intole-
rance under which mankind so long bleo and sutfered, we have yet
gained little, if we countenance a polítical intolerance, as despotic,
as wicked, and capable of as bitter and bloody persecutions ; peace,
commerce, and honest friendship with all nations, entangling alli-
ances with none; the support of the State governments in a11 their
rights, as the most competent administrations for our domestic con-
cprns, and the surest bulwarks against anti-republican tendcncies;
th8 preservation of the General Government in its wlwle constitu-
tional vigor, as the sheet-anchor of our peace at home and safety
abroad; a jealous care of tile right of election by the people; a
mild and safe corrective of abuses which are Jopped by the sword
of revolution, where peaceful remedies are unprovided; absolute
acquiescence in the decisions of the majority, the vital principle of
republics, from which is no appeal but to force, the vital principIe
and immediate parent of despotism; a weIl-disciplinen militia, our
best reliance in pea ce and for the first moments of war, till regulars
may relieve them; the supremacy of the civil over the milItary
autbority: economy in the Pllblic expense, that labor may be
lightly burthened; the honest payment of our dchts, an\l sacred
XXXll INTRODUCTORY REMARKS.
!Jrcservation of tlle puLlic [litll; encourag-mnent of agriculture, and
of commerce as its handmaid; the diHu:,;ion of information, and
arraignment of all abuses at the bar of the public reason; frerdom
01' rcligion; freedom of tlle press; and freedom of pcrson under the
protcction of the habeas corpus; and trial by jllries impartially
selected. These principIes form the bright constellation whieh
has gone before us, and guided our steps through an age of revolu-
tion and reformation. The wisdom of our sages, and blood of our
heroes, have been devoted to their attainment: they should be the
creed of our political faith; th8 text of civic instruction; the touch-
stone by which to try the services of those we trust; and should
we wander from them in moments of error or of alarm, let us has-
ten to retrace our steps, and to regain the road which alone leads
to peace, liberty, and safety."
James Madison, eqllally pursuing the principIes of the Constitu-
tíon, declared the purposes of Government to be:
"To cherish peaee and friendly intercourse wíth all nations
having correspondent dispositions; to maintain sincere neutrality
towards belligerent nations; to prefer, in all cases, amicable discus-
Rion and rcasonable accornmodation of diíferences, to a decision of
them by an appeal to arms; to exclude foreign intrigues, and for-
eign partialities, so degrading to all countries, and so baneful to
free ones; to foster a spirit of independénce, too just to invade the
rights of others, too proud to surrender our own, too liberal to in-
dulge unworthy prejudices omsel ves, and too elevated not to look
down upon them in otbr.rs; to hold the union of the States as the
basis of their peace and happiness; to support the Constitution,
,vhich is the cement of tlle VuÍon, as well in iis limitations as in
its authoritics; to respcct the rights and authorities reservcd to tha
Sta tes, and to the people, as equally incorporated with, and cssen-
tial to the success of, the general system; to avoid the slightest
interference wit,h tlle ri(rhts of conscience, or thc functions of reH-
o
gion, so "\visely exempted from civil jurisdiction; to preserve, in
their full cnerg')r, the otber salutary provisions in behal1' of private
and personal rights, aud of the freedom of the prcss; to observe
economy in public expendítures; to liberate the public resources
:>y an honorable discharge of the public debts; to keep within tlle
INTRODUCTORY neMA RKS. XXXlll
requisite limits a standing military force, always rCll1cmbcring- that
an armed and trained mi litia is the firmest bu 1 wark of republics-
that without standing armies their liberty can never be in danger,
nor with large olles safe; to promote, by authorized mcans, im-
provements friendly to agdculture, to manufactures, and to external
as well as in.terna1 commerce; to favor, in 1ike manner, the advance-
ment of science and tlle diffusion of information, as the best a1í-
ment to tme liberty; to carry on the benevolent plans which have
been so meritoriously applied to the conversÍon of our aboriginal
neighoors from the degradation and wrctcheclness of savage life, to
a participation of tite improvements of which the human mind and
manners are susceptible in a civilized stato. As far as sentiments
and intentions such as these can aid tlle fulfilment of my duty, they
wiH be a resource which cannot fail me. But tite source to which
1 look for the éJids which alone can supply my dcficiencies, is in
the well-tried intelligence and virtuc of my fellow-citizens, and
in the counsels of those representing them in the olher departments
associated in the care of the national interests. In these, my confi-
dence will, under every difficulty, be best placed, next to that which
we have al! been encouraged to feel in the guardianship and guid-
ance of that Almighty Being whose power regulates the destiny of
natiúns, whose blessings have been so conspicuously dispensed to
this rising republic, and to whom we are bound to address our de-
vout gratitud e for the past, as well as OUT fervent supplications and
best hopes foc toe future.."
The citizens of these U nited States were blessed withthe virtue,
the fortitude, and tlle perseverance to achieve their independence
as a nation; their patriotism and valor, both by sea and on land,
brought thern, with increased honor, through the "second war of
independence," and through all the trials and difficulties by which
they have, from time to time, been Bllvironed, both as respects theiI
foreign and domestic relations; and it is only necessary for them
to have " ligkt" as regards the fundamental law, and the operations
of the Government, to enable them to judge of the fidelity of those
whom they perioJical1y intrust with tlle power which alone belongs
10 themselves as a nation of freemen, the proper use and application
of which PO\,"e¡ is so vitally nccessary to the prcservation oí thpir
3"
XXXIV INTRODUCTOR Y REMAItKS.
own liberties and best intercsts, and the perpetuity of our insti-
tutions.
"Light, tme light in the mind," S:lys Locke, "is ar can be na-
thing else but the evidence of the truth of any proposition; and if
it be not a self-evídent proposition, all t11e light ít has, or can have,
is from the clearness and validity of thoso proofs upon which it is
received. To talk of any other light in the understanding, is to
put ourselves in the darle, ar in the power of the Prince of Dark-
ness, and by our own consent, to give oursclves up to delusion; for,
if strength of persuasion be the light which must guide us, 1 ask
how sha11 any ane distinguish between the ddusions of Satan and
the inspirations of the Holy Ghost 1"
Subtleties and authoritative corruscations have hcen repudiated
by pure and true-hearted sages and statesmen; the advice of some
of the most profound of wham, has bcen charaeterized by the sim-
plicity of manner and of language in which they have borne wit-
ness to tmth. Juuge Story has remarked, that "upon subjects of
Government it has always appeared to me, that metaphysical refine-
ments are out of place. A constitu1Íon of government ís address8(}
to the common sense of the people, and never was designed f01
tríals of logical skill, or visionary speculation."
Of a constitution so wisely contrived, so strongly r;¡ised, and so
highly finishcd, it is hard to speak with that praise which is jusiIy
and sevcrely its due: tIte thorough aml attpIltive eontemplation of
it wil1 f'urnislt ils best panegyric. '1'0 sllstain, to r0pair, to bca~l
tify this noble piJe, is a cltarge intrusted prineipally to the people
and their constitutional representativos, in al] tlle 1>ranches of tlle
Government.
If honor and confidence, in a pre-eminent degree, are, with a
portion of their power, eonferred by the peop1e upon the Chief
Executive Magistrate, the guardianship of the national honor is
in no less a degree conferred upon their representatives in the two
Houses of Congress, the intrinsic dignity of whose official ella-
rae ter, in every moral point of view, transcends that of every other
~egislative a8sembly, in so mueh as our Constitution excels that
of every otber human government; and whiJe the Constitution,
})radically animated by tIte pcoplo, thus confers honor and dignity
INTRODUCTORY RE1\IARKS. xxxv
upon Congress, to them it is given to stand by the Constitution,
in spirit and in truth, inflexibIy maintaining its principIes-tha
principIes of union, of libprty, of justice, of domestic tranquillity,
of common defence, and oí .he general welfare. The Constitution
and the Government, thus reciprocally animating and being ani-
mated, illustrates the beau ideal of good government-one of the
choicest gifts of God to mano
The protection of the liberty of the U nited States of America is
a duty which they owe to themselves, who enjoy it; to their ances-
tors, who transmitted it dOlVil; and to their posterity, who will
claim at their hands this, the best birthright, the nobIest il1herit-
ance of mankind.
To concIude, in the language of Judge Story-
"If, upon a closer survey of all the powers given by the Consti-
tution, and all the guards upon their exercise, we shall perceive
still strongAr inducements to fortify this conclusion, and to increase
our confidence in the Constitution, may we not justly hope, that
every honest American \',-ill coneur in the dying expression of Fa.
ther Paul, 'may it be perpetual !' "
ESTO PEHPETUA!!!
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CONTENTS .
.A ~ AN AL YTICAL INDEX OF TIIE CO~STITUTION AND AMENDME:\'TS WILI~ BE
SEE:\' AT PAGE 38, A!'ID AN INDEX TO TRE RESIDUE OF TlIE MATTER CO:STAl:\'ED IN
TRIS VOLUME WILL BE FOU:\'D AT THE CO;o.¡CLUSWN OF THE BOOK.
CHAPTER 1.
1. TIJE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES ••••. •••••. ...... 1
2. The dates of raofication of thc Constitution by lhe Thirleen original States 24
3. THE ARTICLES OF Al\IEND:\IENT TO THE COXSTITUTIO:'l".... 25
4. The vcrification of the Constitution and amendments by lhe Secrclary of
State· ... ·•• .••••..••••.......•...•.•••••••.•...•.•••.•..••..••••...•• 31
ti. The Hcadings and dales of ratification of lhe amendmenls of lhe COllsliln-
tion .................................................................. 33
6. AN ANALYTICAL INDEX OF THE CONSTITUTION as amended 38
CHAPTER 2.
Introductory remarks to this Chapler ....................................... 129
OFFICIAL PROCEEDIXGS, AXD TIfE CAUSES WHICH LED TO
THE ADOI'TIO:'l" AND RATIFICATION OF TUE CONSTITU-
TIOX OF TIIE UNITED STATES,viz: .... · ....................... 130
1. REPORT OF A CO;\I:\IlTTEE OF TIlE CONGRESS OF TIlE CON·
FEDERATION, on lhe ohjeclions of one of the States to confer cerlaill
powers on Congrcss "vith regard lo revenue and commerce. 16th De-
cember, 17."2· ............................... · ......................... 131
2. ADDRESS OF COXGRESS '1'0 TI-IE STATES, ealling upon their jus-
tice amI plighted faith, and r('Jlre~enting the consequences of a failure
on thcir par! to sustain the Government and provide for ils wants. 26th
April, 17S3· ............ ·· ..... · ....................................... 139
3. PREA:\TBLE AND RESOLU'1'IOXS OF CONGRESS, presenling lhe
exposcd condilion of thc lrade allll commerce with foreign eountries,
alld lhe destructi ve eff",cl of foreign policy, and recommending lhat
Jlower for their protection he vested in Congress. 30th April, 1784···. 110
4. REPORT OF A CO:\Ti\IlTTEE OF COXGRESS, with a stalement oflhe
reasons why the States should confer upon Congress Ihe powers therein
enumcrated. 13th .Tulr, 17:'5- ........................................ • 142
5. REPOR'l' OF A CO:\1l\IlTTEE OF COXGRESS, sbowing the failure
of Ihe Statcs to comply with the requisitiolls of Congress, and the neces·
sily for a complete accession of al! the States to the Revenue System.
15th February, litl6····· ........ ·• .......... •• .. •· .......... -_ ........ 146
xxxvü
xxxviii CONTENTS.
6. REPORT OF A COl\Il\IITTEE OF COXGRESS, reJating to the con-
tinued non-compliance of sorne of the States with the requisitiollS of COIl-
gress, ane! recommending the subject agaill to their consideration.
3d l\rarch, 1786 .•••.•••...•...•...•.....•••.•••••..••...•...•.•.•..••• 150
7. REPOR'l' OF A COi\Il\lIT'l'EE OF CONGRE:-38 again earnestlyrecom-
mending the subject to the consideration of the States. 2:Jll October,
1786··· •.......•...•.......•.•......••.......•...........•..••...•..•• 151
8. BRIEF HlSTORICAL VIEW OF THE ACTS Ol" TlIE STATES
which led to the formation ane! adoption of the Constitutioll of the [) nited
States ...•.•..••..•............•.......•..••.•••..••...•...•..•...••.• 153
9. RESOLUTIO~ OF CO~GRESS appointing committees to repair to the
States, to make such representatiolls as might induce them to carry the
rcquisitions of Congress illtO effect with the greatest e!cspatch. 2'2d i\Iay,
1782 ...•...............•.••.••...•.•••.•••...•...•...•.......•..••.•.• 155
10. RESOLUTIONS OF TIIE LEGISLATURE OF NEW YORK,on the
critica! condition of affairs,-that the existing system exposed the com-
mon cause to a precarious issue,-that the defects of the Contederation
shonld be speedily repaired, and recommending a General Convention
of the States for that pUTpose. 21st July, 1782 .....•.......•.....••••• 155
11. RESOLUTIONS OF 'l'llE LEGISLATURE OF VIRGINIA, recom-
mending to the States to empower Congress to regulate the trade and
commeree ofthe conntry. 30th November, 1785 .......•..••...•.....• 158
12. RESOLUTION OF THE LEGISLATURE OF VIRGINIA, appointing
commissi~ncrs to meet others to be appointed by the several States, to
take into consideration the tralle and commeree, allll to empower Con-
gress effectualIy to provide for the same. 21st Januar)', 1786········ •• 160
13. PROCEEDINGS A;\ D REPORT Ol" TIlE COMl\USSIO~ERS FRO:\I
SEVERAL OF THE STA TES, AT ANNAPOLIS, recomrnenc1ing a
Convention to meet at PhiladelJlhia, with limpie powcrs to adopt a Con-
stitution adequate to the exigencies of the Union. 11-14th Scptember,
1786· .. ····•·······················•·······•··············••····· ....• 161
14. PROCEEDIXGS A:'\D RESOLUTIO~ OF CO:\'GRESS Ol" TIIE
CUXl"EDERATIOX, calling a Convention at l'hila,lelphia, to reneler
¡he Constilution adequate to the exigcncies of the Govermncnt and tItc
preservatioll of the Union. 21st l"ebruary, 17Q7 .....................• 161
15. ACTS OF TIlE SEVEHAL STATES FOR TIIE APPOINT:\1ENT OF
DEPUTIES TO MEET IN CONVENTION WITII POWER '1'0
FORl\1 A CONSTITUTIO~ OF GOVERNl\IENT, viz.:
VIRUIXIA. 16th Oetober, 1786 ...•...•..•.........•..•...•.....•.• 167
NKW JERSEY. 23d November, 1786········· .. ··· .... ·•· ... ·· .•.• 1,0
PENXSYLVANIA. 30th Deccmber, 17tc6· ..• · ..................... 172
l\'ORTH CAROLIXA. 6th January, 17~7· ... · .. •· ................. i71
DEL A 'VARE. 3d Feuruary, 17:'07 ...••..••.....•••..••.•.•.•.•...• 177
GEORGIA. 10th l"ebruary, J 7S7· .. •··•••·•·•• .. ·.· .••..••..••..... 179
NE\V YORK. 2Sth l"ebruary, 1787··········.········· .•••.•••.•.• 181
SOUTIl CAROLIl'\A. 8th l\Iarch, 1787 .... •··•••··· •.••••••••••••• 182
MAf'SAClIUSETTS. 10th l\Iarch, 1787 ............................ 183
COi\TEi\TS. XXXIX
CONNECTICUT. 10th JUay, 1787····························· .•••. 184
l\lARYLA;'I¡D. 26th May, 1/87.···································· 1S5
NE\V 11 Ai\Il'SI1IIlE. 27th June. 17d7 ............................. 186
16. LETTER OF GEORGE ". ASIlINGTON, lhe President, with Resolu-
tions of the Conventioll, laying the Constitution before Congress, to be
transrnitted to the several States to be submitted to Conventions thereof
for ratification. 17th September, 1787· .. ··· .. · ...... • ........ · ........ 187
17. RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS, transmitting the same to the States ac-
cordingly. 2dth September, 17.67· .... •· ... · .. •· .... ··•· .. •· .. •· ...... • 189
18. PREAMBLE AND RE80LUTlON ÓF 'rIlE CONGRESS OF TIlE
CONFEDERATION, III pursuance of the resolution of the Convention,
fixing a day for the appointrnent of electors, a day for thcm to vote tor
Prc~ident and Vice l're~ident, and the time alld place for commcncing
procccdings under the Constitutioll'" ................................. 190
19. BHIEF HIRTOHICAL VIEW OF THE MANI\"ER IN WIIICII TIIE
GOVERNl\IENT CO:\IMEl\'CED ITS PROCEEDINGS Ul\"DER TIlE
CONSTl'l'UTlON .................................................... 191
CHAPTER 3.
1. PROCEEDINGS IN TIJE CONGRE8S OF THE UNITED COLONIES
rcspecting Independence· ............................................. 193
2. RESOLUTION OF CO:\'GIlE8S DECLARING TIJE UNITED COLO-
NIES FREE AND lNDEl'ENDENT STA TES. 2d July, 1776······ 195
3. A DECLARATION BY TIlE REPnESE;\TATIVES OF TIJE Ul\"I·
TED STATE8 OF AMEUICA, IN COl\"GRE88 ASSE:\lBLED.
July 4. 1776 .. •• ....................................................... 195
CHAPTER 4.
1. APPOINTMENT OF GEORGE WASHINGTON TO BE GENERAL
AND COMMANDER·Pi·CJlIEF OF THE ARMY, BY THE CON·
GRESS OF THE UlXITED COLO:\'lES, on the 15th June, 1775 ...... 201
2. ADDRESS OF GEORGE \VASHINGTON, accepting .tbe appointment
16tb June, 1775· ...................................................... 201
3. COMi\IISSlON OF GEORGE \VASHI.'\GTON for the 8ame. 17th June,
1775··· ...................•........•................•....•.•.•.•.•••.• 202
4. RESOLUTION OF CONGRESS tbat tbey wOllld maintain and assist
George \Vashington, and adhere to him in the rnaintenance and preser-
vallon of American liberty, witb their lives allll fortunes. 17lh JUlle,
1775·· .•... ······· .• · ..• ···········•··••·•················••·········· 203
5. ADDRESS OF TlJE PRESIDENT OF CONGRESS of the Confedera-
tion to George \Vashington, on the termination of the war. 26th A ugust,
1783········· - ........................................................ 203
6. REPLY OF GEORGE \V ASIlll'\GTON to tbe 8ame. 26th August, 1783 204
7. Il'iSCRIPTIO:\' AND REMARKS COI\"CERNII\"G HOUDON'S STATUE
OF \Y ASHII\GTON ................................................ · 20:;
xl CONTENTS.
B. RESIG~ATION BY GEORGE \V ASIIINGTON of the office of com-
mander-in·chief oflhe army lo Congress. 23d December, 1783· .• •···• 209
9. ANS'IVER OF TROMAS l\llFFLIN, Presidenlof Congress, lo the same.
2.'3d Decemucr, 178.'3· ..................•.......•...•.. , •..••...•..•..•• 209
10. ELECTION OF GEORGE WASIIINGTON, as President ofthe United
Statcs, and his inaugural address. 30th April, 1789··················· 210
11. FARE\VELL ADDRESS OF GEORGE \Y ASRINGTON, President, to
the people ofthe United States. 17th September, 1796· .•• ••••••·•••••· 215
12. APPOINTMENT OF GEORGE WASHINGTON TO BE LIEUTE·
NANT·GENERAL AND COMI\1ANDER·IN·CHIEF OF ALL TBE
ARI\1IES RAISED OR 1'0 BE RAISED IN TIIE UNITED STATES.
3d July, 1798····· •..••.••.•••••....•...•.......•...•.•••.•••..••..•••• 231
13. ro THE MEl\IORY OF GEORGE \VASHINGTON. Proceedings of
the national authorities on the death of Gcorge \Vashington. 14th De-
cember, 1799·······.················································· 240
CHAPTER 5.
1 INTRODUCTORY REMARKS TO TI118 CHAPTER ................ 269
2 Inaugural address ofGEORGE \V ASHINGTON. (Vide Charter 4, Arti-
ele 9.) 30th April, 17b9············.··························· •• ··· .. 211
3 Inaugural address of JOHN ADAl\IS. 4th March, 1797· ... ···•· .... ·· .. 270
4 Inaugural address, first terlll of THOl\IAS JEFFERSON. 4th March,
1801 .................................................................. 275
5 Inaugural atldress, sceond term ofTIlO.MAS "EFFERSON. 4th March,
1805 ..••..••...•..••...•........ · .........•....••...•...•............ 279
6 Inaugural address, fiest tcrm of JAME::> l\lADISON. 4th l\Jaech, 1S09·· 2b3
CIIAPTER 6.
__ EN ERAL LA \VS relating lo the continued orgaIllzatlOn of the Government,
and provitling the authoeities and mealls of executillg ¡he Constitution
in certain contingencies, and ror olher puTposes······················· 287
1. AN ACT to rcgulate the time and manner of adlllinistering certain oaths.
This act prescribes the form oC the oath to support the Constitution, and
the officers and persons by WllOlIl it shall be taken. 1st June, 1789···. 287
2. AN ACT for the punishment of certain cr imes. Scctions 25,26,27, and 28,
provide for the r,rotection of foreign AlIluassadors and other public i\Iin-
isters and dOlllestics. 30th April, 1790· ............................... 20'9
'3. AN ACT to prescribe the mode in which the pulilic acts, TecoTds, and
judicial proceedings, in eacll State, shall be authenticated so as to take
elfect in every other State. 26th May, 1790··· ........................ 290
4. A~ ACT suppJl.'mental to the act establishing the Treasllry Departmenl,
ane! fOT a tarther compensation to ccrtain oíficeu. Scc. 2 requires
every officcr and clerk in the several Departments oftlle Ul1lted States
to take an oatll to ~upport thc Constitution. 3d March, 1791············ 290
CONTENTS.
6. AN ACT relative to the election of a President and Vice President of the
United States, and declaring the officer who shall act as President in case
of vacancies in the offie8s both of President and Vice President. 1st ~Iarch,
xli
1792 .......•..••.......•......••...•...•...............•....•...•...• 291
6. AN ACT providing compensation to the President and Vice President of the
Unitcd States. 18th February, 1793.
'1. AN ACT to authorize certain offieers and other persons to administer oathe.
3d May, 1798· . . • . . . • . . . . . . • • . . . .. . . •. . • • . • . • . .• • • • . . • .. . . •. . . • . . . . . . .. 294
8. AN ACT eupp\ementary to the act, entitled An act to prescribe the mode in
whieh the public aets, r8cords, andjudicia\ proceedings in each State shaIl
be authenticated so as to take effect in every other State. 27th March,
lil04·· •• ·.·•···•··••···············•·········· .• ···············•···•·· 294
9. AN ACT to extend the pro.isions of the act to authorize certain officers and
other persons to administer oath .• , approvcd l\lay 3, Jj9S. 8th February,
1817········· .................. " ..........•..••...•....••......••.... 295
10. AN ACT to provide for the publicRtion of the laws of the United States, and
for other purp.)ses. 20th April, 1818· .............•............•...••• 295
11. AN ACT in addition to the " Aet for the punishment of eertain crimes against
the United St:ltcs," and to repeal the acts therein mentioned. 20th April,
lR18 .•••...•...•...•...•...•..••..•...•.•.•.......•...•...••..••..•• 296
12. AN ACT making compcnsation (o the persons appointcd by the electors to
deliver thp, votes for l'resident and Vice President. 11th February, 1825·· 300
13. AN ACT for the apportionment of Representatives among the several States
according to tbe sixth ccnsus. Seco 2 pro.ides for the election of Repre-
sentatives by Districts. 25th June, 1842· ......•.......•.......•...•.... 300
14. AN ACT to pro vide further remedial justice in the courts of tho United
States. 29th A ugust, 1842· . . . . . . . • . . . • . . . • . . . . . . . . . . • • . . . • . . . . . . . • . . .• 301
15. AN ACT to establish a uniform time for holding elections for electors of
President and Vice Presidellt in all the States of the Union. 23d January,
1845·····················································.·.· .•• · ..•.• 302
16. AN ACT to provide for the distribution of the edition of the Laws and Trea-
ties of the United States, published by Little & llrown, under the provisious
oC the resolutions of Congress, approved l\1arch 3, 1845, and for other pur-
poses. 8th August, 1846 ...•...•...•...•.•.•...•...•...•...•...•..••.. 302
U. AN ACT for giving effect to certain treaty stipulations between this and fo-
reign governments, for the apprehension and delivering up of certain
offenders. 12 August. 1848.· ..........•.......•.......•.......•.•.•...• 305
18 .• \N AOT providing for the taking of the seventh aud subsequent censuses of
the United StateR, and to fix the number of members of the Rouse of Re-
pre~entatives, and to provide for their future apportionment among the
severa\ States. 23d May, 1850 ....•.......•..••..•....•.......•..••..•. 305
19. An Ret to authorize Notaries Public to take aneI certify oaths, affirmatIons, and
Bcknowledgmpnts in ceríain cases. 16th September, 1850.· .....••....•.. 306
20. A R~:S::lT,UTroN relatillg to tlle publication of the Laws of the United States.
26th Séptembcr, 1850· .......................•...........•....•...•.... 307
4
xlii CONTENTS.
CIIAPTER 7.
EXPLANATORY NOTES OF THE FOLLOWING TATILES ........... 309
1. TABLES OF ELECTORAL VOTES FOR PRESIDENT Al\D VICE
PRE:-3IDENT of the Unitea States, from March 4, 17bO, to March 3,
1849· ..•...•..• •·•·•·.·•···•· ..• · •.•..•• ·· ••... ···••·········•········ 315
2. TABLE OF TER~IS OF OFFICE, AND LENGTH OF SERVICE, IN
TIlE SENATE, OF TRE VICE PRESIDENTS AND l'RESI-
DENTS PRO TEi\IPORE; amI of the commenccmcnt, termination,
and numoer of aays in each ses~ion of Congress, and speeial session of
the 8enate, from i\Iarch 4, 1739, to March 3, 1851····· .. •····· .. •···· .• 336
3. T ABLES OF THE N AM ES OF TIIE SEN A TORS OF TIlE UNITED
STATES, froll1 i\Iarch 4, 17::9, to March 3,1851, with the commence-
ment and terminatioll oftheir service, respectiveIy, ana the cIasses ¡nto
which they are dividea under the Constitution ........................ 346
4. TABLE OF TIlE l'\A1\IES OF THE SECRETAIUES OF THE SEl\ATE
OF THE UNITED STA TES, from i\i',lfch 4, 1789, with the Iellgth of
their service respectivel)' ........................................ " ... 385
5. TABLE OF THE NAl\IE~ OF REPRF.SENTATIVES IN CONGRESS
WHO H AVE BEEN ELECTED SPEAKER S OF TIIE II01l8E OF
REPRESENTATIVES, from Mareh 4,17::9, to March 3, 1851, wilh the
commencement and terminat!on of thcir service as such, and the Stales
ofwhieh they were Represcntatives ................................. 386
6. TABLE OF THE l'\A:\IE8 OF TlIE CLERKS OF Tim HOUSE
OF REPRESE'\;TATIVES OF TllE UNITED STATES, froll1 March
4, 17S9, with lhe lenglh oftheir servicc, respectively .................. 388
CHAPTER 8.
THE NA:\IES, APPOINTl\IENT, AND SERVTCE OF THE .mTlGES
AND OFFICER8 OF TBE SUI'RE~IE COUIl.T OF TIrE lJ~ITED
ST A TES, from Mareh 4,1780, viz.·· .................................. 389
1. THE CITlEF JUSTlCES OF TlfE SlJPREl\IE COüIlT OF TllE
UNITED 8T A TES .... · .. · ........................ , .................. 389
2. TIIE A~SOCIATg JUSTICES OF TIlE SUPRE:'IE COURT OF 'rIlE
UNITED STATES·········································· ........ 390
3. TIlE CLERKS. RE.PORTERS OF DECISJO~S. AND l\IARSHALS OF
'l'HE SUPREl\IE COURT OF THE UNITED STATES .. · .. ·· ..... :l93
CHAPTER 9.
THE NAMES, APPOINTMENT, AND SERVICE OF TrIE SEYERAL
HlGR EXECUTIVE OFFICERS OF TiLE GOVERNl\IEi\'T, from
M a reh 4, 17"0, viz ..................................................... 395
1. SECRETARIES OF STATE· .. · ...................................... 3»5
2. SECRE.T A Rl ES OF TI!E TREASGRY ............................... 396
3. S~,~RETARJES OF 'VAR· ............................................ 398
CONTENTS. xliii
4. SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY· ........................................ 399
6. POSTMASTER GENERALS· .. •· .. ·• .......... ·· ...... ·· .......... ·· .. ·•• 401
6. ATTORNEY GENERALS···········.···································· 402
CHAPTER 10.
BRIEF CHRONOLOGICAL STATEMENT OF TIIE FomIATION OF THE GO·
VEltN~IENTS OF THE SEVERAL STATES AND TERRITORIES OF
TIlE UN1TED STATES· ........ •· ..................................... 405
1. NEW HAMPSlIlRE· .......... 407 20. MISSISSIPPI ................. 430
2. MASSACIIUSETTS ...... · .... • 407 21. ILLINOIS .................... 431
3. RIIODE ISLAND ........ • .. ••• 407
4. CO~NECTICUT .. · ........ • .. • 407
6. NEW YORK· .' ............. '" 407
6. NEW JERSEY· ............... 407
7. PENNSYLVANB ..... · ........ 408
8. DELA W ARE .......... · ...... 408
9. MARYLAND .. - ............. 408
10. VIRGINIA· .................. 408
11. NORTH CAROLINA·· ........ 408
12. SOUTII CAROLINA ........... 408
13. GEORGIA .................... 408
14. VERMONT ................... 412
15. KENTUCKY .................. 412
16. TENNESSEE ................. 413
17. OHIO·· .......... • .... • ...... • 413
18. LOUISIANA ........ ••· ....... 429
19. INDIANA .. • ................. 430
22. ALABAMA ................... 431
23. MAINE ....................... 432
2!. lUISSOURI ................... 433
25. ARKANSAS .................. 434
26. 1I1ICIlIGAN ................... 436
27. FLORIDA.···· ...... · ........ • 436
28. TEXAS· .••...•...••.••••••• ,. 439
29. WISCONSIN·.·.· .••.••. ···•·• 441
30. IOW· A .......... , ............. 443
31. CALIFORNIA .. · .............. 445
32. OREGON TERRITORY ••••.••• 447
33. lIIINESOTA TERRITORY······ 447
3-1. NEW l\IEXICO TERRITORY •• 448
35. UTAII TERRITORY· ..... • •••• 448
36. NlmRASKA TERRITORY···.· 448
37. DISTRICT OF COLmIBIA .. · .. 4-19
CHAPTER 11.
SOURCES OF IlISTORICAL, POLITICAL, STATISTICAL, AND OTHER INFOR·
MATION REGARDING TIlE LEGISLATIVE, EXECUTIVE, AND JU-
DICIAL ACTION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF
AMl'mICA, IN POSSESSION OF THE PUBLIO OFFIOES AT TIIE SEAT
OF GOVERNMENT ..••..• " ..•...•...•.•••... " ... • .••••..•••..•.••• 451
CLASS No 1. TlIE COLONIAL IIISTORY of the United States, and doeumen·
tary History ofthe Revolution· ........ ·• .............................. 452
CLASS No. 2. I,EGISLATIVE PROCEEDINGS and aets of the Congress of the
Confederation from the eornmeneement of the Revolution to the eommence-
ment of the Government under the Constitution •....•...•.....•..••.... 453
CLASS No. 3. TIlE .JOURNAL, Acts, and Proceedings of the Convention which
farmpd the Constitution of the United States, from May 14 to September
17, 17~7 .............................................................. 453
CLASS No. 4. TIIE JOURNAL of the House of Uepresentatives of the United
State~, from ~rarrh 4, 17il\l, to l\Iarch 3, 1851 ............................ 45-t-
CLASS No. 5. TIlE LEGISLATIVE JOURNAL of the Senate of the United States,
from l\farch 4, 1ísa, to March 3,1851· .................................. 455
xliv CONTENTS.
CLASS No. 6. THE EXECUTIVE JOURNAL of the Scnate of the United States,
from March 4,1789, to March 3, 1851. (A part only of which, as explained,
has been made public.) ................................................ 455
CLASS No. 7. TIIE JOURNAL orRecordofthe Senate on trialsofimpeachment,
from ~Iarch 4, 1789, to March 3, 1851· ................................. , 456
DESCRIPTION of thfl LegisJative Journals of the Senate and HOURe of Represen·
tatives of the United States· ...... •· .. · ................................ 456
CLASS No. 8. DOC{;~IEN'rS ordered to be printed by the two Houses of Congresa
since March 4, 1789, embraced in 21 volumes folio State Papu11, printed by
Gales and Seaton . . • • . . . •. . • • . . . . . . . . . . . •• . . . . . . . . . .. ................ 457
CLASS No. 9. DOCUMENTS printed in octavo form by order ofthe Senate, dur-
ing each Session, from March 4, 1789, to ~larch 3, 1851··················· 458
CLASS No. 10. DOCU~IENTS printed in octavo form by order of the House
of Representatives, during each session, from March 4, 1789, to March 3,
1851 ..•••••...•.•.•.•.•...........•..••..••.......•..••..••••..••••• 458
CLASS No. 11. SPEECHES AND DEBATES in the two 1I0uaes of the Congresa
of the United States, from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1851 .•••..••• _ ...• 459
CLASS No. 12, TIlE LA WS of the United States, including the Treaties, &c., as
embraced in the several editions heretofore published, up to March 3,
1851 .... • ........ • .... · .... •••· .. •· .. • .. ••• .......................... 461
CLASS No. 13. ABRIDGMENTS and Digests of the Laws of the United States,
to March, 1851····· .......... ·· ................................. , •..•• 465
CLASS No. 14. INDEXES prepared in conformity with orders 01' rcsolutions of
the Senate and Ilouse of Representativea of the United StateR, to March 3,
1851·· ..•• ·· ....••..••••..••••...•...•...•.•••.•••• _ ••....•.••••••...• 465
CLASS No. 15. REPORTS of the Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United
States, to the January term, 1851· ...... ··•· .... ·· ............. • ....... 466
CLASS No. 16. PUBLICATIONS on the subject of the Public Lands and Private
Land Claims, under the authority of the United States, to March 3,1851 • 466
CLASS No. 17. REVENUE LAWS, Commercial Regulations, Digests of Tarilf
Laws, &c., to l\Iarch 3, 1851 ............................................ 461
CLASS No. 18. MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS printed or published under the au-
thority 01' patronage ofthe United States and not noticed undpr particular
heads, to March 3, 1851 ...•..••••••••....•..•••.......•••.•••.•••..... 468
CLASS No. 19. MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS containing useful political,
statistical, and other information, to l\Iarch 3, 1851· .••.•••..••..•••••••• 471
CLASS No. 20. THE BOOKS contained in the Congres8 01' National Library, to
March 3, 1851· ........................ ~ ............................... 472
CLASS No. 21. THE BOOKS contained in the Library of the Department of
State, to March 3, 1851··· •.•••.•••.•••.•••.•••.•...•••••••••••••..•••• 479
CHAPTER 12.
TIlE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION .................................... 483
TilE ~IE)IBERS OF THE THIRTY-FIRST CONGRESS ...................... 490
CHAPTER 1.
'I'HE CONSTITUTION,
As here presented and authenticated by the certificate of tha
Secretary of State, after a continued correction of proof copies
until every deviation from the original Constitution, however smaIl,
was completely removed, may with confidence be used as a true copy.
The necessity for a clase and continued attention to the execution
of a copy of this important instrument, became manifest by the use
of a printed copy (considered as correct) to print from, which, on
being eompared with the original, was found to eontain several
errors in the words, and sixty-five in the punctuation. This cir·
cumstanee led to a further eomparison of copies, in several editions
of the laws, printed by different individuals, and it was found, that
one edition eontained 204 and another 176 errors in the punctuation
of the Constitution! Many of these are material in the construc-
tion of the sentenees in whieh they oecur.
lt was also discovered, that, in the original manuscript, capital
letters were used at the bgginlling of substantives, or nouns, as is
understood to have been the practice generally in writing and
rrinting at the time the Constitution was written. These appear
to have been altogether di:iregarded in the editions aboye referred
to, except in words at the beginning of sentences.
As the construction of important clauses mayo sometimes, tum
UP0n the pllnctuation, or the natnre of a word, it is important that
xlv
xlvi THE CO~STITUTION.
the former be of the right measure, and that the proper value of the
latter be manifest, before the mind can decide upon the true mean-
ing, as intended by the wise and learned framers of that master-
piecc of composition, which bears the impress of the most minute
and laborious attention to the construction of evcry particlc of mat-
ter constituting this noble fabric, the preservation of whose sim-
plicity is the only safeguard to its integríty.
These facts induced the determination to produce a true copy rf
the Constitution in texto orthography, letter, and punctuation, and
the rigid examination, and subsequent verification of the Depart-
ment having the care and custody of the venerated original, attest
the success of the undcrtaking in the production of the following
authentic Constitution.
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CONSTITUTION
OF 'fUE
UNITED STATES OF A~IERICA.
\V E the People of the V nited States, in order to form
a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domes-
tic Tranquillity, provide for the common defence,
promote the general Welfare, and secure the Bless-
ings of Liberty to ourselves anJo our Posterity, do
ordain and establish this CONSTITUTION for the U nited
States of America.
ARTICLE. I.
SECTION. 1. AH legislative Powers herein granted
shaIl be vested in a Congress of the Uniteu States,
which shaIl consist of a Senate anu House of Represen-
tatives.
SECTION. 2. lThe House of Representatives shall
be composed of lVlembers chosen every second Year by
the People of the several States, and the Electors in each
State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors
of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.
2 CONSTlTUTION.
2No Person sha11 be a Representative who sha11 not
have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been
seven Years a Citizen of the U nited States, and who sha11
not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in whir h
he shall be chosen.
3 Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned
among the several States which may be included within
this Union, according to their respective Numbers, which
shall be determined by adding to the who1e Number of
free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Tenn
of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths
of a11 other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be
made within three Years after the first Meeting of the
Congress of the United States, and within every subse-
quent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they sha11
by Law direct. The Number of Representatives sha11
not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each
State sha11 have at Least one Representative; and
until such enumeration shall be made, the State of N ew
Hampshire sha11 be entitled to chuse three, Massachu-
setts eight, Rhode-Island and Providence Plantations
one, Connecticut five, N ew-York six, N ew Jersey
four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six,
CONSTITUTlON. 3
Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South Carolina five,
and Georgia three.
4 \Vhen vacancies happen In the Rcpresentation from
any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue
"r rits of Election to fill such Vacancies.
''fhe Rouse of Representatives shall chuse their
Speaker and other Officers; and shaIl ha ve the sole
Power of Impeachment.
SECTION. 3. 1 The Senate of the U nited States shall
be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by
the Legislature thereof, for six Years; and each Senator
shall have one Vote.
2Immediately after they shall be assembled in Conse-
quence of the first Election, they shall be divided as
equallyas may be into three Classes. The Seats of the
Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Ex-
piration of the second Y ear, of the second Class at the
Expiration of the fourth Y ear, and of the third Class at the
Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one-third may be
chosen every second Year; and if Vacancies happen
by Resignation, 01' otherwise, during the Recess of the
Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may
make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting
of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.
4 CONSTITUTION.
3 No Person shall be a Senator who shall not haye at-
tained to the Age of thirty Years, and be en nine Years a
Citizen of the U nited States, and who shall not, when
elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall
be chosen.
4 The Vice President of the U nited States shall be Pre-
sident of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they
be equally divided.
5 The Senate shall chuse their otIler Ofncers, and also
a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice Pre-
sident, or when he shall exercise the Office of President
of the U nited States.
6 The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all I m-
peachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall
be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the
United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside:
And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence
of two thirds of the lVlembers presento
7 Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend
further than to removal from Office, and Disqllalification
to hold and enjoy any Office of honour, Trust or Profit
under the U nited States: but the Party convicted shall
nevertheless be liable and subject to Indictment, Tria],
Judgment and Punishment, according to Law.
CONSTITUTION.
SECTION. 4. 1 The Times, PIaces and Manner ofhoId-
ing Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be
prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but
the Congress mayat any time by Law make or alter such
Regulations, except as to the places of chusing Senators.
2 The Congress shall assemble at least once in every
Year, and such Meeting shall be on the first :Monday
in December, unless they shall by Law appoint a differ-
ent Day.
SECTION. 5. lEach House shall be the Judge of
the Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own
Members, amI a Majority of each shall constitute a
Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number may
adjourn fromday to day, anu may be authorized to
compel the Attendance of absent lVlembers, in such
Manner, and under such Penalties as each House may
provide.
2 Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceed-
ings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and,
with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.
3 Each House shall keep a J ournal of its Proc~ed
ings, and from time to time publish the same, excepting
sllch Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy;
and the Yeas and Nays of the 2\fembers of either House
6 CONSTITUTION.
on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those
Present, be entered on the J ournal.
4 N either House, during the Session of Congress, shall,
without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than
three days, nor to any other Place than that in whieh the
two Houses shall be sitting.
SECTION. 6. 1 The Senators and Representatives shall
receive a Compensation for their Services, to be as·
certained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of
the U nited States. They shall in an Cases, except
Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privi.
leged from Arrest during their Attendance at the Ses·
sion of their respective Houses, and in going to and
returning from the same; and for any Speech or Debate
in either House, they shall not be questioned in any
other Place.
2No Senator or Representative shall, during the
Time for ,vhieh he was eleeted, be appointed to any
ci vil OfEee under the A uthority of the U nited States,
whieh shall have been ereated, or the Emoluments
whereof shall have been encreased during such time;
and no Person holding any OfEee under the U nited States,
f:hall be a Member of either House during his Continu-
anee in OfEce.
CONSTITUTION. 7
SECTION. 7. 1 All Bills for raising Revenue shall ori-
ginate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate
may propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.
2 Every Bill which shall have passed the House of
Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it become
a Law, be presented to the President of the United
States; If he approve he shaIl sign it, but if not he
shaIl return it, with his Objections to that House in
which it shall have originated, who shall enter the Ob-
jections at large on their Journal, and proceed to re con-
sider it. If after such Reconsideration two thirds of that
House shall agree to pass the BiIl, it shall be sent, to-
gether with the Objections, to the other House, by which
it shaIl likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by
two thirds of that House, it shall beco me a Law. But'
in all such Cases the Votes of both Houses shaIl be de-
termined by yeas and Nays, and the Names of the Per-
sons voting for and against the Bill shall be entered on
t}le Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill
shall not be returned by the President within ten Days
(Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to
him, the Same shall be a law, in like Manner as if he
had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment
prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law
5
8 CONSTITUTIO~.
BEvery Onler, Resolution, or Yote to which the Con·
cnrrence of the Senate and House of Representatives mar
be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment)
shcll be presented to the President of the United States;
and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved
by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed
by t"\\'o thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives,
at.:eording to the Rules and Limitations preseribed in the
Case of a Bill.
SECTION. 8. The Congress shall have PO\ver
1 To lay and colleet Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Ex-
cises, to pay the Debts and provide for the eommon De-
fenee and general vVelfare of the U nited States; but all
Duties, Imposts and Exeises shall be uniform throughout
the U nited States ;
2 To borrow Money on the eredit of the U nited States ;
3 To regulate Commeree with foreign Nations, and
among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes ;
4 To establish aTl uniform Rule of N aturalization, and
uniform Laws on the subject of Bankrupteies throughout
the U nited States ;
5 To coi n Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of
foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and
Measures;
CO~STlTUTION. 9
eTo provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the
Securities and current Coin of the U nited States ;
7 To establish Post Offices and post Roads ;
81'0 pro mote the progress of Science and useful Arts, by
sec1uing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the ex-
".lusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries ;
'To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court ;
W To define and punish Piracies and Felonies com-
mitted on the high Seas, and Offences against the Law
of Nations;
llTo declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Re-
prisal,. and make Rules concerning Captures on Land
and Water;
12 To raise and support Armies, but no A ppropriation
of Money to that U se shall be for a longer Term than
two Years;
13 To provide and maintain a N avy ;
uTo make Rules for the Government and Regulation
of the land and naval Forces ;
15 To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute
the Laws of the Uníon, supprel5s Insurrections and repel
Invasions;
161'0 provide for org'amzmg, arming, and disci-
!llining, the Militia, and for governing sllch Part of
10 CONSTITUTION.
them as may be employeu in the Service of the Uniteu
States, reserving to the States respectively, the Ap-
pointment of the Officers, anu the Authority of training
the Militia according to the Discipline presl'ribed by
Congress;
17 To exercise exclusive Legislation in an Cases
whatsoever, over such District (not e~ceeuing ten Miles
square) as may, by Cession of particular States, anu
the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the
Government of the U niteu States, anu to exerCIse
like Authority over an PIaces purchaseu by the Con-
sent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same
shall be, for the Erection of Forts, 1\1" agazines, Arse-
nals, Dock-Y arus, and other neeuful Buildings ;-And
18 To make all Laws which shall be necessary and
proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers,
and all other Powers vesteu by this Constitution in the
Government of the U nited States, or in any Department
01' Officer thereof.
SECTION. 9. 1The Migration or Importation of such
Persons as any of the States now existing shall think
proper to aumit, shall not be prohibiteu by the Con-
gress prior to the Year one thousanu eight hundred
anu eight, but a Tax or Dnty may be imposed Oll
CONSTlTVTlON. 11
such Importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each
Persono
2 The PriviIege of the "\Yrit of Habeas Corpus sha11
not be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion
or Invasion the pubIic Safety may require it.
a No BilI of Attainder or ex post facto Law sha11 be passed.
No Capitation, or other· direct, Tax sha11 be laid,
unIess in Proportion to the Census 01' Enumeration
herein before directed to be taken.
5 No Tax or Duty sha11 be laid on Articles exported
from any State.
6No Preference shall be gwen by any Regulation of
Commerce 01' Revenue to the Ports of one State over those
of another: nor 8ha11 Ve8seI8 bound to, or from, one State,
be obliged to enter, cIear, or pay Duties in another.
7No Money 8ha11 be drawn from the Treasury, but
in Consequence of Appropriations made by Law;
and a regular Statement and Account of the Receipts
and Expenditures of all public Money shall be pub.
lished from time to time.
SNo TiGe of Núbility 8ha11 be granted by the United
States: And no Person holding any OtEce of Profit or
Trust under them, shall, without the Consent of the
Congress, accept of any present, Emolument, Office,
5""
12 CONSTITUTION.
or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince,
or foreign State.
SECTION. 10. 1 No State shall enter into any Treaty,
Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque
and Reprisal; coin lVloney; emit Bills of Credit;
make any Thing but gold and silver Coi n a Tender
in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder, ex
post facto Law, or Law impairing the Obligation of
Contracts; or grant any Title of Nobility.
2No State shall, without the consent of the Con-
gress, lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports,
except what may be absolutely necessary for execut-
ing it's inspection Laws: and the net Produce of all
Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or
Exports, shall be for the U se of the Treasury of the
United States; and all such Laws shall be subject to
the Revision and Controul of the Congress.
3No State shall, without the Consent of Congress,
lay any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of
'Var in time of Peace, enter into any Agreement or
Compact with another State, or with a foreign Po\ver,
or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such
imminent Danger as will not admit ofDelay.
CONSTITUTION. 13
ARTICLE. n.
SECTION. 1. 1 The executive Power shall be vested
ln a President of the U nited States of America. He
shall hold his Office during the Term of four Years,
and, together with the Vice President, chosen for the
same Term, be elected, as follows
2 Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the
Legislature thereof may direct, a N umber of Elec-
tors, equal to the whole Number of Senators and
Representatives to which the State may be entitled
in the Congress: but no Senator or Representative,
or Person holding an Office of Trust or Profit under
the United States, shall be appointed an Elector.
[" The EIcctors shaIl meet in their respective States, and vote by BaIlot
for two Persons, of whom one at Ieast shalI not be an Inhabitant of the
same Statc with themseIves. And thcy shaIl make a List of aIl the Per-
sons voted for, and of the N umber of Votes for each; which List they
shaIl sign and certify, and transmit seaIed to the Seat of the Government
of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The Pre-
sident of the 8enate shaIl, in the Presence of the Senate and House
of Representatives, open aIl the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be
counted. 'fhe Person having the greatest N umber of Votes shaIl be the
President, if sllch N umber be a Majority of the whole N umber of EIee-
tors appointed; and if there be more than one who have sueh Majority,
and have an equal N umber of Votes, then the House of Representatives
shalI immediately ehuse by BaIlot one of them for Presidenf; and if no
• This clause within brackets has been superceded and annullcd by the 12tl1
amendment, on page 28.
14 CONSTITUTlON.
Person ha ve a Majority, then fram the five bighest on the List the said
Housc shall in like Manner chuse the PresiJent. But in chusing the
PresiJent, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation from
each State having one Vote; A Quorum for this Purpose shall consíst
of a Member or Members from twothirds of the States, and a Majority
of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every Case, after the
Choice of the President, the Person having the greatest N umber of Votes
of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there should remain
two or more who have eq ual Votes, the Sena te shall chuse from them by
Ballot the Vice President.]
3The Congress may determine the Time of chusing
the Electors, and the Day on which they shall give
their Votes; which Day shall be the same throughout the
U nited States.
'No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen
of the U nited States, at the time of the Adoption of this
Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President ;
neither shall any Person be eligible to that Office who
shall not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years,
and been fourteen Years a Resident within the U nited
States.
5 In Case of the Removal of the President from Office,
or of his Death, Resignation, 01' Inability to dis-
charge the Powers and Duties of the said Office, the
same shall derolve on the Vice President, and the Con-
gress may by Law provide fol' the Case of Re-
CONSTITUTION. 15
moval, Death, Resignation, or Inability, both of the
President and Vice PI'esident, declaI'ing what Officer
shall then act as President, and such Officer shall act
accordingly, until the Disability be removed, 01' a Pre-
ident shall be elected.
6 The President shall, at stated Times, recelve for
his Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be
encreased nor diminished during the Period for which
he shall have been elected, and he shall not receive
within that Period any other Emolument from the U nited
States, or any of them.
7Before he enteI' on the Execution of his Office, he shall
take the :fi)llowing Oath or Affirmation :-
. ,,1 do solemnl y swear (or affirm) that 1 will faithfully
" execute the Office of President of the U nited States, and
"wiII to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and
" defend the Constitution of the United States.
SECTION. 2. 1 The President shall be Commander
in Chief of the Army and N avy of the U nited States,
and of the Militia of the several States, when called
into the actual Service of the United States; he may
require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Of
ficer in each of the executi ve Departments, upan any
Subject relating to the Duties of their respective Offi-
16 CONSTlTUTlON.
ces, and he shall have Power to grant Reprieves and Par-
dons for Offences against the United States, except in
Cases of Impeachment.
2He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Con-
sent 01' the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds
of the Senators present COllcur; and he shall nominate, and
by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate, shall
appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers and Con-
suIs, Judges ofthe supreme Court, and all other Officers of
the U nited States, whose A ppointments are not herein other-
wise provided for, and which shall be established'by Law :
but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such
inferior Officers, as theythink proper, in the President alone,
ill the Courts of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.
3 The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacan-
cies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate,
by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End
of their next Session.
St:CTION. 3. He shall from time to time give to the
Congress Information of the State of the U nion, and
recommend to their Consideration such lVleasures as he
shall judge necessary and expedient; he may, on ex-
traordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either
of thr.m, and in Case of Disagrecment between them,
CO~STITUTIOX. 17
with Respect to the Time .of A djournment, he may ad-
journ them to such Time as he shall think proper; he
shall receive Ambassadors and other pu blic Ministers;
he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executeu,
and shall Commission all the officers of the U nited
States.
SECTION. 4. The President, Vice President and all
ci vil Officers of the U nited States, shall be removed from
Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason,
Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
ARTICLE IIl.
SECTION. 1. The judicial Power of the United
States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in
such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to
time ordain and establish. The Juelges, both of the
sllpreme and inferior Courts, shall holel their Offices
during good Behavior, and shall, at stated Times, re-
céive for their Services, a Compensation, which shall not
be diminished during their Continuance in Office.
SECTION. 2. IThe judicial Power shall extend to all
Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Consti-
tlltion, the Laws of the U nited States, and Treaties
made, or whieh shall be made, under their Authol'i-
18 CONSTITUTION.
ty ;--to all Cases affecting. Ambassadors, other public
Ministers, and Consuls ;-to an Cases of admiralty and
maritime Jurisdiction ;-to Controyersies to which the
U nited States shall be a Party ;-to Controyersies be-
tween two or more States ;-between a State and Citizens
of another State ;-between Citizens oí different States,-
between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under
Grants of different States, and between a State, or the
Citizens thereof, and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.
2 In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public
Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State
shall be Party, the supreme Court shall haye original
Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before mentioned,
the supreme Court shall haye appellate Jurisdiction,
both as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and
under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.
3 The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Im-
peachment, shall be by J ury; and such TriaI shall
be held in the State where the said Crimes shall haye
been committed; but when not committed within any
State, the TriaI shall be at such Place 9r Places as the
Congress may by Law haye directed.
SECTION. 3. 1 Treason against the U nited States,
shall consist only in leyying War against them, or in
CONSTITUTION. 19
adhering to their Enemies, giving them Aid and
Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason
unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the
same overt Act, or on Confession in open Court.
2 The Congress shall have Power to dedare the
Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Trea-
son shall work Corruption of BIood, or Forfeiture except
during the Life of the Person attainted.
ARTICLE. IV.
SECTION. 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be glven
in each State to the public Acts, Reconls, and judi-
cial Pmceedings of every other State. And the Con-
gress may by general Laws prescribe the Manner in
which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be
proveu, and the EtTect thereof.
SECTION. 2. 1 The Citizens of each State shall be
entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in
the several States.
2 A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony,
or other Crime, who shall flee fmm J ustice, and be found
in another State, shall on Dcmand of the executive Au-
thority of the State fmm which he Red, be delivered up, to
be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.
ti
20 CONSTITUTION.
aNo Person held to Serviee or Labour In one State,
Ilnder the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shal1,
in Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be
discharged from such Service or Labour, but shall be
delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service
or Labour may be due.
SECTION.3. lNew States may be admitted bythe Con-
gress into this U nion; but no new State shall be formed or
erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State ; nor any
State be formed by the J unction of two or more States, or
Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures
of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.
2 The Congress shall have Power to di~pose of and
make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the
Territory or other Property belonging to the U nited
States; and nothing in this Constitution shall be so
construed as to Prejudiee any Claims of the U nited
States, or of any particular State.
SECTION. 4. The U nited States shall guarantee to
every State In this Union a Republican Form of Go-
vernment, and shall protect each of them against In-
•
vasion, and on Application of the Legislature, or of
the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be con-
"Pl1f'd) against domestic Violence.
CONSTITUTION. 21
ART1CLE. V.
The Congress, whenever two thirds ofboth Houses shall
deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Con·
stitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of two
thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for
proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be
valid to all 1ntents and Purposes, as Part of this Con·
stitution, when ratified by the Legislatures ofthree fourths
of the several States, or by Conventions in three fourths
thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification may be
proposed by the Congress ; Provided that no Amendment
which may be made prior to the Year one thousand eight
hundred and eight shall in any .Manner affect the first
and fOUl'th Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article ;
and that no State, wiihout its Consent, shall be depriveu
of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.
ARTICLE. VI.
1 All Deuts contracted and Engagements entered
into, before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall
be as valid against 1he United States under this Con-
stitution, as under the Confederation .
...
2 This Constitution, and the Laws of the U nited
States which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and
all Treaties maele, or which shall be made, under the
22 CON STITUTION.
authority of the U nited States, shall be the supreme
Law of the Land; and the J udges in every State shall
be bound thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws
of any State to the Contrary notwithstanding.
3 The Senators and Representatives before mentioned,
and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and
all executive and judicial Officers, both of the United
States and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath
or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no re·
ligious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to
any Office or public Trust under the United States.
AR TICLE. VII.
The Ratification of the Conventions of mne States,
shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Consti-
tution between the States so ratifying the Same.
DONE in Convention by the U nanimous Consent
of the States present the Seventeenth Day of Sep-
tember in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven
hundred and Eighty seven and of the Independance
of the U nited States of America the Twelfth In
"\Vitness whereof We have hereunto subscribeJ
our Names,
GEO W ASHINGTON-
Presidt and deputy from Virginia
CONSTlTUTION.
NEW HAMPSH1H E.
JOHN LANGDON, NICHOLAS GIL;\IAN.
MASSACHUSETTS.
NATHANIEL GORHAM, RUF'US KING.
CONNECTICUT.
WM. SAML. JOHNSON, ROGER SHERl\1AN.
NE"V YORK.
ALEXANDER HAMILTON.
\VIL: LIVINGSTON,
\VlU. PATEHSON,
B. FRANKLIN,
ROBT. MORRIS,
THO: FITZSIMONS,
JAMES WILSON,
CEO: READ,
JOHN DICKINSON,
JACO: BROOM.
JAMES M'HENRV
DANL. CARROLL.
NEW JERSEY.
DAVID DHEARLF:Y,
JONA. DAYTON.
PENNSYL V ANIA.
THO~,fAS l\hFFLIN,
Grw: CL'iIlIER,
JARED INGERSOLL,
Gouv: MORRIS.
DELA "VARE.
GUNNING BEDFORD, Jun'r,
RICHARD BASSETT,
MARYLAND.
DAN: OF STo TIlos. JENIFER,
VIRGINIA.
JOHN BLAIR, JAMES MADI SON, Jr.,
NORTH CAROLINA.
"V:lf. BLOUNT, RICH'D DOBBS SPAIGHT,
Hu. WILLIAMSON.
SOUTI-I CAROLINA.
23
J. RUTJ.EDGE,
CHARLES PlNCKNEV,
CHARLES COTESWORTH PINCKNll:V
PIERCE BUTLER.
WILLIAM FEW,
Attest:
GEORGIA.
ABR. BALDWIN.
'VILLIA~I JACKSON, Sccrefary.
6;¡'
2·1 CO~STITUT1UN.
The Constitution was adopted on the 17th September, 1787, by
the Convention appointed in pursuance of the resolution of the Con-
gress of the Confederation, of the 21st February, 1787, and was
ratified by the Conventions ofthe several States, as follows, viz.:
Dy Convention of Dela\vare, on the 7th December, 1787.
" "
Pennsy 1 vania, " 12th December, 1787.
" "
New Jersey, " 18th December, 1787.
" "
Georgia, " 2d January, 1788.
" "
Connecticut,
"
9th January, 1788.
" "
M assachusetts, " 6th February, 1788.
" "
l\Iary land,
"
28th A pril, 1788.
"
. , South Carolina, " 23d May, 1788 .
" "
New Hampshire, " 21st June, 1788.
" "
Virginia, " 26th June, 1788.
" "
New York, " 26th JuIy, 1788.
" "
N orth Caro] ina, " 21st November, 1780.
" "
Rhode IsIand, " 20th May, 17!:10.
ARTICLES
IN ADDITION TO, AND Al\1ENDMENT OF,
THE CONSTITUTION
01<' THE
UNITED STATES OF A~IERICA_,
Proposed by Congress, and 1"atijied by the Legislatures
of the several States, pursuant to the fifth article of the
original Constitution.
(ARTICLE 1.)
Congress shall make no law respecting an establish-
ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise there-
of; or abriJging the freeuom of speech, or of the
press; or the right of the peopIe peaceabIy to assem-
ble, and to petition the Government for a redress of
gneYances.
(AR TICLE 2.)
A well reguIated Militia, being necessary to the se-
curity of a free State, the right of the peopIe to keep and
bear Arms, ~hall not be infringed.
26 CONSTITUTlON.
(ARTICLE IIl.)
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartereJ III
tny house, without the consent of the Owner, nor III
time of war, but in a manner to be prescribeJ by law.
(ARTICLE IV.)
The right of the people to be secure in their per~
sons, houses, papers, ancl eífects, against unreasonable
searches and seizures, shall not be violatecl, and no \Var~
rants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supporteJ by
Oath or affirmation, anJ particularly describing the place
to be searcheJ, and the persons or things to be seized.
(ARTICLE V.)
No person shall be held to ans\ver for a capital, or
otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or
indictment of a Grand J LUY, except in cases arising III
the land or naval forces, or in the Militia, when in ac-
tual service in time of War or public danger; nor
shall any person be subject for the same offence to be
twice put in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be com-
pelled in any Criminal Case to be a witness against
himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or property,
,vithout due process of law; nor shall private proper-
ty be taken for public use, without just compensation.
CONSTITUTION. 27
(ARTICLE VI.)
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy
the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impar-
tial jury of the State and district wherein the crime
shall have been committed, which district shall have
been previously ascertained by law, and to be in-
formed of the nature and cause of the accusation;
to be confronted with the witnesses against him;
to have Compulsory process for obtaining Witnesses
In his favour, and to have the Assistance of Counsel
for his defence.
(ARTICLE VII.)
In Suits at common law, where the value in con-
troversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial
by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury
shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court of the
U nited States, than according to the rules of the com-
mon law.
(ARTICLE VIII.)
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor exceSSlve
fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments in-
flicted.
28 CO~:;TITUTION •
(ARTICLE IX.)
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain
rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage
others retained by the people.
(ARTICLE X.)
The powers not delegated to the U nited States by
the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States,
are reserved to the States respectiveIy, or to the
people.
ARTICLE XI.
The Judicial power of the United States shall not
be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity,
commenced or prosecuted against one of the United
States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or
Subjects of any Foreign State.
ARTICLE XII.
The Electors shall meet in their respective states,
and vote by ballot for President and Vice President,
(lne of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of
the same state with themselves; they shall name In
their ballots the person voted for as President, and In
ltistinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-Prcsident,
CONSTITUTION. 29
,and they shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for
. as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice-Presi-
dent, and of the number of votes for each, which lists they
&hall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the seat
of the government of the United States, directed to
the President of the Senate ;-The President of the
Senate shaI1, in presence of the Senate and House
of Representatives, open aH the certificates and the votes
shall then be counted;-The person having the great-
est number of votes for President, shall be the Presi-
dent, if such number be a majority of the whole numbeI
of Electors appointed; and if no person have such
majority, then from the persons having the highest
numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted
for as President, the House of Representatives shall
choose immediate1y, by ballot, the President. But in
choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by states,
the representation from each state having one vote; a
quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or
members from two-thirds of the states, and a majority
of all the states shall be necessary to a choice. Ancl
if the House of Representatives shall not choose a Pre-
siclent whenever the right of choice shall devo1ve
llpon them, before the fourth day of March next fo1-
30 CONSTITUTION.
lowing, then the Vice-President shall act as President,
as in the case oí the death or other constitutional dis-
ability oí the President. The person having the great-
est number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the Vice-
President, if such number be a majority of the whole
number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a
majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list,
the Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum
íor the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole
number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number
shall be necessary to a choice. But no person consti-
tutional1y ineligible to the office of President shall. be
tligible to that of Vice-President of the U nited States.
31.
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CONSTITUTION. 33
The following ~s prefixed to the first ten* of the pre·
ceding amendments.
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES,
Begun and held at the City of New York,on Wednesday, the fourth
of March, one thousand seven hundred and eighty-nine.
The Conventions of a number of the States, having
at the time of thcir aclopting the Constitution, expressecl
a desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of
its powers, that further cleclaratory and restrictive clauses
shoulcl be added: And as extending the grouncl of public
confidence in the Government, will best insure the bene-
fieent ends of its institution ;
Resolved by the Senate and Jlouse of Representatives
'" 1t may be proper here to state that 12 articles of amendment were
proposed by the first Congress, of which but 10 were ratified by the
States-the first and second in order not having been ratified by the re-
quisite number of States.
These two were as follows:
Article the first.. .. After the first enumeration required by the first Article
of the Constitution, there shall be one Representative for every thirty thou-
sand, until the number sha11 amount to one hUllllred, after which, the pro-
portion shall be so regulated by Congress, that there shall not be less than
one hundred Represelltatives, nor less than one Representative for every
forty thousand persons, until the number of Representatives shall amount
to two hundred, aner which the proportion shall be so regulated by Con-
gre;,'S, that there shall not be less than two hundred Representatives, nor
more than one Representative for every fifty thousano persons.
Article second .... N o law, varying the compensation for the services
of the Senators and Representatives, shall take eftect, until an election
of Rlilpresentatives shall have intervened.
. 7
31 CONSTITUTION.
of the United Sta tes of .Ilmerica, in Congress assembled,
two thirds of both Houses concurring, 1'hat the follo\ving
Anicles be proposed to the Legislatures of the several
Stat2s, as amendments to the Constitution of the Uniteu
States, all, or any of which articles, when ratified by three-
fourths of the said Legislatures, to be valid to all intents
Que! purposes, as part of the said Constitution; viz.
Articles in addition to, and Amendment of the Consti-
tution of the U nited States of America, proposed by Con-
gress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States
pursUant to the fifth article of the original Constitution.
The first ten amenclments of the Constitution were
ratified by the States as follows, viz. :
By New Jersey, 20th November, 1789.
By Maryland, 19th December, 1789.
By North Carolina, 22d December, 1789.
By South Carolina, 19th January, 1790.
By New Hampshire, 25th January, 1790.
By Delaware, 28th January, 1790.
By Pennsylvania, 10th March, 1790.
By New York, 27th March, 1790.
By Rhode Island, 15th June, 1790.
By Vermont, 3 November, 1791.
By Virginia, 15 December, 1791.
CONSTITUTION. 35
The follow'tng is prejixed to the eleventh of the precedi71g
amendments :
TIlIRD CONGRESS OF TIIE UNITED STA TES:
.lit the first session, begun and held at the cily of P/¿i-
ladelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, on Jlfonday the
second of December, one thousand seven hundred and
ninety-three.
Resolved by the Senate and IIouse of Representatives
of the United States of .I1merica, in Congress assembled,
two thirds of both Houses concurring, 'I'hat the follo\ving
Article be proposed to the Legislatures of the several
• States, as an amendment to the Constitution of the U niteJ
Sta tes; whieh when ratified by three-fourths of the saiJ
I.Jegislatures shall be valid as part of the said Consti·
tution, viz:
Thefollowi7lg is prejixed to the twelflh of the preceding
amendments :
EIGIl'L'lI CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STA TES :
.lit the first session, begun and held at the city of JVash.
ington, in the Territory of Columb'ia, on .A-fonday the
seventeenth of October, one thousand eight hundred and
three.
Resolved by the Senate and Jlouse of Representatiz'es
01 the United States of .I1merica, in Congress assembled,
1'wo thirds of both Houses concurring, that in lieu of the
thírd paragraph of the first section of t11e second article
36 CONSTITUTION.
of the Constitution of the U niteJ States, the following be
proposed as an amendment to the Constitution of the
U niteJ States, which, when ratifieJ by three-fourths of
the legislatures of the several states, shall be valiJ to all
intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution, to
wit:
The ten 11rst of the preceding amendments were pro-
poseJ at the first session of the first Congress, of the
United States, 25 September, 1789, and were finally
ratified by the constitutional number of States, on the 15th
day of December, 1791. The eleventh amenJment was
pro¡osed at the first session ofthe third Congress, 5 March,
1794, and was declared in a message from the Presi-
dent of the U nited States to both houses of Congress,
dated 8th January, 1798, to have been adopted by the
constitutional number of States. The twelfth amenJment
was proposed at the first session of the eighth Congress,
12 December, 1803, and was adopted by the constitu-
tional number of States in 1804, according to a pu blic
notice thereof by the Secretary of State, dateJ 25th Sep-
tember, of the same year.
DESIGN OF TIlE ANAL YSIS.
1. EVEIl.V substantive matter, or point, contained in each articlc,
section, or clausc, embraeing every subject, name and dciinitiün
in t]¡e Constitution, has bccn arrangcd in alphabetical ordcr. Tito
entire clause in which each word so arranged occurs, beillg gi vell.
2. AH similar words, names, ur terms used in the Constitution
being thus brought together, saves the time and tronble of ·reading
over that instrument in search of sllpposed terms or provisions,
whieh, if they cannot be found in this Al phahetical Anal ysis, v .. ill
not he found in the Constitution. Undor tbe head of caeh bral1ch
of the Government, as Congress, Senate, Rouse of Hepresentatives,
Executive or PrPsident, Judiciary, &e., will be found every power,
duty, privilege, and restrietion helonging to each, and joint or con-
current power with thc otber branches. J n like manner, all provi-
sions, regarding S tates, lpgislatllres, persons, people, citizcns,
powers, omees, la'\vs, eleetions, army, militia, navy, and every
other subjcct eontaincd in the Constitution, will a11 respectively,
be found nnder one hcad.
3. By tbis arrangement the ('ntire instrument is resolved into its
clements, while aH clauses eontaining like terms or provisions am
dra\vn tow-:ther in close contact, by the strictlyalphabetical posi-
tion of the similar terms or words in each, which proximity brings
tlle wbole into one view, to be seen at a glance, and bcing ¡hus
presented to tbe mind at once, the eonneetion is more casily im-
pressed upon and retained in the memory.
37
A~ ALPHABETICAL ANALYSIS OF TIlE CO~STITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. AND OF THE
AMENDMENTS THERETO .
.
Art. seco el. page.
ABSENCE. In the absence ofthe Vice President the Senate shall choose a President pro temo
ABSENT mcmbers. A smaller number than a majority of either House of Congress may com-
pel J¡t;; attendance of absellt members, in such manner, and under such penallies, as
each House may provide ••...•..••...•..•••.•••.•••.••..•...•••.•••.•••.•••.••...•.•
ACCEPT. No person holding ally office of profit 01' trust under ~he United States, shall, withont
lhe consent of Congress, u<:cept of any presellt, emolument, office, or title, of any kind
whatever, from any kiJ,g, prince, or foreign slaleo; ................ ·• .................. .
ACCOUNT. A regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all public
money shall be published from time to time ......................................... .
ACCUSA'l'ION. 111 all criminalprosecutions, the accust,d to be informedofthe nature andcau:-e
01' the accusation ••. , ...•.......••...•...•..........•...•........•..•.......•...•...
ACTS, records, and judicial proceedings. Fui! faith and crcdit shall be given in each State to the
public acts, records, and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congre"s
lIlay, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which such acts, records, and judicial pro-
ceedillgs shall be proved, and the efiect thereof ...................................... .
ACT as President. In case of the renlOval. death, resignation, 01' inabilit y, of bot h the Fresident
and Vice President, the Congress shall, by Iaw, declare wllat oflicer shalll hen <let as Pre-
slden!, and sneh offieer shall aet aceordingly until the disability be removed, ur a Presi-
dellt ;;hall ue elected ............••....•......................•......•.•..•..•••..•..
ADJOURN from day to day. A slllaller Ilumber than a llllljority of eaeh IIouse 01' Congress Illay
adjourll from day to day ........................................................... .
ADJOURX. Neither House. dllrill" the scssion 01' COlwress, shall, witllOut the eOlJ,;Pllt of the
other, adjourn far more than tluee days, nor to an), otlrer place llwn that in whieh the t\Vo
HOllses Illay he sitting ............................................................. .
ADJOURN1"18N'l'. Ifany !Jill shaU not be retnrned hy tbe Pre;;idt:nt within ten day" (Sundays
cxcepted) after it shall have been prescllted to him. t!Je same shall be a law, ill like man-
1 3 5 4
1 5 1 5
1 9 8 11
1 9 7 ' 1 1,
6th umend. ')"":' ~J
4 1 1 l~
2 1 5 1!
1 5 1 5
1 5 4 6
w
00
> ~~
-..
t-<
~:
"Cl]
.. ,
:.n
>
ner as if he had signed lt, unlp-ss the Congress by their adjournmcnt prevent lts retum, m
which case it shall nol be a law ..•..•.... ; ........................................ .
ADJOURNMENT. Everyorder: resolution, or vote, to which the concur~ence. of the Senate
and House of Representatlves may be necessary, (except on a questlOll of adjournment,)
shall be presented to the President of the United States. (For proceedings, see resolution.)
ADJ OURN MENT. In case of disagreement between the two Houses of Congress with respect
to the time of adjournment, the President mayadjourn them to such time as he shall
think proper .•. , ........•.......•.......•....•......••. , •.......•.......•...•••...•
ADMIRALTY and maritime jurisdiction. 'rhe judicial power shall extend to al! cases of admi-
ralty and JIlaritilne jurisdiction ....•..•......••...•...••..•....•.•.......•••..••.•.••
ADMITTED. New ~tates may be admitted by the COlIgress into this UniQTl ................. .
ADOPTION of this Constitution. All debts contracted or engagements entered into before the
adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this COll-
sti! utiOll as under lhe Confederation ......••.•••...•.•••. , •••••..••• " .•.•.•.••••••••
ADVICE and consent of the Senate. (;:Jce Senate.)
AFFIRMATION. (See Oath or affirrnation.)
AGE of qualification for a Representative in Congress, 25 years .............................. .
AGE of qualification fúr a Senator in Congref's, 30 years .................................... .
A GE of qualificat!on for P~esident .of the Ullited ~tates, 3:) years .. •· ....•......•..••...••.••••
AGf<~ ofqualificatlOn for VIce Presld;mt ofthe Urnted States, 35 years.: ................ : ..... .
AG REE ~IENT or compacto N o Stale shall, WItbout the consent of Cungress, en ter mto any
agreement or compaet with another State or a fúreign power ........................ .
ALLIANCE. No State sha!! ellter illto any alliance ....................................... .
ALIEN~t~:~~~~~~~ .u.f. f.~r.e!~~l. ~~I:t ~1: .r.l~: ~.l:~i:).l~ .~~ ~r.e.s.i~~~: .~~ ~i~.e. ~.r.e.s~~~~l~ .~f. ~~~. ~.~i:~~ {
AMBASSADORS. The President shal! nominate, and by and with the advice and consent of
the Senate, appoint anlhassador;;, l'll,C .•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
AMBASSADORS. 'rhe President shall receive amhassadors and other public ministers ....... .
A.:vlBASSADORS. The judicial power shall extend to al! cases affect.ing ambassadors, other
public nlinisters, and consuls ..•...••.•••.•.•..•••••••••••••......••••••...••.••..••.•
AMBASSADORS. In al! cases afiecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, the
Snpreme Court shall have original jllrisdiction ....................................... .
AMENDMENTS, as on other bills. AH bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of
1 7 2 > 7
1 ~ 3 8 ,
2 3 1 16
3 2 1 18
4 3 1 20
6 1 1 21
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1 2 2 2 > t"'
1 3 3 4 ~
2 1 4 le! 7Jl I-l
12th amend. 30 CfJ
1 10 3 12
1 10 1 1:';
2 1 4 J.1
12th amend. 30
2 2 :2 16
2 3 1 17
3 2 1 18
9 2 2 18
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¡.¡::... /s.. ' ... rHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Continued.
Art. see. el. page. O
RepresentatIves; but the Senate may propose, or concur with, amendments as on other
bilis .... , . . .. • . .• • • .. . . .. • . .. • . .• . . .. • . .. . . .. . . .• . . .. . . .• • . .. . . .. • . .• • . .• • . .• • . .. . 1 7 1 7
Al\1END.MENTS to the Constitution. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall
deem it necessary, shall propase amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application
of the legislatures oi' two-thinls of the severa! Slates, shall call a convention fór proposing
amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of
this Constitution, when ratified by the legislatures of tilree-fourths of the several Stutes,
or by conventions in tbree-fourths thereof, as tile one or the other mode of ratification
may be proposed by the Congress; provided that no amendment, which may be made
prior to the year 1808, shall, iu any manner, af1eet the first and fourth clauses in the ninth
sec1 ion of the first article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived oi' its
equal suffrage in the Senate .•........•.....••...••.••..••...•............•..••..•••.
APPELLATE jurisdiction. (See Supreme Court.) ..•............. , •...............••.•....•
APPOINTED. N o Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he \Vas elected,
be appointed to any civil ofIice uuder tile aU1hority of the United States, which shall have
been created, or the e1l10111lIlents of which "hall have been increased during such time ..•
AP P OINTED. N o Senator or H rpresentative, or person holding an office of trust or profit
under the United Stutes, shall be appoiuted an Elector ............................... .
APPOINTMEKTS. The Executives 01' States may make temporary appointments of Senators
in the recess of t he legis!atures t hereof to fill vacancies ............................... .
APPOINTl\IE~T al' officers of the militia reserved 10 the States respectively ............... ..
APPOINTMENT 01" Electors oi' President and Vice President of the Unitcd States. (See ~
APPOI~!f~ioÉN\'~i.· . Tl;(; 'P;'~~id'e'n't' ;l~;j¡' ~~~~i'n'a't~', '~;ld . b~' ~I~d' ~i;l~ 'the' ~d'v'i~~ '~~d 'C'O'l;~~~t' ot
5 1 1 21
3 2 2 18
1 6 2 6
2 1 2 13
1 3 2 3
1 8 16 10
2 1 2 13
12th amelld. 8
t11e Senate, sha!! appoint 1I11lbas:"adors, other public ministers, and consuls, judges of the
Supreme Comt, and al! olher oflicers of the United States whose appointments are not
herein otherwisc provided for, and which shal! be established by law. But the Congress
may by law vest the appointment of such inferior oflicers, as they think proper, in the
President alone, in the C01lfts of law, 01' in the heads of departmcnts . . • .. • • .. • . .. . . .• . • 2 2 2 16
APPOINTME.N TS. The President shall have power to fill up aH vacancies that may happen
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during the reeess of the Senate, by granting eommlssions, (or appoIntments,) whieh shall
expire at [he elld of their next session .•.••. , .•••.••..••..•••.•.•.••. " ...•....•.. , ...
APP O R'l'I () N ED. Representatives and direet taxes to be apportioned among the several States
acrordlllg to thclr respectIve numbers, &e ................................... , •.•.•...
APPROPRIATION of money to the use of armies sha11 not be for a longcr period tha9 two
years ........•••.•••.....••..••..•••••••.•••.•.•.•••..•...••.••...•.....•.••.••••.
APiROPRIATIONS. No money sha11 be drawn from the Treasury but in eonsequence of
appropriations made by law, and a regular statemcnt and aceollnt of the receipts and ex-
penditures of a1l public money sha11 be publishcd from time to time ••...•..••..••..••..
APPROVED. Every bill, resolution, or vote to which the concurren ce of the Senate and House
of Represt:'lltatives may be necessary, (cxeept on a question of adjournment,) sha11 be
presented 10 ¡he President ofthe United States to be approved or disapproved by him •. ··
APPROVED. AlIy bill returned by the President with objeetion, may becorne a law if approved
by two-¡hirds ol both Houses of Congress ........................................... .
ARMIES. Congress shall have power to raise and support armies, but no appropriation ol' money
to that use shall be l'or a longer term than two years ................................. .
ARMING: .. Congress sha1l have power to provide for organiziJlg, arming, and disciplining the
mllltw ......•..•.............•..•......•...•.• " ....•..•.......••..•.•.••..•••.•••.
A RMS. The rigltt of the people to keep and bear arms sha11 not be infringed .•..•.•...•.•••.•.
ARMY. Congress sha11 have power to make rules for the government and regulation of the land
and naval torces ••...........•...•..•••.•...•.....•..••.•••.••..•••.•••.•••.••..••••
ARMY. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of ¡he army ..... ··· ................... .
ARMY. N o soldier sha1l, in time of peaee, be quartered in any house without the eonsent of ¡he
owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law .................... .
ARMY or N avy. N o person sha11 be held to answer foro a capital or otherwise infamous crime,
unless on a presentment or indietment of a grand jury, exeept in cases arising in the land
or naval forees, or in the militia, when in actual servi(;e, in time of war or public danger ..
ARREST. Senators and Representatives shall, in a1l cases except treason, felony, and breacllof
the peace, be privileged from arrest dlll"illg their artt'lldance at the sessions of their re-
spe(:ive Houses, and in going to and relllrning hOlll f llP same ••..••..•...••..••..••...•
ARSEN ALS, &c. Congress sha11 have power ;" excrcise ex,'!II"ive legislatlOll over arsenals, &c.
A R TS. Congress sha11 have power to promote ¡he progr'css uf science and useful arts, by se-
2 2 3 16
1 2 3 2
1 8 12 9
1 9 7 11
1 7 2-3 7-8
1 7 2 7
1 8 12 9
1 8 16 9
zd amend. 25
1 8]4 9
2 2 1 15
3d amend. 21,)
5th amend. 26
1 6 1 6
1 8 17 10
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ALPHABETICAL ANAL Y SIS-Continued.
Art. see. el. page.
curing, for limited times, to authors and invcntors, the exclusive right to their respective
writings anJ discovcries ........••• " ....•....•..•...•......•••.••...•...•...•....••
ASSEMBLE. COlIgress sha11 assemble at least once in every year, on the first Monday in De-
cember, unless they sha11 by law appoint a different day .•..••..•••.••...•..•.•.•••..•
ASSEMBLE. Congress s11a11 make no law abridging the right ofthe people peaceably to assem-
ble amI to petition the Government for a redress of gricvances .•...•••••..•••..••.•••.••
A 1'1' AINDER. N o bill of attainder or ex post facto law sha11 be passed ••••••.••••..••.••..••
ATTAI NDER. N o State sha11 pass any bi11 of attainder ....••...••..••..••..••.•••.•....•..
ATTAINDER of treason. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of trea~on,
but no attainder of treason sha11 work corruption of blood or forfeiture, cxcept during the
life of the person attaintcd ....•.......•.•..........•...•..••..•••.....•.. " .......••
A TTENDA NCE. Less than a quorum of either House may compel the attendance of absent
lnen1bers •••..•..••...•...•...••..•.••••..•......••...•...•....•..•. " ••..••.•••..•
A TTENDA N e E. Members of Congress privileged from arrest d uring their attendance at ses-
sions. &c. (See Arrest.) ..•..••..•.•••.......••.......•.......•.•.•.......•••••••.•
AUTHENTICATION ofrecords, aets, and judicial proceedings of States ..•.•••.•••....••••.
A UTHO RS may se cure exclusive rights to their writings for a limited time ••...•••••..••..••••
1 8 8
1 4 2
1st amend.
1 9 3
1 10 1
3 3 2
1 5 1
1 6 1
4 1 1
1 8 8
BAIL. Excessive bail shall no! be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual
punislllnents inflicted.. . . .. • . .. . . .. • . .. • • .. • . .. . • .. • • .. • • .. . . .. • . .. . . .. . • .. . . .• . . ..• 8th amena.
BALDvVIN, deputy fi'om Georgia, signed this Constitution. Abraham ...•.•.......•......••..
13ALLOT. The electors shall vote by ballot for President and Vice President of the United States.
Thc)' sha11 name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and, in distinct ballots,
the person voted for as Vice President ••••..•••....•••.•.....•••......•...•...•...... 12th amend.
BAmOT. If no person have a majority of the electoral votes, the House of Representatives sha11
choose, immediately, by ballot, the President ••...•..•••......••.•••.••...•..•....... 12th amend.
BANKRUPTCIES. Congress shall have power to establish uniform laws on the subject of
bnnkruptcies throughout the U nited States •.••••.•••••••. , •..•••.•••.•.•.•••• ~ • • •• • • • 1 8 4
BASSETT, depllty from Deiaware, signed this Constitution. Richard .•.••••..•••••••••..••••
BEDFO RD, jr., deputy from Delaware, signed this Constitution. GunninO" .•••••...••..••.••••
BILL of attainder. N o bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. • ••• • • •• • . .. • • .•• • • 1 9 3
9
5
25
11
12
19
5
6
]9
9
27
t3
28
29
8
23
23
11
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B 1 LLS. All bills ti)r ralsmg rcv('nnc "hall ongll1ate ill t he Hou"e of. Representat Íves, bUI the
Senate may propURU ur COllCIH with nlllf'lldllICtlts HR oH (lther lJllts .................... .
BILL. En~ry hill whi(:h sltall hnve pas:ócu lhe HUll~c ot' T{epre¡.;e1l1:l1ives anu the ~enate "lHlll,
before it become a law, be presented lo t llC Presid'ont of t he U nited 81 ates; if he approve,
he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that House in which
it shall have origil1ated, who shall enter the objections at large on their JOllrna¡', and pro-
ceed to recollsider it. If. after sueh reconsideratioll, two-thirds of lllat House shall agree
to pass the hil!, it shall be sent, together witll the objections, to (he 01 her I-Iouse, by which
it tihall likewise be recollsidered, ulIa if appruveJ bv two-thirds of that IIouse, it "hall be-
come a law. But in al! such cases, the votes of both Houses shall be dctermined by yeas
and nays, alla ¡he nalllPS of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be ente red on
the J ournal of each House respectively ... , ......................................... .
BILL. If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted)
after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he
had signed it, unle~s the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its rcturn, in which
case it shall no! be a law .................•..•..... . ! ................... ......... , ..
BILL. Every order, resolution, or vote to whieh the eoncurrence of the Se11ate and House of
Representativos !llay be neeessary, (execpt 011 a question of adjournment,) sha!! be pre-
sented to the President of the United States; and, befare the same shall take cflcet, shall
be approved hy him. or, being disapproved by him, shall be re-passea by two-thiras oi" (he
Senate ana Houtie of Representatives, according to the rules and limitutions prescribed in
the case of a bill .................•..............•...•••..••.........••..•••.....•.•
13 ILLS of eredit. N o State "hall ernit bilIs of credit ....................................... ..
BLAIR, depuly from Virginia, signea this Constitution. John .............................. .
BLOOD. No attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or farfeiture, exeept during the
life of the person attainted .........•...............•..•.•......•...••......••....•••
BLOUNT, deputy frorn North Carolina, signed this Constitution. \Villiam .................. .
BORRO\V money. Congress shall have power to borrow money on the credit of the United
States ....•....•..•.•......•••.•...••..•....•..•...••..•...•..•••.••.......•..••.•
BOUND. Persons bouna to service for a term ofyeanl, included in representative numbers .....
BREACH of the peaee. For a breaeh of the peaee, a Senator or Representativo may be arrested.
BREARLEY, deputy from New Jersey, signed this Constitution. David ................... ..
1 7
1 7
1 7
1 7
1 10
3 3
1 8
1 2
1 6
1
2
2
3
1
2
2
3
1
7
7
i
8
1:2
23
i9
23
8
2
fi
23
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ALPHABETICAL ANALYSIS-Continuedo
RRIBER Y o AH civil officers shall be removed from oflice on impeachment for, and conviction of,
bribery, &c. o o o o o o o . o o o o o o . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o • o, • o o, ••.•••••• o .•••.••• o .•• o, ••.••
BROOM, deputy hom Delaware, signed this Constitution. Jacob ............ o .............. .
BUILDINGS. Congress shall have power to exercise exclusive legislation over needful lmild-
ings in places purchased by the consent of the Legi,datures of the States .•..•••.....•.•
BUSINESS. A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do business ••......••..••
BUTLER, deputy from South Carolina, signed t\m Constilutíon. Pierce .................... .
CAPITAL crime. No person shall be he Id to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime,
unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land
or uaval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger .•
CAPIT A TIO N tax. N o capitation, or other direct, tax Hhall be laid, unless in proportion 10 the
census or enumeration hereinbefore directed 10 be taken .........•...•...•...••.......•
CAPIT ATI O N tax. N o amendment shall be made prior to 1808 to affect the preceding clause .•
CAPTURES. Congress shall have power to declare war, to grant letters of marque and reprisal,
and make rules concerning captures on land and water. o ......•••.•...•... o •..•••.....
CARE. 'l'he President shall take care that the laws be fiúthflil1y executed o .................. .
CA RROLL, deputy fmm Maryland, signed this Constitutiol1. Daniel ..................... o.'
CASES to which the judicial power shall extend. (See Judicial Power.) ....................... .
CAUSE. No warrant shall issue bm UpOl1 probable cause ......... o o ....... o ........... o .... .
CENSUS to be taken within three years aner first meeting of Congress, and every ten years
thereafter, in l3uch manner as they shall by law directo .......... o o ........ o o ...... o • o.
CENSUS. N o capitation, or olher direct, tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or
enumeration hereinbef(¡re directed to be takeno ..... o ........... o ... o .. o ... o o ...... o •.
CENSUS. N o amendment shall be made prior to 1808 to affect the preceding clause ......... .
CESSIONo On the cession by particular States of a district, (not exceeding ten miles square,)
and the acceptance of Congress, it may become the seat of Government of the United
States .••• oo ••.•••..•• o 0 •• 00 •• o •••.• o o o. o o oo. o o o .............. o, o o o .••.•••.••• o ••• o
CRARG E of treason. A person charged in any Statc with treason, &c., who may fiy from jus-
tiee, to be delivered up amI rellloved to the State having jurisdü.:tion of the crime ....... .
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Art. seco el. page. ¡¡:.
2 4 1 17
23
1 8 17 10
1 5 1 5
23
5th amend. 26
1 9 4 11 :> Z
5 O O 21 ...
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1 8 11
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2 3 1 17 :n
23
3 2 1 17
4th amend. 26
1 2 3 2
1 9 4 11
5 O O 21
1 8 17 10
4 2 2 19
O
CHIEF JUSTICE shall preside when the President of the United States is tried on an impeach-
ment by the Senate. The ....•.•.••..••. " '.' .• . . .. • • .• . . .• . . .• . • .• . . .. • . .• • . .• • • .•• 1 3 6
CHOSEN. (See Elected, &c.)
CHUSE. (See Elect.)
CITIZEN of U nited States. N o person shalI be a Representative in Congress who has not been
seven ye~rs a citizen 01 the United Stale.~ ........... : ................................ .
CITIZEN of Umted States. No person shaIl be a Senator m Congress who has Ilot been nme
years a citizen of the United States .................................................. .
CITIZEN. No person exccpt a natural bom citizen, or a citizen ofthe United States at thetime
of the adoption of t he Constil \ltion, shaIl be eligible to the oflice of President .•......•.•
CITIZENS. The judicial power shall extend to controversies between a State and citizens of
another State; between citizens of diílerent States; between citizens of tbe same State
claiming lands under grants nf difierent States; and between a State, or the citizens
tbereof, and foreign Statcs, citizens, or subjects ........ , .................. " ........ .
CITIZENS. The citizens of each State shaIl be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citi-
zens in the several States .•.......•..........•.......••..•••..•..•.•.•.......••..•••
CITIZENS. The judicial power of the United States sball not be constrlled to extend to any
1 2 2
1 3 3
2 1 5
3 2 1
4 2 1
00 suit in }aw or equity commen~e.d 01' prosecl~ted against one. of the U nited States by citi-
zens oí another State, or by cltlzens or subJects of any forelgn State •••.••..•...•••.••.• 11th amend.
CIVIL oflice. (See Oflice.)
CIVIL officers. All civil officers of the U nited States shall be removed from office on impeachment
for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other hig-h crirnes and misdemeanors......... 2 4 1
CLAIM. Fugitive slaves shaIl be delivered up on claim of the party to whom they belong, &c.. • 4 2 3
CLAIMS. The Congress shaIl have power to dispose of and rnake aIl needful rules and regula-
tions respecting the territory or orher property belonging to the United States ; and nothing
in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the U nited States,
or of any particular State •...•........••.....•...••..•...••...••.•••.•••.•.. " • • .• • • • 4 3 2
CLASSES. The Senators shaIl be divided as equally as may be into three classes. (See Senators.) 1 3 2
CLEAR. Vessels bound to or from one State shall not be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties
in another .•..••..••......••..•.•.........•...••...•.......•..•.•......•...•••••..•
e LYMER, Deputy from Pennsylvania, signed this Constitution, George •....••.••...•..•••.••
CülN money. Congress shall have power to coin money, regulate the value thercof, and of
foreign coin ....•••..•..•••.••..•••.••..•••.••••••••.••.••.••.•••••.••...••.•..••••
1
1
9 6
8 5
4
2
4
14
18
19
28
17
20
20
3
11
23
8
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ALPHABETICAL ANALYSlS-Continued.
e 01~. (See Counterfeíting.) .............................................................. .
C o J N money. N o State shall coi n money ................................................. .
COIN. No State shall make any thing hut gold and si!ver coin a tender in payment of debts ..•
COLLECT duties. Congress ¡¡hall have power to lay and colleet duties, taxes, imposts, and ex-
cises .•.••••.••..•...••..•••..•...••.••...•......••......••...••.•.......•.•.•••.••
COl\:1::\1ANDE~.IN .CF~:rEF. 'fhe President s~~l.l be Commander~in.Chief of the Army and
N avy of the Umted States, and of the mIlltla of the several States, when ca!led into the
actual service of the U rlited States ................................................. .
C O l\IME RC E. Congress shall have power to regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among
the several Statcs, and with the Indian tribes ....................................... .
CO::YI:\'IERCE. No preference "hall be given by any regulations of eommeree or revenue to the
ports of one 8tate over thof'e of another; no1' shall ve¡.;sels, bound to or hom one 8tate, be
obliged to enter, elear, or pay dutlCS m anothcr ...................................... .
CO:.vlMI88IONS. The President shall llave power to fill up all vacaneies that lDay happen
during the recess of 1he Senate, by granting eommissions whieh shall expire at tlle end of
thr;ir Ilext se¡.;sion ............•....................•...•..•.........................
e 0:\1 :\1JSSI o N S. 'rhe President "hall cornmission all the officers of the U ni1ed Sta tes ...... .
CCnnION detence, &c. The COllstitution established to provide for the eummon defence, &c .•
CO':\DION defcllce. Congress shall have power to provide for the common defence ........... .
C01H1VION law. In sllits at common law, where tlle vallle in controversy shall exceed twenty
dollars, the right of trial lJy jury "hall be prcserved: and no Ütet tried by a jury shall be
otherwise re-examined in any eourt of the United States, than aeeording to the rules of
the eommon law .•..... " .................. " .............................. " .....•
C O:UP ACT. N o State shall, withOllt the eonsent of Congress, enter into any agreement or com-
paet with another State ur a foreign power ........................... " ............. .
CO::\IPEL the attendanee of absent memhers. A smaller number than a quornm of eaeh House
may compe! the attendan('e of absent members, in slleh manner and under slleh penalties
as eaeh 110use ¡nay provide .............................•...•.......•.......•......•
CO;vrPEN SA Tl O N. 'rhe Scnators and Rcpre"entatives shaU rpceive a eompensation for theír
services to he aseertainecl by law and paíd out of the Treasury of the United States .....
COMPENSA 1'10 N uf the President of the Uniteu States. 'fhe President shall, at stated times,
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Art. see. el. page. O)
1 8 6 9
1 10 1 12
1 10 1 12
1 8 1 8
2 2 1 15
1 8 3 8
1 9 6 11 :>
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'2 ::1 1 17 ~
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1 tl 1 1:3
7th arnend. '27
1 10 3 12
1 5 1 5
1 6 1 6
e
recelVe for hlS services a compensation which shall be IleJt hel" lllcrem;ed nor diminished
during tile period ror which he ¡;hall have oeen elected, and he shall not receive withill
that period any other emolument hom the United States, or any 01 them ............... .
e OMPENSATIO N. The judges ooth of the Supreme and Inferior eourts shall hold their offiecs
during good oehaviour, and shall, at stated times, receive for their scrvicps a compensa-
tion which shall not be diminisheJ during their continuance in ofilce ..............••....
COMPENSATION. Nor shall p.rivate property be ta'ken for publie use without just eompensa-
tion .....•...................•.................•.................•.......••.....•..
COMPULSORY process. In all criminal prosecutions the accused to have compulsorv process
lur obraining witnesses in his úlvour ........................................ : ...... ..
CONCllR. 'l'he 8enate may propuse and concur in amendl11ents to r!:'vellue bilis, &c ......... .
CONCllRRENCE. No pcrson shal! be convicted on an il11peachl11ent witllOut the concurrence
oi' two-thirds ol' the Scnators present ............................................... ..
CONCURRBNCE. Every order, resolution, or vote, to whieh the concurrence of the two
Houses l11ay be necessary, shall be presented to the President, except, &c .............. .
CONFEDERA'l'ION. No State shall enter into any confederation ......................... .
c.:üNFEDERA1'ION. Al! deots contral'ted or engagements entered into belore the adoption of
this Constitution, shal! be as valid against (he United States under this Constitution as
under (he Confederation ........................................................... .
C O NFESSI O N in open court. N o per80n shall be convicted of treason unless Oll lhe testimony
of two witnesses to the same overt act, or Oll confession in open court •.• " ....••..••...
CONFRONTED. In all eriminal prosecutiolls, the aeeused shall enjoy tlle right to be eon-
fronted with the witnesses against him ............................... " ............. .
CONGRESS United States. Alllegislative puwers hcrcin granted shall be vested in Congress ..
CONGRESS United States shall consist of a Scnate and House of Representatives •.•.••.••.•••
e o NG RESS, members of. (See Senators.) (See Representatives.)
~ O N G RESS shall by law direct the manner in which the census or enumeratlOl1 of t11e people
shalt be nlade ..................................................................... .
CONGRESS. 1'he first Congress to consist of 65 memuers from the several Stales, as me n-
tioned hereín. (See Representativcs.) •••.••...••..•..••...•...•..•.. " .......•••....
CONGRESS. 'rhe time, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representa-
tives, shall bfi preseribed in eaeh State by tlle Legislature thereof¡ but the Congress may,
(~
2 1 7 15
3 1 1 17
5th amend. 26
6th amend. 27
1 7 1 7
1 3 6 4
1 7 3 8 >
1 10 1 U ~ >
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3 3 1 19
6th amend. 27
1 1 1
1 1 1
1 2 3 2
1 2 3 2
.;:..
....¡
ALPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Continuedo ~
Art. &el! el. pageo 00
at any tIme, by law, make or alter such reguIations, except as to the place s of choosing
::)ellators o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 1 4 1
CONGREt>S ",hall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the fin,t
MOllday in Dccember, utlless they shall by law appoint a diflerent day o o o o o o o o o o o 00 o o o o 1 4 2
CONGRESt> of the Ullited Slates;-
Each House shall be tlw judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own
members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business; but 11
smaller number llIay adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compe! the
attendance of ab¡;ent members, in such manner and under such penaltics as each
Hou:;e may provide o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 1 5 1
Each House lIlay determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disoTllerly
behavior, alld, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expeI a membero o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 1 5 2
Each House shall keep a J ournal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish the
same, excepting snch parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy j ami the
yeas and nays of the lllembers of either House, on any question, shall, at the desire
of one-lifth of those prcsent, be entered on the J ournalo o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 1 5 3
N either House, dUl :llg 1he session úf Congress, shall, without the consent of the other,
adjourn far more Ü:an three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two
Hou~es shall be sittíng o . o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o . o • o o o o • o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o • 1 5 4
All bii!s for raising revcnue shall originate in the House of Representatives j but the
Senate may propuse, or concur with, amendments, as on otl:er bil!so o o . o o o .. o o .. o o . 1 7 1
Every biJl which shdl bave passed the House of Representatives alld the Senate. shall,
befóre it becorr,e a law, be preseIlted to the Pff~sident of the t;'lli13d t>tates j if he ap-
prove, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall re! urn it, with hit": ohjections, to that
House in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objectlOns at large on
their J oumal, and proceed to reconsider it o o o .. o o .. o o .. o o .. o o .. o o .. o o • o o o .. o o .. o o o 1 7 2
If, after Sll(;)¡ reconsiderar ion, two-thirds 01' that lIouse shall agree to pass the !Jill, it ¡;:hall
be sent, togetber with the objections, to the other lIo\lse, by which it shall likewise
be reconsidered, and ifapproved by two-thirds ofthat HO\lse, it shall become a lawo o 1 7 2
But. in all such cases, the vot-es 01' both Houses shall be determined by yeas and nays,
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ami the names of the persnns yoting for and agaillst the bill, shall be entcred on the
.T ournal of each IIouse respectlVely ..... '.' " ....•..••..••....•. , ...•.....•.•.••.•
If any bill shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays exceptedl
after it shaH have been presented to hirn, Ihe same shall be a law, in like manner as
if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return, in
, .. hich case it ehall not be a la\v .•.................••••..•.......•.•.......•.•...
Evcry ord·)!·, resolutioJ\, or vote, to which the COlleurrence ol' the Senate and House of
Representatives Dluy be necessary, (exeept on a question of adjournment,l shall be
presenled to the President ol' the United States, and, before tite same shall take
efI'tct, sha1l be approved by him, or, bcing disapproved by him, sltall be repassed by
two-thirds oI' the 8enate and HOl1se of Representatives, acconling to the rules and
limitatlOns preseribed in the case oI' a bill. ..••••. , ..••..•...•.•.•.••.....•...••.•
CONGRESS sha11 have power
'1'0 lay and colleet taxes, duties, imposts, and exeises, to pay the debts and provide for
the cO.umon deft:)J1ee and general welI'are ol' the U nited States; but all duties, imposts
aud excises sha11 be uniI'orm throughout the Unired Slates ........................ .
To borrow money on the credit oI' the United States ............. ·· .................. .
'1'0 regulate comrnerce with foreign nations, and alUong the several States, and with the
Indian tribes.· ..•••..•..........••..............••...•...•...........•..•••.••..
To establish an uniI'orm rule oI' natnralization, and uniI'orm laws on the subject oI' bank-
ruptcies throughout the United States .......................................... .
To coin money, regulare the value thereof, and of I'oreign coi n ; and fix the standard oI'
weights and llleasures ..•.....•....•• " ...••...•...•..•.•..........•. " ...•••.••
To provide ¡ór the punishmeut oI' counterfeiting the securities and current coin oI' the
United States ......•..•.......•..••• " ...•....••..••..•......•....•..•...•••.••
'I'Q establish post offices and post roads ............................................. .
1'0 promote the progress of science and useful a¡ts, by securing, I'or lirniteJ. tillles, to au-
thors aud inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ••
1'0 constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ....••...•.......•............• "
To define and punish piracies and I'elonies committed on the high seas, and oBences
arrainst the law oI' nations .••...•..•.......•..•••..•.••••.....••............. " .•
To d;ciare war, grant letters oI' marque anJ. reprisal. and make rules concerning captures
on land and water ............................................................. .
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ALPHABETICAL ANAL Y SIS-Continued.
To raise and support armies: but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a
longer tenll tha.n t\yo years .....••.....•••...•.••...••.•••••••..••••••.•.•.••...•
To provide and mmntmn a navy ......................... ·· .. ·, .. •• .. · .............. .
'1'0 make rules far the government a. d regula l ion oí" the land and naval forces ••.•....•
T.o provide far calling 10rth the militia to eXeCllte the laws of the Union, suppress insur-
reetions, and repel invasions .............................. • .. •• .. •• ............ .
To provide for orgallizillg, arming, and disciplining lhe militia, and for governing such part
of them as may be employed in the service of the U nited 8tates, reserving to the
States, respect ively, the appointment of the oHieers, and the authority of truining the
militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress .••.••..••..••..••...••..
To exercise exclusive legislation in a1l cases whatsoever, over su eh district (not exceeding
ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular Statcs, and the acceptance of Con-
gress, beCOlllC t he seat of t he Government of the United States, alld lO exercise like
authority over al! pIaees pnrchased by lhe consent of the Legislature of tlle State in
which the same "hall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenaL" dock-yards,
and other needfu! buiIdinrrs' aud ......................... •• .. ·· ................ .
To make alllaws which shan be necessaryalld proper for carrying into execution the
foregoing powers, and al! other powers vested by this COllstitlltion in the Govern-
ment of the Unitcd ::3tates, or in any department or ofliee thereof .................. .
CONGRESS. The migration or importatíon of such persons as uny of the States nowexititing
shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited bythe Congress prior to the year 1 HOS, bu!
a tax or duty may be imposed on such importatlOn, not exceedJllg ten dolJars tór eaeh
person .••...........•......•••.•••.•.•..••...•.••••••......•••.•...•....•......••.•
CONGRE::3S. No title ofnobility shall be granted by the United States; aJll! no persoll holding
any office of profit or trust ander then. shall, wit hout the consent of Congress, accept 01"
any present, emolument, offiee, or title oi" any kind whutever, hom ally king, prince, or
tóreign State •.•.•••..••.....••......••..................••..•...•...•...••...••.•••
C O N G RESS. N o State shall, without the cOllsent of COllgress, lay any imposts or duties on
imports or exports, except what may be absoluteiy nece~sary for exeellting Íls in:;;pection
laws: and the nett produce of aU duties and impo8ts, bid by any Statc 011 imports or
O'l
Art. seco cl. page. O
1 8 12 9
1 8 13 9
1 8 1<1 9
1 8 15 9
1 8 16 9
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1 9 1 10
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exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States; and aH such laws a
"hall be subject to the revision and control of the Conaress .....••.••••..•.••..•••.•••• 1 10 2 12
CONGRESS. No State shall, without the consent of Cong~ess, by ally duty of tonllage, keep
troops or ships of war, in time of peace-ellter into anyagreement or compact with another
State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless aetually invaded, or in such im-
1 10 3 12 minent danger as will not admit of delay ....•••.......•..•...•..•...•.•.....•...•••.•
CONGRESS. Each State shall appoint, in sueh manner as the Legislature thereor may direct, a
number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which
¡he State may be entitled in the Congress ............................................ 2 1 2 13
C O N G RESS. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on
whieh they shall give their votes; which day shall be the same throughout the U nited
1 3 14 States .••..••.•.•..••.•.•..••...•......••..•.••••..••.•••.••..•.....•......••.•••.• 2
C O N G RESS. The Congress may, by law, provide for the case of removal, death, resignation, or
inability, both of the President and Vice President, dedaring what officer shall ¡hen act
:> as President, and such officer sha11 act accordingly, until the disability be removed, or a
1 5 14 Z President shall be elected .....•......••..••••.....•..•••..•..•••..•..•...•••.•••.••• 2 :>
CONGRE8S. The Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior officers, as they t"'
think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of Depart- ...; 00
ments .••..••..••.•••..•..••.••.•..•..•••.•••.....••.••.•.•••..•..•.......•••.••••. 2 2 2 16 ......
CONGRESS. The President shall, from time to time, give to the Congress information of the ~
state of the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge
necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or
either of them, and, in case of disagreement between them with respeet to the time of
16 adjournment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ••..••..•••.•••• 2 3 1
CONGRESS. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court,
and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain alld establish •• 3 1 1 17
C O N G RESS. In certain cases the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to
law and fuct, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Congress shall
18 make •••..••..••••••.•••.•••..••.•••.••........•..•..•••.•••..•......••...•..•.•.. 3 2 2
CONGRESS. When crimes are not committed within any 8tate, the trial shall be at such place
3 18 or places as the Congress may by law have directed .................................. 3 2
CONGRE88 shall have power to declare the pUllishment oftrea~on; hut no attainder of treaSOI1 01
¡¡hall work corruption of blood or forfeiture. except durill~ the life of the perSOI1 attainted. 3 3 2 19 .....
\
ALPHABETICAL ANALYSIS-Continued.
CONGRE8S. FuI! fnith and credit shnll be given in each 8tate, to the puhlic acts, records, and
judicial proceedings of every other 8tate. And the Congress may, by general laws, pre-
scribe the manner in which such acts, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the
('freet thereof ..••..•..••.....••• " ...•....•..••...••.•••..••..••.••......•...••..••
CONGRESS. New States may be admitted by the Congress ioto this Union; but no new State
sha!! be formed or erected within the jumdiction of aoy other State; nor any Statc be
formed by the junction of two or more States, ar parts of States, without the consent of
the Legislatures of the Statcs eoncerned, as we!! as of the Congress .................. .
CONGRESS. The Congress shall have power to dif'pose of and make al! needflll rules and regu-
lations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and
nothing in this Constitution Rhall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the United
8tntes, or of any particular State ................................................... .
CONGRESS. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses sha!! deem it necessary,
sha!! propose amendments to this Constitution; or, an the application of the Legislatures
of two-thirds of the several States. sha!! ca!! a convention for proposing amendments,
which, in either case, shall be valíd to al! intents and purposes, as part of this Constitu-
tion, when ratified by the Legislatures of three·fourths of the several 8tates, or by con-
ventions in three-fourths thereaf, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be pro-
posed by the Congress: Provided. t hat no amendment which may be made prior to the
year 1808, sha!!, in any manner, afrect the first and fourth elauses in the nintb scetion of
the first article; and that no 8tate, without its conseut, shall be deprived oí' its eq nal suf-
frnge in the Senate .•..................•... , .•..•...••. , .......•....•..••..•••..•..•
CO~GRESS. The Senators and ReprPsrntatives in Congress shall be bound by an oath or
affirmation, to support this Constitution .......................................... ; .. .
CONGRESS sha!! make no law respeeting an establishment of religion, or prohihiting the free
exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of ¡;:peeeh or of the preS8; or the right of the
people peaceably to assemiJle nnd to petition t he Government for a redre;::s of grievanees.
CONGRRSS. The certificates of the eleetorn\ votes for President and Vice President of the
United States shall be opened by the Pref'ident of the Senate, in the presenee of the
Senate and House of Representatives, and the vutes shall then be ~ounted ............. .
CONNECTICUT elltitlcd to 5 Representatives in the first Congress ........................ .
O't
Art. seco el. pagll. t.:J
4 1 1 19
4 3 1 20
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6 O 3 2Z
1st amend. 25
12th amend. 29
1 2 3 2 a
e o NSEN'!' of Congresso N o person holding any office of profit or trust under Ihe United StatcH
shall, without the consent of Congrcss, accept of any present, emolumcnt, oHice, or litle
of any killd whatever, frOIll any king, prince, or fóreign State ......................... .
CONSEN'!' of either Houseo N either House, during the session of Congress, shall, without Ihe
consent of Ihe olher, adjourn foro ~ore than three days, nor to any other place than that in
whlch ¡he two Houses shall be slttlng. o o o. o o .. o. o. o o 00 o, .. 0 •• 0 o 0.0 o o oo. o ... o .• o O". o o
CONSEN'!' of Cong~ess. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any illlpo.sts
?r ~\IIICS ~n Imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executmg
lIs II1SpectlOn laws o •... o . " ••.............. o ..•. o . o o .. o •......•••.....•...•• o . o •..•
CONSENT of Congresso No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty ofton-
nage; keep troops or ships of war in time of peace; enter into any agreement or cOlllpact
~i¡h an<;Jther. State. or with a foreign po~er, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or
111 such IInnlll1ent dan gel' as wIlI not admlt of delay ...... O" ........ o ........... o o ... o o
CONSEN'!' of the Legislatureso No State shall be formed by the junction of two or more
States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned,
as well as of the Congress •. o ......•..•.. " o •.....•• o .• o ..•.•..••.... " o ..•• o .• o •.• o
CONSENT. No State, without its consent, shall be deprivedofits equal suffrage in the Senate
CONSENT. This Constitution adopted or done in convention by the unanimous consent of the
States present . o . o .... o • o o. o o ..•......• o ..••..••... o •. , .•..•....•.•...•.•.... o o ••..
e ONSENT o N o soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of
the owner. nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by lawo ........ o ..... ..
CONSTITUTION ordained and established in order to form a more per.[ect Union; establish
justice; ensure domestic tranquillity; provide for the common defence ; promote the gene-
ral welfare, and to secure the blessings of liberty .• o .. o ........... o ................... .
CONSTITUTION. Congress shall have power to make alllaws which shall be necessary and
proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by
this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or office
thereof .•• o. o o', o 0'0 o o, .• 0.0 ••• 0 ••••• o 00 o 0'0 o o 00 o ...... 0 o 0.0 •• o ......•..•..• o 0.0. o o
CONSTITUTIONo No person except a natural born citi7.en. or a citizen at the time of the
adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President of the U nited
States .• o o .• o o '0 o o . o o •. o o o . o •• '0 o o '0 • o . o .•.•• o '0 ••• o ••. o •......••. " ••. o ••. o • o . o o o •
CONSTITUTION ofthe United Stateso The President shall. before he enter on the execution
a
1 9 8 11
1 5 4 6
1 10 2 12
1 10 3 12
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3d amend. 26
Preamble. 1
1 8 18 10
2 1 4 14
01
W
ALPHABETICAL ANALYSIS-Continued.
Art. see. el. page.
of his office, take an oath that he will, to the best of his ability, "preserve, protect, and
defend the Cohstitution of the U nited States". • . .. • • .. • . .• • • .• • • .• . • .. • • .• . . .• • • .• • • . 2
CONSTITUTION. The Judicial power shall extend to all cases, in lawand equity, arising
under the Constitution. • • •• • • .• • . •• • • •• • . •. . . .. . • .. • • .. • • .• . • .. . . .• • • .• • • .. • . .• • . • . . 3
CONSTI'l'UTION. Nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to pl'ejudice any
claims of the United States, or of any particular State, respecting the territory or other
pl'operty thereof .••.••••.•...•. " ••..........•• " • • .. • . .. • . .• • • .. • • .• • . . . . . . . • . . • . • 4
CONSTITUTION. 1'he Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it neces-
sary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application ofthe Legisla-
tures of two-thirds of the several States, shall call a convention fol' proposing amend-
ments, which, in either case, shall be valid, to all intents and purposes, as part of this
Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or
bv conventionsin three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mqde of ratification may be
proposed by tile ~ongress; provided that no amemlment which may be made prior to the
year 1808, shall, m any manner, affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of
the first article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived 01' its equal
suffrage in the Senate.............................................................. 5
CONSTITUTIO~. AH debts contracted, and engagements entered into, before the adoption of
this Constltution, shall be as vaJid against the United States under this Constitution, as
under the Confederation ... " ...•••..••..•••••. " • . .. • . .• • • .• • • .• . . .• • • .. . . .• . . .• • . • 6
CONSTITUTION. This Constitution, and the laws of lhe United States which shall be made
in pursuance thereof, and al! treaties made, or which shalI be mude, under the authority
01' the U nited States, shall be the Sllpreme law of the land; and the judges in every State
shall be bOllnd thereby, any thing in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary
nol wil hRtanding. . . .• . . .. • . . . • . .. • • .. . • .. • . . . . . . . • . . . • • .• • • .• • . .• . . .. . . .. • . .. • . .• • . . 6
CONSTITUTION or laws of any State. The judges in every State shall be uound by the Con-
slitution, law8, and treaties 01' the United States, any thing in the Constitution or laws of
any State to the contrary notwithstanding. • . .. • . .. . . .. . • .. . . .. • . ... . .. • . .. . . .. • • .. . . . 6
CONSTITUTION. The Senatol's alld ReprcRentatives before mentioned, and the membel's of
the scveral State Lcgislatures, and all exeeutive and judicial officers, both of the U nited
Stal,es and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or uffirmation to support this Con-
1 7
2 1
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stIlutlOn; out no rertglOus test shall cver be required as a qualification to any oflice of
public trust under the United 8ta1es ............................................... ..
CONSTITUTION. The ratification of the convenlions of nine Sta tes shall be sufficient for the
establishmnnt of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same ..•..••.••..•
CONSTITUTION. The adoption of the Constitulion, done in convention by the unanimous
consent of the States present, the 17th day oi" September, A. D. 1787. and of the inde-
pendence of ¡he United States the twelfth .....................•................•.....
CONSTITUTION. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights sltall not be con-
strned to deny or disparage others retained by the people •.............. '. o ••••••••••••
CONSTITUTION. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor
prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States, respectively, or to the people ..
CON8TRUCTION. Nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any
claims of the U nited 8tates, or of any particular State .••..•..••..........•.•...•.•.. "
CON8TRUED. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to
deny or disparage others retained by the people ..•..•...•....•. , ........•........•.•.•
C O N 8TR UED. The judicial power of the United States sha11 not be construed to extend to any
suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United 81ates by citi-
zens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State .•. '" ..••••••••••••
CON8ULS. (See Appointments.)
CONSULS. The judicial power shall extend to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public
ministers, and consuls, in which the Supreme Court sha11 have original jurisdiction •.•.••
e ONTRACTS. N o State shall pass any law impairing the obligation of contracts ......•...••.
CONTRACTED. All debts contraeted, alld engagcmcnts entered into before the adoption of
this Constitution, sha11 be as valid 'igainst the U nited Sta tes under this Constitution as
under the Confederation .....••..••.......• " ......•••..•.......•••..••.•...•...•••.
CONTROVERSIES. 'rhe judicial power sha11 extend to controversies to which the United
States shall be a party; 10 controversies between two or more States; between a State
and citizens of another State; between citizens of different States; b6tWee'n citizens of
the same State claiming lands under grants of different States, and between a State or the
citizens thereof and foreign States, citizens, or subjects ••• " .••••...••..•...•...••.•••
CONTROVERSY. In suÍts at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
6 o 3 22
7 o 1 22
7 o 1 22
9th amend. 28
] Oth amend. 28
4 3 2 20
9th amend. 28
11th amend. 28
3 2 1-2 18
1 10 1 12
6 1 1 21
3 2 1 18
7th amend. 27
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ALPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Continued.
CONVENE CONGRESS. The President may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both
HouRes, or either of thenl ..•......••.•....••...•.•.......••••.••••••.••...••••.•...•
C O NVEN ED. 'rhe United Stales shall, on application of the Executive of a State, when the
legislature cannot be convened, protect su eh State from domes tic violence ..•..••..•.. , •
CONVENTION. The adoption of the Constitution, done in convention by the unanimous con-
sent ofthe States present, the 17th Septemher, A. D. 1787 ....... · •.•..•......•...••••
CONVENTIONS for proposing and ratifying amendments of the Constitution. (See Constitu-
tion.) .•...........•.......•......••.....•........•...•....•..••..•...•..•.•..••.•
CONVENTIONS of States. The ratification ofthe conventions ofnine States shall be sufficient
for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same ••...•
CONVICTED. No person shall be convicted on an impeachment, without the concurrence of
two-thirds of the Senators presento ................................................. .
CONVICTED. No person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two wit-
nesses to the same overt act, or on confession in open court ••..•.•..•••.••.•.•...••..••
CORRUPTION ofblood. No attainder of treason shall work corruptioll of blood or forfeiture,
except during the life of the person attainted ....................................... ..
COUNSEL. In all criminal prosecutions the accused to have the assistance of counsel for his
defence ..................•......•...••...•.••..••......••..•.......•....•...••.•.•
COUNTERFEITING. Congress shall have power to provide for the punishment of counter-
feiting the securities and current coin of the U nited States ........................... .
COURT of impeachment. (Se e Impeachment.)
C O URT. (See A ppointment of J udges of the Supreme Court.) •.•.•••..••.•.•...•..••.•••••••
COUR T. N o person shall be convicted of treason, unless on the testilllony of two witnesses to
the same overt act, or on confession in open court ................................... .
COURT ofthe United States. In suits at comlllon law, where the value in controversy shall ex-
ceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a
jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according te
the ru les of the COllllllon la w ....•.•.••...•......•.•..•..•.•.••••....••••••..•...•••
COURTS. Congress shall have power to constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court •..•
COURTS of law. The Congress may, by law, vest the appointlllent of such inferior officers as
Art. see. el. page.
2 3 1 16
4 4 1 20
7 O 1 22
5 O O 21
7 O 1 q'J ~...,
1 3 6 4
3 3 1 19
3 3 2 19
6th amend. 27
1 8 6 9
2 2 2 16
3 3 1 19
7th amenn. 27
1 8 9 9
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they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of depart
nwuts .•.............•....••..•............. ,., ...•..........•...........•...•..•.•
COURTS. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and
in such inferior courts as the Congress may, from time to time, ordain and establish. (See
Judicial power.) ........•••..•...•......•.•••.•... , .•••.•••..... , .•.....•••.. ; ...•.•
CREDIT of the United States. Congress shall have power to borrow mane y on the credit.uf the
United States ..•......•..•.....•..••..••.••.•.•.••••.•••..••.......•..•...•••.•..•
CREDIT. No State shall emit bilIs of credit .............................................. .
CREDIT. Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records, and judi-
cial proceedings of every other State .............................................. , •
CRIME. A person charged with treasan, felony, or other crime, and fleeing hom justice, to be
delivered up to the State having jurisdiction of the crime ............................. .
CRIME. N o person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on
a presentment or indictment 01' a grand jury .................. , ...................... .
CRIMES. (See Removal of Civil Officers.l ............................................... oo
CRIMES. The trial of al! crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shaIl be by jury ........... .
\O CRIlVIIN AL <¡ase. N or shall any pe'rson be compelled in any criminal case to be a witl).ess against
hirllself ................••..•.......•....••..•........•.....•.•..•...•...••.......•.
CRIMIN AL prosecutions. In aIl criminal prosecutions the accused shaIl enjoy the right to a
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime
shall have been committed; which district shall have been previously ascertained by law,
and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusatian; to be confranted with the
2 2 2 16
3 1-2 O 17
1 8 2 8
1 10 1 12
4 1 1 19
4 2 2 19
5th amend. 26
:2 4 1 17
:J 2 3 18
5th amend. 26
witnesses against him; to have compulsory p(Ocess for obtawing wÍtnesses in his favor;
and to have the assistance of counsel for his defenceoo................................. 6th amend. 27
CRUEL and unusual punishment. Excessive bai! shall not be required, nar excessive fines im-
posed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted. • • .. •• .. •• .. • • .. • ... • • .. • • ... . .. • •• 8th amend. 27
DANGER. (See Public Danger.)
DA YTON, deputy from New Jersey, signed this Constitution. Jonathan.oo .............. oo.. 23
DEA TU. In case of the de-ath of the President, lhe duties of that office shall devolve on the Vice
Preúdent, and in case of the death of both President and Vice President, Congress shall
by law declare what officer ¡¡¡hall then aet as President.. • .. •• ... • .. • • ... • .. • • ... • ... .• 2 1 5 14
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ALPHABETICAL ANALYSIS-Continued.
Art. seco el. page.
DEBA TE. Senators and RepreRontatives, for any speech or debate in either Rouse, shall not be
questioned in any other place .••.•.•.........•...•••.....•••.•••.....................
DEBTS of the United States. Congress shall have powor to pay the debts of the United States
DEBTS. No State shall make any thing but gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts ..
DEBTS. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this Consli-
tution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as under the
Confederation •••.•...•...••.•••.•.••..•......••. " ••.••..•...•••..•...•..........•
DEFENCE. Constitution established to provide for the common defence .................... .
1
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Preamble.
1 8 1 DEFENCE. Congress shall have power to provide for the commoIWlefence ....•..............
DEFEN C E. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shaU enjoy th!!' right to have the assistance
of counsel for his defenC!e........................................................... 6th an1end.
DEFEND the Constitution. The President of the United States shall swear or affirm to preserve,
protect, and defend the Constitution of tlle United States. . . .. .. • • ... • .• • • .. . . .. •. .. . . . 2 1 7
DELA \V ARE entitled to one Representative in first Congress. • . .. • . .. . • .. . . .. . . .. . • .. . . .. . . . l. 2 3
DELEG A TED. The powers not delegated to the U nited States by the Constitution nor pro-
hihitea. by it to the States, ~re reserved to the States respectively or to the people ...... , 10th amend.
DELEGA TES or members of State Legislatures shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support
t his Constitution .•...••......•...•...................•............................. 6 o 3
DELIVERED up. Fugitives from justice to be delivered up to be removed to the State having
jurisdiction of the crime .....•...•..•..•. " •...•..•....•...... , . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . 4 2 2
DELIVERED up. Persons held to service or labor (or slaves) eseaping into another State shall
be delivered up on claim of the party to whom su eh service or labor may be due. • . .. . . .. 4 2 3
DEMAND. A fugitive from justice shall, on demand of the Exeeutive authority of the State
from which he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the State having jurisdiction of the
erime............................................................................. 4 2 2
DEP AR TMENT of the Government. Congress shall have power to make alllaws whieh shall
be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and aH other
powers vested hy this Constitution in the Government of t11e United States, or in any
department or oflice thereof ................•............•...........................
DEP AR TMENTS. The President may require the opinion in writing of the principal oflicer in
each of the Executive departn1ents •• . .. • .. • •..•.......••..•...••..•...•......••..••
1
2
8 18
2 1
6
8
12
21
1
8
27
15
2
28
22
19
20
19
10
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DEI' AR TMENTS. The Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior oflicers as ~
they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law or in the heads of depart-
2 2 2 16 ments .. ·· .•. · •.. ·····•·•·•····•··········· .•......•• ··········•··· ....••......•..•
DEPRIVED. No State without its consent shall Le deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. 5 21
DEV OL VE. In case of the removal of the President fi-om oflice, or 01' his death, resignation, or
inaLility to discharge the powers and duties of the said oflice, the same shall devolve on
the Vice President ••.......••..•......... " ....••..••.•••..••...• " •..•.....•.•...• 2 1 5 14
DICKINSON, deputy from Delaware, signed this Constitution. John ....•........•...•..••.. 23
DIREC T tax. Representatives and direct taxes to be apportioned among the States according to
3 2 their respective numbers, &c. (See Representatives.) .........•................•..... 1 2
DIRECT tax. N o capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census
or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken .....................•.......•..••... 1 9 4 11
DISCRARGED from servictl or labor. N o person held to sen"ice or labor in one State shall
be discharged from such service or labor in another .••..........•................••... 4 2 3 20
DISCIPLINI'NG the militia. Congress shall have power to provide for organizing, arming, and > z disciplining the militia, and for governing such part of them as may be em ployed in the ;¡..
service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively the appointment of the
~ oflicers, and the authority of training the militia according to the discipline prescribed by [h
Congress •••......••..•..........•........................••..................•.... 1 8 16 9 '"'" (rl
DISCOVERIES. Exclusive right to discoveries may be secured by inventors for a limited time. 1 8 8 9
DISORDERLY behavior. Each. Rouse may punish its members for disorderly behavior .......• 1 5 2 ;)
DISTRICT not exceeding ten miles square. Congress shall have power to exercise exclusive
legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as
may, by cession of particular States and the acceptance of Congress, Le come the seat of
the Government of the United States ........... " ....•.......•...•..............•... 1 S 17 10
DISTRICT. In all criminal prosecutions the accused shall enjoy the right to a specdy and puLlic
trial by an impartial jurh of the State and District wherein the crime shall have Leen com- 6th amend. ",., mitted, which district s all have been previously ascertained by law .................... ...
DISQUALIFICATION. Judgment on impeachment a disqualification to hold and enjoy any
4 oflice, &c., under the UnÍted States ................................................. 1 3 7
DIVIDED. The Vice President shall have no vote unless the Senate be equally divided ........ 1 3 4. 4
DOCK yards, &c. Congress shall have power to exercise exclusive legislation over dock yards,
17 10 Ot &c ................................................................................ 8 c.c
ALPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Continued. o
A rt. see. el. page. O
DOMESTIC tranquillity. The Constitution established to ensure domestic tranquillity ........ Preamble. 1
DOMESTIC violence. The United States shaIl, on application of the Legislature, or of the
Executive, (when the Legislature cannot be convened,) protect each State against domes-
tic violence .•• o •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 4 4 1 20
DURING good behavior. The Judges, both of the Supreme and Inferior courts, shall hold their
17 oflices during-good behavior ......................................................... 3 1 1
DUTIES. Congress shall have power to lay duties .......................................... 1 8 1 8
DUTIES. AH dúties, imposts, and excises shaIl be uniform throughout the United States •••..• 1 8 1 8
DUTIES. N o preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the ports
of one State over those of another ; nor shaU vessels bound to or from one State be obliged
to enter, clear, or pay duties in another ••....•.•.•.•.•.............•.•.••..•...•..... 1 9 6 11
DUTIES on imports. N o State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or > duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its Z inspection laws: and the nett produce of aIl duties and imposts laid by any State on im- >-
ports or exports shaIl be for the use of the Treasury of the United States, and aIl such t"'
-< laws shaU be subject to the revision and control of the Congress .••......•.•.••........ 1 10 2 12 V1
DUTIES. III case of the death, removal, resignation, or inability of the President to discharge .....
the powers and duties of that oflice, the same shaIl devolve on the Vice President, &c ..• 2 1 5 14 ~
DUTIES. The President may require the opinion in writing of the principal oflicer in each of
the Executive departments, upon any Bubject relating to the duties of their respective
oflices .....••.•....•........•..•.....•.•.......•............•...........•.•........ 2 2 1 15
DUTY or tax might have been imposed on imported persons (or slaves) up to 1808 ....••...•...• 1 9 1 10
DUTY. N o tax or duty shaIl be lui,l on articles exported from any State ...................... 1 9 5 11
DUTY of tonnage. N o State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage ..• 1 10 3 12
EFFECT of proceedings of States. Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the effect of the
public acts, records, and proceedings of States ....................................... 4 1 1 19
EFFECTS. The right of the people to be secure in their effects against unreasonable searches
4th amend. and seizures shaIl not be violated .................................................... 26
ELECTED. Representatives in Congress shaIl be chosen or elected every second year by the
people of the severa! States •••.••••••••••••••...•......•....••••••.••..••••.••.•••.• 1 2 1 1 M
'" •
ELECTED. Two Senators from ear::h Statc shall be chosen or elceted by t'ne Legislature
thereof fOI" six years .•.. o o o o o ...•.........•.•........... , •.......•...•...•......•...
ELECT. The Senate shall elect or choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore,
in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise lhe oflice of Prelúdent of
the U nited States .•.......••....•....• o ... " •.•.....••. , ••.•...•••.....••....•.•...
ELECTION. When vaeancies happen in the representation from a State, the Executive thereof
shall issue writs of election to fill them ............................................. .
ELECTION of President and Viee President United States. 1'he President shall hold his office
during the term of four years, and, together with the Vice President, choscn for the same
term, be elected as follows: .••.........•.•..•..•.•..••.•••.•••••••.•••.•••••••.•••.•
ELECTION. President and Vice President United States-
Each State shall appoint. in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, a numo
ber of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to which the
State muy be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative, or person hold-
ing an office of trust or profit under the U nited States, shall be appointed an elector .•..•
The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for Pre¡,;ident and
Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with
themselves. They shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and, in
distinct ballots, the person voted for as Vice President; and they shall make distinct lists
of al! persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice President, and
of the number of votes for each; whieh liSIs they shall sign and certify, and transmit
sealed to the seat of Government of the United States, directed to the Presidem of the
Senate. The President of the Sencte shall, in presence of the Senate and Rouse of
Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be countcd: the person
having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number
be a majority of the whole number of eleetors appointed; and if no perstm have such ma-
jority, then, from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding tluee, on the list
of those voted for as President, the Rouse of Representatives shall choose, immediately,
by ballot, the President. But, in choosillg the President, the votes shall be taken by
States, the representation from eaeh State having one vote: a quorum for this purpose
Rhall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all
the States shall be neeessary to a choice. And if the Rouso of Represontatives shall not
choose a President whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth
1
1
1
2
2
3
3
2
1
1
1
5
4
1
2
3
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ALPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Continued.
Art. see. el. page.
day oí March next foliowing, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the
case of the death, or other constitutional disability of the President .••......•...••..•..• 12th amend. 28
, The person having the greatest, number of votes as Vice President sha11 be the Vice
President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of "alectors appointed; and
if no perr;on have a majority. then trom the two highest numbers on the list the Senate
shall choose the Vice Presldent: a quorum for the purpose shall eonsist of two-thirds of
the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shaIl be necessary to
a choice .••..••.••.•.••. , ....••..•.•.••..•...........•...•...••..•..•.•..•...•..... 12th amend.
But no person constitutiona11y ineligible to the oflice of President, sha11 be eligible to
that of Vice President of the United States ........................................... 12th amend.
Congress may determine the time oí" choosing the elecwrs, and the day on which they
ahaIl give their votes; whic:h day sh~ll be the same throug~0':lt the United, States. . . .... . • 2 1 4
In case of the removal of the Presldent from oflice, or oí hls death, reslgnatlOn, or ma.
hility to diseharge the powers and duties of the said oflice, the same shall devolve on the
Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death,
resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer
shall then act as President, and such oflicer shall fict acconlingly, until the disability be
removed, or a President shaIl be elected ..... Oo, •••••••••••••••••••• " •• " •••••• " • • •• 2 1 5
ELECTIONS. The times, plac'es, and manner of holding elections fúr Senators and Represen-
tatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof, but the Congress
may, ~t any time, by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of
chooslng Senators ........•..••••............................. _..................... 1 4 1
ELECTIONS. Each House shal! be the judge of the tlections, returns, and qualifications of
its own members................................................................... 1 5 1
ELECTOR. No Senator or Representative, or person holding an ol1ice 01' trust or profit under
the United States. shall be appointed an elector of President or Vice President 01' the
United States ..............•..•• ·•. .......•........................ ..•............• 2 1 2
ELECTO RS. The qualifications of eledors of Representatives in Congress to be the saIlle as iúr
elpctors of the most numerousbranch 01 the Srate LPlpsluture......................... 1 :J O
ELECTORS of President and'Vice President 01' the Uniled ~tatps. Appointment, qualifica- 5 2 1 2
tion. time of choosing. and duties oi' electurs. (Seo Election.) ••...•••.••.•••.••..•••• ( 12th amend.
30
30
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ELIGIBILITY ofa Representative in Congress. No person shall be a Representativewho shal1
not have attained to the age oi" twenty-five years, and been se ven years a citizen of the
United States, and who shall not when elected be an inhabitant of that State in which he
shall be chosen ..•... ; ............. __ ••..••..••••.......... -- .. -- .•........ __ • • .. . . • 1 2 2
ELIGIBILITY of a Senator in Congress. N o person shall be a Senator who shall not have
attained to the age of thirty years, and been nine years a citizen of the U nited States,
and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be
chosen............................................................................ 1 3 3
ELIGIBILIT Y of electors of President and Vice President of the United States. N o Senator or
Representative, or person holding an office of trust or profit under the U nited States, shall
be appointed an elector. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . • .. . . .. . • .. • . .. .• • • .. . . .. . . .. .. • • .• . • .. 2 1 4
ELIGIBILITY of lhe President of the United States. N o person, except a natural born citizen,
or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be
eligible to the oHice of President; neither shall any person be eligible to that office who
shall not have attained to the age of thirty-fi ve years, and been fourteen years a resident
within the United States............................................................ 2 1 4
ELIGIBILITY of the Vice President of the United States. N o person constitutionally ineli.
gible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United
~ltateR ..•.•.....•.•.....••..••......••••........•..•.•.••......•.•..•......•..••.•. 12th amend.
EMOLUMENTS. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was
elected, be appointed to any civil office under tht authority of the United States, which
shall have Leen created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased, during
su eh time.. . .• • • •• . . .. • . .. . • . . . . . . . • • . .. • • .. • . .. • • . . • . .. . • .. • . •. • . . . • . . . . . . . . • . . . . 1 6 2
EMOLUMENT. No person holding any offiee of profit or trust under the United States, shall,
without the consent of Congress, accept of any present, emolument, office, or title of any
kind whatever from ally King, Prince, or foreign State ...........................•... 1 9 8
E::\IOLUMENT of the President of the United States. The President shall receive a stated
compensation, but no other emolument from the United States, or either of them........ 2 1 6
EN EMIES. Treason against the United States shall consist only in le'l'ying war against them,
or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort........................... 3 3 1
ENGAGEMENTS entered into. All debts contracted or engagements entered into before the
adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Con.
stitution as under the Confederation • • • •• • • .• • • •• • • •• • • •• • • •• • • .• • • •• • • .• • . .• • • •• • • •• 6 O 1
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30 .... ~
6
11
15
18
21
O)
e;.,
ALPHABETICAL ANALYSIS-Continued.
ENSURE domestic tranquillity. The Constitution established in order to ensure domestic tran-
quillity,&c .•••• " ••••••••.....•....•.......•...........•..•..•••.••..•...•...•....••
E NTER. Vessels bound to or from one State shall not be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties
in another ........... •••• .. ·· ... •······•··· •• ·· .. · ... · •• ··•·•··•···••···•· ..• · ....•
ENTITLED. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all the privileges and immunities of
citizens in the several States ....................................................... .
ENUMERA TION of the people to be made within three years after first meeting of Congress,
and every ten years thereafter, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The ....... .
ENUMERATION. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the
census or enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken ••••.••.•.•..•••.••......•.••.•
ENUMERATION ofrights. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be
construed to deny or disparage others retaincd by the people .••.•••.•••..••..•..•....••
EQUAL suffrage. No State without its consent shall be deprived of its equal suf1rage in the
Senate .............................. · .. ·· ............... · .. ·· .. ·· .. ·· ............ .
EQ UITY. The Judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under this
Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made or which shall be made
under their authority ..................................................•..•....... , •
EQUITY. The Judicial power ofthe UnÍ1ed States shall not be cOllst,rucd to extend to any suit
in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of
anot her State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State ...•....••.•.•....•..•....•
ESCAPING. Persons held to scrvice or labor (or slaves) escaping into another State shall be
delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due .....•..•••
EST ABLISH justice. The Constitution formed ID arder to establish justice, &c .............. .
EST ABLISH. The Judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court
and in such Inferior conrts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and estublish ••
ESTABLISHMENT of the Constitution. "Ve, the people of the United States, in order to form
a more perfect union, establish justice, ensure domestic tranquillity, provide for the com-
mon defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves
a.nd our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the UnÍted States of Ame-
rIca ............... Q •••••••••••••••••• •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EST ABLISHlVIENT of this Constitution. The ratification of the cOllventions of nine States
~
Art. seco el. page. ~
Preamble. 1
1 9 6 11
4 2 1 19
1 2 3 2
1 9 4 11
9th amend. 28
:>
5 21 Z :>
r
~
3 2 1 17 Ul ....
U".I.
11th amend. 28
4 2 3 20
Prcamole. 1
3 1 1 17
Preamble. 1
tr:1
shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constltution between the States so ratify- ~
il1 c.r tlle san1e ....................................... IP ................................. 7 O 1 22
EST ABLISHMENT of religion. 'Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of
1st amend. 25 reli~.,.ion ......... , •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
EXCESSI V~E bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punish-
8th amend. 27 ents inflictcd .•......•....••.•••.•••.•••••••.•••.••••.••.•••••••.••..••..••..•••..
EXCISES. Congress shall have power to lay excises ........................................ 1 8 1 8
EXCISES. Al! duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States ..••• 1 8 1 8
EXCL USIVE rights to writings and discoveries in science and the useful arts may be secured to
8 8 9 authors and inventors for a limited time •••..•..•.•.•••••...•••.••..... " •...••..••..• 1
EXCL USIVE legislatíon in al! cases whatsoever shall be exercised by Congress over such dis-
trict (not éxceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession of particular States' and the
acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Government of the United States •••..•• 1 8 17 10
EXECUTE. The militia may be called forth to execute the laws of the Union ................ 1 8 15 9 > EXECUTE. The President is required to take an oath faithfully to execute the office of Presi- Z
dent ofthe United States ........................................................... 2 1 8 15 >
EXECUTED. The President shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed ......•.....•• 2 3 1 17 t"' ~
EXEC UTI O N of the powers of the Government. Congress shall have power to make alllaws en
....
which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the forel{Jing powers and rn
all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the nited States, or
8 18 10 anl department or office thereof •.•••.•.••..•.. o o o o o, o o o' o • o' o o o o o' • o • o o' ••••• o o, •••• 1
EXECUT ON. Before the President enters upon the execution of his office, he shall take the
following oath or affirmation. (See Oath.) .................... o" •• o ••• o ........ o ••••• 2 1 7 15
EXECUTIVE authority of any State shall issue writs of election to fill vacancies that may happen
~ 4 3 in the representation of such State. The •.• o •••••••••••• , •••••• o, • o ••••••• o •• o •••••• 1
EXECUTIVE of any State may make temporary appointments to fill vacancies in seats of Sena-
tors until the next meeting of the Legislature of such State, which shall then fill such
3 vacancies. The •••.•••.•.. o' •• o ••• o' ••••••• o •• o' ••••• o ••• o ••• o ••••••• o • o o • o, •••••• 1 3 2
EXECUTIVE power. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States
1 13 ot" America ... ",e ................................................................... 2 1
EXECUTIVE departments. The President m:->v rer¡uire ¡he opinion in writing of the principal
officer in each of the Executive departmeJ,lS Hpon ally subject relating to the duties of their
1 15 O) respective 9ffices •.•..•.......•......... " .......................................... 2 2 01
ALPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Conl ¡nl1cd.
EXEC UTIVE authority of a State. On demand of the Executive authority uf a State, fugitives
from justiee shall be delivered up, &c ............................. " .....• " .........•
EXECUTIVE of a State. 1'he United States shall, on applieation of the Legislature, or of the
Exeeutive of any State when the Legislature eannot be convened, proteet eaeh of them
acrainst domestic violence .•...••..•....•.•..•..........•.•.•••..............•...••..
EXECU'rIVE offieers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath
or affirmation to support this Constitution ......•.•.•.••••••..••..•....••.•....•..••..
EXPEDIENT. The President shall, from time to time, recommend to.Congress such measures
as he sh:tll j udge necessary and expediento ....•...•.••••.••••••..•....••..•..•.•.••.•
EXPEL a member. Either House of Congress may, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a
me,mber ••.•••...••.•••..••..••......••..........••.••••.•• : •••.••..••..•.•.•.....
EXPENDITURES. A regúlar statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all
public money shall be published from time to time ................................... .
EXPORTS. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State ................. .
EXPORTS, &c. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty on imports or
exports .•••.••.•••.•••..••..••.....•.•...........•.•.•...•.••....•..•...•......••••
EX POST facto law. N o bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall·be passed.: .............. .
EX POST facto law. No State shall pass any ex post facto law ....... · ..................... .
EXTRAORDIN ARY occasions. The President may, on extraordinary occasions, eonvene both
Houses of Congress, or either of them •••..•..••..•••..•..••..•••.•••.••..•••..•••.•••
FACT and law. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction both as to law and fact, &c.
F AITH and credit to be given to public acts, records, and proeeedings of States, &c .•..•••..•.•
FELO NIES. Congress shall have power to define and punish piraeies and felonies committed on
the high seas, and offences against the law of nations ................................ .
FELONY. For felony a Senator or Representative may be arrested ......................... .
FELONY. A person charged with felony, and fleeing from one State to another, to be delivered
up on demand of the State having j urisdict ion ....................................... .
FEW, depllty from Georgia, signed lhis Constitution. William .............................. .
FINES. Exeessive buil shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel und unusual
PUllishments inflicted ........................ , ..................................... .
Art. see. el. page.
4 2 2 19
4 4 1 ZO
6 O 3 22
2 3 1 16
1 5 2 5
1 9 7 11
1 9 5 11
1 10 2 12
1 9 3 11
1 10 1 1:2
2 3 1 1G
3 2 2 18
4 1 1 El
1 8 10 9
1 G 1 6
4 2 2 1!)
23
8th amend. 2i
Col
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FT'I'7;STMONS, deputv from Pennsylvania. Si!!lwr! this COllstitution. Thomas ............... .
FOREIGN nations. Congress shall have powcr to regnlate eamnwrce wi¡h f(lreigll nations ..... .
FOREIGN cain. Congress shull have power to cüin money, reg1l1ate the valne ¡hercor, and oí
foreign coin .....•...........•.•...................................................•
FOREIGN State. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United Statcs, and no person
holding any oflice of profit or trust undo, thorn, shall, without the consent of the Con-
g:css, a~('ept of ~ny: pre~cllt, emolument, afEen, or title, of any kind whatevcr, from any
lung, pnnce, 01' forelgn Statc ................................•.......•..............•
FOREIG¡'¡- power. No :::)t~te shall, without thc consent of Congress, enter into any ao-rcement
or compact with anc,her Slatc, or with any fórcign pawer ..................... "' ....... .
FOREIG N St1ltes, citizcns, or subjects. The Judicial pawer shall extend to controversies be-
twcen a Stnte. ar the citizens thereaL and íoreis;n States, citizens or suhjects .......... .
FOREIGN State. Tho Judicial pawer of the Unitcd Rtatcs shall not be constrned to extcnd to
any suit, in law or equity, commenced or prosecutcd against one of the United States by
citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State ................ .
FORFEITURE. N o attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or íorfciture, except
during the life of the person attriintcd ............................................... .
FOR}f a more perfeet union. The Constitution established in order to form a more perfcct unian.
F O R TS, &c. Congress s,!lall have power to exercise exclusive legislation over forts, &c .•....•
FRANKLIN, deputy from Pennsylvania, signed this Constitution. Benjamin ..•...•...•..••..
FREE State. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right
of the people to keep aud bear arrns shall not be infringed ••••••.•••... ' ............... .
FREEDO IVI of speech and of the press. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment
of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or
of the press •••.••••••••.•••••••.•.••••••.•.•.•..••••••••••.•••.••..••..•••.•••.••••
FUGITIVES from justice. A person charged in any Statewith treason, felony, or other crime,
who shall tlee from justice, and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the Execu-
tive authority of the State from which he tled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State
having jurisdiction of the crime ..................................................... .
FUGITIVE slaves. N o person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, es-
caping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged
from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such
service or labor may be due .••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
23 .. ~
8 3 8
1 8 5 8
1 9 8 11
1 10 3 12
3 2 1 18
>-
11 th nmcnd. 28 ~ ;.-
3 3 2
t"
19 "'"!
Preamble. 1 'fJ
1 8 17 10 CJ;
23
2d amend. 25
1st amend. 25
4 2 2 19
4 2 3 20 ~
-l
ALPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Continued.
&ENEltAL we.lfare. 1'he Constuunon estaonsnea tu promote the general welfare ........... .
G EN ERAL welfare. Congress shall have power to provide for the general welfare ........... .
GENERAL laws. Congress may, by general laws, prescribe the manner in which the public
acts, records, and judicial proceedings of States suall be proved, and the effect thereof ..•
GEORGIA entitled to three Representatives in the urst Congress •••.•• ~ .................... ..
GILMAN, deputy from New Hampshire, signed tuis Constitution .. Nicholas ............... ..
GOLD and silver coin. No State shall make any tllmg but goid and silver coin a tender in pay-
ment of debts .•••.•...••.•••..•...•••••..•....•....•..•....•......•...............•
GOOD behavior. The Judges, both of the Supreme and Inferior courts, sha1l hold their offices
during good behavior .............................................................. .
GORHAM, deputy from Massachusetts, signed this Constitution. Nathaniel .•...........•..•
GOVERNING the militia. Congress shall have power to provide for governing such part of the
militia as may be employed in the service of the United States ....................... .
GOVERNMENT. Congress shall have power to make rules for the government and regulation
of the land and naval forces .••........•••...••.......•.•••.•...•••......•...•..•.•.•
GOVERNMENT. Seat of Government established ....................................... .
GOVERNMENT of the United States. Congress shall have power to make alllaws which shall
be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and a11 other
powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of this United States, or in any de-
partment or office thereof ....••..••...••..••..•...•.......••.••......•••..••..•..•••
GOVERNMENT. The United States shall guaranty to every State in the Union a Republican
form of government •.. " ....•...••.•....••......•....•..••......•...•..•...•...••••
GOVERNMENT. Congress shall make no law abridging the right of th€' people peaceably to
assemble and to petition (he GovArnment for a redress of grievances ..•...•..••..••...••
G RAND jury. N o person shall be he Id to answer fúr a capital or otherwise infamous crime,
unless on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, &c ............................ .
G RANT. N o State sha11 grant any title of nobility ......................................... .
GRANT. The President shall have powerto grant reprieves and pardüns for offences against the
United States, except in cases of impeachment ...................................... .
GRANTED powers. Alllegislative powers granted sha11 be vested in a Congress of the United
State.s .............................................................................. .
~
Art. see. el. page. \Xi
Preamble. 1
1 8 1 8
4 1 1 19
1 2 3 3
23
1 10 1 12
3 1 1 17
23
1 8 16 9 :> Z
1 8 14 9 > t"
1 8 17 10 ~
rJl
..... ;n
1 8 18 10
4 4 1 20
1st amend. 25
5th amend. 26
1 10 1 12
2 2 1 16
1 1 1 1 O
GRANTING commissions. The President shaIl have power to fi11 up al! vacancies that may
== happen during the recess of the Senate, by grantirJO" commíssions whi¡;h shali expire at the
end of their next session .................•. " .. ~ ....•...•......................•..• 2 2 3 16
G RANTS of States. The Judicial power shail extend to cases between citizens of the same
State claiming lands under grants of different States .•......••..•............•.......• 3 2 1 18
GRIEVANCES. Congress shail make no law abridging the right oi" the people peaceably to
1st amend. assemble and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances ...................• 25
GUARANTY. The United States shali guaranty to I.)very State in this Union a Republican form
4 4 1 of government ......•.•.•.•.•.•.•..•... '.' ..•...••..•.•.•...•....•.............•...• 20
HABEAS corpus. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shali not be suspended, unless
when. in cases of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require it ... " .........•.• 1 9 2 11
HAMILTON, deputy from N ew York, signed this Constitution. Alexander ................. 23
HAPPEN. When vacancies happen in the represcntation from any State, the Executi-ve autho-
> rity thereof shail issue writs of election to fiil such vacancies ..•.....••...............•• 1 2 4 3 z HAPPEN. When vacancies happen, by resignation or otherwise, during the recess of the Legis- >
:::: lature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary appointments, &c ......• 1 3. 2 3 t'" ~ HAPPEN. The President shail have power to fiil up al! vacancies that may happen during the rn
recess of the Senate, &c .......•........... , ..... , ....... , ••. , ......•...........•.•• 2 2 3 16 ....
HEADS of Departments. The President may require the opinion, in writ.ing, of the principal ~
officer in each of the Executive departments, upon any subject relatmg to the duties of
their respective offices ....•.•.........•........•....•....... ·.•.·.·•· ..........•..• 2 2 1 15
HEADS of Departments. The Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior
officers as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads
of departments •...•...•..••...•..•.•...•.•...•....•.••.••.•..•..•...........•..•.• 2 2 2 16
HIGH crimes and misdemeanors. The President, Vice President, and aH civil officers of the
United States, shail be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason,
bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors .•....•........•....••••........•...•• 2 4 1 17
HONOR. J udgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from office,
and disqualification to hold and enjoy any oflice of honor, trust, or profit, under the United
1 3 4 States ..••..•.•••...•...•.•.........•...•.•.•.........•..•........•.........••••.•• 7
HOUSE of Reps. Congress shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives •.••.••••••• 1 1 1 O)
(.O
ALPHABETICAL AN AL YSIS-Continued.
HOUSE of Repe. MemLers of the House of Representatives chosen every second year by the
people .....................................................•... , .......•........•
HOUSE of Reps., members ofthe. (See Representatives.) .
HOUSE of Reps. Qualifications of electors of members of the House of Reps., the same as for
electors of the most numerous branch ot the State Legislature •••••••••••••••••••.•.•••
HOUSE of Reps .• shall thoose their Speaker and other officers. The ••••••••••..••••••••••••••
HOUSE of Reps. shall have the sole power of impeachment. The .••••••••••••.•••.••••••.•••
lIOUSE of Representatives. The-
Shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members. and a
majority shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller nu,?ber mayadjourn
from day to day, and may be authorized to campel the attendance of absent members
in such manller and under such penalties as that House may provide •.••..•.......•
May determine the rules of its proceedi~gs, punish its members for disorderly behavior,
and, wlth the conCurrence of tWO-thll'ds, expel a member ..•••. , •.....•••.... , ., ., •
Shall keep a J ournal of its proceedings, and trom time to time publish the same, except-
ing su eh parts as may, in thei!' judgment, reqllire secrecy; and the yeas and nays of
the members of either House, on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of
those present, be entered on lhe J ournal ........•...••..•..•...........•........•
Shallnot, during lhe session of Congress, without the consent of the Senale. adjourn for
more rhan three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall
be sitting ...........•...••.•••••.•••.•...•.•••...•..••....••..•.•.......•...••
HOUSE of Reps. All bills tor raising revenue shall originate in the HOllse of Representatives,
but the Senate may propose, or concur with, amendments, as on other bilis ..•.•... , ..•
HOUSE of Reps. and Senate. Every bill which sha~l have passed the House of Representatives
and the Senate shall, before it become a law, be presented to the President of the United
States; if he approve, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections,
to that Hous.; in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on
their journal, and proceed to recansider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that
Honse shall agree to pass the bitl, it shall be sent, togcther with the objections, to the
other Ho,use, lq whICh it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of
that House, it shall Lecome a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall
-':.~
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Art. seco el. pnge. O
1 2 1
1 2 1
1 2 5 3
1 2 5 3
1 5 1 5
>
1 5 2 5 Z >-
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....
1 5 3 5 ~
1 5 4. 6
1 7 1 7
::c
be determined by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons votiI,1g for and ngamst the
bill shall be entered on the J ournal of each House respectlvely.. I~ any bIll shall not be
returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after It shall have been pre-
sented to him, the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the
Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return; in which case it shall not be a law ••
HOUSE of Reps. and Senate. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the
Senate and House of Representative~ may b.e necessary, (except on a ql!estion of adjourn-
ment,) shall be presented to the Presldent oi the United States, and, beiore the same shall
take efrect, sha11 be approved by him; or., being disapproved by hi!ll' shnll be repassed
by two-thirds of the Senate and Honse of Representativcs, accordlllg to the rules and
limitations prescribed in the case of a bill ........................................... .
HOUSE of Representatives and Senate. (See Congress.)
HO USES of Congress. The President may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses
of Congress, or either of them .....•.....•............••...•....•..•..........••••..•
H O USES of Congress. The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it neces-
sary, shall propose amend¡nents to this Constitution ..•.•.•.•••...•.•...•••.•••.••..••
nOUSE. N o soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in anyhouse without the consent of the'
owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed by la w ..••..•• " .. " ..•••••
HOUSES. The right of the people to be se cure in their houses against unreasonable searches
and seizures, shall not be violated .....•••....•.• '" ..................... " ......... .
HOUSE of Reps. If no person have a majority, (of the electoral votes as President of the United
States,) then, from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the
list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose, immedi-
ately, by ballot, the President. But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken
by States, the representatives from each State having one vote: a quorum for this purpose
shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of aH
the States sha11 be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Reps. shall not choose a
President whenever the right of choice sha11 devolve upon them, before the 4th day of
March next foHowing, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of the
death or other constitutional disability of the President •••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••.•
172
1 7 3
2 3 1
5
3d amend.
..,
I
8
16
21
26
4th amend. 26
12th amend. 29
ThL'\1UNITIES. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to aH privileges and immunities of
citizens in the several States. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . ... . .•. ... . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . . 4 2 1 19
-
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.
-:}
..-
ALPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Continued.
1M PEACHMENT. The House of Reps. shall have the sole power of impeachment .......... .
IMPEACILVIENTS. The Senate ofthe United States shall have the sole power to tryall im-
peaehments .•••••.•......• " ..•••...•••..•..•••..•..••.•••.. " .•••••. , •...••.••••.••
I.MPEACHMENT. When sitting to try an impeachlllent, the Senate shall be on oath or affirma-
tion •••.•••..••••••..••...••••........•..•...•........••••••••..••..•...•...••••••
"\Vhen the President is tried, the Chief J ustice shall preside •.•.••.•.••...........•••.•
N o person shal! be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the melllbers pre-
sent ...•...• ···••······•···•·· •• · ..•... · ....•••... · ••• ··••··••···•·· •......•••.
Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than removal from office, and
disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under the United
8tates •••..•••.•••....•.•.••..••..•••......•......••.••••..•••••••••..••..••.•
But the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment, trial, judg-
rnent, and punishment, according to law ........................................ .
IMPEACHMENT. The President shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offimces
against the United States, except in cases of impeachment .•...••..•.•.•...•...••.....•
IMPEACH.:vIENT. All cívil otlicers of the United States shall be removed from oflice on im-
peachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or other high crimes alld misde-
meanors ..••.....................••.....•.•..........••••...•••..•..•.. " ........•
DIPEACR:\IENT. The trial of al! crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jllry ..•
IMPORTATION ofpersons. (8Iaves.) The migration or importation ofsuch persons as a/ly of
the States now existing shall ¡hink proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by Congress
prior to the year eighteen hllndred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such
importatíon, not exceeding ten dol!ars for each person ••...•• ··•··· ....•......•....•••.
D1PORTATION. No amendment made prior to 1808 shall affect the preceding clause •.•.•..
n'¡POSTS. Congress shall have power to lay imposts ..................................... ..
DIPOSTS. AIl duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States •..•
I.MP OSTS. N o State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on im-
ports or exports, &c. (See Duties.) ............................................... ..
IN ABILITY. In case of the inability of the President to discharge the powers and duties of that
office, the same shall devolve on the Vice President; and in case of the inability of both
.....:¡
Art. seco el. page. ~
1 2 5 3
1 3 6 4
1 3 6 4
1 3 6 4
1 3 6 4
1 3 6 4
1 3 6 4 > Z
2 2 1 ]6 :> t-<
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2 4 1 17 'fJ
3 2 3 18
1 9 1 10
5 :¿l
1 8 1 8
1 8 1 8
1 10 2 12
•
Pre~ident and Vice Pre~ident, Congre~s shall by Iaw declare what officer shall then aet as
President ..••..•.......•..................•.•..•..••..•..•...••....•..•..••..••...
INDI ANS not taxed, excluded from representativo numbers ..... ••·•••···· .. •··• .......... ·••
INDIAN tribe~. Congress shall have power to regulate commerce among the several States,
and with the Indian tribes .•.......•.•.•. " .............••....••• " .•...••.••••...••
INDIC1'MEN1'. Persons convicted on an impeachment, shall nevertheless be subject to indict-
ment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law .•. ··•··•·•· .•.......•..••...•
INDIC1'MEN1'. N o person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime,
unless on a prescntment or indictment of a grand jury, &c ............................ .
INFERIOR officers. (See AppointInent.) .................................................. .
INFERIOR courts. The judicial power of lhe United States shall be vcsted in one Supreme
Court, and in such Inferior COUTtS as Congress may from time to time ordain and establish.
1'he judges, both of the Supreme and Inferior courts, shall hold their ofRces during good
behavior •••.•.•.•••..••....•.•••••.••.••...•...••.•.•••••.••• o .•. o .....•.••••.••••
INFERIOR courts. (See Judicial power.) ................................................. .
INGERSOLL, deputy from Pennsylvania, signed this Constitution. Jared ..... o o ...... o .... .
o INHABI1' AN1'. A Representative in Congress shall be an inhabitant of the State in 'which he
.. shall be chosen o o o •. ' o o • o o •• o • o •••• o • o o •• o o o o o o o •.• o •. o o ••. o • o • o •• o o o o o . o o o . o • o o o o •
INHABI1' AN1'o A Senator in Congress shall be an inhabitant of the State in which he shall
be chosen • o •••.••••• o" o. o o o •.•.. o .• o' o' o o. o .. o o. o o o o •••. o o o O" o o o o o O" o o o. o •• o o.
INHABI1' AN1'. 1'he electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for Presi:
dent and Vice President, one of whom, at leasl, shall not be an inhabitant of the same
State with themselves o. o ••• o ••••.•.•• o O' o •• o o o o o .••.••••• o ..• o •.•... o o • o O' •• O' ••••
INSPEC1'ION laws. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or
duties on imports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its
inspection laws •.••••• o • o ..••• o o •••• o o •• o . o o •••• o o .•• o ••••••• o ••. o .•. o o . o .•.. o ..•••
INSURRECTIONSo Congress shall have power to provide for calling forth the militia to execute
the laws of the U nion, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions. o •••• o 0-' o o o . o •. o •.• o •
INSURRECTIONo The United States shall, on application ofthe Legislature, or ofthe Execu-
tive, (when the Legislature cannot be convened,) protect each State against domestic vio-
lence or insurrection ••. o o .••• o • o o ••.•••• o .••.••. o • o •• o ••••• o o . o ... o • o o o • o o o o .•.••••
INV ADED. N o State shall, without the consent of Congress, engage in war unless actually in-
vaded, or in su eh imminent danger as wiU not admit of del ay ••••••••••••••••••••••••••
~
2 1 5 14
1 2 3 2
1 8 3 8
1 3 7 4
5th amend. 26
2 2 2 16
3 1 1 17
3 1&2 17 >
23 Z >
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1 2 2 2 ~ m
.....
m
1 3 3 4 .
12th amend. 28
1 10 2· 12
1 8 15 9
4 4 1 20
1 10 3 12 '1 ti.)
ALPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Continucd.
INV A31 O NS. Congress shall have power to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the
laws of the lJ nion, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions •••.•••.•••. ' •. , .••.•••.•
INV ASI O N. 'rhe privilcge of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when,
in cases ofrebellion or invasion, the public satety may require it ...•..•..•..•.......•.•
IN V ASI O N. 'rhe United States shall protect each State against invasion •••..••••••.•••.•.••
JNVgNTORS may secure exclusive rights to their discoveries for a limite u time •••••••••••.•••
JENIFER, deputy from Maryland, signed this Constitution. Daniel of Sto Thomas •.••.••••••
J E O P ARDY. N or shall any person be subject, for the same offence, to be twice put in jeopardy
of lite or limb .•••.•••.••.••.••••.•••...•....•.••.......•••.•...•..•..••••.•••.•••••
JOHNSON, deputy [rom Connecticut, signed this Constitution. '\Villiam Samuel ........... .
J OURN AL. Each House of Congress shall keep a J ournal of its proceedings, and [rom time to
time publish the same, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy;
and the yeas and nays of the members of either House, on any question, shall, at the de·
sire of one-fifth of those present, be entered on the J ournal .••..•.......• o .. o 0.0 o o • o o • o o
JO URN AL. When the President shall return a bill, wit h his objections, to the House in which
it originated, those objections shall be entered at large on their J ournal, and t he votes, by
yeas and nays, on the reconsideration of such bill, shall be entered Oil the Journal of each
House respectivelyo (See Bil!.) o. o .. o ... o o ... o .. o o .. o o" o o" o o .. o o .. o o .. o o ........ o.
JUDGES of the Supreme Court. 'rhe President shallnominate, and by and with the advice and
consent of the Senate, appoint the judges oí' the Supreme Court of the U nited Stateso •• o
J UDGES of the Supreme and Inferior eourts shall hold their oflices during good bchavior, and
shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation which shall not be dimi.
nished during their continuance in oflice o o o o o o o o o ; o o o o o o •• o o. o o . o o o . o o o o. o o o o • o o o o • o •
J UDG ES. 'rhe judges in every State shall be bound by tbe Constitution, laws, and treaties-
any thing in the constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding •••••••
J UDGMEN T, in cases 01' impeachment, shall not extend farther than to removal from oflice, and
disqualification to hold and enjoy any oflice of honor, trust, or profit under the United
States; but the party convicted shall, nevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment,
trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law ................................ 0 •••
JUDICIAL power. The judicial power of the LJnited States shall be vested in one Supreme
-t
Art. seeo el. page. ~
1 8 15 9
1 9 2 11
4 4 1 20
1 8 8 9
23
5th amendo 26
23
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1 7 2 7
2 2 2 16
3 1 1 17
6 2 22
1 3 7 4
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Court, and in such Inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and esta- '-4
blish. The judges, both of the Sup~eme and Inferior courts, sh~ll huid their offices during
good behavio~, ap~ shall, a~ stated. times! receive. for their serVlces a compensation which
ahall not be dlmlmshed dunng thelr contmuance In office •••.•••.•.. " . . .• • • .• • • .• • . .• • 3 1 1 17
JUDICIAL power: The judicial power sha.ll extend to all cases in l~w and equity arising under
this ConstltutlOn, the laws of the Umted States, and the treatles made, Of which shall be
made, under their authority j to an cases aIfecting ambassadors, other public ·ministers,
and consuls; to an cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; to controversies to
which the United Statcs shall be a party; to controversies between two or more States;
between a State and the citizens of another State; between citizens of diIferent States;
between citizens of the same State, claiming lands under grants of diIferent States; and
between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, ~itizens, or subjects ••••••••
In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and consuls, and those in
which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shan have original jurisdiction. In all
the other cases before mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction,
both as to law and fact, with such exceptions, and under such regulations, as the Con-
gress shall n1ake .••.••..•••.•••.••..•.•..•••.•...••. ' .••.•.•..•..•••...•.•••••••...•
The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shan be by jury, and such trial
shall be held in the State w¡",ere the said crimes shall have been committed; but when not
committed within any St1Le, the trial shall be at such place orplaces as the Congress may
by law have directed •.•••••.•••.••••••..•.•..•...•••.••••••.••.••••...•...•.•••.• , •
JUDICIAL proceedings. F_dl faith, credit, proof, and effect to be given in each State to the acts,
records, and judicial proceedings of every other State ................................ .
JUDIGIAL officers, both of the United Stales, and of the several States, shall be bound by oath
or affirmation to support this Constitution .......................................... .
JUDICIAL power. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to
any suit, in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States, b"y
citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State .•.....••...•••.•
JURISDI.CTION. The judicial power shall extend to all cases of admiralty and maritime juris-
dlCtlOn ............................................................................ .
ERISDICTION. Original and appellate jurisdiction in the Supreme Court ................. .
'lJ{RISDICTION. A person charged in any State with treason, felonv, or other crime. and
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3 2 1 17
3 2 2 18
3 2 3 18
4 1 1 19
6 O 3 22
11th amend. 28
3 2 1 18
3 2 2 18
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ALPHABETICAL AN AL YSlS-Continued.
fl~eing from justice, to be delivered up and removed to the State having jurisdj~tJOn of the
cnnle ... ··•·••••··••···•·•·•·••·····••··•···•····•··········••·•···•··••··••••••• • JCRISDICTION. No new State shall be erccted within the jurisdiction of any other State .•••
J U R Y. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachmcnt, shall be by jury ...•......•••.•
J U R Y. N o person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless 011
a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, &c ...................................... .
JURY. In al! criminal prosecutions, the accused shal1 enjoy the right to a specdy and public trial,
_ by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed,
which district shall have be en previously ascertaincd by law .•...••..•.....•....•...•.•
JURY. In suits at common law, where the value in eontroversy shall exeeed twenty dollars, the
right of trial ~y jury "hall be preserved; and no fuet tried by a jury shull be otherwise re-
examined in any eourt cf the United States, than aeeording to the rules of the common
law .•..•....••.••••..••••••..•.••...•••.......•.••..•.•.••..•....•......•....•.••
JFSTICE. Constitution ordained in order to establish justice .•...••.••..•.....•..........•••
J USTICE. The Chief Justice shall preside when the President is tried on an impeaehment ..••
JUSTICE. Fugitives from justice lO be delivered up and removed to the State having jurisdiction
ofthe cnme ••• ·••• ••.••..••.•.•..••••.•••••••.•••..••..•••••...••...•...•.••••.•••
KING, prince, or foreign State. No title of nobílíty shall be granted by the United States, and
no person holding any office of profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the
Congress, accept ofany present, emoluments, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from
any king, prince, or foreign State .•.... , ............•.......•............•.....•....•
KING, deputy from Massachusetts, signed this Constitution. Rufus ......................... .
LABOR. No person he Id to service or labor in one State, shall be discharged from such service
Art. see. el. puge.
4 2 2 ]9
4 3 1 20
3 2 3 18
5th amend. 26
6th amend. 27
7th amend. e¡-.. 1
Preamule. 1
1 3 6 4
4 2 2 19
1 9 8 11
23
or labor in another State ........•..........•........ , • . .. • . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. • . • 4 2 3 20
LAND and naval forces. Congress shall have power to make rules for the government and regu-
latíon of the land and naval forces .•......... " ••..........•...••..••.......•.••• " . • 1 8 14 9
LA ND ceded to or purchased by the U nited States. Congress shall have power to exercise exclu-
sive legislation, in aH cases whatsoever, over aH places purchased by the consent of the
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Legislature of the State in which th~ sam~ shall be, for the erection oí forts, magazines, ~
U1senals, dock yards, and other needful bulld1ngs .••••••..•. •• •. ··•·· ••..••••••••••••• 1 8 17 10
LAND forces. (See Army-~Iilitia.) ..
LANDS. The judicial power shall extend to controversies between c1tlzens of the same State,
2 1 18 claiming lands under grants oi" different States ........................................ 3
LAN G DO N, deputy from N ew Hampshire, signed this Constitution. J ohn ....••..••..••••..• 23
LA W. 'fhe actual enumeration oí" the people, or cenSllS, shall be made within three years after
the first meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term
2 3 2 of ten years, in such manner as they shall by law direct ............................... 1
LA W. A person convicted on an impeachment, sha11 nevertheless be liable to indictment, trial,
3 7 4 judgment, and punishment, according to law ......................................... 1
LA ,Y. 'fhe times, places, and manner, of holding elections for Senators and Representatives
shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may, at
any time, by law. make or alter such regulations, except as to the place s of choosing Sena-
1 4 1 5 > torso •.......•....•..........•..••....•..•...•......••..••..••.......•......•••...• Z LAW. 'fhe Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on tbe >
first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a d1fferent day .....•..••••• 1 4 2 5 t'"
>< LAW. 'fhe Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their services, to be
'" ascertained by law, and paid out ofthe Treasury of tbe United States .................. 1 6 1 6 ....
'" LAW. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate, shall, o
before it become a law. be presented to the President of the U nited Sta tes; if he approve
he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it with his objections to th~t House in which it
shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on the1r Journal, and pro-
ceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of that House shall agree
to pass the bill. it shall be sent, together with the o~ections, to the other House, by
which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approve by two-thirds of that House, it
1 7 2 7 shall beco me a law .................................................................
LAW. If any bi11 shall not be returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after
it shall have beenpresented to hirn, the same sha11 be a law, in like manner as if he had
signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, prevent its return; in which case it
1 7 2 7 sball not be a law ••.•.•.....•.•.•.....•••.••..•••••••.....•...••..••••.••.•••••••••
LAW. Every order, resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of tbe Senate and House of
-1 Representatives may be necessary, (except on a question of adjournment,) shall be pre- ~
4LPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS- ~ 4..!tinued.
sented to the President of the U nited States; and before the same shaIl take efrect shall
be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two·thirds of the
Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed in
the case of a bill .••.•••.••...••.••••••.••••.••..•••.•••.••....••....•...•.....•...•
LA W of nations. Congress shall have power to define and punish piracies and felonies committed
on the high seas, and offences against the law of nations .•..•••••.•••.•.•.•••.•••.••.••
LA W. N o bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed .............................. .
LA W. N o money shall be drawn hom the Treasury, but in consequencc of appropriations made
LAW.
LAW.
LAW.
by law ....... ·············· .. ·· .. ················ .. ··.················.· .. ·· ..... .
N o State shall pass any ex post facto law .....•..........•...••••.•••.•••••••.•••.•••
N o State shal1 pass any law impairing the obligation of contracts ..................... .
In case of the removal, death, resignation, or inability, of both President and Vice Presi-
dent, Congress shall, by law, declare what officer shall then act as President ..•••.•..•.•
LA W. The President shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to
appoint officers not provided for in the Constitution, and whose offices shaIl be established
by law; but the Congress may, by law, vest the appointment of such inferior officers as
they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of depart-
nlents .................. , ., ., ., ................. , ................................ .
LA W and equity. The judicial power shaIl extend to aIl cases in law and equityarising under
this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and the treaties made, or which shaIl
Art. see. el. page.
173
1 8 10
193
197
1 10 1
1 10 1
215
222
8
9
11
11
12
12
14
16
be made, under their authority, &c. (See Judicial power.) •.•• ·.·.· ... 000 ...... o 0.0. o 3 21,2,3 17
LA W and fact. 'fhe Supreme Court shall have appeIlate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact,
with such exceptions, and under such regulations. as the Congress shaIl make ••• '0 • • .. • 3 2 2 18
LA W. \Vhen crimes shaIl not have been committed within any State, the trial shall be at such
place or place s as tlw Congress may by law have directed .... o ••• o ••••••••••• o • • •• •• • • 3 2 3 18
LA \Vo N o person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into
another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged [rom such
service or labor, but shaIl be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or
labor may be due •...•........•... o ••••• • •••••••••••••• • •••••••• o ••••••••••••••••• 4 2 3 20
4
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LA W. This Constitution, and the laws of the United States which shaIl be made in pursuance
thereof, and aIl treaties made, 01' which shall be made, undel' the authol'ity of the United t"'4
~
LAW.
States, shaIl be the supreme law of t he land; and the judges in every State shall be bound
therelJy, any thing in the COllstitution. or laws of any State to the c.ontrary notwithstanding
Congress. shall ma~e no la~ r~spectm~ an establishment of rehglOn, or prohibiting the
free exercIse thereof ; or abndgmg the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right of
the people peacealJly to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of griev-
ances .........•......••..•••.. o o o o o o. o o' o •. o. o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o. o o o o o o o
LA Wo N o soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the
owner, nor in time ofwar, but in a manner to be prescribed by law .. o ... o o .. o O" o O" o o o
LA W. Nor shall any person be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process oflawo
LA W. In all.criminyl ~rosecntions the accus.ed ~hall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial,
by an nupartlUl Jury of the State and dlstnct wherein the cnme shall have been committed;
which district shall have been previously ascertained by lawo o o .. o o .. o o .. o o .. o ... o o .. O'
LA W. In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the
right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise
re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common
law. 0 •• 0 o, .... o. o o ..•• o. 0 •• 0 0.00 o 0.0 o 0'0 o 0.0. 0.0. O" o o •• o o 00 0.00 o 0'0 o. oo. O" o o o. o o
LA W or equity. The Judicial power of the United States shall not be eonstrued to extend to any
Sllit in law or eqllity, commenced or prosecllted against one of the United States by citi-
zens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign Stateo o o .. o o ... o .. o o .. o o o
LA WS. Congress shall have power to establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws
on the subject of bankruptcies, throughout the United States o 0.00 ••• 0 o o. o o ... o 0'0 o o 00 o
LA WS of the Union. Congress shall have power to provide for calling forth the militia io exe-
cut e the laws of the Union, suppress insurrections, and repel invasions .••.•• 0'0 o 0'0 o O' o
LA \VS. Congress shall have power to make all laws which shall be necessary and proper far
carrying into execlltion the faregoing .powers, and aH other powers vested by this Con-
stitution in the Governmem of the Umted States, or in any department or office thereof. o
LA WS. N o State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on im-
ports or exports, except what may be absolutely necessary for execllting its inspection
laws ............... ···.·················· .............. ··········.· .............. .
LA WS. AH such State laws shall be sllbject to the revision and control of the Congress. o o o o o o o
LA 'VS. The President shall take care that the laws be fitithflllly executed. o o . o .. " o •... o . o o o o
LA WS of the. United States. The Jud\eial power shaH extend to aH cases in law and equity
arising under the laws of 111e Umted States, &c. o o o .. o o .. o o .. o o .. o o .. o .... o .. o o o. o o o.
6 O 2 21 ~
1st amend. 25
3d amend. 26
5th amend. 26
6th amend. 27
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7th amend. 27 Z >
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11 th amend. 28 lJl ..... ?l
1 8 4 8
1 8 15 9
1 8 18 10
1 10 2 12
1 10 2 12
2 3 1 17
3 2 1 17 ....¡ (.O
.4.LPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Continued. 00
Arl. seco el. page. O
LA WS. Congress may, by generallaws, prescribe the manner in which the public acts, records,
4 1 1 19 and judicial proceedings of States shall be proved, and the etfect thereof ................
LA WS of any State subordinate to the Constitution, laws. and treaties of the United States .••.• 6 O 2 21
LA Y and c<;>llect duties. Congress shall have power to lay and collect duties, taxes, imposts, and
1 8 1 8 eXClses· ••........•••..•••.•••••••.•.•.•........••..••..••.•••..••••.•..••..•••••••
LEGISLATION, exclusive. COligress shall have power to exercise exelusive legislation in all
cases what.soever, over such districl (nol exceeding ten miles square) as may, by cession
of particular States and the acceptance of Congress, become the seat of Government of
the United States, and toexercise like aUlhority over all places purchased by the consent
of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, maga·
8 17 10 zines, arsenals, dock yards, and otber needful buildings •••.••••.••.•••.•••.•••.•••..•• 1
LEGISLA TI VE powers vested in Congress. All ........................................... 1 1 1
LEGISLATURE. Electors of Representatives in Congress shall have qualifications same as for >
electors of most-numerous branch of the State Legislature .••.•••..••..•• " ••.•••••••.• 1 2 1 1 Z ti-
LEGISLATURE of each State shall choose two Senators for six years. 'fhe .................. 1 3 1 3 t<
LEGISLA TURE. If vacancies happen by resignation or otherwise in the seats of Senators, -< ín
during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temo .....
porary appointments to fill such vacancies, until the next meeting of the Legislature, :n
which shall then fill such vacancies .•••.•.•.•...••..••.••••••••.••..••..••...•....• , • 1 3 2 3
LEGISLA TURE. 'fhe times, places, and manner of holding elections for Senators and Repre.
sentatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress
may, at any time, by law make or alter such regulations, exeept as to the places of
1 4 1 5 choosing Senators ••••.....•••..•..•••••........•.•••.••...••••••.•.•.•••..•...•...•
LEGISLA'f U RE. The U nited States shall, on the application of the Legislature, or of the Exe·
cutive, (when the Legislature cannot be convened,) protect each State against domestic
4 4 1 20 violence ..•..•••.•..••••..•..••..•.••••..••••.•.•••••••••••.•••••••.•••.....•••••••
LEGISLATURES of States. Congress shall exercise exelusive legislation over úll places puro
chased by the consent of the Legislature of the State in which the same shall he, for the
1 8 17 10 erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful buildings •••.•...••
I .. EG ISLATU RES of States may direct the manner of appointing electors of President and Vice
2 1 2 13 t,"'4 President of the U nited States ••••.•••••••.••.••••••••.••.•••.•••••.•••.••••••••••••
LE\;I~<L\TURES o[States. Ko nf'W State "hall loe fornH'cl wíthin "notbcr ~i:!t(., r;¡;' al~yS:ate
~\C /,)I·11H'd hy tite junetioll 01 two <Jr more Statcs, witbollt the consellt uf lite Lt·'iíslatll¡,es n
01 ttIC State::> CIln(TrneU and uf COllgrc~s .•. ............ ............... . .............. 4 ;) 1
LE( aSLAT U RB;-;. Tj¡e Congress, whcnc·ver two-tJurus of bolh Hou!:'es fihall dcelll it necce!:'ary,
shali pro pose alltelldments to thie ConstitutioIl, or, on the applicarioll of ¡he LcgisJatures
ol" two-thirds of the several States, shall cal! R. convention for propo:3ing alllclldnlents,
which, in ei¡her case, :3hall he valid 10 all intents and purposl'S, as part nI" tLis COllslitu-
I ion, when ral ified bv t he Lcgi,datures of three-follrl hs oí" the several S; a:t'~. 01' Lv cnn
~.cnt!OllS in three-Ioll'rt hs thereuf, as one 01" the other mode of ratiti.calion may be propo:3ed
l1y CO:lgress .................................................. : ••.•.........•......•
LEGISL.\. TU RES. 'rIJe melld)(']'s 01 the several State LcgisJatures shalllJe bOlllld l,y uadl or
afiirnlHtioll to support lhl:3 COllsrÍtutiotl ............................................. .
LETTER:::; .of marr¡lIe alld reprisal. COllgre~s "hall have power to grant lelter:- uf ilJarq'lC alld
repnl"al ........................................................................... .
LETTE [(::) al marque aTICI repri~al. No Slale ",hall gran! l"tters of marque aud repn::'al ........ .
LlliERTY. 'file Constlwtion cSlalJli"l¡ed to sel'ure the hl"""illg;:; ofliberty, &c ............... .
- Lr[)~RTY. Nor shall atly pertiun be deprived uf lil8, lil,enr, O[ property without due prol'c;:s of
l¡¡w .•.••••...•.•.•.•••..••...•.....••.••.•.......••• · .•••.•••••••.•••.......•...•.•
~JIFE. No attall1der 01 trcason :,;ha11 work eOlTuption oí bluod~r !ürfeiture, except dllrín::; ¡he Jife
of t he peri:ion alt ¡¡int eu ........................... " ......................... : ...... .
LIFE or limbo Nor shall ally person be suhject, for the ~ame otfence, to be lwice pUL in jeopardy
of lite or lúnb •.•..••.•.••.•••.••••.•.•.•..•...•.••.•••..•••.•..••..••••••...••.••••
LIFE, liberty, or property. Nor shall any per~on be depri\"ed of life, lilierty, or prupt·rty ",i¡hout
fine proeess of law .•...•••.••..••...•..••.•....••.•••••••.••• : .•.••.•.........•...•
Ll~TS of electoral votes I(,r President alld Vice President of lhe United :::;tatcs 10 l.-e malle ...•.•
1.,1 VIXGSl'ON, deputy frol1l New Jersey, signed this COlIstitution. William ............... ..
;\f:\.DISCrX, ir., deputy frorrt Vir!';inia. ~ii!'nf'd this Constitution. Jame" ..................... ..
j\I.·\.G.\.ZL~ E~. &c. Congress slmll llave Jh)Wer to cxcrc!::<e exclusive legislation uver ¡elrb, m:J!,ia-
:l, i1lCfi. ,'\c.c ..••••••.••••••.•....•••••••••.•.•••..•••••••.••..••.....•••••......••••.•
. ',r Al O R LT Y o{ cadl House of C()n¡!:n'~~ "hall cOl1stitllte a quorum 10 do bllSinl'~·". c\ ... " .....•
1\1:\ JOIUTY oftilC \VilOle 1111m\¡er 01 e!celor;.; nccessary to eleet the Presidcnt alld Y.,:,. l'r":':t1e::t
OJ· í he l: nitcu ::)¡ att:s. /1 .•• ' •••• • •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• " ••••••.•.•...••••••
5
G 3
1 8 11
1 10 1
Preamble.
5,11 amcnd.
3 3 2
5th mnend.
5¡h fl!1ll'lld.
12 r h lllll <.: m!.
1 8 li
1 D 1
}:.21 h a!1lend.
20
Zl
22
9
1'2
1
0~
_D
1 ~)
~G
::6
:.2 ~¡
:.23
::'3
10
;)
::'9
~
....
>
Z
~
.....
~
VJ.
.....
:r.
'l)
ALPHABETICAL ANAL Y SIS-Continued.
;\lAJORITY of all the ~tates ~hall be nccessary to a choice of President when the eleet;on "hrrll
devolve on ¡he Honse oi' Eepref'clltatives. A .•..•....•.......• -...••.................
}lAJ O RITY of the whole numbcr of ~ellators shall be nccessary to a choice of Vice Presidt'lI\,
when the eleetion of that oiReer dcvolves upon the Senate. A ... · ... · ................ .
MARIT IME jurisdiction. The judicial power shall extend to al! cases of admiralty and lll,mt;lllC
jurisdiction •.....•...••.......•.....••...•..•••.•.....•..•........................
:'líA R QUE and rf'prisa!. Congress shall have power to grant letters of marq ue amI reprisal .... .
\L\J-U~ UE and reprisa!. N o ::5tate shall grant letters of marque and reprisal .................. .
1\1 A R Y LA N D entitled to six Representatives in the first Congress ........................... .
'VIASS,\.CHUSET'l'S entitled to eight Representatives in the first Congress .................. .
1\1 eHE::-'¡ RY, deputy fi:om Maryland, signed tbis Constitution. J anl'~s ..•.....•.•............ "
~IEASU RES. Congress shall have power to fix the standard of weights and mensures ........•
l\fEASURES. The President shall, hum time to time. recommend to the consideration of Con-
gress sueh measurcs as he ~hall j udge necessary and expediento ....•....•......•.......
MEETING oí' Congress. The census to lJé taken within lhree years of the tirst meeting of e on-
grefS ..............••.........•................•.......•.•.•••....•. " ............ .
.'.IEETING. The Congrcss shall asO'cmble at lea"t once III evcry year, and such ll1eetinfl" shall be
on the hrst .\Iol1cIny in Deccmhcr, unless they shall by law' appoint a difierent daY ...... .
"1E:\I13ER8 of House of Represclltatives. (Sce Represcntatives.)
:\IE'VIBERS of the 8enate. (::ice Senatars.)
:\1IFFLIN, depmv ti-Olll Pennsylvania, signed this Constitution. Thoma,s ................... .
'\nC-RATION ofpcrsons. (See Impf)rtat~ioll.) ............................................. .
-'IlLITIA. Congress shall have power to provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws
oí' the Uníon, snppress insurrections, aml rC¡ll'l inv¡¡sions .....•...•. · ...•..............
-,nL ITIA. Congrciis shall have power to providc t;¡r organizing, arming, ami disciplining ¡he
militia, and fur govcrning sueh part of tlWlfl as may he employed in the service oí' lile
United Stales, n~serving to the Stateó', re,,;H;ctively, the appointment oí' the ofTicers, and
the authority of training lhe militia accordin~ 10 [he disciplille preseribed by Congress '"
.\IILITIA. The Pn",ident shali be cOlllmander-in-chief of the arllly and navy of the U nited Stal e:-;.
and nf ¡he lllilitia of the several States, when called into the actual service oi' lhe United
Statcs.. . ........ ~ ................................................................ .
ce
"\r1. seco cl. pnge. (~
l:2th al1lend. 20
12th rllllCl1d. 30
3 ~ 1 18
1 8 11 9
1 10 1 1:2
1 :2 ') :2 Ll
1 :2 3 :2
'l')
~.)
1 8 5 8
>-
2 3 1 16 z >
r-'
1 2 3 2 >< ~
[fl
1 4 2 5
23
1 9 1 10
1 8 15 9
1 8 16 9
2 2 1 15 ~
:\IlLITIA. A wdl-regulated militia !)('1l1g Ilcccssary lo tJ¡n sCl;mily of a free Statc, tne right of
the Jluuple to kee!1 and bear anllS sltall llol he infringed ......• " ...................... .
:i\llLITIA. N o pcrSOll shall be hcld 10 an"wer t()r a capital or otherwisc inLllllollS erimc, unlcss
on a pre!:ie,Hment 01' indietlllent oi" a grand jllry, except in cases arising in lhe land or Haval
torees, or in lhe militia when in aetual scrviee, in time of war or public dangor ......... .
l\IINIS'l'ERS, pub lie. (Se e Appointment>i-Ambassadors.) ................................. .
lVIlNISTERS, publico The President shall rcccive ambassadors and other fJllblic ministers .•• ·•
l\IlSDEMEAN O RS. All civil oflieers shall be remoyed b'om office on irnpeaehment tor, and con-
viction oí", misdemeanors, &c .•.....• ~ .••.... " ••..••.••.......•..............•.•..•
1\10NEY. Congrcss i::'hall llave powcr 10 borrow money Oll the credit ofthe Ullited States •••..•
MONEY .. Congre,;s shall have power to coin money, rcgulate the value thereof, and 01' foreign
e011l ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
lVI0NEY. Congress sha11 have power to raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money
to that use sha11 be for a longcr term than t",o years ................................. .
MONEY. N o mOlley shall be drawn frOlll the Trcasury, but in eonscquenC'e of appropriations
mude by law; and a regular statement and aeeount of the receipts and cxpenditures of ail
public money shall be published frOlll time to time ................................... .
1VI O NEY. N o State sha11 coin money ..................................................... .
MORRIS, dcputy Ü'OIll Penn3ylvania, signed this Constitution. Robert ....................... .
MORRIS, d'cputy from Pennsylvania, signed lhis COllstitution. Gouverneur ................. .
N AMES of the members. The yeas and nays of the members of either House, 011 any question,
sha11, at the desire of one-fifth oi' those present, be entered 011 the J oumal ••.••.•.•••.••
N A TURAL bom citizcn. N o person, exceJlt a natural born citizen, 01' a citizen of the U nited
States at the time oI' the adoption of this Constitution, shall be cligible to the office of
President ..•.....•.•..•..•••......••..••..•....•..••..•......•••.••..•....•...••.•
N A TURALIZATI O N. Congress shall have power to establish a uniform rule of naturaliza-
tion .•••.•.••••..•..•...•••.••....•.•••.•...••.•.••..•.•••• " ...•••..••..••.••..•.•
N A VAL forces. Congress shall have power to make rules for the govcmment and regulation of
the land and naval forces .••.••....• " •..•.....•.•••.•.•...•.•....•................••
N A VAL forees. N o person 8ha11 be held to answer tor a capital 01' otherwise infarnous crime,
unless 011 a presentment oI' a grand jury, exeept in cases ari>iing in the land or naval
forces, &c ............. , ... ' ... , .. 11 •• 11 ••• , •• 1, •••••• 11 •• 11 ••• , ••• , •• l •••• ' •• 11 •••
2d amend.
5th amcl1d.
2 2 :2
2 3 1
2 4 1
1 8 2
1 8 5
1 8 12
1 9 7
1 10
1 5 0 oJ
2 1 4
1 8 4
1 8 14
5th amcll<.L
25 Z
2G
IG
17
17
S
8
9
>-
:/
; ...
---:
.'
J.
4
"J.
f:~
11
Q
L
(,
:26 ro w
ALPIL\.BETICAL ANALYSIS-Continucd.
!\AVY. Congress shnll havo !,OWi;; to provide nnd maintain a n"vy ..•.•.• · ••...•...•...••...•
N.\. VY. The President s¡mll be cIJlllllJandcr·ill·cbief of the navy .•..••....•..••..•........•..•
N ECESSARY. The Pre"illellt "iiall, hom timo to time, reeomrnend to Congress sueh measures
as he shall juJge neceO'sary ami expedient ........................................... .
NECESSAR Y. The Con~re~". whclwH'r two·thirds of both Houses shall deem it ncecssary,
shall propose arneI1l1l!lellt.- to ¡his ConstitutiuTI. l'le .................................. .
N E CESSA R Y. A well.rcg\llar ul III ¡lit ia bt!itlg necessary t o t he securi¡y of á free State, the right
of the people to kccp ltl1U IJear arms shalluot be iufringed ...•••••..•••..••.••..••..••..
N E\V Hampshire entitled to three H,eprc:"entatives in the lirst Congress ....................... .
N E \V Jersey entitled to taur Rt'plTsentatives in tirst e ollgress ..•••.•.•.•••..•..••..•••..•...•
N E\V ::ltares lllav be admittcd by th,! Concrres,; into this uuio:! ............................... .
N E \V York entiíled to i:lix Rqn·,:,selltativc; in tirst Congress ................................. .
N OBILITY. N o tirie 01' nobility shall be granted by the Unitod States ...................... .
NOBILI'I'Y. No State sh,ul grant any title ofnobility ................. ~ ................... .
K u.\IIK ATE. The President sllaU nominate, alld. by and wirh the advlee and consent of the
Senate, "hall appoiut alllba,,~adon:. other public ministers and consuls, judges of (he Su·
preme Court, and al! 01 her ofiicers oI' the U nited States, whose appointments are !lot
herein otherwise proyid,d fol'. and whieh shall be established by law .................. .
NORTIl Carolina entitlod to uve Representatives in first Congres:; ........................... .
O A TH or affirmation. Senators whon sitting to tr)' impoaehments shall be on oath or affirmation
OA TH of the President United States. Bofare he enter OH the executÍon of his offiee, he ~hall
tako the following oath or atlirmation: "1 do solemnly swear or affirm, that 1 will tilith.
fullyexecute the offiee of President of the U nited State~, and will, to the best of my abilit y,
preserve, proteet, and defend ¡he e onstitution of the U nitcd States" .................. .
OATH or affirmation. The Senatars and Representatives befare mentioned, and the rnembers of
the several State Legi,:latures, and al! executive and judicial ofTicers, both of the United
States and of the several States. shall be bound by oath or afErmation to support ¡his COll.
stitution, but no religious test shal! ever be required as a qualitication to anyofIice orpub.
ArL ~cc, el. pagil.
1 S 13 9
2 :2 1 15
2 3 1 1tí
5 1 1 21
2d ame ud. ~.:Y
1 :2 3 :2
1 2 ,., q
"
4 :l 1 :::\J
1 :2 3 :2
1 !I 8 11
1 10 1 12
2 2 2 1 i,
1 :! 3 :3
1 3 6 4
2 1 I 15
lie trUi¡¡t under the U llited Btutes ....... ............................................ 6 3 22
(f)
~
..
>-
~
>
-
,
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U':
.....
(J'J
o
OATII or afIinnation. N o warrants shall issue Lut upon' prolmLle causn, s\ll'Portcd Ly outh or
aflinnatiol1 ......••............... " .....•......•..•••......•. " ............•..••.•
OBJECTIONS ofthe Presiden! f.o bills. (Sce BilIs.) .•.......•...••.•.....•...... o ••••••••••
O:H,IGATION of contraets. No State shall pass un)' bill impairing the obligation oi' contracts .•
OCCASIONS. 'rhe President may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both lIollses of Con-
gress, 01' either of thenl ............ , ........•. " ....••.••...•..•...... " ...•••.•••.•
OFFENCES against the luw of nations may be delincu and punished by Congress ............. .
OFFENCES. The President shaU have power to grant reprieves and pardolls for oflences against
the U nited States .•...•. " .....•...•...•.....•.....•...•...•..... " ........•.. , ...•
O FFE~ CE. N or shall any person be subject for the sume ofTence to be twice put in jeopardy of
life or limb ..............• " ....••.••..•.•..•• " .•.••...••. , ... , •. " .. " ........•••
OFFICE. J udgment in cases of impeaehment shall not extend further than to removal írom oflice,
and disqualification to hold and enjoy any ofliee of honor, trust, or profit, under the
United States ..•.•.••..•..•••.••........•..••..•....•..••.•....••.............••..•
OFFICE. N o Senator or Representative shall, dnring the time for which he was elected, be ap-
pointed to any civil oflice under the authority of t he U nitec! States which shall have been
..... creatcd, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time ....•...•
>-; OFFICE. N o person holding any ofliee nnder the U nited Stiltes shall be a member of either
House of Congresa during his continuance in office .•....•..••. , ••..•. : .•....•...•••..•
OFFICE of the Government. Congress shall have power to make alllaws whlCh shall be neces-
sary and proper for earrying into execution the foregoing powers, and aU other powers
vested by this Constitution in the Government o1'the United States, or in any department
or oflicer t hereof ... " ....•...............•...••...•..........••. , ••.........•••••••
OFFICE. N o person holding any oflice of profit or trust under tl1e United States, shaU, without
the consent oi' the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, oflice, or titIe, of any killd
whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State ................................... .
OFFICE. The President shall hold his office during the term of four years, and (he Vice Presi-
dent cltosen far the same time ..• " ...••....• " ....... , ...••....•......•..•..... , ••.•
OFFICE. N o person holding an oflice of trust or profit under the United States shall be ap-
pointed an elector of President or Vice President of the U nited States ...........•••••.•
OFFICE of President United States. Eligibility of a person to the oflice of President of the
United States. (See Eligibility.) ..................................................... .
OFFICE. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation, or in-
4th amcnd. 26 O
1 7 :2 7
1 1C 1 12
2 3 1 16
1 8 10 9
2 2 1 16
5th amena. 26
1 3 '7 4
>-
2:
>-1 6 2 6 t-< ~
lJl
1 6 2 G ..... w
•
1 8 18 10
1 9 8 11
2 1 1 13
2 1 2 13
2 1 4 14 ro
CJ'
ALPHABETICAL ANALYSIS-Continued.
ability to discharge the powers find duties of the said office, the smne sha11 devolve on the
Vice President, and the Congre::ó3 mar, by law, provide for the cuse of removul, d8uth,
resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what otlicer
slw.ll then act as President; and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be
rel110veJ or a President shall be eleeted •.•..••.••..•••..••.•...•••..•..••.•..•.••..••
OFF'ICE. Oath of office of the President of the United States ............................... .
OFFICERS. The House of Represcmatives shall choose their Speakt;r and olher aflicer:'l ....••
OFFICERS. '1'ho Senate shall choose their othor olficers, and also a president pro tempore, in
the absence of the Vice President ................................................... .
OFFICERS of militia. The appointrnent of ofncers of the militia reserveu to the States respec·
tively ..•..•....•..•.................••......................• · .• · •••..•...•...•...
OFFICERS of ¡he United States. (See Appointrr;ents of.) .................................. .
OFFIC ERS. The President shall cOllllllission al! the ofl1cel'l; of the United Slates ............ .
OFFICEH.S. Al! civilofticers oí" the United States shall be removed from ofnce on impeachment
Jor, and conviction of, treason, brihery. or other high rril1les anu misdemeanors ........ .
01,_ '1 C E RS. Al! the executive and judicial officers, both af t he l: nited Stat es ane! oí" the several
States. shnll be bound by oat 11 or affirmation to support t!lis Constitution .............. .
OFFICES. The President may require the opinioll, in wnting, of lhe; prillcipal onicer in each of
the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties af t!leir re"peclive
oHices .........................••...••................•...........................
OFFICES. The jndges, both of lhe Supreme and Inferior courts, ~hall l!<lld thcir ütTiees dllrin~
good behavior, aneI shal!. at stated times, recoive ¡ór lheir services a cOlllpensatioll, which
shall n01 be dimini"heu ullrin(~ t!teir eont inualJee in oflice ............................. .
OXE-FIF'l'H of the members prcse~t. '1'he yeas une! na)"s of ¡he llll'llll,prs uf eitl]('r BOllse. OH
any questioll, shal!. at the ue"ire of one·lllt h 01" those present, be elllcn-el OH t he J (jumal ..
OPINIO.'.'. The Pre"ident may reljuire the opinion, in ,vriting, of tÍle principal o!licer iB each
nf the eXl'cutive dl'jmrtlllents ....•.. ; ............................................... '.
ORDAI~ and establish this COllstitution rOl' the UniteJ States of Alllcrica, &c. \Ve tIte pel)·
pIe do .........••..................•...........•.......•......... · .........•..... ·.
Ol~DAI.N ana establi;;h. The judicial powcr of tlle Unitcd States slmll oc ve:Sted in one ~u]Jn;lIle
Art. seco el. page.
2 1 ;) 14
2 1 '7 15
1 :z 5 "> ~,
1 3 5 <1
• 1 8 ] 1; In
2 :2 ~-~ 1 ti
2 3 1 17
2 <1 17
6 ., .;).) ...
2 " 1 1;) '"
3 1 1 17
1 5 3 5
2 2 1 15
l'r''''.tHiLk. 1
00
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Court, and in such Inferior courts as the Congress may, from time ti) time, ordain and
establish .••.••.•••••.••.....••.•..•. o o •• o .•.•••.•••• , o •.• o •...• " ••. o ••...•..••. o •
O RDER, resolution, or vote, to which the ctl!lClIrrence oí" the Senate and Hou~e uf Representa-
tives may be necessary, except un questlOns of adjournment, .. hall be presented to the
Presiclento (See Resolution.) ....... o •.. o, o o .• o o .......... o •.•••.•.• o. o o o ••..•••••••.
ORGA.NIZ[NG the militia. Congress shal! have power to provide for organizing, arming, and
disciplinin!! the nlÍlitia .•.. o o . o o o .. o o o .••..• o •.••..•••..•..••• o ••..• " o .•...•..•••. ,.
ORIG L~ AL jmislliction. In al! cases afrecting ambassadors, other public ministers, and con-
suls, and those in which a State shali be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original
jnriscliction o o •••..•• 0 •••••••• 0 o o o .•...•• o ••• o .••••••. 0 •• o •..•.• ~ ..••..•..••..•••.••
ORIUT;-; ATE. All bilis fo! raising revenne shall originate in the House oí Representatives •• o'
ORIGINATED. Every bill. resolution, order. or vote, not approved, shall be returned by the
Presiclent, with his objections, to thar House in which it shall have originated ......... .
OVER'!' ud. No persan sha11 be convicted of treason, unless on the testimony of two witnesses
ro the SalDe overt act ..••.••• o' ••......••.••• " ••.•••••••.•••.•••.•••.•••..••.•••.•.
O \YN ER. N o soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered iD any honse y,ithont the cor.sent of
t he owner ••.•.•••••••.••••••••••• o ....•.••• " •.•••••••••••• o' ••.•••.••.•••••.•••••
O"VNERS ofslaves. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof,
escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulatioll therein, be discharged
frolll sueh service or labor, but shall be Jelivered up on claim of the party to whom such
service or labor nlUy be dne •.•.•••.•••.••••••••.•.••••••••.••••.•••.••.••.••••••••••
P APErrS. The right of tbe people 10 be secure in their el1ects against unreasonable sparches or
seizures shallnot be vio1atecl .•.... o o ..•.•••.•••.....•••••••.•...••..••.••••.••••••••
P ARDO~S. The President.shall have power to grant pardons •••.••..••..•.••..•.•••.••••.•.
P ASSED lhe Honse of Representatives and Senate. Every bill, resolut~on. &c., passed by the
HOllse of Representatives and Sena'e, shall be presented to the President, &c ..••••••••
P ASSED. Bills, resolntions, &c., returned by the President, may be passed by twt)-thirds of
ooth Houses .•••.•••.••.•••...•. o .••..•••.••.••••••••••..••.• o ••.••....••.•••••••••
PASS any bills. No State shall pass any bill of attainder, ex post facto law, 01 law impairing the
obligatíon 01' contracts •....••... o .. o o : ............................................. .
P ATEN'!' rights. Congress shall huve power to promote the progress of science and useful art8,
ro
3 1 1 17
1 7 3 8
1 8 16 9
3 2 2 18
1 7 1 7
1 7 2 7
3 3 1 19 > Z
>-
Su amenu. 26 r ~
w.
.....
'fl
4 2 3 20
4th nmendo 26
2 2 1 16
1 7 2 7
1 .., 2 8 I
1 10 1 12
00
~
ALPHABETICAL ANALYSIS-Continueu.
by secnring for limited tu:nes to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respect-
ive \vritincrs and discovenes .....•..••. " •...•..•...•... , ••.•••..•...•.....•.•..••.••
PATERSON, deputy froID New Jen:ey, signed this Constitution. William ••...•...••..••..••
P A Y the debts Ullited States. Congress shall have power to pay the debts of the UJ1Iited States
P A YMENTS 01' debts. N o State sha11 make any thing Imt gold and silver coin a tender in pay-
ment of debts ..•.......•........ ':; .•..•................•••..• ' ••.. , •...•...•..•.....•
PEACK For a breach ofthe peace a Senator or Representative may be arrested .............. .
PEACE. No State shall, without the contlent oi" Congress, keep troops or ships of war in time
of peace ... , ........ :.·:··· ....... · •..•••.•••.•• : .•.•.•.•••••. : .................... .
PEACE. N () soldlCr tlhall, 111 time of peace, be quartered 111 any house wlthout the consent of the
owner ..........•..•............................•.......................••.....•.•
PEN ALTIES. Each House may be authorized to cornpel the attendance of absent mcmbers, in
Ruch manner and under such penalties as eaeh House may provide ...... , .....••.•.. , .••
PENNSYLVANIA entitlcd to eight Represcntatives in tirst Congress ........•.....••.....•••
PEOPLE Ullited States ordain and eslablish this COllstitution ..............................••
PEOPLE. l\Iernhers of House Representatives to be chosen every second rear by the people of
the several States .......................................•••... , .................•..
PEOPLE rcprcsented are-al! free. persons, tIlose bound for a term of years, Indialls taxcd, and
three-tifths of al! other persons. The ............................................••.
PEOPLK The enumeratilln of the people to be !.TIade within three years afier fi,rst meeting of
Congress, alld every ten years thereafter, 111 such manner as they may by Inw direct ....•
PEOPLE.Congress shalllilake no law alJridging the rights ofthe people peaeeably to assemble
and to petition the "overnrnent for a redress uf grievances ............................ .
PEOPLE. The right of tl~e people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed ....•••...•....•
PEOPLE. 1'he right of the people to be se cure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects,
arrainst unreasonablc searches and seizures, shall not be violated; and no warrants shall is~ue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affinnation, and partieularly describirJO'
the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized ..•.•.•...•. , ... , .•• , ., ~
PEOPLE. 'fhe enullleration in the Constitution of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny
or disparage olhers retained by lhe people .•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.•••••
.JI>
00
Art. seco el. puge. 00
1 8 8 9
23
1 8 1 8
1 10 1 12
1 6 1 6
1 10 3 12
3d arncnd. 26
1 5 1 5 >-
1 :¿ <) 2 Z e' >-Prcamble. 1 t:'"
~
1 2 1 1 rr. >-
u;.
1 2 3 2
1 2 3 2
1 f't alllcnd. 'r
-:)
2J ame nd. 25
4th amend. 26
9th amend. 28
""O
PEOPLE. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited
by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people •••••••••••••
PERSONo Qualification of a person to be a Representative in Congress ..................... .
PE RSO N. Qualification of a person to be a Senator in Congress ••.••••••••••••.•••••••••••.•
PE RS O N. N o person shall be convicted on an impeachment without the concurrence of two-
thirds of the Senators present ..•••••••••.••. " •••... , ••.•••..•.••...•••.•••••• ••••••
PERSONo No person holding any ofliee under the United States shall be a member of either
House during his continuance in oflice •••• •.••. .••••••••••..•••...••.....•....•••...•
PERSONo No person holding any oflice of profit or trust under the United States, shall, wirh·
out the consent of the Congress, accept of any present, emolument, ofliee, or titIe, of any
kind whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State .••.•••...•••••..•••••••••••••••
PERSONo No person, holding an oflice of trust or profit under the United States, shall be ap·
pointed an elector ol' President and Vice President •••••• ••••• ...•••.••..••...••.•••.•.
P ERS O ~Íi{Yi~Ni~~~~l:t:. ~~. ~. ~~l:S.O.~ .t~ .~~ ~~~s.i~~~: .~~ ~i.c~. :.r~~~~~~: ~~·.t~.e. ~.l~i.t~~ . ~~~t.e.s: .• ~~~~ {
PERSON." No person shall be convicted oftreason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to
the same overt act, 01' on confession in open court ................................... .
PERSONo No attainder ofheason shall work corruption ofblood or forfeiture except during tlle
life of the person áttainted ..••••...•....•.•••.•••.•.•.••.••....••..•. " •..•••.•••.••
PERSONo A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall fiee
from justice and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the executive authority of
the State from which he fied, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having jurisdic-
tion of the crime .••..••.••••.••..•..•••...•.••..•.•.•••.••....•.•••.•..•.••.•••••.•
PERSON. N (l person held to service or labor in one State under the laws thereof, escaping into
another, shall, in consequence of ally law or regulation therein, be discharged from such
service or labor, bUl shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or
labor may be due •••..••.••...•••••••..•••••..••...•••...•...•••••••.•••.•••..•.•••
PERSONo No person shall be held to answer for a capital or ~)therwise infamous cQme, unless
on a presentment or imlictIlJem of a grand j llry, except in cases arising in t he l!rnd or naval
forces, or in the militia when in actual ;.:crvice, in tiliJe of war or public dangcr j nor shall
any person be subject, fDr the same oil'e¡,"c, to bc tw J('t' put in jeopardy 01' lite or limb:
nor s~all be compelled, in auv criminal <.: .... ,,0, LO be 11 wnlless against himselfj nor be de-
10th arncnd. 28
1 :2 2 1
1 3 3 4
1 3 6 4
1 6 2 6
1 9 8 11
2 1 2 13
2 1 4 14
l:2th amend. 30
3 3 1 19
3 3 2 10
4 2 2 19
4 2 3 20
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ALPlIABETICAL AN ALYSIS-C:ml inl1(;d.
priveu of lile, liberty, ?r property, without dIle pro:ess of law j JJ\Jr "hall pnvate pro-
perty be taken fur ¡mbhc use wlthout Just compensatlOn •••.•...................•••...•
PEkSO~AL privilege. '1'h<: privilege of~he ,'.'rit oí" habeas corpus shal! Jlot bl' sIlsEenJeu, un-
less when, in cases of rebell1011 or ll1VaSIOI1, tbe IJllbhe satety may reqUlre It .• 1t ........ .
PERSONS or people of the United States ordail1 ami eHablish this Constitntioll. Tlle ........ .
PER::30XS or people of the several States c!lOose members of House oi" Representatives every
second year ••....•..••..•..•••...•.....................•••.............•.•..••..••
PERSONS or people to be enumerated every ten years, in such manner as Congress may by law
direet .....•..•••..........•...............•.......•..•••.••......•••.....•••..••.•
PERSONS constituting representative númbers to be ernbraced in census are, ai! free persons,
thoEe bound for a term oi' years, Indians taxeJ, aud three-fifths of all other perS011S,
(slaves.) ...... ····· .. · ............................................................ .
PERSONS convicted on an impeachment sha11, llevertheless, be liable and subject to indictment,
trial, judgnlent, and punishment ••.......•...............•...•...•......••. oc •••••••
PERSONS. \"/he11 the yeas and nays are ordercd the names of persons (members) voting sha11
be entered on the J ournal ••. " ••...•..........................•..•.. " .........•..•
PERSONS. 1'he migralion or importation oi' persons (slaves) sha11 not be prohibitcd prior to
1808, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such irnportation not exceeding ten Jollars for
each persono .•... : ..•...•......•........................•................•......••.
PERSONS or citizcns. '1'0 what citizens or persons the judicial power shall extend ........... .
PERSO NS. '1'he citizens of each State shall be entitled to al! privileges and irnmunities of citi-
zens in the sey'eral States .........................•...•......••...•...............••
PERSONS or people. Congress shall make no lawabridging the right of the peuple peaceably
to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of gnevances .........••..•..•
PERSONS or people. The right of ¡he people to keep and bear a!ms shall not be infringed ..•.
PERSONS or people. The right ofthe people lo be secure in lhelr persons. houses, papers and
effects, against unreasonable ::;parches and seizures, sha11 not be violated ; and no warrants
shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly
describing the place to be searched, ana the persons or things to be seized .•..••...•...•
PERSONS. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right fo a speedy andpublic
trial, by an impartial jury of the State and aistrict wherein the crime shall have been com-
'''"'
--Art. see. el. page. e
5th amend. 26
1 9 2 11
Preamble. 1
1 2 1 1
1 2 3 2
1 2 3 2
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1 3 7 4 ~
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1 7 2 6 IJ:
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1 9 1 10
3 2 1 18
4 2 1 19
1st amend. 2.j
2d amend. .' ~ _J
4th amend. 26
~
mítted, whích district 8h:111 have bcrn previou~ly nR('crtaincd by law; al1(1 to hr illform,'d of
the llature anel rnuse 01' lhe aecuf'ation; to be cOllfrontcd with tbe witJH'"~(''' ~l'r:liJlst hili\ ;
10 have com¡llllf'ory process túr obtaining witnesses ill his favor; ane! 10 [¡ave~ ¡he a"~i,,t·
ance ol" cC)unscl lór hj::; defénce. . . ... . ... . .. . ... . .......... ... . .... ... ..... ....... ..... (jt1¡ a:nr':~l.
I'ERSO.:\S vOled ¡()J' as Pref'ident and Vice President to be !lamed in tbe bailo!;;................ l:2::~ a:::,'::,I.
i' E 1'1'1'1 O;-¡. COllgress shall make no law abridglllg t be rigll1 of tllC people to )Jet it ion t be "overn·
llH'llt fór a redre!'s of grievallees .............................................. ~... . .. ht :1TI1:'n J.
?I?\CI(~F;Y, deputy i'rm!1 South Carolina, sigTled tbis ('ollstitution. Charle::: e .............. .
j'l1\' C1\.-'\' EY, deputy hOll! SOlltb Carolina, si:pwJ thi" ConstitutioIl. Charles ............... ..
L'lRACIES. Congrcss slH!llll<wt' Jlower 10 cl"lÍne <1IHl pUlIish piracies and felonil's cUIIlll1itted Oll
the hi"h seHS, and ol]'cllces against tbe law 01 lIatiollS ...... , ........... " ............ .
PORTS. Xo"prelcrence shall be given by any rl'gnlatioll ofrommerce or reyel1l1f;, lo the ports ut'
one State ov('r thos!) of another: 1I0r shall ves~els bound to, or fi-OD1, 01le St:tre, be oblj"ed
to enter, c!par, or p:!y dnties in anolhf'r ........................................... ~ ..
~'OSTERl'l'Y. 'fhe Con,otitulioll e::;tablisbed in order to se cure the blessiugs oí" liberty lO our·
~e!\'e,:; a:ld to Ollr posterity ............................ ~ ............................ .
POST Otfil·CS and Pust Roacls. Congress shall huye po\\'er to establislt post otEce,; aud post
roads ................................................•.................... " .....•
F O \VE R el' impcachment. The House of Rcprescntatives sha11 have the sole powcr 01' impeach.
¡llent .........................................•...............................•..•
PO',YER. COJlgress 611a11 have power. (See Congrcss.) ................................... ..
PO \VER. 'l'hcSenate shall have the sole powcr to trv all impeachments " .................. .
PO \\TER. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States of Americu
PO \VER. The President shall have power to grant reprie"cs and pardons for of]imccs against the
U nited States, except in -cases oi' impeachmcnt ............•............. , ......... , .•
PO \VER. 'fhe power of the P resident in making treaties, appointments, &c. (Sec President.) .•
PO\VER. (See Judicial power.) .......................................................... .
PO\VER. The judicial power ol" the Unitetl Statcs shall not be construed to extend to any suit, in
law or equity, commenced or prosccuted against one of the United States by~itizens of
another State, or by eitizens or !;ubjeets of any fóreign State ........ , ., ....•.......•. "
POWEHS herein granted vested in Congress. Alllegislative .......... ": .................... .
POWERS. Congress shall have power to makc allluws which shall be necessary and proper [or
corrying into execution the foregoillg powers, and all other powcrs vested by this Consti.
'"
1 ,} ~'
1 ') Ij
l'rcilmiJle.
1 8 7
1 :2 ;í
1 H
1 :~ ()
2 1 1
2 2 1
2 2 2&3
3 1-2
11th amend.
1 1
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11
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16
1(;
17
28
1
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.....
ALPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Continued.
mtion in tbe Govl)rnment of tbe United States, or any department..,or officer thereaf. (See
Cangress.) •••••••••..••.••.•.....•...••.... " .........•.•••••••.••....•..•.•.••...•
P O\VERS. In case of the inability of the President to discharge the powers and duties oí" the
office, the same shall devolve on the V lee President •••.•••••••••.•..•••.•••.•••.•••.•
PO\VER8. The powers not delegated to the United 8tat8s by the Constitution, nor prohibited
by it to the States, are re~ervee! to the States respeetively, or to the people ............ .
PREFE REN CE regarding ports of Stales. N o prefereJl(:e shall be given by any regulation of
cornmerce or revenue to the ports of one State over those 01' another; nor shall vessels
hound to or from one State be obliged to enter, dear, or pay duties in another ......... .
PREJUDICE of Claims. Nothing ill this COllstitution slUlll be so construed as to prejudice any
clairns ofthe United States, or of any particular 8tate ........... ·••··•· .............. .
PRESENT. N o person shall be eOllvicted on an irnpeachment without the concurrence of two-
thirds of the Senators pre¡.ent .•••.•...••...•...•....•...•...••.•••.•.. " ••.•.. '" ..•
PRESENT. 'l'he yeas ane! nays 01 tite members of either House on any question shall, at the
desire oi" one-fift h oflhose pre:-ent, be entered on 1 he J ournal .•••.••. " ....•..••......•
P RESES'!'. N o tit le 01' nohility shall be granted by the Unitcd States; and no person holding
any omee of protit or trust under them, shall. wilhuut t he consent 01" the Cungre¡<s. accept
of any present, emolulllent, olliee, or títle, of alIy kind whatever, from any king, prince, or
foreilfll :::3tate •............ , .•......••.•.•.••.•..••.....••..•••.••..........••..•.•. PRESEN'l'I~D. Every bill, order, resolution, or vote, to whieh the concurren ce 01' lhe Senate and
IIou>,e of Represelltatives may he neeessaty, &c., shall be presented to the President ...
PRESENTMENT of a gralld jury. No person shall be beld to answer for a capital or otherwise
infamous crime, unless Oll a presentment or iudiettllent oi" a gralld jury, except in cases
arising in the land or naval f()I'ces, or in the militia when in actual serviee in time of war
01' public danger .....••.......•.•........••.............•.•.....•..............••.•
fRESERVE the Constitution. 'fhe President ofthe Unitcd States shnJl take an oath, or affirma-
tion, to preserve, ¡¡rotect, and delCnd the Cullstitution ........... ••••·• .............. .
PRESIDE~T 01' theSenate. (Sce :::3enate of lhe Unitcd 8tates.)
PRESI D~~NT pro tempore. (See Sellale of the Uniled States.)
l' í~BS ¡Df~N T of the United SI ates. 'file Sellate shall clwose a President pro tempore whcn the
V ice 'p residf;nt "hall aet as ..•.•••...•.•••.....•• ' .•.•.....••...•••.••...•...•...•..••
e,:)
Art. ~ec. el. ruge. ~
1 8 18 10
2 1 6 14
10th amend. 28
1 9 6 11
4 3 2 20
1 3 6 4 > Z
1 5 3 6
;»
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~
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-:n
1 9 8 11
1 7 2-3 7
5th arncnd. 26
2 1 7 15
1 3 5 4 r-o
•
PRESIDEN T of the United States is tried by the Senate on an impeachment, the Chief Justice
shall preside. When the ..•........................•...................•...••.••..•
PRESIDEN'l' ofthe United States. Every bill which shall have passed the H()U~e 01' Represen-
tatives and the Senate, shall, befóre it beeorne a law, be present ed to the President of the
United States; ifhe approve he shall sign it, but ifnot, he shall rcturn it, with his objec-
tions, to that Honse in whieh it shall have originated, who shall en ter the oojeetiolls at
large on ¡heir Jonrnal, and proceed to reeon"idcr it. (See Bill.) ..................••...•
PRESIDENT of the United Slates. If any bill shall not oe returned by the President within ten
days (Sundays exeepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a
law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress, by their adjournment, pre-
vent its return; in whieh cat:ie it shall not be a law. (See Bill.) ....................... .
PRESIDENT oI' the United States. Every order, resolution, or vote, to whieh the coneurrenee
of the Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary, (except on a question of
adjourmnent,) shall be presented to the President ofthe United States, and, before the same
shall take efieet. shall oe approved by him; or, being disapproved by !tim, s!tall be re-
passed by two-thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives. (See Resolution.) ••.•
~ PRESIDENT of the United States. The Executive power shall be vested in a President of the
United States of Ameriea. He shall hold his ofilee during the term of four years, and
together with the Viee President, chosen lor the same term, be elected as follows: •••..•
Electors appointed. Eaeh State shall appoillt. in such manner as the Legislature thereof
may direct, a number of electors equal to the '.vhole number of Senators and Representa-
tives to )Vhich the Slate may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representa-
tive, or person holding an office uf trust or profit under the United States, shall be ap-
pointed an elector ...• , •..•.......••...•• " .• " ., ••..•..•••.•••.•••...••.••.•...••.•
Electors' proceedings. The electors shall meet in their respective States and vote by
ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at leasl, shall not be an inhabitant
ofthe same State with themselves. They shall name in their ballots the person voted for
as President, and, in distinct ballots, the person voted for as Vice President; and they
shall make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of al! persons voted for
as Vice President, and of the number of votes ¡ór each, which lists they shall sign and
certify, and transmit sealed to the sea! of the Government of the U nited States, directed
to the President of the Senate ..... , .•.••......•....••.••..••......••...•.......••••.
Electoral votes opened and counted. The President of the Senate shall, in presence of
1 3 6 4
1 7 2 7
1 7 2 7
1 7 3 8
2 1 1 13
2 1 2 13
12th amend. 28
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ALPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Contmued.
the Sena te and House of Representatives, open al! the certificates, and the votes shal! then
he counted; the person having the greatest lIumber of votes for Presid.ent, shall be tllC
President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ••...•
Election by Rouse of Representatives. And if no person have such majority, then
fmm the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three, on the list of those
voted for as President, the Rouse of Representatives shall choose, immediately, by ballot,
the President. But, in choosing the President, the votes shall be tali:en by Stntes, the
representation from eaeh State having one vote: a quorum far this purpose shall consist of
a membe~ or mel11her~ frorn two-thirus of the States, and a majority 01" a11 the States shall
be Ilccessary to a chOIce .•• '" ...•........••••........•.....•.•••....••...•.....•.•.
Eleetion failing lhe Viee President shall net. And if the I-Iouse of Representat ives shall
not ehoose a President whenever t he right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the
faurth of l\1an;h next following, then the Viee President shall aet as President, as in the
case of the dealh or other constitutional disabilitv of the President .....••..•......•..••.
PRESIDENT of the United Slates. N o person exeept a natural born citizen, or a eitizen of the
United States at the time of the adoption of tbis Constitution, shall be eligible to the office
of President; neit her shall any person be eligible to the oflice who shall not have attained
to the age of 35 years, and been 14 years a resident within the United Srates ....•.•....•
PRESIDENT of the United Stntcf'. In case of the removal of the President from oflice, or of bis
death, resignation, 01' inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said ofilce, t he
same shall devolve OH the Vice President; and the Congl'ess may, by law. provide for (he
case of removed, death, resigncttion, or illability, both 01" the President amI Vice President,
declaring what otEcer shall t hen ael as President, and such ofTIcer shall act accordingJy,
until the di"ability be removed, or a President shall be eleeted ..•.•. : ............•.....
PRESIDENT oi' the United States. The President sha11 , at staled times, reeeive fol' his services
a compensation, which shall neither be inereased nor diminished during (he period for
which he shall have been electcd, and he shall not receive within that period any orber
emolument from the Ullited Stcttes, or any of them •...•...........•..................
PRESIDENT of the Ullited Slntes. Bdare he enter on the exeeution of his offiee, he shal! take
the following oath or afIirmation: "1 do solemnly swear, (or affirm,) that 1 wi11 faithfully
Art. seco el. page.
12th amend. 29
12th amend. 29
12th amend. 29
2 1 4 14
2 1 5 14
2 1 6 15
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execute the olhce of President of the United States and wilI, to the best of my ability, "'C
preserve, protect, and detend the Cunstitutiol1 of the 'United States" ..•..........•...••. 2 1 7 15
PRESIDEN T of the U nited States. 'l'he Presidellt shall be commander-in-ehief of the army aud
navy of the United States, and of the militia of the several States; when called into the
actual service of the United States; he may require the opinion in writing of the principal
ofTIcer in each of the executive departlllellts, upon any suoject relating to the duties of
their respective oflices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves aud pardons fi)f
ofIences against the United States, except in cases of impeachment .................... 2 2 1 15
PRESIDENT 01' the United States. He shall have power, by and wirh the advice and consent
of the Sellate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and
he shall nominate, amI, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint
amoassadors, other ¡mohc ministers, and consuis, judges of the Supreme Court, and al!
other otncers of the United States, wllOse appointmcnts are not herein otherwise provided
for, and which shall be estaolished by iaw: but the Congress may by law vest the appoint-
:> ment of such intCrior oflicers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the courts Z uf law, or in the head,s oí' departnwnts .......... " .•.•.•.•••.••..••..••. " •...••..... 2 2 2 16 ::.-
PRESIDENT ofthe United States. 1'he President shall have power to fiU up aU vacancies that t"'
may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which sha11 expire ...., CJl
at the end 01' their next session .....•...........•. " •..•••.• , ••...••...•..•..•..•...• 2 2 3 16 -
PRESIDENT of the United States. He shall, from tillle to time, give to the Congress informa-
rn
tion of the state of the U nion, and recoInlllend to their consideration such measures as he
shall judge necessary and expedient; he may,on extraordinary occasions, convene ooth
Houses, or either of them, aud, in case 01' disagreement between them, with respect to the
time of adjournlllent, he may adjuurn thelll to such time as he shall think proper; he shal1
receive ambassadors and other pubiic ministers; he sha11 take care that the laws be faith-
fully executed, ami sha11 commissioll al1 the oilicers of the United States .•....•.•.•••..• 2 3 1 16
PRESIDENT of the United States. The Prcsident, Vice President, and all civil otEcers of the
United States, shall be removed from oflice on impeachment for, alld eonviction of, trea-
son, bribery, or other high crirnes and misdemeallors ......••..........••...•.•••.••.. 2 4 1 17
PRESS. Congress shall make no law abridging lhe ireedom of speech and of the press .••. , •••• 1st amelld. 25
P RIN CE. N o person holding any oflice 01' proiit or trust under the U nited States, shall, without
the consent of the Congress, aecept oí' any present, emolument, oflice, or title, of any kind c.c
whatever, from any king, prince, or foreign State •••.••••••••••••••.•••••••••••. , ••.• 1 9 8 1] 01
ALPHA13ETICAL AN ALYSIS-Continued.
PRIN CIP AL officer. The Pre;,;ident may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer
in each of the exeeutive depart ments .........................•.•....•................
PRIV ATE property. N or shall private property be taken for public use, without just compensa-
tiun ..................................................••..••..••..•............•...
PRIVILEGE al' the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when, in cases al' rebel-
liol! or invasion, Ihe publie satcty may require it ............•••..•....................
PRIVILECa:D. Senators and H.cpresentatives shall, in all cases, except treason, fdolly, and
breach of ¡he peace, be privilcged from arrest during their attendance at the session of
their respective lIollses, and in going 10 and returning from the same .................. .
PRIVILEGES and immunities. 'l'he eltizells of each State shall be entitled to al! the privileges
and illllllullities oí citizens in ¡he several States .........•..••....•..•...•........•....
P ROCEEDI ~ <.;'S. Each IIouse lllay determine the rules of its proceedings ................... .
PROCEEDIN<;'S. Eaeh House shall keep a Jourllal 01 ilS proeeedings ...................... .
PROCEEDINUS. Credit. proof, ,1Ild etl'ect ofjlldicial proceedillgs 01 ::llates .................. .
p H. O C BSS of law. N 01' shall any person be de¡lrlved oí' lite, liberty, or propert y, wit llOut due
proce",,,, of la w ••••.•.........••••••.•••..•..•••••••••••..•••••••..•••...••.•.•.•.••
PROCESS. In al! criminal prosecutiollS the accu,,;ed to have cOlllpulsory process for oblainillg
witlles:,es i¡¡ liis favor ....... " ......... , ...... " ....................•..............
PROFIT. J\lJglllent, in cases of illlpeachlllPnt, "hall flol extcnd larther than to removal hom
offi"e. alld disCjnalilicat iOll (o huId alld clJjoy any oilice of hOllar, trust, 01' prolit under the
Unlted :)tates ..................................................................... .
PROFIT .. No perSOl1 holding un otllce al' trust or protit under the United Stales shall be up-
pOll1tcd an elector .................................•.... , •..............•...........
PROHIBITED power". 'rile powers llol ddegated to the United StatE's by the CO]1stitlltiolJ, nor
prohlblteJ by it lo tlw ~talC:-i, arE' reserved (o ¡he ~talcs re:o'pectively, ur to (he püuple ...
l' R O ~H O T E the general wellúre. 'rhe Constit ntion est ablislled in order (o pwmote ¡ he general
weltúre, ~\:'c ..•....•.•••.•••.•••.•. .................................................
PROOF. COllgre,-;s may, hy generallaws, prescribe (Iw manner in which the aets, reeords, and
judicial proccedlllgs of Slates ¡;;[¡all be proved,'alld lhe etleet ¡hefenf ................... .
PROPER'l'Y of the Ullited States. 'rile Congres8 shall huye power to dispmiC of alld mak~ all
(.O
Art. see. el. page. 0':1
2 2 1 15
5th arncnu. 2G
1 9 2 11
1 6 1 6
4 2 1 El
1 5 2 5
1 5 3 5 >
4 1 1 1~ ~ >
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5th alllfclld. 213 ~
en
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6th amenu. 27 en
1 3 7 4
2 1 2 13
lO~h alllend. 28
Preamble. 1
4 1 1 19
~
needllll rules and regulations respeeting the territory, or other property belonging to the
Uníted States ..................................................................... .
PRO PERTY or ,efll~cts. . The rí~ht of tiJe people to'be secure in theír efi"ccts agaínst unreasona-
ble searclles or selzures sllaU not be vJOlated ......................................... .
PROPERTY. Nor shal! any person he depríved oi" lif"c, liberty, or property, without due pro-
cess of la\v ................•.•..........•..... " ., •••.................••... , •...•••
PROPERTY. Nor shall private property be taken for puhlic use, without just compensation .••
PRO POSE amendments. The Congress, whenever t wo·thirds of both Houses shall deem it ne-
ce"sary, shall propose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the applicution of the
Legislatures of two-thirds of the several States, shall caU a convention for proposing
an1endn1l'nts, &c ........•.•.....•....•..••.... " ...•••. , •...•..... " ...........•.••
PROSECUTIONS. Criminal prosecutions against persons. (See Criminal.) ................ .
PR08ECUTED. The judicial power of the Uníted States shall not be construed to extend to
any suit in law or equity, cOIl1menced or prosecuted against one of the United Stat.es by
cítizens of another State, or by citizens or subjccts of any foreign State ................ .
..... PROTECT the Constitution. The President of the United States shall take an oath or affirma-l-; tion to preserve, protect, and defend, the Constitution . : ............. " .•........•..••
PROTECT. 'fhe UnÍted States shall protect each State against invasion ................... ..
PRO VIDE for the ~ommon defence. The Constitution establishecl in order to provide for the
cOlnmon defence, &c .•••..••..••..•...•..............•.•..•.•....•.•........•....•.
PUBLIC acts, records, and judicial proceedings of StateR, to have full faith and credít, &c ..•.••
PUELlC danger. No State shall, without tlle consent of Congress, engage in war, ullless actu-
ally invaded. or in snch immincnt danger as wil! not admit of delay .................•.•
PUELIC danger. (See '\Var.) ............................................................. .
PUELIC ministers. (See Appoíntments-Ambassadors.) ................................... .
PUELIC ministers. 'fhe President shall receive alllbassadors and other public ministers ..•.•••
PUBLIC 111Oney. (See Money.) ........................................................... .
PUELlC safet)'. The privilege of the writ Dí' habeas corpus shallnot be suspended, ullless when
in cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it • '.' ....................•
PUBLIC trust. No religious test shall ever be requirod as a qualification to any ofRee or public
trust under the United States .•....•.••..••..••...••.••..•••.••••.•.•.••.....••....•
PtTBLIC use. N or shall private property be takell for public use without just comp(·nsation .•••
4 3 2
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20
4th amend. 26
5th amend. 26
5th amond. 26
5 1 1 21
6th amona. 27
11 th amcnd. 28 > Z
> 2 1 7 1;) t-<
4 4 1 20 ><: [fJ
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4 1 1 ]!)
1 10 3 12
5th arncnd. 26
2 :2 " Hi ""
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:'1 1 17
1 9 7 11
1 9 2 11
G 3 22
5th amond. 26 ~
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ALPHABETICAL ANALYSI8-ContÍnued
PI' BLISH. The J oumal of each House sha11 be published from time to time, except snch parts
as may in t }¡eir juugment require secreey .•...........•..••..•••.••..••..•...••..•...
PUBLlSIU:D. A regular slatement and aeCOUlJI of the receipts amI expenditures of al! public
money slmll be pllblisheu hom time to time .............•..... , •..••..•...•...•.••...
PUNTSH. Each I-Iouse of COIlgress lIIay punish its members for disorderly behavior ••..••...••
l' UN V:i IDIENT. Persons cOllvieteu Oll an impeachlllent shall, nevenheless, be liable anu sub-
ject to inuictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according lo law ••..••..•...•••..•
PUNISHMENT. Congress s}¡all llave power lo proviuc fúr Ihe pllllishment of countcrfeiting the
securities anu current ..:oin oi" the U niteu States .•..•.......••.. ' .•.••..•...•••.••...••
PUNISHlH ENT. 'l'he Congress shall llave power to ueclare the punishment ol' treason ....... .
P U N ISIUIENTS. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor exce8sive fines imposeu, 110r cruel
anu ul1usual punishlnents inliictcu •..•••.......••..•....•.•••..•..••...•..•...••..•••
.
QUALIF'ICATION of a Representative in Congress shall be 25 years of uge, seven years a citi-
zell of the U niten Stat es, alld whell elected all inhabitant of same State .•..•...••...•..•
Q U ALIFI C ATI O N of a Sellalor in COllgress shall be 30 years oi' age, nine years a citizen of t he
United States, and when elecLed all inhabitant oi' same State ••..•.....•....•..••..•...
QUALIFICATION lo oifi(:e. 'rhe Seuators and Represcntatives belore lllontiolled, and the
me:nbers oí' t he several State Legislatures, aud al! executive and judicial oJljt'ers, both 01'
the UnÍted States alld of the sevcral States, shall be bound by oat h or allirmal ion lo sup-
port this Constitution; but llO relig-ious tf;,;t shall ever Le requireu as a qualilication to
ATt. sec. eJ. page.
1 5 3 5
1 9 7 11
1 5 2 5
1 3 7 4
1 8 6 ~
3 3 2 19
8th amend. 27
1 2 2 2
1 3 3 4
any office or public trust lInder lhe United Slutes .....•....••..... ··.. ..•......•.....• 6 3 2Z
QUALIFICATIONS tal' electors of Representatives in Congress the samo as for electors of the
most numcrous branch of tbe S:ate Leglslatnre................ .••. .... ......• ........ 1 2 1 1
QUALIFICATIONS of ils own lIlembers. Eaeh lIouse 01' Congress shall lJe the judge of the
elections, retums, una qllaliticatiollS 01' its own mefllbers .•...........•...•..... ..•..•• 1 5 1 5
QUALIFICATIONS of President United Swtes. No porson excepl a naturnl bom cltizeu, ar a
eitizen of the United States at ¡he time of the adoption 01' this COllstitutioIl, shall be eli-
gible to the olliee oi" President; neither shall any per;;OJl be t'ligible to tlmt offi(:e who
¡;hall not have at tained to the age of 35 year;;, und Leen l-! years a resident within the
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United States .•••.••.••••.••.••.•••..••.. ; . • .••• •••.•••..•..•...•••.•••.•.•••••••• 2 l' 4 14 ¡:)
Q U ALIFICATIONS of Vice President the same as that of PresÍ'dent of the United States •••••
Q U ARTEH.ED. N o soldier shall, in time oI' peace, be quartered in any house without the con-
sent of the owner; nor in time 01' war, but in a manner to be prescnbed by law ••..•...••
QUESTION. The yeas and nays oI' the membcrs of either Houso on ally qucstion shall, at the
desire of one-fifth of t hose present, be ente red on the J ournal •••.....•.. " ••.•. , ••.....
1Zth artH~nd. 30
3d amend. 26
QUESTION. On question of adjourmnent oí" the two Houses, the approbation of the President
is not necessary .••••••..••..•.•......•..•....•••.•.•...•...•.•••.......••••••.••••
QUESTIONED. For any speech or debate in either House, they shall not be qllestioned in any
other place .••..••.......••.••...•...•...• " .• " •...•••••••••...•••.....••••..•...•
QUORUM. A majority of each House shall constitute a quorum to do business, but a smaller
number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance
of absent members, in such manner, alld under such penalties as each House may pro-
vide ••••.•. " •... , .•.••..•••..•....•••••. , ...• '" .. , .•••.•••.••.........••.••.•.••
1
1
1
1
5 3 5
7 :3 8
6 1 6
5 .. 5
QUORUM of the House of Representatives. A quorum (for the election of President by the
House of Representatives) shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the
States, and a majority of all the States 8ha11 be necessary to a choice •.••....•.•.••••.••
Q U O R UM of the Senate. A quorum (for the election of Vice President by the Sena te) shall con-
sist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number
12th amend. 29
shall be necessary to a choice ••••••••...•.•.•...••••.••••••• , ••••••••.••••.••••••.•• 12th amelld. 30
RATIFICATION. The ratifications of the conventions of nine States shall be sufficient for the
establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same............. 7 O
RA TIFICA 1'10 N of amendments to the COllstitution. (See Constitution.) .• • .. • . .• • • .. • . .• •• 5 O
REBELLION. The privilege of the writ oi' habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when,
in cases of rebellion or invasiol1, the public safety may require it ••••••...••.•••.•.•.•.• 9
RECEIPTS and expenditures. A rcgular slatement and account of the receipts and expenditures
of all public money shall be published ¡rorn timc to time .................... " • . ... • ••• 1 9
RECESS of the Senate. 'rhe President shall have power to fill up all vacrmclCS that may happen
during the recess of the Serwte, by gral1ting commissiolls, which shall expire at the end oi'
their next session •••.•••..•................•.....•••• , •..•••.••..••. " • . .. • • .. • . .. • 2 2
REC OMl\1END to Congress. 1'he President shall frorn time to time recornrnend to the considera-
tion of Congress such measures as he shall judge necessary ami expediento .. '" . .•• . .••• 2 0
RECONSIDERED. Bills returned with objectious by the President of the United States tv be
1 22
O 21
2 11
7 11
3 lF
1 16
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ALPHABETICAL AN ALYSIS~Continued.
reconsidered by the two Houses of Congress, and if approved by two-tJlirds of both
lIouses, shall become a law .••.•••.•••.•.•.••..•.•.•••.•••..••.•••.••..•••...•.•••.•
RECON SJDERED. Any order, resolution, or vote, returned with objections by the President,
may be reconsidered, and repassed by two-thirds of both Houses .••.•••.•••.••..•••.•.•
REC ORDS. Full faith and c1'edit shall be given in each Stute to the public acts, reco1'ds, and
judicial p1'oceedings, of every othe1' State; and the Congress may, by generallaws, pre-
scribe the manne1' in which such acts, 1'ecords, and proeeedings, shall be proved, and the
eirect thereof .••• , .••.•.•.••.•••.••..•••.•.•.•....•....••.••.•••.••..•••.•••..•••••
REDRESS of grievances. Congr~ss shall make no la\\: abridging the. ri&ht of the people peaceably
to assemble, and to petltlOn the Government for a redl'ess of gnevances ••..•••.•••.•.••
READ, deputy from Delawal'e, signed this .Constitution. George ..•..•••......••.•••.•••.••••
REGULATION. No person held to sel'vICe or labor, escaping into another State, sha11, in con-
sequence of any ]aw or regulation of sueh State, be disehal'ged from sueh service or labor
REGULATIONS for the eleetion of Senators and Representatives. (See Senators.) •••...••..•
REG ULA TI O N S. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdietion in eertain cases, both
as to law and faet, with sueh exeeptions, and undel' such regulations, as the Congress shall
make •••..••..•••....•..•...••.••••.....••..•...•..•....••.••...•..••..••...•..•.•
REGULA TIONS. The Congress shall have power to dispose of, and make, a11 needful rules
and regulations respccting the territory and othe1' property belonging to the United States
RELIGION. Congress sha11 make no law respeeting an establishment ofreligion, 01' prohibiting
the free exercise thereof ••.....• , .••....... " .....•. , ••.••••..•.....••..•....•...•.•
RELIGIOUS test. No religious test shall ever be required as a qualifieation to any offiee or pub-
líe trust under the U nited Statcs ••...•...•.............••.....•••.•....••..•.....•••
REMOVAL. Judgment, in cases of impeachment, shall not extend further than to removal from
office, and disqualification to llOld und enjoy any üflice of honor, trust, or profit, under the
United States ..•..•..••••.....•...•.......•...•.......•..•••...........•.•••.....•
RE::.\10V AL. In case oi' the removal of the President from office, it shall devolve on the Vice
President •••.••..••..•....••.. , ..••..•....•...•.......••.•••.••...•..••••.•••.•••.
REMOVAL. Iu case ofremoval, both ofthe President and Vice Presideut, the Congress mayby
In\\' provide, declaring what ofTlcer sha11 then act as President •••..•..••........ , •.••.•
REM O VED from ofiiee. A11 civil ofiicers oi" the U nited States sha11 be removed from office Oll
~
Art. seco el ruge. o
o
1 7 2 7
1 7 3 8
4 1 1 19
1st amend. 25
23
4 2 3 20 ::..-
1 4 1 5 ~ >-
t"'
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3 2 2 ]8 [fj H en
4 3 2 20
l .. t am )ud. ')-_J
6 O 3 22
1 3 7 4
2 1 5 14
2 1 5 15
::c
ímpeachlllent foro and conviction of, treason, brihery, or othor high crimes and rnlsde-
llJeU 110[", ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
REPRESENTA'l'IUN. When vacalleies haprea in the representativa Ú'om ally State, the Ex-
OCul1ve ¡hereo! shalllssue wnts of elecllOn to fill them ••.•.•••.•.........••.••..•.•• ·•
REPRESENTA'l'IVE. No persoll shaU be a Representative unless 25 years old, been 7 years a
ci:i;Wll uflhe Uniteu 8tates, anu, when eleeted, an inhabitant ofthe same State •.....•.•
REPRESENTATIVE numbers include aU free persollS those bound to service fDr a term of
years, l'lldians taxed. and three-fitths of all other 'persons, (slaves,) all to be enumerated
every ten years, &c ............................................................... .
REPRESEN'l'ATIVE. No Senator or-shall, during the time for which he was elected, be ap-
poillled to any civil office under the authority oí" the United States, which shall have been
crealed, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time: and no
person hulding uny oUice under the United States shall be a member of either House
during his COlltinuance in offiee ..................................................... .
REPRE;:;ENTATIVE. N o Representative shaU be appointed an elector of President or Vice
Prel::>ident uf the U nited ::ltales ••..••..•.....•......•...••.•••.••..••. " .••.••.. , ••.•
REPRESE~~TATl V ES. Congress shall consist oí' a Senate and House of Representatives ..••
REPRESENTA'l'IVES. Mernbers of the House of Representatives to be chol::>cn every second
year by lhe people .' .•.•••.•••••••.....••• " •. " ................................... .
REPRESEN'l'A'l'IVES in Congress. Qualifications of electors of Representatives in Congress
the same as for electors of the most numeraus branch uf the State Legislature •••.••..••
REPRESEN'l'A'l'IVES and direet taxes to be apportioned among the States according to their
respective nuu1bers •••.•••.•••.••..•.•......•. " .•....•.. , ...•••.••............•••..•.•
REPRESENTA'l'IVES shall not exceeJ one for every 30,000, but each Statel::>hall have at least
one Represelltutive. The ......................................................... .
REPRESENTATIV ES allowed in first Congress were-
'1'0 New IIampshire •••..•...•...••.••••.•.••••••. 3 ............................... .
Massachusetts •••.•••..••.••..••..•••.•.•..••. 8 .••.•••.•• •.••..•••..•...••.••••
Rhode Island and Providence Plantations •.•.••. 1. .............................. .
Connecticut ........................... " .•.••. 5 ............................... .
N ew York ..................................... 6 ............................... .
t, New Jersey ................................... 4-. .- .... -.- •..••.•••.••• , •.•.••• , ••••
2 4
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 6
2, 1
1 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
')
"" 2
2
2
2
1
4
2
3
2
2
O
1
1
3
3
:1
3
3
3
3
3
17
3
2
2
6
13
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
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rn
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O
¡....t.
ALPHABETICAL AN ALYSIS-Continucd.
Pennsylvania .. " .. "" .. "" .. "" .. " .. " ... """""""" .8."" .,." .. "" .... "" .. "" .. "" .. """""
Delaware •••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••••. 1 .••.•••••••.••••••••••••••••••••
Maryland •••••••••.•••..•••••••••••.•••.•••••. 6 .••••••.•••..••.••••••••••••••••
Virginia •.••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••.••••. 10 .••.•••. ~ ••.•••.•••••••.•••.••.•
N orth Carolina •••.•••••.••.•••••••....•••••••• 5 •••.•••.•••.•••.•••••••••••.•••.
South Carolina ••••.••••••••••••••••.••..•••••. 5 .••.•••.•••••••••••••••••••.••••
Georgia """,," "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" "" ,," ,," "" "" "" "" "" .3. " " .. " " .. " " .. " """ "" "" "" """ " """ " "
-65.
REPRESENT ATIVES. The House of Representativ~s shall choose their Speaker and other
officers •..•••...•••.•••.....••.•.....•.••.....••.••.••••••••••••.••..••.•.•.••..••
REPRESENT A TIVES. The House of Representatives shall have the sole power of impeach-
lnent .•. , ., ., .•• , •..•• , •..•• , •••••.••. , .••.. , ....••••• , ••••.•••••••••••.••••••••••
REPRESENT A TIVES. The times, places, and manner of holding elections fur Senators and
Representatives shall be prescribed in each Srate by the Legislature thereof; but t he Con-
gress may, at any time, by law, make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of
ehoosing Senators .•...•..•••.••..•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••.••••••••••••••••••
REPRESEN'I'ATIVES. 'fhe House of~
Shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications of its own members .•••.••
A majority thereuf shall constitute a quorum to do business; but a smaller number may
adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the attendance of absent
members, in such manner, and under such penalties, as that House may provide •.••
May determine the rules of ite proceedings, punish its members far disorderly behavior,
and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member .•..•.•..••.•••.•••.••..••
Shall keep a Journal of its proceedings, and frol1l time to time publish the same, except-
ing such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy; and the yeas and nays of
the members on any question, shall, at the desire of one-fifth of those present, be en-
tered on t he J ournal ..•......•••.•...•...••.•. , ••.••••.••.•.•.•••..•..••..•••.••
Shall not, during the seesion of Congress, without the consent of the Senate, adjourn for
more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall
be sittillg. " " "" " " "" " " "" " " ,," "" " " "" " " "" " " " .. " " "" " " "" " " "" "" " " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" " " "" " " ,," "
'""" Art. see. el. page. O
1 2 3 2 ~
1 2 3 2
1 2 :~ 2
1 2 3 2
1 2 3 3
1 2 3 3
1 2 3 3
1 2 5 3
1 2 5 3
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1 5 1 5
rp
1 5 1 5
1 5 2 5
1 5 3 5
1 5 4 6
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REPRESENTA TIVES. The Scnators and-
Shall receive a compensalion for their services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of
the Treasury of the Ulliled States .............................................. .
The):' sha11, in all ?ases e.xcept treason, felony, and breach. of the P?ace, be privileg~d
from arrest dunng thelr attendance at the sesslOn of thCJr respectIve Houses, and m
going to and returning fi'om ¡he same; and for any speech or debate in either House,
they shall not be questioned in any other place ..................... '" .......... .
REPRESENTATIVES. All bilis for raising revenue shall originate in the Honse of Represen-
tatives; hut thc Senate may propose, or concur Wilh, amendments, as Oll other bills ..•.•
REPRESE~T ATIVES. Every bill, order, resolutioll, ol' vote, (except OIl a quei'lion of adjourn-
ment,) 01 iginating in either Eouse of COllgress, shall be presented to the President of the
United Staw;<. (For proceedings see Bi11-Resolution.) .............................. .
REPRESENT A 'l~IVES in Congre~s, and ~en~bers of State Legislatures, sha11 be bound by oath
01' aflinnatlOn, to support tllls ConstltutlOn ............................ " ...••...... , •
REPRIEVES. The President shall have power to grant reprieves ........... '" ............. .
REPRISAL. Congress shall have power to grant letters ol" marque and reprisal. ..•.....•.••••
RE PRISA L. N o State shall grant letters ol" marque and reprisal ........................... ..
REPUBLICAN. 'rhe United States shall guaranty to every State in this Union a republican
form of government ..••..••.....•••..•........•......••. , ••.••...•• " .. " .•..••...••
RESERVED rights. (See Retained rights.) ............................................... ..
RESERVED powers. 'rhe powers not delegated to the United States. by the Constitution, nor
prohibited by it to Ihe Slates, are reserved to the States respectlvely, al' to the people .•.
RESER VIN G to the States. Congress shall have power to provide for organizing, armina, and
disciplining the militia, and governing such part as may be in the servicc of the United
States, reserving to the States the appointment of thc officers, and the authority of train.
inO" the militia according to the discipline prcscribed by Congress .....•..........••...•
RESIDENCE of 14 years within the Uniled States requisite in eligibility of a person to the oflice
of President or Vice President of the United States .................................. .
RESIG N A TI O N. Vacancies by resignation of Senators may be filled by the Executive of a State
in reces s of Legislature •.......•.........•............•..•• " .•......•.....• " ....•
RESIG N A 1'10 N. In case of the resignation of t he President, the oflice shall devolve on the Vice
President, &c ..•••••...•...........•.•.••...•...••..••..•..•••.•.........•..•••..•
RESOLU'rION. Every order. resolution, or vote, to which the concurrence of the Senate and
::o
1 6 1 6
1 6 1 6
1 - 1 7 I
1 7 2-3 7
6 O 3 22
2 2 1 16 >-
1 8 11 9 Z >-1 10 1 1:2 t"'
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4 4 1 24, if. .....
'J1 9th amend. 28
10th amend. 28
1 8 16 9
2 1 4 14
1 3 2 3
2 1 5 14 1-" O
W
ALPRABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Continued.
House Qf Representatives may be necessary, (except on a questíon of adjournment,) shall
be presented to the Pre,;ident uf the United 8tates, and, betfJl'e the same shall take efrect,
shal! ue approvo.d by him; or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds
oí" the Senare and Hout;c of H qlresentatives, according to the rules and limitations pre-
scribed in the case of a bill. (:-lee Bill!:'.) .. , ...............•..........•............•.•
RET AIN ED rights. The elllul1cration, in the COllstitution, of cerlain rights, shall not be con-
strued to deny or disparage uthcrs retained by the people .. , ... , .........•...........••
RETURNED. Bilis, resulntiutls, &e., 110t approved, to be returned by the President to the Rouse
in which they originatcd .....•........ , ..... " ..• , ................................. .
RETURNED. Bilis, resolutiolls, &c., Tlot returned within ten days, Sundays excepted, to be-
conte laws unless Congre"s adjourn ..................................... " ....••..•.•
RETURN8. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications uf its
own nlelnbers ... " .....•......•....................• " ••.•••.•...... " .•. ' .•.••..•
REVEl\ UE. Al! bills for raising revenue shall originate in the Rouse of Representatives; but
the Senate may propose, or concur with, anlendments, as on other bills .•. " ....••..•.•
REVENUE. No preferellce shall be given, by any regulation of commerce or revenue, to the
ports of one State over those of another .....................•...•.......••..•...•...•
RHODE Island and Proyidence Plantatiuns entitled to one Representative in first Congress •••.•
RI G HT of consciel)ce. (See Religion.)
RIGHT of the people. COllgress ¡;hall make no law abridging the right of the people peaceably to
assemble and to petition the Guvemment jor a redress ol' grievances .................. .
RIGIIT of the people. A well-regnlated militia being necessary to the se~urity of a free State,
the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed .................... .
RIGHT of ¡he people. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and
eifects, against unreasollah!f' searches and ¡;;eizures, shall not be violated ; and no warrants
shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmatioI?' and particularly de-
scribing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be selzed ............... .
RIGHT 01'. (See Life-Libcrty-Property.)
Rl G lIT 01' evidencc alld ddcnce in criminal prosecutions. ;See Criminal.)
RIGHT of trial by jnry. In enits al comfllon law, where the value in controversy shall exceed
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preservcd, and no fact tried by a jury
Art. seco el. page.
1 7 3 8
9th amend. 28
1 7 2 7
1 7 2 7
1 5 1 5
1 7 1 7
1 9 G 11
1 2 3 2
1st amend. 25
2d amend. '26
4th amend. 26
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shnll be otherwise re-exnmined in nny comt of the United Stntes, than according to the
rules of the COrnl110n law .......................••..••..•...........•....•..•••.••..•
RIGHTS. Exclusive rights to writings and discovcries may be secured to thcir authors and in-
ventors for a IÍlnited tÍlne ... '" ........•..... '" ...••. , •...•..........•.......•••..•
RIGHTS (lf domestic security. N o soldicr shall, in time of peaee, be qunrtered in nny house with-
out the consent of the owner, nor in time of war, but in a mnnncr to he prcscribed by law
RIGHTS. Tile enumeration. in the Constitution, of certain riahts, shall not be construed to deny
or disparage 01 hers retnincd by lhe people •••.....••• :': •.. , ., .............•.•..•....•
ROADS. Congrei's shall have poweJ¡ to estnhlish post offices and post roads ................... .
RULES of proceedings. Each H<Juse of Congrcss may determine the rules of ¡ts procepdings .•••
RULES cOllcerning captures. COllgress shall ha ve power to make rules concerning captures on
land and waler .••...........................••.•.•.••..••......••. " ............•..
RULES alld articles of war. Congrcss shall have power to make rules for the government and
rcgulation of the land and naval forces •................... , ...•••.•........•..•.••.••
RULES of the common law. No tact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court
of the U nited States, than according to the ru les of the common law .••...•............•
~ R UN A \V A y slavcs, or perSOllS held lO service or laiJor, ulld fugitives from justice, shall be de-
livered \lp, &c .•.•.•....•..••.............. , ...............•....•.......••........•
RUTLEDGE, dcputy from SOllth Carolina, signed this Con;;titution. John .•..•...••..•••..•••
SCIENCE and useful arts. Congress shall have power to promote the progress of science and
useful arts, by securing, fur lirnited times, to authors and inventors, the exclusiye right to
t h~ir respective writings and discoveries .. , ••..•..•...•... , ....•..•.................•
SEARCHBS and seizures. 'file right of the people to be secure in their persons, honses, prrpers,
and efrects against ullTeasonable scarches and seizures shall not be violated, anO. no war-
rant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmatioll, and particu-
larly describing the place to be searched: and the persons or things to be Reized ........•
;.'lEA T of Government. N either Honse, during the session oí" CongreRs, shall, wilbout (he con-
sent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in
which the two HOLlses sha!! be silling .....•......•••.••.. , ...•.................. " .•
SEAT of Government. Congress shall have power 10 exercise exclusive legifllatjon in al! cases
whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten miles square) as may, by c{'~"i()n ofpar-
tlcular States, and lhe acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the GovenUllellt of lhe
rJl
7th amend. 27
1 8 8 9
3d amend. 26
9th amend. 28
1 8 7 9
1 5 2 5
1 8 11 9
1 8 14 9 :>
7th amend. 26 Z >-
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4 2 2t03 19 ~ r.n
23 H
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1 8 8 9
4th amend. 26
1 5 4 6
.......
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ALPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Continued.
United Stntes, and to exercise like authority O\'pr al! place s purchased by consent of the
Legislature of the State in which tlw sarne ~hall be, fúr the ercction oi' forts, nwgazines,
arsenals, dock-yards, and other needtul bUlldlllgs ................ - ................... .
:::lEA T of Governl1lcnt of the U nited States. The list oi" electoral votesfor President and Vice
President shall be transmitted, sealed, to the seat of the Government of the U nitcu States,
directed to the President of the ~enate ... " ........................•...•. " ......... .
,< EA. 1'8 of Senators. Terms at whieh the seats of the "everal classes of Senators sha11 he vacnted
:.:t;CRECY. Each Howie of COllgre::;s shall keep a Journal of Íts proceedings, and ÍÍ'om time to
time publish the smne, execpting such parts as nmy in their judgment require secrecy ...
":ECURE the blessings of liberty. ,'file Constilution established to secure the blessings of líberty
to ourselves and our postenty, &c .................................................. .
,":EC U RE. 'l'he right oi' the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and efTects,
agninst unreasonable senrches and seizures, shnll not be violated ..•...................•
.C; EC U RITl ES. Congress shall llave power to proviue fur the pUllishment of coullterfeiting the
securities and currellt coin of the U niteu State8 ............... , ..................... .
;-;ECCRITY of a free 8tate. A wdl regulntPd militia being necessary to the E'ccurity of a free
State, the righ! of (he peoplp to keep and bear arms "hall not be infringed .•............
SEIZURES. The right of the peoJlle 1.0 be secure against unreasonable seizures shall not be vio-
lated. (See Senrchcs.) .........................................................•...
;-iEXATE and House of RcpreE'entatives. The Congress of the United 8tates shall cansist of a
Senate alld IIonse uf Representatives ...........................•••..................
:-;E~ A TE and HOllsc of Representative.". (See CongreE's.)
:-;E~ ATE. 'fhe Senate shall be composed of two Senaturs fram each State, ch08en by the Legis-
lature tór six y¡;nrs, nnd each !:3l'nfltor shall have one vote .• ······ ................. '" ..
_";ENATE. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shaU
have no vote unlc~" they be eqllally dividcd ................... : ...•..................
";E~ ATE. Tbe Senate "hall choose their 01he1' oilicers, and also a Presldent pro tempore, in the
absence of the Viee President, or whell he shall exercise the office of President of the
Unitecl fitates ....................................................................•
SE N A TE. The SClInte ",hall have (he sole puwcr to trv a II imp'eachnIents: w heu sitting for that
purpose they shall be O!1 oath or at'llrmation. \Vhell the Presluent of the Cnited States is
Art. see. el. page. O c:
8 17 10
12th amend. 29
1 3 2 3
1 5 3 5
Preamble. 1
4th anIend. 26 > Z
1 8 6 9 > ~
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2d nmend. 25
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4th am.end. 26
1 1
1 3 1 3
1 3 4 4
1 3 5 4
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trie~, the Chief Jnstlce "hall preside; and no pertion shall be eonvietcd without the con-
currence of two-tbirds uf the llwlI1bers prescllt .........•............. ..... ........... 1
Sl~N ATE. The ju(kment uf the ~cnaW, in eafie:s of impeachment, shallnot ext,md ¡¡¡rther than
to removal fr~tll olIice, and disqualiliC'atioll to hold and enjoyan ofiiee of honor. trust, or
profit under the United ~tates, but the party cOllvieted shall, nev!Jrtlteless be ¡'¡able and
subjeet to indietment, trial, judgment and punishment, aeeording to law .. .'.. . • .. • . .. • . • 1
SEN ATE of the United States. The I::'enate shall ue the judge of tite eleetions returns, and
qualifications of its own member:s; a maJol'ity shall constitute a quorum to' do business,
but a smaller number may adjourn frorn day tu day, and may be authorized to eompel the
attendance of absent members, in sueh mauner, and under sueh penalties, as that House
may provide .•. " .•.........•..••......•. " ••..••..••..•........• " .• " ••..•...•.••
SEN A TE. The Senate may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for dis-
orderly behavior, and, with the concurrence oi' two thil'ds, expel a me muer .....•...••.•
SEN A TE. 'l'he Senate shall keep a J oumal of its pl'oceedings, and hom time to time puulish the
same, excepting such parts as may! in theil' judgmr:nt, require secr~eY;r and the yeas and
nays of the members, on any questlOll, shall. at the desire of one-fitth 01 those present, be
entered on the J ournal .••..•.........•.... " .• " ...•••.•• , •......•. " .......••..••••
SEN A T K The ~enate shall not, during the seSSlOn of Congress, without the consent of the
House of Representatives, adjollru fol' more than three days, nor to any other place than
that in which the two Houses shallue silting ....................................... ..
SEN ATE. All bills fo.r raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives; but the
Senate may propose, or eOllcur with, amendments, as on other bilb. (See Bilis.) •.•..••
SEN ATE. Every bill, order, reRolution, and vote, (except on a question of adjourlllnent,) origi-
nating in either House oí' Congress, 8hall be pWt5ented tu the President of the United
States. (For proeeedings, see Bill-Resollltioll.) .................................... .
SEN A TE. Aetion of Senate on bills, resolutions, ordel's, and votes. (See Bilis. &c.)
SEN A TE. The President shall have power, by and wil h the advice alld consent of the Senate.
to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nomi~
nate, and, by and with the advice and coment of the Senate, shall appoint amlJassadors,
other public rninisters, and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other offieers
of t he U nited States, whose appointments are not he re in otherwise provided fol', and which
shall be cstabiished by law. But the Congress muy, by law, vest the appointment of such
1
1
1
1
1
3 6
3 7
5 1
5 2
5 3
5 4
7 1
7 2-3
4
4
5
5
5
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7
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ALPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Continued.
mferior officers, as they think proper; in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in
the heads of departments ......•..••.••...•.......••..••..•..•••.••.••..........•...
SEN A TE. The President shall have power to fill up all vacencies that may happen during the
recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next
session .•.•••..•••..••...• " .......•.•.••.••...••..•....•.•••..•..••...•. " ...•...•
SEN A T E. The President may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses of Congress, or
either of them ••....•.....•.•..••......... " .....•....••.•••.•...... " .•..•....•.•.
SENATE. No State, without its consent, shal! be dcprived ofits equal suffrage in the Senate ..
SEN A TE. The lists of votes of electors of President and Vice President shall be directed to the
President of the Senate ........••...••.•.........•....•.••......•.•..•..••••.....•..
SEN A TE. The President of t he Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and Honse of Re-
presentatives, open al! the certificates of the electors of President and Vice President of
the United States .••..•...•..........•..•...•..•.••..•.•.•..•......••...••..••.•.•.
SEN A TE. If no person have a majority of the electoral votes as Vice President, then, from the
. two highest numbers on the list the Senate shall choose the Vice President j a quorum
for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the ~hole number of Senators, and a majority
of the whote number "hall he necessary to a chOIce .................................. .
SENATOR. Each Senator shall have one·vote ............................................ .
SEN A TOR. N o person shall be a Senator who shallnot have attained the age of 30 years-been
9 years a citizen of the United States, and, when elected, an inhabitant of the State for
which he shall be chosen . , •.•••..•..••..•...••..•....••.••..•••.....••.•••......•.•
SEN A TOR or Representative. N o Senator or Representative shall, during the time [or which
he was eleeted, be appointed to any civil oflice under the au~hority of the UnÍted States
which shall have been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased
A rt. lIec. el. page.
2 2 2 16
2 2 3 16
2 3 1 16
5 21
12th arrend. 29
12th amend. 29
12th amend. 30
1 3 1 3
1 3 3 4
during such time j and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a
member of either Rouse during his continuance in oflice. • . .. • . .. . . .. • . .. . . .. . • .. • • .. . • 1 6 2 6
SENATOR. No Senator shall be appointed an elector of President or Vice President United
States. • • .. • . .• • . •. • • .. . . .. • . .• . • •• • . .• . . .. . . .• . • .. . . .. . . .. • . .• . • .• • . .. . • .. . • .• . . . . 2 1 2 13-
SEN ATO RS. The Senate of the U nited States shall be composed of two Senators ffom each
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flEN ATO RS. Two Senators shall be chosen by the Lej!'islature of each State for six years. • • . . 1 3 1 3 00
SEi{ATORS dlVidcd as Ilcarly as may be into three dasses attcr the tirst elc('tion: The seats of
the first clu,.:s vacated at expirat ion nf tIte sccond year. The seat" of (he second class
vacatcd at expiration of the í;)llrth year. The seats of the thirrl claRs vacatcd at expira-
(ion of the sixth year; so that one-third mny be chosen every seeonrl year. .... , ., •...•..
SEN A TO RS. If vacancies happen in scats of Scnators. by resignation 01' othcrwise, during the
recess of the Legislatnre of any State, the Executivc thereof may make tell1porary appoint.
mcnts until next mecting of the Leglslaturc. which shall thcn fill suc}¡ \"acancies ...•...•
SEi{ ATO RS. Thc times, places, and manller of holdil1g elcctions for ~ellators and Representa-
tives, shall be prescribed in eaeh State by the Legislature thereot j but the Congress may,
a! any time, by law, make or alter such regulatiuns, except as to the pbees of ehoosing
Senators ..•................... " ...................••...••..••.............•....•.
SEN ATO RS and Representatives shall reeeive a eomptmsation for their services, to be ascer-
tained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the U nited States ....... " .............•
'fhey shall, in all cases except treason, felony, anrl hreach ofth.e peaCI), be privileaed fram
arrest during thcir altendance at t he session oí" their respectl~e HOllses, and in Cgoing to
...... and returning from the same; and tor any speech ol" debate m eaher IIouse, they shall
~ not ue questioned in any other place ....... " ....... , •. ',' ...•...... '" ..........•
SEN ATORS of the Llnited States shall be bound by oath or affirmatlOl1 to support the Constitu-
tion of the United States ....•....•.............. , ............•......................
SER VI C E. Persons boul1l1 to servicl) for a t erm of ycars included in represr'ntative numhers •..•
SER VIC E of the United States. The Congress shall have power to provide for goyernina such
parts of the militia as may be empluyed in tllP sen,ice of the U,nited. States ........ ~ ..•..
SER VIC E of the U nited States. 'fhe PresH]cnt shall be commander-JII.clllef of the mili tia of the
several States, when called inlO the actual service of lhe United States ................ .
SERVICE or labor. (See Slaves.) ........................................................•
SERVICE. No person shall be held lO answcr for a capital or otherwi!:'e infamous crime, unless
OH a presentmcnt or inuictment of a grand jmy, except in c~scs arising in Ihe land or
naval forces, or in the militia when in actual servicc. in time ot war or public danger ..••.
SER VI CES. 'fhe Senators and Representatives "hall rcceive a compensat iOJl fur their services,
TO be ascf'rtaint'd by law, and paid out of the Trcawry of 1 he UnÍtf'u States ........•...•
SERVICES. The President shall, at stated times. rcceivo ror his servieos a COHlpCI1Ration, &c.
SER V ICES. 'fhe judges, ooth of the Suprcmc and IllÍerior courts, shall hold their otl1ces during
rn
1 3 2 3
1 3 2 3
1 4 1 5
1 6 1 6
> Z
1 6 1
:>
6 t"'
><:!
ro 6 3 22 .....
1 2 3 2 'fJ
1 8 16 9
2 2 1 15
4 2 3 20
5th arncnd. Z6
1 6 1 6
2 1 6 15
t-I
O
ce
ALPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Continued.
good behavlOf, and shall, at stated times, rcccive fOf their services a compensation which
shall not be diminished during their continuance in ofTIce ••..•••.•••.•••.•••.•••.•••.••
SESSIO N of Congress. (See Meeting.) .
SESSIO N. The Congress shall assemble at least once in evcry year, and such meeting or ses-
sion shall be on the first Monday in Decernber, unless they shall by law appoint a different
day •.•..•••......•.......•.......•...•........•...............••....•......•......
SESSION. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without (he consent of the
other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the two
Houses shall be sitting .•................••.......•....•.................. , •.......•
SESSIO N. Senators and Representatives shall, in al! cases exc~pt treason, fdony, and breach of
the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attenaance at the session of their respect-
ive Houses, ana in going to and returnillg from 1 he sal1le .... , .....................•..•.
SESSION oflhe Senate. The President shal! haye power to fillllp al! vacancies that mayhappen
during the re¡;ess of the Senate, by granting ¡;omlllissioJls which shall expire at the ena of
t!leir llext session ...........................................................•....•.
Snr:lL\L\N. dcputy froll1 Connecticllt, siglled tlti;; Con;.:litlltion. Rl'~er ..................... .
SHIPS of war. N o State shal!, without the COllsent uf COI;gress, l.cep ship=, of war in time of
peaee .........•.....................•.......................................•...•.
SIGNED. Every !Jil!, rcsoIlltioIl. order, or vote, appruvcd. shall be sigtlcc. by IIw Presidcll! .....
SIGNED. Any biU, resolutioll, &c., not retunwd within ten days, to hecol1le a law as if it had
bccn signed by the President .....•. ·· .............................. '" ............. .
SIGNERS of rhe COI1Stitutiol1 ..................... -.............................•......•••.
Geo. \Vashington, President and dCpllty ¡mm Yirginia ............................... .
John Langdon, Nicholas Gdman, N ew Halll]loihirc .................................. .
Nalhallicl Gurhulll, RuJus Killg, }lassadlUsutts ............. ·· .. ·· .................. .
William Samuel JOhll,'OI1, Roger ShCl'lUall, CUllllecticut ............................. .
Alexallder Hallliltoll, Ncw york ........................ ········· ................. .
\Villiam Llvillgston, David Brearley, VJilliall1 Pat~~r"on. J'JIlathall Daytoll, Ncw Jérscy
Benjamin Franklin, Tholllas :\liflLn, Robert :\lorri,.;. Ceorgl' Clynler, Tholllas FitzsilllOllS,
Jared Ingcrsoll, Jalllc~ \ViJ,;Oll, Guuveflluur :Ylorris, l'cLEI:;ylvallia. ~ ............. ..
,...
Art. see. el. page. ~ O
3 1 1 17
1 4 2 5
1 5 4 6
1 6 1 6 > Z
~
2 2 3 ]5 t"' >< 23 Ul ,...
'fl
1 10 3 12
1 7 2 7
1 7 2 7
23
:2:-)
2:1
2:~
23
52,l
23
23
\I'J
Georgc Reed, Gllnning Bedford, jun'r, J ohli Dickinson, Richard Bassett, J acob Broom,
Delaware ....................................••...................••.••••.•...
James McHenry, Daniel of Sto Thomas Jenifer, Daniel Carroll, Maryland ............. .
John Blair. James Madi",on. jun'r. Virginia ......................................... .
\Villiam Blount, Richard Dobbs Spaight. Hugh \Villiamson, N orth Carolina ........... .
.T ohn Rutledge, Charles C. Pinekllcy, Charles Pinckney, Pierce BUller, South Carolina
William Few, Abraham Baldwin, Georgia .......................................... .
Attest: William J aekson, Seeretary ....................................... .
SIL VER. No State shall make any thing but .gold and silver coin a tender in payment of debts .•
SLA VES. 'l'hree-fifths of all slaves included 111 representative numbers ...................... .
SLA V ES. The migration or importation of suchyersons as any of the S.tates now existing shall
think proper to admit, shall not be prohlbned by the Congress pnor to the year 18.08, but
a tax or duty may be imposed on snch importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each
peftwn .•..••• -.......................•..........•..•...............•......•..•••.•
SLA VES. N o amendment of the Constitution. made prior lo 1808, s,hall affect the preceding
clause ••.•.......•...............•...•..........•••.•.•......••..••...•.•.•.•..••.
SLA VES. N o person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping into
another, shall, in consequence of any \aw or regulation therein, be discharged from such
service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whorrl Buch service or
labor lnay be due .•.....•.••........•.....•..•...•.•.. , ••...•...•.............••••••
SLA VES. N o amendment made prior to 1808 shall prohibit the importatlOn of persons (or slaves)
SOLDIER. No soldier shall, in time of peaee, be quartered in any honse withont the consent of
the owner, nor in time of war, but in a mmmer to be prescribed by law .•..•.•..•..•.•••
SOUTH Carolina entitled to five Representatives in fin;t Congress ....................•.•..•••
SPAIGIIT, deputy ¡rom North Carolina, signed this Constitution. Richard Dohbs ........... .
SPEAKER and other oflicers. The IIouse of Representatives shal1 choose their Speaker and
ot her officers ............................... " ••................. , ........•.•.••.••
SPEECH. Senators and Representatives, for any speech or debate in either House, shall not be
questioned in any other plar,e .....•...... , ......••..•.••.....•..••....•.•..••..•••••
~PEECH. Congress shall make no law abridging lhe freedom ofspeech ..................... .
STANDARD. Congress shall have power to fix the standard ofweights and measures ....... ..
ST ATE of the Uniof1. The President shall. frorn time to time, give to the Congress informatiol1
rn
23
23
23
23
23
23
23
1 10 1 12
1 2 3 2
1 9 1 10 > Z
5 21 ~ t-<
>< en
....
?J
4 2 3 20
5 21
3d amend. 26
1 2 3 3
23
1 2 5 3
1 6 1 6
l:3t arnend. 25
1 8 5 8
....
....
....
ALPHABETICAL ANALYSIS-Continued.
ofthe State ofthe Uníon. and recommend to th"ir consíderation such measures as he shall
judae necessary and expedient .....•.............. , .......•.................... , ••..
ST ATE. A Representative in Congress shall be an illhabitant oí the State in which he shall be
cho~en ..........................................•......... ' ...................•..•
ST A TE. Each State shall have at least one Represcntative in Congress .................. , •••
ST A TE. When vaeancies happen in the representation fi'om a State, the Execulive thereof sha11
issue writs of election lo fill t hem .................... , .............................•
8T A TE. The Senate of the U nited States shall be composed of two Senators from eaeh State,
chosen by t he Legislature thereof ..................................................•
ST ATE. Jf vacallcies happen in seats of Senators, hy resianation or otherwise, durin(.T the re-
cess of the Lcgislature of any State, the ExeeutIve th~re()f may make temporary ~lppoillt
ments, until the next meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill sueh vaeancies ...•
STA TE. A Sellator in Congre,;s s 11<1 11 be an inhaÍJital¡t of the State for which he shall ue chosen
STATE. The times, places, and manuer of holding elc<.:tions for Senators and Representatives
shall ue prescriued in each Stale by the Legislature thereor; but lhe CÜIl!!ress may, at
any time, by law, make or alter such regulat ions. exC'ept as to the places of ehoosing Sena-
toril·.················ .• ················•·················•····•················• • STATE. No tax or duty "hall be laid on artieles exportcd from any State .................•..•
STATE. No preference shall he givcn, by any rcgulatioll 01' commerce or rcvcnue, to the ports
of one State over those (If another; nor "hall vessels bound to or fmm one State be
obliged to erlter, dear. or pay d\lties in another ...................................... .
STA TE. No State shall enter into any tre,ity. alliallce, or confederatioll; grant ¡etters ofmarqne
and reprisal; coin monev; emit bills oí' C!'("clit : lIlake any 1hing bllt !!old and silver coi n a
tender in p:lyment 01' dclits: pass any bill of attainder. ex post facto law, al' law impairiil a
the obligation of contracls. or grant any title uf nobility .... , ..................... , ., . ~
STATE. No State shall. without the con~ent of (he Con!!rcss. lay any imposls or duties on im-
ports or exports. except what may b~ absolutely llecessary for executing its inspection
laws; and the nett produce of al! duttes anel imposts, bid by auy State 011 imports or ex-
ports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States; and al! snch Jaws sha.ll be
subiect to 1he revision and control of t he COll.QTei'S ................................... .
8T ATE. .N o State shall, without the consent of Cungress, lay any duty of tonnage, kecp troops
Art. seco el. page.
2 3 1 16
1 2 2 2
1 2 3 2
1 2 4 3
1 3 1 3
1 3 2 3
1 3 3 4
141 5
1 9 5 11
1 9 6 11
1 10 1 12
1 10 2 12
¡....a
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>-
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>
t"
-<
rr.
.....
1Jl
rIl
or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any arrreement or compact with another State, rIl
or witll a foreign power, or engage in war, unles~ actually invaded, or in such immment
1 10 3 12 danger as will not adrnit of delay ....................................... " ...........
81' A TE. Each State sha11 appoint, in such manner as the Legislature thereof may direct, the
2 1 2 13 electors oi" President and Vice President oi' the United States. (See Electiun.) ..........
STATE. The judicial power shall extend to controv'ersies to which the United States shal1 be a
party; ro controversies between two ur more States j bet ween a State and citizens of an-
other State; between citizens oi' difIerent States j between citizens of the same State
claiming lands under grants of difierent States j and between a State, ur the citizens
1 18 thereo1', aud foreign States, citizens, or subjects ...................................... 3 2
ST A TE. In all cases in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original
18 jurisdiction ........•...•......•••.••••. , •. " .•..••.•••.•••..•.••.....••. " ...••..•• 3 2 2
81' A TE. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury; and such
trial shall be held in the State where t he said crimes sha11 have been cormnitl ed j but when
:> not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place 01' places as the Congress Z
may by law have directed .•..•••.....•••.•.....•.••...•••... , .•.••• " ...•••..•..•••• 3 2 3 18 ~
8T A TE. Full faith aud credit shaU be given in each State lo the public acts, records, and judi- t"
cial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may, by generallaws, prescribe -< rn
the manner in which such aCls, records, and proceedings shall be proved, and the efrect .....
thereof •••.••.••.••..••...•......••..•...•..••......•.•.•••...•.......•..••..•..•• 4 1 1 19 ~
81' A TE. The citizens of each State sha11 be entitled to aU privileges and immunities of citizens
in the tleveral States ..•••..•..............••....•..••...•......•............. , •..•• 4 2 1 19
ST ATE. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crirne, who shall flee fi'om
justice, and be found in anuther State, shall, on demand of the Executive uuthurity 01' the
State from which he fled, be delivered up to be removed to the State having jurisdietion
oi' t he crime ••...••.••......•....................•..••..••................•..•..... 4 2 2 19
8T A TE. N o person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereor, escaping into
another, shall, in cOllsequence of any law ur regulation therein, be discharged from such
service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom í:iuch service or
8T ATE~ab1~h~lCo~~r~~: ~h~ii '1;;;; ~~\~~~'t'o' di~;~~~ ~'f: ~~;(i ~l:;k~'~ir' ~~~~ú~i' ;l;l~'s' ~~d 'r~'~;l~: 4 2 3 20
~ tlOns respecting the territory or other pr,)perty belullgWg to the United States; and no- ~
Col)
ALPIIABETICAL A::-i ALYSTS--C"ll'inued.
thil1fT in this Constitution shall be so cOllstrued as to prejudil't' i\W,' claim of lhe United
b - 1 -, States, or of auy partIcu ur ~tate •.......................•..... -............•........
STATE. 'L'he United Slates sha1l guaranty lo evcry ::-ltate in this Uliiun a rcpublican form of
government, und sha1l proteet euch uf thcm H!.!;Hillst invasion, and, Oll upplication oí ¡he
Legislature or of ¡he Exeeutive, (when ¡he Legislature canllot be cOllvelled,) against do-
luestie violence ..........•.......•........................•.......................•
STATE. No State, without its consent, shall be deprivcd of its equal sufli-age in the Senate ..•
STA'l'K The judges in every State shall oe oOllnd by ¡he Constitution, laws, and treaties oí ¡he
United States, any thing in the eonstitutiull ur laws of any State to the contrary notwith·
standing ..........•.........••..•.......... : ................................••....
ST ATE Legislatures. The members of the several ::-lta¡e Legislatures, and all exccutive alld
judicial ofTicers, ooth of the United Statcs alld oí ¡he several States, shall be bound by
oath or affinnation to support this COllstitution ...................................... .
ST ATE. A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a fi-ee State, the right of the
people to keep and bear arms sha1l not be intrillged ........ , ....•..........•.........•
81' ATE. In al! criminal prosecutiolls, the accused tshall Clljuy the right to a specdy alld Pllblic
trial, by an impartial jury of the Slate alld district wher,'in the cnme shall have been como
mitted; whieh distriet shall have been previollSly aseertained by law .................. .
ST ATE. In ehoosing the President, (by the House of n.eps.,) lhe vote shall be taken by States,
the Representatives froIU eaeh State having one vote: a quorum for this purpose shall
consist of a mcmLer or mcmbers from two-thirds oi" the States, and a majority of aH the
States shall be neeessary to a ehoiee .•...•. " ........ , ........ , •.....................
ST A TE. The eleetors o:hall mee! in their respeetive States and vote, by ballot, t"or Pre~ident
and V iee President, one of whom at least shall not Le an inhabitant of the same State with
themselves .................••.•....•.......•........•.••••.....••..•. " .........••
ST A TES. Representatives in Congress to be ehosen every two years by the people of the States
~TA TES. Reprcsentatives and direet taxes to be apportiolled among the several States aeeord·
ing to their respeetive Ilumbers .••......•......•••...•...•••••..••.•..•••.... , ••...••
ST ATES-entitlcd to representatives in (he first COllgress wcre. '1'he ........................ .
New Hampo:hire, 3; Massachusetts, 8; Rlwde Island and Providenee Plalltatiolls, 1;
Conneeticut, 5; New York, 6; New Jensey, 4; Pennsylvunia, 8; Delaware, 1;
1-1
Art. see. el. pagp-. ...... ~
4 3 Z 20
4 4 1 20
5 21
6 Z 22
6 3 22 >-~
2d amend. 25 >-t"'
~
r.r.
....
6th amend. 27 r.r.
12th amend. 29
12th amend. 28
1 2 1 1
1 2 3 2
1 2 3 2
r/l
~Tnry1and, (); Virginia, 10; North Carolirm, 5; South Carolina, 5; Gcorgi::,::l. 'Vllole
nUlllber, (i;; .•......•. '" .••••••.•••.....•. " ••.•.•.••.•..••..•••••...••.•••.••. " 1 2 3
STATES. Congrci's shall have powcr 10 regnIatc l'Ulllll1erce among the several Stutes and wilh
rhe Indiall trihes................................................................... 1 8 3
STA TES, Congrc"s shal! have powcr to provide íor orcranizing, arming, and di"eiplining the
rnilitia, ¡¡ud fur govcrnillg snch part of tlwm n" m~y be employed in the scrvice of the
Unitcd S¡ates, re"crving to the States res!ll'c¡in,ly lhe appoiJltment oí" lhe officers, and
the alllllOrity 01' trainillg the militia according 10 tlH' di"ciplille prcscribed by Congress .,. 1 8 16
STATES, COIIgrcs8 shall hase power to exereise l'.\l'II1~ive lcaislarion ID al! cases whatsoever,
oyer "l1c11 distrir:t (llor l'x"f'cdiJ:g ten miles sq;¡;uc) as ma;, bv et'~sion of particular States,
and the acccpl an<,e of e ongfl's": becollle the s;'at (Jf t he (;overmnent 01' t he U nited Srates ;
and to exc]'(,isl, like autllor-ity over all plaees ¡mrchascd by the COllscnt of the Lco"islature
oi" the Slate in which the tiaIDe shall be, fór the erection oi" forts, magazines, ~rsenals,
dock-yardR, and 01 her net,dflll huildings. . . .. . . .. . . .. • . .. • . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. .. . . . 1 8 17
STATES .. ,'fhe migratioll or importatio!l 01' i:3U(Jl pcrsolJ~ as any of.the Statcs now existing shall
thll1l{ proper 10 adllllt, 811all no! be prohllJl1ed by COlIgress pnor to the year 180M, bUl a tax
or duty !llay he illlpmwd 011 such in1j)()]'tatioll /lut exceeding ten dollars túr cadl person... 1 9 1
ST ATES. 'rhe Presiden! "hallllot receiye, dllring the timo for which he shall have been eleelcd,
any emo!umellt from any of the Stales............................................... 2 1 6
STA TES. 'rhe President shall be COl1lmander·in-Chief 01' the militia of the several States when
called into the ael ua! service oí" the U nited SI ates. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. . . .. • . .. 2 2 1
ST ATES. N ew States may be admitled by the Congress into this Un ion ; but no new State shall
be farmed or erected withill lhe jLuisdidion oi" liny other State; nor any State be farmed
by the jllnctioll of two or more Statcs, or parts of States, without the consent 01" the Legis-
latures of the States eoneerned, as we!! as of the Congress............................. 4 3 1
ST A TES. 'J'he Congress, whenever two-thirds 01" both Houses sha!! deem it necessary, shall
propose amen¿¡ments lo lhis Constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-
thirds of the sevewl States, shall cal! a cOllvention far proposing arnendments, which, in
eilher case, shall be valid to al! intellls and purposes as part of this Constitution, when
ratified Ly the Legislatures of three-fourths oí" the several States, or by conventions in
three-fourth,;, t hereof .....••.•.....•............• " ..••.....•••..••........... , • . .. . 5
ST ATES. The ratificarian of the cOllventions of nine Statcs shall be sut1icient for the establish-
ment of 1his Constitution between the States so ratifying the same..................... 7 1
2
8
9
10
10
15
15
20
21
22
00
>-Z
>-
...
~
'll
......
'll
....
.......
1...<1
ALPHABETICAL ANALYSIS-Continued.
STA TES. The Constitution adopted in Convention by the unanimous consent of the dcputies
from all the States present, the 17th day 01' September, A. D. 1787, auJ of the lndepen-
dence of the Vuited States of Ameriea the twelfth. T11e following States being repre-
sented: N ew Hampshire, l\Iassadmsetts, Connectieut, N ew York, N ew Jersey, Pellll-
sylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia ......
ST ATES. The powers not delegated to the United State;; by the Constitution, nor prohibited by
it to the Stales, are reserved to the States respec:tively, or lO the people ..•.............•
81' A TES. The judicial powcr of the Vnited States shall not be construed lo extend to any suít in
law or equity, eommenced or pro8ecuted agaiust olle of the Vnited States by citizeus of
another State, or by citizens or subjects of auy íoreign State ••...••..•..••....•.•...•••
SVBJECTS. The judicial power shall extend to aH c:ases betweell a Stale, or the citizens thereof,
and toreigll States, citÍl:ens or subjects .••.••. " ........••......••..•......••.•••...••
SlJBJECTS of any foreign State. The judicial power of the United Slales shall not be eonstrued
to extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the Vníted
States by eitizens of another State, or by eitizells or subjeets of any foreign State ••....•
SVFFRAGE. N o State, without its consent, shall be deprived of ¡ts equal suífrage in the Senate
8VlTS. In suits at COtnllWl1 law, where the value in c:olltroversy 8hall exceed twenty dollars,
the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no faet tried by a jury shall be otherwise
re-examined in any eourt of the United States than according to the rules of the common
law ..•...................................•.......•...••..••..............••.....••
SVITS. 'fhe judicial power of the Vnited States shall not be construed to extenu to any suit in
law or equity, commenl'ed 01' prosecuted ngainst one of the Vnited States by citizens of
another State, 01' by eitizens or subjeets of any foreicrn State ..••.......•......••..••..•
SVNDA YS exeepted. Ten davs allowed the Pn'sident to r~turn a biU, resolutioll, &e ........ ..
S UP POR l' the COllstitution. '1'he Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the mem-
bers of the several State Legislaturcs, and al! Exeeutive and judicial officers, both of the
Unitef States.and of tile several Siates, shall be bOUlld by oath or aftirmation to support
tlllS ConstItutlOl1, &c ............................................................. ..
SVPREME Court. COllgress shall have power lo cOllstiLute tribunals inferior to the Supreme
Court ......•................•........ , ., ........•.....•......••...........•...•..•
SVPREl\1E Court. (Se e appoilltment of J udges of, &c.) .................................... .
Art. see. el. page.
22
10th amend. 28
11th amend. 28
3 2 1 18
11th amend. 28
5 ~l
7th amend. 27
11th amend. 28
1 7 :2 7
6 1 3 22
1 8 9 9
2 2 2 16
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SUPREME Court. 1'he judicial power of the United States shall he ,:"csted in one Supreme
Court, and in such Inferior courts as the COlwress may frum tIme tu time ordam and
establish. The judges, both of the Supreme U1~u Inferior courts, shall huId their oflices
during good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their sLrvices a compensation
which shall not be diminished during their continuance in ufnce. .. .. . . .. . . .. . . .. • . .. .. • 3
SUPREl\IE Court. In all cases atlecting ambassadors, other public rninisten;, and consuls, and
those in which a State shall be parly, the ~u]lreme Court shall have original jurisdiction.
In al! (he other cases before mentioned, (he Snpreme Court shall havc appcllate jurisdic-
tion, hoth as to law and fact, with such excepliolls, and under such regulations, as the
Congress shall rnake .........•......•...... " ........•...•................ _ ..••..••
SUPRKVIE law of the land. (See Constitution-Laws-Treaties.) ........................... .
TAX. A tax or duty on imported persons ("laves) might have heen imposed up to 1808 ........ .
T AX. N o capitation or 01 her direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enu-
rneration hereinbetare directed to be takcn ............•. , ., ....•..... " ......... , .•.•
T AX. No amendmcllt made prior to 1808, shall in any manneratfect the preceding clause .•...•
:;::TAX. Nu tax or uUly ::-hall be ¡aid Oll artides exported hum any State ..•................••..•
T AXED. Indians nol taxed exc!uded from representaTive numbers ............... o .. o .... o o o o •
T AXESo Representatives and direct taxes to be apportioned among the States according to theiI
respective numberso o o o .. 0.0. o 00 o o .• o. o .... o .......• o ••...•. o ...... o oo. o o .••.•••.•.•
T AXES. Congress shall have power to lay alld collect taxes .•...•. o •. o o .... o .. o o •...•• o ..• o.
TEN DER. N o State shall ruake any thillg but gold and silver coin a tender in paymellt of debts
TERM of election of Representatives in COllgress-to be chosen every two years. o. o o o ...•.• o ••
T ERM of ten yearso 1'he cellSUS shall be taken within every term of ten years subsequent to the
first o.' ••.•.•...•. o o . o . o o . o o ... o •••...• o .••.••• o .•...... o o • o .• o o o o .•. o . o o . o o ...•. o .•••
TER M of citizenship as qualification far a Representative in Congress-seven years • o ......... .
TERM of yearso Representative numbers in dude tllose persons bound to service for a term of
years o ••• o' ..•. o o o, •... o. o. o o •..•. o .. o •..••• oo .. 0 •••••••••••• 0 •••••• o •...•.• o .••.•
TER M of oflice of Senators in Congress-to be chosen far six years o .....•...•... o ...•••••••••
TERM of citizenship as qualificatioll for a Senator in Congress-Iline years o o o ...... o o ........ ..
TERM of office. 'rhe President shall hold his oflice during the ter m of iour years, and the Vice
PI esident chosen for the same tenn ••••••••.•••....•••••••••.•.••.••..•••••••..•••••
3
6
1
1
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
9
9
9
Z
2
8
10
2
2
2
2
3
3
1
1
2
2
1
4
5
3
3
1
1
1
3
2
3
1
3
1
17
18
21
10
11
21
11
2
2
8
12
1
2
2
2
3
4
13
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ALPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Continued.
TE RRITO R Y. Congress shall exerClse exclusive legislation over al! place s (or territory) acquired
fúr public purposes by cession oí" particular States ................................... "
TERRITORY. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make aIl needful rules and
regulations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States ..•.•
TEST. N o religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust
under the lJnited States .........•...•.......................••................•...•
TESTIM O NY. N o person shall be con victed of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses
to the same overt act, or on cOllfession in open court .............................. , ..•
'l'HINGS. N o warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation,
and particularly describillg the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be
seized .••..•...•••...........................•.•..................•..•.......•...•
THREE-fifths of all other persons (slaves) included in representativc numbers ..•......••.......
THREE-fourths. Amcndments lo the Constitution must be ratified by the Legislatures or Con-
ventions of three-l"ourths of the States .... , .......•.•..••..•. , ..... , ...•......•......
TIME of ehoosing eleetors may be determined by Congress ... , ......... , .................... .
TITLE ofnobility. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; fwd no person
holding any oflice 01' protlt or trust under them, shall, without the consen: of tbe Congress,
accept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whateve)", from any king,
prince, or foreign State ...................... , ....•................................•
TITLE of nobility. N o State shall grant any title of nobility ................................ .
TONNAGE. No State shall, witl:Ollt the eonsent ofCongress, lay any duty oftonnage ...... .
TRAINING the militia. Tlle authority of trainin¡;- the miritia reserved t? ~he States .......... .
TRANQUILLITY. Constitution established to ll1sure domestic tranqUllltty ............... ..
TREASON. For treaSOll a Senator or RepresentatIve may be arrested ...................... .
TREASON. Al! civil officers shal! be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction
of treason, &c .......•........•....•.......•.......................................
TREASON against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adher-
ing to tbeir enemies, giving tbem aid and eornfort. N o peniOn shall be eonvieted of
treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession
in open eourt .....•.............•..............................••..................
fhe Congress shal! have power to declare lhe punishment of treason, but no attainder
......
Art. seco cl. page;
'"""'"' 00
1 8 17 10
4 3 2 20
6 3 22
3 3 1 19
4th amend. 26
1 2 3 2 ;>
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5 21 ;>
2 1 3 14 t"' >-<
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1 9 8 11
1 10 1 12
1 10 3 12
1 8 1(; 10
Preamble. 1
1 G 1 (5
2 4 1 17
3 3 1 1&
~
of treason "hall work corruption of blood or forlmture, except dunng the life of the
person attainted ........... , •.....•.......••..••......................••..•....
TREASO N. A person charged witl~ treason. an~ fleei.ng. from one State to another, to be dcli-
vered up, on demaud, to the State havlIlg JunsdICtlOn ..•...•..........................
TREASUR Y. The Senators and Representativts shall receive a compensation for their ser-
vices, to be ascertained by law, and paid out oí" the Treasury of the United States .•....•
TREASUR Y. N o money shal! be drawIl Ü-Oll1 lhe Treasury but in consequence oí" nppropria-
tions made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts aud expenditures
of al! pubilc money shall be pubilshed Jrom tline to time ......•....... " ........•......
TREASURY of the United States. The nett produce of all duties and imposts.laid by any
Sulte on import El or exports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the U nited States ....
TREA TIES. The President shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
to make treaties, provided two·thirds oí' the Senators present eoneur .................. ".
TREA TIEtl. The Judicial power shall extend to all cases in law and equity arising under this
Constitution, the laws of the Ullited tltates, and the treaties made, or which shall be
n1ade, under their authority ..............................•..........................
TREA TIEtl. All treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the United
States. shall be the supremc law of the land ......................................... .
TREA TY. N o State shall enter into any treaty ........................................... .
TRIAL. A party cOl1victed on an impeachment shall nevertheless be liable and subject to in-
. dictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, aceording to law .......................... .
TRIAL by jury. The trial of all crimes, except in cases oi" impeachment, shall be by jury, and
such trial shall be held in the State where the said erimes shall have been committed;
but whell not committed within any State, the trial shall be at such place or places as the
Cono-ress may by law direct ..•..•..................•. , ....•........................
TRIAL. Il~ aH criminal prosecutiolls, the accused t'hall enjoy the right to a specdy and public
trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shal! have been com-
mitted, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law ................... .
TRIAL by jury. In suits at common law, where the value in eontroversy shall exceed twenty
dollara. the right of trial by jury shall be preserved; and no faet tried by a jury shall be
otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States ............................. .
TRIBUN ALS. Congress shall have power to eonstitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court
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3 3 2 19
4 2 2 19
1 6 1 6
1 9 7 11
1 10 2 12
2 2 2 16
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3 2 3 18
6th amend. 27
7th amend. 27
1 8 9 9 ~ ~
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ALPHABETICAL AN AL YSIS-Continued.
TRIED. \Vhen lhe President of the United States is tried on an impeachment, the Chief Justice
shall pre:,;idc .••.••.................. , .. " ........•........•...••.......•...• " .•...•
TRO O PS. N o ::)tale shall, wil hout the consent oI' Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops
or ships of war, in tiUlC of peace .....•.......................•..••..................•
TRUST. J utlrrrnent, in cases of ill1peachment, shall not 8xteud furt her than removal from offiee,
and disqualificatiou to hold and enjoy any office oI'.honor, trust, or profit, under the Ullited
States ...............•.....................................•............•...••..••
TR U ST. N o persoll holding al1 oftice oI' trust 01' profit under t he U nited States shall be appointed
an elector ...................•• " ••........•...•......••• " ••.••...•...••..•..•••••
TRUST. No religious test shall ever be required '1S a qualifieatiol1 to any ofliee or pubJic trust
under the United States ...................••..........•••.•••..••...•..•••..•...•••
T R Y all impeachll1eniS. 'fhe Sellate shall have the soJe power to try all impeachments •••..•••
TWENTY dollars. In suits at comll1on law, when lhe value in controversy shall exceed twenty
doll,tr¡;;. the right 01' trial by jury shall he prcserved .................................. .
TWO-thirds. No person shall be eonvicted by the Senate 011 an impeaehmellt without the con-
eurrenee of t wo- thirds (Jf the tnembcrs presellt ....................................... .
T\VO-thinls. Each HOllse of COllgress may, by the eoncurrence of two-thirds, expel a memlwr.
TVvO-thirds.. l3il!:': returned with ohjeetions by the President, may be passed by two-thirds of
bOl h HO\lsCS of Congresi:' and beeome a law ....... " .......................••.......•
TWO-third~. Al1y order, resolution, or vote, to which the COllcurrence of the Senate and House
oí' !{epresclltatives may be necessary, (execpt on a question of adjoufllml~lIt.) alld ret llrncJ
wi: [¡ objections Ly the President, may be re-passed by two-thirds of bOl h lIou¡,es of Con-
grcss .........•...............•....... " ..........•...•..........•.•......•......•
T\V O-thirds. 'fhe President sh~ll have power. by and with the advice and conseJlt of the Senate,
to make treatics, provided two thirds oflhe Scnators present cOllcur .................. .
T\V O-thirds. 'fhe Congress, whenever two- t hirds of both Houses shall decm it neeessary, shall
prnpose amendment~ to.t his ~ollstituti.on ....... : ....... .' .... : ...................... .
TW"O-thirds. 011 the apphcatLOIl of lhe Leglslatures of two-thlrds of the several Statcs, Con-
grcss shall cal! a convention for proposing amcndments to the Constitutiol1 ....•••...•.•
TW O-thirds. A quorum (or the House of Representatives ror the electioll of President) shall con-
....
Art. see. el. page. t-::l O
1 3 6 4
1 10 3 12
1 3 7 4
2 1 2 13
6 3 22
1 3 6 4
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7th amend. 27 Z
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1 7 2 7
1 7 8 3
2 2 2 16
5 21
5 2!
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~nst of a memher or members fr~ml two-thirds of the StatGs, nnd a mnjority of aH the
States shall be necessary to a chOIce ................. , ., ........... " ... , ....••...•••
TWO-thirds. A quorum (for the election of Vice President by the Senate) shall consist of two-
thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be ne-
cessary to a choice •.•.•••.•••...•.......... " •...•••.••.......•.........•..••••••••
UNIFORM. All duties, imports, and excises, shall be uniform throughout the United States ..•
UNIFORM. Congress shall have power to establish a uniform rule ofnaturalization, and uniform
laws on the suhject of bankruptcies, thronghout the United States ..................... .
UNION. 'fhe Constitution established in order to form a more perfeet Union ................. .
UNION. Representatives and direet taxes shall be apportioned among the several States whieh
may be inclllded within this Union aceording to their respective numbers, &c .•..... ···.
UNION. 'fhe President shall, from time to time, give to the Congress illformation of the State
of the U nion, and recommend to their consideration sueh measures as he shall judge ne-
cessary and expedient ..•....••..•...............•....•...............•..•......••.•
UNION. New States may be admitted by the Congress intothis Union ...............•.•....
:¡;: UNION. The United Stales shall guaranty to every State in the Union a republican form of
*' O'overnment ...................•......•..........••.....•.............•..........••
UNITED States, or Government of the United States. We the people of the U nited States, &c.,
do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America ............. .
UNITED States. All legislative powers herein granted shall he vested in a Congress of the
U nited States •....•...•.••......•........................•..•..................•...••.
UNITED States. N o person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained lo the age of
25 years, and been seven ycars a citizen of the U nited States ...............•.......•••
UNITED States. The Senate of the United States "hall be composed of two Senators from each
State .•.•••.••.•••..••..........••..•..........•••..•..•........•..... " .....••...
UNITED States. Judgment in cases of impeachment 8hall not exlend further than to removal
from office, and disqualification to hold und enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit,
nnder the United States ......••..•..•••.....•....•...•..•.•.•...•...•........•..•••
UNl'fED States. The Senators and Representatives 8hall receive a compensation far their ser-
vices, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the U nited States •....••
UNITED States. N o Senator or Representative shall. during the time for which he was elected,
be appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States, which shall have
12th amend. 29 c::::
12th amend. 30
1 8 1 8
1 8 4 8
Preamble. 1
1 2 3 2
2 3 1 16 :>
4 3 1 20 Z :>
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-Preamble. 1 00
1 1 1 1
1 2 2 2
1 3 1 3
1 3 7 4
1 6 1 6
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ALPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-t::ontmued.
been created. or the ernoluments whercof Rhnll have been increased, during such time:
and no persvn holding any office under the United States shall be a member oi' eitner
House du:-illg his contilluance in oftice ............................................... .
UNITED States.. Congress shall have power to provide for the common detence and general wel-
f!ue of the United States ..•...•..•....••......•...•••.........••...•........•••...•
UNITED States. AH duties, imposts, and excises shall be uniform throughout (he United States
U NI'l'ED States. Congress shalJ have power to establish an uniform rule of naturalization, and
uniform laws on the subject of bankruptcies t hrouf§hout the U nited Stat es •.......•••..•
UNITED States. Congress shalJ have power to provide tor the punishment 01 counterfeiting the
securities and current coin oí' t.he United States ...................................... .
UNITED States. Establishment ol' the seat of Government of the United States ............. .
U 1\ lTED States. Congress shall have power to make al! laws which shall be necessary and
proper far carrying- into execution the faregoing powers, and aH other powers vested by
this Constitution m the Government of the Onited States, or in any department or ofrice
thereof ••..••......•........•..••...•...•......••..............•...••....••..•••..•
UNITED STA TES. N o title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ......••..••••••
U NITED States Treasury. (See Treasury.)
UNITEpStates. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any irnposts or duties on
lmports or exports, except wl11.1 may be abó'olutely necessary jor eXeelltÍilg ilR insJleclion
laws, and the l1et produce oi' al! duties and imposls luid by any State on illlports orexporTs
shal! be tor the use of t he 'l'reasury oí' tlle U llited Stales, and a11 sucll la\Vs shall be sub-
j"ct to the revision and control oí ¡he COllgrc-,;s ...................................... .
VNITED States. 'fhe Exeoutive puwor shal! be vested in u President oí the U nited Stutes of
Amenca .•..•••..•......•...•................•••..••..••..•.....•..•...•.•...•....
UNITED States. N o Senator or Representativo, or porson holding an onj(:e of trust Of prof1t
under lhe United 81at08, shall be appOitllOd au elector oí' President alld Viee Prp"idont ..•
UNITED States. 'fhe time of choosing electors shall be 1he same throughont lhe l}nited ,stales
UNI'l'ED States. No person except a uLttmal boro citizen, or citizen 01" the United States at the
time of the adoption of the Constitution. nor unless he shall have at1ained the age oí 35
years, and been 14 years a resident of the {J nited SI ates, shall be President oí' the U nited
8tates •.•.••••.••..••.••.•.•...••••••••.••..••..•••.••.•••••••..•••••••••••.••••••
1-'
Art. seco el. page. t-O t-.o
1 6 2 6
1 8 1 8
1 8 1 8
1 8 4 8
1 8 6 9
1 8 17 10
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1 9 8 11 ~ g:
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1 10 2 12
2 1 13
2 1 n /. 13
2 1 3 14
2 1 4 14 c::
UNITED States. The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the arrny and navy of the
United States, and oi' lhe militia of the several States, when called illto actual service of
the UnÍted S1.ates ••••.... , .•..•• " •..•.. " ••.•••.••..•.•.•... , .. " . . .. • . ... • .•• • .• • 2 2 1 15
UNITED States. The President shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for otltmces
against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. • • ... . .• .•.. •• •• • . .•• • .•• • .• 2 2 1 16
UNITED States. The President shall nominate, and, by and with the advice and consent of the
Senate, appoint officers of the United States, whose appointments are not hereín otherwise
provided for, and which shall be established by law .................................. , 2 2 2 16
UNITED States. The President shall comrnission al! officers of the United States ............ 2 3 1 17
UNITED STATES.· The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States,
shall be removed from office on irnpeachment ior, and conviction of, treason, bribery, 01'
01 her high crimes and misdemeanors •••....••..•..•••..•........•...... " . . . • • . .• . . • 2 4 1 17
UNITED States. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme
Court, and in such Inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and esta-
blish.............................................................................. 3 1 1 ]7
UNITED Slates. The judicial power shall extend to all controversies to which the United States
shall be a party.......................... .....•.....••.••...•.... ..•......•...•.•... 3 2 1 18
UNITED States. The judicial power shal! extend to al! cases in law and equity arising under this
Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made 01' which shall be made
under their authority • • . .. • • •• • . .. . . .. • . .. .• • . .. • . .• • . .• . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . .• . . .• • . .. . • 3 2 1 17
UNITED States. Treason agaiost the United States shall consist only in levying war against
them, 01' in adhering to lheir enemies, giving thern aid and comfort. • . .. . . .• • . .. • . .. .• . • 3 3 1 18
UNITED States. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and
regulations respecting the territory or olher property belonging to the U nited States ; and
nothíng in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the UnÍted
Stat.es, or of any particular State.................................................... 4 3 2 20
UNITED States. The United States shall guaranty to every State in this Union a republican
form of government, and shall protect eaeh of them against invasíon; alld on application
of the Legislature, or of lhe Executive, (when lhe Legislature caHIlot be cOIlvened,)
aaainst domestic violence. . . .• • . .. . . .. • • .. . . .. • . .• • . .• • . .. . . .• • . .. . . .. • • .• • . .. . . .. . . 4 4 1 20
UNITEV"' States. N o person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty
years, and been nille years a citlzen of the United States................ .............. 1 3 3 4
UNITED States. Al! debts contracted, alld engagements ente red into. befare tile adoption of
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ALPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Continued.
this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution as
under the Confederation .....•••......•..............•..• , .•..•.•.....•.•.•.•......•
UNITED States. This Constitution, and the Laws of lhe United Slates, which sha11 be made
in pursuance thereof, and a11 treaties made, or which sha11 be made, under the allthority
of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land •••.••..•.......••..•••.••.•
UNITED States. The Senators and Representatives befare mel1tioned, and the memuers of the
several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, bOlh of the United
States and of the several Sta tes, shall be bound by oath or aflirmation, to support this
Constitution; but no relig-ious test shall ever be required as a qualification, to any oflice
or public trust under the United States ........••......•........•.......•...•..••...•
UNITED States court. In suits at common law, where the value in controvcrsy shall exceed
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved: and no fact tried by a jury
shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States, than according to the
rules of the comnl0n law •....•..........................•••..•......••......••.....•
UNITED States. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constilution, nor pro-
hibited by it to the 81ates, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the pcople .....•
UNITED States. The Judicial power oftbe United States sha11 not be constrned 10 extend to
any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by
citizens of another State, or by citizens or sllhjects of any foreign State .•..............•
UNITED States. The lists of votes for President and Vice President sha11 be transmitted to the
seat of the Government of the United States ......................................... .
UNUSUAL punishments. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor
cruel and unusual punishments inflicted .........•........•..••..•......•.••.•.......•
V ACANCIES happen in the representation from any State, the Executive thereof shall issue
writs of election to fill thcm. \Vhen ....... " ........••...•............•..........••
V ACANCIES happen, by resignation or otherwi"e, in the seats of Senators, during the recess of
the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporaryappointments,
until the next meeting ofthe Legislature, which shall then fill such vaeancies. If ...... .
V A CANCIES. The President shall have power to fi11 up al! vacancies that may happen during
Art. seco el. page.
6 1 21
6 2 21
6 3 22
7th amend. 27
10th amend. 23
11th amend. 28
12th amend. '29
8th nmcnd. 27
1 2 4 3
1 3 2 3
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the reces!'! of the Senate, bj' granting eommissions whieh shall expire at ¡he end of thClr
IlPxt sceOilUll ..........•..•.........•...•.•........•..••..•.......• " ••...•• , •...•••
VALIDIT y of cOlltracts or engagements. All debts contrncted, and engagements entered ¡nto.
be/ore the adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the U nited States under
this Constitution, as under the ConJederation ........................................ .
V A.L VE. . Congress shall have power to eoin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign
cOln .........••...•......•..•••..... · •........•..••••••.•• •······ •...•...•.• ·••·• .
VALVE in controversy. In suits at eoÍnmon law, when the value in controversy shall exceed
twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, &c ....................... .
VESSELS. N o preferenee sha11 be given by any regulation of COlllmerce or revenue to tbe ports
of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be
obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another ...................................... .
VEST. Congress may by law vest the appointment of such inferior offices as they think proper
ir> the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments ............ .
VESTED in the Government. Congrei'ci shall huye power to make alllaws which shall be neces-
sary and proper jor carryillg into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers
vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department
or office thereof .........•...............•..•.•..•.•••••......••.• " ........•..•.•.•
VESTED in a President. The Executive power shall be vested in a President.(Jf the United States
of Arnerica .•......•••..••...•. , ...••..••....•...•••..••. , .•••..•..•••...••..•••..•
VESTED in one Supreme Court. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one
Supreme Court, and in such Inferior courts as the Congress may Üom time to time ordain
and estabhsh ..................................................................... .
VESTED in a COllgress. A11legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of
the United States, which shall cOllsist of a Sellate and House of Represelltatives •••.•..•
VETO power oí' the President. (See President.) ..................... ; ..................... ..
VICE President shall have no vote in the Senate unIess they be equally divided. 1'he ......... .
VICE President, or when he shalI exercise the ofrlce of President of the United States. 1'he
Senate shall choose a President pro tempore in the absence of the •.•........••.•.•••.•.
VICP. President. 'rhe President shall hold his offiee during the term of four years, alld, together
with the Vice Presldent, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows: (See Election
of President and Vice President of the United States.) ............................... .
2 2 3 < 16
6 1 1 21
1 8 5 8
7th amend. 27
1 9 6 11
2 22 16
> Z
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1 8 18 10 o< if1
....
2 1 1 13 ~
3 1 1 17
1 1 1 1
1 7 2 7
1 3 4 4
1 3 5 4
2 1 1 13
12th umend. 28 ..... ~
c:.'"
ALPHABETICAL ANAL YSIS-Continueri.
VICE President ofthe United States. Qualification required as Vice President same as [or Pre-
sident of the U nited States ..•••..•••••..•••.•••••••..••.•••..•...•...•..•••..•..••••
VICE President. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation,
or inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on
the Vice President; and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death,
resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer
shall I hen act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be
relnoved, or a President shall be elected ............................................ .
VICE President shall be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason,
bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. The .••.••• ··•••··•···· ..•.•••..•..
VICE President of the United States. Election of Vice President of the United States. (See
Election.) •...•.....•..•..••....•.•••.••...•....••..•...•.••...••.......•.....••..•
VICE President. The lists of votes of electors of President and Vice President shall be directed
to the President of thc Senale .•••.•.•.•••..•...•......•...•..• , .•.........•....•....
VICE President. The President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Repre-
senl atives, open all thc certifieates of the elcetors of President and Vice President of the
U nil ed Sta tes .•...•..•.....•...•..••.••...•...•••.•.•••..••..•...•..•••..•....••.•
VICE President. If the House of Representatives shall not ehoose a President whenever the right
of choice shall devolve upon them, befare the 4th day of March next following, then the
Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of the death or other constitutional
disability of the President .••..•..•.......•••...••...•..••...•.......•...........•..
VICE President: The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President shalJ be the
Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of eleetors appointed ;
and if no person have a majority. then, from the two highest numbers on the list, Ihe
Senate shall choose the Vice Président: a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-
thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be ne-
cessary to a choice. But no person, constitutionally ineligible to the oflice of President,
shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States ........................ .
VIOLATED. The rigllt of the people to be se cure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects,
against unreasonable searehcs and seizures, shall not be violated .••.•.•...••...••.....•
VIRGINIA entitled to ten Representatives in the first Gongress •••••••••••••.•••••••.••....••
Art. see. el. page.
12th amend. 3u
2 1 5 14
2 4 1 17
12th amend. 28
12th amend. 29
12th umend. 29
]2th amend. 29
12th amend. 30
4th amend. 26
1 2 3 2
....
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O')
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.....
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VOTE. Errch Senator shnll have one .•. · •...•...•....•...•••.•..... •···· ••......••••••. ·.·• 1 3 1
3 4 VUTE. The Vice President f:ihall have no vote unle~s the Senate be equally dividcd..... ...... 1
VOTE. Every vote 10 whieh ¡he eoncurrcnce of the Senate und House 01' Represelltatives may
be neceSi"ary, (except Oll a question of adjournment,) shall be presented to the President.
(Se e Resolution.) .. , ...........................•••. , ., .•..........•.........•.. , • . . 1 7 3
7 2-3
VOTES in the two HOllses of Congress. on passage of any bill, order, resolution or vote, returned
wi~ h objeetiOl:s by ~he Pre~ident, sha1l. be taken by yeas and nays : . .'.,' .........•.•. : .• 1
V O TES of eleetors of Pre'lldent and V lee Pres¡dent. Place and manner of glVlllg t he votes; hsts
01' yutes to be fuade, signed, certified, transmitted sealed to the seat of Guvernment,
direeted to the President of the Sellate, to be opened und counted by that officer in the
presence uf the Senate and Huuse of Representatives: the number neeessary to a choice;
the day on w hich electoral votes shall be given throuO'hout the U nited States. (See Elcc-
tion.) ...............•........................... ~ .••...........................•..
VOTES taken by States. In choosing the President by the House of Representatives, the votes
shall be taken by States, the represcntation from euch State having one vote .•.••••••.••
\V AR. Congress shall have power to dedare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make
rules concerning captures on land and water ......................................... .
\V AR. Congress shall have power to make rules (" rules and articles of war") for the government
of the land and naval forees .........................•.•.. , •......•••.•.....•....•••.
\V AR. N o Slate shatl, without the consent of Congre>,s, enO"age in war unless actuatly invaded,
or in such irrnninent danger as witl not admit of delav~ ...•..•.•. , ... , ...........•... , •
\Y AR. Treason against the U nited States 8hall consist only in levying war against them, or in
adhering to their enemies, giving them uid and comfort •••.•. , ., ............... , ...... .
\VAR. N o soldier shall be quartered in any house in time of war, but in a manner to be prescribed
bv law .••.... ·· .....................................•..•••.......•........•.....•.
\V AR. Ñ o person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a
presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval
forces, or in the militiu when in actual service, in time of war or public danger ........••
\V AR RANTS. N o warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirma-
tion, and particularly describíng the place 10 be searched, and the persons or things to be
seized ..................................................•..........•.............•
W A SHIN GT O N, President and deputy from Virginia, signed this Constitution. George ••••••
12th amend.
12th amend.
1 8 11
1 8 14
1 10 3
3 3 1
3d amend.
5th amend.
4th amend.
~
4
8
...
I
29
29
9
9
12
18
26
26
26
22
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....
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ALPHABETICAL ANAL Y SIS-Contmued.
'VE the people establish this Constitution .. , .•.••......••.. : ...•.••..•.•.•. , .. " ..••••••••••••
'VElG HT8 and measures. Congress shall have power to fix the standard of welghts and mea-
sures ...... , ..... , .............. , ., .................•...•.. ; •••.•••..•.••.••.••••
WELF A RE. Constitution established lO promote the general welfare .••.••....••.•. ' ••••••••
WELFARE. Congress shall have power to promote tlie general welfare ..................... .
'VILLIA;V180N, deputy frulll North Carolina, signcd thi" Constitution. Hugh .............. .
\VIL;-;ON, deputy from Pennsylvania, signed tl~is Cunstitution. James .. : .....•. : ........... ..
WITNESSES. N o person shall be eonvleted of treason, unless on the testlmony oi two wltnesses
to the same uvert aet, ur on cunfession in open court ......•.•. , •..•.........•.•.•.•••.
WITNESS against himself. N or shall any person be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a
witness acraillst hÍlnself ......•.••............. " ................................•.••
WITNESSE8 against him. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused to be confronted with the
wilnesses against hirn .•.......... , •..•.. " ............. , .••...•. " .•............•••
WITNESSES in his favor. In all criminal proseculions, the accused to have compulsory process
for obtaining witnesses in his favor ................................................. .
WRITINGS. Exclusive righr to writings may be secnred by authors for a limited time ....... .
W RIT of habeas corpus. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unles9
when in cases of rebelliun or invasion the public safety may require it ................. .
YEAS and nays of the membf'rs of either House of Congress. on any question, shall, at the desire
of one·fifth of those present, be entered on the J ourna!. The .••.•........••..••...•••
YEAS and nays. Votes in lhe two Houses of Congrcss, on passage of any bill, order, resolution,
or vote, returnttd with objectiolls by the President, shall Le taken by yeas and nays •••••
......
Art. seco el. page. tv
Preamble. 1 00
1 8 5 8
Preamble. 1
1 8 1 8
23
23
3 3 1 19
5th amend. 26
6th amend. 27 :> Z
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6th amend. 27 t" ~ 1 8 8 9 r:Il
....
Ul
1 9 2 11
1 5 3 5
1 7 2-3 7
CIIAPTEIl 2.
TIm Confcc!cratiilil lIavitJg g'ivcn phce to tIlo. AL:cricall ti nion,
uwlcr lile CIJll5titution of tbe U nitcd States, lt \Yas C'onsidercd un~
ncecs:3<lfy to insert, in thc first an;Z sccond ediliom of thi~ boo!", t]-.Q
A nicles of Confederation, wJ¡ich were agneed to by the Delf'i!;:lt('S
of the thirteen Orig'in;JI St,ltes, in C01'1,'.;TCS5 asseDlIJ1,'(], 011 tllC 15th
November, 17ii'; riltificu 1y eig':lt St:l~CS, on thc ~~h July, 1~'¡3;
Cino llnally ratiJ1ed by aH tLc S"at8s, on tile. 1st ;Uareh, 1731;
lit on flll'lhcr cOili,idcl'ation, tl«nc m','ic!cs lw"c !,cen iusertel¡ al pa';c
,1 ¡ 1, 7ilut"';1J (l,~ TrwtfU' l?f l¿¡'sto!'?!. as it \Vere out of place to miJlglc
t]¡;t inem(~i"\lt form of U(;V(,rnlld:mt with the present approved
1.:](1 success:'ul sy::item, wllieh h;ts stood the test of more than half
a cClltury, and wLich is rjpst!nPI1, llnder Divine Providence, not
flll i Y t.o pCr¡)('tll~ltl" T he h:! [' pi!w,,:,s nnd s,\fety of th8 people
:,;f ¡he L'llit(d ~';t:tks, but to !JI' tl!e Creat Exelllplar of Kations,
','.!:rn gOVCfllil!(,ld,; ,,!t :1/, by tI:e nlturalllnd just powcr of man, hu
h)Cll~'!;t to t!iíir kgitilll,¡[u 1'1Il'f!')[i"S RnJ uses-to cstahlish justi,:c,
ikiure dOlllt:stic: tr:tnqllillity, proviJe for tIte common defence, PiO-
(Hote tite gelleral \n~lElfe, and SéWllre tbe blessings of liherty to t1¿e
pco,.'le
The ffiat.ter cl)ntaInt:i1 1T! thIS ehapter exhibits tlle deplorable con-
d j lton of tj¡f~ tí] ,a l1(~t~S ami f;reu i t of the govemment unoer tlle olu
fonn, and tite il1(~owjJetl'llcy oí' the Congress of the Confedcration
lo mise a rCVCllue, support tlle public credit, regulate trade or com-
merce, or to proviJc fur the wants and safety of the country; and
it i" iritt;ndd thercby to show tlle immediate and prominent causes
that lcd to tile abandonmcnt of t11at inefficient form, and the adop~
tion of tlle prescnt system of government; and, a180, to show tite
official proc('cdill[~S by ,,,hieh the change ,vas effected and the pre-
sent ConstitutiOll fst!olisheu.
These facts and proceetlings IY12y prov8 a warning against the
trc(isoJ1<ible sug¡.{cstiuns 01' the evil spirit, whm,:8 ÍnsidiollS alld
ullUlillg tewrtaÜvl1::i are, not lInfrPiluelltly, diredcd tow,H,ls tho
, ,'> 1~9
130
most ard@nt and honest citizens, whose zeal in the defence of the
supposed interests of a part of the U nion Inight induce them even
to go so far as to calculate the value of tho U nion itself, and of th8
Constitution. By exhibiting the impotency of the measures adopted
by the Old Confederation to provide for the wants and to secure
the independence and safety of the people, the perusal of these
proceedings will induce a due appreciation of the value of our
inestimable Union, so firmly bound together by the conservative
and protective principIes of our noble Constitution, and will banish
from the mind the least idea of a disorganizing tendeney, or of
relapsing into the enfeebled condition of the General Government
befare the adoption of the Constitution. The dangor of extracting
from the edifice one particle of the material whieh serves to sup-
port its magnificent superstructure, is here practically made mani-
fest, and every true-hearted American citizen will firmly resol ve,
with heart and hand, and sleepless vigilance, to guard tIte U Ilion,
fortified by the Constitution, as the citadel of our liberties-the
object of our greatest care, and tlle eonsummation of our earthly
hopeo
OFFICIAL PROCEEDINGS, AND 'fIlE CAUSES WHICII
LED TO THE ADOPTION AND RATIFICATION OF THE
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES.
It was early discovercd by the p:.ttriots amI statesmen of the RevoJu-
tion, that a bond of union, to connect the powers allllrncalls of the colo-
nies for the common ddence, was a measure of aLsolute nccessity; and
hence the assemblage of a nuruber of delegates, chosen ana appointed
by the several colonies and provinccs in N orth America, to mect and
hold a Congress in Philadelphia, at the Carpenter' s Hall, 011 I\!ond:.ty,
fue 5th September, 1774. This Congress continued to act under tha
powers separately couferred upan the delegates by the respective colo-
nies, until the time arrived whcn, from their patriotic ardor, the delicacy
of their position, and the force of circumstances, a total separation from
t11e mother country became necessary, and they \Vere obliged to assu!ne
a noble stand among the nations of the earlh. Simultaneously with and
consequent upon the Declaration of Independcnce, a provision for un
131
adequate national government became so manifestly indispensable, that,
on the 11 th J une, 1776, it "vas ref'olvcd that a comrnittee be appointed
to prepare and digest the form of a confedcration to be entered into be-
tween the colonies. After due deliueration, the Articles of Confedera-
tion were agreed to, in Congress, 011 15th Novernber, 1777, subject to
the ratificatiol1 of the several States. The ratification by eight States
>ras annoul1ced 011 the 9th J uIy, 1778; but many objections were urged
to these articles, and so reluctantly did sorne of the States part with a
portion of their powers, that it was not until the 1st March, 1781, that
tllese articles were fully ratificd; and no sooner were they ratified than
(indeed before their final ratification) it was found that the powers con-
ft'rred by them upon Congress were totally inadequate to the indispen-
8'11)1e rurposes of a nafional government. The defects first became ap-
parent in the \Vant of the necessary means of raising a revenue, and
ne}~t in the nbscnce of power to regulate or control the foreign trade and
commeree of the country; and on the 3d February, 1781, a member
ffOm N ew Jersey movAd a recornmendntion to the States that Congress
be vested \Vith additional powers to provide means for paying the public
debt, and proseenting the existing war, by laying duties on imports and
prize goods. Olle of the States having rofused to eomply with this re-
commendation, the subjcct was rrfcrred to a committee, by whom the
iüllowing report was mmle :
1. IN THE CONGRESS OF TIrE CONFEDERATION.
MOXDAY, DEcE~,mER 16, 1782.
Tte committee, eonsisting of 1\1r. Hamilton, Mr. Madison, and Mr.
Fitzi"immons, to whom was refcrred the letter of 30th N ovember, from
the honorable 'Villiam TIradfaro, speaker of the lower house of Assem-
bly of the State of Rhode Island, eontaining, under three heads, the
reaSOllS of that State for rcfusing their eompliance with the recommenda-
tion of Congress for a duty on imports and prize goods; report,
That they flatter themselves the State, on a reeonsideration oi the
objeetions they have offercd, with a cundid attention to the arguments
whieh st:md in opposit ion to them, \Vill be indnced to retraet their dis-
sent, convineed that the mensure is supporled on the most solid grounds
01' equal justice, poliey, and general ut'Ílity. The following observa-
tions, eontrasted with eaeh head of the objections, successively, wil!
fllrnish a satisfactory answer to the w hole.
First ohjection. "That the proposed duty would be unequal in Ha
operatíon, bearing hardest upon the mast commcrciul States, ana so
13:2
would press peculmr!y hanl UpOI1 that State which draws its chief sup-
port from commerce."
'I'he 1110st common experícnce, joir!cd 10 llw concurrent opinions of
the aulest commereüll :md polítical ol,~cr'icrs, llave es¡¡,]!li,.;Jv'u l!'-'yon(j
controversy this gCll,-'ral princil'lc, ":llflt every d:lly 011 Ü!1]1orts is incO!"-
porated with tLe price oI' the comll:í,dity, alJ(l \\lti!l1<tlt1r p::id ¡,y ¡Le
consumer, with a profit 011 the duty itself, as a compem;ation to ¡he ¡m:r-
('hant for the advance of his moncy."
The merchant considers the duty demandec1 by the State on the im-
ported article, in the sarne light ""ith freíght, or any similar charge, anu,
auding it fo the original cost, calculates his profit on the ¡lggregate sumo
It may happen that at porticubr conjllllctllres, "'ihere the markets are
overstocked, and there is a competition among the sellcrs, this may not
be practicable; but in the general course of trade (he demand fur con-
sumption. preponderates, and the merchant can with ea8e indemnify him-
self, and even obtain a profit on the advance. As a consumer, he pays
his share of the duty; but it is no further a burden upon him. TIJe COll-
sequence of the principIe laid down is, that every class of the commu-
nity bears its share of the duty in proportion to its consumption, which
last is regulated by the eomparative wealLh of the respective classes, in
conjunction with t!leir Iwbits oI' expense or Ji-ugality. 'rile rieh and
Iuxlll'ious par in proportion to their riches and 11lxlll'y; the pOOl' a:ld par-
simonious, in proportion to their poverty alld parsimony. A chief excd.
lem:e of this mode of revenue is, that it preserves a just measure to ¡he
abilities of individuals, promotes frugality, and taxes extravagance. Tlle
same reasoning in our situation applies ¡o the intercourse between t \\0
States; if one imports and ¡he other does not, the latter mUSí be f'Up-
piied by the funuer. 'rhe duty, beillg tral1sferred to the price of ¡he
commodity, is no more a charge on the importing !::)¡ate fór what is con-
sumed in the other, than it is a charge on ¡he merchant for what is con-
sumed by the farmer 01' artificer. Either State wil! only feel the bunlen
in a ratio to its consumption, alld this will be in a ratio to its population
and wealth. '\Vhat happens bet ween the difTerent ebsses oi" the same
community, internally, happens bet\Veen the t\Yo Statcs; and as the
merchant, in the first case, so far ffom losing the dllty himself, has a
profit oa the money he advances for that purpose, so the importiJ1g
State, "1h;eh, in tbe secoml qse, is ¡he ]Jl('rcllLlnt Wilh reqwc:t to tll.~
other, is not ociy reiI1l1;llr~ed by the non-impvrting State, but has a likt,
bcnefit on the tluty nuvanced. lt is, lherefore, the reverse of a just po-
sition, that the duty proposed \Vil! bear hardest on lhe !l1ost cornmercial
Staies: it wiIl, if any ,hing, have Q. ccntrary cf1i;ct, though 1I0t in a suf·
133
ficient degree to justify an objection on (he part of the non-importing
States j for it is as reasonable they should allow an advance on the duty
paid as on the first cost, freight, or any incidental charge. They have
also other advantages in the measure fully equivalent to this disadvan-
tage. Over-nice and minute calculations in matters of this nature are
inconsistent with national measures, and, in the imperfect state of hu·
man afrairs, would stagnate al! the operations of government. Absolute
cquality is not to be obtaineu: to aim at it, is pursuing a shadow at the
expense of the substance, and, in the event, we should find ourselves
v;ider of the mark than if, ,in the first instance, we were content to ap-
proach it with moderation.
Sccond objection. "That the recommendation proposes to introduce
into that and the othcr States oíliceFS unknown and unaccountable to
th2m, and so is against the const itution of the State."
It is not to be presumed that the constitution of any State conld mean
to define und fix lhe precise nUJ;lllbers and descriptions of aU officers to
be permitted in the State, excluding the creation of uny new ones, what·
ever might be the ncccssity derived from thut variety of circumstances
i'lcident to al! political institutions. 1'he legislature must ulways have
u discretionary power of appoiltting officers not expressly known to the
cODstitu¡ion, and this powcr wiII illelude that of authorizing lhe federal
¡::oi'ernment fo make IlIC appointments, in cases where the general wel.
fúre mal' require i1. Tlte dcnial of this would prave too much j to wit,
tllflt the power given by the COJlfederation to Congress to appoint al!
officers in the post-office was illegal and unconstitutionul.
The do<:trine advanced by Rhode Island would perhaps prove, also,
that the Federal Government ought to have the appointment of no inter-
nal officcrs whalever-a posilion ¡hat would defeat aU the provisions of
the Confedcration, und all the purposes of the Union. The truth is,
thut no federal eOllstilntion can exist WithOllt powers that in their exer-
cise aITect the internal poli ce of the component members. Jt is equally
tme, that 110 goverllTlIent can exist withont a right to appoint officers for
¡hose purpOf'es which proceecl from und concentre in itselfj and there-
f; )re tbe Conft'derat ion has exprc""ly dcclared that Congress shaU have
ullthority to appoil1t all such "civil oflicers as may be necessary for
rmmaging the general uf}'airs of the UJlited Statea under their diree.
ti<ín." AU that can be required í", that the Federal Government
r'~;]lfine its appointments to such as it is empowered to make by the
original act of union, or by the subsequcnt consent of the partíes; un·
leos there should be express w!)rds of exclnsinn in the constitntion of él
13-1
State, thero can be no renson to doubt thnt it is within the compass 01
legislative diseretil)!l to communicnte that n1l1hority.
The pro¡;riety of doing it upon ¡he present occa"ion is foundeJ 011 sub·
stantial reasons.
The measure propoEcd is a measnre of nece1';;ily. TIcpcatcd expcri-
ments have shown that the revemICs to be raiscd within thef'e Sta tes is
altogcther inadequatc to the pubJic wants. Thc ddieieney can onIr be
8upplied by loans. Our applications to the foreign powers on whose
friendship we depend have had a suecess far short of our necessitios.
The next resouree is, to borrow [rom individuals. These wil! neitllor be
actuated by gencrosit y nor rcasons of state. 'Tis to their interest alone
we must appen!. 1'0 conciliate t!Ji", we must llot only stipulato a
proper compensation for ",hat tlley lcml, but we I1m!'r givc sccurity for
the performance. ,y e must pledge an a:"certaiued f\lIlJ, simple anJ pro-
ductive in its nature, general in its principIe, amI ,tt the disposal of o.
single will. There can be little confidenee in a f;ccnrity under the con-
stant revisal of thirteen Jiíferent deliberutives. It must, once for all, be
defined and established on the faith of the Stutes, soJemnly plcdgcd to
eaeh other, and not revocable by any withont a breadl of the gener:!l
compacto
'Tis by such expedients that nations 'who~e rrSOllrcrs are llndrrstood,
whose reputations and govermnellts are erectrd on die J(Jllllt];¡tion oi"
ages, are enubled to obtain a solid anJ exl cllsi"e cred it. "\Vuuld it hu
reasonable in us to hope for more ea"y terms, wlJO have so recent ly
assnmed our rank among the nations? ls it not to be expe(:tell that iJ~
dividuals wíll be cautious in lending their mOlle)' to R pcople in onr c;r.
cumstancos, and that thoy will at least require the best seeurity we can
give?
'Ve have un enemy vigilant, intriguing, \Vel! ucr¡uainted wilh our de-
fects and emburrassments. 'Ve ~11ay expect that he will make cvery
effort to instil difIiJences ¡nto individual:,; j aml, in lhe rresent poslurc
of our internal affairs, he will have too plauf'ible ground on which to
tread. Our necessities have obliged us to ell1bracc mea!'llres \yith re·
spect to our public credit ca1culated to inspire distrust. The prrpo,"sr",·
8ions 011 this artiele must naturally be ngailist us, and it j,:; tbcl'eJóre Íi1-
dispensable we should endeavor to remove thcm, by such mcans a" ,\,;'1
be the mast obvious and striking.
lt was with those vicws Cangre~s determined on a general fllnd; r,nd
the one they have recommended must, upon a thorough examinatioIl,
&ppear to have fewer inconveniences than any other.
1t has been remarked, as an essentiul part of the plan, that the fund
135
1'hOl1 Id depend on a single ""il!. This \Vil! not be the case unless the
collection, as well as the appropriation, is under the control 01' the U nited
Siate:::; for it is evident tlmt, aner the duty is agreed upon, it may, in a
great mensure, he defcatcd by an inefl'ectual mode oI' levyilJg it. Tlle
U nited States have a eommon inlerest in an uniform and equally ener-
gel ic ealleet ion; and not only palicy, but j ustice to ai! the parts of the
Luioo, designates tbe utility of lodging the power of making it where
the interest is common. Without this it might in reality operate as a
very unequal laxo
Third objection. "That by granting to Congress a power to collect
moneys from the commerce 01' thl'!"e States, inddillitely as to time amI
qnantity, and for the expendi! ure of which they would lJot be aecount-
alJle to the i:ltates, they would ueeome indeJlendent oi' their eonstituents,
alld so the proposed impost is repugnant to the liberty of the U lJited
States.' ,
Admitting the principIe of this objection to be true, still it ought to
have no weight in the present case, because there is no analogy between
the principIe and the facr.
First. The fund proposed is sufficiently definite as to time, because it
is only co-extensive with the existence of the debt cOlltracted and to be
contracted in the cour~e of the war. Congress are persuaded that it is
as remote fi-om 1he illtemion of their constitucnts to perpetnate lhat
d"bt, as to extinguish it at oncc by a faithless Ileglect of providing the
ll1eans to fulfil the public engagements. Their ability to discharge it in
a moderate time can as little be doubted as their inclination; and the
lI10rnent that debt ceases, the duty, so far as rcspects the present pro-
vision, ceases with it.
The resolution recommen(lillg the duty spccifies the object of it to he
the dis('harge of the principal and illtere,,! of the dchts already cOlltracted,
or which may be contracted, on the faith of the United Slates for sup-
porting the present war.
Secolldly. 'rIJe rate per cent. is fi:;ed, and it is not at the optíon of the
l'nited States 10 increase it. Thongh the product \Vil! vary according
lO ¡he variations in tradc, yet, as there is this limitation of the rale, il
C:11l110t be properIy said to be indefillite as to quantJty.
By the Confrdcration, Congress have an absolute discretion in deter-
rnirling (he qUilntum 0(' revenl1e requisite for the national expenditure.
Wlten this is done, nothing rcmains for the States, separately, but thc
mode of raising. N o State can dispute lhe obligation to pay (he sum
dl'lilUnderl, without a hreach oi" the Confeueration; and when the ll1uney
cumes into the tn:a::;ury, the appropriation is the exclusive province of
136
the Federal Governmcnt. This provision of the Confederation (without
which it would be an empty form) comprehends in it the principie, in its
fullest latitude, which the objection under cOllsideration treats as repug-
nant to the liberty of the United States-to wit, an indefinite power of
prescribing the quantity of money to Le raised, and of appropriating it
when raised.
If it be said that the States, individllally, having the collection in their
o'wn hands, may refuse a eomplianee with exorhitant demands, the Con-
federation wiU answer that tliÍs is a point of whieh they have no consti-
tutionalliberty to judge. Such a reful'al would be an exertion oi' power,
not of right; and the same power which could disregard a requisition
made on the authority oi' the Confederation, might at any time arrest
the eollection of the duty.
The same kind oi' responsibility which exists ,yith respect to the ex-
penditure of tbe mOlley furnished in t he forrm; hitl18rto praetised, would
be equa11y applicable to (he revenue fram the irnpurts.
The truth is, the security intendcd to the generalliberty in the Con-
fecleration consists in tbe frequent election atid in the rotation oI' the
members oI' Congress, by which there is a constant and an effeetual
check upon tbem. 'Ihis is the securit y w hieh ¡!le people in every St ate
enjoy against the usurpatiolls of their interllul goyermnents, and it is the
true source of security in a representatiye republic. The Government,
so cOllstituted, únght to have the mealls lleccf;sary to answer the end of
its institution. By weakening ils hamls t·jO Illueh, it mal' be rendereu
incapable oI' providing far the interior hannony or the exterior defence
of the State. '
The measnre in question, if not wilhin (he letter; is within the spirit,
of the Confe'deration. Congress, by that, are empowl'fed to Lorrow
money for the use of the Uniwu Statcs, amI, by iJllplicatil)n, to concert
the rneans necessary to aceomplish the cnd. Dut, wit]¡out insisting upon
this argument, if the Confederation has not ma<le proper provision for
the exigencies of the States, it wil! be at a11 times the <luty oI' Congress
to suggest further provisions; and, when their propo,;als are suumitted
to the unanimous consent of the Statef', they can never be charged wlth
cxceeding the bounds of theír trust. Such a consent is the Lasis and
sanction oI' the Confederation, which expressly, in the 13th article, em-
powers Congress to agree to and propose such additional provisiol1s.
The remarks hirherto made have had rcference principa11y to the fu-
t ure prosecution of the war. There still remains an interesting light in
which the subject ought to be viewed.
The United Statef' have already contracted a rlebt in F.t1rnpp, and in
137
this country, for which ¡heir faith is plcuged. The capital of this debt
can onIy be discharged by dcgrees; 1mt a fund for this purpose, ana for
Pilying the interest annllally, on eH:ry principIe of policy anJ justice,
ought to Le providcd. The omi~~ion \Vil! be t he deepcst ingratitude a!ld
eruelty to a large numher uf meritorious individuals, who, in the most
I"ril lcal ]lcriods of (he war, have advcnt ured their fortuncs in support of
é'¡li' illdepcndénce. It would stamp (he national character with indelible
tli::;;;grace.
An annual provision for tlle purpose will be too precarjous. If its con-
I il1uanee and application were certain, it would not afiord complete re-
licf. \Vith many, the regular payment of interest, Ly oecllsional grants,
would suffice; but wil h !llally 1110re it would !l0t. Tllese want the use
of Ihe princirml itself, alld Ihey have a right to it; but, sillce it is not in
our power to pay off the principal, the next expedient is to fUlld the debt
and l'cnder the evidences of it Ilegotiable.
Desilies the advanlage to individuals from this arrangcment, the active
stock of tlle nation would be increased by the whole amount of the do-
mestic debt, and of course the abilities of lile community to contribute
tu Ihe public wants ; the national credit would revive alld stand hereafter
on a secare basis.
This was anothcr objcct of the propnsed duty.
If it be conceded Ihat a similar {imd is ncccssary, it can hardly he dis-
ruteu that the one recommended is the most eligible. It has been
aIready shown that it a11i~cls al! parts of the community in proportion to
thcir consumption, and has thcrefore 1he best pretensions to equality. 1t
i" the m08t agrecable tax to the people ¡hat can be imposed, because it
is paid illsensibly, and 8eems to be voluntary.
lt may pcrhaps he imngillcd t hat it is unfavoralJle to commercG; but
the conlrary can ea~iIy ue demollstrated. It has been se en that it does
no! diminish t}¡e prúfit of tbe mcrchant, and, of course, can be no dimi.
Dlltíon of his inducements to trnde. It is too mouernte in its amount to
di::,courage the consumption of imported goods, and cannot on that ae-
eount abridge the extent of imfJortations. If it even had this effect, it
would be an advantage to comll1erce, by lessening the proporlion of OUT
imports to our exports, and inclining the balance in favor of this
eOllntry.
'l'he principal thl1lg to be eonsulted for the nrlvnneement of commeree
i~ to promote cxp0rls. Al! impec!iments to 1hese, eidlCr by way of pro-
Lihition ol' by ilJcrca"in~ the priccs of native commodities, decreasing by
t¡:al i11f'ans I heir sale and eon"umption al foreign markets, are injurious.
Vu:je~ on C'xrorts have this opcr<ltion. Fur the ec:.me reason, taxes vn
138
possessions and the articles of our own growth or manufacture, whether
in the form úf a land tax, excise, or any otl1l'r, are more hurtful to trade
than impost duties. The tende:lcy of all such taxes is to increase tite
prices of thosc al'ticlcs vvhich are the objccts of exportation, and to 01111-
ble others to undersell us abroad. The farmer, ir ho pays a heavy land
tax, nmst endeavor to get more for tho products of his farm: the me-
chanic and laborer, if they find the necessaries of life grow dearer by an
excise, must endeavor to exact higher wages; a!ld these causes will pro-
duce an increase of prices within, and operato against foreign com-
merce.
lt is not,' howevor, to be inforred th11t tho whole revenue ought to be
drawn fÍ'om imports: all extremes are to be rejeeted. Theehief thing
to be a(tonded to is, that the weight of the taxes fal! not too heavily, in
the first instance, npon particu lar parts of the comn11lnity. A judicious
distribution to all kinds of taxabIo prop.erty is a first principIe in taxa-
tion. Th'e tendeney of these observations is onIy to 8how tltat taxes on
possession::,-on articles of our own growlh and manufacture-are more
prejudicial to trade than duties on imports.
The observations, which conclude the letter on which those remarks
are made, natura!!y lead to reflections thrtt deserve the sorious attention
of every member of the Union. Therc is a lwppy mean betweon too
mueh confidellce and exeessive jcalousy, in which the herrIth and pros-
perity of a State consisto Eithcr extreme is a dangorous viee: the first
is a temptation to mcn in power to arrogate more than they have a right
to; the latter enervates government, 'prevents system in the administra-
tion, defeats the most salutary measuuo", breeds confusion in the State,
disgusts and discontents among tho peoplo, and may evelltualIy provo as
fatal to liberty as t Le opposite tempero
It is certainly pernicious to leave an)' governmcnt in a sitllation of re-
sponsibility disproportioned to ils power.
The conduct of the war is intrusted to Congress, and the public ex-
pectation turned- upon them, witbout any competent mean s at their corn-
mand to satisfy the important tru~:. After the most fuU and solemn
deliberation, under a colIective view of a11 the public difficlllties, they
recommend a measure which appears to them the corner-stone of the
puhlic safety: they see this measure suspended for near two years; par-
tia!!y complicd with by somo of the States; rejectod by one of them,
and in danger on that account to bo frustrateu; tho public embarrass-
ments every day increasing; the dissatisfaction of the army growing
more serious; the other creditors of (he public clamoring for justice ;
both irritated by the delay of measures far their present relief or future
139
security; the hopes of our enemies encouraged to protract the war; the
zeal of our friends depressed by an appearance of remissness and want
of exertion on our part; Congress harassed; the national character suf-
fering, and the national safety at the mercy of events.
This state of things cannot lmt b€ extremely painful to Congress, and
appear to your committee to make it their duty to be urgent to obviate
the evils with which it is pregnant.
Resolved, That Congress agree to the said reporto
2. INTHE CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION.
FRmA Y, ArRIL 18, 1783.
Resolutions were passed recommending to the several States to invest
the Congress with certain specified powcrs for raising revenue to restore
and maintain the public credit, &c. These resolutions were transmitted
to the several States, with an address, prepared by a committee consist-
ing of Mr. Madison, lVIr. Ellsworth, and 1\1r. Hamilton, and adopted by
Congress on the 26th April, 1783. The resolutions, as weH as the ad.
dress, consist, for the most part, of propositions and recommendatiolls
cOllcerning the fiscal measures necessary to be adopted; from the latter,
hO'Never, it is considcrcd proper to malee the following extracts:
" The plan thus communicated and explained by Congress must now
receive its Ülte from thcir constituents. All the objects comprised in it are
conceived to be of great importance to tho happiness of this confoderated
republic, are necessary to render the fruits of the Revolution a full re-
ward for the blood, the toils, the cares, and the cabmities which have
purchased it. But the object of which the necessity wíll be peculiarly
feIt, and whích it ís peculiarly the duty of Congress to inculcate, is the
provision recommended for the national debt. Although this dCbt is
greater than coulu have been wíshed, it is still less on the whole than
could have been expected, and, when referreu to the cause in which it
has been incurred, and compared wilh the buruens which wars of ambi-
tion and of vain-glory have entailed on other nations, ought to be borne,
not only with cheerfulness, but with pride. But the magnitude of the
debt makes no part of the questlon. It is sufficient that the debt has
been fairly contracted, and that justice and good faith demand that it
!'llOuld be fully discharged. Congress had no option but between dif-
ferent modes of discharging it. The same option is the only one that
can exist with the States. The mode which has, after long anu elabo-
rate discussion, been preferred, is, we are persuaded, the least objection-
able of any thut would have been equal to the purpose. Undcr this per-
140
suasion, we cali uron the jnstice and plighted Cút]¡ of the several States,
to give it its proper effect, to reflect on the eOll~cqucn('cs of rejecting it,
and to remember that Congress will not be Ullswerable for thom.
" Let it be remembered, finally, that it has cver been the prido and
boast of America that the rights for whieh sho contended were the right,;
of human nature. By the blcssings oi" the Anthor of these rights on
the means exerted for their defence, they have prevailed against al! op-
position, and form the basis oí' lhirteen independent States. N o instance
has heretofore occurred, nor can any instance be expected hercafter to
occur, in y\·hich the unadnlternted forms of republican goyemment can
preter:d to so fair an opportllnity of justifying tllOlllSclvcs by thcir fruits.
In this yiew, the cÍtizens uf the cnilcd Statcs are respollsible for the
greatest trust ever confided to a polítical socicty. H jl1stieo, good faith,
honor, gratitude. and all the otller qualit ies whieh ennoble Ihe chnraeter
of a nation, and fulftl the ends of government, be the ÍÍ"uits of onr osla-
blishmcnt"s, the cause of libert,y will acqnire a dignity and lustro which lt
has never yet enjoyed, and an example will be set which cannot llljf
have the Illost favorable'inflnellce on the rights of manlund. lf, 011 lht:
other side, onr gOYl'rnmcnts shlJuld be unf'ortunare[y lJlofteu vn:J¡ lhe le
verse of tbese cardinal and c:c"c!1tlal vlrt~les. tJH~ é':reat cnll,'e WllldJ Wt
have e!l::::;l~;('d to Yl!idicr:le will be di,3JlO:¡o!"ed nnJ lHrr,lyerL ILc In,,: IlIID
birest l'XpCrilllcllt in I';'\,or of ¡he rights 01' hUlll:lil na) ure v,'ill l,,! lllrfJed
against ¡llem, and tiJeir patwlls amI fi·iends exp'Jf;cd lO [le ill~'ulted and
siIenced by the Yot'lr:cc; uf tyranny amI usurpation.
"By order of the United States in Congress ai:isembled."
3. IN THE CONGRESS OF 'fIlE CONFEDERA'l'ION.
\VEDNE:>DAY, APRIL 30, 1784
Congrcss assembkd. Prc~cnt: N ow Hampshlre. j~la~sn('hu"erts
Rhode Island, C0l111ccticut, Kc',v York, Kew Jersey. PeIlIlsylval11a,
Maryland, Virginia, N orth C,lrolina, and SOLlll! Caroll1la.
Congrcss took into eOllsidpration the report of u cOl!1mittee, consisting
()f MI'. Gorry, l\Ir. Roed, 1\1r. \Villiarmon, l\Ir. Chase, alld .Mr. Jeflcr-
80n, to whom Viere referred f'll'lJry lctters and ]lQpers rclativc to com-
mercial matters; and the same, being alllendcd, was agrocd to as
folhws:
" The trust rep0ó'cd in Congrc8s rcnrlers it their eluty to oe attentive to
the conduet of forcign nations, antl to prevent or r('~¡nin, as litr as may
be, aU such procecdillgs as mi,;"!tt pruve ilJjllriol1s fo f!Je [Tnitrd States.
'fhe situation of comlllercc al l!Ji:; timL cLliIm: t]¡e ,llícuioll 01' tite 6cve.
141
ral States; and few ohjects of greater importance can present 1hcm.
selves to their notice. Thc fortune of cvcry citizen is interested in the
success thercor, for it is the constant source of wealth and incentive to
industry; and the value of our produce and our land must ever rise or
fal! in proportion to the prosperous or adverse state of trade.
"Already has Grcat Britain adopted regulations destructive of our como
merce with her West India Islands. There was reason to expect that
measures so unequal and so littlc calculated to promote mercantile inter·
course, would not be persevered in by an enlightened nation. But these
mcasurcs are growing into system. It would be the duty of COllgress,
as it is their wi~h, to mcet tbe attempts of Great Britain with similar
rcstrictions on her conunerce: but thcir powers on this head are not ex-
plicit, llnd the pl'opositions maue by the lcgislatures of the several States
render it neeessary to takc the general sense of the U nion on tllis
subject.
"Unless the United States in Congress assembled sha11 be vested with
powers competent to the protection of commerce, they can never com-
mand reciprocal advantages in trade; and, without these, our foreigll
commerce must decline, and eventually be annihilated. Hence it is neo
ccssary that the States shoulJ be explieit, and fix on sorne effcetual
mode by whieh forcign commcrce not fouJl(led on principIes of equaliu.
may be restraincd.
"That the UnÍted States .. may be enabled to secure snch termEi. ¡he"
have
"Resolved, That it be, and it hereby is, recommended to the ieglsla
tures of the several States to ve sI, the Omted States in Congress a:33Cm
b!ed, for the tenn of fifteen years, with power to prohlbtt any goods
wares, 01' merchandise, Ü'om being imported into or exported Úom ally
of the States, in vessels bclonging to or navigated by 1he subjecLs al" any
power with whom these States 811a11 not have formed treaties of com
merce.
"RE8oh'ed, That it be, and it hereby is, recommended Oto the legIsla
tures of ¡he severa! 8tates to vest the United States m Congress a:;sem
b led, for the term uf fifteen years, with the power of prohibJtmg ¡he sub
jects of any foreign state, klllgdom, or empire, nnless authorized by
treaty, fram imporLillg Ínto the Unitcd States any goods, wares, or mer
chandise, which are no1; the produce 01' manufacture of the dominions 01
rIJe sovcreign whose subjects thcy are.
"Pravidcd, Tllat to al! aets uf the United States in Congress assem
oled, in pursuance uf 1he above powers, the assent of nille States shal:
¡'0 llecessary."
16
142
4. IN THE CONGRESS OF 1'IIE CONFEDERATION.
\VEDNESDAY, JL'"LY 13, 1785.
Congress took mto consideration the report of a committee, con~isting
of Mr. Monroe, Mr. Spaight, Mr. I-Ioustoun, Mr. J ohnsoll, and .:\1r.
King, on a motion of Mr . .Monroe, for vesting the United States in Cnn-
gress assembled with the power of regubting trade i and, the same
being read,
Ordered, That it be referred to a coml11ittee of ¡he whole.
Congress was then resolved inlo a c0111mittee of the whole.
1\1r. Holten was ekcted to the chair.
1'he P.esident resul11ed the chair; alld .'\Ir. Holten reportcd (hat the
eommittee of the w hole have had under cOll"ioeraf iOi! t hc 8ul¡ject re-
ferred to thel11, but, not having C0111e to a conelusiolJ, desire lcave to sÍt
again tO·l110rrow. •
Resolvéd, That leave be granted.
[The following is the report rpferred too 1t was aftcrwards farther ronsi(lcre(l ;
but COllgress did not come to any final determination with reSpl'et to lh,; eon81i-
tutional altcration which it proposcd. It was declllcd llIOst advisable, <Jt lile
time. that any propositioll for per(cctillg the aet of confedcration shouJd orig:llate
witl. the Sta te legislatures.]
The eommittee, consisting of .Mr. l\Ionroe, Mr. 8paigllt, ]\Ir. IIous-
toun, ::\1r. J ohnson, and Jlr. King, to w 110m was re[erreu t}¡e lllolÍon of
lVIr. Monroc, submit the following report : .,
That the first paragraph of the ninth of the Articlcs of Confederation
be altered, so as to rcad thus, viz:
" The United Statcs in COllgress assemblcd sh[l1l have the f'ole and
exclusive right and power of determining on peace alld war, cx('cpt in
the cases mcntioned in the sixth article-of sel](ling alld reccivillg cm-
bassadors-entering into treatics and alliances-of rcgulating 1 he tJ'ade
of the States, as well with foreign nations as with eac.:h olhcr, alJd of
laying such impost and duties upon imports and expor!s as may be ne-
cessary for the purpose j provided, that the citizcns of (he States 8]¡all
in no case be subjected to pay higher impos!s and dutics than those in¡-
posed on the subjects of forcign powcrs; provided, also, that the l0;;is-
lative powcr of the several States shall noí be rcstraincd frorn prohibit-
ing the importation or exportation of any speeics oi' gouos or comlllodi.
tl(;S whatsoever; provided, also, that a11 such duties as may be illlpo;,;t:d
shall be co¡]ccted under (he authority, and aCCrHe to the use, of ¡he
State in which thc smne sball be payable j anrl provided, la;,;tly, thal
everyact uf Cúngress for the above purpuse sl:all havc tlIe a::;sunt ut
143
nine States in Congress as·sembled-of establishing ruJes for deciding in
aH cases what captures on land or water sha11 be legal, and in what
manner prizcs taken by land or naval forces in the service of the United
States sha11 be dividcd or appropriated-of granting Jetters of marque
and reprisal in time of pcace-appointing courts for the trial of piracies
and felonics committed on the high seas, and estabhshing courts for re-
cciving and determining finally appeals in a11 cases of captures; providea
that no mcmber of Cougress shall be appointed judge of any of the said
courts.' ,
That the folIowing Jetter be addressed to the Jegislature of the several
States, showing the principies on which the aboye alteratíon is pro-
posed:
1'he United 8tates having formed treaties of commerce with the most
Christian king the King of Sweden, and the atates-general ofthe United
N ctherlands ; and having appointed ministers with full authority to emer
into treaties with other powers, upon such principIes of reciprocity as
may promote their peace, harmony, and respective interests,-it be.
comes necessary that such internal arrangements should be made as may
strictly camport with the faith of those treaties, and insure success to
their future ncgotiations. But, in the pursuit of the means necessary
for the attainment of these ends, considerable difficulties arise. If tne
lcgislature of each 8tatc adopts its own measures, many and very emi-
nent disadvantages must, in thcir opinion, necessarily result therefrom.
Thcy apprchcnd it wiU be difficult for thirteen difrerent legislatures, act-
ing separately and distinctly, to agree in the same interpretation of a
treaty, to take the same measurcs for carrying it into efrect, and to con-
duct their several opcrations upon su eh principIes as to satisfy those
powcrs, and at the same time preserve the harmony and interests of the
Union, or to concur in those measures which may be necessary to coun-
teract the policy.of those powers with whom they sha11 not be able to
form commcrcial trcaties, and who avoid it merely from an opinion of
thcir imbecility and indecision. And if the several States levy difrerent
duties upon thcir particular produce exported to the ports of those
powers, or upon the produce and manufactures of those powers imported
inta each 8tate, eil her in ves seIs navigated by and belonging to the citi.
7.ens of these States or the subjects of those powers, it wilI, they appre-
hend, induce on their part similar discriminations in the duties upon the
commercial intercourse with each 8tate, and thereby defeat the abject
of those treaties, and promote the designs of those who wish to profit
from their embarrassment. Unlcss the United 8tates in Congress as-
sembled are authorized to make those arrangements which become ne·
144
cessary under their troaties, and aro cnableJro carry thom into efreet,
they cannot complain of a violation of thrm on the part of other PO\V01'8.
And unless they aet in COllcert in tlw sys t0m of pulicy w hit:h nHly Le
necessary to frustrate the dcsigns 01' t1wt'c powors w 110 lay illj uriolls re-
straints on their trade, they must necessarily become tlw victims of
theír own indiscrotion.
The common principIe upon which a friendly commorcial intercourse is
conducted between independent nations, is that of reciprocal advantages ;
and if this is not obtained, it becomes the duty of the losillg par!y to
make such farther regulations, consistently with the faith of treaties, as
will remedy the evil, and se cure its interests. If, then, the commercial
regulations of any foreign power contravene the intorcsts of any partic~
lar State.-if they refuse admittance to its produce into its ports upon the
same terms that the State admits its manuülctures here,-what course
will it talte to remedy the evil? If it makes similar rcgulations to coun-
ternct those of that power, by reciprocating the disadvantages which it
feels, by impost or otherwise, will it produce the desired effect? What
operation will it have upon the neighboring States? vVill they entor
Ínto similar regulations, and make it a common cause 1 On the con-
trary, will they not, in pursuit of the same 10031 policy, avail themselves
of this circumstance to turn it to thoir particular advantage? Thus,
then, we behold the several States taking separate measures in pursuit
of their particular interests in opposition to fhe rcgulations of foreign
powers, and separately aiding thosc' powers to defeat the regulatiolls of
each other; for, unless the States act together, thore is no plan of policy
into which they can separately enter, whicl! they will nnt ue separately
interested to defeat, and of course all their measures must prove vaill
amI abortive.
The policy of each nation, in its commercial intercourse with other
powers, is to obtain, if possiblc, the principal shate 01' the carriage of
the materials of either party; and this can only be effected by laying
higher duties upon imports and exports in foreign vessels, navignted by
the subjects of foreign powers, than in those which belong to and are
navigatcd by those of its own dominions. This principIe prcvails, in a
greater or less degree, in the regulations of the oldest and wisest com-
mercial natiolls, with respect to each other, and will, of course, be ex-
tended to these States. Unless, therefore, they possess a reciprocal
power, its operation must produce the most mischievous eflccts. Unable
to counteract the restrictions of those powcrs by similar restrictions
here, or to support the interests of theír citizens by discriminations in
their favor, their system wiU prevail. Posscssing no advantages in the
145
ports of his own country, and suhjected to much higher duties and re·
strictions in those of other powers, it will necessarily become the interest
of the American merchant to ship his produce in foreign bottoms: of
coU!'se their prospects of national conseq uenee must decline, their mer-
e]¡ants beeome only the agents and retailers of those foreign powers,
thcir extensive forests be hevm down alld laid waste to add to their
3trength and national resources, and the American flag be rarely seen
upon the face of the seas.
But if they act as a nation, the prospeet is more favorable to them.
1'he particular interests of every State will then be brought forward,
and receive a federal sllpport. Happily tor them, no measures can be
taken to promole the interests of eilher which will not equally promote
¡hat of the who!e. If their commerce is laid under injurious restrietions
in f()reign ports, by going hand in hand in eonfidence together, by wise
and er¡uitable regulations, they wi11 the more easily sustain the inconve-
lllence or remedy the evil. If they wi"h to cement the Union by the
strongest ties of interest and affection; if they wish to promote its
strength and grande ur , founded upon that of each individual State,-
cvery consideration of local as well as of federal policy urge them to
adopt the following rccotumendation. *
The situation 01' the cOllll1lercial affairs of the Uníon requires that the
severa! legi~latures should come to the earliest decision on the subject,
which thay now SUlllllÍt to their consideration. They have weighed it
wtth that profound atlentioll 'which is due to so important un object, and
are fully convinccd of its expedience. A further delay must be produc-
tive of inconvenicnce. The interests which wil! vest in every part of
the U nion must soon take root and have their influence. The produce
rai~ed upon the banks of those great rivers and lakes w hieh have their
sources high up in the interior parts of the continent wil! empty itself
into the Atlantic in different directions; and, of course, as the States
rearing to the westward attain malurity, and get admission ¡nto the Con-
fcderation, wil! thcir government become more eomplicated. Whether
this wil! be a source of strength and wealth to the Union, must, there-
fore, in a great dcgree, depend upon the measures which may be now
adopted.
A temporary power would not, in their opinion, enable the U nited
f'tates to establish the interests, nor attuin the saIutary object, which
they propose: the cxpeetation that it will revert to the States. and re-
main with them for the future, wouId lessen its weight with foreign
>lFAlluding to the alteration propose<1. See p. 142.
In"
14G
powers; and, ",hile tho intercstR of cneh Slato nnd of 1he Foderal Gov.
ernment continue to be the samo, the same evils will always require the
same eorreetion, und of eourse the neC'essary powers should al ways be
lodged in the same hands. They have t11erefore thought proper to pro~
pose an effieient and perpetual remedy.
[The suhject was afterwards brought forward in the Honse of Delc'iates oC the
C'ommollwealth of Virginia, by Alr. l\Iadi~ol1, whose proposed resolution alld the
proeeedillgs thereoa follow these proceediag$ in Congrcss.]
5. IN TUE CONGRESS OF TUE CONFEDERATION.
\VEDXESDAY, FEBRUARY 15, 1786.
Congress assembled. Present: N ew IInmpshire, Mnssnehusetts,
Conneetieut, New Jersey, Pennsylv:lnia, Virginia, l\Iaryland, and South
Carolina.
The eommittee, consisting of 1\1r. King, l\Tr. Pinckney, ]VIr. Kean,
Mr. 1\1onroe, and Mr. Pettit, to whom were referred several roports and
doeuments coneerning the system of general revenue, reeommended by
Congress on the 18th of April, 1í'83, report :
"That, in pursuance of the aboye referenee, they have carefulIy ex·
amined the aets of the several States, "relative to the general system of
revenne rceommcnded by Congress on tbe 1S1h of l\pril, 17t-J3, and filld
that the States of Delaware nnd N orth Carolina have passerl rwts in fun
conformity with the several parts thereof; the former of which States
has inserted a proviso in their aet, restraining the operation thereof ulJtil
each of the other States shall have made a l¡ke and equally extensive
grant; that the States of N ew Hampshire, l\Iassachllsetts, Conneeticut,
N ew Jersey, Virginia, and South Cardlina, have each passed aets como
plying with that part of the system w hi(~h reeommends a general im-
post, but have come to no dccision 011 the other part, whieh proposes the
establishment of funds, supplementary to and in aid of the general im-
post; that the Statc of PcnnsylvHnia hns passed an aet complying with
the reeommendation of the general illlpost, and in the same aet has de·
clared that thcir proportion 01' q uota of the supplementary fllnds shalI be
raised and levied 011 the perS011S amI estates of the inhabitnnts of that
Stafe, in such manner as the legislature thereof shall from time to time
direet; with tbis proviso, that if any of the annual proportio11 of the
snpplementary funds shall be otherwise raised and paid to the United
í::ltates, then such annnal leyy or tax shall be discontinued. The com '
mittee conceive that this clanse is rather an ellgagement that Pennsyl-
vania wil! provide adcqnate supplcmentary fl1nds, tllan nn actual esta-
147
biishmcnt thoreof; n!!yertheless, the act contains a proviso rostraining
its operation' until each of the othor State~ shall have passed laws in full
conformity with the whole of the revenue system aforesaid. The com-
mittee further find, that the State of Rhode Island has passed an act on
this subject, but so difTerent from the plan recommended, and so wholly
insufficient, that it cannot be considered as a compliance with any part
of the system submitted fol' theil' adoption j that the State of Maryland
passed an act in 1782, and a supplement thereto in 1784, complying with
the recommendation of Congress of the 3d of February, 1781, which re-
commendation is not compatible with, and was relinquished by, the,re-
solves of Congress of the 18th of April, 1783; but that neither the
State of Maryland, N ew York, nor Georgia, has passed any act in pOlr-
suance of the system of the 18th of A pril, 1783.
" From thi8 statement it appears that seven States-viz: N ew Hamp-
shirc, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Virginia, North Caro-
lina, and South Carolina-have granted the impost in such manner that,
if the other six States had made similar grants, the plan of the general
impost might immediately begin to operate j that two other States--
viz: Pennsylvania and Dclaware-have also granted the impost, but
have connected their grants with provisoes, which will suspend their ope-
ratioll ulltil all the other States shull have pussed laws in full conformity
, ... ith the whoIe of the revenue system aforesaid; that two onIy of these
nine States-viz: Delaware and N orth Carolina-have fuIIy acceded to
that system in al! its parts; and that the four 0lher States-viz: Rhodlil
hJand, N ew York, lYbryIand, and Georgia-have not decided in favor
of uny part of the system of revenue aforesaid, so long since and so re-
peatedly presented by Congress for their adoption.
"The committee have thought it their duty candidly to examine the
principIes of this system, and to discover, if possible, the reasons which
have prevented its adoption. They cannot learn that auy member of the
Confederacy has stated or brought forward any objeetions against it;
and the result of their impartial inquiries into the nature and operation
of the plan, has been a clear and decided opinion that the system itself
is more free from well·founded exceptions, and is better ealculated to
receiye (he approbation of the several States, than any other that the
wisdom of Congress can devise.
" In the course of this inquiry, it most clearly appeared that the re-
quisitions of Congress, for eight years past, have been so irregular in
their operation, so uncertain in theír coIlection, and so evidentIy unpro-
ductive, that a reliance on them in future, as a source from whence moneV8
148
are to be drawn to d¡scharge the engagemenls of the Confederacy, defi.
uite as they are in time alld amount, would be not less dishonorable to
the understandings of those who entertain such confidence, than it wonld
be dangerous to the welfare and peace of the Union. The committee
are therefore seriously impressed with the indispensaLle obligation that
Congress are under of representing to lhe immediate and impartial con-
sideration of the several States the utter impossiLility of mail1taining
nnd preserving the faith of the Federal Government by tempornry requi-
sitions on the States, al1d the consequent necessity of an early and com-
plete accession of al! the States to the revenue system of the 18th of
Apri\, 1783.
"Although, in a business of this magnitude and importan ce fo the re-
spLctIve States, it was natural to expect a due dcgrce of emItion, nnd a
thorough investigation of the system recommended, yet the committee
canllot forbear to remarlt that this plan has Leen under reference for
net..dy three years j that, during that period, numerous changes have
talten place in the delegations of every State, but that this system has
reccived the repeated approLation of each successive Congress, and that
the urgency of the public engagements at this time renders it the un-
qULstionable duty of the several States to adopt, without further delay,
those measures which alone, in the judgment of the committee, can pre
serve the sacred faith of the Confederaey."
"Thus it is evident that the sum of 2,4.'íi, 987 25-90ths dolIars on Iy
was received in the spa~ of more than four years, when the requisitions,
in the most forciLle manner, pressed on the States the payment of much
larger sums, and for purposes of the highest national importance. It
should be he re observed, that the receipts of the last fourteen monlhs of
the aboye pcriod amount only to 432,897 81-90ths doIlars, which is at
the rate of 371,052 dollars per annum-a sum short of what is essentially
necessary for the bare maintenance of the Federal Governmcnt on the
most economical establishment, and in time of profound peace.
" The committee observe, with great concern, that the security of the
navigation and commerce of the citizens of these States from the Bar-
bary powers, the protection of the frontier inhabitants from the savages,
the immediate establishment oI' mili¡ary magazines in differcnt parts of
lhe Union, rendered indispensable by the principIes of public safety, ¡he
maintenance of the Federal Government at home, and the support of the
public servants abroad, each and all, dopond upon the contributions of
lhe States under the annual requisitions of Congrcss. The moneys
essentially necessary for these important objects will so far exceed the
eums formeriy collected from the States by laxes, that no hope can La
•
149
indulged of bcing abIe, from that source, to make any remittances fOl
the discharge of foreigll cngagr:ments.
"Thus circumstanccd, arter the most solcmn deliberation, and under
t11e fullest conviction that the public cmbarrassments are such as aboye
rcpresented, and that they are daily increasing, the committee are of
the opinion that it has become the duty of Congress to declare, most ex-
plicitly, that the crisis has arrived when the people of these U nited States,
by whose will and for whose benefit the Federal Government was insti-
tuted, must decide whether they will support their rank as a nation, by
maintaining the public faith at home and abroad, or whcther, for want
of a timely exertion in establishing a general revenue, and thereby giv-
ing strength to tile Confederacy, they will hazard not only the existence
of the Unían, but of those great and invaluable privilcges for which they
lnve so arduously and so honorably contended."
Resolved, That Congress agree to the said reporto
And, to the end that Congress may remain wholly acquitted from
every imputation of a want of attention to the interest and welfare of
t110se whom they represent,
Resolved, That the requisitions of Congress of the 27th of April,
1784, and the 27th of September, 1785, cannot be considered as the esta-
blishment of a systelll of general revenue, in opposition to that recom-
mendcd to thc several States by the resol ves of Congress of the 18th of
April, 1783.
R( solved, Thatthe resolves of Congress of the 18th of A pril, 1783,
recommcnding a system of general revenue, be again presented to the
con"ideration of the legislatures of the several States which have not
flllly complicd with the same. 1'hat it be earnestly recommended to
the Legislatures of N ew IIampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, N ew
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and South Carolina, which have com-
plied only in part with the said systern, completely to adopt the same,
tllid to the Legislaturcs of che Statcs of Rhode Island, N ew York, Ma-
ryland, and Georgia, whieh have not adopted the said system, either in
whole al' in part, to pass laws, without fllrther delay, in full conformity
with tlJe same. But, as it is highly necessary that every possible f!.id
should, in tbe most expeditious manner, be obtained to the revenue of
the U nited States, it is therefore recommended to the several States,
that, in adopting the said system, they enable the United States in Con-
gress assembled, to carry into effect that part whieh relates to the im-
post, so soon as it shall be acceded to.
Resolved, That, whilst Congress are denied the means of satisfying
those engagements whieh they have constitutionally entered into for t1m
150
common benefit of the Union, they hold it the:!" duty to warn their con-
I3tituents that the most fatal evils will inevitabIy flow from a breaeh
of publie faith, pledged by solemn contraet, aEd a violation of those
principIes of justice which are the only so lid basis of the honor and
prosperity of nations.
6. IN THE CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION.
FRIDAY, MARCH 3, 1786.
The committee, consisting of Mr. Kean, Mr. Gorham, Mr. Pinckney,
1\:1r. Smith, and Mr. Grayson, to whom were reeommitted sundry papers
and doeuments relative to eommerce, and the aets passed by the States
in consequenee of the recommendations of Congrcss of the 30th April,
1784, report-
That, in examiming the laws passed by the States in consequence
of the aetof 30th April, 1784, they find that four States-namely, Mas-
saehusetts, New York, New Jersey, and Virginia-have enaeted laws
eonformable to the reeommendations contained in the aet, but have re-
strained their operation until the other States shall have substantially
eomplied.
That three States-namely, Connecticut, Pennsylvania, and Mary-
land-have passed laws conforming to the same, but have determined
the time from which they are to commence-the first from the time
of passing their aet, in May, 1785; and the two latter from the 30lh
April, 1784.
That N ew Hampshire, by an aet paslled the 23d J une, 1785, has
granted full powers to regulate their trade, by restrictions or duties, for
fifteen years, with a proviso that the law shall be suspended until the
other States have substantially done the same.
That Rhade Island, by aets passed in Februaryand Octoher, 1785,
has granted power for the term of twenty-five years to regulate trade
between the respective States; and of prohibiting, restraining, or regu-
lating, the importation only of all foreign goods in any ships or vessels
01her than those owned by citizens of the Unitcd States, and navigated
by a certain proportion of citizens; and also with a proviso restrictive
of its operation until 1he other States shall have substantially complied.
That N orth Carolina, by an aet passed the 2d J une, 1784, has granted
powers similar to those grantod by Rhode Island, relative to foreign
commeree, but unrestrained in duration, and clogged with a clause that
wllPn aH the States shall have substantially complied therewith, it shall
become an article of confederatlOn and perpetual union.
151
That they cannot find tbat the three other Statcs-namely, Delaware,
South Carolina, and Georgia-have passed any laws in consequence of
the recommendations.
The result is, that four States have fully complied; three others have
also complied, but have determined the time of commencement, so that
there wiII be a dissimilarity in the duration of the power granted; that
three other Statcs have passed laws in pursuance of the recommenda-
tions, but so inconsonant to them, both in letter and spirit, that they
cannot be deemed compliances; and that three other States have passed
no acts whatever.
That, although lhe powers to be vcsted by the recommendations do
not embrace every objeet which may be necessary in a well-formed sys-
tem, yet, as many beneficial etIccts may be expected from them, the
cOIl1mittee think it the duty of Congress again to call the atteution of
the States to this subject, the longer delay of which must be attended
with very great evils. vVhereupon,
Resolved, That the recommendations of the 30th April, 1784, be again
presented to the view of the States of Delaware, South Carolina, and
Georgia, and that they be most earnestly called upon to grant powers
conformable thereto.
Resolved, That tho Slatos of N ew Hampshire, Rhode Island, and
N orth Carolina, be solicited to recolIsider their acls, and to make thl¡m
agreeable to the re90mmondations of the 36th April, 1784.
Resolved, That the timo for which the power under the rocommenda-
tions of tho 30th April, 1784, is to continue, ought to cornmence on the
day that Congress shall begin to exercise it; and that it be recommonded
to the States of Pennsy!vania. Connecticut, and .Mary!alld, to amend
thcir aets accordingly.
7. IN TIlE CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION.
MO:-¡DAY, OeToBEn. 23, 1786.
The committee, consisting of Mr. Pinckney, Mr. Smith, and Mr.
Hcnry, to whom was referred an act of the Legis!ature of the State of
Georgia, passed in eonsequence of the rosolutions of the 30th April,
1781, respecting commerce, and the subject of the said recomrnendation,
having reported-
" That it appears, by tbe said resolutions, the United State.'l iD Con-
grcss as~cmbled recommenued to the legis!atures of tlle severa! States
to \"t:;st t11e111, for the tcrm oi" fiftecn years, with powers to prohibít any
~uud", wares, or merehanuisc, from being imported into, or exported
152
from, any of the States, in vessels belonging to, or navigatvd by, the
subjeets of any power with whom these States shall not have formed
treatics of eommeree; that they al so reeommended to the legislatures
of the said States to vest lhe U nited States in Congress assembled, for
the term of fifteen years, with the power of prohibiting t1:e subjects of
any foreigll state, kingdom, or empire, unless authorized by treaty, from
importing into the United States any goods, "'ares, or merehandise,
whieh are not the produce or manufacture of the dominions of the sove-
reign whose subjeets they are: provided, that to all aets of the U nited
Statos in Congress assembled, in pnrsuanee of the aboye powers, the
assent of nine States shall be necessary. The eormnittee have earefully
examined the aets passed by the several Slates, in pursuance of the
aboye recommendation, and find that the Stale af Dclaware has passeri
an aet in full eompliance with the same; that the aets of the States of
Massaehusetts, Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, and
Georgia, are in conformity to the said recommendation, but restraillocl
in their operatioll ulltil the other States should have granted powcrs
equally extensive; that tho States of Conllectieut, Penllsylvallia, and
Maryland, have passed laws agreeable to the saiel rcsolution, but have
fixed the time at whieh the powers thereby illvested shall begin to ope-
rate, and not left the same to eommenee at the time at whieh Congress
shjlll begill to excreÍse it, which your eommittee conceive to have bcen
the intention of the same; that Soulh Carolina, by an aet passed the
11th ::.\Iareh, 1786, has invested the United States in Congrl'ss assem-
bled with the power of regulating the trade of the U nited States Wil h
the 'Vest Indies, and aU other external or foreign trade of tho saiel
States, for the term of fifteen years from the passing of the said aet ;
that N ew Hampsj¡ire, by their aet of the 23d of J une, 1785, invested
tIle United :)tates in Congress asscmblcd with the filll power of regu-
lating trade for fifteen years, by rcstrietions or du1 íes, with a pro\-i"o
suspending its operation until aU the other States shaU have done the
same; that N orth Carolina, by their aet of the 2d of J une, 1784, has
authorízed their delegates to agree to and ratify an urticle or articles by
whieh Congress shaU be empowered to prohibit the importation of al!
foreign goods, in any other than vessels oWlled by citizens of the Uniled
States, or navigated by sueh a proportion of seamen, citízens of the
United States, as may be agreed to by Congrcss, whieh, whe11 agreea
t o by aU the State8, shall be eonsidered as a part of the Artielos of Con-
federatíon and perpetual Unían. From the above review of the aets
p:lEse:d by the several States in eonsequenee of the said reeommonda-
lían, it ajljlcars 1llilt, though, in order to makc 1he duration of the
153
powers equal, it will be necessary for the States of Connecticut, Penno
sylvania, Maryland, and South Carolina, so far to amend their aets as
to permit the authorities therein granted to commence their operatíon at
the time Congress shall uegill to exercise them; yet sti1l the powers
grallted by them and by lhe States 01 Massachusetts, Rhode Islam],
New York, New Jersey, Delaware, Virginia, and Georgia, are other-
wise in sllch cOlllpliance with the recommendation, that, if lhe Statcs
of N ew Hampshire and N orth Carolina had conformed their uds to the
said resolution, agreeable to the urgent recommendation of Congress of
the 3d of March last, the powers therein requested might inullediately
begin to operate. The committee, however, are 01' opinion that the ncts
of the Statcs of N ew Hampshire and N orth Carolina mallifest so liLeral
a disposition to grant lhe necessary [lowers upoa this suLject, that their
not having cOI1lplied with the recoinrnendatioll oi' .'Iarch last must Le at-
tribllted to olher reasons than a disincliuation in the,m to adopt measures
similar to those of their sister States. The committee, therefore, con-
ceive it unllecessary 10 detail to them the situation of our cornmerce,
languishing under the most ruinous restrictions in foreign porls. or the
benefils which must arise fi·om the due and eqt;al use ol" powcrs campe-
tent 10 its protcetion andO support, by that body which can alone Lene-
ficially, safely, alld etr.3ctually exercise the same." \Vhereupon,
Resolved, Tha¡ it be aguin earnestly rccollll1l¿ndcd to the Legislaturcs
of lhe Stutcs of N ew IIampshire and N orth Carolina, al ¡lleir next ses-
8ion, to recollsider their /lcts, alld pass them in su eh conformity with ¡he
resolutions of lhe 30th April, liSo!, as to enable, on ¡heir part, the
United States in Congress assembled to exercise the powers thcreby
investcd, as soon as possible.
Resolved, That, as the extent and duration of lhe powers 10 be exer-
cised by lhe Uniled Statcs in Congre:3s assemLlcd, undpr Ihe reCOJll-
mendation aboye rnenlioned, ought to be er¡ual, it be recollllllcndcd la
the LegÍf;!atures of Connecticut, Pennsylvania, l\Iaryland, and South
Carolina, so far 10 alIlcnd their acts as la vest ¡he powers therein con-
taincd for the terll1 of fifteen years ¡¡'om the day on which Congress shall
begill to exercise the same.
8. REMARK8 ON PROCEEDINGS \VHICH DL'\1EDL\TELY
LED 1'0 TIlE FORMATION OF TIrE CONSTITUTION UF
THE UNITED STATES.
Thcse extrarts show Ihe final efforts 111'\(]e hy the Con,gress of the Cun-
fcdcration to obtain from the States an increase of power for the purposes
N 17
15·4
apparent in these proceeoings. These exertions of the friends of liberty
and . tbe UlJian havitlg' proved unsuccC'ssful, and having completely dis-
c1oseo the incompetellC'y of the C()nft~deration to provide for the credit
and the wallLs of the country, or to fulfil the duties and obli¡;ations of a
general goWrnll1ellt, manifesteo the necessity for that radical challge in the
system, under whose powerful and bcnign influenee the U niteo Fltates haye
arrived at tlwir present condition of streugth, prosperity, and happiness.
The active mC<Ísllres whieh immediately led to the accompli,;hment of
this mOlllentous objeet, appear to have cornmenceo unoer the leao of the.
Commonwealth 01' Virginia, and through the patriotic zcal ano sagacity
01' her eminent statesmen ; justice, however, to the great State of N ew
y ork, amI to the oistingllisheu ¡noi viouals who, at that uay, gllided her
couIH.:ils, delllands the iJiscrtion of the proceedings, which, it will oe per-
ceived, tnok place more thall three years befure those in Virginia, alHl
puint more elé'arly and dir('ctly lo lhe necessity for aJoptilJ~ the present
form of governmcnt than the resollltiollS of Virginia. 'fhe o~tellsible
object ol' tbe lalter appearing to have been, to vest the Congress of the
Confederation with the power of regulating the general traJe and com-
meree of the country. 'fhe act of Virginia, however, leu to the meeting
of the commissioners of several States at Annapolis, who, being thus as-
semblcJ, availed themsel ves of thé idea adopted by the Sta te of N ew Jersey,
and incorporated in the eOllllnissiollS to her deputies inserted in tbis chap-
ter, "ex kmlillg the pow"r" of their deputies to other objects than those
of eOll1nwrce," J¡('illg "an imprOVl'lllcnt on the origillal plan, ami wiU
ueserve to he i!lc<Jrporated ¡nto that of a [uture conventiün," &c.
'fhese f,¡ets prove, that the credit of prod ueÍllg the vital change in the
governulPnt, whieh gave being to our glorious Constitution, uoes not
belong to any particular State or individual, but resulted frorn lhe wide-
spreaJ eOllvidÍon 01' the \Vise and honest men, anJ tfUe patriots with
whom the c'Juntry was blessed at that critical and eventful perioJ in its
history, \vhÍeh will, no donot, become more apparent Oll the completilm
of the ülih amI sixth series of Colonel Force's uocumentary history 01' the
Revolutiol1.
The proceedings in N ew York, appearing to have been consequent
upon the condition of aflairs as indicated in a prevíous resolntion of COll-
gress, and res pon si ve to it, the ínsertion of that resolutÍon previous to
those procecdings, appears necessary to its proper understanding.
9. IN THE CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION.
WEDNESDAY, MAY 22, 1782.
On the report of a committee, consisting of Mr. Madison, Mr. Root,
}\:Ir. Lowell, 1\!r. Rutledge, and Mr. Clymer, to whom was referred a
lctter of the 17th, fi'om the superintendent of finance, and who were 111-
stmcted to con1'(;r with the said supcrintendent ;
155
Resolved, That Mr. Rutledge and Mr. Clymer be appointed to repair
forthwith to the sev~al States southward of this, and 1\1r. Montgomery
and Mr. Root to the States eastward; and that they be, and hereby are
instructcd to make such represcntations to the several :::ítates, as are best
adapted to their respective circumstances and the present situatian of
public alfairs, and as may induce them to carry lhe requisitions of Con-
gre:"s into etrect with the greatest despatch: that tncy make ¡he like
l'f'presentations to the State oí" Penllsylvania, befol'e l11ey lcave this city,
(Philadelphia:) that previous to their departure, they confcr wi! h the
superintendent of [¡nance, the secretary of ,var, and the secretary for
forcign affilÍrs, who are hereby dirccted to COIlllllunicate to them su eh
information from thcir resjJ€ctive deparlmcnts as may be most conducive
to the end proposed.
10. IN THE HOUSE OF ASSEMDLY OF TIrE ST ATE OF
NEW YORK.
SU~'mAY, JULY 21,1782.
George. Clinton, esq., Govr.rnor.
A copy of certain resoIutions of the honorable the Senatc, delivered
by 1\1r. Paine, were rcad, and committed to a committee of the whole
hOllse, to be taken into considcration with the m€ssagc of th€ honorable
the Senate, of the 19th inst., on the state of the nation.
1'h8 house then resolved itself into a committee of the whole House,
on ¡he said resolutions,and the subject of the said messuge; and after
some time spent thereon, Mr. Speaker resumcd the chair, and Mr. Clark,
fi'om the said committee, reportcd, that the committee had gone through
the said rcsolutions without amendment, which he ,"u::: dirccted to report
to ¡he I-Iousc; and he delivered the said resoIut-ions in al ¡he table, whcre
the sume were agaill read, and in the words follo\ving, to _wit, viz :
Resolved, That it appears to this Legislature, after full and solemn
consideration of the severaI matters communicated by the hon. the com-
mitlee of Congress, reIating to the _present posture of our affairs, fOl'eign
and domestic, and contained in a letter from the secretary for forcign
afTairs respecting the former, as wcll as of the representations from time
to time made hy the Ruperintcndent of the finances of the United Stales,
relative to !lis particular dcpartment-that the situation of these S:ates
1" in a peculiar manner critical. anel afTords the strongest reason to appre-
hend, from a continuance of the present Constitution of the ,-:;on:inental
Govermnent, a suhversion of puhlic credit, and conscr¡uences h;5h1y
dangcrous to lhe safety and il1dcpcndence of these Statcs.
156
Resolved, 1'hat while thís Legislature are convinced by the before-men-
tioned communícatíons, that notwíthstanding the generous íntentÍons of
an ally from whom we haye experíenced, and doubt less sha11 still ex-
periencc, al! possible support, exigencies may arise to prevcnt our rcceiv-
ing pecuniary succours hereafter, in any dcgrec proporliolled to our
necessltles. Th8y are also convinced, ¡rom faets wit hin tbeir OWll kno\\'-
ledge, that the provísions made by the respective States for carrying on
the war, are not only inadequate to the end, but must continue to be so,
whiIe there is an adherence to the principIes which now direct the opera-
tion of pubIic measures.
Resolved, Tllat it is al so the opinion of this Legislature, that the present
plan in"tituted by Congress fi)r the administratíon of their finances, is
founded in wisdom and sound policy. Tl1at the salutary eficets of it
have already been felt in an extensive degree; and tha! after so many
viulent shocks sustaíned by the pubEc credit, a faiIure in tbis system, for
wam of the support which the States are abIe to give, would be produc-
tive of evils too pernicious to be haz arded.
Resolved, That it appcars to this Legislature, that the present Britibh
ministry, \vith a di8position not lcss llOstile than that of their prcdcces-
sors, taught by rxpl'riellce to nvoid thcir errors, and aSRuming th~ appear-
¡¡nce of moderatioJl, are purf'uing a scheme calculated to conciliate in
Europe, and seduce in America. That the eeonornical arrangements
thry appear to oe adopting, are ac10pted to enlarging the crcdit of thrir
governrnent, and multiplying its resources, at the same time tlmt t!ley
sef"e to confinn ¡he prcpossessions andconfidenee of ¡he people; and
that the plan of a defensive war on this continent, whiJe they direet all
their attcn:ion and resources to the angmentation of thcil' navy, is thut
whieh may be productive of consequcnccs ultimately uangerous to the
Unilcd States.
Resolved, That it is the opinion of this Legielature, that the present
syslem of these States exposes tlJe common cause to a precarious isslle ;
und lcaves us at the mercyof events over which we have no influenee:
a conduet extremely unwise in uny nalion, and at aH times, and to a
clwr:ge (JI' ,-yhich wc are impcllcd at this juneture, by reasons of peculiar
'md irrc:;;i~!ible weight; and tha! it is the natural tendency of the weak-
Ill'''" ane! disordcrs in our national measures, to spread diffidence and
.Ji,,'¡-¡¡s' all1ung Ihc people. and prepare their minds to receive the ¡m-
prc""iolls t he l'llemy wish to make.
E, salud, Tltat (he gr;neral state of Enropean affairs, as far as they
have come to the knowlcdge of this Legislature, affords, in their opinion,
Jeasonablc ground of confidcnce, and assures us, thu! with judicious and
157
vigorous cxertion on our part, we may rely 011 the final attainment of onr
oLject; but, far from justifying indífIC'rence and security, calls npon us by
every motiv~ of honor,.good faith, and patriotism, without dclay, to unile
in sorne system more eftectnal, for producing energy, harmony, and con-
sistency of measures, than that which now exists, and more capable of
putting the common cause out of the reach of contingencies.
Resolved, That in the opinion of this Legislature, the radical source of
most of our embarrassments, is the want of sufficiellt power in Congress,
to et1ectuate that ready and perrect ca-operation of the different States, on
which thcir immediate safety and future happiness dependo That ex-
perience has demonstrated the Confcderation to be defective in several
cssential pOillts, partieularly in not vesting the Federal Governmcnt cither
\vit h o power of providing revcnue tor itselt~ or with ascertained and pro-
dnctive funds, secured by a sanction so solemn ond general, as wonld
inspire the fullest eonfidence in them, and make them a substantial basis
of ercdít. That these defects ought to be without los s of time repaired;
the powers of Congress extended, a solid security established for the
payment of debts already incurred, and competent means provided far
future eredit, and for supplying the fnture demands of the war.
Resolved, That it appears evidently to this Lcgislature, that the annual
income oftliese States, admitting ¡he best Jl1eans \Yere adopted for draw-
ill~ ont their resomces, would faH tar short of the annual expendít ure ;
and Ihat thero wouW be a large deficiency to bc supplied on the credit
of these Sta/es, which, if it should be inconvenient far those powers to
ítfr,)rd, on whose friendship we justly rely, must be sought for from indi-
vidllals, to engage whom to ~end, satisfactory securities must be pledged
fur t11e punctual payment of interest, and the final redemption of the
principal.
Rl'sohed, That it appears to this LegisIature, that the aforegoing im-
por:ant ends can never be nttained by partial dcliberations of the Statcs
scparately; but that it is essential to the common welfare, that thero
should be, as soon as possible, a conference of the whole on the subject;
and that it would be advisable for this purpose-, to propose to Congress
to recommend, and to each State to adopt the measure of assembling a
general con ve ni ion of the States, specially authorizcd to revise and amend
the Confederation, reserving a right to the respective legislatures to rati{y
tlH?ir dcterminations.
Resolved unanimously, That this House do concur with the honorable
tho Senate, in t~e said resolutions.
[Introduced and passed in Senate, on Saturday morning, J uIy '20,
17(:12.j
17*
158
STATE OF Nnv YORK, ~
Secretary' 8 Oifiee. 5
1 certify the preceding to be troe copies of certain concurrent resolu-
tions of the Senate and Assembly oi" this State, copicd from the printed
journal of the asscmbly in this office.
AReH'D. CAMPBELL, Drp. See. oJ Slate.
Albany, July 30,1847.
11. IN THE HOUSE 01" DELEGATES OF TIIE STATE OF
VIRGINIA.
\VEDNESDAY, ::lOTIr N OYDIBER, 1785.
Mr. Alexander White reported, llccorJing to arder, ;¡ resolutioll agrecd
to by the committee of the whole house on MonJay last, respecting com-
meree; and he read (he same in his pluce, and afierwards deJivered it in
at the clerk's table, where the same \Vas again read, and is as fol.
10weth:
\Vhereas the relativc situation of the U nited States has been found on
trial to require ulliformity in their commercial rcgnlations, as (he only
effectual palie)' [or obtainillg in the ports of foreign natioJls a stipulation
of privileges reciprocal ro llJOse enjoyeJ by 1he subjects of such nations
in the ports of ¡he U nitca Srates, for prevcnting allimosities whieh can·
no( fail to U!·ise among the scyernl States from tlJe interference of partial
und scparatc regulations; and wbereas such uniformity can be best con·
certcd and carricd into efTect by tbe federal councils, which, having Leen
instituted for the purpose of managing t;;e inlerests of the States in
cases \vhich cannot so wcll be provided for by measures individually
pursucd, ol1ght to be invested with authority in this case, as being \vithin
the rcason and policy of their instlt ut ion:
RfWlvcd, Tllat it is the opinion of tllis committce, tha! the delegates
representing this Commonwealth in Congress be instruded to propOf'e
in Congress u recommendation lo (he States in union lo authorize that
assembly to regulate their trade, on the following principIes, and undcr
the following qllulifications:
li"t. That the United States in Congress assembled be authorized to
prohibit ycsseli" belonging to uny foreign nation from entering any of lhe
por:ó:' thereor, or to impose any duties on such vesscls and theír cargoes
\\!;il'h Illny Le judgcd necessary; aH s11ch prohibitions und duties to be
'J. li;urm íhroughout tLe Unitcd States, and the proceeqs of the latter to
nt canJed into the treasury of the State within which they shall accrue.
2d. That no State be ut libcrty to impose duties O!J any goods, wurcs,
159
or merehandise, importcd by land or by water [rom nny other State, but
may alrogether prohibit the importation f[om any State of any particular
speeies or description of goods, Wares, or merchandise, of which the
importation is at the same time prohibited ffom al! other places what11o-
€ver.
3d. That no aet of Congress that may be authorized, as hereby pro-
posed, sha!l be entered into by less than two-thirds of the confederatcd
States, nor be in force longar than thirteen years.
A motion was made, and, the question being put to amend the reso-
lution, by adding to the end thereof the following \\'ords, to wit: "un-
less continued by a like proportion of votes wilhin one year immediately
precedillg lhe expimtion of the said period, or be revived in like manner
after the expiratian thereof," it passed in the negative: ayes, 28;
noes, 79.
On a mol ion made by Mr. Turberville, and seconded by Mr. Wat.
kins,
Ordercd, That the names of the ayes and noes, on the question to
agree to the said amendment, be inserted in the journal. '
And then the said rcsolution, being aguin re!d, was, on the question
put thereupon, agreed to by IllC lIoltse.
Ordered, Tha! 1\1r. Alcxrltlder \Yhite do carry ¡he resolution to the
Senatc, alld desire []¡eír COllcurrcnce.
THt'RSDAY, 1ST DECt:l1BER, 1785.
On a motian mude to the following effect: that the rcsolntions reported
from a committee of the whole house, und agreed to by the House on
yesterday, containing instructions to the drlegates of this Common-
wealth in COlIgress, re:o:pccting commcrce, does not, from a mistake,
contain the sellse of the majority of this House that voted for the said
resolutian;;; ;
Orderfd, t"enjare, That the direction to send the said resolution to
the Senate for their concurrenee be rescinded, and that this Honse do
immediately resolve i!self into a committee of the whole house, to re.
consider the said resolution.
1t was resolved in the affirmative: ayes, 60 j noes, 33.
The House then accordingly resolved itself into a committee of the
",hole house on the said resolution; and, after some time spent therein,
Mr. Speaker resunll'd lhe e!wir, anu Mr. Matthews reported that the said
committee had, according to order, had the suid resolution nnder their
consideration, and had made several amcndments thercto, which they
160
bd directed him to report when the House should think proper to re.
"eive the same.
Ordered, That the said report do lie on the tuhIe.
['Vith the ~ame nhjeet in view, Ihe GenFrlll A~~emblr of Virginia evenlually
/Ursued a different course lo ll11ain it, as wilJ be seen by the suhjoined resolution.]
~2. IN TliE IIOUSE OF DELEGATES OF THE ST ATE OF
VIRGINIA.
21sT JA~UARY, 1786.
Resolved, Tbat Edmund Randolph, James Mndison, junior, "Valter
Tones, Saint fieorge Tuckcr, l\Jcriwcther Smith, David Rass, \Villinm
Rona!d, and George Mason, esquires, be appoilltcd commii"siollcrs, who,
or any fivp- of whom, shall meet such commisc3ioners !lS may be appointed
uy the ot~erStates in the U nion, at a time and place to be !lgrced on, to
tak/3 into consideration the trade of the U nited States j to examine the
relative situations and trade of the said Slates; to consider how fur an
uniform system in thiir commercial regulations may be necessary to
their common interest and their pcrmancnt harmony; and to report to
the several Stales sucll an aet relative lO this great ohjcct, as, when
unanimousIy ratified by them, wilI enahle the Ullitcu Statcs in Congress
assembIed effcctua!ly to provide far the saHle: that the said commis-
sioners shaIl immediately transmit to the severul Stütes copies of the
preceding resoIution, with a circular letter requesting thelr concurrence
therein, and proposing a time and place for the meeting aforesaid.
Test: JOHN BECKLEY, C. H. D.
1786, January 21st.
Agreed to by the Senate.
II. BROOKE, C. S.
By his excelIoncy, Patrick Henry, esquire, Governor of the Common.
wealth of Virginia, it is hereby ccrtified that J olm Beckley, the
person subscribing the above resolvo, is clerk of the House of
'J .. s.] DeIegatos, and that due faith and credit i5, and ought to be,
paid to al! things done by him by virtue of his oflice. Given
under my hand as Governor, and under the soal of the Com-
monweülth, at Richmond, the 61h day of J uIy, 1786.
P. HENRY.
[Cerlain other oC the States came readily jllto the measure proposed, all(l a
meeting of commissioners look place al Allnapolis, whoge proccedings are stal¡;d
in the following repor!']
161
13. ANNAPOLIS, IN THE STATE OF MARYLAND.
SErTE:\1BER 11, 1786.
At a meeting of rommissioOlers from the States of N ew York, N ew
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delawure, und Virginia:
NEW YORK.
Alexandcr Hamilton,
Eghert Bensol1.
NEW JERSEY.
Abraham Clarke,
\Villiam C. IIou~ton,
James Schllreman.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Tench Coxe.
PHESENT:
DELAWARE.
George Read,
J ohn Dickinson,
Richard Bassett.
VIRGINIA.
Edmund Randolph,
James lHadison, jun.,
Sto George Tucker.
Mr. Dickinson was unanimou¡:,ly elected chairman.
The commissioners produced their credentials from theír respective
States,. which were read.
After a full eommunieation ofsentiments, and *liberate eonsideratíon
of what would be proper to be done by the commissioners now assem-
bled, it was unanimcusly agreed that a commiltee be appointed to pre-
pare a drallght of a report to be made to the States having commission-
ers attending at this meeting.
Adjourned tiU Wednesday morning.
\V EDNESDA Y, SEPTE:\IBER 13, 1786.
Met agreeable to adjournment.
The eommittee appointed for that purpose reported the draught of the
report; whieh being read, the meeting proceedcd to the cOllsideration
thereof, an~, afler so me time spent thereín, adjourned tiU to-morrow
morning.
TmJRSDAY, SEPTEMBER 14, 1786.
Met agreeable to adjournment.
The meeting resumcd the eonsíderation of the draught of the report,
and, after sorne time spent therein, and amendments made, the samo
was unanimously agreed to, and is as follows, to wit:
To the honorable the Leg-islatures of Virginia, DeIaware, Pennsylvama,
Kew Jersey, and New York, lhe commissioners from the said States,
respectively, assombled at Annapolis, humbly beg leave 10 report:
Tllat, pursnant to their severaI appointments, they met at Annapolis,
in the State of Maryland, on the 11th day of Scptember instant, and
162
baving proceeded to a communication of their powers, they found that
the States of N ew York, Pennsylvania, and Virginia, had, in substance,
and nearly in the same terms, authorized their respective commissioners
"to meet such commissioners as were or might be appointcd by the
other States in the U nion, at such time and place as should be agreed
upon by the said commissioners, to take into consideration the trade and
COll1merce of the United States, to consider how far an uniform system
in their commercial intercourse and regulations might be nceessary to
their common inlerest and permanent harmony, and to report to the
Reveral States sueh an aet relative to this great object, as, when unani-
mously ratiíied by them, would enable the United States in Congress
asscmbled effectually to provide for the same."
That the State of Dclaware had given similar powers to their com-
missioners, with this difference only, that the aet to be frnrned in virtue
of these powers is required to be reported "to the United States in Con-
gress assembled, to be agreed to by them, and confirmed by the legisla-
iures of every Stnte."
That the State of N ew Jersey had enlarged the ohjcet of their ap-
pointment, ernpowcri~ their commissioncrs "to consider how far an
uniform system in their commercial regulations and olher imporiani mat-
icr.~ might be necessary to the common inlerest and permanent harmony
of the several States j" and to report such an aet on the sllbject as,
when ratified by them, "would enable the Unitcd States in Congress
a¡;sembled effectually to provide for the exigencies of the U nion."
TIJat appointments of commissionershave also been made by the
States of N ew lfrtmpshire, I\Iassachusctts, Rhode Island, and N orth
Carolina, none of whom, however, have attendcd j but that no informa-
tion has been rcceivcd by your commissioners of any appoilltment having
been made by the States of Conneeticut, Marylalld, South·Carolina, or
Georgia.
Tllat, the express terms of the powers to your commissioners ~llp
posing a deputation from al! lhe States, and having for ohject the trade
am! commerce of the United States, your commissioners did not con.
ccive it advisable to proceed on the bminess of their mission under the
ClrCUl1lstancc of so partial and defcctive a representation.
Dceply imprcssed, however, with lhe magnirudc and irnportance of rhe
ohject confided to them on this occu"ion, your commissioners cannot for-
oear 10 illdlllge an expression of their earnest ana unanimous wish that
l"peedy mensures may be taken to eflect a general m0et ing of 1 he States,
in a future eonvention for the ¡;ame and such othcr purposes as the situa-
'IOn of publie affairs may be found to require.
163
If, in expressing this wish, or in intimating any other sentiment, your
commissioners should seem to exceed the striet bounds of theír appoint-
ment, they entertain a ful! confiJence that a conduct díetated by an anx-
iety tor the wel/ill'e oi' the United States will not faíl to receive an in-
dulgent eonstruetion.
In this persuasion, your commissioners submit an opinion, that the
idea of extending the powers of their deputies to other objects than
ose of eommerce, which has been adopted by the State of N ew Jersey,
was an improvement on the original plan, and will deserve to be incor-
poratedinto that of a future convcntion. They are the more naturalIy
Jed to this conclu;,;ion, as, in the course of their refiections on the sub-
ject, they have been indueed to think that ¡he power of regulating trade
is of such comprehensive extent, and will enter so tur into the general
system of the Federal Govefllment, that to give it efficacy, and to ob-
viate questions and duubts concerning ilS precise nature and limits, may
reljuíre a corresponden! adjustment of other parts of the federal system.
That there are important defects in the system of the Federal Govern-
ment, is aL:kllOwledged by the acts of an those States which have con-
curred in the present meeting; thal the defects, ~on a closer examina-
tion, may be found grcater and more numerous than even these aets im-
ply, is al least so lú probablc, trolll the embarrassments which charac-
'eril.c Ihe present state of our national afbirs, foreign and domestic, as
may reasonab!y be suppo,",ed to mcrit a deliberate and candid discussion,
In some mode which \vil! unite the senlÍments and councils of all the
Statcs. In the choice of the mode, your commissioners are of opinion
that a convention of depuries from the difierent States, for the >'pecial
and sole purpose of elltering into this invesTigation, an.d digesting a plan
for supplying such defects as may be discovered to exist, will be entitlea
to a preference, from considerations which will occur without ueing par-
ticularil.cd.
y our commissiohers decline an enumeration of those national circum-
stances on which their opinion rcspecting the propriety of a future con·
vention, with more enlarged powers, is founded, as it would be an use-
less intrusion of facts and observations, most of which have been fre-
quently the subject of public diseussion, and non e of whieh can have
escaped the penetration of those to whom they would in this instan ce be
addressed. They are, however, of a nature so serious, as, in the view
of your commissioners, to render the situation of the United States deli-
cate and eritical, cal!ing for an exertion of the united virtue and wisdolU
of al! the members of the Confederacy.
Under tbis impression, your commissioners, with the most respectflll
164
deferenee, beg leave fo suggest their unanimous conviction, that it may
essentially tend lo advance the interests of t he U nion, if lhe SI ates, by
whom they have been respectivcly delcgated, would themsclves eoneur,
and use their endeavors to procure Ihe concurrcnce of t he other States in
the appointmcnt of commissioners, to meet al Philadelphia on the second
Monday in May next, to take into consideration the situation of the
United States, to devise such further provisions as shall appear to thcm
necessary to render (he Constitution of the Federal Governmenl adequate
to the exigencies of the Union; and to report such an act for that purpose
to the United States in Congress asscmbled, as, when agreed to by them,
and afterwards connrmed by the legislatures of evcry State, wiU effeetu-
ally provide for the same.
1'hough your commissioncrs eould not wilh propriety address these
observations and sentiments to any but the States they have the honor
to represent, they have nevertheless eoneluded, from motives of respeet, to
transmit copies of this report to the U nited States in Congress assembled,
and to the executives of the other States.
By order of (he eommissioners.
Dated at Annapoli~ September 14, 1786.
Resolved, That the chairman sign the aforegoing report in hehalf of
the eommissioJ1l'rs.
1'hen adjourned \vithout day.
NEW YORK.
Egbert Benson,
Alexander Hamilton.
NEW JERSEY.
Abra. Clark,
'Vm. Ch. IIollston,
James Schuremun.
PENNSYLVANIA.
1'ench Coxe.
DEI.AWARE.
George Read,
John Dickinson,
Richard flassett.
VIRGINIA.
Edmnnd Randulph,
James l\1udif;Oll, jun.
St. George Tucker.
14. IN 1'HE CONGRESS OF 1'IIE CONFEDERATION.
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 21,1787.
Congress assemblcd: Present, 1\1assachusetts, Rhode Island, Con.
neeticut, N cw York, N ew J crsey, Pcnnsylvania, Delaware, Virginia,
Maryland, N orlh Carolina, Son! h Carolina, and Georgia.
1'he rcport of a Grand Committee, consisting of Mr. Dane, I\1r. Varo
num, 1\'1r. S. J\L l\1itchell, Mr. Smith, Mr. Cadwallader, l\Ir. Jrvine,
1\1r. N. l\1itchcll. I\Ir. Forrest, !\Ir. Grayson, 1\1r. Blounl. !\1r. B'JI!. and
165
Mr. Few, lo whom was referred a lerter of 14th Scpfember, 1786, from
J. Dic:kinson, written at the request of commissioners from the States of
Virginia, Delaware., Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and New York, as-
8embled at the city of Annapolis, together with a copy of the report of
(he said commissioners to the legi::datures of the Slrrtes by whom they
were appointed, being an order of the day, was called up, and which is
contained in (he following resolution, vi;" :
" fongress having had under consideration the letter of J ohn Dickin-
son, esq., chairman of the commissioners who assembled at Annapolis
during the last year; abo Ihe proceedings of (he said commissioners;
and entirely coinciding wilh them, as to [he inefficiency of the Federal
Government, and the necessily of devising such farlher provisions as
~hall render the same adequate to the exigencies of the Unjan, do strongly
recommend lo the difIerent legislatures to send forward delegates, to meet
the proposed cOllvention, on the second Monday in May next, at the city
of Philadelphia."
The delega:es for the State of N ew York thereupon laid before Con-
gress instructions which they had received {rom their constituents, and,
in pursuance of the said instructions, moved to post pone the funher con-
sideration of the report, in arder to take up the foliowing propositions, viz:
"That it be recommended to the States composing the Union that a
convention of representatives fram the said States respectively, be he Id
at , on , fol' the pllrpose of revising the Articles of Con-
feJeration and perpetualunÍon between the United States of Ameriea,
and reporting to the United States in Congress assembled, and to the
States respeetively, sueh alterations and amendments of lhe said Artíeles
of Confederation, as the representatives met in su eh eonvention shal1
jndge proper and neeessary to render them adequate to 1he preservation
and support oftbe UnÍon."
0n the question to postpone, for the purpose aboye mentioned, the ye~s
and nays being required by the delegates for N ew York,
J,lIassac1wsetls •••• - ..... 1\1r. King, ay ~
Dane, ay 5 ay
C01l7lecticut ............ . Mr. Jobnson, ay l d'
S. l\1itebelI, no 5 IV.
New York • ............. Mr. Smith, ay l
Benson, ay 5 ay
New Jasey ............ . Mr. Cadwallader,
Clarke,
Sehllreman,
Pen7tsylvania .......... Mr. Irvine,
l\'Ieredith,
Bin.ghum,
18
ay} no no
nu
no} ay no
no
164
deference, beg leave fo suggest their unanimous conviction, that it may
essentially tend to advanee the interests of the Union, if the SI ates, by
whom they ha ve been respectively delegated, would themsclves concur,
and use their endeavors to procure the concurren ce of I he other States in
the appointment of commissioners, to meet al Philadelphia on the secand
Monday in May next, to take into consideration the situatian of the
U nited States, to devise such further provisions as shall appear to them
necessary to render the Conslitution of the Federal Government adequate
to the exigencies of the Union; and to report such an act far that purpose
to lhe United States in Congress assembled, as, when agreed 10 by them,
and afterwards connrmed by the legislatures of every State, wiU effectu.
ally provide for the same.
Though your commissioners could not with propriety address fhese
observations and sentiments to any but the Slates they have the honor
to represent, they have nevertheless concluded, from motives of respect, lO
transmit copies of this report to the U nited States in Congress assembled,
and to the exccutives of t he other States.
By order of the commissioners.
Dated at Annapali"" September 14, 1786.
Resolved, 1'hat the chairman sign the aforegoing report in behalf of
the commissioners.
Then adjourned \vithaut day.
NEW YORK.
Egbert Benson,
Alexander Hamilton.
NEW JERSEY.
Abra. Clark,
"\Vm. Ch. Housfon,
J allles Schurcman.
PENNSYLVANIA.
Teneh Coxe.
DELAWARE.
George Read,
John Dickinson,
Richard Rassett.
VIRGINIA.
Edmund Randolph,
J ames Madi~olJ, jun.
St. George Tucker.
14. IN THE CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION.
WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 21,1787.
Congress assembled: Present, Massachusetts, Rhode IsJand, Con.
nedicut, Ne\\' York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia,
MaryJand, North Carolina, Soulh Carolina, and Georgia.
The report of a Grand Commitlee, consisting of Mr. Dane, :\ifr. Varo
num, Mr. S. M. Mitchell, Mr. Smith, Mr. Cadwallader, l\Jr. Irvine,
Mr. N. l\1itchell. ::'tIr. Forrest, :\fr. Grayson, Mr. B1ounT. 1\1r. B'lll. and
165
Mr. Few, to whom was rcfcrred a letter of Blh Sepfember, 1i86, [rom
J. Dickinson, written al the request of commissioners irom the States of
Virginia, Delaware., Pennsylvania, N ew Jersey, and N ew York, as-
sembled at the city of Annapolis, together with a copy of the report of
the said cOffimissioncrs to the legislatures of the Stutes by whom they
were appointed, being an arder of the day, was called up, and which is
contained in the following resolution, viz :
"8ongress having had under consideration the letter of John Dickin-
son, esq., chairman of the commissioners who assembled at Annapolis
during ,he last year j al50 the proceedings of the said commissioners;
and entirely coinciding with them, as to lhe inefficiency of the Federal
Governmcnt, and lhe necessi:y of devising such farther provisions as
Ehall render the same adequate to tbe exigencies of tbe Union, do strongly
rccommend to the difIerent lcgislatures to send forward delegates, to meet
the proposed cOllvention, on (he second Monday in May next, at the city
of Philadelphia."
'fhe dclega:es for the State of N ew York thereupon laid before Con-
gress instructions which they had received from their constituents, and,
in pursuance of the said instructions, moved to postpone the further con-
sideration of the report, in order to take up the tollowing propositions, viz:
"That it be recommendcd to the States composing lhe Union that a
convention of representatives [rom (he said States respectively, be he Id
at , on , for the purpose of revising the Articles of Con-
federation and perpetual union between the United States of America,
and rcporting to the U nited States in Congress assemblcd, and to the
States respectively, such alterations and amendments of lhe said Articles
of Confederation, as the representatives met in such convention shaU
jndge proper and necessary to render them adequate to the preservation
and support ofthe Union."
0n the question to postpone, for the purpose aboye mentioned, the ye'lS
and nays being required by the delegates for N ew York,
ll[ússacltusetls • ......... 1\1r. King, ay ~
Dane, ay 5 ay
Co1tllecticut ............ • Mr. Johnson, ay ~ d·
S. Mitchell, no 5 IV.
New York .. ............ Mr. Smith, ay ~
Bensol1, ay 5 ay
New Jersey ............ . Mr. Cadwallader,
Clarke,
Schureman,
Pennsylvania ......... • Mr. Irvine,
I\1eredith,
Bingham,
18
ay} no no
nu
no} ay no
no
..
166
Delaware •••.••..•..•.. Mr. N. Mitehell,
llIaryland •.. ' .......... Mr. Forrest,
Virginia • ............. lUr. Grayson,
Madisol1,
N. Carolina ........... . lUr. Blount,
Hawkins,
S. Carolina •• .......... 1\1r. Bull,
Kean,
Ruger,
Parker,
Georgia .............. • Mr. Frw,
Pierce,
no >*
no > *
ay {
ay 5 ay
no}
no
no
no} o
no no
no
~~} divo
So the question was lost. .
A m.otion was tiJen made by the delegates for Mnssachusetts, lo post.
pone the further consideratíon of the report, in order to take into eon.
sideration a motion which they read in their place j this being agreed to,
the motion of the delegates far Massachusetts was taken up, and, being
amended, was agreed to, as follows :
Whereas there is provision in the Articles of Confederation and pero
petual U nion, for making alterations therein, by the assent of a Congress
of the U nited States, and of (he legislatures of the several States; and
whereas experienee hath evinced lhat there are defccts in the preseat
Coafederation, as a mean to remedy which several of the States, and par-
ticularly the State of N ew York, by express instructions lO ¡heír delegates
in Congress, have suggesled a conventioll for lhe purpO::5es exples;;ed in
the following resolution; and such convention appearing 10 be the most
probable mean oI' establishing in these States a urm N ational Govcrn-
ment:
Resolved, That, in the opinion of Congress, it is expedient, that, on
the second Monday in May next, a conveation of deJc.ga!es, who shall
have been appointed by the several States, be held at Philaclelphia,. for
the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of ConfCderation,
and reporting to Congrcss, and the several legislalurcs, such altcrations
and provisions therein as shall, when agrced to in Congress, nnd con-
firmed by the States, render the Federal Constitlltion adcquate tu lhe
exigencies of Governlllent, and (he preservation of the U llion.
167
15 . .Jlcts cf tlte several States jor tite appointment cf Deputies ta meet
in Convention,jor the purpose cf jurlJlir~g a Constitutiall cf Govern-
ment, viz ..
CO:\IMON"\VEALTH OF VIRGINIA.
General Assembly, begun and ldd at the Pllblic buildings in the city of
Richmond, on .ftIonday, t!te 16th day of October, in tite year of OUT
Lord 1786. •
AN ACT for appointing DrputiesJrom tbis Commonwealth to a Conven-
tIOn proposcd to be he Id in the city of Philadelphia, in May next, for
the purpose of revising the Federal Constitution .
• Whereas the eommissiuners who acsembled at Annapolis, on the 14th
day of September last, far the purpuse uf devi5ing and reporting the
means of enabling Congress to provide effectually for the commercial
illterests of the U nited States, have represented the necessity of extem!ing
the revision of the Federal systern to aH its defects, and have recom-
mended that deputies for that purpose be appointed by the several legis-
latmes, to meet in convention, in the city of Philadelphia, on the second
day of May neXI, a provision which was preferable to a discussion of the
subject in Congress, where it might be too much interrupted by the ordi.
nary business before them, alld where it would, besides, be deprived of
t!Je valuable counsels of sUlldry individuals who are disqualified by the
Constitution, or laws of particular States, or restruincd by peculiar cir-
eumstanect', fi'om a seat in that assembly: And whereas the General
As,crrnbly of this Commonwealth, taking into view the actual ~ituation
of ¡he Confederacy, as \Vell as rcflecting on tite alarming represenrations
made, fmm time to time, by the Ullited S¡ates in Congress, par¡icularly
in tlteir act of the 15th day of Fcbruary last, can no longer doubt that the
cri"is is arrivcd al which the good people al' America are to decide the
solemn qucstion, whether they \vill, by wise and magnanimous efforts,
reap the just fruits of that independence which they have so glo"riously
acquircd, alld of that U nion which they ha ve cemented with so much of
thcir common binad, or whether, by giving way io unmanly jealousies
and prejudices, or to partial and transitory intcrests, 1hey wil! renounce
the auspicious blessings prcpared for them by the Revolution, and furnish
to its enemies an eventual triumph over 1hose by whose virtue and valor
it has been accomplished: And whercas the same noble and extended
poliey, and the sallle fra.,ternal and affectionate sentiments which origino
aJly determined the citizens of this Commonwcalth to unite with the;r
brethren al' tbe other States in establishing a Federal Government, can-
not but be fdt wilh equal force now as motives to lay asid e every inferior
168
consideration, and to concur in such farther concessions and prOVlSlOns
as may be necessary to se cure the great objects for which that Govern-
ment was instituted, and to render the United States as happy in peace
as they have been glorious in war:
Be it therejore enacled by the General Asscmbly of the Commonwealtlt
of Virginia, That seven commissioners be appointed by joint ballot of
• both Houses of Assembly, who, or any tluee of them, are hereby au-
thorized, as deputies from this Commonwealth, to meet such deputies
as may be appointed and authorized by other States, to assemble in con-
vention at Philadelphia, as aboye recommeTlded, and to join with thcm
in devising and discussing al! such alteration~ and farther provisions as
may be necessary to render the Federal COllstitution adequate to the exi-
gencies of the Union, and, in reporting such an act for that purpose to
the United States in Congress, as, when agreed to by them, and duly con-
Srmed by the several States, wil! effectually provide for the same.
And be it further enacted, That, in case of the death of any of the
said deputies, or of their declining their appointments, the executive are
hereby authorized to supply such vacancies; and the Governor is re-
quested to transmit forthwith a copy of this act to the United States in
Congress, and to the executives of each of the States in the Union.
(Signed) JOIIN JONES,
A true copy from the enrollment.
Speaker of the Senute.
JOSEPlI PRENTlSS,
Speaker of l/w JIouse of Ddegates.
JOHN BECKLEY, Clerk JI. D.
IN THE HOUSE OF DELEGATES.
MONDA Y, THE 4TH OF DEcEMBER, 1 i86.
The House, according to the order of the day, proceeded, by joint
ballot with the Senate, to the appointment of seven deputies fmm this
Commonwealth to a convention proposed to be held in the city of Phila-
delphia in May next, for the purpose of revising the Federal Constitu-
tion; and, the members having prepared tickets with the names of the
persons to be appointed, and deposited the same in the ballor-boxes, l\T r.
Corbin, Mr. Mal thews, Mr. David Stewart, }fr. George Nicholas, 1\1r.
Richard Lee, Mr. vVills, Mr. Thomas Smith; Mr. Goodall, and Mr.
'furberville, were nominated a committee to meet a committee from tite
8enate, in ~he conference chamber, and jointly with them to examine
tne ballot-boxes and rrport to the House on whom the majority of tho
169
votes should fal!. The commitlee tIlen withdrew, anú after sorne time
retumed into the Hou;<e, and reportecl that the committee had, accorcling
to orcler, met a committee from the Senate in the conference chamber,
ancl jointJy with t!1(!m examined the uallot-boxcs, and found a mnjority
oí" Voles in favor ol' George \Vashinglon, Patriek Henry, Edmund Ran.
dolph, John Blnir, James Madison, George Mason, and George Wythe,
esqr/!. Extraet from the journal.
JOHN BECKLEY,
elerk House Delegates.
Attest: J OHN BECKLEY, Clerk JI. D.
IN THE HOUSE OF SEN ATORS.
MONDA Y, THE 4TH OF DECE:'\IIlER, 1786.
'rhe Senafe, according fo the arder of the day, proceeded, by joint
ballot with rhe IIouse of Delcgates, to the appointment of seven depu.
lies from this Commollwealth to a convention proposed to be held in the
city of Philadelphia in May nexf, for the purpose of revising the Federal
Constitution; and, the membcrs having preparl'd tickets with the names
of the pr~rsons to be appointed, and deposited t he same in the baIlot-
boxc8, Mr. ALlderson, Mr. N clson, and Mr. Lee, were nominated a
COllllllittee to mee! a commÍttee I'rom the House oI' Delegate8, in the
collferencc ehalllhcr, and jointly with t hem to examine the baIlot- boxes,
and report lo the IIouse 011 wl10m the majority of votes should fall. The
C0l111nÍttee thell withdrew, and afier some time returned into the IIouse,
and reported that the COlllIllittee had, aecording to order, met a commit-
tee from the Honse ol' Delegates, in the conferenee chamber, and jointly
with thelll examined the LaIlot-Loxes, and found a majority of votcs in
favor of George Washington, Patrie!\. Henry, Edmund Randolph, J ohn
Blair, James Madison, George Muson, and Georgc \Vythe, esqrs., Ex-
traet from the journal.
JOHN BECKLEY, Clerk JI. D.
Attest: H. BROOK, Clerk.
[L. s.] VIRGINIA, to wit:
I do hereoy eertify and make known, to al! whom it may concern,
that John Beekley. esq., is cIerk of the House of Delegate" for this
COll1monwealth, and the proper offieer for attesting the proeeedings of
the General Assembly of tbe said CommonwcaIth, and that fuIl faith
und credit ough! to be given to aH things attestcd by the said Joha
Bcckley. csq., by virtne of his office aforcsaid.
O lb'"
•
170
Given under my band, as Governor of the Commonwealth of Virginia,
and under the seal thereof, at Richmond, this fourth day of May, 1787.
EDM. RANDOLPH.
[r .. s.) VIRGINIA, to wil:
1 do hereby certify, that Patrick Henry, esq., one of the seven com-
missioners appointed by joint ballot of both Houses of Assembly of the
Commonwealth of Virginia, authori~ed as a deputy therefrom, to meet
such deputies as might be appointed and authorized by other States, lo
assemble in Philadelphia, and to join with them in devising and discuss-
ing all such alterations and fUl'ther provisions as might be necessary to
render the Federal Constitution adequate to Ihe exigencies of the Union,
and in reporting such un act for that purpose to the United StatcB in Con-
grcsB, as, when agreed lo by them, and duly confirmed by the several
States, might effectually provide far the same, did decline his appoint-
ment aforesaid; and thereupon, in pursuance of an act of lhe General
Assembly of the said Commonwealth, entitled "An act for appoillting
deputies from this Commonwealth to a convention prop08ed to be he Id
in the city of Philadelphia in May next, for the purpose of revising the
Federal Constitution," 1 do hereby, with the advice of Ihe Councí! of
State, supply lhe said vacancy by nominating James 1\IcClurg, csq., a
deputy for t he purposes aforesaid.
Gíven under my hand, as Govcrnor of the said Commonwealíh, and
under the seal thereof, this second day of May, in lhe year of our
Lord 1787.
EDM. RANDOLPH.
THE STATE OF NEW JERSEY.
1'0 the honorable David Brearley, vVilliam Churchill Houaton, William
Paterson, and John Neilson, esqrs., greeting:
1'he Council and Assembly, reposing especial trust and confidence in
your integrity, prudence, and ability, have, at a joint meeting, appointed
you, lhe said David Brearley, William Churchill Houston, William Patcr-
son, and J ohn N eilson, csqrs., 01' any !Iuee of you, cornmissioners, to
meet such cornmissioners as have been Of may be appointed by the othor
Slates of the Union, at the cily of Philadelphia, in the Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania, on the second Monday in May lIext, for the purpose
al' taking into consideration the state of the Union, as to trade and other
Important objecti'l, and of dcvising such other provisions as shall appear
10 be necessary to render the Constitution of the Federal Government
adequate to lhe exigencies thereof.
]71
In testimony wher·eof, the great scal of the State is hereunto affixed.
Witness William Livingston, esq., Governol', captain general and
commander·in-chief in and over the State of N ew Jersey, and tern-
tories thereunto belonging, chancellor and ordinary in the sume, at
Trenton, the 23d day of N ovember, in the year of our Lord 1786,
and of our sovereignty and independence the eleventh.
WILLIAM LIVINGSTON.
By his excellency's command.
BOWES REED, Secretary.
THE STA TE OF NEW JERSEY.
To his excellency William Livingston, and the honorable Abruham
[L. s.] C111l'k, esqrs., grceting:
The Couneil and Asscmbly, reposing especial trust and confidence in
your integrity, prudcnce, and ability, have, at a joint meeting, appointed
you, the suid William Livingston and Abraham Clark, esqrs., in con-
junction with the honorable David Brearley, William Churchill HOllston,
and William Paterson, esqrs., 01' any three of you, commissioners, to meet
such commissioners as have be en appointed by ¡he other States in the
Union, at the city of Philadelphia, in the Commonwealth of Pennsyl.
vania, on the seeond :Honday of this present month, for the purpose of
'taking illlo consideration the state of the Union, as to trade and other
important objccts, and of dcvising such other provisions as shall appear
to be necessary, to render the Constitution of the Federal Government
adequate to the exigencies thereof.
In testimony whereof, the great seal of the State is hereunto affixed.
Witness William Livingston, esq., Governor, captain general and
commander-in-chief in and over the State of New Jersey, and terri·
tories thereunto belonging, chancellor and ordinary in the same, at
Burlington, the 8th dr..y of May, in the year of our Lord 1787, and of
our sovereignty and ipdependence the eleventh.
WILLIAM LIVINGSTON.
By his excellency's command.
BOWES REED, Secretary.
STA TE OF NEW JERSEY.
T~ the honorable J onathan Dayton, esq.
The Council and Assembly, re;Josing especial trust and confidence in
your integrity, prudence, and ability, have, at a joint meeting, appointed
you, the said J onathan Dayton, esq., in conjunction with his excellency
172
William Livingston, the honorable David Brcarley, William Churchill
Houston, William Paterson, and Abraham Clark, esqrs., or any three of
you, commissioners, to meet Buch commiBsioners as have been appointed
by the other States in the Union, at the city of Philadelphia, in the Como
manwealth of Pennsylvania, for the purpose of taking into consideracion
the state of the Unían, as to trade and other important objecta, and of
devising such other l'rovision as ahaIl appear to be necessary to render
the Constitution of the Federal Government adequate to the exigenciea
thereof.
In testimony whereof, the great seal of the State is hereunto affixed.
vVitness Roben Lettice Hooper, esq., vice president, cap!ain gene-
ral and cOillmander-in-chief in and over the State of N ew Jersey,
and territories thereunto belonging, chanceIlor and ordinary in the
same, at Burlington, the fifth day ol' June, in the year ol' our Lord
1787, and of our sovereignty and independence the elcventh.
ROBERT L. HOOPER.
By his honor's command.
BOWES REED, Secretar.
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA.
AN ACT appointing Deputies to the Convention intended to be held in
the cíty of Philadelphia, for the purpose uf revising the Federal Con-
stitution.
SECTION 1. Whereas the General Assembly of thls Commonwealth,
taking into their serious consideration the representlltions heretoiore
made to the legislatures of the several States in the Union, by the United
States in Congress assembled, and also weighing the difficulties under
whieh the confederated States now labor, are fully convineed of Ihe neo
cessity of revising the Federal Constitutioll, for the purpose of making
such alterations and amendments as the exigeneies of our public aflairs
require. And whereas the Legislature of the State of Virginia have al·
ready passed an oaet of that Commonwealth, empowering certain como
missioners to meet at the city of Philadelphia, in May next, a eonvention
ol' commissioners or deputies from the diflerent States; and the Legisla.
ture of this State are fuIly sensible of the important advantages which
may be derived to the U nited States, and every of tltm, from co-operat.
ing with the Commonwealth of Virginia, and the other States of the
Confederalion, in the said designo
SEco 2. Be it enacted, and it i,~ hereby enacted by the representatIvc,
of the [reemen of the Conimonwealth of Pennsylvania, in General As-
173
sembly met, and by the authority of the sume, that Thomas Miffiin.
Robert Morris, George C Iymer, J ared IngersoU, Thomas Fit zsimons,
James \Vilson, und Gouverneur Morris, esqrs., are hereby appointeJ
deputies from this Slate, to meet in (he convention of Ihe deputies of the
respective States of N orth Ameriea, to be heId at the eity of Philadel-
phia on the seeond day of the month of May next; and the said Thomas
l\1ittlin, Robert Morris, George Clymer, J ared Ingersoll, Thomas Fitz-
simons, James vVilson, and Gouverneur Morris, el:'qrs., or any four of
them, are hereby constituted and appointed deputies [rom this State, wilh
powers to meet sueh deputies as may be appointed and authorized by tho
other States, to assemble in lhe said convention, at the city aforesaid, and
to join with them in devising, deliberating on, and diseussing al! such
alterations, and further provisions, as may be necessary to render the
Federal Constitution fuIly adequate to the exigeneies of the Union, and
in reporting sueh aet or aets, for that purpose, to the U nited States in
Congress assembled, as, when agreed to by them, and duly eonfirmcd by
the several States, wiU effectually provide f9r the same.
SEc.3. Anrl be it fllrlher enacted by lJ¡~ authorityaforesaid, That in
case any of the said deputies hereby nominated shall happen to die, or
to resign his or their said appointment or appointments, thé supreme ex-
ecutive eouneil shall be, antl hcreby are, empowered and required to
nominate and appüint olIJer person or pcrsons in lieu of him 01' thpm so
dcceascd, or who has or have so resigned, which pcrson or persons, from
and a[ter such nomination alld appointment, shalI be, and hereby are de-
clared to be, vesled with the same powers rCf'peetively, as any of the
deputies nominaled and appointed hy lhis aet is vested with by the same :
Provided alll'oys, That the eouneil are not hereby authorizcd, nor shall
they make any such nomination or appointment, exeept in vaea\;,o!1, and
during the recess of ¡he General AssembIy of this State.
[L. s.] Signed by order of the House.
THOMAS MIFFLIN, Speaker.
Enaeted into a Iawat Philadelphia, on Saturday, December the 30th,
in the year ofour Lord 1786. PETER ZACHARY LLOYD,
Clerk of tite General Assembly.
l, Mathew Irwine, esq., master of the ro11s for the State of Pennf'yl-
unia, do eertify th~ preeeding writing to be a true copy (01' exemplifica
tion) of a eertain aet of Assembly lodged in my ofliee.
In wilness whereof, 1 have hereunto set my hand and seal of oflice, the
[L. s.] 15th May, A. D. 1787.
MA THEW IR WINE N. R
174
A supplement to the aet entitled "An ae! appointing deputies to the con.
vention intended to be Iield in the eity of Philudelpliia, for the puro
pose of revising the Federal Constitution."
SECo 1st. \Vhereas by ¡he act to whieh this ae! is a supplement, eer·
tain persons were appüinted as depnties from this State to sit ill lhe snid
convention: And whereas it is the desire of the General AS8embly, 1 hrrt
his exedleney Denjamin Franklin, esq., president of this State, sholdd
olso sit in the said eonvention as a deputy from this state: Therefore,
SECo 2d. Be it c71ncted, aud it is hereoy e71acted by Ihe representat ives
of the freernen of the Cornmonwealth of Pennsylvania, in General As·
sembly met, am! by the authority of the same, thnt his exeelleney Ben.
jamín Franklin, esq., be, and he is hereby appointed and authorized to
sit in the said eonvcntion as a dcputy fi-orn this ::ltare, in addition to (he
persons heretofore appointed; and that he be, and he hereby is invested
with like powers and authorities as are invested in the said deputies or
any of thern.
Signed by order of the House.
THOMAS MIFFLIN, Speaker.
Enacted into a law at Philadelphia, 011 \V ednesday, the 28th day 01
March, in the year of our Lord 1787.
PETER ZACHARY LLOYD,
Clcrk 01 ¡lte General AssemM!!.
1, Mathew Irwine, esq., master of the rolIs for the State of Penllsyl.
vania, do ecrtify the aboye to be a true eopy (or exemplifieation) o!" a
supplemenl to a certain ael of Assembly, which ,supplement is lodged in
rny office.
In witness whercof, 1 have hereunto set rny hand and sLal of officp"
[L. s.] the 15th May, A. D. 17137.
MATHEW IRWINE, N. R.
THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA.
1'0 the honorable Alexander Martin, esq., greeting:
\Vhereas our General Assernbly, in their late session, holden at Fay.
etteville, hy adjournment, in the month of January last, did, by joint
baIlo! oI' the Senate and House of Comrnons, eleet Richard Caswell,
Alexander Martin, \Villiam Riehardson Davie, Rieh~rd Dobbs Spaight,
and \Villie J Orles, eeqrs., deputics to attend a eonvention of delcgates
früm Ihe several United 'States of Ameriea, proposcd to be held at the
cuy of Philadelphia in May next, for the purpose of revising the Federal
Constitution,
175
We do, therefore, by these presenls, nominate, commissionate, and
appoint you, the said Alexander Martin, one of the deputies for and in
our behalf, to meet with our other depulies at Philadelphia, an the first
day of May next, and with them, or any two of them, to confer with
such deputies as may have been, or shall be appointed by the other
States, for the purposes aforesaid: To hold, exercise, and enjoy the ap-
pointment aforesaid, with al! powers, authorities, and emoluments to the
same belonging, or in any wise appertaining, you conforming, in every
instance, to the Ret of our said Assembly, under which you are ap-
pointed. _
Witness Richard Caswell, esq., our Governor, captain general and
commander-in-chief, under his hand and our great seal, at Kingstoll,
the 24th day of Feuruary, in the eleventh year of Qur independenee,
A. D. 1787.
[L. s.] RICH. CASWELL.'
By his exeelleney's command.
WINSTON CASWELL, P. Secretary.
A commission, precisely similar to the aboye, was given " to the
honorable "\Villiam Richardson Davie, esq.," on the 24th February,
1787.
And also another, "to the honorable Richard Dobbs Spaight,
esq., on the 14th of April, 1787.
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA.
Bis excellency Richard Caswel!, esq., Governor, captain general and
eommander-in·chief, in and over the State aforesaid.
To al! to whom 1hese presents shall come, greeting:
Whereas, by an act of the General Assembly of the said State, passed
the sixth day of J afluary last, entitled "An aet for appointing deputies
from this State to a eonvention proposed to be held in the city of Phila-
delphia, in l\Iay nrxt, for lhe purpose of revising the Federal Constitu-
tion," among olher things it is enacted, "That five commissioners be
appoinled by joint bailo! of both Houses of Assembly, who, ar an)' three
of them, are hereby authorized as deputies from this State, to meet at
Philadelphia, on the first day of May ncxt, then and there to meet and
confer with such deputics as may be appointed by lhe crther States for
similar purposes, and with them to discuss and decide upon the most
efTectual means to remove the defects of our Federal Union, and to pro-
cure the cnlarged purposcs whieh it was intended to effect; and that
176
(he y report r;:uch an act to the General ARsembly oftllis State, as, when
Ilgreed to by them, wil! effectually provide for the same." And it is by
the said act further enacted, "That in case of the death or resignation
of any of the deputies, or of their declining their appointments, his ex-
ccllency the Governor, for the time being, is hereby authorized to supply
such vacancies." And whereas, in consequence of the said act, Richard
Caswell, Alexander Martín, \Villiam Richardson Davie, Richard Donbs
Spaight, and Willie Jones, esqrs., were, by joint ballot of the two
liouses of Assembly, elected deputies for the purposes aforesaid: And
whereas the said Richard Caswell has resigned his said appointment as
one of the deputies aforesaid :
~1\~ow, know ye, that 1 have appointed, and by these presents do appoint,
the honorable \Villiam Blount, esq., one of the deputies to reprLsent this
State in the convention aforesaid, in the room and stead of the aforesaid
Richard Caswel!, hereby giving and granting to the said William Blount,
the same powers, privileges, and emoluments, which the said Richard
Caswell would have be en vested with, or entitled to, had he continued
in the appointment aforesaid.
Given under my hand, and the great se al of the State, at Kingston,
the 23d day of April, A. D. 1787, and in the eleventh year of
[L. s.] American indcpendence.
RICH. CASWELL.
By his excellency's comrnand.
WINSTON CASWELL, P. Secretary.
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA.
His excellency, Richard Caswell, esq., Governor, c!lptain-general, and
commander-in-chief, in and over the State aforesaid.
To al! to whom these presents shal! come, greeting:
vVhereas, by an act of lhe General Assembly of the said State, passed
the slxlh day oi' January last, entitled "An aet for appointing deputies
frum this State to a convention proposed to be held in lhe city of Phlla-
delphia, in May next, fOl the purpose of revising the Federal Constitu-
¡ioll," among other things it is enacted, "That five commlssioners be
appointed by joint ballot of both Houses of AssemLly, who, or any three
of t hem, are hereby authorized, as deputies from this State, to meet at
Philadelphia on the first day of May next, then and there to meet and
confer with such deputies as may be appointed Ly the other States for
I:;lmitar purposes, and with them to discuss and decide upon the most
efrectuul Illeans to remove the defects of our Federal Union, and to pro-
cure the enlarged purposes whieh it was intendeJ to effect, und thut they
177
report such an act to the General Assembly of this State, as, when
agreed to by them, will efIcctually provide for the same." And it is by
the said act further enacted, "That in case of the death or resignation
J)[ any of the deputies, or their declining their appointments, his excel-
kmcy the Governor, for the time being, is hereby authorized to supply
811Ch vacancies." And whereas, in consequence of the said act, Richard
Caswell, Alexander Martín, William Richardson Davie, Richard Dobbs
Spaight, and Willie Jones, esqrs., were, by joint ballot ofthe two Houses
of Assembly, elected deputies for the ·purposes aforesaid. And whereas
the said \Villie J ones hath declined his appointment as one of the depu-
ties aforesaid :
Now, know ye, that 1 have appointed, and by these presents do appoint,
the honorable Hugh \Villiamson, esq., one of (he dcputies to represent
this State in (he convcntion aforesaid, in the room and stead of the afore-
said \Villie J ones, hereuy giving and granting to the said Hugh Wil-
Iüul1son the same p~wers, privileges, and emoluments, which t11e said
\Villie J ones wouId have been vested with, and entitled to, had he acted
under the appointment aforesaid.
Given under my hand, aud the great seal of the State, at Kingston, the
third day of April, A. D. 1787, and in the eleventh year of
[L. s.] American Independence.
RICII. CASWELL.
By his excellellcy's command.
DALLAM CASWELL, Pro Secretary.
DELAWARE.
His excellency Thoillns Collins, esq., President, captain-general and
comrnulIder-in-chief of the Delaware State, to aU to whom
these pres.ents shall come, greeting: Know ye, that among the
[L. s.] laws of the suid State, passed by (he General Assembly of the
same, on the 3d day of February, in the year of our Lord 1787,
it is thus enrolled :
In the eleventh year of the independence of the Delaware State:
AN ACT appointing deputies from this State to the convention proposed
to be held in the city of Philadelphia, for t11e purpose of revising the
Federal Con~titntion.
\Vhereas the General Asscmbly of this State are fully convinced of
tlw IlCCCSSlty of revising tlle Federal Constitution, and adding thereto
511Ch further provisions as may render tho samo more adequute to tha
1 !)
178
exigencies of the Union: And whereas the Legislature of Virginia have
already passed an act of that Commonwealth, appointing and authorizing
certain commissioners to meet, at the city of Philadelphia, in May next,
a convention of commissioners or deputies from the different States;
and, this State being willing and desirous of co-operating with the Com-
monwealth of Virginia and the other States in the Confederation in so
use fui a design :
Be it therejore enacted by tlte General Assembly oj Delaware, That
George Read, Gunning Bedford, J ohn Dickinson, Richard Bassett, and
J acob Broom, esqrs., are herebyappointed deputies from this State to
meet in the convention of the deputies of other States, to be held at the
city of Philadelphia, on the 2d day of May next: And the said George
Read, Gunlling Bedford, J ohn Dickinson, Richard Bassett, and J acob
Eroom, esqrs_, or any thrce of them, are hereby constituted and ap-
pointed deputies from this State, with powers to meet such deputies as
may be appointed and authorized by the other States to assemble in the
said convention at the city aforesaid, and to join with them in devising,
deliberating on, and discussing, such alterations and further provisions
as may be necessary to render the Federal Constitution adequate to tho
exigencies of the U nion, and in reporting such act or acts for that puro
pose to the United States in Congress aesembled, as, when agreed to by
them, and duly confirmed by the several States, may effectually provide
for the same. So, always, and provided, that such alterations ar furo
ther provisions, or any of them, d~ not extend to that part of the [¡fth
article of the Confederation of the said Stntes, finally ratified on the tirst
day of March, in the year 17S1, which declares thnt, "In determining
questions in the United Stntes in Congress assembled, ench State shall
have one vote."
And be it enacted, That, in case any of the said deputies hereby no mÍ-
nated shall happen to die, or to rcsign his or thcir appointmcnt, the Pre-
sident or commander-in-chief, with the advice of the privy council, in
the recess of the General Assembly, is hcreby authorized to supply
such vacancies.
Signed. by order of the House of Assembly.
Passed at Dover, February 3, 17S7.
Signed by order of the Council.
JOHN COOK, Speaker.
GEO. CRAGHED, Speaker.
AH and singular which premises, by the tenor of those presents, 1
have caused to be exemplified. In testimony whcrcof, 1 huye hereunto
179
subscribed my name, and caused the great seal of the said State to be
affixed to these presents, at N cw Castle, the second day of April, in
the year of our Lord] 787, and in the eleventh year of the independence
of the Unitcd States of America.
TROMAS COLLINS.
Attest: JAl\lES BOOTH, Secretary.
GEORGIA.
By the honorable George Mathews, esq., captain-general, Governor,
and commander-in-chief, in and over t11e State aforesaid.
1'0 all to whom these presents shaIl come, greeting:
Know ye, that J ohn Milton, esq., who hath certified the annexed copy
of an ordinance, entitled "An ordinance for the appointment of deputies
from this State, for the purpose of revising the Federal Constitution,"
is secretary of the said State, in whose office the archives of the same
are deposited; therefore, an due faith, credit, and authority, are, and
ought to De, had and given the same.
In testimony whereuf, 1 have hereunto set my hand, and caused the
great seal of the State to be put and affixed, at Augusta, this
[L. s.] 24th day of April, in the year of our Lord 1787, and of our
sovereignty and independence the eleventh.
GEO. MATI1EWS.
By his honor's command.
J. MILTON.
An ordinance for the appointment of deputies from this State, for the
purpose of revising the Federal Constitution.
Be it ordained, by the representatives of the freemen of the State of
Georgia, in General Assembly met, and by the authority of the same,
that William Few, Abraham Baldwin, William Pierce, George Walton,
"\Villiam Houston, and N athaniel Pendleton, esqrs., be, and they are
hereby, appointed commissioners, who, or any two or more of them,
are hereby authorizcd, as deputies [rom this State, to meet such deputies
as may be appointed and authorizcd by other States, to assemble in con-
vemion at Philadelphia, and to join with them in devising and discussrng
all such alterations and farther provisions as may be necessary to render
the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of the Union, and
in reporting such an act for that purpose toO the United States in Congress
180
aesembled, as, when agreed to by them, and duly confirmed by the
several States, wilJ effeetually provide for the same. In case of the
dealh of any of the said deputies, or ol' tJ¡eir declining their appoint
ments, the exc~utive are hervuy authorized to supply sueh vaeaneies.
By order of the House.
(Signed) WM. GIDBONS, 8'pealier
Augusta, the 10th February, 1787.
GEORGIA, Secretary's Office.
The aboye is a true eopy from the original ordinanee deposited in my
office. J. MILTON, Secretary.
Augusta, 24th April, 1787.
The State of Georgia, by the grace of God, free, sovereign, and inde.
pendent,
To the honorable "\Villiam Few, esq.
\Vhereas you, the said "\Villiam Few, are, in and byan ordinanc60f
the General Assembly of our said State, nominated and appointed a
deputy to represent the same in a eonvention of the Ullited States, to be
assembled at Philadelphia, for the purposes of devising and diseussing
al! such alterations and far! her provisiol1s as may be neccssary to ronder
1ho Federal Constitution adequate to the exigcncies 01' the Union:
You are therefore hcreby commii:lsioncd to proeeed on the duties re-
quired of you in virtue of the said ordinanee.
Witness our trust y and well-beloved Gcorge Mathews, esq., our
captain-general, Governor, and commander-in-chief, under his
[L. s.] hand, ana our great seal, at Augusta, this 17th day of April, in
the year of our Lord 1787, ami of our sovcrcignty and inde-
pendenee the eleventh.
GEO. MA THEWS.
By his honor's command.
J. MILTON, Secretary.
Commissions precisely similar to the aboye were given, on the
sald 17th April, 1787, to-
The honorable William Pierce, esq.
The honorable William Houston, esq.
181
STATE OF NEW YORK.
By his excellency George Clinton, esq., Governor of the State of N ew
] York, general and commander-in-chief of aH the militia, and [L. s.
admiral of the navy of the same :
To all to whom these presents shaIl come.
It is by these presents certified, that John M'Kesson, who has sub-
Bcribed the annexed copies of resolutions, is clerk of the Assembly Qf
this State.
In testimony whemof, 1 have caused the privy seal of the said State
to be hcreunto affixed, this ninth day of May, in the eleventh
ycar of thc indcpcndcnce of the said State.
GEO. CLINTON.
STATE OF NEW YORK, IN ASSEMBLY, FEBRUARY 28, 1787.
A copy of u resolution of the honorable the Senate, delivered by Mr.
Williams, was read, and is in the words following, viz. :
Resolved, If the honorable the Assembly concur therein, that three
delegates be appointed, on the part of this State, to meet such delegates
as may be appointed on the part of the other States, respectively, on the
second Monday in May next, at Philadelphia, for the sole and express
purpose of revising the Artic!es of Confederation, and reporting to Con-
gress, and to thc severa! legislatures, such alterations and provisions
therein as shall, when agreed to in Congress, and confirmed by the
several States, rendcr the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigen-
cies of Government, und the preservation of tile Union; and that, in
case of such concurrence, the two Houses of the legislature will, on
Tuesday next, proceed to nominate and appoint the said delegates, in
like manner as is directed by the Constitution of this State for nomi-
nating and appointing delegates to Congress.
Resolved, That this House do concur with the honorable the Senate in
the said resolution.
IN ASSE:\IBLY, MARen 6, 1787.
Resolved, That the honorable Robert Yates, esq., and Alexander
Hamilton and John Lansing, jun., esqrs., be, and they are hereby nomi·
nated by this House, delegates on the part of this State, to meet such
ddegates as may be appointed on the part of the other States, respec-
tively. on the second Monday in :May next, at Philadelphia, pursuant
to concurrent resolutions of both Houses of the legislature on the 28th
ultimo.
Rfsolvcd, That this House will meet· the honorable the Senate imme.
19'"
182
diately, at such place as they shall appoint, to compare tho lists of per-
sons nominated by the Senate and Assembly, respectively, as delegates
on the part of this State, to meet such delega tes as may be appointed on
the part of the other States, respectively, on the second Monday in May
ne)!;t, at Philadelphia, pursnant to concurrent resolutions of both Houses
of the legislature on the 28th ultimo.
Ordered, That Mr. N. Smith deliver a copy of the last preceding
resolution to the honorable the Senate.
A copy of a resolution of the honorable the Senate was delivered by
Mr. Vanderbelt, that the Senate wil.l immediately meet this Honse in
the Assembly chamber, to compare the lists of persons nominated by
the Senate and Assembly, respectively, as delegates, pursuant to the
resolution before mentioned.
The honorable the Senate accordingly attended in the Asscmbly
chamber, to compare the lists of persons nominated for delegates, as
aboye mentioned.
The list of persons nominated by the honorable the Senate, were the
honorable Robert Yates, esq., and J ohn Lansing, jun., and Alexander
Hamilton, esqrs., and on comparing the lists of the persons nominated
by the Senate and Assembly, respectively, it appeared that the same
persons were nominated in both lists; tl18roupon,
Resolved, That the honorable Robert Yates, J ohn Lansing, jun., and
Alexander Hamilton, esqrs., be, and they are hereby dcclared duly
nominated and appointed delegates, on the part of this State, to meet
8uch delegates as may be appointed on the part of the other Súttes,
respectively, on the second Monday in May next, at Philadelphia, for
the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation,
and reporting to Congress, and to the several legislatures, such altera-
tions and provisions therein as shalI, when agreed to in Congross, and
confirmod by the several States, render the Federal Constit ution adequate
to the exigencies of Government, and the preservation of the Union.
True extracts from the journals of the Assembly.
JOIIN M'KESSON, Clerk.
STATE OF SOUTH CAROLINA.
By his excellency Thomas Pinckney, esq., Governor, and commander
in-chief, in and over the State aforesaid.
To the honorable J ohn Rutledge, csq., greeting:
By virtue of the power and authority in me vestcd by the legislatura
nf this State, in their act passed the eighth day of March last, 1 do
183
hereby commission you, the said J ohn Rutledge, as one of the deputies
appointed from this State, to meet such deputies or commissioners as
may be appointed and authorized by other of the United States, to as-
semble in convention at the city of Philadelphia, in the month of May
next, or as soon thereafter as may be, and to join with such deputies or
commissioners (they being duly authorized and empowered) in devising
and discussing all such alterations, clauses, articles, and provisions, as
may be thought necessary to render the Federal Constitution entirely
adequate to the actual situation and future good government of the con-
federated States; and that you, together with the said deputies or com-
missioners, or a majority of them who shaIl be present, (provided the
State be not represented by 1ess than two,) do join in reporting such an
act to the United States in Congress assembled, as, when approved and
agreed to by them, and duly ratified and confirmed by the several States,
wil! effectualIy provide for the exigencies of the Union.
Given under my hand, and the great seal of the State, in the city of
Charleston, this 10th day of April, in the year of our Lord 1787,
[L. s.1 and of the sovereigntyand independence of the United States
of America the eleventh.
THOMAS PINCKNEY.
By his exceIlency's command.
PETER FRENEAU, Secretar!!.
Commissions precisely similar to the aboye were given, on the
said 10th April, 1787, to-
The honorable Charles Pinckney, esq.
The honorable Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, esq.
The honorable Pierce Butler" esq.
COMMONWEALTH OF MASSACHUSETTS.
By his excellency James Bowdoin, esq., Governor of the Common.
wealth of Massachusetts.
To the honorable Francis Dana, Elbridge Gerry, N athaniel Gorham,
Rufus King, and Caleb Strong, esqrs., greeting:
Whereas Congress did, on the 21st day of February, A. D. 1787,
ff)solve, "That, in the opinion of Congress, it is expedient that, on the
sccond Monday in May next, a convention of delegates, who shall have
been appointcd by the several States, to be held at Philadelphia, for the
s()le and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation, and
184
reporting to Congress, and the several legislatures, such alteratlons and
provisions therein as sha11, when agreed to in Congress, and confirmed
by the States, render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies
of Government and the preservation of the Union." And whereas the
general court have constituted and appointed you their delegates, to at-
tend and represent this Commonwealth in the said proposed convention,
and have, by a resolution of theirs of the tenth of March last, requested
me to commission you for that purpose.
N ow, therefore, know ye, that in pursuance of the resolutions afore-
said, 1 do, by these presents, commission you, the said Francis Dana,
Elbridge Gerry, N athaniel Gorham, Rufus King, and Caleb Strong,
esqrs., or any three of you, to meet such delegates as may be appointed
by the other, or any of (he other States in the Un ion, 10 meet in con-
vention at Philadelphia, at the time, and for the purposes aforesaid.
In testimony whereof, 1 have caused the public seal of the Common-
wealth aforesaid to be hereunto affixed. Given at the council
[L. s.] chamber, in Boston, the ninth day of April, A. D. 1787, and in
the eleventh year of the independence of the United States of
America. JAMES BOWDOIN.
By his exce11ency's command.
JOHN A VERY, JUN., Secretary.
STATE OF CONNECTICUT.
At a General Assembly ofilte State 01 Conneclicilt, in Amel'ica, lwlelen
[L. s.] at Hartford, on the second Tltul'sday 01 lira!!, A. D. 1787.
AN ACT for appointing delegates to meet in a convention of the States,
to be held at the city of Philadelphia, on the second Monday of May
instant.
Whereas the Congress of the United States, by thejr act of the 21st
of February, 1787, have recornmended that, on the second Monday of
May instant, a convention of delegates, who shall have been appointed
by the several States, be held at Philadelphia, for the sole and express
purpose of revising the Artieles of Confederation)
Be it enacted by the Governor, council, and representa ti ves , in gene-
ral court assembled, and by the authority of the same, That the honor-
able William Samuel J ohnson, Roger Sherman, and Oliver Ellsworth,
esqrs., be, and they hereby are, appointed delegates to attend the said
convention, and are requested to proceed to the city of Philadelphia for
that purpose, without delay; and the said delegates, and, in case of sick-
ness or accident, such one Or more of them as shall actually attend the
185
flaid convention, is, and are hcreby authorized and empowered to repre-
sent this State therein, and to confer with such delegates appointed by
the several States, for the purposes mentioned in the said aet of Con-
gress, ihat may be present and duly empowered to aet in said conven
tian, and to diseuss upon su eh alterations and provisions, agreeable to
the general principIes of republican government, as they shall think pro-
per to render the Federal Constitution adequate to the exigencies of
Government and the preservation of the Union; and they are further
directed, pursuant to the said act of Congress, to report such alterations
und provisions as may be agreed to by a majority of the United States
represented in convention, to the Congress of the United States, and to
the General Assembly of this State.
A true copy of record, examined by
GEORGE WYLLYS, Sec'ry.
STATE OF MARYLAND.
AN ACT for the appointment of, and conferring powers m, deputies
from this State to the Federal Convention.
Be it enacted by the General Assembly 0111faryland, That the honor-
able James M'Henry, Daniel of Sto Thomas Jenifer, Daniel Carroll, John
Francis Mercer, and Luther Martin, esqrs., be appointed and authorized,
on behalf of this State, to meet su eh deputies as may be appointed and
autharized by any other of the UnÍted States, to assemble in convention
at Philadelphia, for thc purpose of rcvising the Federal system, and to
join with them in considering such alterations and further provisions as
may be necessary to render the Federal Constitution adequate to the
exigencies of the Union; and in reporting such an aet for that purpose
to thc United States in Congress assembled, as, when agreed to by them.
and duly confirmcd by the several States, will effectually provide for the
same; and the said deputies, or sueh o.f them as shall attend the said
convention, shall have full power to represent this State for the purposes
aforesaid; and the said deputies are hcreby directed to report the pro
eeedings of the said convention, and any aet agreed to therein, to the
next session of the General Assembly of this State.
By the Hause of Delegates, May 26, 1787, read and assented too
By order: WM. HARWOOD, Clerk.
True copy from the original. WM. HARWOOD, Clerk H. D.
By the Senate, May 26, 1787, read and assented too
By order: J. DORSEY, Clerk.
Tl'llc copy from thc original. J. DORSEY, Clel'k Sena te.
W. SMALLWOOD.
186
ST A TE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.
In the year of our Lord 1787.
AN ACT for appointing deputies [rom this State to the convention, pro-
posed to be holden in the eity of Philadelphia, in May, 1787, for the
purpose of revising the Federal Constitution.
Whereas, in the formation of the Federal eompact, which [rames the
bond of union of the American States, it was not possible in the infant
state of our republic to devise a system which, in the course of time and
experience, would not manifest imperfections that it would be necessary
to reformo
And whereas the limited powers, which by the Articles of Confedera-
tion are vested in the Congress of the United States, have be en found
far inadequate to the enlarged purposes which they were intended to
produce. And whereas Congress hath, by repeated and most urgent
representations, endeavored to awaken this and o.ther States of the Union
to a sense of the truly critical and alarming situation in which they may
inevitably be involved, unless timely measures be taken to enlarge the
powers of Congress, that they may be thereby enabled to avert the danger
which threaten our existence as a free apd independent people. And
whereas this State hath been ever desirous to act upon the liberal system
of the general good of lhe U nited States, without circumscribing its views
to the narrow and selfish objects of partial convenience, and has been at
al! times ready to make every concession to the safety and happiness of
the whole, which justice and sound polic]' could vindicate.
Be it therifore enacted, by the Senate and House of Representatives in
general court convened, that John Langdon, John Pickering, Nicholas
Gilman, :md Benjamín "\-Vest, esqrs., be, and hereby are appointed com-
missioners; they, or uny two of them, ure herebyauthorized und cm-
powered, as deputies from· this State, to meet at Philadelphia said
convention, or any other place to which the convention may be ad-
journed, for the purposes aforesaid, there to confer with such deputies as
are, or may be, appointed by the other States for similar purposes, and
with them to discuss and decide upon the most effectual meuns to remedy
the defects of our Federal Union, and to procure and secure the enlarged
purposes which it was intendad to effect, and to report such an act to the
United States in Congress, as, when agreed to by them, and duly con-
firmed by the several States, will effectual!y provide for the same.
187
STATE OF NEW HAMPSHIRE.
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, JUNE 27, 1787.
The foregoing bill having been read a third time-voted, that it pass
to be enacted. Sent up for concurrence.
JOHN SP ARHA WK, Speaker.
In Senate, the same day: The bill having been read a third time,
voted, that the same be enacted.
JOHN SULLIVAN, President.
Copy'examined, per
JOSEPH PEARSON, Secretary. [L. s.]
16. In pursuanee of the foregoing powers, the Delegates met in
Convcntion at Philadelphia on the 14th day, being the second Mon-
day in May, A. D. 1787, and on the 17th of September, 1787,
agreed to the Constitution as contained in the preceding part of
this compilation, [from page 1 to 23,J which they transmitted to
the United States in Congress assembled, together with the fol-
lowing resolutions and letter :
IN CONVENTION, MONDAY, SEPTEMBER 17,1787.
Present: The Strrtcs of N cw Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut,
Mr. Hamilton from Ncw York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware,
Maryland, Virginia, N orth Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
Resolved, That the preceding Constitution be laid before the U nited
8tates in Congress assembled, and that it is the opinion of this conven-
tion that it should afterwards be submitted to a convention of delegates.
chosen in each State by the people thereof, under the recommendation
of its legislature, for their asscnt and ratification; and that each conven-
tion, assenting to and ratifying the same, should give notice thereof, to
the United States in Congress assembled.
Resolved, That it is the opinion of this convention, that as soon as the
conventions of nine States shall have ratified this Constitution, the United
States in Congress assembled should fix a day on which electors should
be appointed by the Statcs which sha11 have ratified the same, and a day
on WhlCh the electors should assemble to vote for the President, und the
time and place for commencing proceedings under this Constitution,
That after such publication the clectors should be appointed, and the
Senators and Representatives elected; that the electors should meet on
the day fixed for the election of the President, and should transmit their
votes certificd, signed, sealed, and directed, as the Constitution requires
188
to the Secretary of the United States in Congress assembled; that tha
Scnators and Representativcs should convene at the time and place as-
!;ngned; that the Senators should appoint a president of the Senate, for
the sole purpose of receiving, opening, and coullting the votes for Presi-
dent; and that, after he shaU be chosen, the Congress, together with the
President, should without delay, proceed to execute this Constitution.
By the unanimous order of the convention.
GEORGE WASHINGTON, President.
W ILLIAM J ACKSON, Secretary.
IN CONVENTION, SEPTEII1BER 17, 1787.
SIR: 'Ve have now the honor to submit to tbe consideration of tbe
Pnited States in Congress assembled, that ConstÍtution which has ap-
peared to us the most advisable.
1'he friends of our country have long seen and desired that the power
of making war, peace, and treaties, that oflevying money and regulating
commerce, and the correspondent executive and judicial authorities,
should be fully and effectually vested in the General Government of the
Union; but the impropriety of delegating such extensive trust to one
body of men is evident: llence results the necessity of a different
organization.
It is obviously impracticable, in 1he Federal Government of these
States, to secure al! rights of independent sovereignty to each, and yet
provide for the interest and safety of al!. Imlividuals entering ¡nto so-
ciety must give up a share of liberty to preserve the rest. The magni-
tude of the sacrifiee must depend as wellon situa1Íon and circumstance
as on the object to be obtained. lt is at all times difficult to draw witll
precision the line between those rights which must be surrendered and
those which mal' be reserved; and on the present occasion this difficulty
was increased by a difference among the several States as to their situa-
tion, extent, habits, and particular intercsts.
In aU our deliberations on this subjeet, we kept steadily in our view
that which appears to us the greatest interest of every true American-
the consolidation of our Union-in which is illvolvcd our prosperity,
felieity, safety, perhaps our national existenee. This important conside-
ration, seriously and deeply impressed on our mincls, led eaeh State in
the convention to be less rigicl on points of inferior magnitude than might
have been otherwise expected; and thus the Constitution which we
now present is the result of a spirit of amity, and of that mutual clefcr-
ellce and coneession whÍl.:h tlw pcculiarity uf our politic~l situation ren-
dered indispensablt.
189
That it will meet the full and entire approbation of every State, is
not, perhaps, to be expected j but each will doubtless consider that, had
her interest been alone consulted, the consequences might have Leen
particularly disagreeabl8 or injurious to othcrs j that it is liable to as few
cxceptions as could reasonably have been expected, we hope and Le
lieve j that it may promote the lasting welfare of that eountry so dear to
us all, and se cure her freedom and happiness, is our most ardent wish.
With great respeet, we have the honor to be, sir, your excellency's
most obedient humble servants.
By unanimous order of the convention.
GEORGE WASHINGTON, President.
His exeelIency the PRESIDE;-¡'T OF CO;-¡'GRESS.
17. Whereupon Congrcss passed the fol1owing resolution:
UNITED STATES IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED.
FRIDA.Y, SEPTEMBER 28,1787.
Present: N ew Hampshire, Massaehusetts, Conneeticut, N ew York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Georgia, ano [rorn MaryIand Mr. Ross.
Congress having receivcd tlIe report of the convention lately assem-
bled in PhiladelplJia-
Resolved, unanimo1tsly, That the said report, with t11e resolutions and
letter accompanying the sarne, be transmitted to the several legislatures,
in arder to be subrnitted to a convention of dolegates chosen in each
State by the people thereof, in conformity to the resolves of the conven-
!ion made and provided in that case.
18. The States having accordingly passed acts for scverally
calling conventions, and the Constitution having been submitted
to them, was ratified by the conventions of the several States, at
the dates respectively as stated on page 24 of this compilation.
THE UNITED STATES IN CONGRESS ASSEMBLED.
SATURDA Y, SEPTE:\IBER 13, 1788.
Congress assembled. Present: N ew Hampshire, Massaehusetts, Con
neeticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Virginia, North Caro-
lina, South Carolina, and Georgia j and frum Rhuuc IslanJ 1\1r. AnlOld.
amI froIU Dduwarc l'ilr. Keamy.
20
190
On the question to agree to the proposition which was yesterday post.
poned by the State of Delaware, the yeas and nays beillg required by
.Mr. Gilman-
New Hampshire ••• ••• •••••••••.••••••• . IV1r. Gilman,
\Vingate,
Massachusetts ' ••••••••••••••••••••••••• 1\lr. Dana,
Thatcher,
Connecticut .......................... . Mr. lIuntington,
\Vadsworth,
New york ............................ ;1\1r. Hanülton,
Gansevoort,
Ncw Jersey .......................... • Mr. Clarke,
Daytoll,
Pcnnsylvania •••••••••••••••••••..••.. Mr. r rwine,
Meredith,
Armstrong,
Read,
Vi1'g,ill,ici ..••.• •••••••.••.•........••.. I\lr. Griffin,
Madison,
Carrillgton,
Lee,
Sout¡' Carolina • ....................... 1\1r. Parker,
'fucker,
Georgia .............................. . 1\lr. Fe\v,
Baldwin,
So it was resolved in the affirmative, as follows :
ay~ ay
ay 5
ay} ay ay
ay~ a
ay 5 y
ay} ay
ay
ay} ay
ay
ayl
ay
'¡Uy ay
ay
ay} ay ay
ay
ay
ay} ay
ay
ay} ay
ay
\-Yhereas the convention ussembled in Philadelphia, pursuant to the
resolution of Congress of the 21st of February, 1787, did, on the 17th
of September in the same year, report to the United States in Congrees
assembled a Constitution for the people of the United States; where-
upon Congress, on the 28th of the same September, did resolve, unani·
mously, "That the said report, with the rceolutions and letter accom-
panying the same, be transmitted to the several legislatures, in order to
be submittcd to a convention of delegates, choscn in each State by the
people thereof, in conformity to the resolves of the convention made
Ilnd provided in that case:" And whereas the Constitution soreported
by the convention, and by Congress transmitted to the several legisla.
tures, has been ratified in the manner therein declared to be suflicient
f('f ~he establishment of the same, and Buch ratifieations, duIy authenti-
cated, have been received by Congress, and are fiIed in the office of the
Secretary; therefore-
Resolved, 'fhat the first \Vednesday in J anuary next be the day for
appointing electors in the several States, which, before the said day,
shall have ratified the said Constitution; that the first Wednesday in
191
February next be the day for the e1ectors to assemble in their respective
States, and vote for a President; and that the first Wednesday in March
next be t11e time, and the present seat of Congress (N ew York) the
place, for commencing the proceedings under the said Constitution.
19. The elections were held in the several states for Electors, in
conformity with the above resolution, and the Electors so appointed
met as therein req uired, and voted for President and Vice Presi-
dent, (the result of whose votes will be seen in the first table of
electoral votes contained in this volume,) and the several states
having, in conformity with the Constítution, elected the Senators
and Representatives to which they were respectively entitled, pro-
ceedings commenced under the Constitution on the first Wednes-
day, being the 4th day of March, 1789, by the meeting of the Sena-
tors and Representatives in Congress on that day, from the eleven
states which had then ratified the Constitution; but a quorum not
appearing in either House, the House of Representatives adjourned
from day to day until Wednesday, the 1st of April, when a quo-
rum, consisting of a majority of the whole number, appearing, they
elected a speaker and clerk and proceeded to business; the Senate
in like manner adjourned from day to day, until Monday, the 6th
of April, when a quorum, consisting of a majority of the whole
number of Senators, appearing, "the Senate proceeded, by ballot,
to the choice of a President, for the sole purpose of opening and
counting the votes for President of the United State·s." The Elec-
toral votes were accordingly opened and counted on the6th of
April, 1789, in the presence of the Senate and House of Represen-
tatives, and it appeared that George \Vashington was unanimously
elected President, and that Jo1111 Adams was duly elected Vice
President of the United States, agreeably to the Constitution. The
Senate then e1ected a President pro tempore, the Vice President
not being present, and a1so a secretary, and proceeded to business;
and having taken the proper measures to notify the individuals
elected, John Adams, Vice President, appeared and assumed the
chair as President of the Senate on Tuesday the 21st of April.
George 'Washington was introduced into the Senate Chamber, by
the cornmittee appointed for the purpose, on Thursday, April 30,
192
1789, and was attended to the gallery in front of the Senate Cham-
ber by the Vice President and Senators, the Speaker and Repre-
sentatives and other public charactcrs presento 'fhe oath rcquired
by the Constitution was then administcrcd to him by the Chancel-
lor of the State of N ew York, who proclaimed, "Long live George
Washington, President of the United States," after which the Pre-
sident retumed to the Senate Chamber and delivered his inaugural
address to the Senate and House of Representatives.
Thus commenced the proceedings of the Constitutional Govem-
ment of the U nited States of America. The Executive and Legis-
lative branches so installed, possessed from that time, under the
Constitution, the power to make laws and appoint all the officers
necessary tú constitute the Judiciary llranch, as well as all the Ex
ecutive Departments and subordinate offices, both civil and miIitary;
all of which was effected in a convenic-nt and proper time, and the
whole system, then for the first time put in motion, has continued
to operate, improve, and mature, until it has acquired a capacity,
stability, and power adequate to its own security and preservation,
and to the protection of the rights, the honor, and interest of its
citizens over the entire surface of tbe globe, as well as to the pre-
servation of the lives, the liberty, and happiness of its people at
home; illustrating an thc attributes of a good government, and
proving incontestably the vaIue and excellence oí OUT own Consti-
tution.
193
CHAPTER 3.
PROCEEDI~GS IN TIIE COi'\GRESS OF TIJE UNITED COLONIES RE-
SPECTI~G "A DECLARATION OF IN DEPENDEN CE, BY THE RI<:'
PRESENTATIVES OF THE UNITED STATES OF Al\IERICA, IN
CONGRESS ASSEl\IBLED."
IN TIrE CONCRESS OF THE lJNITED COLONIES.
SATURDAY, JUXE 8, 1776.
Resolved, That the resolutiolls respecting independency be referred to
a commÍttee of the whole Congress.
The Congress then resolved itself into a committee of the whole ; anJ,
after sorne time, th'3 President resumed the chair, and Mr. Harrison re-
ported, that the commi.ttee haye taken into consideration the matter to
them refp.rred, but not having come to any resolution thereon, directed
him to move for ¡eave to sit again on Monday.
Resolved, That this Congress wilI, on Monday next, at 10 o'clock, re-
solve itself into a commit(ee of ¡he whole, to take into their farther con-
sideration the resolutions referreu to them.
MOXDAY, JlJNE 10,1776.
Agreeable to order, the Congress resolved itself into a committee of
the whole, to take into their further consideration the resolutions to them
referred; and, after sorne time sjlent thcreon, the President resumed the
chair, and Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee have had under
consideration the matters referred to them, and have come to a resolu-
tion thereon, which they directed him to reporto
The resolution agreed to in committee of the whole being read,
Resolved, That the consideration of the first resolution be postponed
to Monday, the first day of J uly next; and in the meanwhile, that no
time be lost, in case the Congress agree thereto, that a committee be
appointed to prepare a declaration to the cffeet of the said first resolution,
whieh is in these words: " That these Unlted Colonies are, and of right
ollght to be, free and independent States; that they are absolved from
al! aIlegiance to the British crown: and that all polítical connexion be-
twecn thcm and the State of Creat Britain is, and ought to be, totally
dissu! ved."
194
TUESDAY, JUNE 11, 1776.
Resolved, That the committee, for preparing the Dec!aration, consist
of five :-The members chosen, Mr. J efferson, Mr. J ohn Adams, Mr.
Franklin, Mr. Sherman, and Mr. R. R. Livingston.
TUESDAY, JUNE 25, 1776.
A dec!aration of the deputies of Pennsylvania, met in Provincial Con-
ference, was laid before Congress, and read, expressing their willingness
to concur in a vote of Congress, dec!aring the United Colonies free and
independent States.
FRIDAY, JUNE 28, 1776.
"Francis Hopkinson, one ofthedelegates from New Jersey, attended,
and produced the credentials of their appointment," containing the fol-
lowing instructions :-" If you shall judge it necessary or expedient for
this purpose, we empower you to join in dec!aring the United Colonies
intlependent of Great Britam, entering into a confederation for union and
common defence," &c.
MONDAY, JULY 1, 1776.
'A resolution of the convention of l\Iaryland, passed the 28th of June,
was laid before Congress and read," cOlltaining the following instruc-
tions to their deputies in Congress :-" That the deputies of said colony,
or any tluee or more of them, be authorized and empowered to concur
with the other United Colonies, or a majority of them, in dec!aring the
United Colonies free and inclependent States; in forming such further
compact ancl confederation between them," &c.
The order of the day boing read,
Resolved, That tbs Congress will resolve itself into a committee of the
whole, to take into cOllsideration the resolutioll respecting independency.
That the dec!aration be referred to said committee.
The Congress resolved itself into a committee of t he whole. After
sorne time the President resumed the ehair, and Mr. Harrison reported,
that the committee had come to a resolution, which they desired him to
report, and to move for leave to sit again.
The resolution agreed to by the committee of the whole being read,
the determination thereof was, at the request of a colony, postponed
:.mtil to-morrow.
Resolved, That this Congress will, to-morrow, resolve itself into a
committee of the whole, to take into consideration the dec!aration re-
spccting independcnce.
195
TUESDAY, JULY 2, 1776.
The Congress resumed the consideration of the resolution reportea
from the committee of the whole; which was agreed to as follows :
Resolved'c!'fw..,t tFve~ ~tvite~ q&(Yfo-tv~e,:" a/w, (l¡I1,~, (Y~ 'l,~~fvl;,
o-LL~fvf:, to &e, ~'l,ee (l¡lv~ ~\V~~"CIl,~e¡vt gt<Ltv,,; ¡j~ tFvclJ' (l¡W (l¡~.
(),(Yfl.}e~ ~'l,o-m, (l¡EC (l¡e~~\we. to tl've. 03(,it~:>~ c'l,o-LI»tI, (l¡lv~ tfw..,t (l¡CC
¡V(YC~~cJ COIVlWXW-\v ~etw.cetV t~em, (l¡lv~ tl've. g~e ó-~ ~'¡,~ 03(,~.
Wt~v, v." (l¡lv~ ~rvt t.o &c, tO-(;(l;CE'J' ~~~:>o-eu.e~.
Agreeable to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a
committee of the whole; and, after some time, the President resumed
the chair, and Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee have had under
consideration the declaration to them referred ; but, not having had time
to go through the same, desired him to move for leave to sit again.
Re.~olved, That this Congress will, to-morrow, again resolve itself into
a committee of the whole, to take into their further consideration the
declaration respecting independence.
WEDNESDAY, JULY 3, 1776.
Agreeable to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a
committce of the whole, to takc into their farther consideration the de-
claration; and, after sorne time, the President resumed the chair, and
Mr. Harrison reported, that the committee, not having yet gone through
it, desired leave to sit again.
Resolved, That this Congress will, to-morrow, again resolve itself into
a committee of the whole, to take into their farther consideration the
Declaration of Independence.
TnURSDAY, JULY 4, 1776.
Agreeably to the order of the day, the Congress resolved itself into a
committee of the whole, to take into their farther con~deration the
Declaration; and after, sorne time the President resumed ~e chair, and
Mr. Harrison reported that the committee had agreed to a decIaration,
which they desired him to reporto
The DecIaration being read, was agreed to as foIlows :
.il Declaration by the Representatives qf the United States qf .I1merica,
in Congress assembled.
VVhen, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary fOl
one people to dissolve the polítical bands which have connected
196
them with another, and to assume, among the powers of the earth,
the separate and equal station to which the laws of nature and of
nature's God entitle them, a decent respect to the opinions of man-
kind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them
to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men am created
cq ual; that they are endowed ~y their Creator with certain unalien-
ab1e rights; that among these, are life, liberty, and the pursuit of
happiness. '1'hat, to secure t.hese rights, governments are insti-
tuted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of
tho governed; that, whenever any form of government becomes de-
structive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or to
abolish it, and to institute a new government, Iaying its foundation
on such principIes, and organizing its powers in such forrn, as to
them sha11 seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness'
Prudence, indeed, will dictate that governments long establishea,
should not be changed for light and transient causes; and, accord
ingly, all experience hath shown, that mankind are more disposed
to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right thomselves by
abolishing the forms to which thoy are accustomed. But, when a
long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same
object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute despotism,
it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such government, and
to provide new guards for their future security. Such has boen
the patient sufferance of these colonies, and such is now the neces-
sity which constrains them to alter their former systems of govern-
ment; '1'he history of the present king of Great Britain is a his-
tory of rep~ated injuries and usurpations, all having, in direct
object, the establishment of an absolute tyranny over these States.
'1'0 prove this, let facts be submitted to a candid world :
He has refused his assent to laws the most wholesome and
necessary for the public good.
He has forbidden his Governors to pass laws of immediate and
pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his
assent should be obtained; and, when so suspended, he has utterly
neglected t {) attend to them.
197
He has refused to pass other laws for the aeeommodation oí
large districts of people, unless those people would l'elinquish the
right of representation in the legislature; a right inestimable to
them, and formidable to tyrants only.
He has ealled together legislative bodies at plaees unusual, un-
comfortable, and distant from the depository of their publie records,
for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his
measures.
He has dissolved representative houses repeatedly, for opposing,
with manly firmness, his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused, for a long time after such dissolutions, to cause
others to be elected; whereby the legislative powers, incapable of
annihilation, have returned to the people at large for their exercÍse ;
the State remaining, in the mean time, exposed to a11 the danger
of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for
that purpose, obstructing the law-s for naturalization of foreigners;
refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and
raising the conditions of new appropriations of lands.
He has obstructed the administration of justice, by refusing his
assent to laws for establishing judiciary powers.
He has made judges dependent on his will alone, for the tenure
of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of new offices, and sent hither
swarms of ofTIcers to harass our people, and eat out their sub··
stanee.
He has kept among us, in times of peaee, standing armies, with-
out the eonsent of our legislature.
He has affected to render the military independent of, and supe-
rior to, the civil power.
He has combined, with others, to subjeet us to a jurisdietion
foreign to our eonstitution, and unaelmowledged by our laws;
gíving his assent to tbeir acts of pretended legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us :
For protecting them, by: a mock trial, from punishment, for any
198
mUTders which they should commít on the inhabitants of these
States:
For cutting off OUT trade with all parts of the world :
For imposing taxes on us without our consent:
For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of trial by jury:
For transporting us beyond seas to be tried for pretended of
fences:
For abolishíng the free system of English laws in a neíghboring
province, establishing therein an arbitrary government, and enlarg.
ing its boundaries, so as to render it at once an example and fit in·
strument for íntroducing the same absolute rule into these colonies :
For takíng away OUT charters, abolishing OUT most valuable
laws, and altering, fundamentally, the powers of OUT governments:
For suspending OUT own legislatUTes, and declaring themselves
invested with p~wer to legíslate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated government here, by declaring us out of his
protection, and waging war against uso
He has plundered OUT seas, ravaged OUT coasts, burnt OUT towns,
and destroyed the lives of our people .
. He is, at thís time, transporting large armies of foreígn mer·
cenaries to complete the works of death, desolation, and tyranny,
already begun, wíth circumstances of cruelty and perfidy scarcely
paralIeled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the
head of a civilízed nation.
He has constrained OUT fellow-citizens, taken captive on the high
seas, to bear arms against thoir country, to become the executioners
of their friends and brethren, or to faH themsel ves by theír hands.
He has excited domestic ins~rrections amongst us, and has en·
deavored to bring on the inhabítants of our frontiers, the merciless
lndian savages, whose known rule of warfare is an undistinguished
destructíon, of all ages, sexes, and condítíons.
In every stage of these oppressíons, we have petitioned for
redress, in the most humble terms; OUT repeated petitions have
oeen answered only by repeated injury. A prince, whose character
is thus marked by every act which may define a tyrant, is unfit to
be the ruler of a free people.
199
N or have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren.
\Ve ha ve warned them, from time to time, of attempts maJe by
their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over USo
\Ve have reminded them of the cireumstanees of our emigration
and settlement here. We have appealed to their native justiee and
rnagnanimity, and we have eonjured them, by the ties of our eom-
mon kindred: to disavow these usurpations, whieh would inevitably
interrupt our conneetions and eorrespondenee. They, too, have
been deaf to the voiee of justice and eonsanguinity. We must,
therefore, aequiesee in the necessity, whieh denounces our separa-
tÍnn, and hold them, as we hold tlle rest of mankind, enemies in
war, in peace, friends.
\Ve, therefore, the representatives of the VNITED STA TES
OF AMERICA, in GENEHAL CONGRESS assembled, appeal-
ing to the Supreme Judge of the Wor1d for the reetitude of our in·
tentions, do, in the name, and by the authority of the good people
of these eolonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these V nited
Colonies are, and of right ought to be, JltCe antJ *ntJe:pentJent
';:tates; that they are absolved from an allegianee to the British
crown, and that all political connexion between them and the state
of Great Britain, is, and ought to be, totally disso1ved; and that, as
FREE .flND INDEPENDENT ST.ilTES, tlley have full power
to levy war, eoncludc pcaee, eontract allianees, establish commcrce,
and to do aH other acts and things which INDEPENDENT
ST ATES may of right do. And, for the support of this declara-
tion, with a firm reliance on th8 protection of :nrrr:xn lJ1HD'"
llrlll15N~E, \Ve mutually pledge to cach other, onr lives, our
fortunes, and our saered 1lOnor.
The foregoing declaration \Vas, by order of Congress, engrossed,
and signed by the following members :
New Hampshire.
J osiah Bartlett,
William \Vhipple,
l\Iatthew Thornton.
JOHN HANCOCK.
Jllassachusetts Bay.
SamueÍ Adams,
John Adams,
Robert Treat Paine,
Elbridge Gerry.
Rlwde Island.
Stephen Hopkins,
'William Ellery.
Connecticut.
Roger Sherman,
Samuel Huntington,
vVilliam Williams,
Oliver vVolcott.
lYew Yorl.:.
vVillbm Floyd,
Philip Livingston,
Francí s Lewís,
Lewis \lorris.
~New Jersey.
Richard Stockton,
J ohn Witherspoon,
Francís Hopkínson,
John Hart,
Abraham Clark.
Pennsy lrania.
Robert Morris,
Benjamín Rush,
Benjamín I<'ranklín,
J ohn Morton,
George Clymer,
James Smíth,
George Taylor,
James Wilson,
George Ross.
200
Delaware.
Cresal' Rodney,
George Read,
Thomas ~1' Kean.
]}lary land.
Samuel Chase,
Willíam Paca, •
Thomas Stone,
Charles Carrol] ,of Carrollton
Vir:;inia.
George \V ythe,
Hichard Henry Lee,
Thomas JdTerson,
Benjamín IIarrison,
ThomasNelson, jun.
Francís Lightfoot Lee,
Carter Braxton.
l'{ortlt Carulina.
vVilIiam Hooper,
Joseph He\ves,
John Penn.
Soutlt Carolina.
Edward Rutledge,
Thomas Heyward, jun.
Thomas Lynch, jun.
Arthur Middleton.
Georgia.
Button Gwinnett,
Lyman Hall,
George Walton.
Resolved, That copies of the Declaratíon be sent to t11e several
assemblies, conventions, and committees, or councils of safety, ana
to the several commanding officers of the continental troops; that
[t be proclaímed in each of the United States, and at 1he head
the anny.
201
CIIAPTER 4.
rrW:"lL\J::'\T POLITICAL ACTS OF
G E O R G E \V A S HIN G TON.
Appointment of Geor::;c \Vashin~:ton to he commanJer-in-cbief of
the ami)', by thc COll~rcss 01' tiJe COllfl'Jel'útÍOll, OH tIlO 15th
J U¡¡C, 17/;).
/", ;2j'('ca:)le to erUt'} ~ tilc C()n[;res~ rc;:.:oh:ru itsclf into a COlnrnittcc oí
T;ji_ \V~llíJ!C:~ Hi.1U, ai"tlr scrdC Lr:lc', the ]?Ic~iJcnt re~lllned the ch:lir, allJ
~"ll, \\' éU'¿ r~'i"'l'lcd -Jlal Llll' COlllill;¡ lce lud cume Lo some [arthcl' l'c:solu-
¡lU;l~, wllidl !.te \\ as unkrl'd lu \'t']\(Jl't,
Tile rCpúit uf ¡jIU [;oll11I1iIICe lJCíllg I'cud anu considered,
l~(solv,d, '1'!wl n ~~(;Ile¡'<ll be c¡PP',;i1lcd lu L.:iJflllli'llHl al! the Continentd
;,)II,C~ j'¡¡í,;cJ, UI' lo lJ'; :'ai,l:d, fuI' tlw Ul'lL'IlCC uf l\nlCrícé1n lilJcny.
';'L~t ii\'c: llllndl ,'el JulIan,; pel' nWllllr Le uilowt:u ¡Ur tlw ¡;ay ul¡d ex-
llt-';:;:::~-'''' IJ( tIlC' gelicral.
TL<j CU",!iu:~ tllen [ll'occcd-cd to tho clwice of a go:c1'::Il, uy uaEüt, aúd
r.; l:Ur~e \V a:shil :gl Oi!, Cti(j" wus unClll;mously clectcu.
Fr,[[i.H, JUXE 16, 1775.
:\Ict llcc:;nJin;::; to ,tr:j')Urr:tll')!Jt. [TllC Dclc6a t cs from ihe C,)lúliics of
::\c.\' lL'l¡j¡j:,L:r,-', ~1.;;,,:;d;:J:¡lt('(tS L"y, COllllecti::ut, New York, New
.1Ué;CY, l'ellll>':!\',lll:a, lJclaWélr(J cuuntics, l\lurylalld, Virginia, l~orth
Carolina, anu ¡)oullt Cürolillu, boing: prc~ollt.]
Tilo President infol'lllcJ C')[Ollel Wil;:;hinglún that the Congress had
) €stcrJay uuanilllou:sly llléllle choice of him to be general and como
mamler-in-chicf 01' lhe An:ericiln rorces, and requcsted he woulcl acccpt
Oj' llwt cmpl()ymcnt; io \\hieh Co]oncl \Vc:~hj¡lgton, standing in his
r.,ll~e, UllS\\Tcrcd:
" ~\IR, Pr.r:;tDE:'iT:
.. 'fllOl!:.';h 1 am truly scn"ih]e (lf the high honor dOcle me, in this np-
]jo):¡¡I¡;¡clll, yet 1 [cd great u¡,;trl's;;, úom con:'ciOU~liJS:3 that my auihllcs
[1,,1 lj;:ji~ary c::pcriellce rnay not be cqual to tüe extensiv8 und il11port&nt
tlan: lIü\\e~,'r, as the Congrc2s desire it, 1 will biter upon the rno-
21
202
mentous duty, and exert every power I possess in tneir service, and [or
support of the glorious cause. I beg t11ey will accept my most cordial
thanks for this distinguished testimony of their approbation.
"But, lest sorne unlucky event should happen, unfavorable to my
reputation, I beg it may be remembered, by every gentleman in the
room, that I, this day, declare with the utmost sincerity, Ido not think
myself equal to the command I am honored with.
"As to pay, sir, I beg leave to assure the Congress, that, as no pe-
cuniary consideration could have tempted me to accept this anluous
employment, at the expense of my domestic ease and happiness, I do
not wish to make any profit from it. I wiU keep an exact aeeount of my
expenses. Those, 1 doubt not, they wil! diseharge, and that is aIl 1
desire."
Resolved, That a committee be appointed to draught a commission and
instructions for the general.
The persons chosen to compose the committee, were Mr. Lee, Mr. E.
Rutledge, and Mr. J. Adams.
SATURDAY, JUNE 17, 1775.
Met according to adjournment.
The committee appointed to draught a commisslOn to t)16 general re-
ported the same, whieh, beillg read by paragraphs and delJaled, was
agreed to as fo11ows :
IN CONGRESS.
The delegates of the United Colonies of New Hampshire, Massachu-
setts Bay, Rhode Island, Connecticut, Ncw York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, the counties of Newcastle, Kent, anri Sussex, on Dela.
ware, Maryland, Virginia, N orth Carolina, and South Carolina:
To GEORGE ",VASHINGTON, ESQ.
We, reposing special trust and confidence in your patriotism, valor,
conduct, and fidelity, do, by these presents, constitute and appoint you
to be general and commander-in-ehief of the army of the United Colo-
nies, and of a11 the [orces now raised, or to be raised by thcm, and of aH
others who shall voluntarily offor their sorvice, and join thc saiel army for
the defonce of American liberty, and for repelling every hostile invasion
thereof: And you are hereby vested with fuU power and authority to
act as you shall think for the good and welfare of the service.
And we do hereby strietly charge and require an officers and soldiers,
under your command, to be obedient to your ordcrs, and diligent in the
exercise of their several duties.
203
And we do also enjoin and require you, to be careful in executing tha
great trust reposed in you, by causing strict discipline and order to be
observed in the army, and that the soldiers be duly exercised, and pro-
vided with a11 convenicnt nccessaries.
And you are to regulate your conduct in every respect by the rules
and discipline of war, (as hcrcwith given you,) and punctua11y to observe
and fol!ow such orders and directions, fram time to time, as you shall
receive from this, or a future Congress of these United Colonies, or
committee of Congress.
This commission to continue in force until revokcd by this, or a future
COlJgress.
By order of the Congress,
Orrlcred, That (he sarr:e be lair!y transcribed, signed by the President,
attestcd by the secretary, and delivered to the general.
Reso[¡;ed unanimously, vVhereas, the delegates of a11 the Colonies,
from N ova Scotia to Georgia, in Congress assembled, have unanimously
chosen George Washington, esq., to be general and commander-in-chief
of such force s as are, or shall be, raised for t he maintenance and pre-
servation of American liberty ; this Congress doth now declare, that they
wil! maintain and assist him, and adhcre to him, the said George Wash-
ington, with tlwir lives and fortunes in the same cause.
Address of the President of Congress to George vVashington,
and his reply, 26th August, 1783:
MONDAY, AUGUST 25, 1783.
Congress being informed of the arrival of the commander-in-ehief in
the neíghborhood of Princeton:
Ordend, That he have an uudicnce in Congress to-morrow at twelve
o'clock.
TUESDAY, AüGUST 26,1783.
According to order, General Washington attended, and being intro-
duced by two mernbers, the President addressed him as follows :
SIR: Congrcss feel particular pleasure in seeing your exce11ency, and
in congratulating you on the succcss of a war, in which you have acted
so conspicuous a part.
It has been the singular happiness of the United States, that during a
war so long, so dangerous, and so important, Providence has been gra
ciously pleased to preserve the life of a general, who has merited and
possessed the uninterrupted confidence and affection of his fellow-citi·
zens. In other nations many have performed services, for wh¡c h they
~Q.J
have deservcJ onu r€ccivcd dio 11,:-\n\" uf tllC publico But to you, sir,
peculiar praise is due. Your se1'vlccs have been essential in uc:quirillg
amI ostablishing (he f1'C'í.;dom ,u:J ill,lpp":H]cncc of yom COil!l!r)'. 'l'licy
c1c.-::cryc thc gr:ltefnl D('kl;O\\'leJ:~:llC;1ts vi a frt~p anJ illdcllCildcnt llat idn.
'Those ackno\\'lcu6"lUeUis CULgIC.3:S Lave lhe ~atl:·j~ctioll u( cxvrl'::3::;~ng to
you1' exceden!'y. .
Hostili,ies have no\\' cra:"eJ, but your countr)' still needs yonr ser-
vices. S;w \vi",b8S tu avail hOl'self 01' )'OUI' t01e11(;; in furmiw,'; (he anange-
ments ",hic:h \vill be neCC>'~8ry tu!' he!' in (he timo 01' peaeo. For this
r'Ca30n your utt'Cnuanre at Congress has llcen rCljllcsteú. A cOlllll1ittee
is :l11poinled.to clJlIJ8r \Vil)¡ your excellel1cy, Ollrl to rcccive yonr as:::ist-
ance 111 preparing alld Jigc'::,~in~ plans rcluliYe to those Üllportant ob·
jects.
To which his excellel1cy made the following reply :
lVIR. PRESlDEXT: 1 am too sensible of (he honoralJle rcccptioñ 1 hava
now experienced, not to be penetrated "'llh lile deepest feelings of gra-
titude.
N ot\vithstanding Congrcss arpear to cstimrrte the value of my Jife
beyond any scrvices 1 l::tYC oee:¡ able to rellucr the Unileu Statcs, yet 1
must be pcrmitted 10 cOl1sid:::r the ",i"lhm "nj unailillliíy 01' Ollr national
co.1.lllcils, the fi:"m;lI',~s uf onr Ci(i¡:cnc;, al1d tllC paticnce amI brin'ory of
Ollr trunps, wl!icll have p10UllCCc! so ha]l;ly a tcrn~i:lntio!l af' lhe \\':1r, as
the mast conspicuous cJkd of the diviHe iuterpo>oilioll and [he surest
pros~ge of our future h8jl11::\888.
Highly gratified hy tLe f~l\'or::ll)le s(m1imenls wbich Congrcé's are
plcnoed to c:cpre:"s 01' IlIy jl"st conclllct, ::llld UIl1Jily rcwarclcd by (ht: COIl-
fj clellcc anj rdE''';1i<J'l of my i(·llo\\'-('iii:~('l1s, 1 calJllOt J¡es;lale to eOlltrilluíe
Jr~y best cn{lC':1vl)r~~ tO\\'~lIJS the c:-~I;¡hL: .. :J~nl('llt nf' t}¡n ll¡JfÍnr!nl ~eC'urity in
v.-lwtcH!r man:'cr (be :"C;YC;-l'jc~lJ pO'.\·(,r nli:y ¡hillk pr'¡;lI:r 10 du"cct, 11n!il
(he ratification of lhe ddinitivo (realy of ]Jcn"c, O[ tlw llllol evacLlatjoll
OfOUT countrybytbc I3ri¡i~h forces; aner eílherofwhi('J¡ f'vems, 1 shall
ask permi~sion to retire 10 ¡he pe¡¡cdúl sh;l(lc 01' prívate Ji{'c.
Pu!":;)PS, "ir, no o"Ca"i0:l mny o!Ti:'r 1111're f'llitaLlp (]¡;JI1 (he prrscnt (o
CY;;"{'~':; n~~.T l:tnn1Jle th:l11ks fo (;0(1. n~lfl n-:y ~Er(11{'fld t]('!:;.¡v,,'.'ll't!g¡f\cnt-s
to r:l~'- r'{)·t:~!r~ .. Y. C::-r 1]~n ?~'(,~lt (lr~l! 1"'~~u~'tn ~u~)p()rt I llave rc;ccivcd in
P\'ery V1r::'_:~::I:d(! nf f):-!1J1~0. fl~i{l f\~' !!a~ f!l:tny d!~tingu]?hed ho~~ors
w Lch COl;~rc::;:i h;1';8 bcen pk:¡:3eu to c01lí{,~r ul'un me in the co~trse of
1 be war.
,
205
Resignation, by George Washington, of the office oí commander
in-chief, to Congress, and answer of the President of Con~
gress, 23d December, 1783.
SATURDAY, DECEMBER 20, 1783.
Congress assembled: Present, N ew Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode
Island, Pellllsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, N orth Carolina,
and South Carolina.
A lelter, of t!lis day, from the commander-in-chief, was read, informo
ing Congress of his arrival in this city, with the intention of asking
Ieave to resign the conllnission he has the honor of holding in their ser·
vice, and dc:-iring to know their plcasure in ,,,hat manner it wil! be most
propcr to oilcr bis resignation; whether in writing or at an audience.
vVhereupon,
Resolved, That his exeellency, the commander.in-chief, be admitted
to a public audienee, on Tuesday next, at twelve o' clock.
Resolved, That a public entertainment be given to the commander-in-
chief on Monday next.
T¡;E~DAY, DCCE2\IBIm 23, ] 783.
Congress asscmLlcd: Present as before.
According to order, his execllcncy the eommander-in·ehief was ad-
mi'tcd to a publie audic;ce, and being seated, the President, after a
pause, informed him, that the Unitcd Stntes in Congress assembled were
prcpared to rcceivc his cOl1lllJunications: Whereupon he arose, and ad·
dresticd as fo11ows :
[To revive the recol!ection of this scene, and to renew, in the breasts of
the American people, the emotions of gratitude, affection, and veneration,
that swelled the hearts of Statesmen, Legislators, Warriors, and other
, citizens, on that ever-memorable occasion, much care has been taken to
bring here to view the living Washington as he then appeared in the
Congress Hall. Fortunately, the affectionate providence of his native
state secured, in the best manner, the means of transmitting the sem-
blance of those venerated features and forrn to posterity. The marble
sta1ue by lloudon, in the state·house at Richmond, is the most authentic
likeness of Gcorge vVashington extant ; [rorn this has be en t'lken al! that
could be obtained from marble, the rest has been derived from the best
painting,.;, anJ botl! combincd by the arti:3( who has produced this copy.
.:206
The sword is taken [rom tbe original, now in (he ratent Officc at \Vash.
ington. "\Vashington is I:crc rCprc.-clit ('ti in the manncr that he desircd
10 Le, Q.S \yill Le seen by d!" iullu\VllJg memoranda UI1U C()rrC~I'UI¡l;cll'.:e :
By TIIE LEGISLAT1:RE OF VIRGIXIA, Ol! Tuesday, tlw ~:2d .J lme, 1 ~::: 1, it was
Resoll'ed, That the exceutiye be requesteJ to take mcaSllfes (Uf l'focuring a
statue of General IVashin¡;ton, to be of the finest marLle amI ¡he UCSl workmun.
811ip, with lhe foilowing insc¡';ptioll on its peclestal :
TIIE GE::\ERAL ASSE)lJ3LY OF TrIE CO'.DIO::\WE \LTII OF VIR,~I:-;lA
HA VE CA rSED TlJIS STATl'E TO BE EllEC1'EIJ
AS A 2IIOX:::.11:';'1' OF ,H'Fr:C';:¡O::\ J.:";D cr:.\;:11TDE 1'0
UNITI::\G TO TllE EXDOW~¡EXTS OF TllE llElW 1'IlE VIHTl:ES OF 1'HE T'ATRlOT,
AND EXERTING BOTIl IN ESTABLISllIXG THE Ll'lEHTlES OF HlS C()U~TRY,
HAS REXDERED HIS XA~.IE DEAR TO !lIS n:¡'LO\V CITIZl:XS,
AXD GIVE:\' TIlE ,YORLU AX Dlc,!OItT.\I, EXA~1i'LE
OF Tr..~':s GLORY.
[Traditioll 8ays tha! this br:('ll)llt llDl,]c trib":,, \\''':' ¡wn'H'(l by J"nW'l '\Tarli.on
on his knce, in liJe lnidst of lhe lLg~:3~uture of \'lf,~;l\ii.t, (JI' \V1J:C:l jll~ \\'(1.-; tben a
member.]
AccoTlling-ly (iovcrnor Harriwl1 npplic(l to :\Tr. J,,:T,'rc,on al1,111r. Fr:1nk1jl1, th(>n
jn Paris. 10 t'¡1~:l~~(, a :,1atl1ar\~ .• '¡r. ~ fot1,l()!1 \ya;:; t·Jl':;~~'(·d. ~!!ld ('alnl' :n .. A:IH r;c:_~.
in 17t:.3. in the ~~(l\!le vcs~el ,,\~ith }}r. Fr;lld·:l:n. ¡le l'()(d~ ¡'¡U)ll ~\ll'. J~Jl~_'rS¡!ll a let~
ter 10 \Yash,llgtOll, lÍ'om ",hieh tite lull()willg is au l:xtr<Jel;
FRO~1 JEFFETISO;>i TO \YA'llIXGTOX.
" Par;", 10 Jnh', 1i~:J
"~\rr. Hou,lon ",0111rl mllch Roonpr lJnve had ti,(' honor (Jf a"(,lldin~ \'011, 1m: In]'
a sreil of's:cl.lle~,,: wh¡ch lung- ilt,lucl'd 11" to ¡j'·-:';l.r (J( ]1:'; )'l' ('()'dlr)', alld fr()[l!
which he is but rteCelJlly rccoI'ered. lk CflllW, 1l1l\V. (Ir ¡he pllrpos" of J..ll¡j;lIg-
the aid or·h¡~.; urt to trall~ll1Ít you 10 po:--:tcril). i ¡t~ lS \vil)¡Oltl r;va!;..;,lljp in 1t, lJl'ing
employerl from all P,lrl8 o( EI\rop" 111 \Y],;11I'V('r is (';I)';¡:l1, 1 le llas had a didj-
cully to witllilraw him","lf frolll an or,1('[ üf th" ElJl1'rl'"'' of TIII",,,ia; a rliiliclIll",
hO\\'c\~er~ Ibat arose froIo a (k~",!re to ~;10\V IIl'f I'1.'.";P"L't. ¡Hit \vhi(']¡ ll(~Vt'r ga\'e hinl •
a IlIO!llenl';-: }1{-~~;tatjou ahoul his IHCS(\llt YOY:I:!C 1 \Y}I;(')¡ l]t' (·o,l....:~d(·t·.;, n:-:. ]lrntil;:-:j!l~
the lHi~::tl':-:t cll;)ptPf ofhi~ hi.;;:tory. 1 Jllt\.\ :-;p(,hl'll o:' 1¡:111:1:, lIll :lr1 ~:! ,l!lly: L¡,t
J ('(,~l :~>-.,:~¡n~ a1:-:.0. l~laf, a.~ a IBall. 11'.' ;~ tl 111('1"(':--11;'.1. !2..-\'Jlt r0,) ... ·. {';l¡h:;d. ~ílHl
pantlll:[ lór )1'\-: in eVt'rv C:f(·tlIlJS1~11l('t' )TWr:l'll:2,' \ 0111' !_~',)4)\1 1} ,;¡¡ ()!1. J [1_' \\ ':1
l!·t\T\~ lll'l'd 1~) c3~'e yon 11lliC·ll \y}¡;1c ]]e ::::;.;tj] L;¡\-c t¡J~' L()¡)'\:t" td· (J{' JI:! "\X:l:1 ~ dl¡;
\.., !l:ci~ y,' 1 C(!1l 11iC' Ilion' ;rCf\~r adluit, a~ ll...~ cl!l~!lellee alld 11ll:f.'t t;"~Ye lL111 adlU~..:)·
:51)]1 111to S"L'lÜCl': ::;üe.letiC':5 hcrc."
FrrO:,I \L\ ~'Il::\GT()X 1'0 1l01'DO:<l
"111,)/(111 1'anon. 2(1 ~epleml,,'r, '17S5.
"SIR.-By a JettC'r, whieh 1 have IoteIv h~rltlw honor lo ft'l'"iyc fi'olll Ur. Frank-
,in, at PL]l;:\ll~lph;a. 1 am informetl U[ >·C"ll' <lrr:vat al t1ml p]a<;e. .\Jany letterl!
2CJ1
from verv re¡'pc('tRbJe ch~rn('tcrR in rr~]lc(,. a~ 'Nf'll as 1he Doc10r's. inform me
of 1he Opé¡ISioll; ji)]' 'whicil. thOltgh tlt,. ('ause j;; nol oí' my 's{'"king. 1 feel the most
<ltrfecal,!e aud gl'lIlcCul ';(·l\,.iUjollS. 1 >\,:.,11 tlll,' ol,jl'('! ot" yOll~ lll:,Si011 hall ueen
n;Ol'e w()l'tilY 01 ¡ite lIla,;teriy g'c11ius o: tllC lir,;t S"llüHry i11 LÜfope; tUl' tllus you
are n'rre:::I'llll'd t0 nlr~.
,·11 \\·111 g!V(' IllC I,lc(l~llr('. sir. to \.y¡,lcornc you 10 this seat of rny retirernent;
and \v]¡all;yef 1 1."\'1', el' eilll I"roe'11'11, ¡);al is Ilect'"s<ny to your ¡mrposcs. or CIJ?l-
venient and ugrt'('aL¡I~ 10 youf \.vislws. you lnu8t Ú't:ely COlnlnalHI. as inclination
10 olJlige ) O[J "'di lit) aillollg' lIle las! IlJings in 'which 1 slwll ue fOUllll tlelieiellt,
either on your arrival 01' dUl'ing your slay.
"\Vith sentiments of esteem, 1 am, sir," &e.
'J'he artist rcacherl J\Tonnt Vernon Oll the 3d of Octouer, where he spent a fort-
nigllt, del'oled to the purpo~e 011118 vi~it,
FRO"I JEFFERSO:'\ TO WASIIl:'\GTO.'<.
"l'mis, 4 Janllary. 17.S6.
"I have Leen honorcd with your lcu,'1' of ~('rtt]rnber ¡he :¿Iitlt, which \Vas d~
ji ·'ej'I'.¡ IJ!'~ ¡,y ,';1'. "",,¡JOll. ",llo :s sal, Ir rctn1'Il·"d. IIc ]¡a~ urough¡ witl! h1m the
n:(¡¡¡id 01" tll{' 1;1('(' Ollh-. haYi!1!~> lelt the (lllle1' pnrts of hi~ \vork 'Njth bis \VOrklH' 1.
S(;IJIt; ()tll~í· C()llVCyellll'C. DI'. Franklin, \VIlO was joincd wjtlt me 1"
¡;Jt' oC 1his ju:-,t lJIOnll111ellt. havillg lt:ft U~ befare \vhat 1S cul1e
the c("hln", 01' the sla!nc \Vas ¡jpcided 011. 1 canllol so wp!l satisfy myself, and 1
t"11 j)cLi'¡'Hled 1 ,;llOuld nul so \\",:1 salisl)' Illé \Vo,ld, as by consulting yon1' o\\'n
's!-h or illf>linatioll flS 10 this artide. l'crlllit me. there:url" to ask yon whcther
lhere is anv parllcnlar dress, 01' any particular attitude, which you would ralltcr
",~~~h lO Lt~ "adopte,lo 1 ~hall take a s:ngular plca;;:ure in havillg your o\tvn idea
exeeuted, ii' rou willoe so gooLl as tomake it kllOWIl to me."
FI:<)}I '" AS¡¡I:\GTO~ TO JEl'FERSO~.
"111mIl11 T"'nlon, 1 AnQ'uEt, 1786.
"In :ln,C::\YL'r to y01lf ohJ;~;jllg inqnirjc~ rcsre('t;Jl~ tlll~ drc:_;s :-l'lld atl~tudé, v~rh¡ch
WQuid wi"h 10 Ita \e g-in'll lo t!w statul' in questi(JIl, 1 ha\'e olllr lo observe, tbat,
IlÓl1J:l\~;1l.c.; SlJl1ici"1l1 j¡I:o\\'letl~'" in tlJl' ar! 01' sClllplure lo oppoi:e my ,iurlg-menl to
tLt' :aste oC COíl:10!SSl'llr~\ L dn 11(1t dcsire to (ll('¡iJtc illlhc JllaTter. ()n tlle C011-
trary. 1 ,),,1,1 llP pCl'lectly sati,fied wah whalevel' may !JI.' jlldg-ed dccent :wd
prorcr. 1 SllOIJlrl evell sl'tll'c¡cly have y'c11turl'd to i'ug-gest, that perhaps a servile
ad¡H;rcllc~ 10 lht~ garh oí' H1l1i'illity rnigltt n01 be alto~·'.;ther ~o eXredlent, as S{JIT1C
l¡lt'e ¡\'cVi:ltioll 'lit jluor nI ti" moJan rostume, ir 1 ha(1 not Jearnt from Colonel
linllll'hreys. that tbis was ti cirelllll,;tance hintcd ill eonycrsalioll by 1\Ir. \Vest to
j\¡r. I :ou<!OI1. The la"ie, \\ i¡ielt h,,, Ilelen inlrodllccd ill paiuting uy \Vest, 1 under-
sthl1l1 is rcceived with appltlu,;e, alld pl'evails extell~jvcly."
FRmI JEFl'ERSO~ TO WASIlIXGTO~.
,. Paris. 14 Angust, 1787.
"1 was Ilappy to fll1rl. 11y thA l"tter of Angnst 1 sto 17'36. w]¡ieh yon did me the
brlllor lo write 10 Tnl'. I !,al the modu n d /'fS' far !Jot{ r slat ue lJ'ould mal !Jaur npprooa-
tlnn. J íOllllll it strollédy ¡l!e ,enlnnrnt nI \\"CS1, Coplero Trllmuull, and Brown, in
LOilc!O!l; alier vv hich it would ue riLlicuious to add, that it ,"vas my own."
TiJis '\York. tlwrc!or,'. pnrports to ¡le an exact porlrait statue of'\Yashington,-
;')11 ;l\¡:]if'Jlli(' h;:-:.~()r!('Hl tllOlllPUl'llL--the rnstUJllP l)f;ing that in 1chich he u'as (tCCZlS~
t l .
'
1/U,j to uliplar as (fOUU}/{ulf/(r-in-c/¡¡if. i\o ut]¡er slatue .. vas ever rn,ule fron1 lli-s
Ijt'l',~('n. 'j hi:-: \'::¡~ fll()d1-!I~_·~! (1hout 1\\-0 ycars arter tlJE' clo~e ofh~~ Illi¡itary carecr,
i11 t¡H~ tilty-t~)Hrlh yeB!' of l!ls HlIe. a cin:u¡nstal1ce to he borne ill !Túnel in COlnpnr-
:~ >' :1 \Yl1h hltcr 1,ortra;1:.:. ¡ ,O\V \Yeil. j11 pO:lIt ol' resl'luLlance, it satj~±ied h~s
,'" )r,!ri('~ UIH.l a~~()('¡atc~. 1l1::1y be jndg-ed ÚOlll tbr: slrollg' declaraticn of
J t·, ,.:-,. "r,L,,11 111 ti", 1'(']'.-lIn (.Jnred ~¡lli.rk,,) 10 '",hum lile wOl'id ji; ill(lel,led lor
¡:t" r¡-·{'t:nn O!' \\'a~1l!1l:~101¡'~ litflnr?/ 1l.iolllUnel1L-ll1at. to a spectalor st:'ll1(ling on
ttl" fl;'!'Lt h,llld ot' the slalllf', alld t~d, 'll~r a lU1]( .. (ront vjr\v~~, ." it TPpresented tho
ol,g~l1;Ái as l)...:rrel'tJ;¡- a~í a L\'~llglliall (.;ould Le reVll:Sf..'lllcd in ru;;u!Jle."]
208
MR. PRESIDENT: The great events on which my re-
signation depended having at length taken place, 1 have
no\v the honor of offering my sincere congratulations to
Congress, and of presenting myself before them, to sur-
render into their hands the trust committed to me, anel to
claim the inclulgence of retiring from the service of my
country.
Happy in the confirmation of our independcnce anu
sovereignty, and pleased with thc opportunity afforded
the U nited States of bccoming a respectable nation, 1
resign with satisfaction the appointment 1 accepted wilh
diffidence; a diffidence in my abilities to accompli~:ill so
arduous a íask ; which however was snperseded by a con-
fidence in the rectitude of our cause, the support of the
supreme pO\ver ofthe Union, and the patronage ofHeaven.
The successful termination of the war has verified the
most sanguine expectations; ana my gratitude for the
interposition of Providence, anJ the assistance 1 have re-
ceived from my cOllntrymen, increases \vith every review
of the momentous contesto
While 1 repeat my obligations to the army in general,
1 should do injustice to my own feelings not to acknow-
ledge, in this place, the peculiar services and distinguished
merits of the gentlemen \',~ho have been attached to my
person during the war. It was impossible the choice
of confidential officers to compose my family should have
been more fortunate. Permit me, sir, to recommend, in
particular, those who have continued in the service to the
present moment, as \vorthy of the favorable notice and
patronage of Congress.
] cC:lsider it an indispensable duty to close this last
aet of my oflicial life by commending the mterests (j)f our
dcarest country to the proteetion 01' Almighty God, and
•
209
those \Vho have the superilltenclcnce of them to his holy
keeping.
Huying nmv finished the \yor:{ assigned me, 1 retire
from the great theatre of action, and bidding an am~c
tionate fare"\ycll to this angust body, undel' \\'hose orders
1 llave so long acted, 1 here offer my commission, and
take my leave of all thc em,ployments of public life.
IJe ¡1¡e11 adv;mceu anJ uc1ivereJ to the Pre,<ident Lis eommission, ,yi,h
a copy oí" his auurci:'s, anu h:lving rcsumed !lis place, the President
(TlIU:\IAS .:\lIFFLIx) returncJ J¡ill1 tlw iullüwillg answer:
Sn:: T110 lJiliLeJ Slates in Cougress assemblf'u receive, wilh eroo-
f,ion" too afIecting lor uttoranco, ¡ he soleron resignation of the authorities
m,rler which yau have led thcir troops with succoss through a perilous
and doubtful \Yar. Calleu upon by your country to defond its invaded
rights, you acceptcd the sacred charge, befare it had formed alliances,
und whilst it was without fun,ls or a govornroent to support you. Y 011
have conducted the great milit ary contel:lt with wisuom and fortitude,
invariably regardillg ¡he figNs of the civil power through all disasters
and c1lUl1ges. YOIl have, by the lavo and eOlllidence of your fello\\'-
citizel1s, onabled ¡]JOm to display ¡heir martial gcnius, amI tmnsmit tlwir
fame to posterity. You havo perscvored till thcse UniteJ Statos, aiJeJ
by a magnanimous king anu !lation, havo been enableu, under a just
Providence, to close the war ín fi-ecuom, safety, and independence; on
\vhich happy event we sincercly join you in congratulations.
Having dofenued the stnnd:ml of liLerty in t!lis new world; having
t¡l'lght a 1es8011 lI~Cflll to tl!O~e W;IO i¡dIiet ¡¡¡~tl to tho¡;e who feel oppre,;-
Fíon, you retire fro111 tho gr'cat tllPatre of acrícn, w;th the blcssings of
y'iéJ]" fellow-eitizens; hut tIlO glory cf yonr virtues \vil! not termínate
wi¡h your militilry eommancl; ít \vill contillue to animate remotest ages.
'Ve {eel wí¡h yOIl our obligatiol1s to the army in general, and wiU
r'lrticularly charge omi-'clves with tho interests of those confidential
oiliccrs, who have attenued ynur person to this affecting momento
\V ce join you in commem!ing tbe intorests of our dearost country to
t11" lEO: eet ion of Allllighty God, beseeching him to dii3poSO the hearts
f:l:d Illilld" of its citizens to improve tbe opportunityaffordecl them of
¡ ll'(,Ollli!lg a ]¡appy alla respcctal,lo !latÍon. And for YOIl we 'lddress lo
Lim ()Ill" I'arnf'st pmyers, t1mt a life so beloved l1lay be fostered with aH
];i, C:1;'8; j hal y01lf days m;¡y bo l¡¡¡ppy as they havo hecn illnstrious;
:iflll 'har ¡JO \':itl 11;¡nllv gin; yóJll ¡ha! rcw:1:-rl \Yh;,~lt ({¡ii-: wo, Id (~mlJ1()( ~iVfl
210
ELECTION OF GBORGE \VASHINGTON AS PRESIDENT
OF THE UNITED STATES, AND HIS INAUGURAL AD.
DRESS.
MOXDAV, APRIL 6, 1789.
The President of tIlo Senate, elected for the purpose of counting
the votes, dcclared to the Scnate, that the Scnate and Housc of
Representatives had met, and that he, in their presencc, had opened
and countecl the votes.of the Electors for President and Vice Pre-
siden t of the U nitecl Sta tes; whereby it appears that
GEORGE vV ASIIINGTON was unanimously elected Presidcnt.
vVhereupon the following certificate and lettrr, prepared by a
committee, consisting of l\Iessrs. Paterson, J ohnson, Lee, and
Ellsworth, were adopted by t11e Scnate, and signed by their Pre-
sident.
Be it known, That the Senate and House of Representatives of the
United States of America, beillg cOllvencd in the cíty and Btate of New
York, the sixth day of April, in the Year of our Lord one tltousand se ven
hundred and eighty-nine, the underwritten, appointed President of the
Senate, fúr tbe 80le purpose of reeeiving, opening, and counting the
votes of the Electors, did, in tite presence of the said Sena te and House
of Representatives, open all the certificates, and count all the votes of
the Electors for a President and túr a Vice Presiden!; by which it ap-
pears that GEORGE WASHIXGTON, esq., was unanimously eIected,
agreeably to the Constitution, to the office of President of the United
States of Arnerica.
In testimony whereof, 1 have hercunto set my hand and sea\.
JOIIN LANGDON.
NEW YORK, ApriI6, 1789.
SIR: 1 have the honor to transmit to your Excelleney the informatían
of your unanimous election to the office of President of the United States
of Arnerica. Suflcr me, sir, to indulge the hope, that so auspicious a
mark af public confidence will meet your approbation, and be considered
as asure pledge of the affection and support you are to expect from f}
ú'ee and enlightened peopIe.
1 am, sir, with sentiments of respect, your obedient humbIe servant,
JOHN LANGDON.
ro hls Ex' cy GEORGE WASHINGTON, esq.
•
211
THURSDAY, APRIL 30, 1789.
The oath of office having been administered by the Chancel10r
of tlle State of N ew York, in the presence of the Senate anJ
House of Representatives, to George Washington, President of the
U nited States, he then made the following Inaugural address :
Feflow-Citizens of the Senate, and
of the lIouse of Rcprcsentatives ..
Among the vicissitudes incident to life, no event cou1d have filled
me with greater anxieties than that of which the notification was
transmitted by your arder, and received on the 14th day of the pre-
sent month. On the ane hand, I was summoned by my country,
whose voice I can never hear but with veneration and love, from a
retreat which 1 had chosen witn. the fondest predilection, and, in
my fiatteTÍng hopes, with an immutable decision, as the asylum of
my declining years; a retreat which was rendered every day more
necessary, as well as more dear to me, by the addition of habit to
inclination, and of frequent intorruptions in my health, to the gra-
dual waste committed on it by time. On tIlo other hand, the mag-
nitudo and difficulty of the trust to which the voice of my country
called me, being sufficient to awaken in the wisest and most expe-
riencod of her citizens a distrustful serutiny into his qualificatións,
could not but overwhelm with despondence one, who, inheriting
inferior endowments from nature, and unpractised in the duties of
civil administration, ought to be peculiarly conscious of his own
deficiencies. In this confiict of emotions, all I dara ayer, is, that
ít has been my faithful study to co11oct my duty from a ju¡;:t appre-
ciation of every circllmstance by whích ít might be affected. Al!
1 dare hope, is, that if, in executing this task, 1 have been too
much swayed by a grateful remembrance of former instances, or
l)y an affectionate sensibility to this transcendent proof of the con-
fidence of my fdlo\v-citizens, and have thence too little consulted
lny incapacity as well as disinclination for the weighty and untried
earts before me, my error will be palliated by the motives which
misled rne, and its consequences be judged by my country, with
sorne sharc of the partiality in which they originated.
212
Such being- the impressions unuer \vhiGll I hav~, in oocdipnce to
the puolic summons, repaired to tite IHt~sent statioll, it ,,"ould be
peculiarly improper to omit, in this iirst oifi(~ial act, my fcrvent sup-
plications to that Almighty Being who rulos over tlte ulliverse-
who presides in the councils of nations-ancl \"hose providential
aids can stlpply every human defect, that his benedietion m<ly con-
secrate to the liberties ana happiness of tho people of the lJ nitccl
States, a government institutcu by themselves for tItase essclJti,,¡
purposes: and may el1aole every instrmnent cmploy('(l in its admia-
istration to execute with success th8 fUflrtions allottcd to his charg'c.
In tenderillg ,this llOll1ago to tlw GrC,lt Author of cvcry pul)lic ;:lIld
private gooll, 1 assure rnysclf t]¡;¡t it oXl'rcsses yonr sellt;lJWllt.., not
les S than my o\Vn; nor tllose of my fellow-eitizens at larg'e, less
tllan either. N o people can be bOlllld to acknowledge ami auow
the imisible hand whieh conducts the aITcürs of mcn, more th:ln
the pC8ple of the United St<ltcS. Evcry st('p hy whieh th('y han)
é!llvaneed to t]1(' char:1der of ,m indepey:clcnt ll:,tiJ;n, s,'cms to ]:;t",E'
been distinguis!¡ed lJy somo tckrn of pnl':irlt:ntictl agf']wy; and in
t118 imjJnytliJt rcyelutioll jll,;t acco1l1nlis]¡ed in t:1O Sj'sti'lll nf thc:ir
lluÍtcd g'u\"crn:Jl(:nt, tllC trilliquil dc1i¡H~r:¡tioll", (1mi \Ttlluilt-,:ry COll-
sent of so lD<llly di::stinct COfll¡lIUi¡lti(,:s, fi'olll \\"Lidl 1Jw en'lJt lEl;;
resulted, cannot be compared \Vit!l the llleiíllS by wbieh mm;t go-
vcrnmcnts ~ave br:el1 est::lJlishcd, \",ithout sonw n,turn of pious
gratitude, along with an humhlc anticipation of the futnre hlessings
which the past seem to prC'sa2'e. These refkc:tiol1s, arising out of
the present crisis, 1::1'18 fon'e,l tlJelliS~;JvCS too strongly on my mind
to be supprcsscd. You \dll.loi1! "\vil:l ll18, 1 trtl"t, in thill!i.ins' that
t:LCre are none, undEr tbo illjhu':Ill~e of which tile proceedings 01' a
new and free g'overnmel1t can more auspicionsly COnlmcnce.
By the article establishing t!lO executive dep;utment, it is made
the duty of the President ~'tr) recowmclld to your ~o:1"ider.ltion
sl1ch measures as he shall jnclgl! neecsdary allll e,\:]lcdient." The
cirelllllstanccs uncler w11ich 1 llOW meet you will aC(lllit me from
entering into t1nt subjcct, f>rthc~' th()n to refer to the grf'Zlt consti-
tutional charter nndl'r which yUl! :m' assl'mbl('d; and wLidl, in (:8-
finiug your pO\H'rs, llc:.::i;~n;jtc;; tk.: cLJect:-: te; \",hidl your atlention
i::; to be giYt::Il. It \Vil! be ¡>lore l>,;l-;i"_'L~ \ .. i"; :i¡'hl' (:ijel¡¡n~,Lll1ces,
•
213
and far more congenial with the feelings which a ~tuate me, to sub-
stitute, in place of a recommendation of particular measnres, the
tribute that is due to the talents, the rectitude, and the patriotism,
whích adorn the characters selected to devise and adopt them. In
these honourable qualífications I behold the snrest pledgf's that, as
en one side, no local prejudices or attachments, no separate views,
nor party animosities, will misdirect the comprehensive and equal
eye which ought to watch over this great assemblage of communi-
tíos and interests; so, on anothcr, that the foundations of onr na-
tíona1 poliey will be laíd in tilo pure and il11l11utable princíples of
prívate morality; and the prc-eminenco of free government be ex-
emplified by al1 tho attribl1tcs which can win the affections of its
citizens, and cornmand tho respect of the world. I d\veH on this
prospect with every satisfaction which an ardent love for my coun-
try can inspire: since there is no truth more thoroughly established,
than that there exists in the economyand course of natura an indis-
soluble union between virtue and happiness-between duty and
advantage-betwecn the genuine l11élxims of an honest and magna-
lJimous poliey, and tho sol id rewards of public prosperity and foli-
city; sineo we ought to Lo no 10ss pcrsuüded thüt the propitious
smiles oí' Heaven can never Le expected on a natío n t11at disregards
the eternal rules of order and right, \vhich Heaven itse1f has or-
dained; and since the preservation of the saered fire of 1iberty, and
the destiny of the republiean moJel of governl11ent, are justly eon-
sidered as deepIy, perhaps as finaIly, staked, on the experimeIlt en-
tfLlsted to tho hands of the American peop1e.
Besides the ordinary objeéts suhrnitted to your care, it will re-
main with your judgment to decide, how far an exercise of the
ooeasional power delegated by the fifth article of the Constitution
is rendered expedient at tlle present juncture, by the nature of ob-
jections whieh have been urged against the system, or by thl3
dcgree of inqllietllde which has given birth to them. Instead of
undertaking particular rocommendations on this subject, in which
1 con1d he gllided by no 1ights derived fram official opportunitles,
1 c;h?JI again givc way to my entire confidence in your discernment
and pursuit of the publie good; for, I assure myself, that whilst
¡üU carüfnlly avoid cvery alteration whieh might cndang'ür tha
214
oenefits of an uniteo and effective govemment, or which ought to
await the future lessons of experience, a reverence for the charac·
teristic rights of freemen, and a regard for the public harmony,
will sutliciently inftuence your deliberations on the question, how
far the former can be more impregnably fortifieJ, or the latter be
safely and advantageously promoted.
'1'0 the preceding observations 1 have one to adJ, which .vill be
most properIy addressed to the Honse of Hepresentatives. lt con·
cems mysc!f, and wil!, therefore, be as brief as possible. \Vlten 1
was first honored \vith a cal! into the scrvice of my conntry, t]¡en
on the eve of an ardnous struggle fer its Iibcrties, the ligltt in which
1 contemplated my duty, required that 1 shou1d renounce every
pecnniary compensation. From tltis resolutioll 1 have in no in-
stance departed; and being still under the impressions \vhich pro.
cluced it,I must decline, as inapplicable to myself, any share in tite
personal emoluments which may be indispensabIy included in a
permanent provision for the execntive departmcnt; and must ae·
cordingly pray tllat the pccuniary e"timates for the stltion in whieh
1 am placed, may, during my continuanec in it, be limitcd to such
actual cxpenditures as t110 pubJic good !llay Le tlwugltt to rC(JIlire.
Having thus imparted to yon my ti8l!timellts, as tlw}' 1m'ie 00('11
awakened by the occasion which brillgS us togcther, 1 slmll tfl.ke
my present leave; but not \vithont resorting once more to the benign
Parent of the human race, in humble supplication, that, since he
has been pleased to favor the American penple with opportullitil's
for deliberating in perfect trallquillity, and dispositions for decid-
ing, with unparallcled unanimity, on a fonu 01' government for tÍíe
security of their U nion, amI tIte advancement of their happiness,
so his Divine bIessing may be equaJly conspicuous in the enlargud
views, the temperate consultations, and the \Vise measures, on
which the succe:;;s of this governmcllt must dependo
G. \VASI-lINGTON.
APRIL 30, 178~.
215
FAREWELL ADDRESS OF GEORGE WASHINGTON, PRE
SIDENT, TO THE PEOPLE OF THE UNITED STA TES,
SEPTEM:B.F.R 17, 1796,
Fll'ends und Fellow-citizens ..
The period for a new election of a citizen to administer the Ex-
ecutive Government of the United States being not far distant, and
tlle time actually arrived when your theughts must be employed in
designating t110 person ,,,ha is to be clothed with that important
trust, it appears to me proper, especially as it may conduce to a
more distinct expression of the public voice, that 1 should now ap-
prize you of the resolution 1 have formed, to decline bcing con-
sidered among the number of those out of whom a choice is to be
made.
1 beg you, at the same time, to do me the justice to be assured
:hat this resolution has not been taken without a strict regard to all
tilo considerations apportaining to the relation which binds a dutiful
citizen to his country; and that, in withdrawing the tender of ser-
vice, which silence, in my situation, might imply, 1 am influenced
by no diminution of zeal for your future interest; no deficiency of
grateful respect for your past kindness; but am supported by a fun
conviction that the step is compatible with both.
The acceptance of, and continuance hitherto in, the office to
which your suffrages have twice called me, have been a uniform
sacrifice of inclination to the opinion of dnty, and to a deference
for what appeared to be your dosire. 1 constantly hoped that it
would have boen much earlier in my power, consistently with mo-
tives which 1 was not at liberty to disregard, to return to that re-
tirement frorn which 1 had been reluctantly drawn. The strength
of my inclination to do this, provI0us to the last election, had even
led to tlle preparation of un address to declare it to you; but mature
rellection on the then perplexed and critical posture of our affairs
with foreign nations, and the unanimous advice of persons entitled
tI) my confidence, impelled me to abandon the idea.
1 rejoice that tite state of your concerns, external as well as ln-
2113
ternal, no longer renders the pursuit of inclination incompatible
with the sentiment of duty or propriety; and am persuaded, what-
ever partiality may be retaincd for my services, that, in t110 present
circumstances of our country, you will not Jisapprove my determi-
nation to retire.
'rile impressions with which I first undertook t1le ard non s tmst
\Vere exp1ained on tlle proper occasiol1. In the discharge of this
trust, I wi1l on1y say, that I have with good intentions contributed
towards the organization and administration of the Government
t11e best exertions of which a very fallib1e jndgment was capable.
Not unconscious in the ontset of the illferiority of my qnalifica-
tions, experience, in my own eyes-perhaps sti1l more in the cyes
of others-has strengthened the motives to diffidence of mysclf;
. and every· day the increasing weight of years admonishes me,
more and more, that the shade of retirement is as necessary to me
as it will be welcome. Satisfied that if any circumstances have
given peculiar value to my services, they were temporary, I have
the conso1ation to believe tllat, while choice and prudence invite
me to quit the political scene, patriotism does not forbid ita
In looking fonvard to tile moment which is intcnded to termínate
the career of my public life, my feeJings do not pprmit me to sus-
pend the deep acknowledgmcnt of 1hat debt af gratitude whieh 1
owe to my beloved country for the many honors it has conferreJ
upon me; still more for tite stcJdfast eonfidenee wi1h whieh it has
supported me; and for the opportunitics I have thence enjoyed of
manifesting my inviolable attaehment, by scrviees faithf'ul alld per-
severing, though in usefulness unequal to my zeal. If bcncftts
have resulted to OUT country from tilese services, Ict it always be
remembered to your praise, and as an instructivc example in our
annals, that, under eireumstanees in whieh the passions, agitated
in ev(~ry direction, ".ere liable to mislead; amidst appearanecs
sometimes dubious, vicissituues of fortunc often discouraging; in
situations in which, not unfrequently, want of sueecss has counte-
nanced the spirit of criticism,-the constancy of your support was
the essential prop of the efforts, and a guarantee of the plans, by
whicll t11ey were effected. Profoundly penetrated with this idea,
217
1 sha11 carry it with me to my grave, as a strong incitement to un-
ceasing vows, that Heaven may continue to you the choicest to-
kens of its beneficence; that your union and brotherly affection
may be perpetual; that the free Constitution, which is the \York
of your hands, may be sacredly maintained; that its administra-
tion, in every department, may be stamped with wisdom and vir-
tlle; tbat, in fine, the happiness of the people of these States, un-
der the auspices of liberty, may be made complete, by so careful a
preservarion and so prudent a use of this blessing as will acquire
to them the glory of recommending it to the applause, the affec-
tion, ana the adoption of cvery nation which is yet a stranger
to it.
Here, perhaps, 1 ought to stop; but a solicitude for your wel-
fare, \vhich cannot onu but with my 1ife, and the apprehension of
danger natural to that s01icitude, urge me, on an oc casio n like the
present, to offer to yonr solemn contemplation, and to recommend
to your frequent review, sorne sentiments, whieh are the result of
mnch ref1cction, of no inconsidcrable observation, and which ap-
pear to me aH-important to the permanency of your felicity as a
pcople. Thesc will be ailorJed to you with the more frecdom, as
you can only see in them tite disinterested \varnings of a parting
friend, who can possilJly have no personal motive to bias his
connsel; nor can 1 forget, as an encouragement to it, your indul-
gent reception of my sentiments on a former and not dissimilar
occasion.
lnterwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your
hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or con-
firm the attachment.
The unity of government, which constitutes you one people¡ is
<\lso now dear to you. lt is justly so; for it is a main pillar in
the edifice of your real independence-the support of your tran-
qnillity at home, your peace abroad, of your safety, of your pros-
pprity, of that veIy liberty which you so highly prize. But as it
jo; ea~;y to forcsee that, from different causes and from differenL
q '.nrters, mlwh pains wiII be taken, many artifices employed, to
Wt'aken in your minds thc conviction of this truth: as this is ',hQ
2:2"
218
p0Ínt in your polítical fortress agabst 'Nhich the batteries oí in-
ternal and external cnemies will be most constantly and actively
(though often covertlyand insidiously) directed,-it is of infinite
moment that you should properly estimate the immense vaIue af
your national union to your collective and individual happiness;
that you should cherish a cordial, habitual, and immovable attach-
ment to it; accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as ol'
the palladium of your political safety and prosperity; watcIting
for its preservation with jealous anxiety; discountenancing w hat-
ever may suggest even a suspicion that it can, in any event, be
abandoned; and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning ol'
every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest,
or to enfeeble the sacred ties \vhich now link togetber the various
parts.
For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest.
Uitizens by birth or choice, of a common country, that country has
a right to concentrate your affcctions. The name of Jimerican,
which belongs to you in your national capacity, must aIways exalt
the just pride ofpatriotism, more than any appellation derivcd from
local discriminations. "Yith sligbt shadcs 01' diíl'erence, you have
the same religion, manners, habits, amI political principles. You
have, in a common cause, fought (lnd trillmphcd togethcr; the in-
dependence and liberty you possess are the work of joint counsels
and joint efforts, of common dangers, sllfferings, and successes.
But these considerations, howevcr pc!\vcrflllly they address them-
seIves to your sensibility, are grc:ttIy outweighed by those vvhich
apply more immediately to your interest; Itere every portion of our
country finds the most commanding motives for careflllly guarding
and preserving the union of the whole.
The N orth, in an unrestrained intercourse with the South, pro-
tected by the equal laws of a common g'overnment, finds, in the
productions of the latter, great aJditional resources of rnaritime anu
commercial cnterprise, and precious ma terials of manufacturing
mdustry. Tile South, in tile same intercollrse, bencftting by th¡;
agcncy of the North, sees its agTiculture grow, and its commerce
expando T1.lrning partIy into its own channels the seamen of the
219
N orth, it finds its particular navigation invigorateQ; and while it
contributes, in different ways, to nourish and hcrease the general
mass of the natlonaI navigation, it looks forward to the protection
of a maritime strength to which itself is uneqnally adapted. The
East, in Iike intercourse with the West, already finds, and in the
progressive improvement of interior communication, by land and
water, will more and more find, a valuable vent for the commod!-
tÍes which it brings from abroad, or manufactures at home. The
vVest derives from the East supplies requisite to its growth and
comfort; and what is perhaps of still greatAr consequence, it must,
of necessity, owe the secure enjoyment of indispensable outlets for
its own prod uctions, to t11e weight, infiuence, and the future mari-
time strength of the Atlantic side of the Uníon, directed by an indís-
soluble community of interest as one nation. Any other tenure by
which the West can hold this essential advantage, whether derived
from its own separate strength, or from an apostate and unnatural
connexion with any foreign power, must be intrinsically precarious.
While, then, every part of our country thus feels an immediate
and particular interest in union, all t11e parts combined cannot fail
to find, in the unÍted mass of means and efforts, greater strength,
greater resource, proportionably greater security from external dan-
ger, a less frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations;
and what is of inestimable vaIue, thoy must derive from union an
exemption from those broils and wars between themselves, which
so frequently afflict neighboring countries, not tied togother by tho
same government; which their own rivalships alone would be suf·
ficient to produce, but which opposite foreign alliances, attach-
ments, and intrigues, wouId stimulate and imbitter. Hence, like-
wise, they will avoid the necessity of those over-grown military
establishments, whicl!, under any form of government, are inaus
picious to liberty, and which are to be regarded as particularly hos-
tile to republican liberty; in this sen se it is that your union ought
to be considered as a main prop of your Iiberty, and that the Iov6
oí' the one ought to endear to you the preservation of the other.
These eonsiderations speak a persuasi'íe language to every reflecto
ing and virtuous mind, and exhloit the cor.ánuance of tbe O nion
as a primar)' ohject of patriotic dCf'ire. 15 there a donbt, whethcr
220
a common governmont can embrace so largo a spltcre 1 Let expc4
rience solve it. To listen to mere specuJation, in such a case,
'\Vere criminal. \V 8 are authorized to hope, t113t yroper organiza~
tion of the whole, with th8 auxiliary agr:ney of governments for
the respective subclivisions, \Vill aiford a happy iS5ue to the expe-
riment. It is well worth a fair and full experimento With such
powerful and obvious motives to U nion, affccting al! parts of onr
country, while experience shall not have demonstrated its imprac-
ticability, there will always be reason to distrust the patriotism of
thOS8, who, in any quarter, may endcmvor to wl'aken its bands.
In contempbting the canses which rrmy di"tmb our Union, it
occurs, as a matter of serious concern, tlwt any ground should haye
heen furnished for characterizing parties hy geographieal discrimi-
nations-Northern and Southern-Atlantic and vVestern: whence
designing men may endeavor to excite a belief that there is a real
difference of local interests and views. One of the expedients of
party to acquire influence within particular districts, is to misre-
present the opinions and aims of other districts. Y ou cannot shield
yourselves too mnch against the jealollsies and heart-burnings
which spring from these misreprcsentations; they tend to render
aEen to each other tiloso who ought to be bound togcther by frater-
nal aifection. The inhabitants of our western country have 1ate1y
had a useful les50n on this heau; they have seen in the negotiation
by the Executive, and in the unanimous ratification by the Senate,
of the treaty with Spain, and in the universal satisflCtion at that
event throughout the U nited States, a decisive proof how nnfoundeu
\Vere the suspicions propagated among them, of a poliey in the
General Government, and in the Atlantic States, unfriendly to their
interests in regard to the Mississippi: they have been witnesses to
the formation of two treaties-that with Great Britain, and that
.\'ith Spain, which secure to them every thing they could desire in
respect to our foreign relations, towarus confirmillg their prospe-
rity. vVill it not be their wisdom to rely for the preservation of
these advantages on. the U nion by wl1ich they \Vere procured 1
\Víll thcy not henceforth be deaf to th05e au visers, if such there
are, who would sever thom from their brethren, ami connect them
with a1iens 1
221
To the efficacy and pcrm:moncy of your U nion, a Government
for the whole is indispensable. N o allianee, however strict be-
tween the parts,..can he an adequate suustitute; they must inoví-
tablyexperience the infractions and interruptions which aH alJi-
anees, in all time, ha ve experienced. Sensible of this momentous
truth, you have improved upon your first essay, by the adoption
of a Constitution of Government better calculated than your former
for an intimate U nion, and for the efficacious management of your
common concerns. This Government, tlle offspring of our own
choice, uninlluenced and unawed, adoptcd upon fuIl investigation
and mature deliberation, complctely free in its principIes, in the
distribution of its powers, uniting security with energy, and con-
taining withín itself a provision for its own amendment, has a just
claim to your confidcnce and your support. Respect for its au-
thority, compliance with its laws, acquiescence in íts measures,
are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty.
The bases of our political systems, ís the right of the people to
make and to al ter their eonstÍtutions of Government: but the C on-
stitution which nt ally time exists, tilI changed by an explicit and
autbentie aet of tho \vhole people, is sacredly obligatory upon al!.
The very idea ofthe power, and tlle right of the people to establish
Governmcllt, pre-supposes tho duty of every individual to obey t11e
established Governmcnt.
AH obstructions to the execution of the laws, all combinations
and associations, under whatever plausible character, with .the real
design to direct, control, countoract, or a\ve the regular delibera-
tlon and actÍon of the constitutcd authorities, are destructive to this
fundamental principIe, and of fat:11 tendency. They serve to or-
ganize fdction, to give it an artificial and extraordinary force, to put
in the place of the delogated \ViII of the nation, the will of a party,
often a small but artful and enterprising minority of the commu-
nity; and, according to tbe alternate triumphs of different par~ies,
to make the public ad ministration the mirror of the ill-concerted
und íncongruous projects of faction, rather than the organ of con-
sistent and wholesome plans, digested by common counsels, and
modified by mutual interests.
2.22
However combinations or associations of tho aboye description
may now and then answer popular ends, theyare likely, in the
course of time and things, to become potent enginos, by which
cunning, ambitious, and unprincipled mon, will be enabled to sub-
vert the power of the people, and to usurp for t,hemselves the reins
of Government; destroying, afterwards, the very engines whieh
had lifted them to unjust dominion.
Towards the preservation of your Govornment, and tho porma-
nency of your presont happy sta te, it is req uisite, not only that you
steadily discountenance irregular oppositions to its aclmo\vledged
authOlity, but also that you resist with care the spirit of innovation
upon its principIes, lwwevcr speeious the pretcxts. One mcthod
of assClult may be to efrect, in t11e forms of the Constitution, altera-
tions whieh will impair the energy of the system, and thus to
undermine what cannot be direetly overthrown. In all the changes
to whieh you may be invited, remember that time and habit are at
least as neeessary to fix the true charaeter of govcrnments as of
otIler human institutions; that cxperienee ís the surest standard by
whieh to test the real tondeney of the existing constitution of a
country; that faeility in changes, upon the credit of mere hypo-
thesis and opiníon, exposes to perpetual chango, from the endless
variety of hypothesis and opinion; and romember, especially, that
for the efficient management of your common interests, in a coun-
try so extensive as ours, a Government of as much vigor as is
consistent with the perfect security of liherty, is indispensable.
Liberty itself will find in such a Government, wíth powers pro-
per1y distributed and adjustcd, its surnst guardizll1. It is, indced,
littlc else than a name, where the Government is too fGoble to wíth-
stand the enterprises of faction, to confine each meru ber of the society
\vithin the limits prescribed by the laws, and to maintain aH in tho
secure and tranquíl enjoyment of the rights of pcrson and property.
I have aIread y intimated to you the danger of parties in the State,
vdth particular reference to the founding of them on gcographical
díscriminations. Let me now take a more comprehensive view,
and warn you, in the most solemn manner, against tha baneful
efrects of tlle spirít of party generally.
223
This spirit, unfortunately, is inseparable from our nature, having
its root in the strongest passions of the human mind. 1t exists
under different shapes, in a11 Governments, more or 1ess stifled,
controlled, or repressed; but in those of the popular form it is seen
in its greatest rankness, and is truly their worst enemy.
The alternate domination of one faction over another, sharpened
by the spirit of revenge, natural to party dissension, which, in dif·
ferent ages and countries, has perpetrated the most horrid enormi-
ties, is itself a frightful despotismo But this leads, at length, to a
more formal and permanent despotismo The disorders and miseries
which result, gradually incline the minds of men to seek security
and repose in the absolute power of an individual; and, sooner or
later, the chief of some prevailing faction, more able or more fortn-
nate than his competitors, turns this disposition to the purposes of
his own elevation on the ruins of pub1ic liberty.
·Without looking forward to an extremity of this kind, (which,
nevertheless, ought not to be en:tirely out of sight,) the common and
continua] mischiefs of the spirit of party are sufficient to make it the
interest and duty of a \vise people to discourage and restrain it.
1t serves always to distract the puhlic eounei1s, and enfeeble the
pubIie administration. It agitatcs the cornmunity with ill-founded
jea10usies and false alanns; kindlcs the animosity of one part
against another; foments, oecasionally, ríot and insurrection. 1t
opens the door to foreign influenee and eorrllption, whieh find a
faci1itated access to the Governll1cnt itsclf, through t11e channels
of party passions. Tllus the poliey and the \vill of one country
are subjectcd to tl18 poliey and will of another.
There is an opinion that partics, in free countries, are useful
ehecks upon the administration of the Government, and serve to
keep alive the spirit of liherty. This, within certain limits, is pro-
bably true; anu in Governments of a monarchieal cast, patriotism
may look with inuulgenec, if not with favor, upon the spirit of
party. Bllt in those of the popular eharaeter, in Governments
purely elective, it is a spirit not to be encouraged. From their
natural tendency, it is certain thore wí1l always be enough 01' that
¡;pirit for every salutary rurpose. And therc being eonstant danger
2.24
of excess, the effort ought to be, by force of public opinion, to
mitio-ate and assuao-e it. A fire not to be quencl18d, it demands a
'" C)
uniform vigilance to prevent its bursting into a flame, lest, instead
of warming, it should consume.
It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a free
conntry, should inspire caution in th080 intrnsteJ with its adminis·
tration, to confine themsclves within their respective constitutional
sp]¡eres, avoiding, in the exercise of the powcrs of one department,
to encroach upon another. 1'he spirit of encro8.chmcnt tenas to
consoliuate the powers of all the departmcnts in one, and thus to
create, \"hatever the form of Government, a real despotismo A
just estímate of that love of power, and proneness io 2huse it which
predomina tes in the human heart, is sufllcient to satisfy liS of ih0
truth of ihis position. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the
excrcise of political power, by dividing and distributing it into dif·
ferent depositories, and constituting each the guardian of the public
"veal, against invasions by the othcrs, has been evinceJ by experi.
ments, ancient and modern; some of them in our own country, and
u:1der our own eyes. 'fa preserve them must he as necessary as to
Ínslitute them. If, in the opinion of the peopl!', tlw clistribution
or modiftc,ition of tite constitutional powers be, in any particular,
wrong, let it be corrcctcd ,by an amendmetü· in the way which the
COllstitl1tion designates. But let thcre be no change by usurpa·
tiOll; for though this, in one instance, may be t1te iustrument of
gooel, it is the customary WCJpOIl by which free G overnments are
destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance, in
permanent evil, any partial or transient bellcfit which the use can,
at any time, yield.
Of all the dispositions and habits ,vhich lead to politica! pros·
perity, religion and moralityare indispensable supports. In vain
w01l1d that man claim the tribute of patriotism, who should labor
to subvel't these great pillars of human happiness, t11ese firmest
props of the duties of men and citizens. The mere politician,
equally with the pious man, ought to respect and to cherish them.
A volume could not trace all their connexions with private and
public felicity. Let it símply be asked, where is tIte security for
225
property, for repntation, for life, if tite sense of religious ouligation
desert the oaths which are t.he instrurnents of investigution in conrtl:>
of justice 1 And let us with caution inuulge the supposition, tilat
moraIity can be maintained without religion. Whatever may be
conceded to the influence of r('fined education on minds of peculiar
structure, reason and experience both forbiu us to expect that na-
tional morality can prevail in exclusion of religious principIes.
1t is substantially true, that virtue or morality is a necessary
spring of popului" Government. TIte rule, indeed, extends with
more or less force to every species of free Government. \Vho, that
is a sincere friend to it, can 100 k with indiíference upon attempts
to shake the founuation of the fabric 1
Promote, then, as an object of primary importance, institutions
for the general uiffusion of knowleuge. In proportion as the struc-
ture of a Government gives fon:e to public opinion, it is esscntiaJ
that public opinion should be enlightened.
As a very important source of strength and security, chcri::;h
public credit. Une rncthod 01' prcserving it is to use it as spar-
ingIyas possible; avoiding oeeasions of expense by cultivating
peace, but rell1ell1hcrillg also that timely disbursemen'ts to prepare
fOf danger, frequently prevent much greater disbursements to repel
it; avoiding, likewise, the accumnlation of debt, not only by shun-
ning occasions of expense, but by vig"orous exertions in time of
peace to discharge tlle debts w!tich unavoidablc wars may have
oceasioned; not llng"(~I!('rou"l'y thrü\villg UpOll posterity the. burdel)
which we ourselves oug)¡t to rwar. The exccution of tÍlese maxi;,ls
belongs to ylJUr reprcsentatives, hut it i", lJeeessary tbat pllbJi;;
opinion shoul(l co-opcrate. '1'0 t~leilitate to them tho performance
of their du1.y, it is cssential tltat you ShOllld practically hear in
mind, that towarus tlw payment of uebts there must be reV811UC;
that to have rcvellue there must be taxcs; that no taxes can be dp-
vi sed, which are not more or lcss inconvenient and unpleasallt·
that the intrinsic cmbarrassment inseparable from the sclectiol1
')[ the proper objccts, (wlJieh is aJways a choice of diflicu!tics,)
ought to be a decisivo motive fur a candid constructioll of th(,\ GUll-
duct of 1110 Government in making it, and for a spirit of aG(luies-
23
cellce in the measures {or obtaining revenue, whieh the public
eXlgeneies may at any time dietate.
Observe good faith and justiee towards all nations; cnltivate
peace and harmony with all; religion and morality enjoin this eon-
duet; and ean it be that good poliey does not equally enjoin it 1
Jt will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and, at no distant period,
a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel
example of a people always guided by an exalted justiee and be-
nevolence. "\Vho can doubt that, in the course of time and things,
1he fruits of such a plan would richly repay any temporary advan-
tages which might be lost by a steadyadl18rence to it 1 Can it be
that Providence has not connected the permanent felicity of a na-
tíon with its virtue 1 'fhe experiment, at least, is recommended by
every sentiment which ennobles human nature. Alas! is it ren-
dered impossible by its vices 1
In the exeeution of snch a plan, nothing is more essential than
that permanent inveterate antipathies against particular nations,
and passionate attaehments for others, shoulo. be exeludeo.; anO.
that, in place of them, just and amicable feelings towards a1l shoulo.
be cu1tivatt~(L The natlon which indulges tO\Vard8 another an
habitual hatred,or an habitual fondncss, is, in some degrce, a slave.
Jt is a slave tu its animosity or to its aflcction; either of which is
sufficient to lcad it astray from its duty and its interest. Antipathy
in one nation against another, disposes eaeh more readily to offcr
insult and iJljnry, io lay hold of slight causes of umbrage, and to
be haughty and intractable, when accidental or triíling occasions
of dispute occur. Hence frcq ucnt collisiollS, obstínate, envenomed,
and bloody contests. The natíon, prompted by ill "\vill and re-
sentment, sOll1etimes impe:s to war the Government, eontrary to
the best calculatiuns of poliey. The Govermnent sometimes par-
ticipatcs in the national propen~'¡ty, and adopts, through passion,
w1lat reason would reject; at other times it makes the animosity
of the nation subservient to projects of hostility, instigated by
lHide, amhition, and otlter sillister and pernicious motives. The
peace often, sometimes perhal)s the liberty, of nations has been thfil
vietull.
227
So, likeWISp., a passionate attaehment of one nation to anothe1
produces a variety of evils. Sympathy for the favorite nation, fa-
cilitating the lUusion of an imaginary eommon interest, in cases
where no real eommon interest exists, and infusing into one the
enmities of the other, betrays the former into a participation in the
quarrels and wars of the latter, withont adequate induccment or
justification. It leads also to concessions to the flworite nation of
privileges denied to others, whieh is apt doubly to injure. the na-
tion making the concessions; by unnecessarily parting v"ith what
ought to have been retained, and by exciting jcaIollsy, ill will, aud
a disposition to retaliate, in thc parties from w110m equal privilegcs
are withheId ; and it gives to amhitious, corrupted, or deIudcd citi-
zens (who devoto themseIves to the favorite nation) faciIity to be-
tray, or sacrifice the interest of their own country, without odium;
sometimes even with popularity; gilding with the appearance of a
virtuous sense of obligation, a commendable deference for public
opinion, or a laudable zeal for pubIic good, the base or foolish
compliances of arnbition, ~orruption, or infiltuation.
As avenues to foreig-n intluence in ¡rmumerab le ways, 811C11 at-
tachmcnts are parti~ularly alarming to the truly cnliglttellcd and
independent patriot. How many opportunities do they aífonl to
tamper with domestic factions, to practise the art of seJuction, to
mislead publie opinion, to influence or awe the pubIic councils!
Such an attachment of a small or weak, towards a great and pow-
('rful nation, dooms the former to be tho satellite of tho latter.
Against the Ínsidious wiles of foroign inflllcnce (1 conj ure you
to believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free prople oug'ht
to be constant~1f awake; sÍnce history amI experience prove that
foroign influence is one of th~ most baneful foes of republican Go-
vernment. .But that jealousy, to be useful, must be impartial; eIsc
it becomes the instrument of the very influencc to be ayoided, in-
strad of a defence against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign
naÜon, and excessive dislikc for another, cause those \vhom they
aetuate to see dangor only on one side, and serve to veil, and even
second, the arts of iufluence on the othor. Real patriots, who may
resist tbe intrigues of the favorite, are liable to bcpome suspected
228
and odions ; while its tooIs and dupes usurp tllC appIanse and con-
fidcnce of the peopIe, to surrender their intercsts.
The great rule of conduct for us, in reg;Hd to forpign nCltiollfJ, js,
in extenJing our commercial relations, to have witll thClll as liale
polítical connexion as possible. So far as \ye llave already fOflíled
engagements, let them De fulfilled with perfect good faith. 11ere
lf!t u s stop.
Europe has a set of primary interests, which to us llave none, or
a very remote relation. Rence she must be engaged in frequent
controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to om
concerns. Rence, thercfore, it must he unwise in us to implicate
ourselves, by artificial ties, in the orJinary vicissÍtuJes of lwr poli-
tics, or the orJinary combinations amI collisions of hcr üoiendsbips
or enmities.
Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pur-
sue a different comse. lf we remain one people, ullder an efficient
Government, the pcríod is not far off when we may defy material
inj1!ry from external annoyance; when we may take snch an attí-
tude as wil] canse tlle nentrality we may at any time resolve upan,
to be SCTJlpulously respecteJ; V'.dl8n bellig-crent natiolls, lInder tbe
impossibility of making aequisitions upon IlS, wiU not lightly
J!azard tite g-iving \lS provocatiüll; when we lIlay ehoose peace OY
war, as our inturest, gouitlccl by justice, shall coullsel.
\\'hy forego tlle advantages oí" so peculiar a sitllation 1 vVhy
quit OUT own to stand llpon fOlPign gTound 1 vVhy, uy interweav-
ing our destiny with tl1at of any part of Europe, elltangle our peace
and prosperity in the toils of European alllbition, rivalship, illterest,
humor, or caprice 1
It is our tme policy to steer clear of permanent allianees with
any portion 01' the foreign world; so °far, 1 mean, as we are nowat
líberty to do it; for let me not be understood as capab1e of patron-
ising infidc1ity to existing- 8ngagmnents. 1 hold the maxim no less
applicable to puulie than ro prívate affairs, that honesty is always
me best poliey. 1 repeat it, tht:>refore, let those engagements be
observed in their genuine sense. But, in my opinion, it is unnb-
cessary, and would be umvise to extcnd them.
229
Taking care always to keep ourselves, by suitable establish ..
ments, on a respeetable defensive posture, we may safely trust to
temporary allianees for extraordinary emergencies.
Harmony, and a liberal intercourse with all nations, are recom-
mended by poliey, humanity, and interest. But even our COtn-
mereial policy should hold an equal and impartial hand; neither
seeking nor granting exclusive favors or preferences; consulting
the natural course of things; diffusing and diversifying, by gentle
means, the streams of commerce, hut forcing nothing; establish-
ing, with powers so disposed, in order to give traele a stable coursp,
to define the rights of our merehants, and to enable the Governmcnt
to support them, conventional rules of intercourse, the uest that
present circumstances and mutual opinions will permit, but tempo-
rary, anel liable to be, fmm time to time, abandoned or varied, as
experienee and circumstances s11all dietate; constantly keeping
in 1/"iew, that it i8 folly in one nation to look for disinterested favors
from another; that it must pay, with a portíon of its indepenelence,
for whatever it may accept under that character; that by such ac-
ceptance it may place itself in the condition of having gi ven cquiva-
lents for nominal favors, and yet ofbeing reproached with íngratitllde
for not giving more. Thcre can be no greater error than to expect,
or calculate upon, real favors from nation to nation. It is an illu-
sion which experience must cure, which a just pride ought to di s-
can1.
In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and
affectionate friend, 1 dare not hope they wiII make the strong ancl
lasting impression 1 could wish; that they will control the usual
current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the
course which has hitherto marked the destiny of nations; but ir 1
may even flatter myself that they may be productive of sorne partial
bmwfit, sorne occasional good; that they may now and then recur
to moderate tilo fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischid's
of foreign intrigues, to g uard against the impostures of pretended
patriotism; this hope will be a fuU recompense for the solicitude
for your ,,,elfare by ,vhich they have been dictated.
How far, in tIlO discharge of rny official duties, 1 have been
23*
230
guided by the principIes whicR have been delineated, the publie
meoros, and other evidences of my conduct, must witness to you
and tho world. 'fo myseIf, the assurance .of my own conscience
is, tl1at 1 have at least believed myseIf to be guidcd hy them.
ln rdation to the still subsisting war in EuroJJP, my proclama
tion of the 22d of April, 1793, is the index to my plan. Sanctiolled
by your approving voice, and by that of your }{epresentatives in
both Houses of Congress, the spirit of that measure has continually
governed me, uninfluenced by any attempts to deter or divert me
from it.
After deliberate examination, with the aíd of the best lights 1
could obtain, 1 was weU satisfice! tbat our country, under all the
circumstances of the case, hall a rig"ht to take, and was bound in
duty and interest to take, a neutral position. Haying taken it 1
determined, as far as should depcnd upon me, to maintain it with
mocloration, persovcranee, and firmness.
'fhe considerations which respeet t110 right to hold this conduct,
it is not neeessary on this oeeasion to ddail. 1 will only observe,
that, aeeonling to my llmlerstan(ling of tlle mattcT, that right, so
far frcm being denied by a:1y of the bclli6'('wnt powers, has Leen
virtually admÍLterl by all.
'fhe dnty of holding a neutral conelnet may he infcrrcd, \vithout
:my thing more, from the oLligation which justiee and humanity
impose on evcry nation, in cases in which it is free to aet, to main-
tain Ílwiolate th8 rel::ttions of peace ami amity towards other nations.
'fhe indncemen.ts of interest, for observing t11at conduct, will
best be rcferred to your own refleetions and experienee. vVith me,
a predominant moti ve has been to enueavor to gain time to our
country to settle and mature its yet reecnt institutions, and to pro-
gress, without interruption, to that degree of strength and con-
si;,;tency '.vhieh is ne'?cssary to give it, humanly speaking, the
Co;lilndJH} of its own fortunes.
Thoug-h in rcvicwiIlg- t11e ineidnnts of my administration, 1 am
nncrJ!lsc;nus of int('oti'-'lU1 error; 1 am, nevertbeIcss, too snnsible
of my defects not to tJ¡ink it probable that 1 may have committcd
many errors. vVhatever they may be, 1 fcrvently ueseech the Al-
231
mighty to avert or mitigate the cvils to which they may tend. 1
shal1 also carry with me th8 hope, tllat my country wiII never
cease to view them with indulgence; ~md that, after forty-fivc
years of my Jife dedicatcd to its service with an upright zeal, tile
faults of íneompetcnt abilities will be eonsigncd to oblivion, as rny-
seJf must 800n be to the mansions of rest.
Relying on its kindness in this, as in other things, and actuated
by that fervent love towards it which is so natural to aman ,vho
views in ít the native soil of himself and his progenitors for seve-
ral generations, 1 anticípate, with pJeasing expcctation, that retreat
in whieh 1 promisp myself to realize, without <llIoy, the swect el1-
joyment (lf partaking, in t)¡e midst of my fellow-citizens, the henign
Íntluc[we of good laws under a free Government-tÍle cver favorite
object of my heart-and tite happy rewarJ, as 1 trust, of our mutual
eares, labors, and dangcrs.
GEORGE vYASHI~GTON.
Uniícu Slatcs, 17th Septcmber, 1 i%.
GEORGE WASIII~GTON,
APPOIXTED LIEüTEX A :'\T-GEl'\ERAL A:\'D CO;\DL\:\ mm-IX-CITIEF
OF ALL TUE AR;\IlES RAISED OR 1'0 BE RAISED IX TlIE UNITED
STATES, BY A:\D WITI¡ TIlE ADVICE A~D CONSE;'{'!' OF THE
SE~ATE.-July 3, L7!JS.
TI-IE ealm ami peaeeflll retreat whic:h the great Wash-
ington promised himself beneath his own vine and fig-tree,
in taking an affeetionate leave of his fellow-eitizens in nis
farewell address, was dcstincd to be of short duration, for,
ditlieulties having ariscn with the then existing government
uf Franee, "the opinion \Vas universally entertained, thaí
\Vashington musí be called on to take the command of
the arlllies." The weight of his name and character was
232
of the utmost importance to produce unanimity in the
leaders, and to se cure the confidence and support of the
people. His extreme aversion to enter again into public
life was known ; but it was likewise well understood, tho..
it was a principIe with him, from which he hael never
deviated, that when his services were demanded by the
general voice of his fellow-citizens, he never refused to
bestow them; under this impression, therefore, the Pre-
sident, John Adams, had maele up his mind to nominate
him to the Senate in any event, both because he \vas the
best man, and because the nation would not be satisfied
with any other course, and he therefore declared to him
iI). a letter of the 22d J une, 1798, that "\Ve must have
your name, if you will in any case permit us to use it.
There wiU be more efficacy in it than in many an army."
And the Secretary of \Var, James McHenry, on the
26th June, 1798, said to him-" You see how the storm
thickens, and that our vesse1 will 800n require its ancient
piloto \ViU you,-may \ve flatter ourse1ves, that, in a
crisis so R\vful and important, you will accept the com-
mand of all our armies? 1 hope you will, because y01.!
alone can unite all hearts and all hands. "-1'0 the Presi-
dent, \Vashington repIied on the 4th JnIy, 1798, that
"At the epoch of my retirement, an invasion of these
Siates by any European power, or even the probability
of such an event happening in my days, \vas so far from
being contemplated by me, that 1 had no conception that
that, or any other OCCllrrence would arise in so sho1't a
period, \vhich could turn my eyes fmm the shades úf
lVlount Vernon. But this seems to be the age of wonders ;
and it is reserved for intoxicated and lawless France (for
nurposes of Providence far beyolld the reach of human
233
ken) to :.laughter its own eitizens, amI to disturb the re-
pose of a11 the world besides."
" From a view of the past and the present, and fmm
the prospcct of 1hat which seems to be expeeteu, it is not
easy fOl' me to uecide, satisfactorily, on the part it might
Ue8t uecome me to act. In case of actual inz)asion by a
f()rmielable force, 1 certainly shouId not intrench mystlf
uueler the cover of age (67) anu retirement, if my Sff-
úces should be requircd by my cOLwtry to assist in n.'-
IJt:lling- it."
1'0 t11e Secretary of vVar, \Vashington replied aIso on
the 4th .IuIy, 1798,-" The sentiments, which 1 mean to
express to you in this 1etter on the subject of yours, ~hall
be frank, undisguised anq explicit; for 1 see, as you do,
that c10uds are gathering, anu that a storm may ensue ;
and 1 find, too, from a variety of hints, that my quict
under thcse <.:il'l:umstances uoes not promise to be of long
contin uanee.
" It cannot be necessary for me to premise to you, or
to othcrs, ,dlO know my sentiments as well, that, to quit
tlle tranqui1 wa]ks of retirement, and enter a boundless
fieId of rcsponsibility and trouble, would be productive
of sensations, which a better pen than 1 possess would
find it difficult to describe. NevertheIess, the principIes
by which my concluct has been actuated through life
'Voulu not sufrer me, in any great emergency, to withhold
any services 1 could render, required by my country;
especially in a case where its dearest rights are assaiIed
by lawless ambition and intoxicated power, contrary to
every principIe of justice, anu in violation of solemn com-
pacts and ]a\ys, whi<.:h govern all civilized nations; and
tbis, too, with the obvious intent to sow thick the seeds
234
of disunion, for the purpose of subjugating the govern-
ment, and destroying our independence and happiness."
"In circumstances like these, accompanied by an
actual invasion of our territorial rights, it would be diffi-
cult at any time for me to remain an idle spectator under
the pIe a of age or retirement. \Nith sorrow, it is true, 1
should quit the shades of my peaceflll abode, anu the
ease anu happiness 1 now enjoy, to encounter anew the
tnrmoils of war, to which, possibly, my strength and
pO\vers might be found incompetent. These, however,
shoulu not be stumbling-blocks in my own way."
"As my whoIe life has been ueuicateu to my country
in one shape or another, for the poor remains of it, it is
not an object to contend for ease anu quiet, when aH that
is valuable in it is at stake, further than to be satisfiecl
that the sacrifice 1 should make of these is acceptable
and uesired by my country."
Befare the reception of [hese communicaüolIs frum \Vashiugtoll, the
following proceedings too k place ;-
IN EXECUTIVE SESSION, SENATE OF 'rIlE UNITED
STATES.
MONDAY, JULY 2,1798.
Thc following written message was received from the rrcsideut of the
lTll1ted States, by Mr. MaIcom ltis secretary;-
GentIemen of the Senate :-
1 nominate George Washington, of Mount Vernon, to
be Lieutenant-general and Commander-in-chief of an the
armies raised, or to be raiseu, in the U nited States.
TJnited States, JuIy 2, 1798. JOHN ADAMs.
The message \Vas read.
Orrlcred, That it líe for consideration.
•
TVESlJAY, JULY 3,1798.
Th3 Senate took into consideration the message of the President of
the United Statcs, of the 2d instant, and the nomination contained there-
in, of George Washington, to office. vVhereupon,
Gn the question to advise and consent to the appointment, it was de-
termined in the affirmative: Yeas, 24.
The yeas and nays being required by one-fifth of the Senators present,
Those who voted in the affirmative, are-Messrs. Anderson, Bingham,
Brown, Chipman, Clayton, Foster, Goodhue, Greene, Hillhouse, How-
ard, Langdon, Latimcr, Laurance, Livermore, Martín, Mason, North,
Paine, Rúad, RUlherford, Sedgwick, Stockton, Tazewell and Tracy.
So it was,
Resolved, unanimously, That they do advise and con-
sent to the appointment, agreeabIy to the nomillation.
The following eorrespondenee then ensued:-
Extraet of a Ictter from John Adams, President of the United States,
to James McHenry, Secrctary 01' \Var :
" P kiladclpllia, J u 1 y 6, 1798.
"DEAR SIR,-It is my desire, that you embrace the
first opportunity to set out on your journey to l\Tount
Vernon, anJ wait on General vYashington with the COIll-
mission of lieutenallt-general and commander-in-chief of
the armies of the U nited States, which, by the advice
anJ consent of the Senate, has becn SigllCJ by me.
" The reasons amI moti ves, which prevaileJ \vith me
to venture on such a step as the nomination of this great
anJ illustrious tharacter, whose voIuntary resignation
aIone occasioneJ my introduction to the office 1 now
hold, were too numerOllS to be detailed in this letter, and
are too obviolls anJ important to escape the observation
of any part of America or Europe. But, as it is a move-
ment of great delicacy, it will require all yOlllr ... ·address to
commnnicate the subject in a manner that shall be inof-
236
fensi ve to his feelings, and consistent with an the respect
that is due from me to him.
"If the General should decline the appointment, aH
the world will be silent and respectfully acquiesce. If
he should accept it, aH the \"orld, except the enemies of
this country, will rejoice. If he should come to no deci-
sive determination, but take the subject into considera-
tion, 1 sha11 not appoint any other lieutenant-general till
his conclusion is known."
" His advice in the formation of a list of officers wouId
be extremely desirabIe to me." " ParticularJy 1 wish to
have his. opinion of the men most suitable for inspector-
general, adjutant-gtmeraI, and qllartermaster-general."
" Bis opinion on aH subjects wouId have great weight ;
and 1 wish you to obtain from him as much of his retlec-
tions upon the times and the service as you can."
Pltiladelphia, J uly 7, 1798.
DEAR SIR,-Mr. McHenry, the Secretary of War, will
have the honor to wait on you, in my behalf, to impart
to you a step 1 have ventured to take, and which 1 should
have been happy to have communicated in pcrson, if
such a journey had been at this time iI). my pO\ver. As
1 said in a former letter, if it had be en in my powcr to
nominate you to be Pre~i.dent of the U nited States, 1
should have done it \vith less hesitation and more pIea-
sure. My reasons for this measure will be too well
kno\vn to need any expIanation to the pllblic. En:ry
friend and every enemy of America wi11· comprehend
them at first blush. 1'0 you, sir, Iowe a11 the apologies
1 can make. 1'11e urgent neccssliy 1 am in of yo:]r
aclvice ancl assistance, imlt}ed of }our concluct ancl u.irec~
tion of the war, is aU 1 can urge, anu. that is a sufficient
justification to myself and the world. 1 hope it will be
so considere u. by yourself. Mr. McHenry wiU have the
honor to consult you upon the organization of the army,
and upon every thing relating to it.
\Vith the highest respect, 1 have the honor to be, sir,
your most obedient and most humble servant,
. J OHN ADAMS.
11[ount Vernon, J uly 13, 1798.
DEAR Sm,-I hau. the honor, on the evening of the
11 th instant, to receive from the hands of the Secretary
of \Var your favor of the 7th, announcing that you had,
with the au.vice anu. consent of the Senate, appointed me
lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief of all the
armies raised 01' to Le raiscd for the service of the Uniteu.
States.
1 cannot exprcss how grcatly affccted 1 am at this
new proof of public confidence, anu. the highly flattering
manner in which you have been pleased to make the
communication; at the same time 1 must not conceal
from you my earnest \Vish, that the choice had fallen on
aman less declineu. in years, anu. better qualifieu. to en-
counter the usual vicissituu.es of war.
You know, sir, \\That calculations 1 hau. mau.e relative
to the urobaLle course of· events on my retiring from
office, ana the u.ctermina1Íon 1 hau. consoleu. myself with,
of closing the remnant of my days in my present peace-
fu] abou.e. You \ViII, therefore, be at no 10ss to conceive
amI appreciate the sensations 1 must have experienceu.,
to bring my mind to any conclusion that woulu. pleuge
~4
238
me, at so late a period of life, to leave se ene::; 1 sincer(1)
love, to enter upon the b~undless field of public action,
incessant trouble, and high responsibility.
1t was not possible for me to remain ignorant of, or
indifferent to, recent transactions. The conduct of the
Directory of France towards our country, their insidious
hostilities to its government, their various practices to
\vithdraw the afTections of the people from it, the evident
tendency of their arts and those of thcir agents to coun-
tenance and invigorate opposition, their disregarcl of
solemn treaties and the la\Vs of nations, their \Var upon
our defencekss commerce, their treatment of om minister
of peace, and their demands, amounting to tribute, could
not fail to excite in me corresponding sentiments with
those which my countrymen have so gene rally expresscd
in their afIectionate addresses to you. Believe me, sir,
no one can more corclially approve of the \Vise and pru-
dent measmes of your administration. They ought to
inspire universal confidence, and \ViII, no doubt, combined
with the state of things, call from Congress such la\Vs
and means as will enable you to meet the full force and
extent of the crisis.
Satisfiecl, therefore, that you have sincerely wished
and endeavoured to avert war, and exhausted to the last
drop the cup of reconciliation, we can with pure hearts
appeal to Heaven for the justice of our cause, amI may
confJuentIy trust the final result to that kind Providence,
which has heretofore and so often signally favored the
peopIe of these U nited States.
Thinking in this manner, and feeling how incumbent
it is upon every person of every clescription to contribute
at aH times to his country's welfare, and especially in a
239
moment like the present, when every thing we hold dear
is so seriously threatened, I have finally determined to
accept the commission of commander-in-chief of the
armies of the United States; with the reserve only, that
1 shall not be called into the field until the army is in a
situation to require my presence, or it becomes indis-
pensable by the urgency of circumstances.
In makillg this reservatioll, 1 beg to be 'understood,
that 1 do not mean to withhold any assistance to arrange
and organize the army, which you may think 1 can
afford. 1 take the liberty also to mention, that 1 must
decline having my acceptance considered as drawing
after it any immediate charge upon the public, and that
1 cannot receive any emoluments annexed to the appoint-
ment, before entering into a situation to incur expense.
The Secretary of War being anxious to return to the
seat of governrnent, 1 have detained hirn no longer than
was necessary to a full cornrnunication upon the several
points he had in charge.
With very great respect and consideration, 1 have the
honor to be, &c.
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
240
lO IHE MEMORY OF
GEORGE WASHINGTON,
nORN FEERUARY 22, 1732.-DIED AT lIlOL-l'H VER::VO::V, DECE:YIEER 14, 1799.
THE illustrious \Vashington having filled the measure
of his country's glory and exalted his own polítical and
military fame and private charaeter far aboye the standard
of excellence attained by the greatest man of modern or
ancient times; and having, on every oeeasion, performed
his duty to his country, not only with that ficlelity and
devotion ·which beeame a good citizen, but \vith that
wisdom, affeetion, and paternal solicitude whieh have
obtained for him, by the unanimous voiee of mankind,
the title of "Father of his Country," was called, on
the 14th December, 1799, by the ALMIGHTY FATHER OF
HEA YEN, we hope, to tbe enjoyment of that rieh reward
which is reserved for those who act well their FaJ·t on
earth.
241
The universal gloom which pervaded the hearts of his
conntrymen on that solemn occasion, seems so far to
have comminglea with the veneration for his character
which has be en transmittea to posterity, as to inspire in
the patriot's heart an inaescribable awe in approaching
the mementos of his glory, arouna which there is a halo
so brilliant ana penetrating as to reach the inmost intel-
ligence oE man, and to purify the moral and intellectual
being, by the contemplation oE every attribute that was
excellent and noble in human nature. Jt is salutary to
remember the outpourings of affection ana sorrow on the
departure of those whose "irtues and goodness have en-
dearea them to our hearts, it elevates the finer feelings
of our nature, as the presence of innocence promotes the
contemplation of that angelical virtue.
The sons and daughters of America rnourned the loss
their country had sustained in the death of their Wash-
ington, with a cause of sorrow which no other people, in
any case, to the same extent couId pleaa; their govern-
ment, in unison with the feelings of the people, dernon-
stratea that grief in measures of respect ana veneration
worthy of a nation's affection and a nation's gratituae,
ana long-long-may the remembrance of those deep
ana sincere efILlsions of affection ana gratituae continue
to warm the hearts of the American people. There let
the memory of Washington be enshrinea, and his private
virtues and patriotic ardor wiU continue to animate this
people to the remotest generation. It is proposed to
concluae this chapter by consecrating the proceedings and
measures of the Government on that memorable occasion
10 lHE MEMORV OF
GEORGE WASHINGTON.
242
IN THE CONGRESS Ol<' THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA.
HOUSE OF REPRESENT ATIVES,
TlIURSDAY, DECE~lBER 19, 1799.
The House of Representatives of thc United States, having rcr;eived
intelligenee of the death of their highly valued fellow-citizen, George
Washington, General of the armies of the United Slates, and sharillg
the universal grief this distressing event must produce,
Unanimously resolve:
1. That this House will wait on the President of the United
States, in condolence of tbis national calamity.
2. That the Speaker's chair be shrouded with black, and that
the members and officers of the House wear mourning, during the
session.
3. That a joint committee of both Houses be appointed to report
measures suitable to the occasion, and expressive of the profound
sorrow with which Congress is penetrated on the loss of a citizen
FIRST IN W AR, FIRST IN PEACE, AND FIRST IN THE HEARTS OF lBS
COUNTRYl\IEN. '"
4. That when this House adjourns, it wiII adjourn until Monda}
next.
Ordered, That Mr. Marshall and Mr. Smith be appointed a committee
to wait on the President of the United Statcs, to know when and where
he will reeeive this House for the purpose expressed in the first resol u-
tion.
Ordered, That 1\'Ir. MarshalI, Mr. Craik, :!VIr. Henry Lee, Mr. Eggles-
ton, Mr. Smith, Mr. Stone, Mr. Rutledge, Mr. Abiel Foster, Mr. Muh-
lenberg, Mr. Van Cortlandt, Mr. Dwight Foster, Mr. Franklin Daven-
port, Mr. Claiborne, Mr. Morris, Mr. John Brown, and Mr. Taliaferro,
be a committee, jointly with sueh committee as may be appointed on
the part of the Senate, for the purpose expressed in the third resolution.
Ordered, That the clerk of this House do acquaint the Senate there-
with.
A written message was received from the President of the United
Rtates, by Mr. Shaw, his secretary, which, togethcr with the letter Re-
'" The re~olutions were drawn by Gen. IIenry Lee and introdured by John Mar-
Ihall, Rppre~entative from Yirginia.
• 243
companying the same, was read, and referrcd to th!1 c(lmmittec Iast ap-
pointed, and is as follows :
Gentlemen of the Senate, and
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
The letter herewith transmitted will inform you that it
has pleased Divine Providence to remove from this life
our excellent fellow-citizen GEORG E WASHINGTON, by the
purity of his character, and a long series of senices to
his country, rendered illustrious through the world. It
remains for an affectionate and grateful people, in whose
hearts he can never die, to pay suitable honol's to his
..
memory.
JOHN ADAMS.
United Slates, December 19, li99.
"lI-fount Vernon, Decem ber 15, 1 i99.
" SIR: It is with inexprcssible grief that I have to announce to
you the death of the great and good General "Vashington. He
died last evening, between ten and eleven o'clock, after a short ill-
ness of about twenty hours. His disorder was an inflammatory
sore throat, which proceeded from a cold, of which he made but
little complaint on Friday. On Saturday morning, about three
o'clock, he became il1: Doctor Craik attended him in the morning,
and Doctor Dick, of Alexandria, and Doctor Brown, of Port 1'0-
bacco, were soon after called in. Every medical assistance was
ofrered, but without the desired efrect. His last scene corresponded
with the whole tenor of his life: not a groan nor a complaint
escaped him in extreme distress. W"itb perfect resignation, and in
full possession of his reason, he closed his well-spent life.
"1 have tbe honor to be, with the highest respect, sir, your most
obedient and very bumble servant,
" TO BIAS LEAR.
"The PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES."
Mr. Marshall, from the committee appointed to wait on the President
of the United Statcs, to kflow when and where it will be convenient for
244
him to receive this House, in condolence of the national calamity, re.
ported that the committee had; according to order, performed that ser-
vice, and that the President signified to them it would be conveníent for
hím to receive this House at one o'clock this afternoon, at his own
house.
A message from the Senate, by Mr. Otia, their secretary:
Mr. Speaker: The Senate have agreed to the resolution passed by the
House of Representatives for the appointment of a joint committee of
both Houscs to report measures suitable to the occasion, and expressive
of the profound sorrow with which Congress is penetrated on the los s
of a citi7.en first in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his
countrymen; and have appointed Mr. Dayton, Mr. Bingham, Mr. Dex-
ter, Mr. Gunn, Mr. Lawrence, and Mr. Tracey, a committee on their
parto
And then heewithdrew.
The Speaker, attenc.ed by the House, thcn withdrew to the house of
the President of the United States, when Mr. Speaker addressed the
President as follows :
SIR: The House of Representatives, penetrated with
a sense of the irreparable 1088 8ustained by the nation in
the death of that great and good fian, the illustriou8 and
beloved Washington, wait on you, sir, to express their
condolence on this melancholy and distressing evento
To which the President replied as follows:
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
1 receive, with great respect and affection, the condoG
lence of the House of Representatives, on the melan·
choly and affecting event, in the death of the most illus ..
trious and beloved personage which this country ever
producfd. 1 sympathize with yon, with the nation, and
with good men through the world, in this irreparable 108s
sustained by liS aH.
JOHN ADAMS.
United Sta tes, December 19, 1799.
•
245
MONDA y , DECEMBER 23, 1799.
Mr. Marshall, from the joint committee appointed to prepare and re-
port measures suitable to the occasion, and expressive of the profound
sorrow with which Congress is penetrated on the los s of their highly
valued fellow-citizen, George Washington, General of the armies of the
U nited States, made a report, in part j which he delivered in at the
clerk's table, where the sume was twice read and considered: \Vhere-
upon,-
It was resolved, that the House do unanimously agree to the following
resolutions, to wit :
Resolved by the Scnate and House of Represcntatives of tlte llnited
States o/ .I1merica in Congress assembled, That a marble monument
be ereeted by the United States, in the Capitol, at the city of
'Washington; and that the' family of General \Vashington be re-
quested to permit his body to be deposited under it; and that tha
monument be so designed as to commemorate the great events of
his military and political life.·
Jlnd be it jurllter resolved, That there be a funeral procession from
Congress Hall to the German Lutheran Chureh, in honor of tha
memory of General George "'-ashington, on Thursday, the twenty-
sixth instant, and that an oration be prepared at the request of Con-
gress, to be delivered before both Houses, on that day; and that
the President of the Senate and Speaker of the House of Repre-
sentatives be desired to request one of the members of Congress
to prepare and deliver the same.
And be it jurlher resolved, That it be recommended to the people
of the United States to wear erape on the left arm, as mourning,
for thirty days.
And be it jurfher resolved, That the President of the U nited
States be requested to direet a copy of these resolutions to be trans-
mitted to Mrs. \Vashington, assuring hE'r of the profound respee-t
Congress will ever bear to her person and charaeter; of their eon-
dolenee on the late afHieting dispensation of Providenee; and en-
treating her assent to the interment of the remains of General
George Washington in the manner expressed in the first resl.'
lution.
jJnrl be it jurther resolved, That the President of the U l1ited
246
• States be requestcd to issue a proclamation, notifying to tha people
throughout the U nited States the recommendation contained in the
third resolution.
Ordered, That the clerk of this House do carry the said resolutions to
the Senate, and desire their concurrence.
A message from lhe Senate, by Mr.Otis, their secretary:
Mr. Speaker: The Senate have agreed to the resolutions passcJ by lhe
House of Representatives, directing certain measures to be tnken suitable
to the oceasion, and expressive of the profound sorrow with which Con-
gress is penetrated on the loss of their highly valued fellow-citizen,
George 'Yashington, General of the armies of the U nited States.
TUESDAY, DECElI1BER 24, 1799.
:!\fr. Gray, from the joint committee for enrolled bilIs, reported that
the committee had examined the enrolled resolutions "directing eertain
measures to be taken in honor of the memory of General George Wash·
ington, and had found the same to be truly enrolled: Whereupon,-
Mr. Speaker signed the said enrolled resolutions.
Ordered, That the clerk of this House do acquaint the Senate there.
with.
Mr. Wadsworth, from the joint committee for enrolIed bills, reported
that lhe eommittee did, this day, present to the President of the United
States, for his approbation, the enrolled resolutions directing certain
measures to be taken in honor of the memory of General George Wash.
iñgton.
A message was received from the President of the United States, by
Mr. Shaw, his secret ary, notifying that the President did, this day, ap-
prove and sign the cmolled resolutions, whieh originatcd in this House,
in honor of ¡he memory of General George 'Yashington.
1'he Speaker informcd ¡he House, that, conformably to the resolution
of Congress, the President of tbe Senate and lhe Speaker of the Honse
of Representatives had requested Major General Henry Lee, one of the
Representatives from the State of Virginia, to prepare alld deliver a
funeral oration before both houses, on Thursday, the twenty-sixth instant,
in honor of the memory of George 'Yashington, late General of ¡he
m"mies of ¡he United States; und that l\1r. Lee had be en pleased to ae-
cept of ¡he nppointment.
On motiun, the lIouse adjourned until Thursday morning, half-past ten
o' clock.
247
ThURSDAY, DECElI1BER 26, 1799.
This being the day appointed by the resolution of Congress for tha
funeral procession in honor of the memory of George Washington, late
General of the armies of the Unit;d States, the Rouse proceeded to tha
German Lutheran Church, where they attended the funeral oration pre·
pared and delivered on the occasion by Major General Lee, one of the
members of this House for the State of Virginia:
FUNERAL ORATJ:ON.
IN obedience to your wiII, 1 rise your humble organ,
with the hope of executing a part of the system of public
mourning whif:h you have been pleased to adopt, com-
memorative of the death of the most illustrious and most
beloved personage this country has ever produced; and
whieh, while it transmits to posterity your sense of the
awful event, fuintly rep~esents your knowledge of the
consummate exeellenee you so cordialIy honor.
Desperate indeed is any attempt on earth to meet cor-
respondingly this dispensation of Heaven ; for, while \vith
pious resignation we s.lJbmit to the ,vill of an all-graeious
Providence, \Ve can never eease lamenting, in our finite
>"iew of Omnipotent \Visdom, the heart-rencling privation
for whieh our nation \Veeps. When the civilized world
shakes to its centre; when every moment gives birth to
strange and momentous ehanges; when our peaeeful
quarter of the globe, exempt as it happily has been from
any share in the slaughter of the human raee, may yet be
compelled to abandon her paeifie poliey, and to risk the
doleful easualties of war: What limit is there to the
extent of our ]oss ?-None within the reaeh of my words
to express; none which your feelings wil] not disavow.
248
,
The founder of our feJerate republic-our bulwark in
\\ ar, our guide in peace, is no more! Oh that this \Vere
but questionable! Hope, the .. comforter of the wretched,
wouId pour into our agonizing hearts its balmy dew.
But, alas! there is no hope for uS; our \Vashington is
removed for ever! Possessing the stoutest frame, and
purest mind, he had passed near1y to his sixty-eighth
year, in the enjoyment of high health, when, habitllated
by his care of us to neglect himself, a slight cold, dis-
regarded, beca me inconvenient on Friday, oppressive on
Saturday, and, defying every medical interposition, before
the morning of Sunday, put an end to the best of meno
An ena Jid 1 say?-his fame survives !-bounded only
by the limits of the earth, and by the extent of the human
mind. He snrvives in our hearts~ in the growing know-
ledge of our children, in the affections of the good
throughout the world; and when our monuments shall
be done away; when nations now existing shalJ be no
more; when even our young and far-spreading empire
shall have perishecl, still win our Washington 's glory un-
faded shine, ánd die not, until love of virtue cease on
earth, or earth itself sinks into ehaós.
How, my fellow-citizens, sha11 1 single to your grateful •
hearts his pre-eminent worth! Where shall 1 begin in
opening to your virw a character throughout sublime?
8ha11 1 speak of his \'farlike achievements, aH springing
from obedience to his country's will-aH directed to his
country's good?
\Vill you go with me to the banks of the Monongahela,
to see yo']r youthful Washington, supporting, in the dismal
hour of lndian victory, the ill-fated Draddock, and saving,
hy his judgment and by his valor, the remains of a de-
feated army, pressed by the conqnering savage foe? Or,
when oppresseu America, nobly resol ring to risk her al]
in uefence of he1' violateu rights, he was elevateu by the
unanimous voiee of Congress to the cümmand of her
armies :-vVill you follow him to the high grounus of
Boston, where to an unuisciplined, courageous, amI vir
tuous yeomanry, his presence gave the stability of system,
anu infused the invincibility of lo ve of country; or sha11
1 carry yon to the painful scenes of Long Islanu, York
hland and New Jersey, ,,,11en, combating superior and
g311ant a1'mies, aiued by pmverful flcets, anu led by chiefs
l1igh in the roIl of fame, he stoou, the bulwark of om .safety ;
undismayeu by uisaster; unchanged by change of for-
tune. Or will you view him in the precarious fields of
Trenton, \>.;here deep gloom unnerving every arm, reigned
triumphant through our thinned, worn clown, unaided
ranks; himself llnmovecl. Dreaclful \Vas the night. It
"'as about .this time of winter-the storm raged-the
Delaware rolling furiously wilh floating ice, foroade the
approach of mano vVashington, self-collected, viewed
the tremenuous scene-his country calleu; unappalled
by sllrrollnding u:mgers, he passec} to the hostile ~hore ;
he fOllght; he COlll¡nereJ. The morning sun cheered the
A meriean worlJ. Our country rose on the event; and
her uauntless chief, pursuing his b10w, completed in thc
lawlls of Princeton, ",hat his vast soul hacl coneeived on
the shores of Dela ware.
Thence to the strong grounds of Morristown he led his
small but gallant band; anu through an eventful wintpr,
by the high efforts of his genius, whose matcbIess force
was measuraLIe on1y by tlle gro\yth of diffieuIties, he
held in check formidable hostile legions, conducted by a
25
chief expcrienced in thc art of war, and famed for his
valor 011 the ever memorable beights of Abraham, wbere
fell \Yolfe, Montcalm, and since, our much lamentecl
Xíontgolllery-all covered with glory. In this fortllnate
intel'yal, prodllced by his masterly conduct, our fathers,
oursehe~, animateu by his resistless example, rallied
around our conntry's standard, ancl contirmed to follow
h(~r lH'lovcd chid through the various anu trying scenes
to ",ltich the dcstillies of Ollr U nion ledo
\\'ho is there t11at has Íorgotten tbe vales of Brandy-
wine-tlw ficlds of Germantown-or the lJlains of M on-
.1
mouth? Evcrywhere pre8ent, wants 01' every kinu
obstructing, numerons and valíant armies encounterings
himst:lf a host, he assuagcd our sllfferings, limited 01lI
pri \'ations, anJ uphdJ our tottering republic. Sball 1
display to yOll the spread of the flre of his soul, by
rehC'arsing the praisL's of the lIero of Saratoga, anu bis
much loyed compeer of the Carolinas? .Ko; our vVash-
ington \Years no borrowed glory: to Cates-to Creene,
he gave without reserve the applause uue to their emi-
nent meTit; and long may the dlÍefs of Saratoga, and
of Euta\ys, rt:cei\re ule grateful respect of a grateful
people.
l\Ioving in his own orLit, he imparted heat anulight to
his rnost distant satellites; and combining the physieal
and moral force of aH within his sphere, with irresistible
weight he took his course, commiserating folly, disdaining
vice, dismaying treason, and invigorating despondency;
llntil the auspicious hour arrived, when, united with the
intrepid forces of a potent and magnanimous ally, he
hrought to snbmission the since conqueror of India; thns
finishing his long career of rnilitary glory with a lustre
27)1
corresponuing to his great name, anu in this his last aet
of war affixing the sea] of fate to our nation's birth.
'1'0 the harriu din of battle sweet peace succeeded,
and om virtuous chief, minuful on1y of the comrnan good,
in él rnoment tempting personal aggrandizement, hushed
the discontents of growing secJition ; and, surrendering his
poví'er into the hancls from which he had recei\'eu it, (',011-
verted his sworu into él ploughshare, teaching an aclrniring
world that to be tru]y great, }oa must be tmIy good.
"Vas 1 to stop here, th(~ picture ,YOldJ be incomplete,
and the task imposcd nnfinished. Great as v;as our
vVashington in war, anu as much as did that greatness
contribute to produce tite American Republic, it is 110t in
war aIone his prc-eminence stands conspicuollS. His
various talenis combining all the capaeities of a states-
man with those of a soldier, fittru him alike to gnide tbe
eouncils ancI (he armirs of our natian. Scarcel.y hau he
resteu from his martial toils, "hile his im"alnabJe part'ntL1J
adrice ,vas still sounding in Ollf ears, when 11l~ ,,,ho hall
bren our shield ancl om sword, was calleu forth to aet a
less splendiu but more important parto
PoSSCS~illg a elear and pellrtraiing mind, a strong and
sounc1 judgmcnt, calmness and temper for de!iberalion,
with inrineible firmness, and perseverance in resollltions
rrwturtly formed, drawing information from all, acting
from himse]f, wilh incorruptible integrity ana unvarying
patriotism: his O\vn superiority ancl the public confiJencc
;dike markecl hilO as the man designed by Heaven to leacl
in the great polilieal as \Yell as mil i;ary events which
}l(1VC distinguished the era of bis Jife.
The finger of an overruli!1g provid{'llCe, pointin~ at
\Vashington, was Ilt'ither mi~;t(jkt'n nor ullo~servf~d;
252
when, to realize the vast hopes to which our revolution
had given birth, a change of political system became
indispensable.
How novel, how grand the spectac1e! Indepenclent
states stretched over an immense territory, and known
on]y by common difficulty, clinging to their uniun as the
rock of their safety, deciding by frank comparison of
their relative condition, to rear on that rock, under the
guidance of reason, a common government, through
whose cornmanding protection, liberty and order, wilh
their long train of bJessings, should be saJe to them-
selves, and the 8ure inheritance of their posterity.
This aruuous task devolved on citizens selected by the
people, from knowledge of their wisdom and confidence
in tbeir virtue. In this augllst assembly of sages and
patriots, \Yashington of course was found; ami, as if
acknowledgeJ to be most \Vise, \"here all were wise, with
one voice he \Vas declctred their chief. How \vell he
merited this rare clistinctil)n, how faithful were the ]abours
(lf himself ancl his compatriots, the work of their hands
and our union, strength and prosperity, the fruits of that
'work, best attest.
But to have essentially aided in presenting to his
country this consummation of h2r hopes, neither satisfied
the claims of his fellow-citizens on his talents, nor those
duties whieh the possession of those talents imposecl.
Heaven bad not infusecl into his mincl such an uncommon
share of its ethereal spirit to remain unemployed, nor
bestoweu on birn his genius unaccompanieu with the eor-
responuing cluty of cleyoting it to the common goocl. '1'0
have framed a Constitution, was showing only, without
ealizing, the general happiness. This great \York re-
253
mained to be done; and America, steadf.'1st in her prefer-
ence, \Vith one voice summoned her belovcd vVashington,
unpractised as he \Vas in the duties of civil administra-
tion, to execute this 1ast aet in the completion oI' the
national ftlicity. Obedient to her call, he assnmed the
high office with that self-distrust peculiar to his innate
moclesty, the constant attendant of pre-eminent virtue.
\Vhat \Vas the burst of joy throllgh our anxious land on
this exhilarating erent is known to lIS al1. The aged,
the young, the brave, the faÍr, ri"alee! each other in
demonstrations of their gratitLlde ; aml this high-wrought,
ddightfllI scene was heightened in i¡s effect, by the sin-
gular contest between the 7..eal of the bestowers and the
ayoidance of the recei ver uf the honors bestow(~d. Com-
mencing his administralion, what heart is not charmed
Wiih the recollection of the pure and wise principIes an-
nouneed by himself, as the basis oI' his polítieaI life. He
best llnderstood the indissolllble union between virtue and
happiness, between dllty and ad vantage, between the
genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimolls poliC'y,
and the solid rewards of Pllolic pr,)sperity and indi viduaJ
felicity; watching with an equal amI comprehensive eyl'
over this great assemblage oI' communities and interests)
he Iaid the foundations of our nationaI policy in the un-
erring, immutable principIes of morality, based on reJi-
gion, exemplifying the pre-eminence of a free govern-
ment; by al! the attributes which \Vin the affections of
its citzens, or eommand the respect of the worId.
"O fürtunatos nimium, suu si bona norint!"
Lending through the compIicated difficulties produced
by previo LIS obligations and conflicting interests, seconded
25*'
254
by sllcceeding houses of Congress, enlightened and pa-
triotic, be surmoullted a11 original obstruction, and bright-
ened the path of our national felieity.
The presidential term expiring, bis solicitud e to ex-
('hange exaltation for humility returned with a force
increased \vith increase of age; and he had prepared his
farewell address to his countrymen, proclaiming his inten-
tion, when the united interposition of all around him,
enforced by the eventful prospects of the epoch, produced
a further sacrifice of inclinatj()11 to duty. 'l'he election
of President followeo, and vVashington, hy the unani-
mous vote of the nation, was calIed to resume the Chief
lVfagistracy. \Yhat a wonclerful fixture of confidence!
\Vhich attracts most our aclmiration, a peopleso correct,
or a citizen combining 3n assemblage of ta1ents forbio-
ding rivalry, and stif1ing even envy itself? Such a nation
ollght to be happy, such a chief must be for ever revereo.
\Var, long menaced by the lndian tribeí', now broke
out; and the terrible confIict, deluging Europe wilh
blood, began to shed its baneful infIuence over our
happy land. To the first, outstretching his invincible
arm, under the orders of the gallant \Vayne, the Ameri-
can eagJe soared triumphant through distant forests.
Peace followed victory; and the melioration of the con-
dition of the enemy folIowed peace. Godlike virtue,
which uplifts even the subdued savage.
To the seeond he opposed himse]f. N ew and delicate
was the conjuncture, and great was the stake. Soon did
his penetrating mind discern and seize the only course,
continuing to us all the felicity enjoyed. He issuell bis
proe1amation of nentrality. This index to his \\"hole
f'iubsequent conduct was sanctioncd by the approbatiol1
255
of both houses of Ccngress, and by the approving "oice
of the peopIe.
To this sublime policy he inviolably adhered, unmoved
by foreign intrusion, unshaken by domestic turbulencE'.
" J ustum et tenacem propositi virum,
Non civium ardor prava jubentium,
Non vultus instuntis tyranni,
Mente quatit folida."
MaintaÍning bis pnl'ific system at the expense of no
duty, America, faithful to hcrself, and sllstained jn her
honor, continneJ to enjoy the delights of peace, wbile
affiicted Europe mOUl'\1S in every quarter under the aceu-
mulated miseries of an u'nexampled \var; miseries in
\vhich our happy country must have shared, had not our
prc-eminent vVasbington been as firm in conneil as he
,vas bra\'c in the fie1J.
Pursuing steadfastly his course, he held safe the public
happiness, preventing foreign war, aneI quelling internal
discord, ti11 the revolring period of a third election
approachecl, \dwn he executed his interrupted but inex-
tinguisho.ble desire of returning to the humble walks of
private life. .
The promulgation of 11is fixed resolution stoppéd the
anxious wishes of an affectionate people, from adcling a
third unanimous testimonial of their unabated confidence
in the man so long enthroned in their hearts. \Vhen be,
fore W8.S affection like this exhibited on earth? Turn
oyer the records of anc:ient Greece ! Review the annals
of mighty Rome! Examine the yolumes of modern
Europe; you seareh in vain. America and her \Vash-
ington on1y affonl the tlignified exemplification. The
256
illustrious personage ca1led by the national yoice in su e ..
cession to the arduous office of guiding a free people,
had new difficuJties to enconnter. The amicab1e etrort
of sett1ing our difnculties with France, begun by "\Vash-
ington, and pursued by his successor in virtue ü.S in sta-
tion, proying abortire, America took meaSllres of self-
deffel1ce. No sooner was the public mincl rOllsccl by a
prospect of danger, than every eye was turnecl to the
~'riend of a11, though secJuded froIn puLlic view, and gray
in public serrice. The virtnolls \'rteran following his
p1ough, reccived the unexpected surnmons with mingl(~d
emotions of indignation at the unm(~rited ill-treatment of
his country, and of a determinatÍon once more te) risk
his a11 in her defenee.
The annunciation of these feelings, in his affecting
letter to the President, accepting the command of the
army, concludes his ofIleial conducto
First in war, first in peace, ano first in the hearts of his
countrymen, he was second to none in the humble and
endearing scenes of private Efe: pious, just, humane,
temperate, and sincere, uniform, dignifieo, and eom-
manding, his example was as edifying to aH around him
as were the effects of that examp]e lasting.
To his equals he was condescending; to his inferiors
kind; and to the dear object of his affeetions exemplarily
tender. Correet throughout, vice shuddered in his pre-
sence, and virtue ahvays felt his fostering hand; the
purity of his pri vate charaeter gave effll]gence to his
public virtnes.
His 1ast scene comported with the whole tenor of his
tife; although in extreme pain, not a sigh, not a groan
escaped him; and with undistnrbed serenity he elosed
257
his well-spent life. SlH:h \Vas the man America has lost.
such was the man for " .. hom our nation mourns! Methinks
1 see his allgust image, and hear, falling from his vener-
able lips, these clecp-sinking \'rorcls :
"Cease, sons of Amcrica, lamenting OUT separation:
go on, and confirm by your wisdom the fruits of OUT joint
councils, joint efforts, and common clangers. Reverence
religíon; cliífuse knowledge throughout your land ; patron-
ize the arts ancl sciences; let liberty and order be in-
sepcuable companions; control party-spirit, the bane of
frte gorcrnment; observe good faith to, and cultirate
peace with all natÍons; shut up every arenue to foreign
influence; contract rather than extend na~ional con-
nexion; rely on YOUTselves only; be American in thought
and deed. Thus will you give immortality to that union,
which \Vas the constant object of my terrestrial labours.
Thus will you preserve undisturbecl to the latest posterity
the felicity of a people to me most dear; and thus will
you supply (if my happiness is now aught to you) the
only vacancy in the round of pure bliss high Hearen
bestows."
_WH
FRIDA Y, DECEY.BER 27, 1799.
On a motion made and seconded that the House do come to the follow-
iug resolutiol1, to w;t:
The Honso of Representatives of the United States, highly
gratified with the manner in which Mr. Lee has performed the sor-
vice assigned to him, under the resolution desiring the President of
the Senate amI Speaker of tbe House of Representatives to request
one of the memhers of Congress to prepare and deliver a funcal
oration on the death of Georrre \Vashinrrton ,. and desirous of cum-
o o
IDlli.ic;:¡tina to thcir fellow-citizens, throurrh the medium of tha
o o
258
press, th08e sentiments of respect for the character, of gratitud",
for the services, and of grief for the death, of that illllstrious per-
sonage, which, fe1t by all, have, on this melancholy occasion, been
so weU expressed :
RC:iolved, Tbat the Speaker present the thanks of this House to
Mr. Lee, for the oration delivered by him to both Houses of Con-
gress on Thursday, the twenty-sixth instant; and request that he
will permit a copy thereof to be taken for publication :
.The question was taken that the House do agree to the same,
And unanilllously resolved in the aflirmative.
MONDA Y, DECElHBER 30, 1799.
The Speaker informed the House that, in pursuance of the resolution
of Friday l~st, he had addresscd to Major General Henry Lee, one of
the mcmbers for the State of VirgiL :a, the following lctter:
"Philadelphia, December 27, 1799.
"DEAR SIR: The encloseJ resolutions, which unanimously passed
the House of Representatives tbis day, wil! mal,e known to you
how higbly tbey have been gratified with the manner in which you
have performed the service assigned to )'011, in preparing and de-
livcring a funeral oration on the death of General 'Washington.
That our constituents may participatein the gratification we ha ve
received from your having so well expresscd those sentimcnts of
rrspect for the character, of gratitude for t11e services, and of grief
for the death, of that illustrious personage, 1 fbtter rnysclf you wil!
not hpsitate to comply with the request of the House, by furnishing
a copy of your oration, to be taken for publication.
"Allow me, while performing this pleasing task of official duty
in communicating an act of the represpntatives of the people, so
jnst to you and so honorable to themselves, to embrace the oppor-
tunity to declare tirat
"J am, personally, with grpat esteem and sillccre regard, deal
t:lr, your friend and obedient servant,
"THEODORE SEDGvVICK.
H The honorable Maj. Gen. LEE."
1'0 whieh Mr. Lee hud replicd as folloWB!
"Pranldin Cmr!, December 28, 1 i99.
" DEAR ~IR: 1 owe to the goouness of t1le Honse of Repre8enta-
tivcs th8 honor which their resolutions confer on my hnmble etIorts
to cxecnte their wish.
"1 can never disobey their will, and thercfore will fnrnish a
copy'" of the oration uelivereu on th8 late affiicting" occasion, much
as 1 had flaUered mysclf with a different disposition of it.
" Sincerely reciprocating the personal consideration with which
you hOllor me, 1 am, very respectfully, sir, your friend and obcdient
servant,
"HENRY LEE.
"The SPEAKER of the House of Representatives."
1\1r. :\lar8hall, [rom the joint committee nppointed to prepare and report
measures in honor of lhe memory of General George \Vashington, made
a further report, in part ; which was read and eonsidered: Whereupon,
It was unanimously resolved that the House do agree to the j()llowing
resolutiolls:
Resolved by lile Senale and llollse (1 Representa/hes rf the lJhited
Sta/es (1 /lll/erica ill Congress assembled, '1'hat it be recommended
to the people of tite U nited Statcs to asscmble, on the twenty-
second day of February next, in surh numbers and manner as may
be convenient, publicly tú testify their grief for the death of Gene-
ral George \Vashington, by suitable eulogies, orations, and dis-
courses, or by pub] le prayers. t
JJnd it is !tlrth¡;r resohed, That the President be requested to
isslle a proclamation, for the pllrpose of carrying the foregoing reso-
lutioll into effect.
Ordered, That (hc clerk of this House do carry the said resolution~ to
the Senate, and desirc their cOllcurrence .
• Vide the Orution, page 217.
t In cOllformily with this recommendntion, Ihe peopI!' of every C¡ly, lown, vII-
lage, amI hamIe!, whose l1urnbers were swelled by the neighhoring counlry-peopIe,
assembled, and with deep devolion rendered tbeir heartfeIt tribute of affeetionlor
the memory of the Fatlter of their Country. This outpouring of gratitude aJl(I
atfection of a nation of free citizens has never been equallcd more nearly than by
liJe spollluneous and universal delllollstratioll of this XATIOXAL VIRTUE on the oc-
caSlOIl of the visit uf Gcn"raJ Lafayette to the Unitcd Statcs, in 1824.
2GO
[These resollltiollS ,,"ere agreed to by the 8ena~c on the 31st December,
1799, and approved by lhe President of the United States on the 6th
J anuary, 1800.]
MOXDAY, JANlJARY 6: 1800.
A message \Vas received from the President of (he United States, by
Mr. Adams, notiJ:,'ing that the President did, this day, H]lprove alld sign
certain enrolled resolutions, whieh originated in this House, direeting
fur! her measures in honor of the memor)' of General George \Vashington.
Ordcrcd, That the clerk of this House do acquaint the Senate there-
with.
\VEDNESDAY, JANUARY 8,1800.
A message, in writing, was receivcd from the President of the Uuited
States, by Mr. Shaw, his secretary, as followeth :
Gentlernen rf [he Scnate, and
Gentlemen rf the House uf Reprcsentatives:
In compliance with the request in Olle of the resolutions of Con-
gr()ss of tbe twenty-first of Decemher la!'t, 1 tr;lIlsmitt()d a capy of
those resolutions, by my secretary, 1\lr. Si};)w, to I\Irs. v"Yasbing-
ton, assuring her of the profound respect Congrcss ",ill ever bear
to her person and character; of their cond 01 once in the late afilict-
ing dispensatioll of Providence; and entreating hpr assent to the
interment of the remains of Gent?ral George \Vashington, in the
manner expressed in the first resolution. As the sentirnents of
that virluolls lady, not less beloved by tllis nation tlt,m she is at
present gre:ltl y afflicted, can never be so well expressed as in her
own worus, 1 transmit to Congrcss her original lctter.
It would be an attempt of too mnch delicacy to make any com-
ments upon it; but tbere can be no douht that the nation at large,
as \nol1 as a11 the branches of tite Government, will Le higldy
gratified by any arrangemellt which.may diminish the sacrifice she
makes of her individual feelings.
JOIlN ADA1.\lS.
Fnited Sta/es, January 6, 1800.
Tho letter referreu to in the said message is as fullows:
261
".l'tfoIlnt Vernon, December 31, 17~9.
" SIR: ~Thile 1 feel, with keenest anguish, the late di s-
pensation of Divine Proviclence, 1 cannot be insensible to
the mournful tributes of respect and veneration which are
paid to the memory of my dear deceased husband; and,
as his best services and most anxious wishes were always
devoted to the welfare and happiness of his country, to
know that they were truly appreciated and gratefully re-
mem bereu airorus no inconsiderable consolation.
"Taught, by that great example which 1 have so long
}¡ad before me, never to oppose my private wishes to the
public will, 1 must consent to the request made by Con-
gress, which you have hau the goodness to transmit to
me; ancl, in doing this, 1 need not, 1 cannot, say what a
sacrifice of individual feeling 1 make to a sense of public
duty.
" \Vith grateful acknowledgments and unfeigneu thanks
j;Jr the personal respect and evidences of condolence ex-
pressed by Congress anu yourself, 1 remain, very respect-
fnlly, sir, your most obedient humble servant,
"MARTHA WASHINGTON."
The i"aid mes~age, and letter accompanying the same, were read, and
ord('red to be re/erred to the joint committee appointed the nineteenth
ultimo, on receipt of the intelligence of the death of General George
VY fishington, to prepare and report measures suitable to the occasion.
FRIDAY, MARcH 28,1800.
On motion,
Resolved, That all Ietters and packets to Mrs. Martha Washington,
relíet of the late General George \Vashington, shaU be received and con-
veyed by post, free from postage, for and during her life.
Ordered, That a bill or bills be brought in pursuant to the said resolu-
tion; and that Mr. Henry Lee, Mr. Kittera and Mr. Dennis, do prepare
and bring ín the sume.
26
262
Mr. Henry Lee, from the committee appointed, presented, according
to order, a bill to extend the privilege of franking lctters and packages
to Martha Washington; which was received, and rcad {he first time.
On motion, the said bill was read 1he second time, and ordered to be
engrossed, and read the third time on Monday next.
MONDAY, MARcH 31,1800.
An engrossed bill to extend the privilege of franking letters and pack.
ages to Martha Washington, was read the third time.
Resolved, That the said bill do pass :-
AN ACT to extend the privilege of franking letters and
packages to Martha \Vashington.
Be it enacted by the Sena te and House 01 Representa-
tives 01 the United States 01 .I1merica in Congress as-
sembled, That allletters and pa,ckages to and from Martha
Washington, sha11 be received and conveyed by post free
of postage, for and dllring her life.
[This act was passed by the Senate on the 1st of April, and approved
by the President of the United States, on the 3d April, H100.]
IN THE SEN A TE OF THE UNITED ST ATES.
THURSDAY, DECDIBER 19,1799.
The following written message was received from the President of the
United States, by Mr. Shaw, his secretary:
Gentlemen of the Senate, and
Gentlemen of the House of Representatives:
The letter herewith transmitted* wi1l inform you that i1
has pleased Divine Providence to remove from this Jife
* See letter from Tobias Lear on page 2,13.
263
our excel1ent fellow-citizen George Washington; by the
purity of his character, and a long series of services to
his country rendered illustrious through the world. It
remains for an affectionate and grateful people, in whose
hearts he can never die, to pay suitable honors to his
memory. JOHN ADAMS.
Unittd States, December 19, 1799.
The messagc and lctter were read.
Ordered, That they líe for consideration.
A mes:oage fi'om the House of Representatives, by :Mr. Oswald, in the
absel1ce of tbeir clerk:
1I1r. Presidcnt: The House of Representatives having received intelli-
gence of the death of their highly-valued fellow-citizen, General George
vVa:ohington, ana sharing the universal grief this distressing event must
produce, have Resolved, That á joint committee be appointed, to report
mea:::ures suitahle to the occasion, and expressive of the profound sorrow
wil h which Congress is renetratecl on the loss of a citizen, tirst in war,
tirsl. ill peace, allcl tirst in the hearts of hi8 countrymen; and havillg ap-
pointed a cOl1l1r1ittee on their part, desire the concurrence of the Senate.
And he withdrew.
The Senate proceeded to consider the foregoing re80lution of the House
of Representalives. vVhereupon,
Resolved, 'l'hat they do concur therein, and that Messrs. Dayton, Bing-
ham, Dexter, Gunn, Laurance, Tracy, and Read, be the cOll1ll1Íttee on
the part of the Senatc.
Ordered, That the Secretary acquaint the House of Representatives
with the concurrence.
On motion,
Resolved, That the Senate will wait on the President of the United
States, to condole with him on the distressing event of the death of Gene-
ral George \Vashington; and that a committee be appointed to prepare,
[or that occasion, an address to lhe President of the United States, ex-
pressive of the deep regret of the Senate; and that this committee con-
sist of i\1essrs. Dexter, Ross, and Read.
On motion,
Resolved, That the chairs in the Senate chamber be covered, and the
rcom hung with black, and that each member, and the officers of the
264
Senate, go mto mourning, by the usual mode of wearing a crape round
the left arm, during the session.
'fhe Senate adjourned to 11 o'clock on Monday morning.
MONDA Y, DECEMBER 23, 1799.
Mr. Dexter, from the committee, appointed for the pnrpose on the lRth
¡nst., reportedthe draught of an address to the President of the United
States,on the death of General George \Vashington; which being read
in paragraphs, was adopted, as follows :
1'0 the President of the United Sta tes :
The Senate of the U nited States respectfully take leave,
sir, to express to you their deep regret fc)!' the 10ss their
country sustains in the death of General George Wash-
ington.
1'his event, so distressing to aH our fellow-citizens,
must be peculiarly heavy to you, who have long been as-
sociated with him in ueeus of patriotismo Pcrmit liS, sir,
to lriingle our tears with yours; on this occasion it is
manIy to wcep. 1'0 lose such aman, at such a crisis, is
no common calamíty to the world: our cOllntry mourns
her Father. 'fhe Almighty Disposer of human events has
takcn from liS our greatest benefactor ana ornamento It
beco mes liS to submit with reverence to him who " maketh
darkness his pavilion."
\Vith patriotic pride we review the Efe of our Wash-
ington, ana compare him wi'th tbose of other countries,
who have been pre-eminent in fame. Ancient ana modero
names are diminished before him. Greatness and guilt
have too often be en allied; but bis fame is \vhiter than it
is brilliant. The destroyers of nations stood abashed at
the majesty of his virtue. It reproved the intemperance
of their ambition, anu darkenea the splenuor of victory.
The Bcene is closed, and we are no longer anxious lest
265
misfortune should sully his glory; he has travelled to the
enJ of his journey, anJ carrieJ with him an increasing
weight of honor; he has JepositcJ it safely, 'where mis·
fortune cannot tarnish it, where malice cannot blast it.
FavoreJ of Heaven, he departeJ without exhibiting the
wealmess of humanity. Magnanimous in death, the Jark·
ness of the grave could not obscure his brightness.
Such was the man whom we deplore. Thanks to God!
his glory is eOllsummated; \Vashington yet lives-on earth
in his spotless example-his spirit is in hearen.
Ld his eountrymcn eonseerate the memory of the he·
roie general, the patriotie statesman, amI the virtuons
sage; let them teal:h their children never to forget that lhe
fruit of his labors and his example are their inheritance.
S~\lVlU EL LIVERMORE,
President of tlt9f.:Senate, pro tempore.
Orr!C1"I'IZ, That lhc committcc who prepared the addrcss, wait on the
President aflhe Unitcd Slates, and desire him to acquaint ¡he Senate at
whal time und pluce it wil! Le mast eonvenient fOf him thut it ShOllld ha
prc:-:cnt ed.
Mr. Dcxtei reportcd, from the committee, that they hud waited on the
President of the United Stutes, and that be had acquainted 111em thut he
wOlllJ receive the address of the Senate immediately, at his own hOllse.
\Vhcrcupoll, the Scnute waited 011 the President of the United States,
and the Presiden! 01' the Senute, in thcir llame, presented the address
this duy agrecd too
To which the President of the United States was pleased to make the
following reply :-
Gent lemen 01 the Senate .:
1 receive, with the most respectfnl ano affectionatr.
senliments, in this impressive address, the obliging ex-
pres:--iolls of your n'gard fe)]' the 10S5 OIU' eountry has sUS4>
2U·
266
tained in the death of her most estcemed, beloved, and
admired citizen.
In the multitude of my thoughts and recollections on
this melancholy event, you will permit me only to say,
that 1 have seen hirn in the days of adversity, in sorne of
the scenes of his deepest distress and most trying per-
plexities: 1 have also attended him in his highest eleva-
tion, and most prosperous felieity, with uniform adrniration
ol' his wisdorn, rnoderation, and constancy.
Among all our original associates in that memorable
league of the continent in 1774, whiuh first exprcssed the
sovereign will of a free nation in AlIlerica, he ,vas the
only one remaining in the general government.
Although, with a eonstitution more enfeebled than bis,
at an age \vhen he thought it necessary to prepare for re-
tirement, 1 feel myself,.alone, bereaved of rny last brother;
yet 1 derive a strong eonsolation from the unanimous dis-
position whieh appears, in all ages amI classes, to mingle
their sorrows with mine, on this eommon ealamity to the
world.
The life of our Washington eannot suffer by a com-
parison \vith those of other countries who have been most
celebrated and exalted by fame. The attributes and
decorations of royalty eouId have only served to eclipse
the majesty of those virtues ,vhich made him, frorn Leing
a modest citizen, a morf' respIendent luminary. Misfor-
tune, had he Iived, eouId hereafter have sullied his gIory
onIy with those superfi'CiaI minds, who, beIieving that eha-
raeters ancl actions are marked by sueeess aIone, rarely de-
serve to enjoy it. MaIiee eouId never bIast his honor, and
envy made him a singular exeeption to her universal rule.
For himseIf, he had lived enough to life, and to glory.
267
For his fellow-citizens, if their prayers could have been
answered, he would have been immortal. For me, his
departure is at a most unfortunate momento Trusting,
however, in the wise and righteous domillion of Provi-
dence over the passions of men, and the results of their
councils and actions, as well as over their lives, nothing
remains for me but humble resignation.
His example is now complete, and it will teach wisdom
and virtue to magistrates, citizens, and men, not only in
the present age, but in future generations, as long as our
history shall be read. If a Trajan found a Pliny, a Mar-
cus Allrelius can never want biographers, eulogists, or
historians. JOHN ADAMS.
United States, Decernber 23, 1799.
The Senate returned to their own chamber.
A message from the House of Representatives, by Mr. Condy, their
Clerk:
JJ:lr. President: The joint committee appointed on the part of the
Rouse of Representatives, on the 19th instant, on the reccipt of the in-
telligence of the death of General George vVashington, having made
report to that House, they have agreed to sundry resolutions thereupon,
in which they desire the concurrence of the Senate. And he withdrew.
Mr. Dayton, from the joint committee, appointed the 19th instant, on
the part of the Senate, on the receipt of the intelligence of the death of
General George Washingt('n, reported in past, and the report was agreed
too Whereupon,
Resolved, unanimously, That the Senate do concur in the aforesaid
resolutions.
THURSDAY, DECEMBER 26, 1799.
In conformity to the resolve of the 23d instant, the Senate went in
procession to the German Lutheran Church, where was delivered an
oration* in honor of the memory of General George \Vashington. Aftel
which, they returned to their own chamber; and
Adjourned to 11 o'clock to-morrow morning .
.. See eratioll oC flenr)' Lee, p. 247
268
FRIDAY, DECE:\lIlER 27, lí'99.
On motion,
Rfsulved, That (he thanks of the Senate be communicatcJ, throu~h
.hcir f'resid8nt, to General IIenry Lee, fur ¡he elo(4Ucnt and imprcssive
oral ion to the memory of General George \Vashington, w hieh he pre-
pared and delivered at the request of Congress.
Resolvt>rl, 1'hat Ihe Seeretary be direeted to apply to General Lee for
a eopy of the samc.
269
CHAPTER 5.
l1'{AUGURAL ADDRESSES OF TIlE PATRIOTS AND SAGES
OF TIIE REVOLUTION, WHO WERE ELEVATED BY 'THE
SUFFRAGES OF 'THEIR FELLOW-CITIZENS '1'0 'THE
OFFICE OF PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED S'TATES.
1. In seeking, among the great mass of literary matter that has
emanated from the able and inteIligent minds and honest hearts of
the statesmen of the Revolution, for compositions or productions
which imbody more completely than any others, and within the
smallest compass, the true principIes, objects, and designs, duties
and responsibilities, of the American Government under the Con-
stitution, none can be found comparable t6 the inaugural addresses
of those wise and true patriots who brought with them to the pre-
sidential oflice, not only the cxperience they had acc¡uired in those
times wlicn the energies and resources of the stoutest hearts and
ablcst minus were constantly in requisition, but the advantages oí
the highest illtelligence, resulting from that investigation of causes,
and deliberation upon eirects, constituting the prominent cbaractcr-
istics of truly great minds. These worthy spirits had witnessed
and felt the oppression of tite colonial system of bondage; the
want of a general government for the U nited Colonies in the com-
mcncement and progress of the Revolution; the total inefficiency
of the old form of government under the Confederation; and some
had taken part in, while aH had been eye-witnesses of, the efficient
and paternal administration of government under the Constitution
by tIte grcat and good ·Washington. The sentiments and princi-
pIes emanating from such sources, upon a subject so momentous,
cannot faíl to be highly interesting and instructive to the young
statesmen and patriots of our country; while, to every American
citizen capable ')f reading and understanding, they will be an in-
valuable mcans of judging properly of the views and princi]ll~s
270
of the puh1ic men who may be candidates for their suffrag-e :md
favor; for, if their declaratlons and sentiments contradict those
contained in th8se inaugural addresses, doubts may well be fmter-
tained of tlwir soundness or sincerity, an!! evcry ll1;:¡n wiJI be jus-
tifipd, in the exercise of his birthrig"ht as an American citizC'l1, in
supporting tIte Constitution as ulloerstood and exccuted by its
fralIlers and hest fricnds.
2. TIIE INAUGURAL ADDR88S OF GEORGE WASIII:NG-
TO~, PRESIDENT Ol" TIlE UNITED STA'l'ES,
APRIL 30, 1789,
C\Vill be found with his political acts in Chaptcr '1, p. 211.)
3. INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF JOHN ADAMS, PRESIDENT
OF TI-IE UNITED STATES.
l\LmcH 4, 1797.
Whcn it was first perceived, in early times, that no middle
course for America remained between unlimited submission to a
foreign legislature and a tot;:¡l independence of its claill1s, Illen of
refiection were less apprebensive of dangcr from tlw forlllidable
power of fleet5 al1(1 annies they must determine to resist, than frolll
t110se coutests and dissensions which would certailllyarise COll-
cerning the forms of government tobe instituted over the vvhule
and oyer the parts of this extensive country. He1ying, howcver,
on the purity of their illtentions, the justice of their cause, ami tile
integrity ami intcllic;-ence of the people, under an overruling Pm-
vidence, which had so signally protected tllis country from tlJe
first, tlle representatives of this natíon, tbon consisting of littJe
more tllan half its present number, not only broke to pif'ces the
chains which were forging, ami the rod of iron that was liJ'tf~d up,
but frankly cut asunder the ties which had boumi them, ami
launclH'd into an ocean of uncertainty.
The zeal and ardor of the people, during the rovolutionary 'Yéir,
snpplying tlw place of govornment, cOll11lJanded a ut'g-ree oí' ordor,
su!Iicient at least for t]¡e temporary preservation of socif'ty. The
COllt'edcra1ion, ,,-hich was early felt to be necessary, was pf8paf(~d
from the models of the Batavian and He1vetic confederacie,,;-the
only exampks wbich remain, witil any detail and prccision, Ín
history, alld certaiuly tlle only ones which the people at largo had.
evcr considcred. But, ref1ectil1(r on the strikin(r ditl'ercncc, ill 50
many p:trticuJars, uetween this ~ountry and tllO~e \Vllere a coufÍer
271
may go from t11e seat of government to the frontier in a sing-le day,
it was then certainly foreseen, by sorne who assisted in Congress
at the formation of it, tbat it could not be durable.
N egligenee of ilS regulations, inattention to its recommenda-
tions, if not disobedience to its authority, not only in individuals,
but in St<:ltes, soon appearcd, witl! tbeir melancholy conseqUfmces;
uni versal lallguor; jealousies and rivalries of States; declino of
navigation and commerce; discouragement of necessary manufac-
tures; universal fall in the value of lands and their produce; con-
tempt of public and pri~,lte faith; 10ss of consideration and credit
with for~ign natiolls; Itld, at length, in discontents, anilllosities,
combinations, partial conventions, and insurrection, threatening
some great natiollal calanJity.
In this dangerous crisis, the peop1e of America were not aban-
doned by their usual good sense, presence of mino, resolution, or
illtegrity. l\lcasures were pursued to concert a plan to form a
more perfeet union, est,tb lish j ustiee, ensure domestic tranq uillity,
provide for tite common defence, promote the general welfare, and
seeure the blessings of liberty. The public disqllisitions, discus-
SiOllS, anJ deliberations, issued in the present happy constitution
::¡f government.
Emploru in thc service ()f my country abroad during the \vhole
:ourse ot these transactions, 1 Jirst saw tlle Constitution of tite
Unit(~J Stat<:'s in a fureign COllntry. Irritated by no literaryalter-
cation, aniru;¡teu by no publÍc debate, heated by no party animo-
sÍty, 1 read it with great sati:5faction, as tbe result of good heads,
prompted by good hearts-as an experiment, better adapted to the
genius, c!Jameter, sitllation, and reJations, of this natÍon and coun-
try, than any which had ever been proposed or suggested. In its
gelleral principIes and great outlines, it was confonuable to sueh a
system of government as 1 had ever most esteemed, and in some
States, rny own native State in particular, had contributed to esta-
blish. ClaÍming a right of sulfrage, in comrnon with my fellow-
citizens, in the auoption or rejection of a Constitutíon which wa~
to rule me and my posterity, as well as them and theirs, 1 did not
hesitate to express my approbation of it, on a11 occasions, in public
anu in private. It was 110t then, nor has been since, any objection
to it, in my mind, that the Executive and Senate were not more
pl'rmanent. N or have 1 ever entertail1ed a thought of promoting
ilny alteration in it, but sllch as the people themselves, in the
course of their experience, should see and fee1 to be necessary ar
expedient, and, by their representativos in Congress and the State
legislatures, aecording to t11e Constitution itself, adopt and ordain.
Hp,tuming to tlle bosom of my country, after a painful separation
fram it, for tHn years, J had the honor to be elected to a station
um!t.;r tIlO new uroer of thíngs, and 1 ha ve repeateuly laid myself
272
under the moqt serinns obligations to suppart the Constitution.
The operation af it has equalled the most sanguine expectations
of its friends; and, from an habitual attention to it, satisfaction in
its aoministration, and delight in its effects upon the peace, order,
prosperity and happiness of the nation, 1 haye acquired an habitual
attachment to it and veneratíon for it.
\Vhat other form of government, indeed, can so well deserve
our esteem and loye 1
'rhere may be little solidity in an ancient idea, that congrega-
tions of men into cities and nations are t1Jk most pleasing objects
in the sight of superior intelligences; but mis is very certain, th,,_,
to a benevolent human mind, there can be no spectacle presented
by any nation more pleasing, more noble, majestic, or august, than
an assembly like that which has so often been seen in this and the
other chamber of Congress, of a government in whieh the execu-
tive authority, as well as that of al! the branches of the legisla-
ture, are exercised by citizens selected, at ff')gular perioos, by their
neighbors, to make and execute laws for the general good. Can
any thillg essential, any thing more than mere ornament and deco-
ration, be added to this by robes and diamonds 1 Can authority be
more arniabJe and respectable when it descends from aecidents, or
institutions established in remote antiquity, tlmn when it springs
fresh frolTl the hearts and jlldtrments of an honest and enlio·htpned
people 1 For it is the people ~nly that are represented: i{is their
power and ll1(ljesty that is refiected, and on!y ror their good, in
every Jegitirnate govermnent, under whatever form it IlIay ilppear.
Tile existence of such a government as OlUS, for .any Iellgth of
time, is a fuI! proaf of a general dissemination of kn()\vledge (lnd
yirtue throllghout the whole body of the people. And what object
or consideration more pleasing than this can be presented to the
hllman milld 1 If national pride is ever justifiable, or exeusabJe,
it is when it springs, not from power or riches, grandeur or glory,
but fL/m cOllviction of lIational innocenee, illfofluation, and be-
nevolence.
In tlw mid~t of these pleasing ideas, we should be unfaithflll to
ourselves i1' \Ve sbould ever lose sig'ht of the danger to our liber-
tíes-if any thing partial or extraneous should illfect the purity of
our free, fair, virtuous, and independent electiolls. If an election
is lo be determined by a majority of a single vote, and that can be
prccured by a party, through artifice or corruption, the government
may 1)(' the choiee of a party, for its own cntis-not of the nation,
for tlle national good. If that solitary sutl'rage can be obtained by
fowign natiolls by flattery or menaees, by fraud or vioJence, by
terror, intrigue, or venality, tbe governrnent rnay not be the choice
of the American people, but of foreign nations. It may be forcign
nations who govern us, and not ,ve tlle people who govern our-
273
selves. Ano canuiJ men will ackno"w1cdge, that, in 5uch cases,
choice wou1d havo little ad v:tnta¡:;e to boast or, over 10t or chanceo
Suclt is tha amiab1e alld illterestillg" s)'stem of govcrnment (and
snoh are sorne of tlJe abuses to which it m,;y be exp0f'(;d) vd¡ich
the people of Amcrica }¡avt' exhibited to tlle admirJtion and anxicty
of the ",ise allJ virtuous of a11 natiolls, [or cight years, under tbe
administration of a oitizen, who, by a long course of great actions,
regulrltpd by prudenoe, justice, tcmperance, and fortitude, conuuct-
ilJg a people inspired with tbe sarne virtues, and animated with tho
samo ardent patriotisll1 'loa love of líberty, to indepondence 'lnJ
prace, to increasing' we:tlth and unexampleJ JHo8JH.:rity, has morited
tiJe ~Tatitllde nI' his ¡;,J]ow-citizens, cOlllJlwnu('d tho /¡ighest praises
of fOfcig"li 1J:ltioilS, aud securl'J illll[l(utai g;lurj' wüil pustuíly.
I¡¡ t)¡;¡t rctin'IlI<'nt \\J¡ic]¡ is l:i~ n;lu:¡l:u)' cl!Oiee, ll1;,Y be long-
¡in~ Lo (,lijny tl1\' dt,Jiej,,¡;s n'c<¡ll.diull uf !lis s('rúe.'s, tlIo g-r,¡ti-
tude uf lll;I!¡),illd, tl:(' ]¡:IPPY fr:Lits of thCill to hi:lJsclf and tiw
wCírld, w:¡i('!¡ ;m: cLtily illerl';I"ill~', aml tlnt s¡¡leliJid pws)lect of
tilo fuume furtulles of this cnuntry whieh is ojlenin~ i'rolll yeilr to
~,ear. llis I¡;llllt: may be stiil a rump:Ht, 'lnd the knowledge tbat
be JiVI'S a buhnrk, dg":IÍllst all open or socrot ene mies of his coun-
try's I'c'l(:e. Thi" c'\.cl!uple has 111'(:tl recommellded to the illlitltiofl
of bis SlIeeCSSI)rs, by IJlJtlt llou,:ps (Jf CO!Jgress, and by tLe voíce
uf tlle 1,,~;'isLttlirt,S :lIJd tllP ¡It'r)¡ik tlIroughout tite nation.
011 t/¡is slIhj('t't it mig'llt beeolllt3 llle bettcr to be silent, or to
sl:.l';:l, ,,"ith di:lid"lI('e; bllt, i;'; somethln¡r may be e~q)ecteJ, th3
CCC;j~i;Jll, 1 IJOpe, wdl be admitteu as an apology, if 1 venture to
sal', 1 hat-
'H a prefcrence, upon principIe, of a froe rcpuhlican governrnent,
formcJ upon long- and s¡:;rious rcJlcction, 'lfter a diligent and im-
l'~lrtial inquiry al'tcr truth; if an attachwent to the Contititution of
tile [J llilec! ~t<lt('~:, alid a COlJO'C'it'lltious dcterminatioll to support it,
untll it sb,dl be ,Iltl'rcd by tlw jlJilgllwtlts alJJ wishes of tlwjJcoJlle,
E':qll'es:';f'd in t]¡c lJlude pre;;erilll'd in it; ir a respectful attelltioil to
tilp CO!1stitUIÍOllS uf the ilidividual States, anri a constant caution
and delícaey towards the ~tatc govcrnlllents; if an egual and im-
parti,d regard to tbe rig'hts, interest, honor, and happíness, of al!
tile States in the lJ nion, without preference or regard to a northern
or southern, an eastern or western position, theír varíous polítical
c'pillions Oll u¡wssential poínts, 01" their personal attachments; if a
love of virtnous men, of all partíes and denominations; ir a love
oí' sciencc <lntl Iettc'rs, alld a \vísÍt to patrollizo every rational effort
te¡ eIlCCiur;¡g'c sellools, colle;.!!'s, utliversítics, acaJemics, amI cvery
ÍlL~titutiOll fur propagatin,g- kno\dcdg-l', virtll,', anJ rdigioll, 3nlOllg
,¡] 1 e!;¡ssps 01' tlw pcoplp, llot ouly for t]¡cir bcnign iníllwnco 011 tite
Il(1)ípilJess of lífe in al! ít::; sbges and classes, alld of society in all
irs forrns, but as the OJl]y means of preservillg OUT CoustjtutíoIl
27
274
frum its natural enemies, the spirit of sophistry, tlle spirit of party,
the spirit of intrigue, the profligacy of COfl'uption, ¡lIld the pcsti
lence of foreign influcnce, which is the angcl 01' ueslruction to
elective governments; if a love of equal la,,,"s, of justice, and hu
manity, in the interior administration; i1' an inclination to improve
agriculture, commerce, and manufactures for necessity, cOllve-
nience, and defence; if a spirit of equity anO. humanity towarrls
the aboriginal nations of America, and a disposition to me] iorate
their condition, by inclining them to be more fricmlly to us, anu
our citizens to be more friendly to them; if an inflexible detormi-
nation to maintain peace and inviolable faith with all nations, and
that system of neutrality and impartiality among the bclligerent
powers of Europe which has becn adopted by this government,
and so solemnIy sanctioned by both houscs of Congrcss, and ar-
plauded by the legislatures of the Sta tes and the public opinion,
until it shall be otberwise ordained by Congress; if a personal
esteem for the French nation, formed in a residence of seven years
chiefly among them, and a sincere desire to preserve the friendship
which has been so much for the honor and interest of both nations ;
if, while the conscious hOllor and integrity of the people of
America, and the internal sentiment of their own powcr and ener-
gies, must be preserved, an earnest endeavor to invcstigate every
just cause, and remoye every colorable pretence of complaint; if
an intention to pursue, by amicable negotiation, a rf'paration [or
the injuries that have been committcu 011 tile cowmerce of our íd-
low-citizens, by whatever natiun, and, if succes::; camwt be ob-
tained, to lay tbe facts before t11e 18gislature, tbat tiley lfI:ly COI1-
sider what further measures the honorand intcrest oC tlte Uovern-
ment and its constituents demano.; if a r~solution to uo justice, as
far as may depend upon me, at all times alld to aU nations, and
maintain peace, frienuship, and bcnevolence, with a11 the world ;
if an unshaken cOllfidence in the honor, spirit, and resources of
the American people, on wbicb 1 haye so often Imzardcu mya11,
and never been deccived; if eIevated ideas of the high destinic8
of this country, and of my o\\"n duLies towanls it, fuunded 011 a
knowledge of the moral principIes amI intellectual im¡:rovements
of the people, deeply 8ngraven on my mind in early life, and not
obscured, but exalteu, by experience ami age; and, wíth humbIe
reverence, 1 feel it to be my duty to aud, if a veneratian for the re-
ligion of a people who profess and call themsclves Chrístians, and
a fixed resolution to consider a decent re~"pect fur Christianity
among the best recommendations for tile puLlic servíce,-can eH-
able me, in any degree, to comply ,yíth your wíslws, it shall be
my strennous endeavor that this sagacíous injullction of tIte two
honsos shall not be witllOut cflect. ,
VVít~ this great example uef0re me-with ihe sCllse and spirit,
275
the faith and honor, t11e duty and interest, of t11e same American
people, pIedged to sllpport the Cr)Dstitl1tion of the United Statei:l,
1 entertaÍn no donbt of its continuance in a11 its energy, and my
mind is prepared, withont hesitation, to lay myself under the most
solemn obligations to support it to the utmost of my power.
And may that B'eing VdlO is sllpreme over all, the Patron of or-
der, the Fountain of justice, and the Protector, in all ages' of the
world, of virtuons Iiherty, continue His blessing upon this nation
and its Go,¡ernment, and give it aIl possible success and duration,
consistent ~íth the ends of his Providence!
4. INA UGURAL ADDRESS OF THOMltS JEFFERSON, PRE-
8iDE~T 01" 'rILE USITED STATES, AT HIS FIRST TERM
OF OFFICB.
MA RCll -1, 1801.
Friends and fe!low-ciHzens ..
Called upon to undertake the auties of the first executive office
of our country, 1 avail myself of the presence of that portion of
my fellow-citizens which is hem assembIed, to express my grateful
t11anks for the favor with which they have been pIeased to look
towards me, to dcdare a sincere conscionsness that the task is
ahoye my tal('nts, ;md tlmt 1 approach it with those anxious and
,;>vi'lll prcsentiments which the greatncss of the charg-e and the
wf'akness of my po\vé'rs so .i Ilstly inspire. A rising nation, spread
onr a \yide and fruitenl land; travf~rsin(r all the seas with the rich
productions of their industry; engaged in eomrnerce with nations
\\ho [Pel po,ver and ¡()rget right; auvancing rapidly to destinies
hcyond the reach of mortal eye,-when 1 contcmplate these trans-
~cndant ohjects, anO see th(' honor, the happiness, and the hopes
01' tbis heloved cOlllltry cO!1lmiUed to the iSSUA and the auspiccs of
t]¡is da)', 1 shrink fi'om the contell1plation, and humble myself be-
foro t11e rnag-nitude of the undertaking. Utterly, indeed, should 1
despair, did 110t thc presence of many whom 1 here see remind me
tbat in the oth¡;r high allthorities provided by our Constitution 1
shall find resourccs of wisJom, 01' virtue, and of zeal, on which to
rely under all diflicuItics. 1'0 you, t11en, gentlemen, who are
ch,trged \yith the sovcreig-n fu netions of lcgislation, and to those
associated with yo u, 1 look witll encouragelllent for that guidance
and support whieh lllay enable 11S to steer with safety the vessel in
which we are all embarked, amidst tlte conflicting elements of a
troubled world.
During the contest of opinion through which we have passed.
the animation of discussions and of exertions has sometimCls worn
an aspect which IIlight impose on strangers, unused to think
freeIy, and to spcak and to write what they think; but, this being
now decided by t111' voice of the mtian, annolll1ccd, aeeording- to
the rules of t11e C, nstitution. ,111 \yill, nf COlm~e, arranQ.'p them-
seln's under the will of the la\':, al1(1 ullite in commOIl elforts for
the common goorl. Al), too, v. ill oe:u in minrl this sacred prin-
cipIe, that, thouglt the v'ill of t)¡e Il i ajority is in all cases to pre-
yail, that \vill, to be riQ.'lll~ul, must he reasonablc; th:lt tite minority
possess their equal rigl;ts, \,'hieh eqilal laws must protect, and to vi()·
late would be oppressicn. 1.et I1S, t}¡cn, fellow-citizenjl nnite with
011e heart and one mind; Jet us resto re to social intcrcollrse that
harmonyand arr"cticn without whieh Iibertyand even Jire itsdr are
but r1reary things. AmI let us ~'8Íleet, that, having banished from
om land that rcligious intoleral1l'e llneler which rnankind so long
bled and suffered, we have yet g'lirwd ¡ittIA, ir we count8nance a
poJitical intolerance as despotic, as wicked, al1d capable of as bitter
and bloody persecutions. During the throcs alld convulsions oi'
the aneient world; during the agonizing spasms of infllriated man,
seoking, throngh blood and slaughter, his long-Iost liborty, it was
not wonderful that the agitation of the billows should reach even
this distant and peacefuí sl1ore; that this should be more feh and
feared by sorne, and less by otbers, and should divide opinions as
to measures of safety: but every di ffercnce of opinion is not a dif-
ferenee of principIe. \Yo have eaJlcd by diífeff~nt n~mcs brotbren
of the same principIe. \Yo are all rqHlblic<llls: we are all federalists.
]f there be any among us w]¡o would ",islt to dissolve this Union,
or to ehange ¡ts republican form, let till'In stand, undisturbeJ, as
monuments of the safety \vith which error (1 opiniun m(!!I be tole-
rated, 'where reason is Irft free to combal it. 1 know, inelced, that
sorne honcst men fear that a republican government cannot be
strong-that this GovernnlPnt is n0t strong enO\lgh. But would
the honest patriot, in the fllll ticIe of sllecessfl11 expcriment, aban-
don a Government which has so far kppt I1S free and firm, on the
tbeoretic and visionary fear tbat tllis Government, the, world's best
hope, may, by possibility, want energy to preserve itself! 1 trust
noto 1 believe this, on the contrary, tbe strongest Government on
earth. 1 believe it the only one where every man, at tlle call of tite
la \1', would fiy to the standard of the la w, aud would meet j nva-
sions of the publie order as his o\Vn personal concern. Sonwtill1es
lt is said that man cannot be trnslcd \Vith tIJe g-overnment of him-
self, Can he tben be trustecl \Vit\¡ tite governlllellt of otbers 1 Or
}¡en-e \Ve found an~cls, in tbe fonn cd' king's, to govern himl Let
lJist.Jrv ans\\'81 tbis aue"tion.
Let" liS, then, \vith~ eourage and eonfidence, pursue our own fede-
ral and republican principles-our attaClll1lCllt to union and repre-
8entatíve government. Kindly scparated by ll:lture and a \Vide
ocean [rurn the exterminating lwvoc of one ql1artcr of the globe;
271
too high-minded to endure the degradations of the others; possess-
ing a chosen country, with room enough for OUT descendants to the
thousandth and thousandth generation; entertaining a due sen se
of OUT equal right to the use of OUT own faculties, too the acquisi-
tions of OUT own industry, to honor and confidence from our fellow-
citizens, rcsulting, not from birth, but from OUT actions, and their
SAnse of them; enlightened by a benign religion, professed, in-
dced, and practised, in various forms, yet a11 of them inculcating
llOnesty, truth, temperance, gratitud e, and the love of man; ac-
knowledging- and adoring an overruling Providence, \vhich, by aH
its dispéllsations, ¡HOVeS that it delights in the happiness of m,)n
here, and bis greater happiness hercafter,-with al1 thl"se blessingR,
what more is ncecssary to make us a happy and prosperous people 1
fltill one thing more, fellow-citizcns: a wise and frugal Govern-
ment, which shalI restrain rncn frorn injuring one anothpr, shall
Jea\-e Lhcm otherwise free to regulate their own pursuits of industry
8¡¡d improvement, and sha11 not take frorn the mouth of labor the
bread it has earned. This is the surn of good government, and
this is neccssary to dose the circle of our felicities.
About to enter, fellow-citizens, on tho exercise of duties which
comprehend every thing dear and valuahle to you, it is proper you
should understand wh<1t 1 deem the essential principIes of OUT Go-
vernment, a~, conso1uel1tly, thoso which ought to shape its ad-
ministration. 1 will compre8s them within the narrowest compass
t]¡ey ",ill bear-st:lting the general principIe, but not all its limita·
tions. E(illal aml exact ju"tice to a11 rnen, of whatever state or
pers!iil.sion, religiolls or political; peace, commerce, and honest
friendship \vith al! nations, entangling alliances with none; the
sll]lport of tIJe ~tate governments in aH their rights, as the most
cowpetent admillistrations for our domestic concerns, and the
surest hulwarks against anti-rcpllblican tencloncies; t11e preserva
tion of the (;onora1 Govcrnllwllt in its whole constitutional vIgor.
as the sheet-anchor of our pnace at home and safety abroad; a.
Jcalous carc of t!l(' ri~ht of elcction by thc people; a mild and safe
correctivo of abuses whieh are loppcd by the sword of revolution~
where peaccabJe fCllledics are unprovicled; absoluto acquiescence
in the deeisions of tite majority, the vital principIe of republics,
from which is no appeal but to force, the vital principIe ancl imme-
diate parent of uespotÍsm; a well-disciplined llIilitia, OUT best re-
liance in pcace, and for the [irRt moments of war, till regulars ma)'
relieve thcm; the Ruprcllla~y oí' tlle civil over the mi!itary authority;
t',;olJomy in the Pllblie expense, that labur may be lightly bur-
df:ltcJ; tIJe bonest paylllent of our uebts, and sacre u preservation
()j' tile pubJic faith; cncouragement of agTiculture, and of com-
¡¡¡CrCL' as its handmaid; tite dilrusion of information, and arraign-
ment of al! abuses at tlle har of the p\lhli~ reason; fnoedom of re-
') - , .
.. I
ligion, freedom of the press, anu freedom of person, under the
protection of the habeas corpus; and trial by juries impartially se-
lected. Tllese principlrs form the bright constellation ,yhir:lt h0S
gone before us, and guided our steps through an age of rcvolution
and reformation. The wisdom of üur sages and bloou of our he~
roes have been devoted to their attainment. TilPy should be the
creed of our political faith, the text of civic instruction, the tOllch-
8tone by which to try the services of those \Ve trust; and should
we wander from them in moments of error or of alarrn, let us
hasten to retrace OUT steps, and to rcgain the road whicll alone
leads to peace, libert)', and safety.
I repair, then, fellow-citizens, to the post you h:1Ve assigned me.
vVith experience enol1gh in subordinate ofIices to have Sl'cn the
difficulties of this, the greatest of all, I have lcamt to expect that
it ,:vill rarely fal! to the lot of imperfect m:m to retire from this sta-
tion with the reputation and the favor which brought him ¡nto it.
Withoutpretensions to that high confiuence you reposeu in our
first and greatest revolutionary character, whose pre-eminent ser-
vices had entitleu him to the first plaee in his country's Jove, and
oestined for him the LlÍrest page in the volume of faithfuJ history,
I ask so much confidence only as may give firmncss anu efIi,ct to
the legal administration of )'our affairs. I shall oft(m go wrong,
tbrough dcfect of judgment. \Vbcn right, 1 shall of*en be thought
wrong by tl10se whose positions will not command a view of the
whole ground. I ask yOllT illllulgence fur l1Jy own crrors, whieh
will never be intentional, am] your sllppnrt agaillst tlJe errors of
others, ,,,ho may conuemn what they W0ll1J lwt ir soun in a11 its
parts. The approbation implied by your suffrage is a groat conso-
lation to me for the past; and my future solicitude wi11 be, to rG-
tain the good opinion of tl10se who have besto\"ed it in advance,
to conciliate that of others hy doing tbem all tho good in my
power, and to be instrumental to the happiness and frredom of al!.
Helying, t11en, on the patronage of your good \vill, 1 advanee
wit11 ooedience to tlle \~-ork, ready to retire from it \vhenever you
become sensible how much belter choiees it is in your power to
make. And may that Infinite power w]¡ich rules the destillÍes of
the universe, lead our councils to what is Iwst, and give them a
filvorable issue for your peace and prosprrity.
279
5. INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF TI-IOl\1AS JEFFERSON, PRE·
SIDENT OF TlIE U~ITED STA TES, AT BIS SECOND
TERiH OF OFFICE.
l\1Ar.clI 4, ISO.).
Procecdin~, fcllo\v-citizens, to that qualification which t11e Con-
stitution requires before my entrance on the charge again conferrcd
on me, it is rny duty to express tlle deep sense 1 entertain of tbis
new proof of conftdence [rom my fellow-citizens at large, and the
zeal with which it inspires me so to conduct myself as may best
satisfy tl1f'ir just expectations.
On taking- this station, on a former occasion, 1 declared the prin-
cipIes on which 1 belicved it my duty to administer the affairs of
our commonwealth. l\Iy conscience tclls me 1 have, on every oc-
c;¡sion, :leteo up to 1hat declanttion, according to its obvious im-
port, and to the understanding of every candid mind.
In the transactioll of your foreign aITairs, we have endeavorcd
to cultivate the friendship of a11 nations, and especia11y of those
,vith which \Ve have the most important relations. \Ve have done
them justice on a11 occasions, favor where favor \vas lawful, and
cherished mutual interests and intcrcoUTse on fair and equal terms.
\Ve are firmly convinced, and \Ve act on that conviction, that with
nations, as "I¿-jth imlividuals, our intcrcsts, soundly calculated, \vill
ever be fOllnd inseparable from OUT moral duties ; and history bears
witness to tIJe f¡l(~t, tlIat a just nation is trnsted on its \vord, when
recnursp is lIad to arm'lments ana ,vars to bridle others.
At hnme, fello\v-citizens, you best know whether \ve have done
well or illo The suppression of unneccssary offices, of useless
establishments and expenses, enabled liS to discontinue OUT inter-
nal taxes. Thcse, covering our land with officers, and opening
OUT doors to tbeir intrusiolls, had already begun that process of
domiciliary yexation, which, once entered, is scarcelyto be re-
strained from rcaching, successively, every article of property and
produce. If, among tl1ese taxes, some minor ones fell, which had
not been inconvenient, it was because their amOllnt would not
llave paid tIte officcrs who collected them, and beca use, if they
had any merit, the ~tate authorities migbt adopt tbem instead of
others·less approved.
'file rcrnailling revenue, on lhe consumption of foreign articles, is
paid chiefly by tl10se who can airord to add foreign luxuries to domes-
tic cOl1lforts. Bcing collected on our seaboard and frontiers only, and
incorporatf'd with the transactions of our mercantile citizens, it
Inay be the plcasUTe and thc pride of an American to ask, what
(;Iflller, y,11at mcclt<mic, what laborer, ever sees a tax-gatherer of
liw [J nited States1 These contributions enable us to support the
curmllt expenses of the Govcrnment; to fulfil cOlltracts with fo-
280
reign nations; to extinguish the native right of soil within om
limits; to extend tbose limits; and to apply su eh a surplus to our
public Jebts as places :1t a sltort day their final redemption: and,
that redemption once effected, the revenue tbcreby liberated may,
by a just repartition of it among the States, and a corresponding
amendment of t11e Constitution, be applied, in time rif pcace, to
rtvers, canals, roads, arts, manufactures, education, and othcr great
objects, within e3ch State. In time rif war, if injustice by our-
selves or ot11ers must sometimes produce war, :ncrcased, as the
S3me revenue will be, by incrcased population and consumption,
and aided by other resourccs reserved for that crisis, it may meet,
,vitbin tlle year, a11 the expenses of the year, without encroaching
on tIte rigbts of future gellerations, by burdening tbem with tbe
debts of the past. vYar will thcn be hut a suspension of useful
works; and a return to a state of peace, a rcturn to the progress
of improvement.
1 have said, fellow-citizens, that the Íncome reserved had ena-
bled us toextend our limits; but that extension may possibly pay
for itself before we are called on, and, in the mean time, may
keep down the accruing interest: in a11 events, it will replace the
advances we sha11 have made. 1 know that the acguisition of Lou-
isiana has been disapproved by some, from a candid apprehension
that the enlargement of our territory would endrll1ger Íts union.
But who can limit the extcnt to which t11e fedcrative principIe may
operate effectively 1 Tbe larger Gur association, the less will it be
shaken by local passions; and, in any view, is it not better that
the opposite bank of the Mississippi should be scttlpu by our 0\"11
brethren and children, than by strangers oí' allotber farnily1 vVith
which should we be most likely to live in harmony and friendly
illtercourse 1
In matters of religion, 1 have consiJered that its free exercise is
placed by the Constitlltion independcnt of tlle po\vers of the Gene-
ral Government. 1 have tbcrcfore lllldertaken, on 110 occasion, to
prescribe the religious exercise·s suited to it, but have left them, as
the Constitution found them, under tIte direction and discipline of
t11e church or State authorities acknowledged by the several reli-
gious societies.
Tile aboriginal inhabitants of these countries 1 have r~arded
with the commiseration their history inspires. Endowed \vith the
faculties and the rights of men, brcatbing an ardcnt love of liberty
and indcpendence, and occupying a country which left t]¡cm no
desire but to be undisturbed, tbe strearn of overflo",ing- population
from otller regions directed itself on these slJOres. vVithout power
to divert, or habits to contend against it, they have been over-
whelmed by the current, or driven before it. N ow reduced witbin
iimits too narrow for the hunter state, hurnanity cnjoins liS to teach
281
them agriculture and the domestic arts, to encourage them to that in-
clustry which alone can enable tlwm to maintain their place in exis~
ence, and to prepare thcm, in time, for that state of socirty \vhich.
to hodily condorts adds tlle improvement of tillO mind alld morals.
'Ye have, thereforr, lilwrally furnished them witlt tillO implemcllts
of husban,lry and housdlOld use: we have placed amollg thélll in-
structors in the arts of first necessity; and they are covered with
ihe a;gis of the law against aggrcssors from among ourselves.
Hut the endeavors to enli(Thten them on the fate which awaits
thri¡: present course of Jife, to'''itlduce them to exercise their reason,
follow its dictates, and change their pursuits with tite change of
cireumstances, have powerflll obstaeles to eneounter. 'I'hey are
combated by the habits of their bodies, prejudices of their minds,
iQ.'norance, pride, and the illflllence oí' interested a11(I cmfty indi-
viduals among- thern, \vho fed themselves something in the present
order of thincTs, and fear to become nothinO" in any other. Tllese
pprsons inculcate a sanctimonious revere~ce for the customs of
their ancestors; that whatsoever they did must be done through a11
time; that reason is a false guicle, and to advance under its counsel
m their physical, moral, or political condition, is perilous innova-
tion; that their dnty is to remain as the Creator made them-igno-
rance being safet}', and knowIedge full of danger. In short, rny
friends, among tlwm, al so, is seen tlle action and counteraction of
goocl sense and oi' bigotry. Tlwy, too, haye their anti-philoso-
pbists, WllO [¡nd an intcrest in keeping thin~!s in their prcsent state,
\\'ho drcad rcformation, and exert all thcir faculties to maintain the
aseendency of ¡:ahit over the duty of írnproving our H'ason and
obeyinO" Íts rnanrla1l's.
In g,iving these outlines, 1 do not mean, fello\v-citizens, to arro-
~2'ate to myself t1le merit of t11e measures: that is due, in the first
place, to the refleeting character of our citizens at large, who, by
tlw weigllt 01' pulJlic opinion, infll1ence alld strengthf'n the puhlic
lHf'asures. It is due to the soulHI discretionwith which they sC'lect
from among tllcmselvcs thosc to whom tltey confide the legislative
duties. It· is due to the ze~ll and wisdorn of the characters thus
selected, who lay the foumbtions of public bappiness in whole-
somc la\Vs, tlle execlltion of which alone rernains for others. And
it is due to the able artd f¡¡ithful allxiliaries whose patriotisrn has
uf'snciated thern witll me in t]¡e executi ve functions.
Durill;T this eour"e of admillistratioD, and ill order to clistnrb it,
,he artillery 01' the press has bccu levelled against llS, eharged with
Iy[¡atsoever its licclltiousnC'ss could devise or (hue. Thesc abuses
(lt' an ili3titlltion so important t() freedorn and science are deeply to
he w2Tetted, inaslIluch as tltey tend to Iessen its usefllIness and t(,
~<lp iis safety. 'J'lwy might, indeed, ha ve been corrected by the
wholesome pUlIisllluents reserved to alld provided by the laws ol
282
the severa} Statcg agninst falsehood and defamation; but public
duti,'s, more urgent, press OH the timo of public S8Tyants, and the
oflenders have therefore been left to find their punishmont in the
public indignation .
.Nor was it uninteresting to the world, t11at an experiment shou1d
be fairly and fully rnade, whetber frccdom ol' discussion, nnaidecl
by power, is not sufficient for tho propagation and protection of
truth 1 vVhetber a government, eonclueting itsclf in the tme spirit
of its eonstitution, with zeal and purity, and cloing no aet which
it would be um,,-illing tha whole \vorld sllOuId witness, can be
written down by falsehood ancl dofal'llation 1 Tile expcrimcnt has
been tried. Y on have witnessed the seene. Our fellow-"itizens
lookcd on eool ancl collected. 'fhay sa", tbo latent snuree frorn
which these ontragcs proceeclrd. Tl!cy gathcred rrroul111 t]¡cir Jlub-
lie funetionaries; rrnd, whon tbe COllstÍtution e,¡llcd thelll to the
deeision by suíTrage, they pronounced their vcrdiet honorable to
those who had ser ved t11em, and consolatory to the friend o[ man,
"\"ho believes that he may be trusted with the control of his own
affairs.
N o inferenee is here intendcd that the laws provided by the
States against false and defamatory publications s11ou1d not be en-
forced. He \vho has time, renders a sen-ice to public morals and
publie tranquillity in reforming these abuses by tbú salutary eoer-
eions of tlle law. But t]¡e oxperimcnt is notcd to provo that, since
truth and reason have maintailled thcir ground against false opi-
nions, in league with [lIse flets, tho pross, eOllfincd to truth, needs
no other legal restraint. The publ ic j udgment will eorreel false
reasonings and opini()fIs, on a fuU heari;lg of aH parties; and no
ot11er definite line ean be drawn bctween tlle inestimahle liberty of
the press and its dernoralizing I icentiousness. If tllere be still
improprieties which tbis rule would not restr<lin, its supplemcllt
must be sought in the censorship of J>llhlic opillion.
Contomplatirw tIto unian of sentilllent no\\' rnanifcstcd so uen-
eraIly, as auguri~1g harmonyand h:tppiness to our futuro cour;e, 1
oirer to our eountry sineere eongratuLltions. \Vith those, too, not
yet rallied to tIte same point, the disposition to do so is gailling
strength. Faets are piereing through tlle veil drawn ovor them;
and our doubting brethren will at length see that tho mass of their
- feIlow-citizcns, with whom they cannot yet resolve to act, as to
principIes and measures, think as they think, and desire what they
\fesire; that OUT wish, as weIl as thcirs, is, that the Pllblie efforts
may be direeted honestly to the public good, tbat peaee be eulti-
vated, ,rivil and religious liberty unassai1cd, law and order pre-
<¡erved, equality of rights maintained, and that state of property,
eqnal or unequal, wbich results to every man from his own indus-
trv or that of his father's. vVhcn satisfied of tIlese views, it is
283
not in human nature that they should not approve and support
them. In the mGan time, let us cherish them vúth patient affec-
tion; let us do them justice, and more than justice, in all compe-
titions of interest,-and we need not doubt that truth, reason, and
their own intercsts, \vill at length prevail-will gather them ínto
the fold of theír country, and will complete that entire union of
opinion which gives to a nation the blessing of harmony, and tha
benefit of all its strength.
1 sha11 now enter on tha duties to which my fellow-citizens have
again called me, and sha11 proceed in the spírit of those principIes
which they have approved. .foar not that any motives of iuterest
may lead me astray. 1 am sensible of no passion which could se-
duce me, kno\,víngly, from the path of justice; but the weaknesses
of human naturo, alld tlle limits of my own understanding, will
produce errors of judgment sometimos injuriolls to your interests.
1 shall need, thorefore, aIl the indulgence w11ich 1 have heretofore
experienced from my constituents. The want of it will certainly
not lessen with increasing years. 1 shall need, too, the favor of
that Being in whose hands we.are; who led our fathers, as Israel
of old, from their native land, and planted them in a country flow-
ing with a11 the necessaries and comforts of Efe; who has covered
our infancy with Bis providonce, and our riper years with Hís
wisdom and power; and to \yhose goodness 1 ask you to join in
supplícations wíth mC', tltat Ho will so olllighten the minds of your
sen'ants, guide their councíls, and prosper their measures, that
\vhatsoever they do s]¡all resu1t in yonr good, and sha11 seoure to
you the peace, fTiendship, and approuatíon of all natiol1s.
6. INAUGURAL ADDRESS OF JAMES l\IADISON, PRESI-
DENT OF THE UNITED STATES, A'1' lIIS FIRS'1' 'l'ERl\:I
0F OFFICE.
:MARCI! 4, 1809.
Gentlemen 01 the Sena/e, and (1 the IJouse cf Representatives .-
TJ nwilling to depart from examples of the most revered authority,
1 avail mysclf of the OCC'-lSiOll now presented, to express tIle pro-
found impression macle on me, by tIte cáll of my country, to the
station, to the duties of whicl! 1 am about to pledge myself, by the
most solemn of sanctions. ~o distingníshed a mark of confidence,
proceeding from the deliberate and tranquil sulTrage of a free and
yirtuous natíon, wonld, under any circumstances, have cornmanded
llly gratitude and devotion, as \VeIl as filled me wíth an awfu1 sense
oi' tlle trust to be assumed. U mIel' the various circumstances which
gi ve peculiar solemnity to lhe existing perlod, 1 feel that buth tho
284
honor and the respon~ibility allotted to me, are inexpressibly en-
hanced.
The present situation of the wor1d is, indced, without a parallel ;
and that of our cOllntry full of diíliculties. The prcssure of thcse
two is the more severely felt, because they have fallen upon us at
a moment when national prosperity, being at a height not beJ"ore
attained, the contrast resulting frorn tbis change has been rendered
the more striking. U nder the benign infinence ol' onr republican
institlltions, and the maintenance of peace with all nations, whíbt
so many of them vvere engaged in bloody and wastel'ul wars, the
fruits of a just policy were enjoyod i. an unrivalled growth ol' our
facultios and reSO!lrces. Prools 01' this \Vere seen in tlle improve-
ments of acrriculture; in the successful enternrises 01' cornmerce;
in the prog"'ress of rnanuf:letures and useful art~; in the in(~rease oí'
the public revnnllC, and thc use made oí' it ill reducing thc pubJic
debt; and in the valuable works and estaulisllllJcuts cvcrywhere
multiplying over the ¡¡lCe of our !ando
lt is a prccious reflection, that the transition from this prosperous
condition of our country, to the sqene which has ror some tlllle
been distressiugo US, is not chargeable on any unwarrantaLlo vie\ys,
nor, as 1 trust, 011 any involuntiuy erruOrs in the pllb!i(~ counl'ib.
Indnlging- no Pi1ssjOl1S whieh tresl'ass 011 the riC',°J¡ts or t]jf~ wspo"e
of other ;l~ltiOlIS, it has been the true glory oí" tIle e Ilitecl ~tatl'~ tú
cultivat:.! peacp, by observing jl,stic(', ;1iIe! tu clltitlo thclllselves lo
the reS¡lf'ct oí" t]¡e Ilations at war, !i" fulfillilJU" t;lc:r llc¡¡tr;¡1 ohli",t-
tiolls with the 1II0st serupulolls ill'IP¡HLi(tlitJ~ Ir tl!(:rc be CClW[Uf
in the worlJ, tIle truth of thc~e asscrtions w ill 1lot be q uestiollcJ.
Posterity, at least, will do justice to them.
This unexceptionable course could not avail against thc illjustice
und violence of tlle belligoerent powers. In tlH;ir ragoc a~o:lillst each
other, or impelleJ by more direct motives, principIes oi" rctalú!Íon
have been introJuced, erp¡,dly cOtltrary to ulliversal reasoll anJ ac-
knowledged law. How long tlJCir arbitrJTY ediets will he con-
tinued, in spite of the c1(?lB01l3traLÍolls tlIat not eVC!l a prctcxt CUf
them has bcen gi ven by tile li nitcrl ~tttl'S, and of thc ülir and
liberal attempts to induce a revocatio!l of thClll, cannot be al1tici~
patcd. Assuring myself that, uueler every vicissi tuJe, the Jeter~
mined spirit and unitcd COllllCils 01' th(~ lJation \yill be safeguards
Lo its hOllor amI its esseritial illterests, 1 repair to the po~t assigned
me, wÍth n(' otiler díscouragement thall what spriJlg"s from my OWIl
lllader¡nacy ~0 its high dntics. lf I do not Sillk under the weight
o!' this c1t:8p COllVlction, it is bcC',111Se 1 find SUllle sup]Jort in a con-
SCiOUSIWSS of the purposcs, ami a cOll¡¡dcllce in tlIe principIes
w!líeh 1 bring with llJe into this anl\!o\!:; s(~rvic(~.
'1'0 cherish peace aIld friewlly i¡¡tcrcour~e witll a11 natiol1s, having
eorrespondent dispositiol13; tv llJaint<tin sincere neutrJlity toward:s
285
belligerent natlOns; to prefer, in a1l cases, amicable discussion ano
reasonable accommodation of diffcrences, to a decision of them by
un appeal to arms; to exclude foreign intrigues and foreign par-
tial ities, so degrading to a11 countries, and so baneful to free ones ;
to foster a spirit of independence; too just to invade the rights of
others; too proud to surrender our own; too liberal to indulge un-
worthy prejudices ourselves, and too elevated not to look down
"pon tbem in others; to hold the union of the States as the basis
01' tlteir poace and happiness; to support the Constitution, which
is tile cement of the U nion, as well in its limitations as in its au-
thorities; to respect the rights and authorities reserved to the
States and to the people, as cqua11y incorporated with, and essen-
tial fo the Sllceess of the general systcm; to avoid the slightest
illterference with the rights of conseience, or the functions of reli-
giolJ, so wisely exemptcd fram civil jurisdiction; to preserve, to
tileir full energy, th~ther salutary provisions in behalf of private
and personal rights, and of the freedom of the press; to observe
economy in public expenditures; to liberate the public resourees
hy a.n honorable discharge of the publie debts; to keep within the
requisite limits a standing military force, always remembering, that
an armed and trained militia is tite firmest bul wark of republies ;
that witbout standing armics their liberty can never be in danger,
nor, with !arge oncs, safe; to promote, by allthorized means, im-
rrovements fi-icndly to agrieulture, to manufactures, and to external
as well as internal eomlllerce; to favor, in like manner, the ad-
vancern8nt of scicnce and t11e dilfusion of information, as the best
aliment to true liberty; to carry on the benevolent pIans which
have ueen so meritoriously applied to the conversion of our abori-
ginal lleighbors, from tIte degradation and wretchedness of savage
Ere, to a participation of tile improvements of which the human
llliml and manners are susceptible in a civilized state: As far as
sentiments alld illtentions such as these can aid the fulfillnent of
my allty, thcy \vill be a resource \vhich cannot fail me.
It is my good fortune, moreover, to have the path in which 1 am
to tread, lighted by examples of illustrious serviees, successfu11y
rendered in the Illost trying difJiculties, by those who have marched
befofC me. Of those of my immediate predecessor, it might Ieast
Leeome me here to speak-I may, however, be pardoned for not
sllppressing the sympathy, with which my heart is full, in the rieh
reward he elljoys in the benedictions of a beloved country, grate-
fully bestowed for exalted talents, zealollsly devoted, through a
long career, to tile advancement of its highest interest and happi
ness. But the so urce to which 1 look for the aids, which alone
(',1I1 supply my deficien~es, is in the well-tried intelligence and
virtue oí" my fellow-citizens, and in the couneils of those repre
lSeming thcm in the other departll1cnts associated in the care of the
28
286
national interests. In these my confidenee will, nndor every diffi·
culty, be best placed; next to that which we have aH br·en en-
eonraged to feel in the gnardianship and guidanep, of tbat Almighty
Being, whose power regulates the destiny of nations, \\hmw blpss-
ings have been so conspicuously dispensed to tltis risin!!, Republic,
and to whom we are bound to addrcss our devout gratitude for the
past, as \Vell as our fervent supplications and bcst hopes for tha
future.
•
287
CHAPTER 6.
GENERAL LA WS RELATING 1'0 THE CONTINUED
ORGANIZATION OF TI-IE GOVERNMENT, AND PRO-
VIDING THE AUTIIORITIES AND MEANS OF EXE-
CUTING 'fIlE CONSTITU'fION, IN CERTAIN CONTIN-
GENCIES, AND FOR OTIlER PURPOSES.
These acts and parts of acts, forming a peculiar class of general
import, being spread through the mass of laws, 'copy of which is
not always accessible, are inserted here for public convenience.
They prescribe the forms of oaths to support the Constitution, &.c. ;
authorize oaths to be administered by the presiding officers of the
two Houses, and chairmen of tIte committees of Congress; relate
to the election of President and Vice President; declare tIJe officer
who "hall act as Presidcnt in case of vacancies in oiñces, both of
President and Vice Prcsident; provide compensation to thc Presi-
dent and Vice Prcsident; to messengers to deliver electoral votes;
apportion tbe Representatives in Congress according to 1he last
census, and prescribe the distri ct election of Representati ves; esta-
blish a uniform time for holding elections for Electors, and pre-
scribe the mode in \vhich the public acts, records, and judicial pro-
eeedmgs, in each State, shall be authenticated so as to take eifect
in every other State; provide for the protection of Ambassadors and
other public ministers; for the preservation of the neutrality of the
U nited ~tates, aneI establish Litt1e & Brown's edition of the law~
and treatics of the U ni ted States competent evidence in aH the courts
and oiñces of the U nited States and of the several States, &.C.
1. AN ACT to regulate the time and munner of administeriD~ cenam
ouths.
SECo 1. Be il enacled by the Senare and JJouse of Represenlatwes oj the
Umted States oi America in COllgress assemóled, That the oath or affir-
288
mation requ:red by the sixth anide ot the Constitution of the Ullited
8tates, sha11 be administered in the form following, to wit: "J, A. B.,
do solemnly swear or a.lJ'lirm (as the case may be) that 1 v;ill sllpport the
Constitution oj the Unitcd Statcs." Tile said oath or afftrmation sha11
be administered within three days aftcr the passing of t!lis act, uy any
one member of the Senate, to the President of the Senate, and by him
to a11 the mernbers, and to the Secretary; and by the speaker of the
House of Representatives to all the membcrs who have not taken a
similar orrth, by virtue of a particular resolution of the said House, and
to the clerk: And in case of lhe auscnce of any mcmber from the ser-
vice of either House at the time prescribed far taking the said oath or
aflirmation, tho same shall be auministereu to sueh mel1lber when he
shall appear to take hi" seat.
SEc.2. And beitfnrtlter enacted, That at the first session of Con~r('ss
after every gener. election of representat ives, the oat 11 01' aHirnmtion
aforesaid ,sha11 be administered by any one member of the House of
Representatives to the speaker; and by him to a11 the rnernbers present,
and to the clerk, previous to entering OH any other business; and to the
members who shall aftenvards appear, previous to taking their seats.
The President of the Scnate for the time being, slnll abo administer the
said oath or affirrnation to each Senator who shall !wreafter be elected,
previous to his taking his seat: Alld in any future case of a President üf
the Senate, who shal! not have taken the l:iaid oa,j¡ or aflirmatiol1, ¡he
same sha11 be administered to him by any ene 01' the melllbers oí' the
Senate.
SECo 3. And be it jlll·t"el· enac!ed, That the memhers of the several
State legislatures, at the next sessions of the said lcgisbturés reS¡Jl:ct-
ively, and al! executive and judicial of!lcers of the several ~tates, who
have been heretofore ehosen or appointed, or who shall be ch08en or ap-
pointed befare the first day of Angnst next, ami who shal! ¡lien be in
oflice, shall, within one month thereafter, take the same oath or afirma-
tion, except where they shall have taken it before; w hieh may be ad·
mmistered by any per~'ún authorized by the law of the State, in which
suclJ oflice shall be holden, to administer oaths. And the rncmhcrs nf
the several State legislatures, and all cxecutive and judicial ofTicers (jf
the severa! States, \\'110 shall be cllOseIl or appointed after the said fi¡"~t
uay of August, shall, befare they proce(;d to exeeute the JUlies (Jf theír
respective offiees, take the fOl'cgoing oath or aíTirmation, which sh:.tll be
administered by the person or persons, wbo, by the law of the State,
"hall be authorized to administer 1he o~t1h of ofJice; alld the person (Jr
pcrsons so administering the oath hereby rer¡uircd to be takcll, shall
cause a record or certihcate thereof to be madc, ill the same manner as,
289
by the law of the State, he or they shall be direeted to record or certify
the oath of orrice.
SECo 4. Anrl be it fllrlhcr cnactcd, That aU officers appointed, or here-
afler to be appointed, under the authority of the United States, shall.
Lefore thoy aet in their respective offices, take the same oath or affirma-
rion, which shall be administcred by the person or persons who shall be
ant horized by law to administer to such officers their respective oaths of
oflice ; and such officcrs sha11 incur the same penalties in case of failure,
as shall Le imposed by law in case of failure in taking their respective
oaths of oíTicc.
SECo 5. Anrl be it f/triller l?nacled, That the Secretary of the Senate,
and the Clerk of the Honse of Itc[Jresentatives, far the time being, shall,
at the ti!)]e of takillg dIe oat h o[ atllrmation aforesaid, each take an oath
or affirmation in the \Voras folIowing, to wit: "1, A. B., Secretaryofthe
,";I'l/,ate, or eler" of l!tp IJollse of R'presenlalives (as the case may be) of
tJw Unil"tl Slales of AlIlerica, da solemn7y SWNlr or affirm, that 1 will trdy
anrl failhfll11y discl/CIr2e the dulies of lit Y said o[Jice, lo the test of my know-
ledge and auilities."
Approved, June 1, 1789.
2. AN ACT [or the pllnió'hment of certain crimes against the United
Stntes.
SECo 25. A nd be il farfl,('r PJlal'led, That if any writ or process 8ha11 at
any time hereafter be ,:upa f,)rt h or proEecuted by any person or persons,
in any of the courts of tbe Unitcc1 States, or in any of the courts of a
p;uticular State, or hy any jmlge or justice 1herein respectively, whereby
the person of any ambasó'ador or other public minister of any foreign
prince or Stnte, aut!Jorizcd and received as such by lhe President of the
United States, or any uOll1estic or domestic servant of any such ambas-
sador or other public ITIinister, ITIay be arrested or imprisoned, or his or
1heir goods or chattels be distrained, seized or attached, such writ or
process shall be deemed and adjuc1ged to be utterly null and void to all
intems. construetion and purposes whatsoever.
SECo 26. A nd he it fnrlher cnactal, That in case any person or persona
shall sue forth úr pl'osccute any sUl:h writ or process, such person or per-
~'ons, and al! attorneys or solicitors prosecuting or soliciting in such case,
,md al! officers execut ing any snch writ or process, being thereof con-
\icted, shall be deerned violalOrs of the la,vs of nations, and di ... turbera
of the pnhiic repose, and imprisoncJ not exceeding three years, and fined
at the disfTction of the conrt.
SECo 27. Providfd nevcrtheless, That no citizen or inhabitant of tho
Uniled States, who shall have contmcted dcbts prior to his cntering into
28*
290
the service of any ambassador or other public minister, which debts shall
be still due and unpaid, shall have, take, or recelve any benefit of this aet,
nor shall any person be proeeeded against by virtue of this act, 10r having
arrested or sued any other domestic servant of any ambassador or orner
public minister, unless the name of such servant be first registered in the
office of the Seeretary of State, and by sueh seeretary transmitted to the
marshal of the distriet in whieh Congress shall reside, who shall, upon
reeeipt thereof, affix the same in some publie place in his office, whereto
all persons may resort and take copies without fee or reward.
SECo 28. And be it furlher enacted, That if any person shall violate any
safe-conduct or passport duly obtained and issued under the authority of
the United States, or shall assault, strike, wound, imprison, or in any
other manner infract the law of nations, by offuring vioJence to thc per-
son of an ambassador or other pulJlic ministcr, such pcrson so offending,
on conviction, shall be imprisoned not exceeding thrce years, and fined at
the discretion of the court.
Approved, April 30, 1790.
3. AN ACT to prescribe the mode in which the public acts, records,
and judicial proceedings, in each State, sha11 be authenticated so as to
take effect in every other State.
Be it enacted by the Senate and 110llse of Rl'prescntativl'g of tite Uniüd
States of Ameriea in Congress assembled, That the acts of t he lcgif'laturcs
of the several States shali be authentical ed by having the sea 1 of their
respective States affixed thereto:-That the rccords and judicial pro-
ceedings of the courts of any State sha11 be proved or admitted in any
other court within the United States, by the attestation of the clerk, and
the seal ofthe court annexed, if tllere be a seal, togetller with a certill-
cate of the judge, chief justice, 01' presidillg magistrate, as the case mny
be, that the said attestatlon is in due formo And the said records and
judicial proceedings, authenticated as aforesaid, shall have such fúith
and credit given to them in every court ,,,,ithin the U nited States, as they
have by law or usage in the courts of the State froln whence lhe said
records are, or shall be taken.
Approved, JJIay 26, 1790.
4. AN ACT supplemcntal to the act "establishing the Treasury De-
partment," and for a farther eompensation 10 certain ofticers.
SECo 2. And beit further enacted, That each and every clerk, and other
officer already appointed in any of the departmcnts of the U nited States,
iand who have nOl, since their appointment, taken the oath or affirma-
291
tion hereafter mentioned,) shall, within fifteen days after the passing of
this aet, and those who shall hereafter be appointed, shall, before they
enter upon the duties of sueh appointment, take an oath or affirmation,
before one of the justiees of the Supreme Court, or one of the judges of
a distriet eourt of the United States, to support the Constitutíon of the
United States, and also an oath or affirmation, well andfaitkfully to exe-
cute the trust committed to him, whieh oaths or affirmations, subseribed
by sueh clerk, and eertified by the person administering the same, sha11
be filed in the offiee of the person employing sueh clerk.
Approved, 3 Jj[arclt, 1791.
5. AN ACT relative to the eleetion of a President and Vice President
of (he United States, and dcclaring the officer who shall aet as Presi-
dent in cases of vacaneies in the offices both of President and Vice
President.
SECo 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and IIouse of Rcpresentatives of the
United States of Amerieain Congress assembled, That except in case of
an e1ection of a President and Vice President of the United States, prior
to the ordinary period, as hereinafter specified, electors sha11 be appointed
In eaeh State for the election of a President and Vice President of the
United State8, within thirty-four days preeeding the fir8t "\Vednesday in
December, one thousand se ven hundred and ninety-two, and within
thirty-four days preceding the first "\Vednesday in December in every
fourth year succeeding the last elcction, which electors shall be equal to
the number of Spnators and Representatives to which the several States
may, by 1aw, be entitled at the time when the President and Vice Presi-
dent, thus to be chosen, should come into office. Pl'ovided always, That
where no apportionment of Representatives shall have been made after
any enumeration, at tlle time of choosing eleetors, then the number of
electors shaIl be according to the existing apportionment of Senators anlt
Representatives.
SECo 2. A nrl be it furlher enacfed, That the electors shall meet and give
their votes on tlle said first \Vednesday in December, at such pIace, in
each State, as shalI be directed by the legislature thereof; and the elee
tors in each State shall make and sign three certificates of all the vote,;
by them givcn, and shaIl seal llP the same, certifying, on each, that a list
of the votes of such State, for President and Vice President, is contained
tlwrein, and shall, by writing, under ¡heir hands, or under the hands of a
mnjority of thcm, appoint a person to take charge of, and deliver to the
President of the Senate, at the seat of Government, before the first
\Vednesday in January thel1 next el1suing, one of the saia certifica,.cs
292
and the said elcctors sha11 forthwith farward, by the post-office, to the
President of the Senate, at the seat of Gavernmcnt, one other of the said
certificates; and sha11, forth with, cause the other of the said certificates
to be delivered to' the judge of that district in which the said electors
shall assemlJle.
SECo 3. And be it fllrlher enacted, That the executive authority of each
State sha11 cause three lists of the names of the electors of such State to
be made, and certified, and to be delivered to the electors on or befare
the said first Wednesday in Deeember; and the said electors shall annex
one of the said lists to each of the lists of their votes.
SECo 4. And be it jllrther enacted, That if a list of votes from any
Btate shall not have lJeen rceciyed at the seat of gavernment, on the said
first vVednesday in J anuary, that tIJen the Beeretary of State 8haIl send
a special messenger to the distriet judge in whose custody snch list shall
have been lodged, who shaU forthwith transmit the same to the seat of
Government.
SECo 5. And be it furfher enacted, That Congress sha11 be in session
on the second Wednesday in February, one thousand seven hundred
and ninety-three, and on the second Wednesday in February succeeding
every meeting of the eIeetors, and 1he said certificates,or so many of
them as shall have been received, shall then be opened, the votes
counted, and the persons who shall fill the ofliees of President and Vice
President aseertained and declared, agreeably to the Constitution.
SECo 6. And be it further enacted, That, in case there shall be no
President of the Senate at the seat of Government on the arrival of the
persons intrusted with the lists of the votes of the electors, then su eh
pel'sons shall deliver the lists of votes in their custody into the offtco of
the Secretary of State, to be safeIy kept and delivered over, as soon as
may be, to the President of the Senate.
SECo 7. And be it furtl,er enacted, That the persons appointed by the
eIectors to deliver the lists of votes to the President of the Senate, shall
be allowed, on the delivery of the said lists, twenty-five cents for every
mile of the estimated distance, by the most usual road, from the place of
meeting of the electors to the seat of Government of the United Slales.
SECo 8. And be it furtlter enacted, That if any person, appointed to
. deliver the votes of the electors to the President of the Senate, shall,
m[ter aecepting -of his appointment, negIect to perform the services
required of him by this act, he 8ha11 forfeit the sum of one thousand
doll<'.rs.
SECo 9. And be zt fztrtlzer enacted, That in case of a removal, death,
r.;signation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President of the
293
United States, the President of the Senate pro tempore, and, In casa
there shall be no President of the Sonate, then the Speaker of the
House of Representatives, for tbe time being, shall act as President of
the United States, until the disability be removed. or a President shall
be elected.
SECo 10. And be it further enacted, That whenever the offices of Pre·
sident and Vice President shall both become vacant, the Secretary of
State shall forthwith cause a notification thereof to be made to the exe·
cutive of eV'ery State, and shall also cause the same to be published in,
at leaEt, one of the newspapers printed in each State, specifying thai
electors of the President of the United States shall be appointed 01
cbosen, in the several States, within thirty.four days preceding the first
"\Yednesday in Decem ber, then next ensuing: Provided, There shall be
the space of two months between the date of such notification and the
said first \Yednesday in December; but if there shall not be the space
of two months betwecn the date of such notification and the first "Yed·
nesday in December, and if the term for which the President and Vice
President last in office were elected shall not expire on the third day of
March next ensuing, then the Secretary of State shall specify in the
notification, that the electors shall be appointed or chosen within thirty.
four days preceding the first "\Yednesday in December in the year next
ensuing, within which time the electors sha11 accordingly be appointed
or ch06('n, and the clectors shall llleet and give their votes on the said
first "\V cdllesday in Dccelllber, and the proceedings and duties of the
said electors, and others, shall be pursu:mt to the directions prescribcd
in this nct.
SECo 11. And be it furl11er cnacted, That the only evidence of a refusal
to accept, 01' of a resignation of, the offiee of President or Vice Presi·
dent, sha11 be an instrnment in writing, declaring the same; and sub·
scribed by the person refLlsing to accept, or rc"igning, as the case may
be, and delivered ¡nto the oilice of the Sccretary of State.
SECo 12. And be it further enacted, That t11e term of four years for
which a President and Vice President sha11 be elected, sha11, in all
cases, commCllce on t11e fourth day of l\1arch next succeeding the day OH
w hieh the votes of the electors sha11 have been given.
Approved, fllarch 1, 1792.
6. AN ACT providing compensntion to the President and Vice Pres¡.,
dellt of the U nited States.
SECo 1. Be it enacled by tlte Senate and Flouse of Representatives of the
Ullited SlatC$ uf America Íl¿ Congress asscmbled, Tlmt frorn aud arter the
294
third day of March, in thc prcsent year, the compensatíon of the Presi·
dent of the Uníted States shall be at the rate of twenty-five thousand
dollars per annum, with the use of the furniture and other eftects be long-
ing to the United States, and now in posscssion of the President: And
that of the Vice Prcsident, at the rate of five thousanu dollars per
anllum; in full for their respective services; to be paid quarter yearly,
at ¡he Treasury.
Approvcd, February 18, 1793.
7. AN ACT to authorize eertain officers and other persons to admi-
nister oaths.
Be it enac/cd by the Senate and Jlouse oj Represenlativcs oj the Unítrd
Sta/es oj America in COllgress a SSUII 1J!nl, TIJat the President of ¡he
Senate, the Speaker of tlw House of HeprcsclJtut ives, a chaitlmlll of a
committee of the whole, or a chairman of a selcct cOllllllittee uf either
House, shall be empowered to admínister oaths or affinnations to wit-
nesses, in any case under their examination.
SEC. 2. And be it jurtha enactcd, That if any person sha11 wilfully,
absulutely, and falseIy swear or afIirm, touchillg any matter or thillg
material to the point in question, whereto he or she shall be tllUS e;,:a-
mineu, every person so ofI'emling, and Leing t hereuf uuly convicted, t'hall
be subjected to the pains, pell;¡!tic,"" amI di:-aiJilitics, ,,"J¡ich by law are
prescriueu lur the IJLlIlislllllCr:t of the criuw of wiltid a¡¡d COlTUpt per-
Jury. Al'provrd, .Jláy 3, 17US.
8. AN ACT supplementary to the act, entitleu " An Act to prescribe
the mode in which the puLlic acts, recorus, und judicial proceeuings
in ea eh State shall be authenticateu so as to take eil'cl:t in every other
State."
Be it enactcd by the Scnate a;¿d J[o1tse oj Repl'cscutativcs of/he United
States oj Americain Cougress assembled, Tbat from anu after tlle pas-
sage of this act, al! records and exemplifications of office books, which
are or may be kept in any puLlic office of any State, 110t appertaining tu
a court, shall be approved or admitted in any other court or ofiice in any
otller State, Ly the attestation of the keeper of the suid records or books,
and the seal of his oflice thereto annexed, if there Le a seal, together
w!tI! a certificate of the presiding j utitice of the court of the county or
distnct, as the euse may Le, in which such oflice is or may Le kept; or
01 t!Je Governor, tlw Secretary of State, the Chancellor or the keeper
of the great se al of the State, that the said attestation is in due form and
Lv the proper oilicer; ami the said certificate, if gi ven by the presiding
295
justice of a court, shall be fmther authenticated by ¡he clerk or protlJO.
nolary of lhe said court, who sha1l certify under his hand and the seal of
his oflice, that the said presiding justice is duly commissioned and qual:.
fied; or if the said certificate be given by the Governor, the Secretary
of State, the Chancellor or keeper of the great seal, it shall be under the
great seal of lhe Slate in which the said certificate is made. And the
said records and exemplifications, authenticated as aforesaid, shall have
such faith and credit given to them in every comt and office within the
United States, as they nave by law or usage in the courts or offices oi
the State from whence the same are or shall be taken.
SECo 2. Anu be ít furlher enacted, 1'hat aH 111e provisions of this act,
and the act to which this is a supplement, shall apply a", well to tila
public aets, records, oflice books, judicial proceedings, courts and olnces
oi' the respective terrÍtories of the U nited States, and countries subject
to the jurisdiction of ¡he United States, as to the public acts, records,
oflices' books, judicial proceedings, courts and oflices of the several
States.
Approved, lIIarch 27, 1804.
9. AN ACT to extend the prOVISlOns of the act to authorize eertain
ofiicers and otlwf pcrsons to administer oaths, approved May the 3d,
1798.
Be it enacted by the Spnate and ]Jo1t.~e of Rrpresentatives of the Uníted
States of America in Congress asscmbled, That the chairman of any
standing commiltee, either of the House of Representatives, or of the
Senate of the U nited States, shall be empowered to administer oaths or
affirmations to witnesses in any case under their exam.ination; and any
person who shall be gnilty of perjury before such committee· shall be
Iiahlc to the pains, penalties, and ditmbilities, prescribed for the punish-
l11ent of the crime of wilful aud corrupt perjury.
Approvcd, February 8, 1817.
10. AN ACT to provide for the Publication of the Laws of the United
States, and for other purposes.
SECo 2. And be it further enactfd, 1'hat, whenever oflicial notice shall
have been received, at the Department of State, that any amendment
\vhich heretofore has bcen, or hercafter may be, proposed to the Con-
stitution of the U nited States, has been adopted, according to the provi-
sions of the Constitution, it shall be the duty of the said Secretary of
State, forthwith to cause the said amendment to be published in tne said
newspapers authorized to promulgate the laws, with his certifidite, spe
296
cifying the States by which the same may have be en adopted, and that
the same has beeome valid, to aH intents and purposcs, as a part of the
Constitution of the Unitcd States.
Approvcd, April 20, 1818.
11. AN ACT in addition to the "Aet for (hc punishment of eertain
crimes against the Ullited States," and to repeal the aets therein mell-
tioned.
SEe. 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and IJollse of Rcpresentatives of (he
United States of America in Congrcss assembled, That if any eitizen of
the U nitcd States shall, within the territory or jurisdietion thereof, ae-
cept and exercise a eommission to serve a foreign prinee, State, colony,
distriet, or people, in ''lar, by land or by sea, against any prinee, State,
colon y, distriet, al' people, with whom the United States are Dt peaee,
the person so oflfmding shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor,
and shall be fined not more than two thousand dollars, and shall be im-
prisoned not execeding three years.
SEe. 2. And be it further euacted, That if any person shall, within the
territor1' or jurisdietion of the United Statcs, enlist or enter himself, al'
hire or retain another porson to enlist or enter himself, or to go beyond
the ¡imits or jurisdietion of the United States with intent to be enlisted
or entered in the serviee of any forelgn prinec, State, eolony, distriet, or
people, as a soldier, or as a marine al' seaman, on board oí" any vcsscl of
war, letter of marque, or privateer, every pcrson, so oflending, shall be
deemed guilt1' of a high misdemeanor,and shall be fined not exeeecJing
one thousanddollars, and be imprisoned 1].ot exeeeding three 1'cars:
Provided, That this aet shall not be eonstrued to extend to an1' subjeet
or eitizen of an1' foreign prinee, State, eolon1', distriet, or people, who
f'h8.11 transiently be within the United States, and shall, 011 board of any
vcsselof war, letter of marque, or privateer, whieh, at the time of its
arrival within the U nited States, was titted and equipped as such, enlist
or enter himself, or hire or retain anothcr subjeet or eitizen of the same
foreign prinee, State, colon y, distriet, or people, who is transiently
within the United States, to enlist or enter himself to serve sueh foreign
prince, State, eolon1', distriet, or people, 011 board sueh vessel of war,
lctter of marque, or privateer, if the U nited States shall then be at peaee
with sueh foreign pl'i11ce, State, colon y, distriet, or people.
SECo 3. And be it further cnacted, That if any person shall, within the
limits 01- tne U nited States, tit out and arm, or attempt to tit out and arm,
f)f procure to be fitted out and armed, or shall knowingly be eoneerned
Ir. the furnishing, fitting out, or arming, of an1' ship or vessel, with intent
297
that sueh ship or vessel shaIl be employed in the serviee of any foreign
prinee or State, or of any eolony, distriet, or people, to eruiso or oommit
hostilities against the subjects, citizens, or property, of any foroign prince
or State,or of any eolony, distriet, or people, with whom the United
States are at peaee, or shall issue or deliver a eommission within the ter-
ritory or jurisdietion {lf the U nited States, for any ship or vessel, to the
intent that she may be employed as aforesaid, every person so offending
shall be deemed guilty of a high misdemeanor, and shall be fined n01
more than ten thousand dollars, and imprisoned not more than three
years; and every sueh ship or vessel, with her taekle, apparel, and (ur-
niture, together witb al! materials, anne, ammunition and stores, which
may have been procured for the building aud equipment thereof, shall be
forfeited, ono half tú the use of the informer, and the other haIf to the use
of the United Statos.
SECo 4. And be it further enacted, That if any citizen or cilizens of lhe
U nited States shall, wilhout the limits thoreof, fit out and arm, or attempt
to fit out and arm, or procure to be fitted out and armed, or shal! know-
ingly aid or be concerned in the furnishing, fitting out, or arming, any
private ship or vessel of war, or pri .ateer, wilh intent that such ship or
vessel shall be employed to eruise, or commit hostilities, upon the citi-
zens of the United States, or their property, or shal! take the eommand
of, or enter on board of, any sueh ship or vBssel, for the iatent aforesaid,
or shall purchase any interest in any such ship or vessel, with a view 10
share in the profits thereor, such person, so offending, shall be deemed
guilty of a high misdcmcanor, and fined not more than ten thousand uol-
lars, and imprisoned not more than ten years; and the trial for such
offenee, if committed withou! the limits of the U nited States, shall be in
the distriet in whieh the ofrender shall be apprehended or first brought.
SEC. 5. And be ilfurthe1' euacted, That ifany person sha1l, within the
territory or Jurisdiction of the United States, inerease or augment, 01'
procure to be inereased or augmented, or shall knowingly be eoneerned
in inereasing or augmenting, the force of any ship of war, eruiser, or ot her
armed vessel, which, at the time of her arrival within the U nited States,
was a ship of war, or eruiser, or armed vessel, in the serviee of any
foreign prinee or State, or of any eolony, distriet, 01' people, or belong-
ing to the subjeets or eitizens of any sueh prinee or State, colon y , dis-
triet, or people, the same being at war with any foreign prinee or state,
or of any colony, di"triet, or people, with whom the United States are at
peace, by adding to the number of the guns of sueh vessel, or by changing
those on board of her for guns of a larger calibre, or by the IldditlOIl
thereto of any equipme n.t solely applicable to war, every person, so ol
f("rJin~!, Rhall be deemcd gnilty of a high mÍsdellleanor, shall be fincd
De,t more than one thousand dollars and be imprisoned not more tnan one
year.
HEC. 6. And he il further cuarted, That if any person shall, ",itlJin the
tert"itory or jurisdiction ol' the United SUlIes, begin or set on foot, or pro-
,·;.¡c or prerare the means for, any militar)' expedition or enterprise, to
he (';¡rricd on from thenee against tl}e territory or dominions of any fareign
pri!lCC or State, or of any colony, distriet, or peop16, wilh whorn the
1111 i: cd States are [at] peaee, every person, so ofl'ellding, shall be deemed
t 11 i!! Y of a h2gh misdcmeanor, and shall be fined nol exceeding tluee
tl'dll,-;und dollars, and imprisoned not more than 1hree years.
S ':C. 7. JI wl he it fu rtller euacted, That t he disl riet cour! sha11 take
e0g,Ji"U]!('e of eomplaints, by ",homsoever instituted, in cases of euptures
11IIldc wilhin the w"16rs of the Uuited Slates, or witJ¡in a marine ¡eaglle
oí (he coasts or shores thereof.
SECo 8. AmI be it further cuacted, That In every case in which a ves-
sel ",hall be fitted out and armed, or attempted to be fitted out and armed,
or in whiel! the force ofany vessel ofwar, cruiser, or otherarmed vessel,
f.l!¡¡ II be iliereased or ungmented, or in whieh any military expeditioll or
t'¡¡lcrpri~e "hall be begun or set on foot, contrary to the provisions and
pn,¡' ihi¡ ions nf thi" Het ; nnd in every case of the capture of a ship or ves-
I3I'l wi¡J¡i¡¡ the jllrisJietion or protection of the United States as befare
d"flm·u. anel in every case in which any proeess issuing Ollt of uny enurt
ni ¡];e LJI;ited 81ates shall be disobeyed or resisted by any person or per-
1"1)118 having (he eustody of any vessel of war, emiser, or olher armed
vc~:'el, nf any foreign prinee or State, or of ally colony, district, or pea-
pie. Uf uf any suhjeets or citizens of any foreign prince or Stale, or of any
(',,1,,:,)", distriet, or peopIe, ill every sueh case it shall be lawflil for the
l':é:dent of lhe l'nited Slates, or Burh other person as he shall have
C'l'l,)\\'cred fór tbat purpose, to employ snch part of the Iand or naval
f"l'cC"~ nf lhe United States, or of the miIitia thereof, for the purpose of
tnking possession of and detaining any sueh ship or vessel, with her
prize or prizes, if any, in order to the .execution uf the prohibitions ill1d
pelH'¡¡ ins oí" this act, llnd to the restoring the prize or prizes in the cases
in whj('h restoration "hall have been adjudged, and also for the purpose
oí' preventing (he carrying OIl of any sueh expedition or enterprise from
the territories or jurisdiction of the UnÍted States against the territories
or domillions of any foreign prince or State, or of any colony, district, or
p('ople, with whcm the Unitcd States are at peace.
SECo 9. A nrl be it furlher enacted, That it shall be lawful for the Presi-
llent oí" the Ullited States, 01" such per:;ol1 us he :::hall empQwer lor that
purpose, to employ ,mch part of t¡le LlIld or na\'nl rorces of the rn;"r:,l
States,or of the militia thereof, as shall be nec('::;"~ary lo cUlIlpd a;,y
foreign ship or vessel to depart the Ullitec! Sta!es, in all ca"es ill WJ¡['":l,
by ¡he law" of nations or ¡he trcaties of the Unitcd S¡atcs, tll":'- U,l;,,!
not to remain within the Unitect Slatcs.
SECo 10. And be it jurther ellllctfd, That the owners 01' c()ll~ig:n:'\"" (,í
every armea ship or vessel Railing out 01" the ports 01" the U l¡itl'd :--'; lti ,",
belonging wholly or in part to citizens thereuf, shall enter illto abo::,; III
the United States with suffieient surelles, prior to clp,aring out the ,.w" ,
in double the amount of the valne of the vesf;pl and cargo 0:1 bOimi, i,¡-
cluding her armament, that the said ship 01' ves"cl "hall IlUt llj' CI111'I,:, ,d
by such owncrs to cmise or commit hu~ti)ilics ¡¡gail!~t tl!c' ::;U!lj,'ct:" ( ",-
zens, 01" property, of any foreign prince ol' Stalc, nr of any cvl:my, c:,,>-
trict, or peoplc, with whom the UlIiteu SUdes are at ])('ace.
SECo 11. And be it fllrlltcr enacted, That t he eollf'c, or" 01" tll(' ('i[<l<; i, lS
be, and they are hereby, re~pectively authorized and rCfluirl'd to d,":,':!l
any vessel manifestly built far warlike pnrpof'es, and a bout to tl"llUrl t; i'~
United States, of which the cargo shall principally CO!lsist of ¡¡rru::" 'Ld
ml1nitions of war, when lhe nurnher of mlm shipppd on h02]"(1. (Ji" el hll"
cireumstances, shall render it probable that s\tch vcsscl is illlelld,'d tI! 'ii~
employed by tbe owner or owners to crui:;e 01" eOl/lIn it host di: ic" ll,';' 1
the subjccts, citizens, or property, nf any fóreigil pri:lce or ::-lIare, ,",' u,'
any colony, distriet, or people, with WJh)1!l the Ulli:cd Statcs ;!l",: ,;c
peace, until the decision of the President be hacl thercoi1, or IlL:td :¡,,,
owner or owners shall give su eh bond and security as is rcr!uireu uf ¡ ¡,'j
owners of armed ships by the prcceding sec¡ ion of this aet.
SECo 12. And beit fnrtha erwclerl, That the act passed on the ni il
day of June, one thousand se ven hundrcd and llinety-fuur, entitleJ ""\11
act in addition lo the aN for the punishment ofcertain crimes llgaiL"! ; ¡',J
United Slates, " continued in force, for a limited tillle. by the act cl" t;.,~
second of ~larch, one thousand seven hUlldred alld ninety-sevcll. fI'rl
perpetuated by the aet passed Oll the 24th of April, one thousa:hl c .t
hundred, and the act, passed on the fourteenth day of J une, one I h, ,,1-
salld seven hundred and ninety-seven, entitled "An aet to prevenl "ir;-
zens of the United States from privateering against nalions in all¡j'v
wit h, or against the citizens of t he U nited States," and the act, Pi!",,,,d
the third day of March, one thol.lsand eigh¡ hundred and scvcntce:l, t'r::l-
tled "An act more eflectually to preserve the lleutra~ rclations oi" tlle'
United States," be, and the same are hereby, severally. rcpenlecl; 1'1'17-
vided neverlhelcss, T11at persolls having heretofore offellded ag:tÍllst anv
nf the acts aforesait.!, ma)' be proseeutcd, cOllvicted, aild pUlll~¡;l'd, .1." 1í"
300
the same were not rcpealed; and no forfeiture heretofore incurred by a
violation of any of the aels aforcsaid shall be affeeted by such repeal.
SECo 13. And be il f1trther cnacted, That nothing in the loregoing art
shall be construed to prevent the prosecution or punishmcnt of treason,
or any piracy defined by the laws of the United States.
Approved, April 20, 1818.
12. AN ACT making compensation to the persons appointed by the
Electors to deliver the votes for President and Vice President.
SECo 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and Ho1tse of Representatives of
the United ~tates o/ Amcrica in Congrcss assembled, That the person
appointed by the electors to deliver to the President of the Senate a list
01' the votes for President and Vice President, shall be allowed, on deli-
very of said list, twenty-five cents for every mile of the estimated dis-
tanee, r y the most usual route, from the place of meeting of the electors
to the seat of Government of the United States, going and returning.
SECo 2. And be it f1trther enaCled, That this aet shall take etreet from
the first 01' N ovember, eighteen hundred and twenty-four.
Approved, February 11, 1825.
13. AN ACT for the apportionment of Representatives among the
several States according to the Sixth Census.
SECo 1. Be it enacted by the Senate and ]fo1t!(e of R'presentatives rif
the United States of America in Congress assembled, That from and after
the third day of March, one thousand eight hundred and forty-three, the
House of Representatives shall be composed of members elected agree-
ably to a ratio 01' one Representative for every seventy. thousand six
hundred and eighty persons in each State, and of one additional Repre-
sentative lor each State having a fraction greater than one moiety of the
said ratio, computed according to the rule prescribed by the Constitution
of the United States; that is to say: Within the State of Maine, seven;
within the State of N ew Hampshire, four; within the State of Massa-
chusetts, ten; within the State of Rhode Island, two; within the State
of Connecticut, four; within the State of Vermont, four; within the
State 01' N ew York, thirty-four; within the Stute of N ew Jersey, five;
within the State of Pennsylvunia, twenty-four; within the State of Dela-
wure, one; within the State of Maryland, six; within the State of Vir-
ginia, fifteen; within the State of N orth Carolina, nine; withirl I he
Stale of South Carolina, seven; within the State of Georgia, eight;
witllÍn the State of Alabama, seven; within the State ofLouisiana, four;
urithin the State of Mississippi, four; within the State of Tennessee,
301
eleven; within the State 01 Kcntucky, ten; within the Stnte of 0]1';),
twenty-one; within the State of Indiana, ten; within the State oí" l; :¡.
nOla, aeven; within the State ol" Missouri, five; withiu the SUlCO ur'
Arkanaas, one; and within the State of Michigan, three.
SEc.2. And be it furlher cnacted, That iu every case where a 8¡i!~'_' "
entitled to more than one Representative, the number to wllidl (;:.1
State shall be entitled under this apportionment shall be clected by,!
tricts composed of contiguous territory equal in number to the IIU:ll"i'r
of Representatives to which said State may be entitleJ, 110 ano Ji,,! ;',(
electing more than one Representative.
Approved, June 25, 13l:?
H. AN ACT to provide further remedial justice in tbe courts of ¡Le
Unitl'd States.
SECo 1. Be it enGclcrl h,y tite Scuate and HOll.'!' of RlpreSflllalh, s o/ tú
Umúrl Stales 01 Amcrica in Cong,::éss as.<tlllMfd, T}¡at either 01' the jl,'-
tices ofthe Supreme Court ofthe United States, or a judge 01' any dl,-
trict court of the United States, in whicl! a prisoller is eonfincd, in
adJition to the authority alreudy conferreu uy Iaw, shall have powu lO
grant writs of haueas corpus in al! ca~es of any priso;¡er or pri"'!llWLi j ,1
jail or confinement, where he, ehe, or they, being subjccts or citizC'l1, .,f
a foreign State, and domicileu therein, shall be comll1itted or cÜldi,,,:.
or in eustody, under or by any authority or law, or process fÓULl:ld
thereon, of the United States, or of any olle of them, fór or on aeco'¡:,i
of any aet done or committed under anyalleged rigllt, title, auth<li';' ':,
privilege, protection, or exemption, set up or elaimed under the COlllll::,.-
aian, or order, or sanction, of any foreign State 01' Sovereignty the y,di-
dity and effect whereof depend upon the law of nations, or undel' CLle"r
thereof. And upon the return of the said writ, and uue proof nI' 1; f)
serviee of notice of the said proceedings to the At torney- General or ot: ur
oineer proseeuting the pleas of the State, ullder whose authority tbe 1,0
titioner has been arrested, eommitted, or is he Id in eustody, to be ¡>rC-
scrilJed by the saiJ justice or judge at the time of granting said writ, 1l.0
said justice or judge shall proceed to hear the said cause; and ir, Ul"¡¡
hearing the same. it sha1l appear that the prisoner or pri"oners is or no
entitled to be diseharged from sueh confincment, eommitrnent, eusto,]y,
or arrest, for or by re aso n of sueh allegeJ right, title, allthority, prin-
leges, protection or exemption, so set IIp and claimed, and the la .. '; (lf
nations applicable thereto, and that ¡he same exi"ts in lúe!, and has 1;.'.':1
dnly provcd to the said justice or juJge, then it shall be the uuty of ¡Lo
aa id justice or judge forthwith to di~charge such prisoner or prÜ:¡O"c'B
2',)'"
302
accordingly. And if it shall appear to the said justice or judge that Buch
judgment of discharge ought not to be rendered, then the said prisoner
01' prisoners shall be forthwith remanded: Provided alway.~, That from
any decision of such justice al' judge an appeal may be taken to the Cir·
cuit Court of the United States for the district in which the said cause is
heard; and from the judgment of the said Circuit Court to the Supreme
Court of the United States, 011 such terms and under such regulations
and orders as wel! for the custody and appearance of the prisoner or pri.
soners as for sending up to the appellate tribunal a transcript of the peti.
tiOD, writ of habeas corpus retumed thereto, and other proceedings, as
the judge hearing the said cause may prescribe; and pending such pro·
:::ecdings or appeal, and until final judgment be rendered therein, and
after final judgmeut of discharge in the same, any proceeding against
said prisoner or prisoners, in auy State court, or by or under the
authority of auy State, for any matter or thing so heard and determincd,
or in process of Leing heard and determined, under and by virtue of such
writ of habeas corpus, shall be deemed null and void.
Approved, August 29, 1842.
15. AN ACT to establish a uniform time for holding eleetions for electo
ors of President and Vice President in aU the States of the Union.
SECo 1. Be it enacled by the Senate anrl ¡[ouse of Rcpresentatives of the
Uníled States of America in Congress assembled, That the eIeetors of
President and Vice President shaU be appointed in each State on the
Tnesday next after the first Monday in the month of N ovember of t he
year in which they are to be appointed. Provided, That each state may
by Iaw provide for the filling of any vacancy or vacancies which may
occur in its college of electors when such college meets to give its elec-
toral vote. And provided, also, when any State shall have held an ele e-
tion for the purpose of choosing electors, and shall fail to make a choice
on the <lay aforesaid, then the electors may be appointed on a subsequent
day in such manner as the State shall by law provide.
Approved, January 23, 1845.
l6. AN ACT to provide for the distl'ibution of the edition of the law9
and treaties of the U nited States, published by Little and B rown, under
the provisions tlf the resolutions of Congress, approved March 3, 1845,
and for other purposes.
SECo 2. And whereas, said edition of the said Laws and Treaties of the
U lllted States has been carefully collated and compared with the original
303
rvlls in the archives of the government, under the inspeetion and super-
,ision of the Attorney General of the United States, as duly certified by
that officer; Therefore, Be it lurther enactcd, That said edition of tho
.Laws and Treaties of the United States, published by Little and Brown,
is hereby declared to be competent evidence of the several public and
priva te acts of Congresa, and of the several treaties therein contained, in
aH the courts of law and equity, and of maritime jurisdiction, and in aIl
the tribunals and public offices of the United States, and of the several
States, without any further proof 01' authentication theroof.
Approved, Allg1l8t 8, 1846.
17. AN ACT for giving oJTect to certain treaty stipulations between this
and foreign governments, for the apprehension and delivering up of
certain offenders.
Be it enacted by the Senate and JI01l8e 01 Repre8entativc8 01 the United
States 01 America in Congre88 a88embled, That in aU cases in which thero
now exists, 01' hereafter may exist, any treaty 01' convention for extra-
dition between the government of the United States and any foreign go-
vernment, it shaU and may be lawful for any of the justices of the suprema
court 01' judges of tho soveral district courts of the United States-and tha
judges of the sevoral State courts, and the commissioncrs authorized so to
do by any of the courts of the United States, are hereby severally vested
with power, jurisdiction, and authority, upon complaint made under oath
01' affirmation, charging any person found within the limits of I.\ny state,
district, 01' territory, with having committed within the jurisdietivll of any
such foreign government, any of the crimes enumerated 01' provided for by
any such treaty or convention-to issue his warrant for the apprehension
of the person so eharged, that he may be brought beforo such judge or
commissioner, to the end that the evidence of criminality may be heard
and considered; and if, on such hearing, the evidence be deemed sufficient
by him to snstain the charge under the provisions of the proper treaty or
convention, it shaIl be his duty to certify the same, together with a copy
of aU the testimony taken before him, to the Secretary of State, that a
w!trrant may issue upon the requisition of the proper authorities of snch
foreign government, for the surrender of such person, according to tho
stipulations of said treaty 01' convention; and it shaU be the duty of tha
said judge 01' eommissioner to issue his warrant for the commitment of tho
person so charged to the proper gaol, there to remain ·until such surrender
8haIl be made.
SECo 2. And be it lurther enacted, That in every case of complaint as
aforesaid, and of a hearing upon the roturn of the warrant oC arrest, copiell
304
of the depositions upon "hích an original "arrant in any such foreign
country may have be en granted, eertified under the hand of the person or
persons issuing such warrant, and attested upon the oath of the party pro-
ducing them to be true copies of the original deposítions, may be received
in evidcnce of the criruinality of the person 80 apprchcnded.
SECo 3. And be it fnl'thcl' ellacted, That it shaIl be lawful for the Secretary
of State, under his hand and seal of office, to order the person so committed
to be delivered to such person or persons as shall be authorized, in tl!e
name and on behalf of sucl! foreign government, to be tried for the crime
of which such person shall be so accused, amI such person shall be delivcrcd
up accordingly; and it shaU be I::twful for the person or persons authorized,
as aforesaid, to hold such person in custody, and to take him or her to the
territories of such forcign government, pursuant to such treaty; and if the
person so accused shaIl escape out of any custody to which he or she shaIl
be committed, or to which he or she shaIl be dclivered, as aforesaid, it shall
be lawful to retake sueh person, in the same manner as any person, a,ccused
of any crime against the laws in force in that part of the United States
to which he or she shaIl so escape, may be retaken on an escape.
S~;c. 4. And be it fnrthel' enacted, That when any person who shaIl have
been committed under this act or any such treaty as aforesaid, to remain
until delivered up in pursuance of a requisition as aforesaid, shall not be
delivered up pursuant hereto and conveyed out of the United States
within two calendar months after such eommitment over and aboye the
time actually required to convey the prisoner from the gaol to which he or
she may have been committed by the readiest way out of the United States,
it shall in every such case be lawful for any judge of the United States or
of any State, upon application made to him by or on behalf of the person
so committed, and upon proof made to him, that reasonable notice of the
intention to make such application has been given to the Secretary of Sta te,
to order the person so committed to be diseharged out of custody, unless
sufficient cause shall be shown to such judge why su eh discharge ought not
to be ordered.
SECo 5. And be it fUl'thel' enacted, That this act shaIl con tinue in force
during the existence of any treaty of extradition with any foreign govern-
ment, and no longer.
SECo 6. And be it furthel' enacted, That it shaIl be lawful for the courts
of the United States, or any of them, to authorize any person or persons to
Rct as a commissionet"or commissioners unde'r the provisions of this aet; and
the doings of such person or person.s so authorized, in pursuance of any of
the provisions aforesaid, shaIl be good and available to aIl intents amI pur-
poses whatsoever. App¡·o~ed, Augu8t 12, 18-18.
305
18. AN ACT providing for the taking of the seventh and subsequent cen-
suses of the United States, and to fix the number of members of tha
House of Representatives, and to pro vide for their future apportionment
among the several States.
SECo 23. Anel be it further enacteel, That ir no other 1aw be passed provi-
ding for the taking of the eighth, or any subsequent census of the United
States,on or before the first day of January, of any year, when, by tha
Constitution of the United States, any future enumeration of the inhabi-
t.'lnts thereof is required to be taken, such census shall, in all things, ba
taken and completed according to the provisions of this acto
SECo 24. Arlel be it furtlter CrIacted, 1'hat from and after the 3d day of
March, 1853, the House of Representatives shall be composed of two hundred
and thirty-three members, to be apportioned among tha several States in
the manner directed in the next section of this acto
SECo 25. Anel be it further enacteel, That so soon as tha next and each
subsequent enumeration of the inhabitants of the several States directed
by the Constitution of the United States to be taken, shall be completed
and returned to the office of the Department of the Interior, it shall be tha
duty of the Seeretary of the Interior to ascertain the aggregate representa-
tive population of the United States, by adding to the whole number of
free persons in aU the States, including those bound to serviee for a term
of years, and exeluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other per-
sons; which aggregate population he shall divide by the number t"o
hundred and thirty-three, and the produd of sueh division, rejeeting any
fraction of an unit, if any sueh happen to remain, shall be the ratio, or rula
of apportionment of Representatives among the several States under sueh
enumeration: and the said Seeretary of the Department of the Interior
shall then proceed, in the same manner, to ascertain the representative
popuIation of each State, and to divide the whole number of the representa-
tive population of eaeh State, by the ratio aIready determined by him, as
above directed; and the produet of this 1ast division shaU be the number
of Representatives apportioned to such State under the then last enumera-
tion: Prot·ieleel, That tha 108S in the number of members caused by the
fractions remaining in the several States, on the division of the population
thereof, shall be compensated for by assigning to so many States having
the 1argest fraetions, one additiona1 member for each for its fraetion, as
may be necessary to make the wh01e number of Representatives two hundred
and thirty-three. Al/el provteleel, alBo, That if, after th~ apportionment of
the Representatives under the next, or any subsequent eensus, a new Stata
or States shaIl be admitted into the Union, the Representativa or Repre-
sentatives assigned to such new State or States, shaIl be in addition to the
number of Representatives herein above limited; whieh exeess of Repre-
sentatives over two hundred and thirty-three ahaIl onIy continue until tho
306
next succeeding apportionment of Representatives under the next succeed-
ing census.
SECo 26. Alld be it lurther enacted, That when the Department of tha
Interior shall have apportioned the Representatives in the manner aboye
directed among the several States under the next, or any snbseqllent
enllmeration of the inhabitants of the United States, he 8ha11, as soon as
practicable, make out and transmit, under the seal of his office, to the Honsa
of Representatives, a eertifieate of the nnlllbcr of members apportioned to
each State under the then last enullleration; and shalllikewise make ont
and transmit "lVithout delny to the Exeeutive of eaeh State, a eertificato
under his seal of offiec, of the number of members apportioned to sueh State,
under sueh 1ast enumeration. Approved, 23 JJIa,y, 1850.
[The preeeding seetions fall nnder the class of grnr!"al I,aws in tended
to be inserted in this eompilation; the residue of this aet, relating solely to
the manner of taking and returning the census, will be found in the statutes
of the U nited States.]
19. AN ACT to authorize N otaries Public to take and certify oaths, affirma-
tions, and acknowledgments in certain cases.
Re ü enacted by the Senate and House 01 Repre8entative8 01 the ~~Ilited
States 01 Amen'ca in Oongres8 a88embled, That in aU cases in which, under
the laws of the United States, oaths or affirmations, or acknow1edgments,
may now be taken or made before any justiee or justiees of the peace of
any State or Territory, sueh oaths, affirmations, or acknowledgments may
be hereafter also taken or made by or before any Notary public dulyap-
pointed in any State or Territory, and, when eertified under the hand and
official seal of sueh N otary, shall have the same force and etrect as if taken
or mn.de by or before sueh justiee or justices of the peace. And alllaws
and parts of laws for punishing pcrjury, or subornation of perjury, COIll-
mitted in any sueh oaths or affirmations when taken or made before any
sueh justice of the peuce, shall apply to any sueh otrenee eommitted in any
oaths or uffirmations which may be taken under this aet before a Notary
publie, or commissioner, as hereinafter named: Pro¡;úled alUJaY8, That on
trial for either of these otrences, the seal and signaturc of the N ot.ary
shall not be deemed suffieient in themselves to establish the official character
of sneh N otary, but thc same shaU be shown by other and proper eyidcnce.
SECo 2. And be it Inrther enacted, That all thc powers and authority
conferred in and by the preeeding section of this aet upon N otaries public,
be, and the sume are hereby ycsted in, and may be exercised by, uny com-
missioner appointed, or hereafter to be appointed, by any Cireuit Court of
the U nited States, under any net of Congress authorizing the appointment
of eommissioners to take bail, affidayits, 01' depositions, in causes pending
in the court~ of the Uniteu States. Appl'oved, 16 Scl'tcmuel') 1850.
307
20. A RESOLUTION rclatiug to thc pub1icatiun of the Laws of the
l~!\ited States.
Re8o{¡-cd, by the SCllote and H01l8e 01 Rq),'c8cufaticcB 01 the Fuited
Statc8 01 L!nlerica in CO)/[/rC88 u/18cmbled, That the Sccretary of State be
authorized and dircctcu to contract with LitUe and Brown to furnish their
anuual statutes at large, printed in conformity with the plan adopted by
Congress in eighteen hundred and forty-five, instead of the edition usually
issucd by his oruer, under the act of Congress of April 20, 1818, and which
conforms to an edition of the Laws now out of use.
Approved, 26 Septembcr, 1850.
309
,
CHAPTER 7.
EXPLANATORY NOTES OF THE FOLLOWING TABLES.
l. The tables of Electoral votes for President and
Vi~e President of the U nited States, commencing with
page 315, present an historical synopsis of the lead-
ing political sentiments of the American people, from the
auoption of the Constitution to the present time, as in-
dicated by the votes given for the distinguished indi-
viduals -whose opinions were supposed to imbody, from
time to time, those sentiments, and a biographical notice
of the individuals themselves; the statement of whose
names alone will recall to memory their meritorious public
services and exalted characters.
2. The table commencing with page 336, of the terms
of office and length of service, in the Senate, of the Vice
Presidents and Presidents pro tempore, may be supposed,
generally, to show, from time to time, the leading poli-
tical sentiments of the majority of that honorable boJy,
as indicated by the choice oí Senators to occupy the
station of President pro tempore, whose political senti-
ments were, at the time, well known. This table also
shows the cornmencement and termination of, aswell as the
llumbrr of days in, each Session of Congress and special
30
310
session of the Senate, fram the 4th March, 1789, to the
termination of the second session of the thirty -first
Congress, being the 3d March, 1851.
3. The. tabIe commencing with page 34G shows the
names, and the commencement and termination of the
service, of every Senator of the U nited States, from the
4th lVlarch, 1789, to the 3d March, 1851, being the
termination of the second session, thirty-first Congress.
A geographical, rather than an alphabetical, arrange-
ment was preferred, for the reason that a regular succes-
sion may be traced in the serviee of the several classes
of Senators of each State, from the eommencement of the
Government, or the admission of su eh State into the U nion,
to the present time.
This table practically illustrates that provision of the
Constitution which directs the arrangement ofthe Senators
into three classes, whose terms of service expire alter-
nately every two years, exhibiting the progressive appli-
eation of the principIe to the Senators from new States
as they beeome qualified, by which the three classes are
preserved equaI in number, or as nearly so as practicable
-one-third being eleeted biennially, and two-thirds being,
at all times, prepared to attend the call of their country
for the transaction of Legislative, Executive, or J udieial
business; or, indeed, by a pravident arrangement of the
State LegisIatures (as is the prevailing practice) in re-
electing the Senators whose terms of service are about
311
to expire, or electing" others in anticipation of vacancies,
the Senate may preserve a continued existence in ful]
force.
4. The fourth table, page 385, contains the ~ames and
the commencement and termination of service of the
secretaries of the Senate of the United States, there
having been only f)Ur individuals in the occupancy of
that responsible office from the commencement of the
novernment under the Constitution to the present time,
a circumstance which has preserved to this Honorable
Body the advantages of accumulated experienc~ in the
Officers in their service.
5. The table commencing with page 38G, exhibits the
names and terms of service of the Representatives in
Congress who have be en elected to, and have occupied,
the distingnished station of Speaker of the Rouse of Re-
presentati ves of the U nited States, from the 4th March,
1789, to the 3d March, 1851, ancl the names of the States
of which they were Representati ves.
6. The sixth table, page 388, contains the names, and
the commencement and termination of service of the Clerks
of the House of Representatives of the U nited States, from
whieh it appears that thirteen changes have taken place
in the occnpancy of this ofnce since the 4th l\T~rch,
1789; making an average of less than five years' service
to each individual, a circumstance which has sometimes
deprived that Honorable Rouse of much of the advan-
312
tage of accumulated experience, which the business oC
legislation and the public interest so constantly require
in the service of Legislative Bodies.
The second and fourth tables embrace the names of all
those individuals who have occupied the stations of Vice
President, President pro tempore, and Speaker of the
House of Representatives; the occupants of which offices
have been constituted a reserve corps by the provision~
of the Constitution, and of the act of Congress of the 1st
March, 1792, in the order in which they are here men-
tioned, to fill the office of President of the U nited States,
in the event of its becoming vacant by any of the casu-
alties enumerated in the Constitution. Hence has arisen
the practice of the Vice President's retiring from the
Chair of the Senate a short time previous to the adjourn-
ment of each session, with the view of affording the
Senate an opportunity of choosing a President pro
tempore, w!w, according lo lhe prevailing practice, woulJ
hold that office until the reappearance of the Vice Presi-
dent in the Senate; and, should any casualty deprivc
the country of the services of the President and Vice Pre-
sident acting as President, during the recess of Congress,
the President pro tempore so chosen, according to the pre-
vailing underslanding, would be prepared to occupy that
office until a President could be elected; which office
would otherwise, however, devolve on the Speaker of the
House of Representatives, should the vacancy happen
313
during the existence of a Congress; but should there be
no Presiclent pro tempore, and the Yacancy occur during
a recess, after the expiration of one Congress amI pre-
Yious to the assembling of another, while there was no
S¡)eaker, there woulcl then be no officer to fill that high
anel responsible station.
These tables may afforcl a useful sllggestion of the im-
portance of preserving the biography of distinguished
citizens who may haye been, or may be called to im-
portant public stations, with a yiew of extending the
practical political history of the country, \vhich, perhaps,
could not be more efiectually developed than by a
faithful delineation of the characters, principIes, and
acts of the American statesmen, whose wisdom and
patriotism have elevated the character of the Republic,
and will continue to guicle its destinies, as it is fen'ently
hoped? through the long vista of ages to the consummation
of time.
ELECTORAL VOTES FOR PRESIDENT AND VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
Election lor the First term, commencing 4th March, 1789, and terminating with 3d :J[arch, 1793.
¡.';>. § 'o ui I b.u"': Z l.ti ¿ ¡:: • ~ '- ~ ,.; I ¡:: v' o bO 0,.0 • o ° • O..!<: bOg ~ >=:.; ~ ~ "O ... v b.o~ rñ~ .S"~ 4-4 o • 00"0 - :.... ~'tld 0 00 .~ >=: e ° ~;..::: ~ d e·- O).~ ~ 00 ¡::'a S 00 = >=: o. >=: 00 :.... ro :':::t;>; _ ° 0._ _ bO _v ..... ._.- ro::l ° -~ .... - E-<'" .- ~ v-w ,..¡:: bO "',..¡:: ~ü >. ... cd d ro;... Ü ...... J-. ..:!:::: bJ) .. 00 Jo... ¡:: STATES. 00=<:,", . cdO ~~ ~a v ~ ::1 cd .-... S ° "O g H:;;S t.-.t .~. ~ü :;;s g <0 o°,..¡:: cd> 1il _'O ...,t;>;
'-
. ..,.. bJJv ~~ ?t..-. Cl..o ¡::: '- >=: (jj ~S ~ ::: >=: o ~~ tiZ >=:r.r.i ¡::C!) .'- ¡:;: '- '-' o .Cl..cd o ¡;:) v O ,..¡:: cd >=:,..¡:: ,..¡:: '- CJ.),- ~ ...e ro o
'"O o ~ z ti ~:;;s ú3.g ~ o ~o C!)o 0'- o cd ~ ~ ..., ..., o..., ...,
--
----
- --
------
--
----
--1--
5 N ew Hampshire •••.••..•••.•••. 5 5
· .
.. · . · . · . .. · . · . 10 Massachusetts •••••••.•••.••.••. 10 10
· . · . · . · . · .
..
· . · . 7 Connecticut ••..••..•••.•••.•••. 7 5 2 · . · . · . · . · . · . · . 6 New Jersey .................... 6 1
· . 5 · . · . " · . · . · . 10 Pennsylvania ................... 10 8
· . · .
2
· . · . · . · . · . 3 Delaware .••.•••.•...•••.••..•.. 3
· . · . 3 · . · . " .. · . · . 6 Maryland ....................... 6
· . · . · . · .
6
· . .. · . · . 10 Virginia ....•.•.•••.•...•••..•.. 10 5 .. 1 1 · . 3 · . · . · . 7 South Carolina .................. 7
· . · . · .
1
· . · . 6 · . · . 5 Georgia •••.•••..••..•...••.•... 5
· . · . · . · . · . · . · . 2 1 1 1
- --
--!-----
-4 1-6-'-3 -6 -2 -1 -1 -1-69 Whole No. of electors •.•.•.•.•.• 69 34 2 9
Majority •• • .• • • .• • • .• • • .• • .• 35
George Washington, elected President, took the oath of oftice and entered upan its duties on 30th April, 1789.
J ohn Adarns, elected Vice President, entered upon his dllties in Senate :.21st April, 1789. and LOok the oat)¡ of
oflice on 3d June, 1789.
c:..:I
¡.-I.
Ol
316
Election for the Second term, commencing 4th March, 1793, and terminating
3d ~"tlarch, 1797.
8TATE8.
- -----------------------
6 N ew Hampshire • • • .• • • .. • • ••. . 6
16 lHassachusetts.. • .... ..... ... . . 16
4 R hode Island • • • •• • • •• • • . • • . . • . 4
9 Conneeticut. • • •• • • .•• .... ... • . 9
3 Vernlont. • • •• • • .• • • .• • • .• • • . • . 3
12 New york.................... 12
7 New Jersey................... 7
15 Pennsylvania. • . .. • . .• • . .. • • .. . 15
3 Delaware. . • .• • . .• • • .• . • . • . • • . . 3
8 Maryland. • • .. • • .. • • .. • • .. • . .. . 8
21' Virginia....................... 21
4 Kentucky. • .... .... ... • .... .. . 4
12 N orth Carolina.. • .• • . .• • • .. • . . 12
8 South Carolina. • • .. • . .. • . .. • . .. 8
4 Georgia .••.•.•..•...••.•••.••. 4
6
16
4
9
3
7
14
3
8
7
12
1
21
4
12
1
4
- ---------------- --- --- --- ---
132 Whole No. ofElectors ......... 132 77 50 4 1
Majority ••••.••••••...••.•• 67
George Washington, elected President, took the oath of office for a
second term on 4th March, 1793.
J ohn Adams, elected Vice President, took the oath of office and
attended in Senate on 2d December, 1793.
El •
O"" t!:'d
~rñ
~~
<ll <:..l
"" c:I ~(¡)
Election 101" the Thl1"d term, commencing 4th March, 1797, and terminating 3d March, 1801.
STATES.
I ~ • • ~ I ~ ~ '- . ~ _ • l'
m ... -'<:0 ... · m ~ oc· C :::: bIJ -'<:0 » E . . C) d C,) =~ S. t::. ~~ o~ c. fl,). ¡:: td ~ a ~ g; ~> .su) ~:3 I ~ gJ ? § ~ ti ."§ o üiQ ~Q :F.> .5u) ",,-d
<ª ~~ ~'- ~ <~ ~o ~~ ü~ 3 . ~. ~~ ~'- ~~
""'. . oc. ::S::::Q • oZ Z ~ ~ . o '-
c'- 00 ¿ 00 ~ o'" . '- ,-, '- c· . Z ~ '- 4-0 ¡.> c Q ~ e o ~ o o o S >. .... "'~ E o ...... o ,.¡::Z? O' o o >. ~
"O ...c w - c..- ~'- cd • o CJe.- ~. ~ • Q) o ~ ~. ~~ ~o W O ~ ~o u5 ~ ~ QC ~
-¡ 1-------1-------
Tennessee •••·••· ......... 1.. 3 .. 3 •. •• .. .. .. .. •• •• •• 3
4
4
8
12
21
11
3
15
7
12
9
4
16
4
6
Kentucky .. . • .. • • .. .. .. • .. • . 4 .. 4 • • • • • • .. • • .. • • • • • •
Georgia ....••••..••..•... '1 4 4 ••
South Carolina............ 8 8
North Carolina............ 1 11 1 6 3 1 1
Virginia.. .. .. .. .. .. .. • .... 1 20 1 1 15 3 1
Maryland .. ... ... .. .. .. .. • 7 4 4 3 2
Delaware ................. 3 3
Pennsylvania.............. 1 14 2 13
New Jersey............... 7 7
New york.......... ...... 12 12
Connec ticut . . . .. • . .. • • . . • . 9 4 5
Rhode Island.............. 4 4
Massachusetts. • . .. • . .. . . .. 16 13 1 . 2
Vermont.................. 4 4
N ew Hampshire........... ti 6
-1----------------------------
------·------·------·------.------1------.------.------.------;------.------.------139 1 Whole No. of electors ...... 1 71
Majority. • • • .• • • . . • • • •• 70 68 59 30 15 I 11 5 7 2 3 2 1 2
John Adams, elected President, took the oath ofoffice, and entered upon its dllties 011 4th March, 1797.
Thamus J cftersan, elected Vice Prcsident, taok the aath oi" office, and ente red upan its duties on4th March, 1797.
CI:)
~
-l
318
Electian far the Faurth term, cammencing 4th Mm'ch, 1801, and terminating
3d 11Iare!!, 1805.
STATES.
'o
,:"'¿
.... ¡...
~~
>=: ~
o C)
aZ
~
'-
o .
~
" 15 ~>~
.......
~
>=: C)
.>=:z
I~
-- -------------1-- -_. ----'--
6 N ew Hampshire •••••••.•••.••.
16 Massachusetts ................ .
4 R hode Island ................ ..
9 Connecticut .................. .
4 Vermont .................... ..
12 New York .................. ..
7 N ew Jersey ••...••.•••••••.•..
15 Pennsylvania ................ .
3 Delaware.. .. ............... .
10 Maryland .•••••.••••••••••..••
21 Virginia .................... ..
4 KentUc,Ky ................... ..
12 N ortn Carolina ............... .
3 Tenn~see .................... .
8 South Carolina ................ .
4 Georgia •••..••.•••.•...•••.••.
12
8
5
21
4
8
3
8
4
12
8
5
21
4
8
3
8
4
6
16
4
9
4
7
7
3
5
4
6
16
3
9
4
7
7
3
5
4
1
- ------------------------
138 Whole No. of Electors •••.••... 73 73 65 64 1
Majority.. . • .. .. .. .. ... . ... 70
The electoral vote for Thomas J efferson and Aaron Durr heing e<¡nal. no choice
was made by ¡he people, and the HOllse of Representatives IHoC't'eded Oll \V l,d·
nesday, FelJrtJary 11, ISOI, in the manner prescribed by the ('ollstitulioll lO lhe
choice of a Presidfl1t afthe United States. On lhe firsl lJallol ei~ht ~tn1t·s ,'oled for
Thomas Jetferson. of Virginia. six States voted lor Aaroll Ir"rr, of l\'ew York,
and lhe votes of t\Yo States were divided. Tlle ballotin~ crJlltinued unlil 'I'uesday,
17th Febrnary, lS01, when the thirty-fifth ballot, as lllld all the previolls Ilflllots,
resnited the ~Rme as the first. 'rhe House then procPt'ded to the thirt)'-s~xth
vallot. and it having been concluded. the ~peaker declared that the votes of ten
States had }¡eell given for Thomus Jetferson, of Virgill:a, ¡he votes of fOUT States
for Aaron Burr. af New York. and the Yate~ of t\Va Statcs in blflllk; allll thal,
cOlIseqllently. Thamas Jeffersan. of Vl\'gllua. hall !Jeen. ul'reea}¡ly 10 the Callslitu-
tian. elected President of lh,. lTnited States, far the ¡crm of four years, commenc-
ing on lhe -lth da)' of March. ltlUl.
TllOIrlaS J effersan. thus elected, took the oath af offiee, and entered upoa his
duti,'s Oll 4th of March. 1801.
A aron Burr. ns Vice President, took the oalh of office, aud entered UpOIl his
duties Oll 4th of March, 1S01.
319
Euction lar the Fifth tm'll, rommencing 4Lh fllarch, 1805, and terminatmg
3d Mm·ch, 1809.
ro PRESIDE:-n. v. PRESIDE~T. ~
..,
>=:
'0
...... I~~ I o.a.i ...... ::: 0. .... o o c:l c:l ¿- ... :::l ~ mOO o o >=: • Z o :::00 o~ ... 8TATES. m od ...... o...: oo· .... ... O •
-
~
........ l.ele; >=: O -~ () d .<ll >=: ;;::~ bIJ:...
<ll t;::.- 10 -
Q3 <ll <llbD :U ~od U e o
>-. ~.= :::
I
~~
'c..c .> ~5:3 ~ <ll ;:'IZ 00 00 "";:0 o 2 o o de .... o
I
...: ...: ..... d <ll :::l Z E-< U¡:"'U ~ ~
---'--- ------
7 New Hampshire •••.•••.••••••••. 7 .. 7 · .
19 Massachusetts ................... 19 .. 19 · .
4 Rhode Island .••.•••••.•..•...••. 4 · . 4 ..
9 Connecticut •••••••.•••.•••••.•.• .. 9 . . 9
6 Vernlont ..•.•••..••..••.•.•.•••. 6 · . 6 · .
19 New york .•...•..••..•••.•••.•. 19 · . 19 · .
8 N e\v Jersey .•.•.•••...•.•••..••. 8 · . 8 · .
20 Pennsylvania ....••••..•••...•.•. 20 · . 20 · .
3 Delaware ....................... . . 3 . . 3
11 Maryland ....................... 9 2 9 2
24 Virginia ...•.....•.•....••.•.•••. 24 · . 24 · .
14 Norrh Carolina .................. 14 · . 14 · .
la SOllth Carolina .••.•••.•••••.••.. 10 · . 10 · .
6 Georgia ........••.....•.•.••.••. 6 · . 6 · .
5 Tenne~see .......•••.•.•.•••..••. 5 .. 5 · .
8 Kentucky •.••......•..••.•..••.• 8 · . 8
I
· .
3 Ohio .••..•..•••..•...••.•••••••• 3 · . 3 · .
._-
I
------ ---1--
176 'Vhole No. of electors ............ 162 14 162 14
IYlajority ..•••..••.•••..••.••• 89
Thomas J efferson, elected President, took the oath of office for a
second term on 4th March, 1805.
George Clinton, elected Vice President, took the oath of office in
Senate Chamber 011 4th March, 1805.
320
Electian lar the Sixth term, cammencing 4th March, 1809, and terminating
;3d March, 1813.
7 N ew Hampshire •
19 Massachusetts •••
4 Rhode Island ••••
9 Connecticut •••••
6 Vermont ..••••.•
19 New york ......
8 Ncw Jersey .••..
20 Penllsylvania •.••
3 Delawarc ....... .
11 Maryland •••••••
24 Virginia .. , ., .•..
14 N orth Carolina •.
10 South Carolina •.
6 Gcorgia .••...•.•
7 Kentucky .......
5 Tennessee ••.••..
3 Ohio ........... .
PRESIDENT.
6
13
8
20
9
24
11
10
6
7
5
3
6
7
19
4
9
3
2
3
13
8
20
9
24
11
10
6
7
5
VICE PRESIDENT.
6
3 3
3
7
19
4
9
3
2
3
---------- ----:------------
175 Whole No. of elec-
tors .......... •· 122 6 47 113 3 3 9 47
:\lajority •••••• 88
James Madison, elected President, took the oath of office, and entered
uron its duties on 4th March, 1809.
George Clinton, elected Vice President, took the oath of office in
Sen¡¡te Chamber 011 4th March, 1809.
321
Ekction for the Seventh term, rommencing 4/ h Jlfarch, 1813, and terminating
3d March, 1817.
PRESIDENT. V. PRESIDENT.
STATES.
----------------- ------ ---.---
8 New IIrunpshire .....• " ........... 8 1 7
22 :!\lassachllsetts ................... 22 2 20
4 Rhode h;land .••••••.••..•••.•••. 4 4
9 Connecticut •••.•••.•••.•••••.••• 9 9
8 Vermont .••.•••.•••.••.••••.•••. 8 8
29 New York ••..•••..••.•••..••••. 29 29
8 New Jer~ey ...................... 8 8
25 Pennsylvania .................... 25 25
4 Delaware " " " .. " " " " " " " " "" " ~ . " " " " " .. 4 4
11 lVI ary land ....................... 6 5 6 5
25 Yin,'lllia ..•...••.•••••.•••.••••.• 25 25
15 NO!:l h Cnr(ljina ....•.••..•.•...•. 15 15
11 i:louth Carolllla ..•.•.....••..••.. 11 11
8 Gcorgia ..•...••..•••..••••.••.•. 8 8
12 Kentncky .... " ........................... 12 12
8 Tennessee ....................... 8 8
7 Ohio .....••.•••.•••.•••.•••.••.. 7 7
3 Louisiana .............. "" ................. 3 3
---------------------- --. --
217 \Vhole No. of electors ........... , 128 89 131 86
l\Iajurity .................... 109
James Madison, elected President for a second termo (There is no
notice on the JOllrnals oí' Congress of his having taken the oath.)
EILridge Gerry, elected Vice President, attended in the Senate 24th
I\by, 1813, and exhibitcd a certificate of his having taken the ooth oI
otIice prescribcd by law, which was read.
31
•
Eleclio,¡ for lite Eightlt term, mmmencing 4th 1'~[an'h, 1817, and termillaling
3d 11Il arch, 1821.
PRESlDENT
STATES.
z
8 New IIampshire • o o 00 o
~~ l\lfls~achllsetts .•....•.
4 Rhóde Island . o o o o o o o o
~) COllllCClicuto o o 00 o o o o. o
8 Vernlont o o o 00 o o '0 o o o o
29 New York o o o 00 o o 00 o o
8 N' ew Jt'rsl'Y o o o 00 o o o o.
~:.~ li DPelllJ1sylvrll;ia o o o 00 o O' o
) e aware o o . O' o o . o o o o.
8
4
8
29 I
8
25
8 8 I :\Inl'ylancl .••• o . o o •.••.
2:-) Virginia •.......•.. o.. 25
13 1
I
l'\orth Carolina •.•. o.. 15
11 ~()ll1h Carolina •••. o.. . 11
8 Georgia .••..••. o••••. 8
12 I !\cntucky .... o .•. o • • .. 12
22
9
3
8 , 1 cnncssee •••••••••• o • 8
8 I Ohio .•..•...•••.. o... 8 o o :~ I Lonisiana .••..••..••• o 3 I • o
8
4
8
29
8
25
8
25
15
11
8
12
8
8
3
3
VICE PRESlDENT.
22
5 4
3
J I Inuiana ..•• o ••.• o . • • . • 3!. o
217 I "\Vhole No. ofElectors. ~ ~ ~--;;;---5-'--4-11,'--3-
l\IajoriLy ..•.•.•• o 109
.T ames Monroe, elected President, took the oath of office, and entered
llpun its dutif>s on 4th March, l8li.
Daniel D. Tompkins, elceted Vice President, took the oath 01' office,
and altended in ::ienate on 4th ~larch, 18li.
323
Eledúm, ¡or thf! Ninlh lenn, comrnencmg 4th Marc11, 1821, al/el tcrmillatil/g
3d .1IIarch, 1825.
PRESIDENT.
STATE8.
VICE PRESIDENT.
o.",¿ I ¿ .
Sti'13~
0>--. ~ UJ t-;I""' I Q ...
. I 3.s; ~Z 100 ~
-'01"8 0 .~ . ~z
¡:; '" ..c: ~¡:; Q4-<
Q:';; I~ o
--1---------- -----_!--------
8 N ew Hampshire •• • • • • 7
15 Massachusetts. • • •. • . • 15
4 Rhode Island .. .... • .. 4
9 Connecticut. • . .• • • . • • • 9
8 Vermont............. 8
29 New york........... 29
8 New Jersey.......... 8
25 Pennsylvania. • . .. • • .. 24
4 Delaware • • • .. • . .. . . .. 4
11 Maryland............. 11
25 Virginia. . . .. .. . . .. .. . 25
15 N orth Carolina....... l:"i
11 South Carolina.. .... .• II
fl Georgia. • • •. . . .. • . •• • 8
12 Kentucky............. 12
8 Tennessee . . . .. . . .. . . . 7
8 Ohio . .• .• •• .. •• .• •• .• 8
3 Louisiana. • . . . . • . • . • . • 3
:3. Indiana............... 3
:3 Mississippi. • . .. . . . . . . 2
3 IIIinois . .. .. .. .. .. . .. • 3
3 Alabama............. 3
9 Maine .......•... ~. ..• 9
3 Missouri. • • .• • • .• • . . . . 3
1 7
7
4
9
8
29
8
24
10
25
15
11
8
12
7
8
3
3
2
3
3
9
3
1
8
--1---------- --- -- ----------
2:1.'1 Whole No. of Electors. 231
Majority ......... 118
1 218 8 1 1 4
J nmes 1\'fonroe, elected President ft)r a second termo (There is no
IHlI ice on the Journals of Congress of Iiis having taken the onth.)
Daniel D. Tompkins. elected Vice President fór a second term.
(J'hr're is no notice OH the Journals 01" CUllgrc,,;::; (jf !JIS haying lakCl1 lito
.x[: h.)
;;...
..o
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~
·0 .
o.Q,)
0." ce ce
ooUJ 5,.¡:::
ng Q,) Q,)
Q
'-o
ci
Z
8
15
4
8
7
36
8
28
3
11
24
15
11
9
14
Election for the Tenth term, commencing 4th lffarch, 1825, and ter7llinating 3d lffarch, 1829
STATES.
New Hampshire .••.••••••••••.••••••..••••••••
1\1assachusetts ••...•••.•...•••..•.•..••••...•.
Rhode Island .•••.••..•••••.•..•••••••••••.••.
Connecticut .••••••..•...••••..•.••••.••• " •..
Vermont •.•••••••.••.•.•..••••..•••.•••••..•.
NewYork •.••.•••••....••..••.•••.•••..••.•.
N e.v Jersey ••••..••..•..•.•.•..••••••••••.••.
Pennsylvania ••••.•••••.•••.••.••••. , •.••.•.•.
Delaware •••••••.••..••.•••.•..•..••..•••.••.
IHarvland ......................... , ••..••..•.
Virginia ..•...••.•.•...•••..•..•••.••..•••.••
N orth Carolina .............................. .
South Carolina .••••.....•..••..••..••.•...••.
Georgia •.•.•....•..•.••.......•........•....
Kentucky ••••••.••••.•.•••••••••••.••••.••.••
'-o
¿.
Si ~ ~!J)
<:.l fIl
ce Q,)
' .... ¡:::: ¡::::
~ Q,) Q,)t-<
....
-o ¡::::
<
PRESIDENT.
'-o
dirñ S:::
c:l f;l
-0;::1 <,.¡:::
<:.l
.ce
O'ffi
c:l
c~
..=:
o
.....
.¿- I ~ .... Q,)
<.8 ~ ~ d ce._
.... bJJ u ....
o ~c3
S,-
ce o
~
'-o
->.
>...:<:
ce <:.l
~;::I U ...
>.
.... ¡::
Q)
::t:
'-o
¿.,¡
;::1 C
o;.:::
,..c0 C3a
uu
.,..c
U~
;::1
¡:: o
,..cU2
o
.....
VICE PRESIDENT.
'-O
"'=' • ;.....u:
<.8 S @~
U2~
Q,) @z
,..c
~
Z
'-O
¿.,¡
o¡::::
u;"::::
ce O
~a
U
Q,),..c
.- ..... ¡:::: ....
ce O
~z
ce
Z
'-O
¡::::- •
O Q,)
UJ C,)
":<:UJ
<.;> UJ
ceQ,)
..... C
C
~~
....
-g
<
'-o
- ~
¡:::: I Q,) ~. ~
C..!d ~t5
r::~
'-o
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a
~
-:>,
~
ce <:.l
~;::I
U-
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...
~
::t:
---1---1---1---' __ -'---'---'---1 __ -
1
8
28
7
15
11
8
15
4
8
7
26
1
3
5
2
1
24
9 i
..1
4
14
7
15
3
7
29
8
28
1
10
15
11
7
7
7
1
8
2
1
24
9
w
~
t+-
w
......
•
11 'rennes¡::ee ............................•...... 1 11
16 Ohio ...................................... ..
5 Louisiuna ...•.••. , .........•.•.•..•. " . • .• • . . 3
5 Indiana ........ ............ ........ .......... 5
3 Mississippi ........•................• ; ..• " . . . 3
3 IIlinoís....................................... 2
5 Alabama..................................... 5
9 1Ylaille .' ..........•.•.........•.•..•....•.•...
3 Missouri .........•.•..•...........•....•••...
2
1
9
16
3
11
5
5
3
3
5
9
16
3
------------------------------1---1---1---1---1-1---1---I---¡---'---
261 Whole No. ofelectors ........................ \ 99
Mojo,;'y •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 131 I 84 41 37 I 182 30 24 13 9 2
John C. Calhoun, having been elected Vice President, took the oath of oflice, and attended in Senate on 4th al'
March, 1825.
N eit her of the persons vated for as President having received a majority of t he votes of the electors, it devolved
on the Honse of Representatives of the United States to choose a President fi'om the three highest on the list of
those voted for by the electors far President, whieh three were, Andrew Jaekson, John·Quincy Adams, and William
H, Crawfard. A memher from eaeh State, making twenty-four, were appointed tellers, who having examined the
hutlots, announced that the votes of thirteen States hud been given ¡ór John Quincy Adams; the votes of soven
Slates for Andrew Jackson, and the votes offour States tor \Villiam H, Crawford. The Speaker then declared that
John Quincy Adams, having received a majority of the votes of al! the States of this U nion, was duly elected Presi·
dent of the United States tor four years, to commence on the 4th of March, 1825.
Joh.n Quincy Adams, thus elected President, took the oath of oflice, and entered upon its duties on the 4th of
March. 1825.
w
~
Cl1
326
Election ¡or the Eleventh lenll, c07llmencing 4/ h J'rlarch, 1829, and terml
nating 3d March, 1833.
PRESIDENT. VICE PRESIDENT.
STATES.
¿-o
;:j C'j
o.S
...c:-
-o 0;1 ,..,
u 0;1
.U
Ü.
r;:..W
...c: '-
o o
>-)
-_._-----------------!----
9 IHaine •••••.••.••...•••.........
8 N ew Hampshire •••••..•....••...
15 lVlassachusetts .................. .
4 Rhode Island •••••••.••.•..••....
8 Connecticut •...•••••...••..•..•.
"7 vermont ....................... .
36 Ne\v york •••.•••...•.......••..
8 New Jersey .................... .
28 Pennsvlvania ................... .
3 Dela\vare .••..••..•....••.••..•..
11 l\laryland •.•....•..•..••..•.....
24 Virginia ..•.......•..••••.•...•.•
15 N orth Carolina .••••••.••...•.••.
11 South Carolina ................. .
9 Gcorgia .....••...•...•.•...••...
14 Kentucky ...................... .
11 Tennessee ...................... .
16 Ohio .••..•••.••..•...••.........
5 Louisialla .••...•.....•.••.......
3 Mississippi ............. '" .... ..
5 Indiana •••....••••.•••••...•....
3 Illinois •••••••..••..••••....•....
5 Alabama .••.•.•...•.•••..••..•..
3 l\lissouri •••.•••••••••.••...•....
1
20
28
5
24
15
11
9
11
11
16
5
3
5
3
5
3
8
8
15
4
8
7
16
8
3
6
1
20
28
5
24
15
11
2
8
8
15
4
8
7
16
8
3
6
14 • ••
11
16
5
3
5
3
5
3
7
--1--------------- -- -- --- ------
261 Whole No. of Electors. • • • .. • . ... 178 83 171 83 7
Majority.. •• • • •• • • . •. •• •• • •• 131
Andrew Jackson, elected President, took the oath' of office, and en·
tered upon its duties the 4th of March, 1829.
John C. Calhoun, elected Vice President, took the oath of office, and
attclldcd in Senate the!tt. of Ma.rch, 1829.
327
Election for the Twelfth term, c07llmencing 41h March, 1833, and term'¡"
nating 3d March, 1837 •
.
.... PRESIDE~T. VICE PRESIDE~T. ¡::
·0 . p..~
p..od ¿- 4-0 4-0 4-0 ¡:::- i.~ oo' 4-0 ... -1'4 <da;¡ O O O =.~ O • O <1i (¡)..!<i rJl <l.l .... en
w <l.l d = .... ,... ~ ..;,::>=:
.... ..c >:>. --O .... .... ...... ---"=1fl "¿.,j <l.l od ~od CIl<d 0<.) 8TATE8. ~ O :-:=> Q,) <l.l C)d <.) 1fl ",,-,,= t:= ¡:Q~ CJl> <l.l u;¡ 52:; CIl <l.l >. ....
... - ~>, Q,)<l.l ~¡::: -<.) 0= .... <d <l.l>' ,...::¡~ ->.
'Q.i>. ~§ u~ ~'En ~>, ¡::: ~ w.¡g 1fl ..c -m ..... 55 <.) ~>=:
..... ...0 - >.=
.... d <l.l ¡::: >.;h ~~ ¡::> ro >z "" - m>=: O", .... Q,) s:;:S ¡::: <l.l .... <l.l .... 1fl 0Q,) ó<l.l "''- :::~ ..c .4-0 ..cP-. ::;::P-. ::: d ¡:¡¡::¡.. = o <l.l ~~ 2; < ::r:: O ~ :;so 0'- ~'o <'o ~ ~o ......
-- --
-- -- ------ ----
lO lHaine •••••.••• 10 · . · . · . 10 · . · . · . · .
7 N. Hampshire •. 7 · . · . · . 7 · . · . · . · .
14 Massaclmsetts · . 14 · . · . · . 14 · . · . · . 4 Rhode Island •• .. 4 ..
· . · .
4
· . · . · .
8 Connecticut .••• · . 8 .. · . · . 8 · . · . · .
7 Vermont ..... . · . · . · . 7 .. · . · . · . 7 42 Ne\V york •••• 42 · . · . · . 42 · . · . · . · . 8 N~w Jersey ••• 8 · . · . · . 8 · . · . · . · . 30 Pennsylvania •• 30 · . · . · . .. · . 30 · . · . 3 Delaware •..••. · . 3 · . · . · . 3 · . · . · .
10 MaryIand .•.•.• 3 5 ..
· .
3 5
· . · . · .
. 23 Virginia .•...•. 23 · . · . · . 23 .. .. · . · . 15 N onh Carolina 15 .. · . .. 15 .. · . .. · .
11 South Carolina. · . .. 11 · . · . .. · . 11 · . 11 Georgia ....... 11 · . · . · . 11 · . · . · . · . 15 Kentucky .•...• · . 15 · . · . · . 15 .. · . · . 15 Tennessce ..... 1.') · . · . · . 15 .. · . · . · . 21 Ohio .....••... 21 · . · . · . 21 · . · . · . · . 5 Lonisiana .••... ;)
· . · . · .
5
· . · . · .
· 4 :\Iississippi ..... .J · . · . · . 4 · . · . .. · . 9 Indiana ........ 9 · . · . · . 9 · . · . · . · . 5 Illinois ........ 5
· . · . · .
5
· . · . · . · . 7 I Alabama .•.••. 7 · . · . · . 7 · . · . .. · .
4 Missouri .•.••.• 4 ..
· .
.. 4
· . · . · . · .
----------------
288 No. of e!ectors. 219 49 11 7 189 49 30 11 7
Majority •. H5
Andrew Jackson. elected President, took the oath of office, and con-
tinued the duties 4th March, 1833.
Martin Van B uren, eleeted Vice President, took the oath of offies
and e¡'¡tered upon its duties 4th March, 1833.
328
Electioll lor the Thírteenth term, rommencing 4th .lf:Iarch, 1831, and termi,.
nating 3d March, 1841.
10
1
H
4
8
7
42
8
30
3
10
23
15
11
11
]5
15
21
5
4
9
5
7
4
3
3
PRESIDENT. VICE PRESIDE~T.
STATES.
-------1--- ---- --- ----------
l\Iaine ..•••.•••
N. Hampshire ..
MasSlachusetts •
Rhode Island •.
Connecticut ••••
Vermont ••.•••
New york .•..
New Jersev ...
Pennsylvariia ••
Delaware ••.•.•
Maryland .•••.•
Virginia ...•...
N orth Carolina
South Carolina.
Georgia ...... .
Kentucky .•..•.
Tennessee ...•.
Ohio .• o •••••••
Louisiana ..••..
Mississippi ....•
Indiana .•.•.•. o
Illinois ....... .
Alabama ••.•••
I\Iissouri .•...•.
Arkansas ••••••
Michigan •.••..
10
7
4
8
42
30
23
15
5
4
5
7
4
3
3
1
8
3
10
15
21
9
11
15
14
11
10
1
4
8
42
30
15
5
4
5
7
4
3
3
14
7
8
3
15
21
9
10
11
11
15
23
--1-------1---------1---- ------
294 No. of electors. 170
Majority .• 148
73 26 14 I 11 147* 77 47 23
I I ---~---------~-~--~--~--~--~-----~--~--
Ma:-tin Van Buren, elected President, took the oath of oflice, and
entered upon its duties 4th March, 1837.
Richard M. Johnson, elected Vice President, took the oath of office
and attended in Senate 4th March, 1837. * Elected by the Senate.
329
Election (or the Fourteenth lerm, commencing 4lh JJfarch, 1841, and termi-
nuting 3d Narch, 18,15.
PRESIDE~T. VICE PRESIDE!iT.
STATES.
--1------------1--- --- --- --- --- ---
10 1\IaÍIle ...••...••.•••........
7 New Hampshire ........... .
14 iHassachusetts ............. .
4 Rhode Island ............. ..
8 Connecticut ............... .
7 Vennont ••.••.•.•••.•••••••
42 N ew york .............. ; •.
8 NewJersey ••••.•••.•••.••.
30 I Pennsylvania .•..•••.•••.•••
3 Deluware ...••••••••••• • ••• •
10 !\Iarylalld ................. .
23 Vir"inia ................... .
15 No;th Carolina ........... ..
11 South Carolina •.••••••••••.
11
15
15
21
5
4
9
5
Georgia ..••.••..••.••.•...•
Kentucky ................. .
Tennessee .•••..•••••••.••.
Ohio ..••••••••.••••..••.••.
Louisiana ..••.•.••..•••.•..
i\Iissi~8ippi ................ .
Indiana •.•.••.. , ••.••••••..
Illinois ..••.•......•.•••....
7 Alubunla .•.•••..•••.••. · .• •
3 Arkansas ••••...•••.••• · •• ·
3 Michigan .................. .
10
14
4
8
7
42
8
30
3
10
15
11
15
15
21
5
4
9
3
7
23
11
5
7
4
3
10
14
4
8
7
42
8
30
3
10
15
11
15
15
21
5
4
9
3
7
22
5
7
4
3
1
11
41 1\li"souri .•••.•..•••.•••.••.
------------
294 Whole No. of electors .•.•••• 234 60 234 48 11 1
;\fajority ............... H8
'ViI1iam H. Harrison, eIected President, took the oath of office, an~
entered upon ilS duties on 4íh March, 1841.
John Tyler, elected Vice President, took the oath of oflice, und enter-
cd upon Íls dllties 011 4th March, HHl.
y
330
TUESDAV, April6, 1841.
1mmediate .. • after the decease of the President, Mr. Vvebster, jr.,
Chief Clerk in tne Deparlment of State, accompanied by Mr. Bean, an
oltlcer of the Senate, set out far the residence of the Vice President, in
Virginia, bearing to him the following letter :
To J OHN TVLER,
WASHINGTON, April4, 1841.
Vice President of the United Statel!.
SIR: 1t has become our most painful duty to inform you that William
Henry Harrison, late President of the United States, has departed this
life.
This distressing event took place this day, at the President's Mansion
in this city, at thirty minutes before one in the morning.
We lose no time in despatching the Chief Clerk in the State Departo
ment, as a special messenger, to bear you these melancholy tidings.
\Ve have the honor to be, with the highest regard, your obedient
súrvants,
DANIEL WEBSTER,
Secretary of State.
THOMAS EW1NG,
Secretary of the Treasury.
JOHN BELL,
Secretary of TVar.
JOHN J. CR1TTENDEN,
Attorney General.
FRANC1S GRANGER,
Postmaster General.
331
ClTY OF \VASIIIXGTON, D. C.
lVednesday April 7, H141.
By the extraordinary despatch used in sending the oflicial intelligencf
to the Vice President, at \Vil!iamsburg, and similar despatch by him in
repairing to the seat of Government, John Tyler, now President of the
United States, arrived in this city yesterday morning, at 5 o' clock, alld
took lodgings at I3rown's Hotet
At 120'clock, all the Heads of Departments, except the Secretary of
the N avy, (\\'110 has not yet returned to tbe city ¡rom his visit lo his
family,) waited upon him, to pay him their oflicial and personal respeCls
They were received with al! the politeness and kindness which charac
terize the new President. He signitied his deep feeling of the public
calamity sustained by the death of President Harrison, and expressed
his profound sensibility to the heavy responsibilities so suddenly de-
volved upon himself. He spoke of the present state of things with
great concern and seriousness, and made known his wishes that the
several Heads of Departments would continue lo fill the places which
they now respectively occupy, and his confidence that they would afford
HU (he aid in their power to enable him to carry on the administration
of the Government suceessfully.
The President tilen took and subscribed the following oath of oflice :
1 do soIemnly swear, that 1 will faithfully execute the office of Presi-
dent of the U nited States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve,
protect, and dcfi:md the Constitution of the U nited States.
JOHN TYLER.
AFRIL 6, 1841.
DISTRICT OF COLU,\TBTA,
City and County 01 Washington, ss.
l, William Cranch, Chief J udge of the Circuit Court of the District
of Columbia, certify, that the above-named J ohn Tyler personally ap-
peared before me this day, and, although he deems himself qualified to
perform the duties, and exercise the powers and office of President on
the death of vVilliam Henry H¡\rrison, late President of the United
States, without any other oath than that which he has taken as Vice
President, yet, as doubts may arise, and for grcater caution, took ami
subscribed the foregoing oath before me.
W. CRANCH
APRIL 6, 1841.
332
Electton for the Fifteenth term, commencing 4th March, 1845, and termi..
nating 3d March, 1849.
PRESlDENT. I v. PRESlDE~n.
STATES.
'-o
~>.
ro""" ü~
.....
>::
>,<:l
~~
Q)
::c:
- -------------_.- ---- -------
9
6
12
4
6
6
36
7
26
3
8
17
11
9
10
12
13
23
6
6
12
9
9
7
3
5
Maine .•••••••••.•••••••.•.•...•
N ew Hampshire .••••.••.•••••••.
lVlassachusetts .................. .
Rhode Island and P. P lantations ••
Connecticut ••••.•••.••.•..••.•••
Vermont ..•..••..••..••..•.••••.
New york .•.•...••.•...•...•••.
New Jersey ..••.••...........•..
Penn;;yl\'Rnia ................... .
Delaware ...................... .
::\Iaryland ..•...........•........
Virginia ......••....•...•...•....
N orl11 Carolina ................. .
b.'llth Carolina ................. .
Georgia ..•.•••...•••.•.•..••.•.•
!\entucky .•.•.•.•.••..•..........
1 enncssee ....•. · .•. •·····.······
Ohio .•••..•..••..••..••..•...•..
Louisiana ..••.•.•.•.••.•..•.....
l\lississippi .•......•.............
Indiana ..•.................•. " .
Illinois ..•.••.•..•.••...•...•...•
Alabarna .•.•......•.••........•.
l\Iissouri .••..•......•........•..
~-\rkansas ....................... .
Michigan .••...•..••..•••......••
9
6
36
26
17
9
10
6
6
12
9
9
7
3
5
12
4
6
6
7
3
8
11
12
13
23
9
6
36
26
17
9
10
6
G
12
9
9
7
3
5
12
4
6
6
7
3
8
11
12
13
23
.-- --------------1·-------
275 Whole No. of electors. • • •. • • .. • •. 170 105 170 105
I
Majority .................... 138
James K. Polk, elected President, took the oalh of office, and entered
upon its dalies on 4th iVIarch, 184.'i.
(;.p.orge Miffiin Dallas, elected Vice President, attended in Senare, and
took t he ~al h of Offii:C 011 4 t h ;\Iarch, 18.·15.
333
Election lor the Sixteenth Term, commencing 4th March, 1849, and termi-
nating 3d .Jfarch, 1853.
oi , ...,
,:,.::l
cOro
~..cl
o :.>
~ C'3
IJ.) Q)
Q~
'C'"d
¿~ Z"[ I
PRESIDENT. V. PRESIDENT.
STATES.
----------------------------- ---------------
9 ~laine .............................. .
6 N ew IIampshire ................ ..
12 Massachusetts ................... .
4 Rhode Island .................... ..
6 Connecticut ...................... ..
6 Vermont .................... ~ ...... .
36 New york .......................... .
7 New Jersey ....................... .
26 Pennsylvania ..................... .
3 Delaware .......................... ..
8 M.ar;yl~nd ......................... ..
17 Vlrglllllt ............................ .
11 N orth Carolina ................... .
9 South Carolina .................. ..
10 I Georgia ........................... ..
12 Kentucky ......................... ..
13 'l'ennessee .......................... .
23 Ohio ................................. .
6 Louisiana .......................... .
6 ~1ississippi ....................... ..
12 Indiana ............................. .
9 Illinois ............................. ..
9 Alabama ........................... .
7 ~Iissouri ........................... .
3 Arkansas .......................... ..
5 ~Iichigan ......................... ..
3 Florida ............................. .
12
4
6
6
36
7
26
3
8
11
10
12
13
6
3
9
6
17
9
23
6
12
9
9
7
3
5
4 Texas ................................ •.. 4
12
4
6
6
36
7
26
3
8
11
10
12
13
6
3
4 I Iowa ........................ ......... ... 4
__ 4_1_'_V_is_c_o_n_Sl_' n_._ .. _. _._ .._ .. _._,,_,,_._,,_,,_. _,,_. '_" _._ .. ___ 4 ___ ._ •• _
290 i Whole number of electors...... 163 127 163
9
6
17
9
23
6
12
9
9
7
3
5
4
4
4
1:l7
Zachary Taylor, elected President, took the oath of oflice, and
entered upon its uuties, 4th 1\1a1'ch, 1849.
Millaru Fillmore, elected Vice President, took the oath of oflice,
and entered upon its duties, 4th :\larc11, 18.49.
~2
33-1
Zachary Taylor, Prc~ident of the United States, lmving deceased on
Tucsday the 9th J uly, 1850; and Congress being then in ses~ion:-
IN SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES.
WEIlNESDAY, Jlllyl0, 1850.
The following communication, received by the Secretary of the Senate,
was read:
To the Senate of the United Statcs:-
In consequence of the lamented dcath of Zachary 'l'aylor, late President
of the United States, I sha11 no 10nger oecupy the ehair of the Senate; and
I have thought that a formnJ eommunication to the Scnatc, to that effect,
through your Secretar)', tnight enablc you the more proIllptly to proceed to
the choice of a presiding officcr. l\fILLAIW FILLlIORE.
WASHINGTON, Jul:¡ 10, 1850.
The following message was received from the Presidcnt of the Unitcd
States, by Mr. Fisher:-
Fellow-eitizens of the Senatc and House of Representatives:-
I have to perform the melancholy duty of announeing to you that it has
pleased Almighty God to remove from this life Zachary Taylor, late Presi.
dent of the United States. Hc deceased last evening, at the hour of hulf
past ten o'clock, in the midst of his family and surroundcd hy affcctionnte
friends, calmly and in tlle full possession of an his faculties. Among his
last words were these, which he uttered with emphatic ai~tinctness: "1
have always done my duty-I am reaay to die-my only rcgret is for the
friends I leave behind me."
Having announeed to you, fellow-citizens, this most affiicting bereave-
ment, and assuring you that it has penetrated no heart with deeper grief
than mine, it remains for me to say, that 1 propose this day, at 12 o'clock,
in the Hall of the House of Representa,tives, in the presence of both IIouses
of Congress, to take the oath prescribed by the Constitution, to enable me
to entcr on the execution of the office which this event has dcyolved on me.
WASHINGTON, Jul:¡ 10, 1850. MILLARD :FILL~IORE.
A similar message having been communieated to the House of Repre-
sentatives and the necessary arrangements made between the two Houses:-
At 12 o'clock meridian-
The President of the United States, the Heads of Departments, the
Chief JUllge of the Cireuit Court of the Distriet of Columbia, and the Sonate
ofthe United States, having entered the Hall ofthe House ofRepresentatives-
The oath of office was administered to the President by the IIononrahle
William Craneh, Chief Jmlge of the Circuit Court of the Unitcd Stateó fur
the Di~trid uf Columbia.
336
Synoptical table of terms of office, and length of service, in the Sena te,
and of the Presidenta pro
1
1
1
Speoial
2
2
Special
3
3
Special
4
4.
Special
ti
ti
Special
5
6
6
.~
00
00
" rn
1
2
3
Ses. Sen.
1
2
Ses. Sen.
1
2
Ses. Sen.
1
2
Ses. Sen.
1
2
Ses. Sen.
3
1
2
oc •
.... >:1
.§ .~
''0 Ji NameR of Vice Presi-
... dents uf thtl United
~ 'f: States.
S ~
';.a
4 lIIar. 1789 29 Sept. 1789 210 John Adams •
4 Jan. 1790
6 Deo. 1790
4 Mar. 1791
2i Oct. 1791
5 Nov. 1792
4 Mar. 1793
2 Dec. 1793
3 Nov. 1794
· ·
· . 8 June 1795
7 Dec. 1795
· ·
ti Dec. 1796
· ·
4 Mar. 1797
15 May 1797
· 13 Nov. 1797
· ·
· . 17 July 1798
3 Dec. 1798
·
2 Dec. 1799
17 Nov. 1800
·
· ·
· . 12 Aug. 1790
3 "lar. 1791
4 Mar. 1791
8 May 1792
I John Adama.
:!21 I J ohn Adams
88 i John Adams •
1 John Adams
198 John Adams •
2 IIIar. 1793 118
John Adama
4 Mar. 1793 1 · . .
· 9 June 179! 190 John Adams •
·
· .
· 3 Mar. 1795 121
·
·
John Adams
·
· .
· 26 June 1795 19 John Adams
· 1 June 1796 178
· ·
·
John Adams
·
· .
· · 3 Mar. 1797 89 John Adams
·
· · · · · · ·
4 Mar. 1797 1 Thomas J efferson
10 July 1797 57 Thomas J elIerson •
· .
·
. .
· 16 July 1798 246
·
Thomas J elIerson
· .
· · 19 July 1798 3
·
. .
· 3 Mar. 1799 91 · . .
Thomas JelIerson
· · 14I1Iay 1800 165
· ·
Thomas Jcfferson •
· 3Mar. 1801 107 · . .
· ·
Thomas J efferson
· · · · · · ·
·
·
·
·
·
I
I
I
I
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
;,3
34
35
3G
37
38
39
40
337
al the Vice Prcsidents o/ lhe United Statcs and Presidents of the Sena te,
tcmporc uf the Senate, viz:
a
4
(¡
G
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
H
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
2-!
25
26
27
28
2g
30
31
32
!i;~
~)1
311
87
f
I
I
I
I
I
TERMS OF OFFICE.
Commenced. Expirud.
4 Mar. li89 3 Mar. 1793
·
· ·
·
· ·
·
· ·
·
· ·
· ·
·
.'
·
4 l\Iar. li93 3 Mar. 1797
·
· · ·
·
· · ·
· ·
· ·
· · ·
· · ·
· · ·
· · ·
4 Mar. 1797 3 Mar. 180!
· ·
·
· · · ·
· · ·
· · ·
· · ·
· ·
· · ·
· ·
· ·
· · · ·
· ·
·
·
· · ·
NameR of Presidents BERVIOE IX SEXATE U. B.
pro tempore of tho
Scnate.
Attended. Retired.
John Langdon
·
6 April1789 !l1 April1789
. . . 21 April 1789 6 Aug. 1789
J ohn Langdon 7 Aug. 1789 19 Aug. 1789
· ·
20 Aug. 1789 29 Sept. 1789
4 Jan. 1790 12 Aug. 1790
·
6 Dec. 1790 3 Mar. 1791
4 :llar. 1791 4 Mar. 1791
· . . 24 Oct. 1791 17 April 1792
Richard ITenry Lee 18 April1792 8 May 1792
John Langdon 5 Nov. 1792 4 Dec. 1792
· . . ó Dec. 1792 28 ]<'eb. 1793
~ohn Langdon
·
1 llar. 1793 3 Mar. 1793
John IJangdon • 4 Mar. 1793 4 Mar. 1793
2 Dec. 1793 30 May 1794
Ralph Izard 31 May li\l4 9 Juno 1794
Halph Izard
·
3 Nov. 1794 9 Nov. 1794
· . . 10 Nov. 1791 19 ]l'cb. 1795
Henry Tazewell 20 Feb. 17\15 3 Mar. 1795
8 June 1795 26 June 1795
H¡>nry Tazewell 7 Dec. 1795 8 Dec. 1795
.. .. .. . 9 Dec. 1795 5 May 1796
Samuel Livermore. 6 May 1796 1 June 1796
· .. 5 Dec. 1796 15 ]l'eb. 1i97
William Bingham . 16 Feb. 1797 3 Mar. 1797
.
· · ·
4 Mar. 1797 4 Mar. 1797
. . .
·
15 May 1797 5 July 1797
William Bradford • 6 July 1797 10 July 1797
Jacob Read 22 Nov. 1797 12 Dec. 1797
.. .. .. .. 13 Dec. 1797 26 June 1798
Theodore Sedgwick
·
27 June 1798 16 July 1798
Theodore 8edgwick 17 July 1798 17 .1uIy 179S
John Lawrence.
·
6 Dec. -1798 26 Dec. 1798
· ·
27 Dec. 1798 28 Feb. 1799
James Ross 1 Mar. 1799 3 Mar. 17\19
Samuel Livermore. 2 Dec. 1799 29 Dec. li99
· . . .
·
30 Dec. 1799 13 May 1800
Uriah Tracy .
·
14 May 1800 14 May ]800
John Eager Howard. 21 Nov. 1800 27 Nov. 1800
28 Nov. 1800 28 }'eb. 1801
James Hillhouse
·
28 Feb. 1801 3 Mar. 1801
n .. 3 ...
338
,
....
= al
S = = O .: e> .~ '';; o
.; '" ..
'"
=
.: , ~ "w
Q) e> e> .: al
... o Srn .- QJ ~ .¡;; Srn ¡:: III S'" ...... o e> o o ~ o O Ul O
-
Special Ses. Sen. I 4 Mar. 1801 5 Mar. 1801
7 1 7 Dec. 1801 3 May 1802
· ·
· · · 7 2 6 Dec. 1802 31\lar. 1803
· ·
· ·
· · ·
· 8 1 17 Oct. Ül03 27 Mar. 1801
· · · ·
· · ·
· · · 8 2 5 Nov. 1804 3 Mar. 1805
· · · ·
· · · ·
· · ·
· · ·
· · ·
11 1 2 Dec. 1805 21 April 1806
· · ·
· 11 2 1 Dec. 1806 3 Mar. 1807
10 1 26 Oct. 1807 25 April 1808
10 2 7 Nov. 1808 3 Mar. 1809
· ·
· · · ·
· · ·
Speclal Ses. Sen. 4 Mar. 1809 7 Mar. 1809
11 1 22May 1809 28 June 1809
11 2 27 Nov. 1809 1 May 1810
· ·
· ·
· · · ·
· · )1 3 3 Dec. 1810 3 Mar. 1811
'" . ;;.-.':
ro .S
"" m
'- ~ ~~
..,~
.o <.)
::: '" :; ..,
;;.-; .::
2
H8
88
163
·
119
141
· 93
183
117
·
4
38
156
·
91
SYNOPTICAL
Names of Vice Presi·
dents of the United
Statcs.
Aaron Burr •
· ·
· · · Aaron Burr.
· ·
.
· ·
· · · Aaron Burr
· ·
Aaron Burr
· ·
·
.
· ·
· · Aaron Burr.
· ·
· · ·
· · · Aaron Burr.
·
· · Aaron Burr.
·
· · Aaron Burr.
· ·
· · · ·
· · · George Clinton
·
· George Clinton
"
· · George Clinton
·
· George Clinton
·
· · · George Clinton
·
.
· ·
· · · · George Clinton
· ·
·
George Clinton
·
George Clinton
·
· · ·
· · · ·
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
J5
16
17
)8
)\1
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
311
T ABLE-Continued.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1,
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
2~ ,
8 2
2
3
9
O
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
:l
.1
;
t
-
b
!J
TERMS OF OFFlCE.
Cornrnenced. Expired.
4 Mar. 1801 3 Mar. 1805
·
· · · ·
· · ·
· · ·
· · · ·
· · ·
· · ·
· · ·
· · ·
· · · ·
· · ·
· · · ·
· · · ·
· · · ·
· · · ·
· ·
· · ·
· · ·
· 4 Mar. 1805 3 Mar. 1809
·
· · · ·
· · · ·
· · · ·
· · · ·
· · · ·
· · · ·
· · · ·
· · · ·
· 4 Mar. 1809 3 Mar. 1813
· · ·
· · · ·
· ·
· · · ·
·
· · ·
· · · ·
339
Narnes of Preelrlents
pro telllpore oC lhe
Senate.
Abraharn Baldwin
Ahraharn Baldwin
Stel'hcn R. BradJey
.
Slel'hen R. Bradley
Stephcn R. Bradley
John Browo
· John Brown
· Jesse Fraoklin
·
. .
· · Josepb Anderson
·
.
· Joseph Andersoo
·
Josepb Aoder8on
·
Sarnuel Srnith
· ·
.
· Sarnuel Srnith
· ·
. .
· Sarnuel Srnith
· ·
· Sarnuel Srnith
· ·
Stepben R. Bradley
·
· John MilJedge
· ·
Jobn Milledge.
·
· Aodrew Gregg
· Andrew Gregg
·
.Tobo GailJard
·
. .
· Jobo Gaillard
· Joho Gaillard •
·
SERVICE IN SENATE U.s.
Attended. I
4 Mar. 1801
7 Dec. 1801
15 Jan. 180\!
17 April 1802
14 Dec. 1802
19.Jan. 1130:1
25 Fell. ISO:1
26 Feb. 1803
2 Mar. 1803
17 Oct. 180:3
7 Vec. 1803
23 Jan. 1604
10 Mar. lS04
S Nov. 1804
15 Jan. 1S0S
2S Feb. 1805
2 Mar. 1805
2Mar. 1805
2 Dec. 1805
16 Dec. 1805
18 Mar. 1606
1 Vec. 1806
2 Mar. 16m
26 Oet. ISm
16 April 1808
7 Nov. 1 SOS
28 Dec. lS0S
30 Jan. 1809
4 Mar. 1809
22 May lS09
26 June lS09
27 Nov. 1809
19 Dec. lS09
28 Feb. 1810
17 April 1810
3 Vec. 1810
Hetired.
5 Mar. 1801
14.Jan. 1802
16 Aprll 1802
3 May (bD2
18 Jan. 18u ..
2·1 Fd,. 1803
\!5 Fell. 1803
1 Mar. 1803
3 :\lar. 1803
6 Dec. ltl03
22 Jan. 1804
9 l\Iar. lb04
27 Mar.
14 Jan.
27 Feb.
2 Mar.
"
3 Mar.
15 Dec.
17 Mar.
21 April
2 Mar.
3 "
16 April
25
"
27 Dec.
30Jan.
3 Mar.
7 CI
~5 Jllne
28 ..
lS Dec.
27 Feb.
16 Apnl
1 May
11 Dec.
1804
1805
lS05
1805
1805
180
180
180
5
6
6
7 ISO
ISO 8
18 08
180 9
9 180
180 9
809
O
1
181
181
181
181
o
O
340
...
.::
<l)
s = .:: ~ .s O .:
,.; u ., 'z o
m
=
o::: '"
o:l .-
- ., ~ '" .. - ., <:> Em • - Col en '(ji E rn
8 '" E'- '" ... '" O O ~ O Ul O
-
· ·
· ·
.
12 1 4 Nov. 1811 6 July 1812
I
12 2 2 Nov. 1812 3 Mar. 1813
13 1 24 May 1813 2Aug. 1813
13 2 6uee. 1813 18 April 1814
·
13 3 19 Sept. 1814 3 Mar. 1815
14 1 4 Dec. 1815 30 April 1816
1-1 2 2 Dee. 1816 3 ])htr. 1817
Sper.ial Ses. Sen. 4 Mar. 1817 6 :'traro 11317
15 1 1 Dee. 18li 20 April Itl:S
15 2 16 Nov. 1818 3 Mar. 1819
16 1 6 Dec. 1819 15 May 1820
16 2 13 Nov. 1820 3 Mar. ¡821
17 1 3 Dec. 1821 8 May 1822
· ·
· 17 2 2 Dec. 1822 3 Mar. 1823
18 1 1 Dec. 1823 27 May 1824
· ·
,
· 18 2 6 Dec. 1824 3 Mar. 1825
Hpccial I Ses. Sen. 4 Mar. 1825 9
"
· ·
.
m ..:
;..-
~ .s
'tl '"
'-
rtJ
o '"
... rn
Q.i,::
.o '"' ::: ~
;; Q.l
~ .::
--
.
2·15
122
71
13·1
166
J.l9
!ll
3
111
108
102
111
157
92
179
.
88
5
SYNOPTICAL
Names of Vice Presl·
dents of lhe Unitcd
States .
George Clinton
·
· · George Clinton
· ·
· · ·
· ·
Elbrltlge Gerry
·
· Elhridge Gerry
· ·
·
· ·
·
·
·
· Daniel D. Tornpklns
Daniel D. Tornpkins
·
Daniel D. Tornpkins
· ·
· · Daniel D. Tompkins
· · ·
· ·
.
· Daniel D. Tompkins
.
· ·
· Daniel D. TOlllpkins
· ·
· · ·
John C. Calhoun
·
· · ·
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
T ABLE-Continued.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
IS
1\l
20
21
22
23
24
I
3
25
26
27
28
29
30
3
32
3
34
35
36
TERMS OF OFFlCE.
Cornmenced. Expired.
· · · ·
· · Died April, ISI2.
·
o
o o
·
4 Mar. IS13 3 Mar. 1817
o
Died Nov. 1814.
o o
o o o
o
· · ·
·
o o
o
· · ·
· ·
4 Mar. 1817 3 Mar. 1821
o
· ·
· · ·
o o
·
· · ·
· · ·
·
·
· · ·
o
4 Mar. 1821 3 Mar. 1825
·
o
·
· · ·
· ·
·
o o
· · ·
·
o
·
o
·
o
· ·
o
4 Mar. IS25 3 Mar. IS29
341
Namos of Presidents
pro telllpore of tl.e
Senate.
. . .
·
.
John Pope .
.
Williarn H. Crawford
Willialll H. Crawford
Joseph B. Varnurn
o
.Tohn G~iIlard
·
o
John Gaillard •
· John Gaillard
·
o
John Gaillard o .
."
John Gaillard
·
o
John Gaillard .
· John Gaillard o
·
.Tohn Gaillard
John Gaillard • o
· James Barbollr
· Janles Barbour
o
John Gaillard
John Gaillard •
·
John GailIard
·
o
· John Gaillard
·
.
John Gaillard •
· John Gaillard o
John Gaillard o
· Johu Gaillard o
Johll Gaillard .
· John Gaillard •
I !lERVICE IN SE~ATE U. s.
Attended.
12 Dec. ISIO
23 Feb. ISII
4 Nov. 1811
24 Mar. IS12
2 Nov. 1812
24 May IS13
6 Dec. 1813
4 Feb. 1814
18 April 1814
198ept. 1814
*24 N ov. 1814
4 Dec. 1815
2 Dec IS16
4 Mar. IS17
1 Dec. 1817
19 Feb. 1818
31 Mar . 1818
16 Nov. IS18
6 Jan. 1819
15 Feb. 1819
6 Dec. 1819
27 Dec. 1819
25 Jan. 1820
13 Nov. 1820
3 Dec. 1821
28
"
1 Feb. 1822
2 Dec. 1822
3
" 19 Feb. 1823
1 Dec. 1823
21 Jan. 1824
21 May 1824
6 Dec. 1824
4 Mar. 1825
9
"
Retired.
22 Feb.
3 Mar.
23 Mar.
6 July
3 Mar.
2 Aug.
3 Feb.
17 April
18 ,.
24 Nov.
2 Mar.
30 April
3 Mar.
6 ,.
18 Feb.
30 Mar.
20 April
5 Jan.
14 Feb.
3 Mar.
26 Dec.
24 Jan.
15 May
3 Mar.
27 Dec.
31 Jan.
8 May
2 Dec.
18 Feb.
3 Mar.
20 Jan.
20 May
27
" 3 Mar.
9
" 9 ,
.
ISIl
18Il
IS12
IS12
1813
1813
1814
1814
IS14
1815
1815
1817
181 8
UH8
1818
l'3I 9
IS19
181
181
182
182
9
9
O
O
1 182
IS2 1
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
182
182
182
182
182
182
182
18
* Rc-alectlon considered ncccssary on death of Vice Presidcnt.
342
SYNOPTICAL
,
.. ~ .: I
'"
~. ::
:: ¿ :: ~.~ I
- o o :: 00 NameH of Vice Pregi·
,,; '" .- 0;:: o e "
'" en '" .- .. 'fl dellts of the United rn ¿ ¡::; 00 ;: ~
'" '" '"
:l:~ ..
.2 S 'fl o:: l.J .: :: States. etl ID <:: 'fl :: al S""' ~~ - ;:; 8 '" e o E-< o :2 Ul ü .-
--
19 1 5 Dec. 1825 22 :\Iay 1826 169 .Jollll C. Calhoun.
·
1
· · ·
2
19 2 4 Dec. 1826 3 Mar. ]827 90 .John C. Calhoun. 3
· ·
. 4
'.
·
. John C. Calhoun. 5
· · ·
6
20 1 3 Dec. 1827 26 :\Iay 1828 176 John C. CaJhoun .
·
7
· · ·
8
20 2 1 Dec. ]828 3 Mar. 1829 93
·
9
· · ·
John C. Calhoun
·
10
Special Ses. Sen. 4 Mar. ]829 ]7
"
14 John C. Calboun. 11
J.
·
.
·
12
21 1 7 Dec. 1829 31 May ]830 176
· ·
13
·
John C. Calhoun
·
14
· ·
.
·
15
21 2 6 Dec. 1830 3 Mar. 1831 83
·
16
· ·
John C. Calhoun. 17
· · ·
18
22 1 5 Dec. 1831 16 July 1832 225 19
· ·
¡. Jobn C. Calboun 20
· · ·
21
22 2 3 Dec. ]832 2 Mar. ]833 90
· ·
22
23 1 2 Dec. 1833 30 June ]834 211 23
·
Martin Van Buren • 21
25
23 2 1 Dec. 1834 3 Mar. 1835 93 Martin Van Buren • 26
27
24 1 ¡ Dec. 1835 4 July 1836 211 Martin Van Buren . 28
29
21 2 5 Dec. 1836 3 :\lar. 1837 89 Martín Van Buren • 30
· ·
.
· ·
31
Speríal Ses. Sen. 4 Mar. 1837 10
"
7 Richard 1\1. Johnson 32
Richard M . .Johllson 33
25 1 4 Sept. 1837 160ct. 1837 44 Richard M. Johllson 34
·
35
25 2 4 Dec. 1837 9 July 1838 218 Richard M. Johnson 36
I
.
· ·
.
·
37
25 3 3 Dec. 1838 3 Mar. 1839 91
·
.
·
38
TABLE-Continued.
1
2
3
4
5
6
i
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
J
i
I
1
2
3
4
5
i
I
3
3
3
a
al
3-
'" 3v I
TERl\lS OF OFF ICE.
Commenced. Expired.
· · ·
· ·
· · ·
·
·
·
.
·
1 Mar. 1829 3 Mar. 1833
·
· · ·
Resigned 28 Dec.1832.
· ·
4 Mar. 1833 3 Mar. 1837
.
·
·
·
·
4 !\lar. 183í 3 Mar. 1841
·
· ·
·
· ·
.
·
· ·
343
Names of Presirlents
. pro tempore of the
Senate.
NathanielMacon
· Nathaniel Macon
NathanielMacon
· Samuel Srllith
Samuel Smith
. . .
· Sam¡,¡el Smith
· Samuel 8111ith
·
Samuel Srnith
· SanlUel Srnith
Sarnuel Smith
· Sallluel Smith
Littleton W. Tazp.well
I1ugh Lawsoll White .
IJugh Lawson White .
George Poindexter
· John Tyler .
William R. King
· vVilliarn R. King
· WilJiam R. King
WiIliam R. Killg
· Williarn R. Klng
William H. King
SERVICE IN SENATE U. S.
Attended.
5 Dec. 1825
20 May 1826
4 Dec. 1826
2 Jan. 1827
14 Feb. 1827
2 Mar. 1827
3 Dec. 1827
15 May 1828
1 Dec. 1828
22
"
4 Mar. 1829
13
"
7 Dec. 1829
14
"
29 May 1830
6 Dec. 1830
3 Jan. 1831
1 Mar. 1831
5 Dec. 1831
12 .,
9 July 1832
3 Dec. 1832
2 Dec. 1833
16 "
'l8 June 1831
1 Dec. 18:l4
3 Mar. 1835
7 Dec. 11335
1 July 1836
5 Dec. 1836
28 Jan. 1837
4 Mar. 1837
7
"
4 Sel¡t. 1837
13
"
4 Dec. 1837
2 Jnly 1838
3 Der. 1838
Retired.
20 May
20
"
29 Dec.
13 Feb.
2 Mar.
3
"
14 May
26
"
21 Dec.
3 Mar.
12
"
17 ,.
13 Dec.
29 May
31 .,
2 Jan.
1 Mar.
3
"
11 Dec.
8 July
16
"
2 Mar.
15 Dec.
27 June
30 .,
3 Mar.
3 "
30 June
4 Jllly
28 Jan.
3 Mar.
6 u
10 "
12 Sept.
160ct.
1 Jnly
9
"
18 Dec.
18211
1826
1821
1827
1828
1828
1829
1829
1830
1831
1831
1831
1832
1833
183
lv3
3
4
183:
183
IS3
183
ti
ti
7
T' 113.
18
18.
37
31
8 183
183 6
26
26
Special
27
27
27
28
28
Sreeial
29
29
30
80
Special
31
1
2
Ses. Sen.
1
2
:3
1
2
Ses. Sen.
1
2
1
2
Ses. Sen.
1
344
SYNOPTICAL
2 Dee. 1839
7 Dee. 1840
1------1
· .
~~
" o
'O 'éL
'8 ~ N ames of Vice Presi-
.~ : dents of the United
p. Q S tates.
S ~ o
.2.e
Riehard M. Johnson.
21 July 1840 233
Richard M. Johnson
3 Mar. 1841 8'j . . . .
Richard M. Johnson.
"
12
· . . 4 Mar. 1841 15
John Tyler •
· . 31 May 1841 13 Sept. 1841 106
6 Dee. 1841 31 Aug. 1842 269
5 Dee. 1842
4 Dee. 18-13
2 Dee. 18.J,.J,
4 Mar. 18-15
1 Dee. 1845
3 Mar. 1843 89
17 June 1844 197
3 !tlar. 1845 92
20 " 17
George M. Dalias
10 AlIg. 1846 253 George ~l. Dallas
. . .
7 Dee. 1846. 3 Mar. 1847 87 George M. Dalias •
.
George M. Dallas
6 Dee. 1847
· . . . ~ .
14 Aug. 1848 253 George M. Dallas •
· . . . .
George M. Dallas •
. . . .
George M. DalIas •
· . . .
4 Dee. 1848 3 Mar. 1849
: I G~org~ M. ~alla.s • •
90 • • •
George M. DalIas
. .
George M. DalIas
5 Mar. 1849 23 Mar. 1849 19
1
2
,¡,
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
l<l
15
16
17
18
19
20
:¿l
22
23
24
:¿5
:¿6
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
302 ¡ Millard FiJlmore. 40
41
3 Dee. 1849 30 Sept. 1850
: \ *,~1illa~'d Fi!lmo~e.. !i
44
31 2 2 Dee. 1850 3 :'llar. 1851 92: • • .' • '. 45
32 I 1 1 Doc. 1851 31 AlIg. 1¡<fo2 2751 46 _~~_ ~ ___ 2_....:._6 __ D_e_e_._1_85 __ 2 ___ 3_M_a_r_._18_5_3-,-: _88_ L __________ J 47
*The President having died on 9th July, !Ilillard Fillmore succecJeJ to the Presidency.
TABLE-Continued.
TERMS OF OFFICE. I
!commenced. Expircd.
345
Xames cf Presidpnts
pro tCllll,oro oí" lhe
l:Scnate.
. . . .
, William R. King
"\Vil!iam R. King
llilJiflm R. King
William lL IGng
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8 .• 'YiIIiaul n. E:i[;g
. '. 1: : 'íilliam R. IGng 9
10 4 :.Iar. 18H *3 ~Iar. 1345. .
11 Srrmuel L. Southal'u.
12
1,;
1-1
15
16
17
18
19 -1 }Iar. 1845 I 3 ~.Iar. 18·Hl
20
:21
~A
:/5
26
'27
~8
~Q
SO
31
32
~3
3J
n-
o;)
36
n-
.o,
38
39
40
41
42
4:5
4k
4.1
-lo
4.:-
'.
-1 ;\Iar. 1849 3 ~Iar. 1853
I
~aln \lel L. Southnrd
Sallluel L. Southard.
'Yillie P. =\lalj~Un1.
'Villip P. ;\lallium
\Villi.- P. ~ran"um.
W¡¡;i" P. :lf:.t,11g'UlJl
Wii;i<l P. =\lall~úlll.
. .
David R. Atch:son
David R. Atchison
David R. Atchison
David R. Atchison
DaviJ R. Atchison
. . .
David R. Aichison
Da~id R. Atchison
David R. Atchison.
David R. Atchison.
David R. A tchison.
Davill R. AtchÍóiOn
William TI. King
t
\\'illiam n. I(ing
,nI! i<lltl H. J\ing
"\Yilliarn n. Kin;;.
"\\'illiam H. l(in.~.
DavirllL At('bisoJ.l. r I
SERVICE IN SEXATE U. a.
Attendcd. Rctired.
1~ Dec. 18::;8 21, Feb. 1839
:25 Feb. 18:;9 :3 ~.Ifll'. 1:-;~'.9
:2 lleco 1880 26 liee. 18::9
"l7
"
:2 Ju]y 1810
3.Tuly 1840 ::1
7 lleco 1 (:>1u 1.!j Dcc. 1810
1G :2 }hr. lS.u
~ .JIar. lS11 3
"
4 " 4 " 4
"
11
" 11
"
15
" 31 }lay 18n J;l 1'ept. ISn
6 D.,c. JbH :'.03Iliy J8 .. :.l
31 ~Jay 18·1,2 :31 Al~g. lSn
5 Dec. lSL~ 33Jar. 1~.j.;3
4 D.·c. lS·f3 17 June 1SU
2 Dec. lSU 3 }lar. lS-k5
4 }lar. lS45 4 ..
4 " 20 " ] Dec. 181.1 S Ang. J815
8 Aug. lt~"*6 10 A~lg. lEH
7 Dec. 18 lij 11 JUl!. 1 ~.7
11 Jan. 1817 1± .Jall. ]8~7
1± .Jan. ]S.¡.¡ 3 ~lar. JSn
:; :llar. lR.!i 3 )Iar. lEH
6 Dec. lb·tI 1 Fl·b. u: 1.8
2 Feh. 18+8 8 Feb. 1S-!8
9 Ft'b. JS-!~ 31 lIlay 18-!8
1.¡une lR-±~ 11, .ltlne 1,Q8
15 JUlle 18.18 26 .J uue 18~8
26.lulle 18":'8 29 J u ne 15,-18
30June 1818 28 July 18,),8
:29.luIy lS-I8 1-1 Au)!;. 18-i8
4 Dec. 18·¡8 -1 D .. c. l~-!g
5 Dt'c. 13 .. 8 2;; Vec. 13408
26 Dec. lS-!8 1 J, n. 18~:}
2 Jan. 18-19 2 }lar. lS-!9
2 ~Ial'. ]8·1,\1 3 ~lar. 18-!9
5 }lar. lS-1fJ 23 :\lar lS.J,9
3 D0c. 1849 5 :'\Tay 1850
6 :\Iay ]i'~0
:
19 3J:¡y ]1',,0
20 3.[ay lS;',ü 9 .luí,)" 1 S;;O
10.luly 1 Sé.O : 10.1ub' 1 ~;)I)
11 .Jnlv 1"~lJ 20 ~'.l-)~t. l~')O
2 D,'c: 18':1I ¡ .) )'IHl'. 1 C' • vol
1 Dec. 1~51 I 31 ~~u~. 1>5J 1 De~. lS;-'~ 20 ::J, ~ 1~,;;2
20 Dec. 1:;5:2 f 3 ~ld.r. 10[:1
~ TtE Pre2¡deL:~ having died OI¡ 1st April, John Tyler succ6ed8~ to thc Pre:üdeú'2y.
(T;"'~ S~'~F-urs call,":,.1 tbe 3en.::re to orr!~r, fl.'2d 1:'1;- ',-~n3?;¡~ p·tt Sil -:;'1~,J3";.¡)';H •
. ~3
Table of the Scnators of the United States, Irom the commeneement of the Government under the Constitution, (4th March,
1789,) to the termination of the 2d session 01 the 29th Congress, (3d March, 1847 ;'*) exhibiting their names, the
eommencement and termination of their service, rcspcetively; the States represented by them, and the three classes into
which they are divided, under the 2d clause, 3d section, 1st article, 01 the Constitution 01 the United States. The
regular succession in eaeh class, for eack State, being shown from the commencement
* Continued to ¡nelude 31st Cnngross, 3 March, 1851. Seo pago 382.
CIass. Names of Senators. states rcpresented Commencement of Termination of Remarks. by Scnators. servicc. service.
--
2 Paine Wingate ...•...•. N. Hampshire Mar. 4, 1789 Mar. 3, 1793
2 Samuel Livermore ...... ... .. " ..... Mar. 4, 1793 Mar. 3, 1799
2 Samuel Livermore ...•.. ... .. " ..... Mar. 4, 1799 Resigned .•... Successor appointed June 17, 1801.
2 Simeon Olcott ..••.•••. · . . . . . " ..... June 17, 1801 Mar. 3, 1805 By Legislature, in room of S. Liver-
" Mar. Mar. 3, 1811
more, resigned.
2 Nicholas Gilman ••..... ... .. ..... 4, 1805
2 í Nic]¡olas thlman ....... ..... " ..... Mar. 4, 1811 Diod ••. ···· " Successor appointed June 24, 1814.
21 Thomas \V. Thompson .. ..... " .... .; June 24, 1814 Mar. 3, 1817 By Lcgislature, in place of N. Gil-
2 David L. Morrill .•...•.. Mar.
man, deceased.
... ..
"
..... 4, 1817 Mar. 3, 1823
2 Samuel Bell ............
"
..... Mar. 4, 1823 Mar. 3, 1829
2 Samuel Bell ....•••...•. " ..... Mar. 4, 1829 Mar. 3, 1835
2 Hcnry HuLbard ......... ... .. " ..... Mar. 4, 1835 Mar. 3, 1841
2 Levi W oodbury ..••.... " .... '" Mar. 4, 1841 Resigned ..•.. Snccessor appointed N ovember 12,
1845.
2 Bel1ning \V. Jenness •••.
'" '" '" '" '" "
.... '" Nov. 12, 1845
'" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" '" By Governor, in room of L. vVood-
I bury, resigned.
21 Joscph Cilley. . • •• • • •. •. ..•.• " •..•. J une 13, 1846 Mar. 3, 18-17 By Lcgislaturc, in room of L. vVood-
3 . .Tohn Langdoll ......•... N. IIampshire [Mar. 4, 1789 Mar. 3, 1795
bury, resigned.
g I Jollll, L~t1~.d~m .....••.•..•..• :: ••.•. l\I~r. 4, 1~95 Mar. 3, 1801
oJ • James ~I!Üafe ........... 1..... . .... Mar. 4,1001 Resigned ..... I Successor appointed June 17, 1802.
w
~
OJ
3 '"\VilliamPlumer .••..•.. ' .•..• " .·.··IJllno17,
3 NahumParker ......... I ..... " ••• .. IMar. 4
1802 1 Mar. 3, 1807 By L('~;jslatnrc, in room of James
Sllenfe, resigned.
3 Charles Cutts .•.••••... / ..... " ..... June 21;
3 Charles Cutts ....... '" ..•.• " ..... I ApriI 2,
1807 Resigned ..... Suecc8sor appointed June 21, 1810.
1810 Mar. 3, 1H13
1813 June 10, 1813 By the Governor; superseded by
appointment of Legislature.
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
J eremíah Mason ••• , •• , .1. • • • • "
Clement Storer .••.••• ,.1. . . .• "
John F. Parrott .. ,..... ..... "
Levi W oodbury ...... " .• ,.. "
Isaac Hill . , . .. • . .. . . .. . "
J ohn Page . • • .• • • .. • • .. "
Franklin Pieree .. , .••• ,.
Leonard Wileox .••••••.
Leonard Wileox •••.. , •.
Charles G. Atherton .••.
"
"
"
"
June 10, 1813 Resigned .•.•. By Legislature j suceessor appoint-
ed June 27, 1817.
June 27, 1817 Mar. 3, 1819 ¡ By Leo"islature, in room of J. Ma·
Mar.
l\T aro
Mar.
June
4, 1819 Mar. 3, 1825
4, 1825 Mar. 3, 1831
4, 1831 Resigned .....
8, 1836 Mar. 3, 1837
Mar. 4, 1S371 Resigned .....
Mar. 1, 1842 June 9, 18'12
June 9, 18421 Mar. 3, 1843
Mar. 4, 1843 I Mar. 3, 1849
son, ~esigned.
Suecessor appointed June 8, 1836.
By Legislature, in room of Isaac
Hill, resigned.
Sueecssor appointed Mareh 1, 1842.
.By Governor, in room of F. Pieree,
resigned.
By Legislature, in room of F. Pieree,
re8igned.
Tristam Dalton·········1 Massa~~usetts I Mar. 4, 1 Z891 Mar: 3, 1791
George Cabot ....... ,.. ..... .. ... Mar. 4, 1,91 Reslgned .... .
Benjamin Goodhue .. , ...... ' " ..... JuIy 7, 1796 Mar. 3, 1797
Sueeessor appointed J uly 7, 179G.
By Legislature, in place of G. Ca-
bot, resigned.
Benjamín Goodhue •••••
J onathan Mason •••. , ••.
J ohn Quiney Adams •••.
James Lloyd, jun ..••.•••
James Lloyd, jun .•••••••
"
"
"
"
"
Mar. 4, 1797 Resigned ••..•
Nov. 14, 1800 Mar. 3, 1803
Mar. 4, 1803 Resigned .....
June 9, 1808 Mar. 3, 1809
Mar. 4, 1809 Resigned •••••
Suecessor appointed Nov. 14, 1800.
By Legislature, in room of B. Good-
hue, resigned.
Sueeessor appointed June 9, 1808.
By Legislature, in room of John Q.
Adams, resigned.
Successor appointed May 5, 1813.
w
~
-l
r
T ABLE OF SEN A TORS- Continued.
ClaBa. NatrJL's of Senators. Sl:l!"s c('jlr",;cnl.ctl \ COmnl"II("-'lllcnt of Tcrmination of by Scl1atof:::;. serl,'ú;e. scrvice.
-- I
1 Chris!ophcr Goro .••.•.. ..... " ••••• 1 May 5, 1813 May 29, 1813
" May 29, 1813 Mar. 3, 1815 1 Christopber Gore .••••• · · .... . ....
" Mar. Resigried .•••• 1 Chri"itophcr Gore .••••.. ... .. · .... 4, ]8];')
1 Eli P. A::;l!lllun ......... ... .. " ..... JUlie 1:2, 1tilG Resigned ••••.
June Resigned ••••• 1 Prentiss Mellen •••••••.. · .... " ..... 5, 1818
June 12, 1820 1 Elija\¡ IJ. Mills ......... ... .. " · .... Mar. 3, 1821
Elijnh tI. Milis ......... " .. ... 1\1ar. J\Tar. :1, 1827 1 ..... 4, ]8'2]
1 Daniel \Vc[¡ster ......... ..... " . .••• ¡Mar. t1, 18:27 Mar. 3, 18~l:1
1 Daniel W('!ls!cr ........ ..... " . .. ,. l\Iar. 4, 11':1:1 Mar. 3, 18~¡9
1 Daniel \Vehsler ......... ... .. " ..... Mar. 4, 1839 ResigneJ .....
1 Rufús Choatc .......... '" '0 " · .... Feo. 23, H,4] Mar. 3, 18,15
..... " ..... Mar. 4, 1845 3, 18.'i] 1 Daniel \Veh!'tcr ........ Mar.
2 Caleb Smlllg ........... ::\lassachusetts ¡Mar. 4, 171'9 Mar. 3, 1793
2 Caleh :-::: r()lI~r ........... · . . .. " ..... ' Mar. 4, 1 7~)3 Resigncd .....
2 Theodure ScJgwick •••.. ..... " ..... June 11, 1796 Mar. 3, 1799
Mar. Resigned .•••• 2 Samllcl Dcxter ......... ... .. " ..... 4, 1799
2 Dwight Fustcr ........ , . ... . , " · .... June 6, 1800 Resigned ••.••
Rcmarks.
By Govcrnor, in place of J. Lloyé
jun., rCé'igr;ed.
By Legi,!ntllre in room of J. Lloye
jun., rc~,;igncd.
S¡¡('(:c~,or appointed June ]'2, ]8](;.
ey Ll'i:'i,-la: me, i:¡ room C. Gon;, rr
SigllCd; ,mec'or app'd June 5, ]8H
By LC;,>;i:,bturc, in room 01' E. 1
A:-LlIllll1, rcsigned; nlccessor ur
jlointcd June 1:2, 11:,:20.
By Lc,;iédaturc, in room of P. Mel
1clI, resigned.
Snccessor appointcd Feo. 23, 18,11.
By Legislalurc, in room ofD. Web
Slcr, -rco;igncd .
Re~;i:;m'fl; 8uce'r aPI)'t122 Ju1y, 18.50
Sucecsf.or nppoir:tr¡j .Tllne 11,1796,
By Legi"lat ure, in place Di' C. Stron[
resigl1cd.
Succe'",sor nppointed J unc 6, 1800.
By Lcgi~la:urc, in room 01' S. Dc)!
ter, rcsigllcd ; successor appointe
March ~, 100:3.
d
tQ
~
ur.
2 1 Tímothy Pickenng ..... lO •••• " M"ar. 2, 180311\1ar. 3, 18051 By Legislature, appomted m room
of D. Foster, resiglled.
'2 Timothv Pickering ..•.. " Mar. 4, 1805 Mar. 3, 1flll
2 Joseph B. Varnum ..•.•. " June 8, lRll Mar. 3, 1b17
2 Harrison Gray Otis ..... " Mar. 4, 1817 Resigncd·····1 Successor appointed June 5, 1822.
2 James Lloyd ........... " June 5, 1822 Mar. 3, 182~~ By Legislature, in room of H. G.
Mar.
OtIS, resigned.
2 I James Lloyd ........... " 4, 182::1 Resigned ..... Successor appointed May 31, 1826.
2 N athaniel Silsbee ....... " May 31, 1826 Mar. 3, 1829 By Legislature, in room of J. Lloyd,
2 N athaniel Silsbee .•..... " Mar. 4, 1829 Mar. 3, 1835
resigned.
2 John Davis ............. " Mar. 4, 1835 Resigned ..... Successor appointed Jan. 13, 1841.
'2 Isaac C. Bates .......... " Jan. 12, 1841 Mar. 3, 18n
2 Isaac C. Bates .......... " Mar. 4, 1841 Died ..... ·· .. Successor appointed March 24, 1845.
2 John Davís ............. " Mar. 24, 1845 Mar. 3, 1847 By Legislature, in room of I. C.
.:~ Bates, deceased. CJ.?
.:~ t+'"-
.,
Theodore Foster ........ Rhode Island . June 7, 1790 Mar. 3, 1791 CO 1
1 Theodoro Foster ........ ,. .. lO. " Mar. 4, 1791 Mar. 3, 1797
1 Theodore Fostor ........ ,. .... " Mar. 4, 1797 Mar. 3, 1803
1 Samuel I. Potter ........ ..... " Mar. 4, 1803 Died ••••••... Succossor appointed last Monday in
• • • • • I Last Monday
October, 1804 .
1 1 Benjamin Howland ••••• ,. .... " Mar. 3, 1809 By Legislature, in room of S. I. I Oct., 1804 Potter, deceased.
1 1 Francis Malbone .••••••• ..... " •• • .• Mar. 4, 1809 Died •••.••••• Successor appointed 4th Monday m
1 1 Christopher G. Champlinl· .... • •••. 14th Monday in
June, 1809.
" Resigned ••••• By Legislature, in room of F. Mal-
June, 1809 bone, deceased; successor ap-
1 I William Hunter ....... .¡. .... pointed last Monday in October, 1811. .. Last Monday Mar. 3, 1815 By Legislature, in room of C. G.
1 ! WiHiam Hunter ........ l ..... Oct., 1811 Champlin, resigned. " Mar. 4, 1815 I Mar. 3, 1821
CIaBa
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
TABLE OF SENATORS-Continued.
NamC3 of Scr.ators. Statc-8 rpprcsclltcd II CommCll('Cl11Cnt of by ¡"~nator". ocrvicc.
James D'\Volf .••••••••. ! ••••• " 1\1ar.
Tcrminalion of
ticrvicc .. '
ResigJtcd .•••.
Asher Robbins •••••••• ·1 .• ••• " ••••• 1 LastMollday Mar. 3, 1827
Oct., Hl25
Asher Rohhins .••.••.•. 1 .•••• " Mar. 4, lD:27 Mar. 3, Is:n
ASIlCr H.\lbbi!lS ••••••••• 1·.··. " l\Iar. 4, H;:l:l Mar. 3, 113:19
N athan F. Dixon •• ••.•• ••••• " 1\1ar. 4, lbJ9 Died ••• ·••••·
\Villiam Sprrlgne ....... ! ••••• " Feb. 5, 18:12 Rcsigned .... .
Jolm Drown l<'ra¡¡cis •••• \ ••••• " Jan. 25, ldH I\Iar. 3, 1845
Albert C. Grcelle ............ " .•..• Mar. 4, lR·l:1 ;\Tar. 3, 18:!1
J oseph Slanton ........ ·1 RIlodc Island. J une 7, 1 ,~JO TI1 aro 3, 1793
Williulll 13rLlJi'üru .•••••. j ..... " ..... 1\lar. 4, 179:) ResigncJ .....
Ray Green............. ••••• " ..... Lrlst \V cJ:1rS'Y' Mar. 3, 1799
I Oct., 1'/97 I
Ray Green ............. 1..... " 1\1ar. 4, 1~991' Resigned ..••.
Christopher Ellery ••••••.••.• " 1st \Vednes'y Mar. 3, ISO;)
lUay, 10Ut
James Fenner ............... " Mar. <1, 10051 Resigned .... .
..... Mar. 3, 1811
lVInr. 3, 1817
Rcmarks.
Su('cessor appointed Iast Monday in
October, ld25.
13 Y Lf~gi,·;]ature, in room of James
D' WoH, resigncu.
Succcssor appointed Fcbruary 5,
18<1:::.
Sm:cessor appointed Jan. 2;), 1814.
13 Y Lcgi"la¡ ure, in room of yVilliam
i:3prugue, resigneu.
Sllcccssor appoínfcd on bst \Ved-
nesday in Octobcr, 1797.
TI Y Lcgislature, in room of \Villiam
13raJtórd, resigncd.
Sur'Ct:s~or appointed first \Vednes-
day in l\hy, 1801.
D Y Legislat ure, in place of Ray
Orccn, resigned.
Suc'('e:-,sor appoil1led last I\Ionday in
Oetober. 1007.
TI Y Legislat ure, in room of James
Fellucr, resigned.
Elisha l\Iatthewson ..... ¡..... "
2 l' Jereminh n. IIowell ••• ·1····· "
2 James 11 lUTill •••.•••••• ••••• "
LUf't l\tonday
Oct., 1807
Mar. 4, Hltl
Mar. 4. 1817 Dica .•• ··,··.1 Successor appointed Jan. 9, Hl21.
W
c..'r e,
"
2
2
2
:2
2
! Nchcmiah R. Knight .•• ·1·····
Nchcmiah R. Knight .••. , .•...
N ehemiah R. Knight .... ........
N chcmiah R. Knight .... ........
James F. Simmolls .••..
"
"
"
"
"
1
1
01iver ElIsworth ..•••.. Connecticut ..
Oliver Ellswonh ..•.....•... "
1 I James IIillhonse .....•.. 1. • • •• "
1 I James H~llhouse .....•. ·1····· " 1 James IIdlhonsc .....••...... "
1 I James Ilillhouse .•...••. , . . • . . "
1 I Samucl Whittlesey Dana l. . • . • "
1 I Samuel Whittlesey Dana l. • • •• "
1 Elijah Boardman ......• ·1····· "
1 Henry W. Edwards..... ..•.• "
1 I Henry W. Edwards .••.. "
1 I Samuel A. Foot •••..••. 1
1
, . . .. "
1 I N atban Smith.......... .•..• "
1 John M. Niles.......... "
1 I John M. Niles .••••••••• 1 ."
1 I Thaddeus Betts .••.••••.
1 ¡ Tllbez ,y. Huntington ••. " "
..........
Jan. 9, 1821
Mar. 4, 1823
l\Iar. 4, 1829 }\Iar. 4, 1835
~Iar. 4, 1841
Mar. 4, 1789
l\Iar. 4, 1791
2d Thursday
May, 17%
Mar. 4, 1in
Mar. 4, 1803
Mar. 4, 1809
2d Thurscby
May, 1810
Mur. 4, lEl15
Mar. 4, 1821
Oct. 8, 1823
1st Wednes'y
May, 1R;¿,±
l\Iar. 4, 1827
Mar. 4, 1833
Dec. 14, 1835
1st Wednes'y
May, 1836
Mar. 4, 1839
1st ,y cdnes'y
May, 1840
Mar. :~, lSS3
Mar. 3, 1829
Mar. 3, 18:1:>
Mar. 3, 1¡\11
Mar. 3, 1817
l\Iar. 3, ] 791
Resigned .....
Mar. 3, 1797
Mar. 3, 1803
Mar. 3. ISO!)
Resi~ned .....
Mar. 3, 1815
Mar. 3, 1821
Dicd ........ .
Mar. 3, 1827
Mar. 3, 18:13
Died ..•......
In May, 1836
Mar. 3, 1839
Died •..•.....
Mar. 3, 1845
By LrgiRlature, in place of J. Bur-
rill, deccased.
Surccs,,:or appointed 2d Thursday in
Mayo 1796.
By L;'gislnture, in room of O. Ells·
worth, resigned.
Surcessor appointed 2d Thursday in
l\hy, 1810.
By Lcgislature, in room of J. Hill·
hOUi:;e, resigned.
Snccessor appointed Oct. 8, 1823.
By Governor, in room of E. Board·
man, deceased.
By Legislature, do.
Successor appointed Dec. 14, 1835.
By Governor, in room of N. Smith,
deeeascd.
By Legislature, in room ofN. Srnith,
deceased.
April 7, 1840.
W
::'-1
.......
--
Class. ¡ of Senators. Names
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
Jabez 'V.
Wm. Sam
Roger She
S'tephen M
Jonathan
Uriah Tra
Uriah Tra
Uriuh Tra
Uriah Tn
Chauneey
Chauncey
David Dag
James La
James Lan
31 Calvin W
3 Gideon T
funtington .•.
,el J olmson ...
'mall .•• · ••••.
. Mitchell .•..
'rumbull .••..
y ............
y ............
y ............
y ............
Goodrich .••..
Goodrieh ••...
~ett ••••.•••••
man ••••••...
man .........
lley ••••••• ti ••
mlinson .••••.
TABLE OE' S:gNATORS-Contmued.
states rcpresented I CommCllcement of Termination of
by Sellators. ser vice. service.,
"
Mar. 4, 18/15 Mar. 3, 1851 ..... . ....
Conneeticut •. Mar. 4, 1789 Resigned .....
l" •• H .1 ••• June 13, 1791 Mar. 3, 1793
" Mar. 4, 1793 Mar. 3, 1795 ..... • •. 1.
... .. " ..... Mar. 4, 1795 Resigned ..••.
2d ... .. " . .... Thursdav Mar. 3, 1801
Oct., 1796
... .. " . .... Mar. 4, 1801 In May, 1801
... ..
" . .... In .:\lay, 1801 Mar. 3, 1807
.....
"
. .... Mar. 4, 11307 Dicd .. , ......
.....
" . .... Oct. 25, lb07 Mar. 3, 1813
... ..
"
••• 1 • Mar. 4, 1813 Resigned .••..
2d Thursday ... .. H . .... Mar. 3, 1819
May, 1813
... .. " .. " . Mar. 4, 11)19 Mar. 3, 1825
l •••• " . .... Mar. 4, 1825 . .............
" .... " ... " " 1st Wednes'y Mar. 3, 1831
May, 1825
3, 15371
" " . " " "
... , " Mar. 4, 1831 Mar.
Remarks.
Diecl; successor app'd 11 Nov., 18/17.
Suecessor appointed June 13, 1791.
By Legislature, in room of W. S
J ohnson, resigned.
S:rccessor appointed 2d Thursda)
m Oetooer, 1796.
By Legislature, in room of J. Trum
ouIl, resigned.
By Governor, in recess Legislature
By Legislature.
Suecessor appointed Oct. 25, 1807.
By Legislature, in room of U. Traey
deceased.
Succcssor appointed 2d Thursda~
in May, 1813.
By Lcgislature, in room of C. Good
rich, resigned.
Appointcd by Governor in recess o
Legislature, befare vaeaney oc
eurrcd. Deeided by Scnate U
S., that Mr. Lanman was not en
titled to a seat.
Chosen by the Legislature.
f
c,':l
<::1
~
31 Perry ~'!lIith ............ " ..... ,ITar. ,j, 1837 Mar. :1, H~n \ .... .
3 Jollll 1\I. Niles .......... " . .... Mar. 4, 18'13 Mar. 3, ltH9
1 Il\'Io~es, ,Rohinson ........ V crmont ••••. Oet. 17, 17~) 1 Resignrd .....
1 , Isaac llcllellor ......... " Oct. 18, 17% Mar. 3, 1797
1 I I"arre Tic]¡rnor ......... " Mar. 4, 1797 Rcsigncd .....
1 N athallid Chipman ...•. " Ot.:t. 17, 17:J7 ;\Iar. 3, 1803
1 I Isrncl 8mith ................. " Mar. ,1, 1 R03 Re~iglled .•...
1 JOllai]¡all l~obin"on .••.....•. " Oct. 10, 1807 ::\lar. 3, 1809
1 J onal han Robinson .•.•. " .. .. . i I\I::tr. 4, 1809 Mar. 3, 1Rl;j
1 haat.: Tie\¡('llor ......... " ..... "lar. 4, 1815 ;\lar. 3, 18:21
1 Horntio :-lCYInllnr ....... " ..... Mar. 4, 1,'\:21 Mar. 3, 11:3:27
1 Horario :-lc\'mour ....... " j\j ar. 4, 18:27 ::\Iar. 3, 18:1~l
1 BCil.i:llnin ~wift ...••.••. " " 4, 16:;:l Mar. 3, H<1:) ... .. .vI tlr .
1 Samllel S. Phelps .••.... ..... " l\T ar. 4, 18:.19 Mar. 3, 1845
1 S;llllll:,l S. Phclps ....... ..... " " far. 4, 1'-'·15 :'.lar. 3, lR;;1
J S!epllí'll R. Dradlcy .•... V crlllo;1t ., ... Oet. 17, 17:)1 JVInr. 3, 17~),j
3 Elij:lh Paiac ........... · " i\'Iar. 4, 17~)5 Mar. 3, lS0l
3 ::-3teplwn R. I3ratllcy .•••. " Oet. 15, 1801 Mar. :~, 1807
:~ SlepllCll R. Dradky .••.. " l\Iar. 4, 1807 I Mar. 3, 1813
3 DllJlcy Chase .•........ " MaT. 4, U\l:I I Resigned .....
3 James Fisk ............ · " Nov. 4, 1817 Re¡;igned .••..
3 I William A. Palmor .••.. 1· •••• " .. ... 1 Oet. 20, 1818 Mar. 3, 1819
3 ·Willirrm A. Palmor .••.. , ..•.• " Mar. 4, 1819 Mar. 3, 1825
3 Dlldloy Chase ............... " Mar. 4, 1825 Mar. 3, Hm
3 Sarnlld Prclltiss ....... -¡- .... " l\f aT. 4, 13:31 Mar. 3, 1337
3 Samucl Prentiss ............. " Mar. 4, 1837 Resignetl .••••
8ueef'ssor appointed Oet. 18, 1796.
Br LC~;":[ltLlle, in room oi" 1'\'l. Ro-
binson, resigned.
8uc('cssor up[1ointed Oet. 17,1797.
13y L(';:>:islat uro, in room of 1. Tiche-
no1') l"csigncd.
8\l('ccssor appointed Oet. 10, 1807.
Ey Lc¡:;islalure, in room 01' 1. Smith,
rc:siglled •
8ncc('ssor appointed Nov. 4, 1817.
By L('gislature, in room oi' D. Cha~c,
r('s¡,~¡lCd; snecessor app' d OC!.
20, n;18.
Dy Legislature, in room of J. Fisk,
resigned.
Sucecssor appointed April 23, 1842.
c,.;
e .~-t
c.~
Class ~I Names of Senators.
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Samuel C. Crafts .••••..
Samuel C. Crafts ..•.•..
William Upham .••.....
PhiIip Schuy1er .........
Aaron Burr .........•..
Philip Schuy1er .........
J ohn Sloss Hobart ......
'Villiam N orth .•••..•..
James Watson ••..•••.•.
: Gouverneur Morris •.•..
Theodorus BaiIey ••••••.
John Armstrong ........
Samuel L. Mitchill .••.•.
Obadiah German .••....
, N athan Sanford ..•.••...
TABLE OF SENATORS-Continued.
State. rpprcHcntccl Cornrncnecmcnt of TerminatlQn of
by &'llator •. serviee. service.
... ..
" · ..... Apri123, 1842 Oct. 26, 1842
........
" · ...... Oct. 26, 1842 Mar. 3, 1843
........ " . ....... Mar. 4, U343 Mar. 3, 18"19
New york ..•. JuIy 1.5, 1789 Mar. 3, 1791
• • ... " ..... 1 Mar. 4, 1791 Mar. 3, 1797
.. . .. .. .. " ..... Did not take his seat in Sen .
......
" . ..... Jan. 11, 1798 Resigned .•.•.
.... " .. " ..... May 5, 1798 . ........................
........
"
.. ....... Aug. 17, 1798 Resigned .•••.
..... ..
" · ....... Apri1 3, 1800 Mar. 3, 1803
.. . .. .. .. " ........ Mar. 4, lR03 Resigned .••..
...... ..
"
...... Feb. 4, 1804 Resigned .....
.. . .. .. . " · ........ Nov. 9, 180,1 Mar. 3, 1809
.. .. .. .. ..
"
...... Mar. 4, 1809 Mar. 3, 1815
..... .. "
oo ..... Mar. 4, 1815 Mur. 3, 18:21
I Remarks.
d
C~
c.:--.
,.¡.....
1 J'.fartin Van Buren .•.... l·.··. " ..... \ Mar. 4, 1821 Mar. 3, 1827
1 Martin Van Bnren...... " •.... Mar. 4, 1827 Resigned .•... Successor appointed Jan. 15, 182!:',
1 Charles E. Dudley ........... " ..... Jan. 15, 1829 Mar. 3, 1833 By Legislatnre, in room of M. Van
Buren, resigned.
1 Nathaniel P. TallmadO'e. " Mar. 1, 1833 Mar. 3, 1839
1 Nathaniel P. Tallmadge ...... " Mar. 4, 13:}9 Resigned ..... Succe,;sor appointed Nov. 30, 1844.
1 Daniel S. Dickinson..... ..... " Nov. 30, 1844 .............. By Governor, in room of N. P.
. " I " Tall~adge, resigned.
1 DnmeI S. Dlckmson..... ..•.• Jan. 18, 1845 Mar. 3, 184.5 By Legls1atUIe, do.
1 Daniel S. Diekinson..... " Mar. 4, 1845 Mar. 3, 18.')1 I
3 Rufus King ............. New York ... July 1G, 1789 Mar. 3, 1795
3 Rnfus King............. :: Mar. 4, 1Z95 Res~gned""'1 Success?r appoi~ted Nov. 9. 172?
3 John Lauranee... ...... Nov. 9,1,96 Reslgned ••••. By Lecrlslature, m room ofR. Kmg,
resig~led; suecessor app' d N ov.
6, 1800.
3 I John Armstrong ........ j ..... " Nov. 6, 1800 Mar. 3, 1801 By Legislature, in room of J. Lau- w
. ranee, resigned. C.n
3 John Armstrong........ ..•.• " Mar. 4, 1801 Reslgned .•... Sueeessor appointed Feb. 9, 1802. Ql
3 De \Via Clinton........ .• . .• " Feb. 9, 1802 Resigned ..••. By Legislature, in room of J. Arm-
strong, resigned; successor ap-
pointed Nov. 10, 1803.
3 John Armstrong ...... , ...... " Nov. 10, 1803 Feb. 4, 1804 By Governor, in room of De Witt
Clinton, resigned.
3 I J ohn Smith ••••....•.•. ,' • • •• " Feb. 4, 1804 Mar. 3, 1807 By Legislature, in room of De Witt
Clinton, resigned.
3 I John Smith •...••..•.. ·1····. " Mar. 4, 1807 Mar. 3, 1813
3 I Rufus King............. ..... " Mar. 4, 1813 Mar. 3, 1819
3 Rufus King.. ... .. .. .... ..... " Jan. 8, 1820 Mar. 3, 1825
::1 Nathan Sanford .............. " Mar. 4, 1825 Mar. 3, 1831
:l William L. Marey...... ....• " Mar. 4, 1831 Resigned·····1 Successor appointed Jan. 4, 1833.
3 Rilas \Vright, jr .............. " Jan. 4, 1833 Mar. 3, 1837
3 I S~las Wr~ght, jr......... ..... :: Mar. 4, 1837 Mar: 3, 1843 .
3 i S11as Wnght, Jr ......... ,..... Mar. 4,1843 Reslgned·· •. ·1 Successor appomted Nov. 30, 1844.
~I~s.l- Names of Scllalor,.
3 I Hcnry A. Fostcr •••.••..
3 I John A. Dix ........... .
TABLE OY SEN ATORS-Continued.
Remarks. state::; rt'prcsenteu. 1
1
COmllH~ll('\'ll¡('I1t oí' I Termiit~ttion oC
by ~ellatOl's. bl't'\ ¡vv. bi.'I'Vll:e.
________ 1
" ••••• 1 NOY. :~Ll, 181 ¡ I Jan. 18, 181:") lB? Go\'ernor, in room of S. Wright,
I ]T., rC"lgned.
" •••... hn. 1;3, 18 J:j ¡Mar. 3, 18,!~) 1 D Y Ll'¡!i"lat ure, in room of Silu;:!
'IV rigllt, jr., resigneu.
1 Jonath:lll Elmer .••••... Ncw Jersey •. TvInr. 4, lí~;~)
4, 17:11
4, 1,:1'7
5, 17~)o
rVTar. 3, 17:H
:\]¡¡r. 3, 1í~)í 1 .1 ,,1ll1 Hui herlord...... .. :lLlr.
1 .lollll Rntlterfórd........ " l\hr.
1 l'rallklin Va\Cllpurt..... " 1)cc.
J aln(~\.:1 Scltnrcr;.lan ••••.. " ••... 1 ['eL. 11, 1i:J:J
1 Aaron Ogdcn .......... . " Fco. :2G, 1S01
1 J'l]m COllllit ........... .
1 J()j¡nComlit ........... .
1 Joha Lalllbcrt ......... .
1 J ~\S. J C'lre r::;o 11 \Vilson .. .
1 ::::ulllUei L. :::loulharu ..•..
1
1
SCi!l1 11e 1 L. Sont hard .••..
Juseph l\Idlvaine ...... .
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Sept.
l\ U\'.
.\í ar.
:\1,,1'.
J:m.
1, 130:1
:{, ll': 1: ~
4, 1 ." ) . '
'1, 1 1.-,
2~;~ 1 :':1
~\Tar. 1\, 1.'i'~1
~o\'. U, 10:..'3
l((·,ügned, .... f'ucccssor appointcd Dec. 5, 1798,
lo't:b, 14, 1i99 By GOVlTIlOr, in room of J. Rutlll::r-
j(lj'd, rcsigned.
Resigncd .•... Ily Ll'gi:olalurc, in rool11 of J. n.Hlh-
ertiJrd, rcsigned; SUc¡;¡;ssor up-
Jluintud Feb. 2(i, lStH.
)Tar. 3, 1803 Dy Lcgi:olaturc, in room J. ScltUre-
Illall, rcsigncd,
Nov. 3,lRo3 Dy Uoy'r, in rcccss ofLcgisluture.
.'lar. 3, W.)~) Dy [he Lcgislature.
.\lar. 3, lS15
l~esigncd .....
.\lar. 3, 1S:21
i1csigncd ••••.
1Jicd .•...•...
SllCCCE'SOr appointcd Jan. 26, 18:21.
By Goycrnor, in room of J. J. \Vil-
son, rcsigned.
1
¡
Ephraim Datem::m •••••. " ..... ¡ No\'. 10, 18,~¡; I }lar.
l
3, 1827
8uccessor appointcd X OVo 12, 1823.
13 y Legislaturc, in room 01' :::l. L.
~:;oHthürd, resigllcd; SU¡;ccssor ap-
pointed Nov. 10, 1 tl2G.
By Lcgislature, in room of J. 1\1ell-
,,¡¡iue, deceascd.
el,;)
ü'
ú,
:,:¡
....
1 I Ephraim Batcman ...•.. " iVhr. 1, 1827 Resigncd .... ·1 Sucecssor appointcd Jan. 30, 1829. ... :t ••
1 I Mahlon Dickersoll ...... " Jan. 30, H:l:29 Mar. 3, 1833 .....
1 Salllucl L. Southard ..... " Mar. 4, lS33 Mar. 3, IS3~)
1 I Samuel L. Southard .•••. " Mar. 4, lS39 Dicd ••.•..... Sueecssor appointed J uly 2, 1842.
1 I Willialll L. Dayton .••.. " July 2, 18·12 Oct. 28, 1842 By Governor, in room of Samuel L.
Oet. 28, 1812 3, 1845
Southard, deceased.
1 \Villiam L. Davton .••.. " Mar. By Legislature, do.
1 vVillialll L. Da)·ton ..... " Mar. 4, 1815 l\Iar. 3, 1851
2 \Villialll PatcniOn ....... Kew Jersey •. Mar. 4, l7S9 Resigned ..... Successor appointed Nov. 23, 1790. 2 Philemon Dickcrson .... ..... " Nov. 23, 1790 Mar. 3, 1793 By Lcgislature, in room oi' VV. Pat·
2 I Frederiek Frelinghuysen ::VIar. ResiO'ned ••... erson, resigned. ..... " 4, 1793 Successor appointed Nov. 12, 1796.
2 Richard Stockton ..•.... ...... " Nov. 12, 17% Mar.o 3, 1799 By Legislature, in room of F. Fre·
21 Jonathan Dayton .••••. ·1····· " ... "1 ~hr. 4, 17!)9 Mar. 3, 1805 lingliuysen, resignea. 2 Aaroll Kirchell .............. " •. '" :VIar. 4, 1805 Rcsirrned ..... Successor appointed Mar. 21, 11'09.
2 J oÍln Condit ................. " ..... ~I[lr. 21, 1809 Nov~ 2, 1809 By Governor, in place oi' A. Kitchell,
rcsigned.
2 I J ohn Condit ........... ·1· .... " •• ••• 1 Nov. 2, 1809 Mar. 3, 1811 By Legislature, in place of A. Kiteh·
" Mar. Mar. 3, 1817
ell, resigned.
2 Jl)hn Condit ............ ..... 4, 1"11 2 .:\Iahlon Dickerson ...••. ... oo. " Mar. 4, 1817 Mar. 3, 1823
2 Mahlon Diekerson .•.•.. ...... , " Mar. 4, 1P:23 Mar. 3, 18:29
2 Theodore Frelinghuysen ....... " Mar. 4, 1829 Mar. 3, 18~~5 2 Garret D. Wall .••..••.. ....... " 1\1nr. 4, 1H35 Mar. 3, 1811 1 [years.
2 Jaeob W. Miller ........ ..... " Mar. 4,18H Mar. 3, 1847 Re-eleeted by Le.gislature for 6
1 I vVillium Maelay ········1 Pennsylvania'l Mar. 4, 17891 Mar. 3,1791
1 Albert Gallatin......... .•••• " •••.. Feb. 28, 1793 Feb. 28, 1794 I Seat vacated by resolution of Sen.
ate, he not being a citizen of the
U. S. the ter m of yeurs (9) re-
quirea for a Senator by the Con·
stitution U. S.
C.:J
C;l
-l
CIaBs.
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
:3
3
3
3
3
3
:3
3
TADLE OF SEN ATORS-Contmued.
Names of Senators. Statl'::.i rcpr(,~·H .. 'lltL~d 1 Cornm('nC'()ll1','llt of by .seIlatun~. 1 :serylce.
James Ross . • . .. . • .. . . . " ..... 1 April 1, 17~H
T J). ,,1 "1 4 1-')-. arnes \.oss .••...• •········· .... 'Ilr ar. , ,.,
!:)amuel Maday •...........•. " ....• 1 Mar. 4, HlO:3
Nliehael Leio........... ..... " ..... 1 Dee. 13, Wüd
:\Iichael Leib .......... ·1····· " .... '1· ::'llar. 4, 1809
Jonarhun nootlrts .....•.....• " ....• Feb. 2"1, 1814
Jonuthan Roherts ............ " ..... 1 Mar. 4, 1815
\Villialll Findl,¡y ............. " •••• '11 Mar. 4, 1 o.':'? 1
baae D. Barnard. . . .. . . . " ..... .Mar. '1. 18'27
George lv1. Vallas....... ..... " ..... Dec. 13, HUI
Samuel McKean........ . • • •. " ~Iar. 4 1833
Daniel Sturgeoll: ............ " :'lIar. 4; 1.:339
Daniel Sturgeon . • . •. • •. . . . •. " :\br. 4 181,)
Robert Murris .......... Penllsylvania. Mar. 4; 1709
Willium Bingham....... .•••. .• Mar. 4, 1795
Pe ter ~.luj¡lellberg . •. . . . . . • .• " •• ···1 ::VIar. 4, ld01
George Logan. .. . • .. • •. . . • .. " ••..• J uly 13, 1801
Termination of
~ervice.
Mar. 3, 17~)7
lVlar. 3, 1803
Resigned .....
Mar. 3, 1809
Resigned .....
Mar. 3, 1815
Mar. 3, 18:21
l\lar. 3, 18:.?7
Rcsigned .....
Mar. 3, ld33
Mar. 3, 1839
;1¡1ar. 3, H:\cj:S
Mar. 3, 1851
:\lar. 3, 17~J.)
2\1ar. 3, 1801
Resigned ..•..
...... -...... .
Gcorge Logan .•.•••.••• " Dee. 16, 1801 I Mar. 3, 1807
Andrew Gregg ..•••..•. ..... " ::VIar. 4, 1807 Mar. 3, 181:3
Abner Laenck ...•....•. " l\Iar. 4, lSl:l Mar. 3, 1819
\\',,11CI' L()wl"le ......... ...... " ~br. 4, Itl19 ;\Iar. 3, Id:2:)
W iilj¡'lll "\lar ;~s ........ '1' •••• " ::\1 a.r. 4, 1d2:) l\lur. 3, 1831
RemarliS.
Succcssor appointcd Dec. 13, 1808.
13 Y Legislat ure, in room of Sumuel
MacLty, resigned.
SllceesO'Ol' appointed Feb. 21, 1814.
By Legislat ure, in room of M. Leib,
re:óigned.
Successor appointed Dec. 13, 1831.
AppoilllCd by Legislatnrc, in room
of 1. D. Barnard, resigned.
Successor appointed July 13, 1801.
Uy Governor, in room of P. Muh·
ICllbcrg, resigned.
I3y Legislature, in room of P. Muh-
lcnberg, rcsigned.
c,..,
C)l
C/;
3 1 William Wilkins ....... \ ..••• " -:\Iar. 4, 1'131 Resigned ..... Surrcssor appointeJ Dec. 6, 1834.
3 James BuclwlHll1 ............. " Dec. G, 1834 Mar. 3, 1837 By Legislature, in room of "V. "Vil-
31 James Buchanan ....... '1' .... " Mar. 4, 1837 Mar. 3, 1843 k.ins, resigned.
3 James Buchanan ..••.••...... " Mar. 4, 1843 Resigned .... '1 Success~r appoint.ed Mar. 13 .. 1845.
3 Simon Cameron ............. " Mar. 13, 1845 Mar. 3, 1849 By LcrYlslature, In room oí James
BuclJ."'anan, resigned.
I
1 I Gcol'O'e Read ........... Delaware .•••. Mar. 4, 1789 Mar. 3, 1791
1 C:cOl'ge Read ..•.....••. ..... " ..... Mar. 4,1791 Resigned ..... Successor appointed Mar. 19, 1794 .
1 h.ensey J ohns .......... ..... " ..... Mar. 19, 1794 Feb. 7, 1795 By Governor, in room of G. Read,
1 I Henry Latimer ..•••...• Feb.
resigned.
.....
" 7, 1795 Mar. 3, 1797 By Legislature, in room of G. Read,
1 I Henry Latimer ..•••.••. NIar. Resigned ..•.. resigned. ..... " 4, 1797 Succcssor appointed Feb. 28, 1801.
1 Samuel IVhíte .......... " Feb. 28, 1801 Jan. 14, 1802 By Govemor, in room of H. Lati· w
mer, resigned. c';l
1 I Samuel White .......... 1 ..... " • •••• 1 Jan. 14, 1802 Mar. 3, 1803 By Legislature, in room of H. Lati· c.o
1 1 Samuel White .......... " Mar. Mar. 3, 1809
mer, resigned.
..... 4, 1803
1 I Samuel White .......... ..... " Mar. 4, 1809 Died ....... .. Successor appointed Jan. 12, 1810.
1 O uterbrídge Horsey ..••. " Jan. 12, 1810 Mar. 3, 1815 By Legislature in room oI' S. White,
deceased.
1 1 Outerbridge Horsey ..... ..... " Mar. 4, 1815 Mar. 3, 1821
1 I Cresar A. Rodney ....••. " Jan. 10, 1822 Resigned ..... Successor appointed Jan. 8, 1824.
1 Thomas Clayton ........ " Jan. 8, 1824 Mar. 3, 1827 By Legislature, in room of C. A.
Rodney, resigned.
1 I Louis McLane .......... ..... " Mar. 4, 1827 Resigned ••..• Successor appointed Jan. 7, 1830.
1 Arnold N audain ••••.•.• ..... " Jan. 7, 1830 Mar. 3, 1833 In room of Louis McLane.
1 AmolO. N audain .•••.••. ..... . " Mar . 4, 1833 Resigned. . . •. Successor appointed J une 17, 1836.
1 I Richard H. Bayard .•.••. ..... " June 17, 1836 Mar. 3, 1839 By Legislature, in room of A. N au-
I dain, resigned.
1 ¡ Richard H. Bayard .•.•••.•••• " Mar. 4, 1839 Mar. 3, 1845
TABLE OF SENATORS-Continued.
I I Statcs rcprcsented I Cammcncemcnt af I Termination of I Clltas.1 Names of Senators. by Senators. servwe. service. Remarks.
1 John M. CIayton .••••••. " Mar. 4, 18i5 Mar. 3, 1851 ResigncLl; succ'r apll'c12J Feb., 1Si9. ..... . ....
2 Richard Bassett ........ Delaware ..•.. Mar. 4, 1789 Mar. 3, 1793
2 John Vining ............ ..... " Mar. 4, 179:1 Resigned .•... Successor appointed Jan, 19, 1798.
2 Joshua CIayton .............. " Jan. 19. 1798 Died ......... By Lcgislature, in room of J. Vining,
2 I William Hill Wells ••••. 1 ..... I
resigned j successor appointed Jan.
17,1799 .
" ..... 1 Jan. 17, 1799 Resigned .•••. By Legislature, in room of J. Clay-
ton, deceased; successor appoint-
ed Nov. 13, 1804 .
2 I James A. Bayard ....... · .... " ..... 1 Nov. 13, 180·1 Mar. 3, 1805 By Legislature, in room of 'V. H. w Wells, resigned. C) 21 James A. Bayard ••.•••. ..... " ••..• 2\hr. 4, 1805 Mar. 3, 1811 O
2 James A. Bayard ....•.. ..... " Mar. 4, 1811 Resi(l'ned ..... Successol' appointed May 28, 1813.
2 William H. Wells ••.•.• ..... " May 28, 1813 Mar.
o
3, lSn By Lcgislature, in room of J. A.
21 Nicholas Van Dyke ..•.. Mar. 3, 1823 Bayard, resigned. ..... " 4, 1817 Mar. 2 Nicholas Van Dyke .•.•. " Mar. 4, 18:23 Died .•• ·· .... Successor appointed Nov. 8, 1826.
2 Daniel Rodney •..•..••. ..... " Nov. 8, 18:26 Jan. 12, 18:27 By Govcrnor, in room of N. Van
Dvke, deceased. 2 I H0nry M:. Ridgely •••••. ..... " Jan. 12, 1827 Mar. 3, 1829 By 1egislature, in room of N. Van
Mar. Mar. 3, 1835
Dyke, deceased. 2 I John M. CIayton ........ • ti ••• " 4, 1829 2 John M. Clayton ........ ..... " Mar. ~, 1835 Resigned ...•. Successor appointed January 9,
1837.
2 I Thomas CIayton ••••.••• · ... ~ " Jan. 9, 1837 Mar. 3, 18,n By Legislature, in room of J. 1\I.
2 I Thomas Clayton.-............
"
..... Mar. 4, 1841 Mar. 3, 1847
CIayton,resigned.
1 ; C. Cm roll, of carrOllton'l lVIarYIand ••• ·1 }Tar. 4, 17P')
1 I C: .t:.a:roJ;, oí' Carrollton. .•... :: •.••• Mar. 4, 17?.I
1 RICl'llIJ 1 otts.......... .• ••• .. ... Jan. 10, 1,9J
1 I J ohn Eager HowarJ ••.. ..... " ..... 1 Nov. 30, 17%
I I J ohn Eager Howard .••. ..... " · .... 1 Mar. 4, 1797 1 Samuel Smith .••. , ., •..
" . .... i Mar. 4, lFW:3
1 I Samuel Smith .......••. ..... " , , , , '1 "", 4, 130"
I Samuel Smith .......... ..... " . .•.. Nov. 16, 1P09
1 Robe.rt G. Harper .....•. 1 ..... " .. '''1 Jan. 2~, 1810
1 Alexr Contee Hansoll " ....• " · . . .. Dec. 20, H1l6
c,~ 1 William Pinkney ..•.•.. ... .. " Dec. 21, 1819 ¡:¡:..
* 1 .....
" Mar. 4, 1821 William Pinlmey .......
1 Samuel Smith .......... ..... " Dee. 1.5, 18:2S
1 I Samuel Smith .•.... , ••. \ ..... " .. . ,,¡Mar.
I Joseph ICent ................. " · .. " l\lar.
1 William D. l\Ierrick .......... " ..... Jan.
1 William D. Merrick.. • •. ..... " ....• Mar.
I Reverdy J ohnson. . . . . •. ..... " ..... Mar.
3 J ohn Henry . • . .. • • .. . •. Mary land .•.. Mar.
4, 11'27
4, 18:13
4, 1838
4, 18:19
4, Hl·15
4, 1789
4, 1795
~\1ar. 3, 17~Jll
Resigned ..•. '18uccessor appointed Jan. 10, 1793.
ResigneJ ..... By LegisJarure, in room of C. qar.
rol!, resigned; successor appomt.
ed Nov. 30, 1796 .
Mar. 3, 179i': n y Legislature, in room of R. Potts,
resigned.
Mar. 3, 1803
Mar. 3, 1809
Nov. 16, lSU9 n y Governor, in the recess of the
Lr'gislature.
Mar. 3, 1815 By Legislature.
ResigneJ ...•. Sncc(~ssor appointed Dec. 20, 1816.
DieJ ......... By Legislature, in room of R. G.
H;¡rper, rcsigned; successor ap-
pointed Dec. 21, 1819.
::\lar. 3, 1821 By Lcgislature, in room of A. C.
Hansoll, deceased.
Died • • • .. • . •. Succcssor appointed Dec. 16, 1822.
l\lar. 3, 1827 By Legislature, in room of vVm.
Pinkney, deceased.
Mar. 3, 1833
Died . . . .. . . .. Successor appointed Jan. 4, 1838.
Mar. 3, 1839 By Legislature, in room of J. Kent,
deceased.
Mar. 3, 18/15
Mar. 3, 18:)1 Resigned; succ'r app'd 6 Deo., 1849.
Mar. 3, 1795
Resigned .•••• Successor appointed December 11,
1797.
3 . John Henry ................. " ..... ¡l\lar.
3 j James Lloyd • . . • • . .. • •. .•••• " •••.. 1 Dec. 11, 17971 Resigned ••••• By Lcgislature, in room of J. Henry,
resigllcd; successor appointed
Dec. 12, 1800.
C;.:i
0" •
~
TABLE OF SEN ATO RS-Contll1ued.
Class. Namcs oC Senators. statcs rcpresented Comnwnccment of Tcrmination oC Remarks. by Senutors. service. ser vice.
--
3 William Hindman ••.••. . . . . . " ..... Dec. 12, 1800 Mar. 3, 1801 By Legislature, in room of J. Lloyd,
resigllcd.
3 \Yilliam Hindman .••••. ..... " · .... Mar. 4, 1801 Nov. 19, 1801 By Governor, in recess of Legisla-
ture.
3 Robert \Yright ......... ..... " · .... Nov. 19, 1801 Resigned ••••• By Legislature; successor appoint-
ed Nov. 25, 1806.
3 Philip Reed ............ ..... " . .... Nov. 25, 1806 Mar. 3, 1807 By Legislature, in room of Robert
\Y right, resigned.
3 Philip Reed ............ ..... " . .... Mar. 4, 1807 Mar. 3, 1813
3 Rt. lIy. Gold"borough .. ... .. " ..... May 21, 1813 Mar. 3, 1819
3 Edward Lloyd .•.••...•. ... .. " ..... Dec. 21, 1,'<19 Mar. 3, 1825
3 Edward Lloyd .......... ..... " . .... Mar. 4, 1825 ResiO'ned ..... Successor appointed Jan. 2-1, 1826.
3 Ezekiel F. Chambers .......• " ..... Jan. 24, 18:26 Mar.'" 3, 1831 By Lcgislature, in room of E. Lloycl,
Ezekicl F. Chambers ... 1· .... Mar. Resigned .••.• resigned. " " · .... 4, 1831 Succcssor appointed Jan. 13, 1835. " 3 Rt. lIy. Goldsborough ....... " · .... Jan. 13, 1835 Died ..• ·•••• . By Legislature, in room of E. F.
Chambers, resigned; successor
~
~
Dec. 31, 1836 3, 1837
appointed Dec. 31, 1836.
3 J ohn S. Spence ......... ... .. " .. ... Mar .
3 J oltn S. Spence ...•..••. ... .. " ..... Mar. 4, 1837 Díed ..•...•.. Successor appointed Jan. 5, 1841.
3 John Leeds Ker ........ ... .. " ..... Jan. 5, lSü Mar. 3, 1843 By Legislature, in room of J. S.
..... " ..... 1 Mar. 4, 1843 Mar. 3, 1849
Spence, deceased.
3 James Alfred Pearce .••. [See page 382]
1 William Grayson ••••••. Virginia .••••• Mar. 4, 1789 Died ......... Successor appointed March 31, 1790.
1 J ohn \Y alker •••••••.••. .. ... " ..... ¡Mar. 31, 1790 Nov. 9, 1790 By Governor, in room of VV. Gray-
son, dcccased.
1 I James Monroe. • • •. •. • .• .••.• " Nov. 9, 1790 'Mar.' 3, 1791 By Legislature, in room of W. Gray.
son, deceased.
1 I James Monroe ................ , Mar. 4, 17(H Resigned ..... Successor appointed Nov. 18,1794.
1 Stevens T. Mason ••••...•••• " Nov. 18, 1794 Mar. 3, 1797 By Legislaturc, in room of J. Mon-
roe, resigned.
1 I Stevens T. Mason •.. • •. . . • •• " Mar. 4, 1797 Died ..... •••· Successor appointed June 4, 1803.
1 John Taylor............ " June 4, 1803 Dec. 7, 1803 By Governor, in room of S. T. Ma-
son, deceased.
1 I Abraham B. Venable ••..•••• " Dec. 7, 1803 Resigned .•••. By Legislature, in room of S. T.
Mason, deceased; successor ap-
pointed Aug. 11, 1804.
1 I William B. Giles •••••• ·1... .. " •.... 1 Aug. 11, 18041 Dec. 4, 1804 1 By Governor, in room of A. B.
Venable, resigned ; appointed
Dec. 4, 1801.
1 I Andrew Moore ......... 1..... " ..... 1 Dec. 4, 1804 Mar. 3, 1809 By Legislature, in room of A. B.
Venable, resigned. C'-'
1 I Richard Brent ......... ·1····· " ..... ¡Mar. 4, 1809 Died ...... ·•· Successor appomted Jan. 2,1815. Col
1 James Barbour ......... ..... " ..... Jan. 2, 1815 Mar. 3, 1815 By Legislature, in room of R. Brent, c";;¡
deceased.
1 I James Barbour .............. " Mar. 4, 1815 Mar. 3, 1821
1 James Barbour ......... :: Mar. 4, 1821 Resigned ..... Success?r appoi~ted Dec. 9, 1825.
1 John Randolph .. • • •• • • . Dec. 9, 1825 Mar. 3, 1827 By Leglslature, m room of J. Bar-
bour, resigned.
1 I John Tyler............. ..... " Mar. 4, 1827 Mar. 3, 1833
1 John Tyler............. ..... <l. Mar. 4, 1833 Resigned ..... Successor appointed Mar. 3, 1836.
1 William C. Rives....... " Mar. 3, 1836 Mar. 3, 1839 By Legislature, in room of John
Tyler, resigned.
1 I William C. Rives.. .•• •• .•••• " Mar. 4, 1839 Mar. 3, 1845 •
1 Isaac S. Pennybacker... .•••• " Mar. 4, 1845 Died ......... Successor appointed.
1 James M.Mason ............. " Jan. 21, 1847 Mar. 3, 1851 By Legislature, in room of Isaac S.
f . [By Legisla tu~c ~o~ 6 years froro 3 March 1851) Pennybacker, .deceased.
2 I RlChard Henry Lee .•••. Vlrgmla •••••. Mar. 4, 1789 Reslgned ••••• Successor appomted October 18.
I 1792.
TABLE OF SENATORS-Continued.
CIaSS.¡ Names of Senators. States represented Commencement of Termintttion of by SenaLors. l:icrviec. service.
2 John TayIor ............ ..... I¡ · .... Oc1. 18, 1792 Mar. 3, 1793
2 John Taylor ............ ." ... " ~ .. " . " Mar. 4, 1793 Resigned .••..
2 Henry Tazewell .••..••. " .... " . ... " Nov. 18, 1794 Died .•••.•• · •
2 Wilson Cary Nicholas •• " .... " · . " . " Dec. 5, 1799 Resigned .•••.
2 Andrew Moore •••••.••. " .... " · . " .. Aug. 11, 1804 Dec. 4, 1804
2 William B. Giles .•...•. " .... " ..... Dec. 4, 1804 Mar. 3, 1805
William B. Giles ....••. Mar. Mar. 3, 1811 2 "" ... " . .... 4, 1805
2 WilJiam B. Giles ....... ." ... " . .... Mar. 4, 1811 Resigned .....
2 Armistead T. Mason .••. ..... " . .... Jan. 3, 1816 Mar. 3, 1817
Mar. Resigned ..•.. 2 John W. Erpes ......... ..... " · . " .. 4, 1817
2 James Pleasants ........ "" ... " . ... " Dec. 10, 1819 Resigned .•••.
2 John TayIor ............ . . . . . " · .... Dec. 18, 1822 Mar. 3, 1823
2 John TayJor ............ ..... " · .. " " Mar. 4, 1823 Died •• ••••· "
2 LittIeton vV. Tazewell .. " .... " ..... Dec. 7, 182,1 Mar. 3, 1829
Mar. Resigned ••••. 2 , LittIeton W. Tazewell •• . " ... " · . " .. 4, 1829
Remarks.
By Legislature, in room of R. H.
Lee, resigned.
Successor appointed Nov. 18, 1794.
By LegisIature, in room of J ohn
TayIor, resigned; successor ap-
pointed Dec. 5, 1799.
By LegisIature, in room of Henry
Tazewell, deceased; successor ap-
pointed Aug. 11, 1804.
By Governor, in room of W. C.
NichoIas, resigned.
By LegisIature, in room of 'V. C.
NichoIas, resigned.
Successor appointed Jan. 3, 1816.
By LegisIature, in room of W. B.
Giles, resigned.
Successor appointed Dec. 10, 1819.
By LegisIature, in room of John \V.
Eppes, resigned; successor ap-
pointed Dec. 18, 1822.
By LegisJature, in room of James
PIeasants, resigned.
Successor appointed Dec. 7, 1824.
By Legislatnre, in room of John
TayIor, deceased.
Succcssor appointed Dec. 11, 1832.
c:v
C)
H-
2 VV. c. níves ............ ' ..•.• "
2 Benjamín vV. Leígh ..... "
2 Benjamín W. Leigh ..•.. "
2 Richard E. Parker ...•.. "
2 Wílliam H. Roane .•.•.. ..... "
2 I Wílliam S. Archer .•.•.. " .••• "
2 Samuel J ohnston ••..•.. N orth Carolina
2 Alexander Martin ..•..•. ..... "
2 Jesse Franklin .......... ..... "
2 James Turncr •...•..•.. ..... "
2 J aITIes Turner •..••..•.. ..... "
2 Montfort Stokes .••..•.. ..... "
2 Montfort Stokes ............. "
2 John Branch ........... 1 ..... "
2 John Branch .......... ·1·· ... "
2 Bedford Brown .............. "
Dec. 11, 18:321 Resígned .•.•. ' In room L. W. Tazcwcll, resigned;
SucceSRor appointed Feb. 27, 1834.
Feb. 27, 1834 Mar. 3, 1835 By Legislature, in room of Wm. C.
. Rives, resigned.
Mar. 4, 1835 Res~gncd..... Successor· appointed Dec. 12, 1836.
Dec. 12, 1836 Reslgned •..•. By Legislature, in room of B. vV.
Leigll, resigned; successor ap-
pointed March 14, 1837.
Mar. 14, 1837 Mar. 3, 18H By Legislature, in room of R. E.
Parker, resiglled.
Mar. 4, 18'!! Mar. 3, 1847
Nov. 27, 1789 Mar. 3, 1793
Mar. 4, 1793 Mar. 3, 1799
Mar. 4, 1799 Mar. 3, 1805
Mar. 4, 1805 Mar. 3, 1811
:Mar. 4, 1811 Resigned ... ''':
Dec. 4, 1816 Mar. 3, 181,
Mar. 4, 1817 Mar. 3, 1823
Mar. 4, 1823 Mar. 3, 1829
Mar. 4, 1829 Resígned .....
Dec. 9, 1829 Mar. 3, 1835
Successor appointed Dec. 4, 1816.
By Legíslature, in room of J. Tur-
ner, resigned.
2 I Bedford Brown ........ ·1····· " ..... 1 Mar. 4, 1835
2 Willie P. Mangum •.••...••.• " •• • •. Nov. 25, 18·10
Resígned .•••.
Mar. 3, 1841
Successor appointed Dec. 9, 1829.
By Legislature, in room of John
Branch, resigned .
Snccessor appointed Nov. 25, 1840.
By Legíslature, in room of Bedtord
Brown, resigned.
2 Willíe P. Mangum ...... 1 ..... " .....
3 Benjamin Hawkins ...... North Carolina
3 Timothy Bloodworth .•• .••.• "
3 David Stone ................. "
3 Jesse Franklin ............... "
3 David Stone............ ..... "
Mar. 4, 1841
Nov. 27, 1789
Mar. 4, 1795
Mar. 4, 1801
Mar. 4, 1807
Mar. 4, 1813
Mar. 3, 1847
Mar. 3, 1795
Mar. 3, 1801
Mar. 3, 1807
Mar. 3, 1813
Successor appointed.
~" o
~-,
TABLE OF SENATORS-Contmued.
Names oC Senators. Remarks. ClaS8. Comm{'ll('ement oC Tcrmillation of serviee. servicc.
\
Sta.te" represcnted
by Senators.
1-------------------1 1-------------------------------------------------
3 I Francis Locke .••••••••• 1. • . . • " ••••• l' ••••••••••••• l ••••••••••••••
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
N athaniel Macon • • • • . • . "
N at haniel Macon . . . . . • . "
N athaniel Macon • • • • • • • "
James Iredell. • • • • • • • • •• . . . . • "
Willie P. Mangum...... . .... " ......
Robert Strange......... "
Robert Strange......... "
William A. Graham .••. "
William H. Haywood • • . "
George E. Badger • . . • • • "
Dec.
Mar.
Mar.
Dec.
5, 1815
4, 1819
4, 18~5
15, 1828
Mar. 3, 1819
Mar. 3, 1825
Resigned .....
Mar. 3, 1831
Mar. 4, 1831 Resigned .•...
Dec. 5, 1836 Mar. 3, 1837
Mar. 4, 1837 Resigned ..••.
Nov. 2:), 1840 Mar. 3, 18,13
Mar. 4, 18·13 Resigned .•...
Dec. 14, 1846 Mar. 3, 1849
2
2
2
P~erce ButIer ........... South carolinal Mar.
P18rce Butler........... ..... " ..... 1\-lar.
J ohn Hunter ••••••..••• . . • • • " ••••. Dec.
4, 17891 Mar. 3, 1793
4, 1793 Re,;igned .....
8, 1796 Resigned ..••.
2 Charles Pinckney ....... 1. • • •• "
2 I Charles Pinckney ••••••• / .•••• "
2/ Thomas Sumpter •• •• • •• ••••• "
2 Thomas Sumpter ••••••• 1. • • •• "
· ....
· ....
· ....
Dec. 4, 1798 I Mar. 3, 1799
Mar. 4, 1799 ............. .
Dec. 3, 1801 Mar. 3, 1805
Mar. 4, 1805 Resigned ••••.
Does not appear to have accepted or
taken his seat in Senate. '
By Legislature, in room of F. Locke:
Successor appointed Dec. 15, 1828.
By Legislature, in room of N athaniel
Macon, resigned.
Successor appointed Dec. 5, 1836.
By Legislature, in room of W. P.
lVlangum, resigned.
Successor appointed Nov. 25, 1840.
By Legislaturc, in room of Robert
Strange, resigned.
Successor appointed Nov. 25, 1846.
By Legislature, in room of vV. H.
Haywood, resigned. [See page 3S2]
Successor appointed Dec. 8, 1796.
By Legislature, in room of P. Rut-
ler, resigned; successor appointed
Dec. 4, 1798.
By Legislature, in room of John
Hunter, resigned.
Successor appointed Dec. 3, 1801.
By Le~islature, in room of Charles
P inclmey, resigned.
Successor appointed Dec. 19, 1810.
CQ
O')
C')
21 J'Jhn Taylor ..•......... \ ..... " ., ... ¡ DeL 1 ~), Hil O I Mar.. 3, 1311
2, Jnhn Tavlor ..••...•......... " ••••• Milr. ,1, 1<'311 Reslgneu ..••. ~ I William "Smíth ...••..•..•.•• " Dúc. ,1, 18H; Mar. 3, lS17
2 \Villiam Smith ..•...... " :\br. 4, lS17 Mar. 3, 1823 ......
2 Rolert Y oung Hayne ... ..... " }Iar. 4, lS23 Mar. 3, lS29
2 Robert Young Hayne ... " :\:1ar. 4, 1829 Resigned .....
2 I J ohn C. Calhoun ....... " Dec. 12, 1832 Mar. 3, lS35
21 John C. Calhoun ...... ·1 .... · " Mar. 4, 1835 Mar. 3, 1841
2 John C. Calhoun ............
"
l\Ltr. 4, 1841 Resigned .....
2 I Daniel Elliott IIuger ... , ....• " Dec. 15, lS~1Z Resigned .•.•.
2 I John C. Calhoun ....... 1 ..... " •• • •• 1 Dec. 2G, 1845 Mar. 3, 1847
3 Ralph Izard ............ South Carolina Mar. 4, 1789 Mar. 3, 1795
., Jacob Read ............ ...... " Mar. 4, 1795 .:vIar . 3, 1801
" ,) John Ewing Colhoun ... ..... L' Mar. 4, 18tH Dicd ......•.. o'
3 Pierce B utler ........... ... .. " ..... Nov., 1802 Resigned .•••.
3 I J ohn Gaillard ........... 1 ..... " Dec. 6, 1804 Mar. 3, 1807
:3 John Gaillard ........... ..... " :vIar. 4, 1807 Mar. 3, 1813
3 Jo hn Gai llard ........... " Mar. 4, IS13 Mar. 3, 1S19 .....
3 Jo hn Gaillard ........... ..... " Mar. 4, 1819 Mar. 3, lS25
3 John Gaillard ........... ..... " J\Inr. 4, 1825 Died •........
3 William Harper ••••.••. ..... " Mar. 8, 1826 Nov. 29, 1826
3 ¡ William Smith .............. " Nov. 29, 1826 Mar. 3, 1831
D Y Legi,;laturc, in room of Thomus
8uml)tcr, resigned .
Successor appointed Dec. 4, 1816.
By Legislature, in room of John
Tuylor, resigned.
Successor appointed Dec. 12, 1832.
By Legislature, in room of R. Y.
Rayne.
Successor appointed Dec. 15, 1842.
By Legislature, in room of J. C.
Calhoun, resigned; successor ap-
pointed Nov. 26, 1845 .
By Legislature, in room of D. E.
Ruger, resigned.
Snccessor appointed Nov., 1802.
By Legislature, in room of J. E.
Colhoun, deceased; successor ap-
pointed Dec. 6, 1804.
By Legislature, in room of P. But-
ler, resigned.
February 26, 1826.
By Governor, in room of John Gail·
!ard, deceased.
By Legislature, in room of John
Gaillard. deceased.
w
O'l
-l
TABLE OF SENATORS-Continued.
i
Class. Namcs of Scnators.
Slat"s rl'prp8cnted I COl1l111l'JH:Cment of I Tcrmination of
by Sellator::!. ::>ervice. ~erviee.
31 Stephen D. Miller •.•.•.. 1 ••.• " Mar. 4, 1831 Resigned •••..
3 \Villiam C. Preston .......... " Nov. 2(), 1833 Mar. 3, 1837
3 I \,Yilliam C. pJ'(~ston .......... " ~Iar. 4, 1I:n7 Resigned ... " .
3 George McDufhe •••.••..••.• " Dec., 18·12 Mar. 3, 1843
3 I Georerc McDuffic .•. , ••...••• " 1\lar. 4, 1813 Resierned .•.•.
3 Alldr~w P. Butler ••.•• '.' .... " Dec. 21, 1846 Mar.
oo
3, 1849
I
2 I William Few ........... 1 Georg! ...... Mar. 4, 1789 Mar. 3, 1793
2 I James Jackson •......•.....• " •.••• Mar. 4, 1793 Resigned .•.•.
2 1 George vValton ......... ..... " Nov. 16, 1795 Feb. 20, 1796
2 I Josiah Tatnall ............... " Feb. 20, 1796 Mar. 3, 1799
21 Abraham Baldwin .• , •••.••.• " Mar. 4, 1799 Mar. 3, 1805
2 Abraham Baldwin ••...•.•..• " Mar. 4, 1005 Died .•. ···· ..
Z Gcorge J ones· ••.•...••. l' •••• " Aug. 27, 1807 Nov. 7, 1807
I
2 1 \V:ll:am H. Crawford ••• i' .... " ..... Nov. 7, 1807 :Mar. 3, 1811
21 yVllham H. Crawford ..••.•••• " ..... Mar, 4, 1811 Resigncd .....
2 I \:nL I3elh~ger D~llock l .... " ..... April 8, 1013 Nov. 6, 1813
"
Nov. 6, 1313 Resigned .•••. 2 I Y. llham \\ yatt B¡[)b .. ·l·· .. ." ...
1
Rcmarks.
Successor appointed Nov. 26, 1833.
Snccessor appointed Dec., HW2.
By Legislature, in room of vV. C.
Preston, resigncd.
81lccessor appointed.
By Legislature, in room of Ceorere
l\IcDuflie, resigned. '"
Sllccessor appointcd N oyember 1,>,
1795.
By Covernor, in room of James
J ackson, rcsigned.
TI y Lcgislature, in room of James
J ackson, resigned
Suceessor appointed Aug. 27, 1F07.
By Governor, in room of Abraham
Baldwin, deccased.
By LegiE'lature, in room ofAbraham
Baldwin, dcceased.
SIlccPs80r appointed April 8, 1813.
By Governor, in room of vVilliam
H. Crawiord, rcsigned.
By Legislature, in rOOlll of vV. H.
Crawiord, resigned; E'llCCeSSor ap·
noilltcd N ov. 13, Hll(j.
c.-;
c;
ex,
2 Gcorgc 1\1. Troup ....•. " Nov. 13, 1816 Mar. 3, 1817 By Legislature, in room of William ~ ....
Mar.
W. Bibb, rcsigncd.
2 George M. Troup ..•.••. " 4, lR17 Res!gned ..•.. Successor appointed Nov. 7, 1818. .....
2 J ohn Forsyth ....•••.•• " Nov. 7, 1818 Reslgned ..... By Legislature, in room of G. M. .....
Troup,resigned; successor ap-
Nov.
pointed Nov. 6, 1819.
2 I Freeman Walker .••••••..•••
" 6, 1819 Resigncd ..... By Legislature, in room of J. For-
syth, resigned; successor ap-
Nov. 10, 1821
pointed Nov. 10, 1821.
2 I Nicholas "VVare .•.••.•.•...•• " Mar. 3, 1823 1 By Lcgislature, in room of Freeman
Mar.
\Valker, resigned.
2 I Nicholas "VVare ..•••..•..•... " 4, 1823 Dicd ......... I Succcssor appointed Nov. 4, 18N.
2 Thomas VV. Cobb •...•..•••. " Nov. 4, lo:Z-i Rcsigncd ..... By Legislature, in room of N. Ware,
dcccased ; successor appoillted
:...,..) Nov. 7, 1828. Qo:
2 Oliver H. Prince .••..•. " Nov. 7, 1828, Mar. 3, 1829 ..... w 2 George M. Troup .....•. ..... " Mar. 4, lS2!) ResiO'ned .. , .. Successor appointed N ov. 21, 1833. o::.
2 Jolm P. Killg ........... ..... H Nov. 21, lS:33 7\Iar.'" 3, lS35 <.O
2 John P. King ........... ..... " •..... Mar. 4, lS:~5 Resigned ..... Successor appointed Nov. 22, 1837.
2 Wilson Lumpkin ...••.. ..... " Nov. 22, 1837 Mar. 3, 1841 By Legislaturc, in room of Jolm
Mar. 4, 18n
P. King, rcsigned.
2 J. Macphcrson Berrien •. . . . .. " Resigned ..... Reappointed.
2 .T. Macpherson Berrien .. " Nov. 14, lS!;) Mar. 3, HH7 Re-electcd by the Legislature.
:3 James Gunn ............ Gcorgia .••... Mar. 4, 1789 Mar. 3, 1795
3 J anl8s Gunn ............ ..... " Mar. 4, 17~)5 Mar. 3, lS01
3 James J ackson ......... ..... " Mar. 4, 1801 Died •.....•.. Successor appointed June 19, 1806.
3 J ohn Milledge •.••••.•••.•••• " J une 19, 1806 Mar. 3, 1807 By Legislature, in room of James
3/ John Milledge .......... 1 .....
J ackson, deceased.
" Mar. 4, 1807 Rcsigncd· .... ! Succcssor appointed Nov. 27, 1809.
3 Charles Tait ........... ! ..... " Nov. 27, 1809 Mar. 3, 18131 By Legislature, in room of John
3/ Charles Tait ........... 1 ..... Mar.
Milledge, resigned.
" 4, 1813 Mar. 3, 1819
3 JohnElliott ............ ¡ ... , " Mar. 4, 1819 Mar. 3, 1825
TABLE OF SENATORS-Continued.
CIasa.1 Names oC Scnators. statcs rCl'rescllted I Commencement of I Terminatlon of I Remarks. by Senators. service. service ..
3 I J. Macpherson Berrien •• ... , " Mar. 4, 1825 Resígned·····1 Successor appointed Nov. 9, 1829.
3 Jo1m Forsyth ........... ..... " Nov. 9, 1829 Mar. 3, 1831 By Legíslature, in room of John
Mar.
Macphersou Berrien, resigned.
31 John Forsyth ................ " 4, 1831 Mar. 3, 1837
3 Alfred Cuthbert ............. " Mar. 4, 1837 Mar. 3, 1843
3 'Valter T. Colquitt .... ·1··· .. " Mar. 4, 1843 Mar. 3, 1849 1 Resigned; succ'r app'd 4 Feb., 1848.
2 John Bl'o\vn ............ Kentucky ••.. June 18, 1792 Mar. 3, 1793
2 John Brown ............ " Mar. 4, 1793 Mar. 3, 1799 ..... .. .....
2 Jolm Brown ............ ..... " Mar. 4, 1799 Mar. 3, 1805
2 I Buckncr Thruston ...••. ... . , " ..... Mar. Jan. 4, 1805 Resigned ..... 4, 1810 Mar. 3, 1811 Successor appointed Jan. 4, 1810. By LegisIature, in room of Buckner
Thruston, resigned.
2 Henry CIay ............ ... .. "
2 I George 1\1. Bibb ......• '1' . . .. "
2 George vVaIker. . . • .. . •• ..•.. "
2 I Wílliam T. Barry ••.•.. "
2 I Martin D. Hardin •••.••. 1. • • •• "
2
2
2
2
Martin D. Hardin •...... 1 •• :.. "
John J. Críttenden ...... 1· .... "
Richard M. J ohnson ..•. ,. • • • . "
Richard M. J ohnson . . •. ...•. "
.. , ..
Mar. 4, 1811
Aug. 30, 1814
Dec. 16, 1814
Nov. 13, 1816
Dec. 5, 1816
Mar. 4, 1817
Dec. 10, 1819
Mar. 4, 1823
Resigned .••..
Dec. 16, 1814
Resigned .••..
Dec. 5, 1816
Mar. 3, 1817
Resigned ••••.
Mar. 3, 1823
Mar. 3, 1829
Successor appoínted Aug. 30, 1814.
By Governor, in room of George M.
Bibb, resigned.
By Legíslature, in room of George
M. Bibb, resigned; successor ap-
poínted Nov. 13, 1816.
By Governor, in room of William
T. Barry, resígned.
By Legislature, m room of William
T. Barry, resígned.
Successor appointed Dec. 10, 1819.
By Legíslature, in room of J. J.
Crittenden, resígned.
W
-.l
O
2 Gcorge l\I. Bibb .. • •. • •• ..•.. " .•... 1 Mar. 4, 1829 Mar. 3, 1835
2 John J. Crittenden...... ...•. " Mar. 4, 1835 Mar: 3, 1841
2 John J. Crittenden .•..•.....• " .Mar. 4, 18H Reslgned·····1 Successor appointed Feb. 20, 1841.
2 James T. Morchead .........• " Feb. 20, 1841 Mar. 3, 1847
3 .1 ohn Edwards ......•••. Kentucky .••• June 18, 1792 Mar. 3, 1795
3 Humplirey Marshall ..•••..••• " Mar. 4, 1795, Mar: 3, 1801
3 John Bre~kenridge ....•..•••• :: Mar. 4, 180! 1 ResIgned·····1 Success~r appoint~d Nov. 8,1805.
3 John Admr............. ..••• • •••. Nov. 8, 180:> ResIgned .•••. By Leglslature, m room of John
3 I Henry Clay ............ · .... " Nov. 19, 1806
31 John Pope ............. ..... " Mar. 4, 1807 3 J esse B ledsoc ••.•.•.... ..... " Mar. 4, 1813 3 Isham Talbot •••••••.••. ..... " Jan. 3, 1815
3 I Willíam Logan •••••.• "1" ... " .. .. '1 Mar. 4, 1819 3 I Isham Talbot ................ " •• •.. Oct. 19, 1820
3 John Rowan •••.•••..•. ..... " Mar. 4, 1825
3 Henry Clay ............ ..... " Mar. 4, 1831
3 Henry Clay ..••..••.••• ..... " Mar. 4, 1837
3 John J. Crittenden ...... " Feb. 25, 1842
3 I John J. Crittenden •.•••• · .... " Mar. 4, 1843
1 I William Cocke ......... Tennessee .••. Aug. 2, 1796
1 Andrew J ackson .•••.••. " Sept. 26, 1797 · .. " . . ....
1 I Daniel Smith ........... · . . . . " Oct. 6, 1798
1 J oseph Anderson ••••••• · . . . . " Dec. 12, 1798
I
I J oseuh Anderson ••••••• · .... " Mar. 4, 1803
Mar. 3, 1807
Mar. 3. 1813
Resigned .....
Mar. 3, 1819
Resigned .....
Mar. 3, 1825
Mar. 3, 1831
Mar. 3, 1837
Resigned .....
Mar. 3, 1843
Mar. 3, 1849
Mar. 3, 1797
Resigned .....
Dec. 12, 1798
Mar. 3, 1803
Mar. 3, 1809
Breckenridge, resigned; successor
appointed Nov. 19,1806.
By Legislature, in room of John
Adair, resigned.
Successor appointed Jan. 3, 1815.
By Legislature, in room of Jesse
Bledsoe, resigned.
Successor appointed Oct. 19, 1820 .
By Legislature, in room of William
Logan, resigned.
Successor appointed Feb. 25, 11112.
By Legislature, in room of Hcnry
Clay, resigned.
Resigned; succ'r app'd 23 June,18 c18.
Successor appointed Oct. 6, 1798.
By Governor, in room of Andrew
J ackson, resigned.
By Legislature, in room of Andrew
J 11ckson, resigned.
W
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i-4
TABLE OF SENATORS-Continued.
----,--------------------------~------------------------------~--------------,-------------------------.------------
CL1.Bs. NalllC-i of S\'lnlt01'8. Stat"s rp[lrcscntc(l I Commcncemcnt of I Tcrmimttion oC by Sl'uators. scrvicc. ::;ervice.
1
1
1
1
JosephAn<1f;rSO!l ............ " ..... iMar. '1,1809 Aprilll,IS09
Joseph Andcr:,oll ............ " ..... ' Aprilll, I80~) lvlflr. 3, 1815
Georgc \Y. Call1pbcll . •. .•••• " ••.•• i Oct. lO, 1/'lI5 Resigncd .....
John 1I,~nry Ea!oll ..••...•... " ..•.. i Scpt. 5, 1818 Oet. 9, IS19
1 John He];)"y Eaton ...••. 1 .•••• " Oct. 9, 18191 Mar. 3, IS21
1 I John Hcnry ~aton .... ·l·· .. " •...• ' Sept. 27, 1821 Mar. 3, IS27 1 John II,;nrv f<,aton .•..•.....• " . Mar. 4, 1H'27 Rcsigned .....
1 Felix Urlllldy ............... " Oct. 1Y, 1tl:29 Mar. 3, 1833
1 ¡ Felix Crn1l(lv .......... ..... " ...•• ·1\lar. 4, 18:-13 Rcsigned .....
1 Ephrailll H. i,'oster ...••. ..... " Scpt. 17, 1838 ;\Iar. 3, lS39
1 ¡ Felix Grnndy .......... ..... " Mar. 4, 1839 Died ..•• ···· . 1 Alfrcd O. 1', N icholson • ..... " Dee. 25, 1810 Oct. 17, 1843
1 I Ephraim H. Foster .•.••. ..... " Oct. 17, 1843 Mar. 3, lS'15
I
1 I Hopkins L. Turney ... • •. • ... " •••.• Mar. 4, lS45 Mar. 3, 18S1
2 \Villiam B!o1tnt ......... i Tennessee .•• · Aug. 2, 17Y6 July S, 17Y7
2 J oseph Anuen;on •••.••. [. • • •• " ••••• Sept. 26, 1797 Dec. 12, 179S
Rcmarks.
Appoinled by the Governor.
By the Lcgisla1ure.
~ueerssor 1tppointcu Sept. 5, 181S.
By Govcrllor, in room of George
\V. Cawpbell, resigned.
13 y Legislat me, in room of George
vV. Campbell, resigllcd .
Sncccssor appointed Ocl. 19, 1829.
By Lf'gislature, in room of J. H.
Ea1 on, re~igl1ed.
Succet'i3or appoin1 ed Srpt. 17, 1838.
By Governor, in room of Felix
Grundy, resigned.
Succef'sor appointcd Dec. 25, 18,10.
By GovcfllOr, in room oi' Felix
Grunuy, deceased,
By Legislature, in room of Felix
Grunuy, deceased.
Exprlled from Senate.
By Legi"lature, in room of \Vilham
Bloun(, expellcd; (appointed Íl
room A. J ackson, belonging 10
otller cluss, resigne d.)
2
2
William Coeke ...••.•. '1' . ... "
Daniel ::3rnith . . . . • • •. • •• .. • •• "
Mar.
Mar.
4, 17991 Mar. 3, lS05
4, 1805 ReRigned· .•.. 1 Successor appointeu April 11, 1809.
W
-1
~
2 i Jenkin Whiteside ....•• l .... " Aprilll, 1809 Mar. 3, 1811 I By Legislature, in room of Damel
Mar.
. Smith, resigned.
2 'J enkin Whiteside ........•••. " 4, 1811 Res~gned ...•. Successor appointed Oet. 8, 1811.
2 G,o'ge W. Campbell ... 1 ..... " Oct. 8, 1811 Reslgned .•... By Legislature, in room of Jenkin
Whiteside, resigned; suecessor
Mar. 17, 1814
appointed March 17, 1814.
2 I J esse Wharton ..••..•.. l' •••• " Oct. 10, 1815 By Governor, in room of George W.
2 I John Williams ......... 1 ..... Oct.
Campbell, resigned.
" 10, 1815 Mar. 3, 1817 By Legislature, in room of G. W.
J ohn Williams ......... Mar.
Campbell, resigned.
2 ..... " 4, 1817 Oct. 2, 1817 By the Governor.
2 J ohn Williams ......... ..... " Oct. 2, 1817 Mar. 3, 1823 By Legislature. 2 Andrew Jackson ........ ..... " Mar. 4, 1823 Resigned ..... Successor appointed Oet. 28, 1825. 2 Hugh Lawson White ..•. ..... " Oct. 28, 1825 Mar. 3, 1829 By Legislature, in room of Andrew
Hugh Lawson White. : •. Mar.
J ackson, resigned.
2 ..... " 4, 1829 Mar. 3, 1835
.;,~ 2 Hugh Lawson White .••. ..... " Mar. 4, 1835 Resigned ..... Suceessor appointed Jan. 27, 1840. ~
';;l. 2 Alexander Anderson .••. ..... " Jan. 27, 1840 Mar. 3, 1841 By Legislature, in room of H. L. C..:J
'"
Spencer J arnagin .•••••. Mar.
White, resigned.
2 ..... " 4, 1841 Mar. 3, 1847
1 ,John Smith ............ Ohio ••••...•. April 1, 1803 Resigned .••.. Sueeessor appointed Dee. 12, 1808.
1 ,Return J. Meigs, jr ..•••. " Dec. 12, 1808 Mar. 3, 1809 By Legislature, in room of John ..... . .... i Smith, resigned.
1 I Return J. Meigs, jr ..•••. ..... " Mar. 4, 1809 Resigned ..•.. Suecessor appointed Dec. 15, 1810.
1 Thomas W orthington ••. ..... " Dec. 15, 1810 Resigned .••.. By Legislature, in room of R. J.
Meigs, jr., resigned; successor ap-
pointed Dec. 10, 1814.
1 I J oseph Kerr ............ ..... " Dee. 10, 1814 Mar. 3, 1815\ By Legislature, in room of Thomas
Mar.
W orthington, resigned.
1 I Benjamin Ruggles .•••...•..• " 4, 1815 Mar. 3, 1821 1 Benjamin Ruggles ..••. , ..•.• " Mar. 4, 1821 Mar. 3, 1827
1 Benjamin Ruggles • •• • •• • ••• " Mar. 4, 1827 Mar. 3, 1833
TABLE 01" SENATORS-Contimled.
Class.1 Names of Senators. I ,,""' n""~w"W I Como"""m""t" I by Sellators. ~lTVlCe.
1 ~ho.ma~ ~~rris ........ ·1 ..... :: ..... l\hr. 4, 18~:
1 henJamm 1 appan .••.•• T···. . .... Mar. 4, lS3,)
1 Thomas Corwin........ ..... " ••.•. Mar. 4, Hl45
3 1homas:Yo,rthington"'1 Ohio .• ,; ..•••• AI~ril 1,1803
3 E,d ward lI±hn............... . • . •• 1\Llr. 4, 1807
3 ::3tanley Griswold .•..••. ;. • • .• " l\Iay 18, 1009
3 I Alexander Campbell .••. "
3 I J eremiah Morrow ••.•.. "
3 Willialll A. Trimble .... "
3 Ethun Allen Brown ..• : . "
William H. Hilrrison .••.
"
3 Jacob Bumet ........... " :{ Thomas Ewillg .......•. .....
"
') William Allen ..........
" "
3 William Allen .•.....•.. ..... "
2 J ohn N od Destréhan •.. Louisirwa •.. ·
2 Thomas Posey •.. . .. . • . .,
0'J B " '" lames rown •••.••••..
2 I W. c. C. Claiborne ..... l ..... "
I
Dec. 11, 1809
::\hr. 4, 1813
Mar. 4, 1¡''l~)
Jan. 3, 1S:22
Mar. 4, 1,<:]'.'5
Dec. 10, 1828
Mar. 4, lb:J 1
:\lar. 4, 1~>17
:'\lar. 4, 1 t).!:J
8('pt. 3, 1812
Oct. 8, 18U
Dec. 1, 181:2
Mar. 4, 1817
Tcrmination oC
servicc.
Mar. 3, 1839
~Iar. 3, lS45
Mar. 3, lS51
Mar. 3, lS07
Resigned .....
Dec. 11, lS09
Mar. 3, 1813
Mar. 3, 1819
Died .........
Mar. 3, 1825
Resigned .....
i\Iar. 3, 113:\1
~vr ar. 3, 1837
:\Iar. 3, 18·13
1\1ar. 3, lR49
Remarks.
Rosigned; succ'r app'J. 20 July, 1850.
Successor appointed May 18, 1809.
By Gnvernor, in room of Edward
Tillin, re,;igned.
By Legi:-;lature, in room of Edward
Tillin, resigned.
Succcs:=:or appointed Jan. 3, 1822.
By L(',~i"la1urc, in room of vV. A
Trinible, deceased.
Succestlor appointcd Dec. 10, 1828.
Resignf'd ..... Sllcce~sor appointed Oct. 8, 181'2.
Dec. 1, 181:2 13 Y Govcrnor, in room oi' J ohl1 N
Desl réhan. resigned.
Mar. 3, 1817 By Lcrrislature, in room of John
T b. . d N. Destrchan, resl;:;ne .
Died •••• " • •. N ot having taken hj's seat in Sen
ate; successor appuillted Jan. 1~
una.
c.'~
-- ~
*'"
2 1 lIenry J olmson ..••..•.. .... , " Jan. 12, 1818 Mar. 3, 18:23 1 By Lcgislaturc, in room of vV. C. C.
Claiborne, dcceased.
2 I Hcnry J ohnson •..••.••. ..... " Mar. 4, 1823 Resigned. . . .. Succcssor appointed N ovember 19,
1824.
2 I Dominique Bouligny .••. ..... " Nov. 19, 1824 Mar. 3, 1829 By Lpgislature, in room of Henry
2 I Edward Livingston ..••. Mar. Resigned .••..
J ohnson, resigned.
.....
" 3, 1829 Successor appointed N ovember 19,
183l.
2 I George A. vVaggaman .. ..... " Nov. 19, 1831 Mar. 3, 1835 In room of Edward Livingston, re-
21 Robert Carter Nicholas . Mar. 4, 1835 Mar. 3, 1841
signed.
.....
" 2 Alcxander Barrow ......
"
l\-Iar. 4, 1841 Dicd . . . . . . . .. ~uccessor appointed.
2 Pierre Soulé ............ .... ,
" Feb. 3, 1847 Mar. 3, 18e17 By Legislature, in room of A1exan-
Rept.
der Barrow, deceased.
3 A Han B. Magrudcr •.... Louisiana .••. 3, 1812 Mar. 3, 18B
3 Eligius Fromentin ...... ..... " Mar. 4, 1813 Mar. 3, 1819
':'.:J 3 James Brown ........... ..... " Mar. 4, 1819 Rcsigned ..... ~llccessor appointed Jan. 15, 1824. -:)
3 J osiah S. J ohnston .•..•. ..... " Jan. 15, 1824 Mar. 3, 1825 By Legislature, in room of James ~~l
..... 1 Mar. 4, 1825 Mar. 3, 1831
Brown, resigned . 31 Josiah S. Johnston ...... 1 .. · .. "
3 Josiah S. Johnston ........... " ..... Mar. 4, 1831 Died ....... " Snccessor appointed Dec. 19, 1833.
3 Alexander Porter ....••.....• " .. . .. Dec. 19, 1833 Resigned. •. .. By Legis1ature, in room of J. S .
Johnston, deceased; successor
3 I Alexander Mouton .•.... 1 ••••• " ..... 1 Jan. 12, 1837 l'VIar. 3, 1837
appointed Jan. 12, 1837 .
By Lcgislature, in room of A. Por-
Mar. Resigned ..••.
ter, resigned.
3 I A1exa,.lder Mouton ...••. .... , " 4, 1837 Successor took his seat Apri1 14, 11)42.
3 I Charles M. Conrad ..•.• ..... " April H, 18,12 Mar. 3, 1843 B Y Legislatur~, in room of Alexan·
3 I Henry J ohnson •........ der Mouton, resigned. ..... " Mar. 4, 18e13 Mar. 3, 1849 Elected February 12, 1844.
1 I James Noble. .... ...... Indiana...... Nov. 8, 1816 Mar. 3, 1821
I
C [ass.1 Names of Senators.
I
-
1 James Noble ...........
1 James Noble ...........
1 Robert Hanna ..........
1 John Tipton ............
1 J ohn Tipton ............
1 Albert S. White ........
1 JCfise D. Bright .........
3 \Valler Taylor ..........
3 Waller Tavlor ..........
3 Wiiliam Hendricks .....
3 William Hendricks .....
3 Oliver H. Smith ........
3 Edward A. Hannegan ...
1 Walter Leake ..........
1 David Holmes •...•. , ...
1 David Holmes ..........
1 Powhatan Ellis •.•••.••.
1 Thomas B. Reed •.•••••
1 Powhatan Ellis ••• ••.••.
I
TAJ3LE OF SENATORS-Continued.
States represented Commencement of Terminatlon oí
by Scllators. servi~. tservice.
· .... " · .... Mar. 4, 1821 Mar. 3, 1827
... .. "
..... Mar. 4, 1827 Dicd .... ···· .
... .. "
..... Aug. 19, 1831 Dec. 9, 1831
... .. " ..... Dec. 9, 1831 Mar. 3, 1833
· .... " ... -. lVlar. 4, 1833 Mar. 3, 1839
... .. "
..... Mar. 4, 18:39 Mar. 3, 18e15
'" .. " ..... 1\1ar. 4, 10,15 Mar. 3, 1851
Indiana .... ,. Nov. 8, 1816 Mar. 3, 1819
· . . . . " ..... 1\'lar. 4, 1819 jl\1ar. 3, 1825
" • .... ! Mar. 4, 1885 Mar. 3, 1831
" '" .. · ....
Mar. 4, 1831 ;\1ar. 3, 1837
'" .. "
..... }Iar. 4, 1837 1\hr. 3, 181:1
... . - "
..... ivlar. 4, 1843 Mar. 3, 1849
l\I ississippi ., . Oct. 9, 1817 Rcsigned .....
" Aug. 30, W¡!O "lar. 3, 1821 ..... .e.··
Mar. 4, 1821 Resigned ..... ... .. " .....
'" .. "
..... Scpt. 28, 1825 Jan. 28, 1826
Jan. 28, 1826 Mar. 3, 1827 ... .. " · ....
Mar. 4, 1827
" · ....
.............. ... ..
Remarks.
Successor appointed Aug. 19, 1831.
By Governor, in room of James
Noble, deceased.
By Legislature, in room of James
N oLle, deceased.
Successor appointed Aug. 30, 1820.
13 Y Legislaturc, in room oí' \Valter
Leake, resigned.
Successor appointed Sept. 28, 1825.
Bv Governor, in room of David
"Holmes, resigned.
By Lcgislature, in room of David
Huimos, resigned.
Vacatcd his seat, by acceptance of
office of judge oi" United States
court.
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1 I John mnd:: ..•••..•••••• 1· •••• " Nov. 12, 18:12 Mar. 3, 18=:3
1 I John Black ...............••. " Mar. 4, 183:3 Resigned ..•..
1 James F. Trotter ••..•••..••• " Jan. 22, 1838 Resigned .•.••
1 I Thomas n. vVilliams .•....•• " ..... Nov. 12, 1838 Jan. 30, 1839
1 Thomas H. vVilliams •. ·1· .... " ..... Jan. 30, 1839 Mar. 3, 1839
1 John IIenclel'SOIl ............. " l\1ar. 4, 1.':'<:19 Mar. 3, 1845
1 Jesse SJll'i~ht .........•• ..... " Mar. 4, 1.815 Mar. 3, 1851
2 Thomas n. \Villiams .••• .:\Iississippi •. , Oct . 9, 1817 Mar. 3, 1823
2 ' Thomas H. \Villimns .••. ..... " Mar. 4, 182:1 l\ lar . 3, 1829
2 Thomas B. Rccd .....•• ..... " .. "'1 Mar. 4, 18:29 Died .••••.•..
2 Robert H. Adams ....... j ••••• " •..•. Jan. 6, 1830 Died .••• ·•• "
2 George Poindcxter .•.••. ..... " Oct. 15, 1830 Nov. 18, 1830
2 I George Poindexter .•.••. ..... " Nov. 18, 1830 i\1ar. 3, 1835
2 I Rohert J. vVnlk('r ............ " Mar. 4, 1835 Mar. 3, 18tl1
2 Robert J. \Valker ....... 1 ..... " Mar. 4, lSn Resigncd .....
2 I Joseph vV. Chalmers .... ,,, ... " Nov. 3, 1845 Jan. 10, 18,16
2 I Joseph W. Chalmers.... ..... " ..... Jan. 10, 1816 Mar. 3, 1847
2 Jesse B. Thomas ." .... 1 Illinois ....... Oct. 7, 1818 Mar. 3, 1823
2 Jesse B. Thomas ............ " ..... 1\1ar. 4, 182:1 Mar. 3, 1829
2 . J ohn McLcan ......... '1' . ... " Mar. 4, 1829 Died .........
2 ¡ David J. Baker ........ 'l' .... " Nov. 12, 1830 IDee. 11, 1830
By Governor, ID room of P. EIlIs.
Succcssor appointed Jan. 22, 1838.
By Legislature, in room of John
B Iac!¿, rpsigned; successor ap-
pointed Nov. 12, 1838.
By Governor, in room of James F.
T1'Otter, resigned.
By Legislature. do.
Died; succes'r app'd 10 Aug., 1817.
Successor appointed Jan. 6, 1830 .
By Lrr;isIatnre, in room of Thomas
B. Rced, deceased; successor ap-
pointed Oct. 15,1830.
By Governor, in room of Robert H.
Adams. deceased.
By LC'gislature, in room of Robert
H. Adams, deccased.
Successor appoillted N ovember 3,
1845.
By Governor, in room of Robert J.
\Valker, resigned.
By Legislature, do.
Sucr-essor appointed N ovember 12,
1830.
By Governor, in room of John
McLcan, deceased.
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TABLE OF SENATORS-Continued.
Names of Senators. \ statc" rcprcscnted COlllllWTlCemcnt oC Tei"lIlination of Class. hy Scllutors. ser vice. scrvice.
--
- I
2 J ohn M. Robinson ............ " ..... Dec. 11, 1830 Mar. 3, 1835
John M. ROhinson ...•. .J. .... Mar. 2 " ..... 4, 1835 Mar. 3, 1841
2 Samuel Mc Roberts ..••. ! ••••• " ..... Mar. 4, HH1 Died •••......
2 James Semple .•..•..••. 1 ••••• " ••• 1 • Aug. 16, 18,13 Dec. 11, 1844
Dec. 2 James Semple .......... ... .. " ..... 11, 1844 Mar. 3, 1847
Oct. 3 Ninian Euwards ........ Illinois .....•• 7, 1818 Mrrr. 3, 1819
3 Ninian Edwards ........ ... .. " ••• 1 • 1\'1 ar. 4, 1819 Resigned .....
3 J ohn MeLean .......... ..... " · .... Nov. 23, 1824 Mar. 3, 1825
Elias K. Kane .......... Mar. 4, 1825 Mar. 3, 1831 3 ... .. " · ....
3 Elias K. Ka'1e .......... ••• 01 " ..... Mar. 4, 1031 Died .... ·· .. .
3 William Lee D. Ewmg .. ... .. " ..... Dcc: 30, 1835 Mar. 3, 1837
Mar. 3, 1843 3 Richard M. Young ..••.. ... .. " ..... 4, 1837 Mar.
3 Sidney Breese .......... ..... " · ... " Mar. 4, 1S43 Mar. 3, lS·19
2 \Villiam R. King •• .. . .. Alabama .••• · Oct. 28, 1819 ::\1:ar. 3, 1823
2 William R. King . • .. • •. .•... " •...• Mar. 4, 1S23 Mar. 3, 1829
2 William R. King . . •. • •. ..... " ..•.. Mar. 4, 1829 Mar. 3, 18:35
2 William R. King .... . .. ..•.. " ..... Mar. 4, 1835 Mar. 3,18H
2 William R. King . . .. • .. ..•.• " ..•.. Mar. 4, 1S41 Resigned .....
2 Dixon H. Lewis .••.•••• •• • .• " •.... April22, 1844 Dec. 10, 1845
Remarks.
By Legislature, in room
McLean, deceased.
of John
Successor appointed April 16, 1843.
By Governor, in room of Samuel
McRoberts, deceased.
By Legislature, in roum of Samucl
MeRoberts, deceaseu.
Successor appointed Nov. 23, 1824.
By Legislature, in room of Ninian
Edwards, resigned.
Successor appointed December 30,
1835.
By Legislature, in room of Elias K.
Kane, deceased.
Successor appointed April 22, 1844.
By Governor, in room of \VilliaIU
R. King, resigned.
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2 I Dixon H. Lewis ........ 1· .... " ..... Dec. 10, 1815 Mar. 3, 1847 By Legislature, in room of ,Y. R.
3 I Jo1m W. Walker •••••••• A1abama .•••. Oct. 28, 1819 Resigned ..••.
King, resigned.
Successor appointed December 12,
1822.
3 I Williarn Kelly ....••.... ..... " Dec. 12, 1822 Mar. 3, 1825 By Legislature, in room of J. ,Y.
Mar. Died .•.... '"
W alker, resigned.
3 1 Henry Chambers ....... '" .. " 4, 1825 Succcssor appointcd Feb. 17, 1826. 3 Israel Pickens .......... ..... " Feb. 17, 1826 Nov. 27, 1826 By Governor, in room of Henry
Nov. 27, 1826
Chambers, deceased.
,,'3 I J ohn McKinley ......... ..... " Mar. 3, 1831 By Legislature, in room of Henry
-:vIar.
Chambers, deceased.
3 I GahrieI Moore .•...•.... ..... " 4, 1831 Mar. 3, 1837 3 J ohn McKinley ......... .... , " Mar. 4, 1837 Resigned ..... Appointed an associate judge Su·
preme Court U nited States.
3\ CIernent C. CIay ....... ..... " Mar. 4, 1837 Resigned. . ... Successor appointed Nov. 24, 1841.
3 Arthur. P. Ragby .•••••. ..... " Nov. 2,1, 1841 Mar. 3, 1843 By LegisIature, in room of C. C. w CIay, resigned. -l
3 I Arthur P. Bagby ....... " Mar. 4, 18,13 Mar. 3, 1849 Resigned; succ'r app'd 1 July, 1848. <:O .....
1 John Holmes ........... Maine ........ June 13, 1820 Mar. 3, 1821
1 John Holmes ........... ..... " Mar. 4, 1H21 Mar. 3, 1827
1 Albion K. Parris ..••.••. ..... " Mar. 4, 1827 Resigned ..... Successor appointed Jan. 15, 1829.
1 John Holrncs ........... ..... " Jan. 15, 1H29 Mar. 3, 1833
1 Ether Shepley .•.•.•..•. ..... " Mar. 4, 1833 Resigned .•••. Successor appointed December 7,
1836.
1 I Judah Dana .••.••••.... ..... " Dec. 7, 1836 Mar. 3, 1837 By Governor, in room of Ether Shepley, resigned.
1 I Ruel Williams .......... 1 .... • " ••••• 1 Feb. 22, 1837 Mar. 3, 1839 By Legislature, in room of Ether Mar. 4, 1837 Shepley, resigned.
1 I Ruel Wi.lliams ••.•••.••. ..... " Mar. 4, 1839 Resigned ...•• Successor appointed March 3, 1843.
1 I J ohn Fan'field .......... " Mar. 3, 1843 Mar. 3, 1845 By Lcgislature, in room of Ruel
1 , J ohn Fairfield .......... :' ....
Williams, resigned.
• " Mar. 3, 1845 Mar. 3, 1851 Diecl; successor app'd 5 Jan., 1848.
T AB LE O F SE N A T O RS-Continued.
Names of Senators. States represented Commcnc('ment of Tcrmination of by Senators. ~ervice. serVlL'e • Cl;
.
John Chandler ...•••.••. Maine ........ June 14, 18'20 Mar. 3, 1823
J ohn Chandler .......... ... .. H ..... Mar. 4, 18:23 ~Iar. 3, 1829
Peleg Sprague .•.•...... ... .. H ..... Mar. 4, 1829 Resigned •.•..
Johu Ruggles .......... H ..... Jan. 20, 1835 1\lar. 3, 1835
Mar. John Rnggles ..•••..... ... .. H ..... 4, 1835 Mar. 3, 1841
George Evans •.•••..... ... .. H ..... Mar. 4, 1841 Mar. 3, 1847
Thomas H. Benton •.•.• l\Iissouri .••.. Oet. 2, 18'20 Mar. 3, 1827
I 'l;homas H. Bentoll ..•• '.' .•.. H ..... Mar. 4,1Hn 1\lar. 3, 183:3
I 1 hotJlas H. Benton ..•....... " ..... Mar. 4, 1H~U Mar. 3, 1839
TllOll1as n. Benton ...•. .... , " ••••• ,1\lar. 4, 1839 ~lar. 3, 18·15
Thomas H. Benton ..... '" ., H ..... Mar. 4, 18·];) Mar. 3, 1851
David Barton ........... Missouri ..... Oct. 2, 18:.'0 Mar. 3, 18:.'5
David Barton ........... ... .. " , .... Mar. 4, 182;") Mar. 3, 1831
Alexunder Bllckner " .•.
'" " "
, .... Mar. '1, H3:n Died .•. ··. '"
Lewis F. Linn .......... '" ., " .... . Oct. 25, 183:3 ..............
Lewis F. Linn ..........
" 111" "
..... Nov. 20, 1834 Ylar. 3, 1837
Mar. Lewis F. Linn ............... " ..... 4, 1837 .'\1 al' . 3, 1843
Lewis F. Linn .......... ... . , " ..... Mar. 4, 1843 Dicd •..• · .••.
David R. Atchison •••••• ... .. " ..... Oct. 14, 1843 Nov. 20, 1844
David R. Atchison .••••• ~ ... " ..... Nov. 20, 1844 ¡ Mar. 3, 1849
Remarks.
Sueeessor appointed Jan. 20, 1835.
By Legislature, in room of Peleg
Sprague.
Snccessor appointed Oct. 25, 1833.
By Governor, in room of Alexander
Buckner, deceased.
By Legislature, in room of Alex·
ander Buckner, deceased.
Successor appointed Octobcr 14,
184:L
By Govcrnor, in room of L. F.
Linn, dcceascd.
By Lcgislature, in room of L. F.
Linn, dcccascd.
1:." 00
O
2 I Will~am S. ~ulton ••.•• '1 Arkan~,as ••••. 1 Sept. 18, 1836 Mar. 3, 1841
2 \V!lham S. }< ulton •.. • •. ..•.• • ••.. Mur. 4, 18-11 Died •••..•• "1 Successor appointed N ovember 8,
1844.
2 Chester Asbley. • . . .• • •. ....• " ••... Nov. 8, 1844 Mar. 3, 1847 Dieu; successor app'd 12 May, 1848.
3 Ambrose H. Sevier •.•.. Arkunsas ...•. Sppt. 18, 1836 Mar. 3, 1837
3 Ambrose 11. Sevier .• • .. .••.. " •.... Mar. 4, 1837 Mar. 3, 1813
3 Ambrose H. Scvier •. . .. .•••• " •••.. Mar. 4, 18-13 Mar. 3, 18,19 Resigned; succ'r app'd 30 Mar., 1848.
1 Lucius Lyon ........... Michigan .•••. Nov. 10, 1835 Mar. 3, 1839 Attended January 26, 1837.
1 Augustus S. Porter ..••. ..... " ..... Mur. 4, 1839 Mar. 3, 1845
1 Lewis Cass ............. . . . .. " ..... Mar. 4, 1845 Mar. 3, 1851 Resigned; succ'r app'd 8 June, 1848.
2 John Norvell ........... ';\lichigan ..... Nov. 10, 1835 Mar. 3, 1841 Attended January 26,1837.
2 William W oodbridge .•. . . . . . " ..... Mar. 4, 1841 Mar. 3, 1847
1 David Levy Y ulee .•.••• Florida ..•.••. July 1, 18-15 Mar. 3, 1851
e,) 2 James D. vVestcott, jr ... Ylorida .•••... July 1, 1845 Mar. 3, 1819 ~
ü.> OC
......
1 Thomas F. Rusk ....... Texas ........ 1 Feb. 21, 1816 Mar. 3, 1851 Rc-clected for 6 years.
2 Sam Houston .••..••...• Texas .•. ··.··1 Feb. 21, 1846 Mar. 3, 181 i
Table, Supplementm'Y to the jJ¡'ecc(Zing, 01 the Senators 01 the Uníted States, Irom t7te 3d ni ~~Iarch, 1847, to the termination
of the Second Session, 32d Oung¡'es8, on the 3d JJlarch, 1853.
ClasR·1 Names of Senators. Sta tes represented Cornmenccmcnt Termination Ilemarks. by Senators. 01' service. of service.
21 John P. Hale .................. N ew Hampshire Mar. 4, 1847 Mar. 3, 1853 Charles G. Atherton, elcctcd for ()
ycars from 3d March, 1853.
;¡ Moscs Norris, Jr ..............
"
Mar. 4, 1849 Mar. 3, 1855 ........ . .......
1 H.obert C. Winthrop ......... Massachusetts .. July 27, 1850 Feb. 1, 1851 By the Governor, in room of Da-
niel Webster, who resigned 22d
July, 1850.
1 Robert Rantoul.. ............. ........ " ........ Feb. 1, 1851 Mar • 3, 1851 By Legislature, in place of Daniel
Webster. 1 Charles Sumner ............... ........ " ........ Mar. 4, 1851 Mar . 3, 1857
2 John Davis ..................... Massachusetts .. Mar. 4, 1847 Mar. 3, 1853 (Edward Everctt, elected for ()
years, from 3d March, 1853.) 2 John H. Clarke ............... Rhode Island ... Mar. 4, 1847 Mar. 3, 1853
1 Charles T. J amc~ ............. Rhode Island ... Mar. 4, 1851 Mar. 3, 1857
1 Roger S. Baldwin ............ Connecticut ..... Nov. n, 1847 .................. By the Governor, in room of J a-
bez W. Huntington, dcccased. 1 Roger S. Baldwin ............ ........ " ........ May, 1848 Mar. 3, 1851 By the Legislature, in room of Ja-
bez 'V. Huntington, deceased. 1 Isaac Toucey .................. ........ " ........ May 12, 1852 Mar • 3, 1857
3 Trneman Smith ............... Connecticut ...... .Mar. 4, 1849 Mar. 3, 1855
'J William Upham ............... Vennont ......... Mar. 4, 1849 Deceased . • J ..................
3 Sallluel S. Phelps ............
" Jan. 17, 1853 . ................. By the Governor, in room of Wil-........ . .......
liam Upharn, deceased.
1 Snlornon Foot ................. Vermont ......... Mnr. 4, 1851 Mar. 3, 1857
3 Willia.m H. Sl~ward .......... New york ........ lIbr. 4, 1 S49 Mar. 3, ]855
I Hamilton Fi~h ................ New YOrk ........ ¡Mar. 4, 1851 Mar. 3, 1857
')
.JaeoJ¡ ,Y. J\lillcr ............... N ew Jersey...... Mar. 4, lS+7 l\br. 3, ] 85:)
1 ,UolJl'rt }', 8to<:ktoll .......... ¡ DCW JCl'Hey ...... : Mar. 4, lS51 I Mar. 3, lS57
C¡:J
00
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31 J!:mes Cooper ................. 1 pennSYIVal1~a"'1 Mal'. 4, 18~g
t RIchard Brouhead.. ......... Pennsylvama... Mar. 4, 18;)1
1 J ohn W ales........ ............ Delaware..... ... Fe b. 23, 1849
1 I.Tames A. Bayard ............ ........ " ........ Mar. 4, 1851
2 Presley Spruance ............. Delaware ........ Mar. 4, 1847
1 I David Stewart ................ Maryland ........ Dec. 6, 1849
1 I Thomas G. Pratt ............. 1 ........ " ........ Jan. 12, 1850
1 Thomas G. Pratt ............. Maryland ....... Mar. 4, 1851
3 James Alfred Pcarce ........ Maryland ........ Mar. 4, 1849
2 Robert M. T. Hunter ........ Virginia .......... Mar. 4. 1847
1 • T ames M. l'.'lason ............. Virginia .......... Mar. 4, 1851
2 Willie P. Mangum ........... N orth Carolina .. Mar. 4, 1847
3 George E. Badger ............ N orth Carolina .. Mar. 4, 1849
2 J ohn C. Calhoun .............. South Carolina .. Mar. 4, 1847
2 Franklin H. Elmore ......... l. "'.0' " Aprilll, 1850
2 I Robert W. Barnwell ......... I ........ " ........ 1 June 4, 1850
2 I R. Barnwell Rhett ........... 1 ........ " ........ 1 Dec. 18, 1850
2 I Wm. F. Desaussure .......... I ........ " ........ 1 May 10, 1850
2 I Wm. F. Desaussure .......... I ........
"
Nov. 29, 1852
3\ Andrew P. Butler ............ 1 South Carolina .. Mar. 4, 1849
2 John Macpberson Berrien .. Georgia ........... Mar. 4, 1847
2 Robert M. Charlton.......... .. ...... " ........ May 31, 1852 ¡
Mar. 3, 1855
Mar. 3, 1857
.Mar. 3, 1851
Mar. 3, 1857
Mar. 3, 1853
Jan. 12, 1850
Mar. 3, 1851
Mar. 3, 1857
Mar. 3, 1855
Mar. 3, 1853
. Mar • 3, 1857
Mar. 3, 1853
Mar. 3, 1855
Died.
Died.
..................
Resigned.
. .................
Mar. 3, 1853
Mar. 3, 1855
Resigned.
Mar. 3, 1853
By theLegislature, in room of
J ohn M. Clayton, resigned •
(J ohn M. Clayton, elected for 6
years, from 4th March, 1853.)
By the Governor, in room of Re-
verdy J ohnson, resigned.
By the I.Jegislature, in room of
Reverdy J ohnson, resigned.
Re-elected for 6 years.
CI:)
00
MaTch 31, 1850. CO
By tbe Governor, in room of J ohn
C. Calboun, deceased.
By the Governor, in room of J ohn
C. Calhoun, deceased.
By the Legislature, in room of
J obn C. Calhoun, deceased.
By the Governor, in room of R.
Barnwell Rhett, resigned.
By the Legislature, in place of R.
Barnwell Rhett, resigned.
By the Governor, in room of J ohn
M. Berríen, resigned.
Class. N ames of Senators.
3 Herschell V. J ohnson .......
3 William C. Dawson ..........
2 Joseph R. Underwood ......
3 Tbomas Metcalf ..............
3 Thornas Metcalf ..............
3 Ilenry Clay ....................
3 David Meriwether ...........
3 Archibald Dixon ..............
2 John Bell ......................
1 James C. Jones ...............
1 Thomas Ewing ...............
1 Benjamin F. Wade ...........
3 Salmon P. Chase .............
2 Solomon W. Downs ...........
3 Pierre Sonlé ...................
,>
u .James Whitcomb .............
3 Charles W. Cathcart .........
3 John Pettit. ....................
1 Jesse D. Bright. ..............
1 .J effer80n Davis ...............
TABLE OF SENATORS-Continued.
StateH representcd Commencement Termination
by Senators. of service. of service.
Georgia ........... Feb. 4, 1848 Mar. 3, 1849
Mar. 3, 1855 ti 4, 1849 Mar. ........ . .......
Kentucky ....... Mar. 4, 1847 Mar. 3, 1853
Kentueky ....... June 23, 1848 Jan. 3, 1849
Jan. Kentucky ....... 3, 1849 Mar. 3, 1849
Kentucky ....... Mar. 4, 1849 ..................
........ " ........ July 6, 1852 Sept. 1, 1852
tt
........ Sept. 1, 1852 Mar. 3, 1855 ........
Tennessee ....... Mar. 4, 1847 Mar. 3, 1853
Tellncssee ....... Mar. 4, 1851 Mar. 3, 1857
Ohio .............. J uly 20, 1850 Mar. 3, 1851
Mar. 3, 1857 tt ........ 4, 1851 Mar. ........
Ohio .............. Mar. 4, 1849 Mar. 3, 1855
Louisiana ....... Mar. 4, 1847 Mar. 3, 1853
ti
........ ........ Mar. 4, 1849 Mar. 3, ] 855
Indiana .......... Mar. 4, 1849 Deceased.
"
........ Nov. 23, 1852 . ................. ........
........ ti ........ • Jnn. 11, 1853 Mar. 3, 1855
Indiana .......... Mar. 4, 1851 Mar. 3, 1857
l\1i~sissippi ...... Aug. 10, 1847 Jan. 11, 1848
¡
Rernarks.
By tbe Governor, in room of Wal-
ter T. Colquitt, resignad.
(J obn B. Tbompson, eleeted for 6
. years, from 3d Marcb, 1853.)
By tbe Governor, in room of J ohn
J. Crittenden, resigned.
By the Legislature, ditto, ditto.
By Gov'r, in room of H. Clay, dec.
By. tbo J ... egislature, in room of
H. Clay, resigned.
By tbe Governor, in room of T.
Corwin, resigned.
(Hon. Mr. Benjamin, eledrd for 5
years, from 3d March, 1853.
By the Governor, in place of James
·Whitcomb, deceased .
By the Legislature, ditto, ditto.
By thc Goycrnor, in room of J csso
Bpeight, decca~ed.
<:Ñ
00
,.¡.;..
1 J effrrson Davis ............... Mississippi ...... Jan:. 11, 1848 Mar. 3, 1851 By the Legi~htnro, in room of
1 .J efferson Davis ............... " Mar. 4, 1851 Resigned.
J esse Speight, deceased.
1 J ohn J. McRae ............... " Dec. 1, 1851 By the Governor, in room of J. . .................
1 I Stcphcn Adams ............... ¡ ........ " ........ ¡ Feb. 19, 1852 Davis, resigned. .................. By the Legislature, ditto, ditto .
2 Henry Stuart Foote ......... Mississippi ...... Mar. 4, 1847 Ilesigncd.
2 \Valker Brooke ......... ...... ........ " ........ Feb. 18, 1852 Mar. 3, 1853 By the Legislature, in room of H.
2 I Stcphen A. Douglass ........ \ Illinois ........... \Mar. 4, 1847 Mar. 3, 1853 S. Foote, resigned. Re-elected for 6 years.
3 James Shiclds ................. Illinois ........... Mar. 4, 18409 Mar. 3, 1855 Elected by the Legislature, 13th
January, 1849, and also on 27th
Alabama ......... Mar. 4, 1847
October, 1849.
2 I Dixon H. Lewis .............. Died.
2 Benjamin Fitzpatrick ....... ........ " ........ Nov. 25, 1848 Nov • 30, 1849 By the Governor, in room of D.
H. Lewis, deceased. C;!)
2 J eremiah Clemens ............
"
Nov. 30, 1849 Mar. 3, 1853 By the Legislature, ditto, <litto. 00 <:JO ¡.t.;.
-=> 3 William R. King ............. Alabama ......... }uly 1, 1848 Mar. 3, 1849 By the Governor, in room of Ar-~~ ~
Mar. 4, 1849 Resigned.
thur P. Bagley, resigned.
3 WEli:un R. King ............. ........ " ........
3 Benjamin Fitzpatrick ....... ........ " ........ Jan. 14, 1853 . ................. By the Governor, in room of W.
R. King, resigned.
1 I Wyman B. S. Moor ......... Maine ............ Jan. 5, 1848 May 26, 1848 By the Governor, in room of John
Fairfield, deceased.
1 Hannibal Hamlin ............ ........ " ........ May 26, 1848 Mar. 3, 1851 By tha Legislature, ditto, ditto.
1 Hannibal Harnlin ............ ........ " ........ Mar. 4, 1851 Mar. 3, 1857
2 James W. Bradbury ......... Maine ............ Mar. 4, 1847 Mar. 3, 1853
3 David R. Atchison ........... Missouri ......... Mar. 4, 1849 Mar. 3, 1855
1 Ilenry S. Geyer ............... Missouri ......... Mar. 4, 1851 Mar. 3, 1857
2 Chestcr Ashley ................ Arkansas ........ Mar. 4, 1847 Died.
2 William K. Sebastian ....... " May 12, 1848 Nov. 17, 18481 By the Governor, in room of Ches-
ter Ashley, deceased.
2 J Williaro K. Sebastian ...... I ........ " ........ 1 Nov. 17, 1848 Mar. 3, 1853 Bv the Legislature. ditto, ditto.
TABLE OF SENATORS-Continued.
Names of Senators. States representcd Cornmcnccrnent Termination by Senators. of service. of sCI:vice. e
William K. Sebastian ...... Arkansas ........ Nov. 17, 1848 Mar. 3, 1853
Solon Borland ................. Arkansas ........ Mar. 30, 1848 Nov. 17, 1848
Solon Borland ................. ........ " ........ Nov. 17, 18·18 Mar. 3, 1849
Solon Borland ................. ........ " ........ Mar. 4, 1849 Mar. 3, 1855
Thomas Fitzgerald ........... Michigan ........ June 8, 1848 Jan. 20, 1849
Lewis Ca88 ..................... ........ " •••• l ••• Jan. 20, 1849 Mar • 3, 1851
Lewis Ca~s ..................... ........ " ..... "" Mar. 4, 1851 Mar. 3, 1857
Alpheus Fclch ................. l\richigan ........ Mar. 4, 1847 Mar. 3, 1853
J ackson Morton .............. Florida ........... Mar. 4, 1849 Mar. 3, 1855
Stephen It. l\hllory ......... Florilla ....... ; ... Mar. 4, 1851 Mar. 3, 1857
Thomas F. Rusk ............. Texas ............. Mar. 4, 1851 Mar. 3, 1857
Samuel Houston .............. Texas ............. Mar. 4, 18±7 Mar. 3, 1853
IIenry Dodge .................. Juno 3, 1851 Wisconsin ...•... 8, 1848 Mar.
Henry Dodge .................. ........ " ........ Mar. 3, 1851 Mar. 3, 1857
I~aac P. Walker .............. Wisconsin ....... June 8, 1818 Mar. 3, 1819
Isaac P. Walker .............. ........ " ........ Mar. 4, 1849 Mar. 3, 1855
Gcorge W. Jones ............. Iowa .............. Dec. 7, 1818 Mar. 3, 1853
Augustus C. Dodge .......... Iowa .............. Dec. 7, 1848 Mar. 3, 18cJ-9
Augustns C. Dodge .......... oo ... oo. " ........ Mar. 4, 1849 Mar. 3, 1855
I,John C. Fremont .......... '''1 California ....... Dee. 20, 18,19 Mar • 3, 1851
. lohn TI. Weller ....................... " ........ ~far. 4, 1851 Mar. 3, 1857
! W illilLlll M. Ll Will ............ 1 California.. ...... lleco 20, 18409 Mar. 3, 1855
Remarks.
(Re-elected for 6 years, from 3d
March, 1853.)
By the Governor, in room of A.
H. Sevicr, resigned.
By the Legislature, ditto, ditto •
By the Governor, in room of L.
Cass, resigned.
By the Legislatura, ditto, ditto.
(Re-elected for 6 years, from 3d
March, 1853.)
(Re-elected for 6 years, froro 3d
March, 1853.)
00
00
~
""'
4. Table o/ the Narnes., Place 01 Nativity or Residence when .J1ppointed, Time of .J1ppointment, and Expiration al Servic,
of the Secretal'ies of the Senate 01 the United SLates.
Name~. states. 1 Time of apl'oint- Explration of ser- Remarks. mento VICe.
-
e :amuel Alyne Otis •••••••••• Mussachusetts 8 April 1789 18 April 1814* The Senate met 4th March; formel
a quorum 6th April; and did no
elect a Secretary until the 8th
messages to the Rouse havín;
been previously communicated b
a member of the Senate. Serve,
~harles Cutts ............... N. Hampshire 11 Oct. 12 Dec.
upwards of 25 years.
1814 1825 The Chief Clerk acted as Secretar
hom deeease of Mr. Otis unt
the election of Mr. Cutts.
fValter Lowrie .............. Pennsylvania. 12 Dec. 1825 5 Dec. 1836 Resigned. The Chief Clerk acte
as Secretary from the resignatio
of W. Lowrie to the appointmer
of his successor.
d
1
~sbury Dickins ••.••••••••••• N orth Carolina 12 Dec. 1836 Present incum-
I bent.
* The records do not show the time of Mr. Otis's death more particularly than by the following resolution,
which was adopted on the 7th October, 1814:-
Resolved, unanimously, That the Senate, from a sincere desire of testifying their respect for the long and faithful
services of their late Secretary, Samuel A. Otis, esquire, who performed the duties of that office with punctuality
and exactness, from the commencement of this government until the clase of the last se¡;sion of Congress, will ~o
into mournl11g for one month, in the usual method of wearing crape round the left armo
00
00
Cll
:i. Table 01 the Names 01 the Representatives in Congress who have bcen elected Speakers 01 the Honse 01 Representative.
from the 4th March, 1789, io the Terminatíon of the Sccond Session, 31st Congress, 3d March, 1851; showing the
Commencement and Terminatíon of their Service as sueh, and the Slates ofwhich they were Representatíves, l·espectively.
Con· Ses- ElecUon, or com-Names oí Speakers. mencement oC gresa. slon.
ser vice.
--
1 1 Fred. A. Muhlenberg April 1, 1789
2 1 J onathan Trumbull . Oct. 2,1, 1791
3 1 Fred. A. Muhlenberg Dec. 2, 1793
4 1 J onathan Dayton .... Dec. 7, 1795
5 1 J onathan Dayton .•.• May 15, 1797
George Dent ..••... April20, 1798
George Dent ... , ... May 28, 1798
6 1 'l'heodore Sedgwick. Dec. 2, 1799
7 1 N athaniel Macon ... Dec. 7, 1801
8 1 N athaniel Macon •.. Oct. 17, 1803
9 1 N athaniel Macon ... Dec. 2, 1805
10 1 Joscph B. Varnum .. Oct. 26, 1807
11 1 Joseph B. Varnum .. May 22, 1809
12 1 Henry Clay ........ Nov. 4, 1811
13 1 Henry Clay ........ May 24, 1813
2 Langdon Cheves .•.. Jan. 19, 1814
14 1 Henry Clay •.•.••.. Dec. 4, 1815
15 Hcnry Clay ........ Dec. 1, 1817
16 1 Henry Clay ........ Dec. 6, 1819
2 Jolm W. Taylor .... Nov. 15, 1820
Termination of States of which I th ey wcre re-
service. prescntativcs.
Mar. 3, 1791 Pennsylvania.
Mar. 2, 1793 Connecticut.
Mar. 3, 1795 Pennsylvania.
Mar. 3, 1797 New Jersey.
Mar. 3, 1799 do.
April23, 1798 Maryland ••.•
May 29, 1798 ..... do ..•....
Mar. 3, 1801 Massachusetts. ¡
Mar. 3, 1803 N. Carolina.
1 Mar. 3, 1805 do. Mar. 3, 1807 ·do. i
Mar. 3, 1809 Massachusetts.¡
Mar. 3, 1811 do. 1
Mar. 3, 1813 Kentucky ••.• 1
Jan. 19, 1814 .••.. do .•••••. 1
I
Mar. 2, 1815 S. Carolina.
Mar. 3, 1817 Kentucky •••.
Mar. 3, 1819 do.
Nov. 13, 1820 1" ... do .......
Mar. 3, 1821 New York.
Remarks.
f w
(yJ
O)
y,
17
18
In
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
1
Philip P. Barbour ...... ¡ Dec.
Henry Clay.... .......... Dec.
3, 1821 Mar.
1, 1823 Mar.
3, 1823\ Virginia.
3, 1825 Kentucky ...... , .. 1 Asked permission to vote, 22d Dec.
1824.
Anurew Stevenson ..... Dec.
John W. TaYIor ......... 1 Dec.
Andrew Stevcnson ..... Dec.
5, 1825 Mar.
3, 1827 Mar.
7, 1829 Mar.
3, 1827\ N.ew:?rk.
3, 1829 Vlrglllla.
3, 1831 I ...... do ............ 1 Absent from sickness, Dec. 6, 1830.
Anarew Stevenson ..... ¡ Dec. 5, 18311 Mar. 2, 18331 do.
Anarew Stevenson ..... Dec. 2, 1833 June 2, 1834 ...... do ............ .
Henry Hubuard ......... May 19, 1834 May 19, 1834 N. Hampshll'e.
John Bell ............... ..
James K. Polk ........ ..
James K. Polk ......... .
Rohert M. T. Hunter ..
John White ............ .
J ohn W .• J ones ......... .
George W. Hopkins .. .
Juna
Dec.
Sept.
Dec.
May
Dec.
Feb.
2, 1834
7, 18;~5
4, 1837
16, 1839
31, 1841
4, 1843
28, 1845
Mar.
Mar.
1Lw.
Mar.
Mar.
Mar.
Feb.
3, 1835
3, 1837
3, 1839
3, 1841
3, 18·13
3, 1845
28, 1845
Tennessee.
do.
do.
Virginia.
Kentucky.
Virginia.
.. .... do ........... .
John W. Davis ......... 1 Dec. 1, 1845 1 Mar. 3, 18471 Indiana.
Rouert C. Winthrop .... Dec. 6, 1847 Mar. 3, 1849 Massachusetts.
Armistead Burt ......... J une 19, 1848 J une 19, 1848 South Carolina ..
House adjourned.
Resigned 2d June, 1834.
The Speaker having withdrawn,
lIenry Hubbard was sllbstituted
as Speaker, and acted "hat day.
Ihe Speaker baving withdrawn,
George W. Hopkins was sub-
stituted, and acted that day.
The Speaker being a,bsent, Mr.
Burt was substituted for this
Armistead Burt ......... 1 J une 20, 1848 1 J une 22, 1848 ...... do ............ The Speaker being still sick, Mr.
1
day.
:U:0well Cobb ............ 1 Dec. 22, 18~91 Mar.
,Lllln Boyd ............... Dec. 1, lSJ1 Mar.
3, 1851 I Georgia.
3, 1851 Kentucky.
Burt was appointed Speaker pro. I temo for thi.!! week, &c. .
I!.O
00
-l
6. Table 01 the Names, Residence when Appointed, Time 01 Appointment, and Expiratíon 01 Service 01 the Olerk8 01 tlLB
House 01 Representatives 01 the United States.
Names. States. Time of appoint-
mt'nt.
John Beckley ..••••.••••.•.••.••••••••. Virginia ••••.•..• 1 April 1789
Jonatban Williams Condy ..•••.•.. Pennsylvania •. 15 May 1797
Jobn Holt Oswald ................... Pennsylvania ... 9 Dee. 1800
J obn Beckley ............•.....•...... Virginia .•...•... 7 Dee. 1801
Patriek Magruder ........•..•........ Maryland ......•. 26 Oct. 1807
Thomas Dougberty .................. Kentucky ....•••. 30 Jan. ] 815
Matthew Sto Clair Clarke .......•.. Pennsylvania ... 3 Dec. 1822
Walter S. Franklin .........••••... Pennsylvania ... 2 Dec. 1833
Hugh A. Garl:1nd .........•.......... Virginia ••••... 3 Dec. 1838
Matthew Sto Clair Clarke ......... Pennsylvania ... 31 May 1841
Caleb J. McNulty .......•..•......... Ohio .............. 6 Dec. 18,13
Benjamin TI. French ................ N. Hampshire •. 18 Jan. 1845
Tholl1as J efferson Campbell ....... Tennessee ....••. 1 Dec. 1847
Richard M. Young .••••••••••. Illinois ........... 17 April 1850
J ohn Vv. Forney ................... Pennsylvania ... 1 Dcc. 1851
I
Expiration of Remarks.
service.
15 May 1797 The House of Representatives ID!
4th March; formed a quorum o
] st April, and then electeu a clerl
9 Dec. 1800 Resigned.
7 Dec. 1801
26 Oct. 1807
28 Jan. 1815 Resigned.
]822 Dieu during recess.
2 Dec. ]8;33
20 Sept. 18381 Died.
31 May 18+1
6 Dec. 18,13
18 Jan. 18J5 Diílmissed.
1 Dec. 1847
13 April 1850 Died.
1 Dec. 1851
Prescnt incum-
bent.
t
n
~
00
00
CHAPTER 8.
7'H1S CHAPTER 1S DED1CATED TO
THE EMINENT JURISTS
WRO RAVE OCCUP1ED AND CONTINUE TO OCCUPY THE
BENCII OF TIIAT AUGUST TRIBUNAL,
•
THE SUPRE~IE COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.
FTom the 4th MaTch, 17EiJ, lo the 3d MaTch, 1851.
CHIEF JUSTICES
OF THE SUPRE2VIE COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.
JO HN J A Y, of N ew York, appointed by the President with the ad-
vice and consent of the Scnate, 26th September, 1789. N omi-
nated 16th, and confirmed 19th A pril, 1794, Envoy Extraordinary to
England. Rcsigned as Chief J ustice. Successor appointed 1st
July, 1795.
J OHN R UTLEDGE, of South Carolina, appointed 1st J uly, 1795, in
recess of Senate, in place of John Jay resigned, and presided on
1he Bench at August term, 1795. N ominated 10th, and rejected
by the Senate 15th December, 1795.
WILLIAiVI e USHI N G, of Massachusetts. N omination confirmed and
appointed, &c., 27th January, 1796, in place of John Jay, re-
signed. Declined the appointment. He was then an Associate
J ustice.
OLIVER ELLSWORTH, of Connecticut. Nomination confirmed
and appointed, &c., 4th March, 1796, in place of'V. Cushing, de.
clilled. Appointed Envoy EA+raordinary and Minister Plenipo-
tentiary to France, 27th February, 1799. He presided on the
Bench at the August term, 1799. Proceeded on his mii3sion 10
389
390
France, 3d Novemher, 1799. Resigned as Chief Justic~. Suc·
eessor appoillted 19th December, 1800.
JOHN JAY, Governor of New York. Nomination eonfirmed and ap-
pointed, &e., 19th December, 1800, in place of Oliver Ellsworth,
resigned. Declined the appointment.
J OHN MARSHALL, Seeretary of State. * N omination eonfirmed 27th,
and appointed, &e., 31st J anuary, 1801, in place of J ohn J ay, de-
clined. Died in 1835.
ROGER B. T ANEY, of Maryland.
pointed, &c., 15th March, 1836,
dcceased.
N omination confirmed and ap-
in the place of J ohn Marshall,
ASSOCIATE JUSTICES
OF THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.
JOHN RUTLEDGE, of South Carolina. Nomination confirmcd and
appointed 26th Septcmber, 1789. Rcsigncd, and Thomas J ohn-
son appointed.
\VILLIAM CUSHING, of Massachusctts. Nominatioll cOllJirmed
26th, and appointcd 27th Scptcmbcr, 1789. Dicu, and Lcvi Lin-
eoln appointed.
JAMES WILS O N, of Pennsylvania. N omination confirmed 26th, and
appointed 29th September, 1789. Died, and Bushrod Washing-
ton appointed.
JOHN BLAIR, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed 26th, and ap-
pointed 30th September, 1789. Resigned, and Samuel Chase ap-
pointed.
ROBERT H. HARRISON, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed 26th
September, 1789. Resigned, and James Iredell appointed.
JAMES IREDELL, of N orth Carolina. Appointed in reccss of Senate,
"" John :\TarshaIl, Secretary ofState, was nominated to the Spnate as Chief Jus-
tlce the 20th Jalluary, 1 SOl, was cOllfirmed on the 27th, commissioncd 31st January,
amI presided pn the Bench of the Supreme Court from the 4th to the 9th FeLruary,
(lr during February term, 1801. From a message of the President to Congre,s,
aceompanied by a report from John l\Iarshall, Secretary of State, dated 27th
r'eLruary, 1801, it appears that he also eontilluecl to act in the ¡atter capacity UDlll
that day, and frorn other circllmstances that he continued to act as ~Llch un il the
3d l\Iard., 1:301, on which day the then administration terminatc,d.
391
in place of Robert H. Harrison, rcsigned. N omination confir~ed
and appointed 10th February, 1790. Died, and Alfred Moore ap-
pointed.
THOMAS JOHNSON, of MaryIand. Appointcd 5th August, 1791, in
reccss of Senate, in place of John Rutledgc, resigned. Nomina-
tion confirmed and appointed 7th November, 1791. Resigned, and
\Villiam Paterson appointed.
\VILLIAM P ATERSO N, Governor of N ew Jersey. N omination
cOllfirmed and appointed 4th March, li93, in place of Thomas
J ohnson, rm;iglled. Died, and Brockholst Livingston appointed.
SAMUEL CHASE, of Maryland. N omination confinned and appointed
27th January, 1796, in 'place of Joha Blair, rcsigned. Died, and
Gabriel Duval appointed.
BUSHROD WASHINGTON, of Virginia. Appointed 29th Septem-
ber, 1798, in recess of Senate, in place of James \Vilson, deceased.
Nomination confirmed and appointed 20th December, 1798. Died,
and Ilenry Baldwin appointed.
ALFRED MOORE, of N orth Carolina. N omination confirmed and
appointed 10th Dccembcr, 1799, in place of James Iredell, de-
ceased. Resigned, and \Villiam J ohnson appointed.
WILLIAM JOHNSON, of 8uuth Carolina. Nomination confirmed
llnd appointed 26th March, 1804, in place of Alfred 1\loore, re-
signed. (Confirmed and appointed Collector of the e U::;t0111S 22d
Feo. 1819, and declined the appointment.) Died in 1834, and
James M. \Vayne appointcd.
TilO MAS TODD, of Kenlucky. Nomination confirmed 2d, und ap-
pointed 3d l\larr:h, 1807.
BROCKHOLST YVINGSTON, of Ncw York. Appointed 10th No-
vemoer, 1806, in recess of Senate, in 'place of \Villiam Paterson,
deceaped. N olllinat ion confirmed and appointed 17th Dccember,
1806. Died, alld Srnith Thompson appointed.
LEVI LINCOLN, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and al'
pointed 3d J anuary, 1811, in place of William Cushing, decea8ed.
Declined the appointment, and John Quincy Adams appointed.
JOHN QUINCY ADAl\lS, ofMassachusetts. Nomination confirmed
and appointed 22<1 February, 1811, in place of Levi Lincoln, de-
clined. Declincd 1 he appointment, and J oseph Slory appointed.
GABRIEL DUV AL, of .l\1arylund. N omination confirmed and ap
pointed 18th November, 1811, in the place of Samuel Chase, d~·
ceased. Resigncd, and Philip P. Bnrbour appointed.
JOSEl'lI STORY, úf :Ybssachu::,("ts. NUlllinu:ioll cOllfirmed and ap
;)7
p"llltrd 1Pth NO\"l'IUhN, 1P11, in I'laCI' 01' Jl)hn Quilley Adams,
rlcelined. DieJ al1d 1.evÍ Vv oorlhury appointed.
S:'IIITH TIlO:\IPSON, of New York. Appointed 1st September,
18:?3, in recess of the Senate, in place of Brockholst Livingston,
deceased. N omination confirmed and appointed 9th December,
]."23. Díed, and Samuel N elson appoínted.
ROBERT TRIl\IBLE, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and ap-
poínted 9th May, 1826, in the place of Thomas 1'0<1<1, deceased.
Died, and J ohn McLean appointed.
JO HN M cLEAN, of Ohio. N omination confirmed and appointed 7th
March, 1829, in the place of Robert 1'rimble, deceased.
IIENRY BALDWIN, of PennsyIvania. Nomination confirmed and
appointed 6th J anuary, 1830, in place of Bushrod Washington, de-
ceased. Díed, and R. C. Grier appointed.
JAMES M. W AYNE, of Georgia. Nomination confirmed and ap-
poínted 9th January, 1835, in place of \Villiam John80n, deceased.
PHILIP P. BARB O UR, of Virginia. N omination confirmed and ap-
pointed 15th March, 1836, in place of Gabriel Duval, re8igned.
Died, and P. V. Daniel appointed.
JOHN CATRON, 01' Tennessee. Nomination confirmed and ap-
pointcd 8th March, 1837.
WILLIA1\1 S lVII TH, of Alabama. Nomination confirmed and ap-
pointed 8th March, ]837. Declined the appointment, and John
McKinley appointed.
JOHN l\1cKINLEY, of Alabama. Appointed 22d April, 1837, in. re-
cess of the Senate, in place of \Villiam Smith, declined. N omina-
tíoned confirmed and appoínted 25th September, 1837.
PE1'ER V. DANIEL, of Virginia. N omination confirmed and ap-
pointed 3d March, 184], in place oi' Philip P. Barbour, deceased.
SAMUEL NELSON, of New York. Nomination confirmed and ap-
pointed, 14th February, 1845, in place of Smith 1'hompson, de
ceased.
LEV! WOODBURY, of New Hampshire. Appointed 20th Septem
ber, 1845, in recess of the Senate, in place of J oseph Story, de
ct'at<ed. N omination confirmed and appointed 3d J anuary, 1846.
ROBERT C. GRJER, of Pennsylvania. Nominntion confirmed anó
!lppointed 4th AUgU8t, 1846, in place of Henry Baldwin, deceased.
nE~JA~II~ ROBBINS CURTIS, of l\fassachusetts. Appointed during
the recess of the Scnate, in place of Levi W oodbury, deceasod. No.
minatiol1 confirmcd and appointed 20th Dcrcruber, lS51.
3\13
CLERKS OF TIlE SUPRE11E COUrrf Olr TIlE UNITED STATES.
J OHN TUCKER, of l'vIassachusetts, appointed Feb. 3, 1790.· Resignccl.
SAMUEL BAYARD, 01' Delaware, do. ALlg. 1, 1791. Rcsigned.
ELlAS B. CALDWELL, 01' N. J. do. ALlg. 15, 1800. Diecl.
WlLLIAM GRlFFlTH, of N. J. do. Feb. 9,1826. Died.
WlLLlAM T. CARROLL, of D. C. do. Jan. 20, 1827. Pres't ¡ne't.
REPORTERS OF DECISIOXS OF SUPREjIE COURT UNITED
STATES.
ALEXANDER J. DAJ.LAs,
WILLlAY! CRANCH,
HENRY WHEATON,
RICHARD PETERS, jun'r,
BENJAMIN C. HOWARD,
n'ported from 1789 to 1800, inclusive.
do. "1801 to 1815, "
do. "1816 to 1827, "
do. "1828 to 1842, ..
do. "18,13. Prescnt incumbent.
MARSHALS OF THE UNITED STATES ATTE~DANT O~ TIlE
SUPRE!1E COURT OF THE UNITED STATES.
U nder the construction of the judiciary aet of 1789, the MarshaIs of ull
the Districts were required to attend the sessions of the Supreme Court,
until, by the aet of 9th J une, 1794, the Marshal of the distriet alone in
whieh the eourt shaIl sit was required to attend its sessions.
DA VID LENOX, Marshal Dist. of Pa., attended Jan. 28, 1794 to F eb. 1801.
I)ANIEL CARROLL BRENT, 1\Iar. D. C.," Aug. 3, 1801, to Aug. 180EL
\V ASHlNGTON BOYD, do. "Feb. 1, 1808, to Aug. 1818.
TENeD RINGGOLD, do. u Nov.30,18187toAug.lti31~
HENRY ASHToN, do." Feb. 4, 1831, to Feb. 183,1.
ALEXANDER HUNTER, do. ti March 6, 1834, to Dcc. 1848.
ROBERT W ALLACE, do. ti Dec. 5, 1848, to Dee. 1849.
RICIIARD W ALLACH, do.
"
Dec. 4, 1849. Prcscnt incu·t.
CHAPTER 9.
TRIS CHAPTER IS APPROPRIATED TO THE
DISTINGUISHED INDIVIDUALS
WHO HAVE FILLED AND CONTINUE TO OCCUPY THE
SEVERAL HIGH EXECUTIVE DEPARTllIENTS OR OFFICES Ol'
THE GOVERNMENT.
From ,he 4th !tíarch, 1789, to the 3d 1.'rIarch, 1851.
SECRETARIES OF STATE.
TIIOMAS JEFFERSON, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and
appointed 26th September, 1789. Resigned.
EDMUND RANDOLPH, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap.
pointed 2d January, 1794. Resigned.
TIMOTHY PICKERING, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed
and appointed 10th December, 1795. Removed.
JOHN MARSHALL, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap.
pointed 13th May, 1800. Appointed Chie! J ustice Supreme Court
31st January, 1801. Presided as such at February term, 1801.
Continued to act as Secretary of State to 3d March, 1801.
JAMES MADISO N, of Virginia. N omination confirmed and ap.
pointed 5th March, 1801. Became President 4th March, 1809.
ROBERT SMITH, ofMaryland. (Secretaryofthe Navy.) Nomination
confirmed and appointed 6th March, 1809. Resigned, and James
..,Monroe appointed.
JAMES MONROE, of Virginia. Appointed 2d ApriI, 1811, in recess
of Senate. N omination confirmed and appointed 25th N ovember,
1811. Appointed Secretary of War, 27th September, 1814.
JAMES MONROE, of Virginia. (Secretary of War.) Nomination con·
ar· 395
39G
firmed and appointed 28th Fehruary, 1815. Became President of
the United States 4th March, 1817.
JOHN QUINCY ADAMS, of Massachusetts. N omination confirmed
and appointed 5th March, 1817. Became President of the U nited
States 4th March, 1825.
HENRY CLA Y, of Kentucky. N omination confirmed and appointf'd
7th March, 1825. Rcsigned.
MARTIN VAN BUREN, 01' New York. Nomination confirmed and
appointed 6th March, 1829. Resigned, and Edward Livingston
appointed.
EDWARD LIVINGSTON, of Louisiana, appointed 24th May, 1831,
in recess of Senate. N omination confirmed and appointed 12th
J anuary, 1832.
LOUIS McLANE, of Delaware. Appointed 29th May, 1833, in reces!!
of Senate. Resigned.
JOHN· FORSYTH, 01' Georgia. N omination confirmed and appointed
27th J une, 1834, in place of Louis McLane, resigned.
DANIEL \VEBSTER, of Massachusetts. N omination confirmed and
appointed 5th March, 1841. Resigned.
ABEL P. UPSHUR, of Virginia, appointed 24th JuIy, 1843, in recese
of the Senate, in place of Daniel Wehster, resigned. N omination
confirmed and appointed 2d January, 1844. (Abel P. Upshur was
killed on 28th February, 18'14, by the bursting of a lurge cannan
on board of the U nited States steam frigate the Princeton.)
JOHN C. CALHOUN, of South Carolina. Nomination confirmed amI
appointed 6th March, 1844, in room of Abel P. Upshur, deceased.
JAMES BUCHANAN, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and
appointed 5th March. 1845.
(Continued on page 403J
SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY.
ALEXANDER HAMILTON, ofNew York. Nomination confirmed
and appointed 11th September, 1789. Resigncd.
OLIVER \VOLCOTT, jun'r, of Connecticut. Nomination cOJ;¡firmed
and appointed 3d Fcbruary, 1795. Resigned, to takc cffcct 31st
Dccember, 1800.
SA:vIUEL DEXTER, of 1\fassac1msetts. (Secretary of War.) N omina
tion confirmed and appointcd 31st December 1800.
397
ALBERT GALLATIN, ofPennsylvania. Appointed 14th May, 1801,
in recess of Senate. N omination confirmed and appointed 26th
J anuary, 1802. Superseded by appointment of George ""Y. Camp-
beJt.,owing to his protracted absence in Europe as Public Minister
of the United States. .
GEORGE W. CAMPBELL, of Tennessee. Nomination confirmed
and appointed 9th February, 1814. Resigned, and Alexander
James DalIas appointed.
ALEXANDER JAMES DALLAS, of Pennsylvania. Nomination
confirmed J\nd appointed 6th October, 1814.
WILLIAM H. CRA W.FORD, of Georgia. Appointed 22d October,
1816, in recess of the Senate. N omination confinned and ap
pointed 5th March, 1817.
RICHARD RUSH, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and ap-
pointed 7th March, 1825.
SAMUEL D. INGHAM, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed
and appointed 6th March, 1829. Resigned, and Louis .MeLana
appointed.
LOUIS McLANE, of Delaware. Appointed August 8th, 1831, in re-
CCSB of the Senate. N omination confirmed and appointed 13th
J anuary, 1832.
WILLIAM J. DUANE, of Pc:msylvania. Appointed 29th May, 1833,
in reccss of the Senate. Superseded by appointment of Roger B.
Taney.
ROGER B. TANEY, ofl\1aryland, appointed 23d September, 1833, in
reces'! of Senate, and continued until 24th J une, 1834.
I,EVI WOODBURY, of Ncw Hampshire. Nomination confirmed and
appointed 27th June, 1834.
THOlVIAS EWING, of Ohio. Nomination confirmed and appointed
5th March, 1841. Resigned, and W. Forward appointed.
W ALTER FO R W ARD, of Pennsylvania. N omination confirmed and
appointed 13th September, 1841, in place of Thomas Ewing, re-
signed.
JOHN C. SPENCER, of New York. Nomination confirmed and
appointed 3d March, 1843, in place of Walter Forward, resigned.
GEORGE lVI. BIBB, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and ap
pointed 15th J une, 1844, in place of J ohn C. Spencer, resigned.
HOBERT J. WALKER, of Mississipp; Nomination confirmeci and
appointed 5th March, 1845.
[Cuntinned on page 4031
30R
SECRETARIES OF W AR.
HENRY KNOX, of Massachusctts. Nomination confirmecl and ap-
pointed 12th September, 1789. Resigned.
TIMOTHY PICKERING,of Pcnnsylvallia. Nomination confirmcd
and appointed, 2d J anuary, 1795. Appointed Secretary of State
10th Dccember, 1795.
JOHN McHENRY, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and ap-
pointed 27th January, 1796. Rcsigned, to take effect 1st June,
1800.
J OHN MARSHALL, of Virginia. N ominated 7th May, 1800. Post-
poned 9th May, 1800. Appoillted 13th May, 1800, Secretary uf
State.
SAMUEL DEXTER, of .l\Iassachusetts. N omination confirmed and
appointed 13th May, 1800. Appointed Secretary of the Treasury
31st December, 1800.
ROGER GRISWOLD, Member of House of Representatives from
Connecticut. N omination confirmed and uppointed 3d February,
1801. Vacated.
HENR y DEARB O RN, of Massachusetts. N ominution confirmed and
appoillted 5th March, 1801.
'VILLIAM EU STIS, of Massachusetts. N omination confirmed and
appointed 7th March, 1809. Resigned, and John Armstrong up-
pointed.
JOHN ARMSTRONG, of New York. Nomination confirmed and
appointed 13th January, 1813. Resigned, and James Monroe ap-
pointed.
JAMES MONROE, of Virginia. (Secretary of State.) Nomination
confirmed and appointed 27th September, 1814. Appoillted Secrc-
tary of Statc 28th February, 1815.
WILLIAM H. C RA WFO RD, of Georgia. N omination confirmed amI
appointed 3d March, 1815. Appointed Secretary of the Treasury
22d October, 1816.
GEORGE GRAHAM, of Virginia. Appointed 7th April, 1817, in re-
ces s of the Senate.
ISAAC SHELBY,ofKentucky. Nomination confirmed and appointed
51h March, 1817. Declined the appointment.
JOHN C. CALHO UN, of South Carolina. Appointed 8th October,
1817, in recess of the Senate. Nominatian confirmed and ap-
Dointcd 15th December, 1817.
309
JAMES BARBOUR, of Virginia. Nommation confirmed and ap-
pointed 7th March, 1825.
PETER B. PORTER, ofNewYork. Nominationconfirmedandap-
pointed 26th May, 1828.
JOHN H. EATON, of Tennessee. Nomination confirmed and ap-
pointed 9th March, 1829. Resigned, and Lewis Cass appointed.
LEWIS CASS, of Ohio. Appointed 1st August, 1831, in recess ofthe
Senate. N omination confirmed and appointed 30th December,
1831. Appointed Minister to France.
BENJAMIN F. BUTLER, of New York. Nomination confirmed
and appointed 3d March, 1837.
JOEL R. POINSETT, of South Carolina. Nomination confirmed and
appointed 7th March, 1837.
J OHN BELL, of Tennessee. N omination confirmed and appointed
5th March, 1841. Resigned.
JOHN McLEAN, of Ohio. Nominationconfirmed and appointed 13th
September, 1841, in place of John BeH, resigned. Declined the
appointment.
JOHN C. SPENCER, ofNew York. Appointed 12th October, 1841,
in the recess of the Senate, in place of J ohn McLean, declined.
N omination confirmed and appointed 20th December, 1841.
JAMES M. PORTER, of Pennsylvania. Appointed 8th Man-h, 1843,
in recess of the Senate, in place of J ohn C. Spencer, resigned, and
continued to serve until 30th J anuary, 1844.
WILLIAM WILKINS, of Pennsylvania. N omination confirmed and
appointed 15th February, 1844.
WILLIAM L. MARCY, of New York. Nomination confirmed and
appointed 5th March, 1845.
[Continued on page 404]
--=.=---
SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY.
GEORGE CABOT, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and ap
pointed 3d May, 1798.
BENJAMIN STODDERT, ofMaryland. Nomination confirmed antl
appointed 21st May, 1798. Resigned.
ROBERT SMITH, of Maryland. Appointed 15th July, 1801, in re
cess of the Senate. N omination confirmed and appointed 26th
J anuary, 1802. Appointed Attorney General 2d March, 1805.
400
JACOB CROvVNINSHIELD, of Massachusctts. NOlllillalion con-
firmed and appointed 2d March, 1805.
PAVL IIAMILTON, of South Carolina. Nomination confirmed and
appointed 7th l\farch, 1809. Resigned, and William Jones ap-
pointed.
WILLIAM JO NES, of Pennsylvania. N omination confirmed and ap·
pointed 12th January, 1813. Resigned, and Benjamin W. Crown-
inlihield appointed.
BENJAMIN W. CROWNINSHIELD, ofMassachusetts. Nomina-
tion confirmed and appointed 17th Decemoer, 1814.
SMITH TfIOJ1PSON, of New York. Appointed 9th November,
1818, in recess of the Senate. N omination confirmed and ap-
pointed 30th N ovember, 1818. Resigned.
¡OHN RODGERS. (President of the Board of Navy Commissioners.)
Appointed 1st September, 1823, in recess of the Senate.
SA1\IUEL L. SOUTHARD, of New Jersey. Appointed 16th Septem-
ber, 1823, in. recess of the Senate. N omination confirmed and ap-
pointed 9th Decp,muer, 1823.
JO HN B RA N C H, of N orth Carolina. N omination confirmed and ap-
pointed 9th March, 1829. Resigned.
LEVI WOODBURY, of New Hampshlre, appointed 23d May, 1831,
Ü 1 recess of the Senate. N omination confirmed und appointed
27th December, 1831. Resigned, to take etfect after 30th June,
1834.
l\IAIILON DICKERSON, of New.Jersey. Nomination confirmed and
appomted 30th J une, 1834. Resigned. .
JAMES K. PAULDING,of New York. Nomination confirmed and
appointed 20th J une 1838, to take eifect from 30th J une, 1838,
when M. Dickerson's resignation too k eifect.
GEORGE E. BADGER, of North Carolina. Nomination confirmed
and appointed 5th March, 1841. Resigned.
ADEL P. UPSHUR, of Virginia. Nominationconfirmed and appointed
13th September, 1841.
DAVID HENSHA W, of Massachusetts. Appointed 24th July, 1843,
in recess of Senate, and served until 15th J anuary, 1844.
THOMAS W. GILMER, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap.-
pointed 15th February, 1844, in the place of David Henshaw, re.
jected by the Senate. (Thomas W. Gilmer, killed 28th February,
1844, bythe burstingofa large cannonon board the United States
stLam.frigate Princeton.)
JOIT~ Y. MASON, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and ap·
401
pointed 14th March, 1RH, in place of T. \V. Gilmer, deceascd.
Appointed Attorney General 5th Mareh, 1845.
GEORGE BANCROFT, of l\Iassachusetts. Nomination confirmed
and appointed 101 h March, 1845. Resigned.
OHN Y. MASON, of Virginia. Appointed 9th September, 1846, in
recess of the Seuate, in the place of George Bancroft, resigned.
N omination confirmed and appointed 17th December, 1846.
[OJntiilued onpuge !O!]
POSTMASTER GENERALS.
SAMVEL OSGOOD, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and
appointed :¿6t h Septemuer, 1789. Resigned.
TDIOTIIY PICKERIN G, of Pennsylvania. Appointed 12th Auguet,
1791, in the recess of the Senate. N omination confirmed ana ap-
poillted 7th N ovember, 1791. Appointed 1st J une, ] 794, in the
recess ofthc Sena!e, under the act of 8th May, 1794. Nomina-
tion eonfirmed and appointed 11 th December, 1794. [A ppointed
(ex officio) Cummissioner to sett le affairs with the Indians, 1st
March, 1793.J Appointed Secretary of\Var 2d January, 1795.
J OSEPH HABERSIfA.\I, of Georgia. N omination confirmed and ap-
pointed 25th February, 1795. Resigned.
GIDEON G RANGER, of Connecticut. Appointed 28th November,
1801, in recess 01' the Senate, in place of J. Habersham, resigned.
N omination confirmed and appointed 26th J anuary, 1802.
RETURN JONATHAN MEIGS, jun'r. (Governor of Ohio.) Nomi-
nation continnad and appointed 17th March, 1814. Resigned.
J OHN McLEAN, of Ohio. Appointed 26th June, 1823, in recess of thr
Senate. N omination confirmed and appointed 9th December,
1823.
WILLIAM T. BARRY, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and
appointed 91 h March, 1829.
AMOS KENDALL, 01' Kentucky. Appointed 1st 'May, 1835, in the
recess of the Senate. N omination confirmed and appointed 15th
March, 1836.
J OHN M. NILES, of Connecticut. N omination confirmed and ap-
pointed on 18th, to take effect fi-om 25th May, 1840.
FRA"KCIS GRANGER, of New York. Nominution confirmed and
appoinlcd Gth .'\fareh, 18H. R(·signcd.
402
CHARLES ~. WICKLIFFE, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed
and appointed 13th September, 1841. Resigned.
CAVE JOHNSON, of Tennessee. Nomination confirmed and ap-
pointcd 5th March, 1845.
[Contínued on page 404.]
ATTORNEY GENERALS.
EDl\1UND RANDOLPH, of Virginia. N omination confirmed and ap-
pointed 26th September, 1789. Appomted Secretary of State 2d
January, 1794.
\VILLIAM BRADFORD, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed
27th J anuary, and appointed 28th J anuary, 1794. Died.
CHARLES LEE, of Virginia. N omination confirmed and appointed
10th December, 1795. Appointed (ex oflicio) Commissioner to ad-
just claims of Georgia, 12th February, 1800. Appointed Chief
J udge of the Fourth Circuit, &c., 20th February, 1801.
THEOPHILUS P ARSONS, of Massachusetts. Nomination con-
firmed and appointed 20th February, 1801. Dcclined the appoint
mento
LEVI LINCOLN, of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and ap·
pointed 5th March, 1801. Resigned in 1805 .
• ROBER T SMITH, of Maryland. N omination confirmed and appointed
2d March, 1805.
JOHN BRECKENRIDGE,ofKentucky. Nomination confirmed and
appointed 23d December, 1805.
CJESAR A. RODNEY, of Pennsylvania. Nominationconfirmed anJ
appointed 20th January, 1807. Resigncd.
WILLIAM PINKNEY, of MaryIand. Nomination confirmcd and
appointed 11th Decemuer, 1811.
RICHARD RUSH, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and ap-
pointed 10th Febrnary, 1814.
WILLIAM WIRT,of Virginia. Appointed 13th November, 1817, in
recess of thc Senate. N ominaríon confirmed and appointed 15th
December, 1817.
JOHN MACPHF.RSON BERRIEN, of Georgia. Nomination con-
firmed and appointed 9th March, 1829. Resigned.
ROGER BROOKE TANEY, of Maryland. Appointed 20th JuIy,
1831, in the receS3 of the Senate. N omination confirmcd and ap-
¡JOinteJ 2"1[ h Decembcr, 1831.
403
BENJAMIN F. BUTLER, of New York. Appointed 15th Novem-
ber, 1833, in the recess of thc Senate. N omination confirmed and
appointed 24th J une, 1834. Resigned.
FELIX GRUNDY, of Tennessee. Nomination confirmed and ap-
pointed 7th July, 1838, to take efTcet 1st Sept.ember, 1838, when
resignation of B. F. Dutler took effeet. Resigned.
tIENRY D. GILPIN, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed and
appointed lOlh J anllary, 1840.
J OHN J. CRITTENDEN, of Kentucky. N omination confirmed and
appointed 5th l\Iarch, 1841. Resigned.
IIUGH S. LEGARE, of South Carolina. Nominatian confirmed and
appointed 13th Septembcr, 1841. Died.
JOHN NELSON, of i'laryland. Appainted 1st July, 1843, in the re-
cess of the Sena/e. N amination confirmed and appointed 2d J 8.nu-
ary, 18H. Resigned.
J OHN Y. MASO N, af Virginia. N omination confirmed and appainted
51 h March, 1845. Resigned. Appointed Secretary of the N avy
9th Srpternher, Hl4G.
N ATIIAN CLIFFORD, of lHuine. Appainted 17th Octobor, 1846, in
the recess of the Senate. N ominution confirmed and appointed
23(1 Derember, J 846. Resigl1ou.
13J.AC TOUCEY, of COlll1ccticut. KominatioIl confirmed and appointcd
2Lt Juno, 1345.
[Conlinucrl on page 40J.]
SECRETARIES OF STATE.
.J nII~ M. CLAYTO)iT, of Delaware. N omination confirmed und ap1'ointcd
7th March, 1849. Rcsigl1ed.
1'1.\ i\IEL "W EBSTER, of l\IDssachusetts. N omination confirmcd and n1'-
pointed 20th JlIly, 1850. Died.
EDWARD EVEltETT,of Massachusetts. Nomination confirmed and ap-
pointed 9th Dccombcr, 1852.
SECRETARIES OF THE TREASURY.
WILLIAM MORlnS l\JEREDITIT, of Penmylvania. Nomination con-
firmcd Dnd appoillted 7th March, 184!). H.csigned.
TlfO;\fAS CORWIN, of Ohio. Nomination confirmed and appointed 20th
Junc, 1850.
38
404
SEORETARIES OF THE INTERIOR.
THOMAS EWING, of Ohio. Nominatcd and confirmed 7th March, 1849.
Resigned.
JAMES A. PEARCE, of Maryland. Nomination confirmcd and appointed
20th July, 1850. Declincd accepting.
THOMAS M. T. McKENNAN, of Pennsylvania. Nomination confirmed
and appointed 15th August, ISjO. Resigned.
ALEXANDER H. n. STUAIlT, of Virginia. Nomination confirmed and
appointed 12th Septembcr, lS:JO.
SEORETARIES OF 'VAR.
GEORGE W. CRA WFORD, of Georgia. Nomination confirmed and ap-
pointed 7th March, 1849. Resigned.
EDW ARD BATES, of l\fissouri. N omination confirmed and appointed
20th July, 1850. Declined accepting.
CHARLES M. CONRAD, of Louisiana. Nomination confirmed and ap-
pointed 15th August, 1850.
SEORETARIES OF THE N A VY.
WILLIAM BALLARD PRESTON, of Virginia. N omination confirmed
7th March, 184-9. Resigned.
'\YILLIAM A. G R,AHAM, of N orth Carolina. N omination confirmed and
appointed 20th J uly, 1850. Resigned.
JOHN P. KENNEDY, of Maryland. Nomination confirmed and appointed
22d July, 1852.
ATTORNEY GENERAI.JS.
REVERDY JOHNSON, of l\Iaryland. Nominated and confirmed 7th
March, 1849. Rcsigned.
JOHN J. CRITTENDEN, of Kentucky. Nomination confirmed and ap-
p(\inted 20th July, 1850.
POSTl\IASTER GENERALS.
JACOB COLLAMER, of Vermont. Nominated anrl eonfirmcd 7th March.
1849. Resigned.
N A TIIAN K. HALL, of N ew York. N omination confirllled and appointed
20th July, 1850. Resigned.
SX;\1UEL D. llUBBARD, of C'onnectieut. J\'Il!llinatinn confirmcd and
appoiutcd 3ht Angust, 1852.
l.ticke'." eOll.,titutiou~.
405
CHAPTER 10.
THE UNITED STA TES OF AMERICA.
CHRONOLOGICAL statement of the formation of the govern- '
ments ofthe several STATES; oftheir becoming members
of the U nion by their adoption or ratification of the Con-
stitution of the United States, or by their adm:ssion as
States since the establishment of the ConstJtution ; with
a particular account of the progress of each of the 1at-
ter, either from the condition of territorial dependencies,
or independent governments, to the rank of STATES.
MONDAY, SErTEMBER 5, 1774.
A number of Delegates, chosen and appointed by the several Colonies
and Provinces in N orth America, met to hoId a Congress at Philadel-
phia, and assembIed in Carpenter's Hall.
TUESDAY, SEPTEMBER 6, 1774.
Resolved, That in determining questions in this Congress, each Co-
lony or Province shall have one vote-The Congress not being pos-
sessfOd of, or at present able to procure proper materiaIs for ascertaining
the importance of each Colony.
[This principIe was confirmed by the Articles of Confederation which
declared that, "In determining questions in the United States, in Con-
gress assembIed, each State shall have one vote." And they further
declared that certain enumerated powers should never be determined
by Congress, "unIess nine States assent to the same: nor shall a ques
tion on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day, be deter-
mined, unIess by the votes of a majority of the United States in Congresa
assembIed."-These extracts show the relative authority or importanee
of the several States in the exercise of the sovereign power under tha
Confederation.]
TUESDAY, JULY 2, 1776.
Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and, of
rigbt, ougbt to be, !<'ree and Independent States; that
40G
they are ahsolyecl from all allt'giance to the British erown,
amI that all poJitical eonnexion between them, amI the
State of Great 13l'itain, is, ancl ought to be, totally clis·
~olrecl.
THURSDAY, JULY 4, li/G.
The Congrcs8 agreed to A DECLARATION OF ISDf.pf.NDE:'íCE BY TU?
R;,PRESENTATIVES OF THE UI'í1TED STATES OF AlVIEr.ICA, IN CONGREó;S
M~E,\I DLED, to be "igIled by the members ü-um the several States, which
will be found in this volume.
MONDAY, SEPTE~lBER 9, li/G.
Resolved, That in aH continental commissions, and other instrnments,
where, heretofore, the words "U niteu Culonies" have veen u!:icd, t)¡e
style be altered, for the future, to the UNITED STATES.
SATURDAY, NOVEIIIBER 15,1777.
The Articles of Confederation and perpetual Union of the United
Slates of America were agreed to by tite Delegates of the thirtcen
original Statcs in Congress assrmbled, subject to the ratific:1tion
oí" t11e Lf'gislatures of the several States.
These articles were ratified by 8 Statcs on the !hh .TlIly, 1778.
Ditto. 1 State 21st July, 1778.
Ditto. 1 State • 21th July, 1778.
Ditto.
Ditto.
Ditto.
1 State
• 1 State •
1 St,lte
2Gth Nov. 17i8.
• 22d Feb., 17i~.
1st "larch, 17.-) 1.
Tho ratification ".'aS thorofoT8 completcd on t11e 1st l\brch, 1781,-
tho articles Leing dated the 9th Jul)', 177R, ana this completeu the
ZliJnd (!1llI1:lin of the th irteen ori ginal Statcs, w hose delegates as-
somhl(~d ill Congress contimwd tu Ipgislalp and cxcC'ute the powers
of t11e U níteu Statcs llndor tlle Articles of Confederation llDtil t11e
4th ~Iarch, 178!J, \vhon, by tbeir resolution üf tho 13th Septcmber,
l7SS, the Constitutlon 01' the U niteu Statcs, also lldopted anu rati~
ftea Ly t}¡o pcople of tite said original Statps, WCllt into operation,
>lo< Vide the notes under "Uhio" (or ¡he cause ()f tlle dejar OH liJe pan o[ Mary.
¡ami lo ratify lhe .-\rticles al CouleJcralioll uutil ;\hrch 1, lid.
407
forming thereby a more perfect U NlON OF THE PEOPLE FOR THE
GOVERNl\IENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERlCA.
The thirteen original States that formed and confirmed
the U nion by the adoption of the Constitution, are as fol·
lows :-
NEW HAMPSHIRE.
Embraéed under ¡he charter~ of l\Iassachusctts, ane! continued under the same
jurisdiction until September 18, 11)79, when a separate charter amI government
was grauted. A Constitution was formed oa J::lJlllary 5. 177(;, which \Vas altered
in 173-1, und was tiuther altered ami amcnded Oll February 1:3, 170:.!.
'l'his State ratified the COllstitution of the Unitcd Slatcs, June 21, 17~.
M¡\.SSACllüSE'I'TS.
Settled un(ler compacts of the cm:grants of November 3, 1620, anu charlered on
March 4, 1629 j also chartered January 13, 1630 j un explanatory charter granted
A ugnst 20, 1726, anu mOTe completely charteTed on OC'toher 7, 1731 j formed 8.
Constitutioll on March 2, 17~0, which was altered ami arnended on November
3,1820.
Ratified the Constitutioll of the United States, February 6, 1788.
RIIODE ISLAND.
Embraced lInder the cJlUrtcrs of Massachusetts, and continued under the !lame
juri8diction until Julr 8, lt)(j~, when a separate charter was granted, which con-
tinllell in force untd a COllstitution was formed in September, 1842.
Ratified the Constitution of the U nited Sta tes, ~Iay 29, 1790.
CONNECTICUT.
Embraced under thc charters of l\Iassachusetts, and continued under the same
jurisdictioll nntil April 23, 1662, when a separate charter was granted, wh!ch
contll1ued in force lI11til a Constitlltion was formed on Seplember 15, 1818.
llatified the Constitution of the United States, January 9, 1788.
NEW YORK.
Granted to Duke ofYork, March 20, 1664 j April 26,1664; June 24, 1664. Newly
patented on FebTuary 9, 1674 j formed a Constitution on April 20, 1777, which
was amended on October 27, 1801, and further amended November 10, 18' .. !l.
A new Constitution was fonned in 1846.
Ratifieu the Constitution of the United States, July 26, 1788.
NEW JERSEY.
Held under same grants as New York; separated into Ea!!t and \Vest Jersey
on March 3. 1677. The government llurrentlered to the Crown in 1702, and 10
continued until the formation ofa Constitution on July 2, 1776.
Rlltified the Constitution oi th~ United States, December lR, 17~7.
3x '1:
408
PENN~YLVANIA.
Chartered on Fe bruary 28, 16:31; formed a COllstitution un September 28, 1776 i
amended, &e.,on September 2,1790.
Ratified the COllstitution of the United States, Deeember 12, 1787.
DELAWARE.
Embraced in the charter, and continued under the government of Pennsyl-
'rania until the formation of a Constitution on September 20, 1776 j a new Con-
stitution (ormed on JUlle 12,1792.
Ratified the ConstltulÍon of the United States, December 7, 1787.
MAR YLA ND.
Chartered on Jane 20,1632; formed a COllslilulÍon August 11,1776, which was
amellded in 1795 and 1709, alld furthcr amended in l\'ovellll)~r, 1812.
Ratified the ConslÍtution of the L"IlÍled Slates, April2S, 1788.
VIRGINIA.
Chartered Apfll 10, 1606, May 23, 1609, and MaTch 12, 1612 j formed a Consti-
tution on J uly 5, 1776; amellded J anuary 15, 1830,
Ratified the COIll>titution of the U Ilited Slates, J une 26,1788.
NORTH CAROLINA.
Chartered in March 20, 1663, alHI JUIlC 30, 1665 j formed a COIlstitutioIl, Decem-
ber 1"', 1776, whieh was amellned jn 1'''35.
Rallficd the ConstilutlOn of the United Sta tes, November 21, 1769.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Embraced in the charters of Carolina or North Carolina, from whieh it 'Nas
scparated in 1729; formed a COllstitulion March 26, 1776, which was amelldcd
OIll\larch 19,1778, and JUlle 3,17\10.
RalÍficd the Constilutioll of the U Ilited States, l\Illy 23, 1788.
GEORGIA.
Charlered OIl June 9, 1732; forrned a Constitution on February 5, 1777, a se-
cond ill 17~5, alld a third on }\Iay :10. 17!J8.
Ratified the ConstitutioIl of the Uuited States, January 2, 1788.
The privilege of becoming members of the American U nion by
the mere ratification of the Constitution, was reserved to those
Sta tes alone that were parties to the previous confederation and
thc compact or convention by which the Constitution was formed.
The ratification of nine States being sufficient for the eshhlish-
ment of the Constitution; ana, it having been rati ficd by eleven
:Stdtes, it was detenuined by C01JgTcSS, Oil tho 13th Septcmber,
409
1788, under the resolutions of the convention, that the Constitu-
tion had been established, and that it should go into operation on
the first Wednesday (4th day) of March, 1789.-1t therefore ap-
pears that two of the States did not ratify the Constitution until
after its establishment, yet they were not treated as new States,
requiring particular forms of admission, but their Senators and
H epresentatives, as provided for in the 2d sect. 1st arto of the
Constitution, were admitted in Congress upon the presentation of
their authenticated forms of ratification. It was considered neces-
sary, however, that the laws of the U nÍted States passed previous
to their accession should be extended to them by special acts.
The Union having been thus completed, and its Constitution
and government established, the U nited States under the 3d section
of the 4th articIe of the Constitution reserved to themselves, in
Congress assembled, the right and the power to admit new States,
by declaring that "N ew States may be admitted by the Congress
into this U nion;" and, as the 4th section of the same article re-
quires, that "The United States shall guarantee to every State in
this Unian a Republican form of government," it has in practice
been deemed a prc-requisite that the people proposing to form a new
State be autllOrized by Jaw to form a Constitution, to be submitted
to Congress, to enaule that body to judge of its Republican cha-
racter, before proceeding to exercise that high and sovereign power
of admitting a distinct community of peop]e to the inestimable
rights, privileges, and immunities, sccured by the organization of a
State government,-and upon an erJual footing, in all respects
whatsoever, with those Statcs that jointly achieved the inuepend-
ence of the country, and whieh, together with those that have be-
come members of the U nion since that eventful periad, have borne
the hardships, tria]s, and diffieulties, both interna] anu external,
through which the nation has passed, and whieh have seeured the
stahility, power, and happiness of the country.
The Constitution of the U nited States declares, that "new States
may be admitted by the Congress ¡nto tItis Unión; but no llCW
~tate shnll be formed or erectcd within the jnrisdietioil of any otlwr
State, nor any State be formed by the junctivll of two or lUore
410
States, ot patts of Siates, withont the consent of the legislatures of
the 8tates concerned as well as of the Congress."
U pon this clause, James Madison, in the "Federalist," makes
the following remarke :-
"In the articles of Confederation, no prOVISlOn is found on this im-
portant subject. Canada was to be admitted of right, on her joining in
the measures of the United States; and the other colonies, by which were
evidently meant, the other British Colonies, at the discretion of ninc
States. The eventual establishment of new States seems to have heen
overlooked by the compilers of that instrument. 'Ve have seen the in-
convenience of this omission, amI the assumption of power into which
Congress have been led by it. 'Vilh great propriety, therefore, has the
new system supplied the defecto The general prccaution, that no new
State shall be formed without the concurrence of tIle Federal authority,
ana that of the States concemed, is consonant to the principIes which
ollght to govern such transactions. The particular precaution against
the eret:tion of new States, by the partition of a S!ate without its con-
sen!, quicts the jealousy of the larger States j as that of the smaller is
quieted by a like precaution, against a junction of States without theír
consent."
The Constitution also deelares that "the Congress shall hava
po\ver to dispose of, and make aH needful rulf's and regulatiom¡ re-
specting the territory or other property belonging to the U nited
States j and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as
to prejudice any claims of the U nited 8tates, or of any paTtieular
8tate. "
U nder this clause, Congress exereises the power of creating
territorial governments, whieh in process of time, by the inerease
of population and other concurrent causes, apply, on behalf of the
people, for authority to form constitutions and state governments,
with a view to admission into the U nion, at a future period, and it
is for the Congress of the U nited States in the exercise of their high
constitutional powers, and under the solemn responsibilities imposed
upon them as guardians of the rights and the welfare of the whole
U nion, to judge of the expediency and the time of admitting the pea-
pIe who may have become inhabitants of such territories, to all tha
pf'cnliar and inestimable rights, privilegeR, and immunities of tha
411
citizens of one of the United Stat..1.I of Ameriea. Mr. Madison re-
marks upon this point that,
" This is a power of very great importance, and required by considera-
tions similar to those which show the propriety of the former. 'rhe
proviso annexcd is vcry proper in itself, and was probably r~ndercd
absolutely necessary by jealousies and questions concerning the westcrn
territory sufficiently known to the public."
Dut the Constitution requires that "The United States shall
guarantee to every State in this Union a Republiean Form of Go-
vernment, and shall proteet eaeh of them against Invasion; and on
Applieation of the Legislature, or of the Exeeutive, (when the
Legislature cannot be convenea,) against aomestic Violence." Ana,
upon this elause, Mr. Madison has expressed in the H Federalist"
t11e following wise and just sentiments :
" In a Confederacy founded on republican principIes, and eomposed of
republican members, the superintending govcrnment ought clearly to
possess authority to defend the system against a6stocratic or monarchical
innovations. 'rhe more intimate the nature of such a Union may be,
thc greater lDterest have the mem bers in the political in!"titutions of each
o: her; and the greater right to insist, that the forms of government under
wlJich the cornjlact was entered into, should be substantially maintaineu.
"~:lt a right implics a remedy; and where else could the remeuy
be uc¡,)"ited, than where it is deposited by the Constitution? Govern-
ments of Ji""irnilar principIes and forms have be€n found less adapted to
a federal coalition of any sort than those of a kindred nature. ' As the
confederate republic of Gcrmuny,' says Montesquieu, 'con~ists of free
eit Íes and petty Stat.es, suhject to different princes, experienre shows us,
that it is more imperfect than that of HolIand anu Switzerland.' 'Greece
was undone,' he adds, 'as soon as the king of Maeedon obtained a seat
among the Amphictyons.' In the latter case, no doubt, the dispropor-
tidllate force, as wcl! a..<; the monarehical form of the new confederate,
lIad iís sharc of influcnce on the evellts.
"It may possibly be adq;d, what need tliere could be of such a plC-
cautioJl, amI whether it mny not become u pretext for nlteratioJls in the
State govermnent8, witliout the concurrence of the States themselves.
Theile questions admit of ready answers. If the interposition of the
l;cJtcral Gllvernment sllOuld not be neeck(l, 1he pro'ii"ion far suc]¡ an
event wil! be a harmIe"s :-mpcrílllil y ollly in the Conl't:tuti.)I1. But who
can ",ay wlmt c.\:perilJlcnt8 may ue prucluwd uy tlle caprice of particular
412
States, by the ambition of entcrprisillg lcadcrs, or by the intrigues and
influence of foreign powcrs ?
" To the second question it may be answered, that ir the General Go-
vernment should interpose by virtue of this Constitutional authority, it
will be of eourse bound to pursue the authority. But the authorityex-
tends no farther than to a guarantee of a republican form of government,
which supposes a pre-existing government of the form which is to be
guarantied. As long therefore as the existing republican forms are con-
tinued by the States, they are guarantied by the Federal Constitution.
\Vhenever the States may choose to substitutc other republican forms,
they have a right to do so, and to claim the Federal guarantee for the
latter. The only restriction imposed on them is, tllat they shall not ex-
change republican for anti-republican constitutions; a restriction which,
it is presumed, will hardly be eonsidcrcd as a grievance."
--=e=--
THE "NEW STATES,"
ADMITTED INTO THE UNION SINCE THE ADOPTION OF THE CON.
STITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES, ARE A~ FOLLOWS:-
VERMONT,
Formed from part oftbe territory of New York, witb the consent of its Legi~
¡ature, by aet of March 6,1790. (Viue Journal Senate oftbe Uniteu States, Feb. 9,
1791, and appendix to Journal House of Re.presentatives, vol. 1, p. 412.) Appliea-
tion ofthe Commissioners of Vermant to Congre8s for admission into the Unian
was received at Philadelpbia, Feb. 9, 1791, a constitution having been formed
Dec. 25, 1777. Vermont admitteu by act of Congress approveu Feb. lS, 1;91, to
take effect, i. e., "sha!! be reeeived and admitted," on lUarch 4,1791.
Entitled to two Representatives by act of Congress Feh. 25, 1791.
An aet giving effect to laws of the United States in Vermont, after March 3,
1791, approved M arch 2, 1791.
A cOllstitution adopted by Vermont, July 9, 1793.
KENTUCKY,
Formed from the territory of Virginia with the consent of jt! Legislature byaet
of Dec. 18,1789. (Vide Journal Senate ofthe Ullited States, Dec. 9,1790, and Bioren
&. Duane's editioll Laws of the United States, vol. 1, page 673; and message or
!!peech of President to Congress, Dec. S, 1790.) Application of the convention of
Kentucky received, Dec. 9, 1790. (See Journal House of Representatives, vol. l.
p. 411, appendix.) (Its cOllslÍtution not tIJen formed.) Act of Congress for its re-
('eption ana adrnission on June 1, 17·92, approvea on Feb. 4, 1791.
Fnti:led to two RejJf\:selllatiy.;s, tr ~ct of Congresa Feb \/5, 1791.
413
(No 8.ct giving effect to law8 of thE' United States in Kentucky.)
A copy of the constitution formed for the State of Kentucky laid before Congresa
by tbe President of the United States,on November 7, 1792. A new constitution
was adopted on August 17, 1799.
TENNESSEE,
Formed of terl'itory ceded to the United States by the State of Nortb Carolina,
by act of December, 1789, conveyed to tbe United States by the Senators from North
Carolina, Feb. 25, 1790, and accepted by act of Congress of April 2, 1790. An act for
tbe government of the territory of the United States soutb of the river Obio, was
approved 26 May, 1790. See also act of 8 May, 1792. Tbe people of tbat territory
formed a convention, adopted a constitution on Feb. 6, 1796, and applied for admis-
sion, (vide Journal House of Representatives, April 8, and Senate Journal, April11,
1796, and folio State Papers, "Miscellaneous," vol. 1, pp. 146-7, 150,) upon wbich
"an aet for the admission of tbe State of Tennessee into the Union was passed and
approved, Juue 1, 1796, by wbicb the laws of tbe United States were extended
to that State, amI it was allowed one Representative in CongresR.
'fhe said law8 were again extended to the State of Tennessee by an act approved
J aUllary 31, 1797, and by an aet approved February 19, 1799. (This last aet divided
the State inLo Eastern and Western Districts.)
OIUO,
Formcd out of a part of the territory nortb-west of ihe river Obio, wbieb was
ceded to tbe Unitcd Sta tes by tbe General Assembly of Virginia, at tbeir sessions
bt'gun Octobcr 20, 1783, and aceepted by tbe Congress of the United Sta tes, 1\lareb 1,
1i8-1. The act of Virginia was modified by aet of Assembly of December 30, 1788,
consenting tbat the tt'rritory be divided into not more tban five, nor less tban three,
titates. An act to provide for tbe government of tbe territory nortb-west of tbe
river Obio, was approved on August 7, 1789. Tbis territory was diYided into two
separate goverumellts by aet of Congrpss of May 7, 1800.
'1'11e census of tbe territory, and petitions from the people tbereof, referred to com-
mittce of tbe HouRe of Representatives. (Se e Journal, January 29,1802. See rGport
Marcb 4, 180:.l, folio State Paper~, "Miscellaneous," vol. 1, p. 325.) An act to enabIe
the puople of the eastern division of said territory to form a eonstitution and State
government was passed and approved April 30, 1802, by wbicb tbat State was
allow('d one Representative in CongreRs. A constitution was accordillgly formed on
:Kovember 1, 1802, and presented to Congress. (Se e Journal Senate, January 7,1803.)
The said pf'ople bavin", on NoveJUber 29, 1802, compIied witb tne aet of
CO;lgress, of April 30, 18U2, wbercby the said State became one of tbe Unitoo. State~,
un :let was paRsed and approvcd on }'ebl'ual'Y 19, 1803, for tbe due exeeution of the
Irl IV." of tbe Ullitcd States, &c., within that State.
An act in addition to, and in mouification of, tbe propositions contained in tbe ad
of "-1'riJ 30, 1802, was passcd and approv~u 011 )Iareh 3d, 1803.
,111
J\ORTll-,,'ESTER~ ,'XD 'YESTER~ TERRITORY.
OHIO being the first State formed out of the territory
north-west of the river Ohio, and admitted into the U nion,
it is deemed proper to insert here the circumstances and
fads which led to the cession of that territory, and the
principIes agreed upon and estabIished for the rule of its
future government, which will apply equally to the other
States formed out of this territory.
Preliminary to the " Ordinanee for the government of the Terri-
tory of t1le U nited States north·"wost of the river Ohio, it may be
proper to refer to the aets amI proceedíngs which led to the cession
of this and other territory to the U nited States by individual States;
to t1le aets of cession themselves, and to other acts having a direct
bearing upon this interesting subjeet.
Tho attention of the "dlOle eountry appears to have bern first
drawn to tbe suhjcct, in a fon::iblc manncr, by t11e decidéu t;tand
taken by tl1e State 01' ;,brylalld, dllrillg t1le discussioll in the Con-
gress UpOI1 tilo OLj,'c*!iol1s uf certélin Statcs to the articl¡-,.s of Con-
federatioll, in .June, 1778. 'rlut Statc proposcd, OIl tlle 22d JUlle,
1778, and aftcrwards insisted, tllat the IYlllllllaries of eaeh ot t]¡¡)
Statl's, as claimtLl to extend to tIllO liver l\Hssissippi, ur Sonth Sea,
should be ascertained amI restrieted, a1l(1 that t11e property in the
soil of tl1e western tcrritorips he hel\l for tIte eommon benefit of all
t]\I; ~';taks. Frolll tl](1t time until 2\] Fellrllary, liRl, the State of
l\l;¡ryblld refuspd to 3ccp(]e to the articlps of Confeueration, in COI1-
S('C¡llcnce of having- t;lilcd to ubtain an arnendment upon that point,
a(Tainst which course Vi[<finia hall remonstr:ltpd.
~ ~
Un th8 2:'th Novembcr, 1778, the aet of New Jersey for ratiry-
;1IQ" tllf' artÍc!es of ConfederatÍoIl was presellted, in which tltis 3ml
oth(~r difriculties ",ere rcfrrred to; but their delegates WP" ;ii;-"et~"d
to si~n th08e articles, "in the firm relianee tbat tite canuou: lit
jl1stice of the several Sta tes will, in due time, remove as fu as
p08sibIe the inequality which no", sllbsists."
'rile delegate from Delawarc having signen tho artieles of Cnn-
federation on the 220 February, li7!), pmsented OH t]¡e 23d sundry
415
resolutions pasiiled by the Legislature of that State, among which
were the following :
"Resolved, That this State thinks it necessary, for the peace and
safety of the States to be included in the Union, that a moderate
extent of limits should be assigned for sueh of those States as
claim tothe Mississíppi or South Sea; and that the U nited Statc,s
in Congress assembled, should, and ought to have the power 01'
fixing their western limits."
"Ilesolved, That this State eonsider themselves justly entitled to
a right, in common with the members of the U nion, to that exten-
sive tidCt of country whieh lies westward of tbe fronticrs of the
V nited Sta tes, t11e property of w hieh was not vested in, or granted
to, individuals at tIte eommeneement of t11e present war :-1'hat tl18
S:llne hath been, or may be, gained from the King of Great Britain,
or the native Indians, by the blood and treasure of aH, and ought
therefore to be a eommon estate, to be granted out on terms bene-
ficial to the Unitcd States."
Upon wllieh Cong-rcss passed the following resolution on the
s:tid 23d February, 1779, eight Sta tes voting in fZlvor, and tltree
agai nst the same, viz. :
" Resolved, That the paper laid before Congress by the dcleg8.te
fram Delaware, and read, be filed; provided, that it shall never be
eonsidered as admitting any elairn by the Same set up or intended
to be set up."
On the 21st May, 1779, the delegates from Maryland laid before
Congress the following instructions reeeived by them:
1 nSTrul:tions of tlle General Assembly of Maryland, to George Plater,
William Paca, vVilliam Carmichael, J ohn Heury, James Forbes, alld
Daniel of St. Th, \mas J enifer, esquires.
Genflt'men:
I-bving conferred upon yon a trust of the highest nature, it is evident
we place great confiuence in your integrity, abilities, and zeal to promote
the general welfare of the United States, and the particular interest of
this State, where the latter is not incompatible with the former; but, to
add greater weight to your proceedings in Congress, and take a~ ay al,
sllspicion that the opinions you there deliver, and the votes yOti
give, may be the mere opinions of indiviJuals, auJ not rcsultin.\:
3\J
416
from your knowledge of the sense and deliberate judgment of the
State you represent, we think it our duty to instruct as foiloweth
on the subJect of the ConfederatioJl-a subject in which, unfortu-
nately, a supposed difference of interest has produced an almost equal
division of sentiments among the several Slates composing the Union.
We saya supposed difference of interests; for if local attachrnents und
prejudices, and the avarice and ambition of individuals, would give way
to the dictates of a sound policy, founded on the principIes of justice,
(and no otller poliey but what is founded on those immutable principles
deserves to be called sound,) we fiatter ourselves this apparent diversity
of interests would soon vanish, und aH the States would confederate on
terms mutua!!y advantageous to al!; for they would then perceive that
no other confederation than one so forrned call be lasting, Although the
pressure of immediate calamities, the drcad of their contilluance from
the appearance of disunion, and sorne other peculiar circumstanees, may
have lllduced sorne States to accede to the present Confederation, con-
trary to their own interests and judgments, it requires no great share of
foresight to predict, that, when those causes ceuse to operate, the StRtes
whích have thus acceded to the Confederation will eonsider it as no
longer binding, and wil! eagerly embrace the first occasion of asserting
their just rights, and securíng their independence. ls it possible that
those States \vho are ambitiousJy gra!:'ping at territories to \\]¡ich, in our
judgment, ¡hey have not the least shadow of exclusive right, will use
with greater l1l0deration the inerease of wealth and power derived fmm
tllose territories, when acquired, than what they have displayed in their
cndeavors to aequire them? \Ve think noto We are eonvinced the
8ame spirit whieh hath prornpted t11em to insist on a clairn so extrava-
gant, so rppngnant to every principIe of jllstiee, so incompatible with the
general welfare of al! the States, will urge tllem OH to add oppression to
lllJustice. If they should not ue ineited by a supcriority of wealth and
strength to oppress by open fórce tlteir less \Vealt lty alld less powerflll
neighbors, yet depoplllation, and conseqncntly the illlpOVeri1:illlTIent (Jf
tllOse States, wil! neces>,arily fóllow, whidl, by al! lI11bir eonstrnetion of
tllC Confcdcration, may be stripped of a eOlllfl1011 intcrest, ano the com-
mon benefits derivahle from the western rountry. Snpp0f'e, fór instanee,
Virginia il1disputably pO~f'essed of the extensive ano fertile eountry to
w11ich she has set up a elaim: what would be tlw probable conscquences
to Maryland of sueh an undisturbed and undisputed pos!:'ession? They
C1111not escape the least diseerning.
Virginia, by selling on the mM! moderafe terms a sll1all proportion oi
the lands in quef'tion. ,,"onId draw into her treasury va~t S\1ms (Jf money
417
and, in proportion to the sums arising frOlll such sales, would be enablcd
to lessen her taxes. Lands comparatively cheap, alld taxes compara-
tively low, with the lands and taxes of an adjacent State, would quickly
drain the State thus disadvantageously circumstanced of its most usefuI
inhabitants: its wealth, alld its consequence in the scale of the confede-
rated States, would sink, of course. A claim so injurious to more than
one-half, if not to the whole of the U nited States, uught to be supported uy
the cleurest evidence of the right. Yet what evidences of that figh t huve
be en produced? What argurnents alleged in support either of the evidellce
or the right? N one that we have heard of deserving a serious refutatil'l1.
1t has been said, thut sorne of the dclegates of a neighboring Stutf~
have declared their Opillioll uf the ilJlpra(;ticability of governing Ihe ex-
tensive dOlflillion claimed by thal State. IIen(;e also ¡he neccssi¡ y was
admitted of divid·ing its territory, and erecting a new State, under the
au:,pices and direclion of the elder, from wholt1, no doubt, it would re
ceive ilS form of government, to whom it would be buund by some alli
ance or confederacy, and by whose councils it would be infiuenced. Snch
a measure, if ever attempted, wOl!d certainly be opposed by the ol11er
States as inconsistent with the letter and spirit of the proposed ConfCde- .
rai ion. Should it take place by eSlablishing a sub-eonfederacy, impe-
rium in imperiu, tllC l:)tate possessed of this extensiye dominion mUSL
then either submit to all the ineonvenienees ol' an overgrowll amI Ull-
wicldy government, or suffer the authority of Congress to interposc, at a
future time, and to lop off a part of its territory, to be ereeted into a Ilew
and free State, and admitted into a confederatior: on such eonditioilS as
shall be settled by nine States. If it is neee3sary, for the happiness and
tranquillity of a State rhus overgrown, that Congress should hereaftcr
interfere and divide its territory, why is the claim to that territory now
made, and so pertinaeiously insisted on? \Ve can suggest to ourselyes
but two motives: elther the declaration of relinquishillg, at some fÍlture
period, a proportion of the country now contended for, was made to lul!
suspieion asleep, and to cover the designs of a seeret ambition, or, if the
thought was seriously entertained, the lands are now claimed to reap an
immediate profit from the sale. We are eonvinced, poliey and justice re·
quire that a eountry unsettled at the commeneement of this war,
claimed by the British crown, and ceded to it by the treaty of Paris, it'
wrested from the commun enemy by the blood and treasure of the thil-
!een States, should be considered as a common property, suhject to be
pareelled out by Congress into free, convenient, and independent go\'crn-
ments, in sueh manller and at such times as the wisdom oi" t~lat assclllbly
:;hall herf!<lfter directo
418
Thus convinced, we should betray the trust reposed in us by our con-
stituents, were we to authorize you to ratify on their behulf the Confede-
ration, unle;;:s it be farther explrrined. vVe have coolly and dispassion-
ately considercd the subject; we have weighed probable ineonvenienec'l
and hardships, against the sacrifice of just and essential rights; and do
instruct you not 10 agree to the Confederation, unless an artiele or artieles
be addcd tliereto in conformity with our declaration. Sho1l1d we suecced
in obtaining sllch aniele or artieles, then you are hereby fully empowen,d
to accede to the Confederation.
Tha! these our sentiments respectingour Confederation may be more
pnbliely known, and more explicitly and concisely deelared, we have
drawn up the annexed declaration, which \Ve instruct you to lay befare
Congress, to have it printed, and to deliver to each of the delega/es of
the other States in Congress assembled, copies thereo.f, signed by your-
selves, or by such of you as may be present at the time of delivcry; to
the intent and purpose that the copies aforesaid may be communicated to
our brethren of the United States, and the contents of the said declara-
tion taken into their serious and candid consideration.
Al:w we dcsire and instruct you to move, at a proper time, that lhese
instructions be read to Congress by their secretary, and entered on the
jOllrnals of Congrcss.
vVe have spoken with freedom, as becomes freemen; and \Ve sin-
cerely wish that these our representations may make such an impression
on that assembly as 10 induce them to make such addition to the Articles
of Confederation as may bring about a permanent union.
A true copy from the proceeding of Dccembcr 1:í, 1778.
Test: T. DUCKETT, C.ll. D.
On tbe 30th October, 1779, Congress, by a vote of eight States
to tbree, ano one being divided, passed the following:
'Vhereas the appropriation of Vileant lands by the several States,
during the continuance of the. war, will, in the opinion of Con-
gress, be attended with great mischiefs: therefore,
Resolved, That it be earnestly recommended to the State of Vir-
gini:1 to reconsider their late aet of Assembly foro opcning their land
oflice; and that it be recommended to the said Staté, and aH other
Sta tes similarly circumstanceJ, to forlJear settling or issuing war-
rants for unappropriated lands, or granting the same during the con
tinuanee of the present war.
On the 7th March, 1780, the dclegLltes frum New York presented
419
the following act, (whicD. was fally carried into effect by said dela-
gates in Congress on 1st March, 1781 :)
AN ACT to facilitate the completion of the Articles of Coníederation
and perpetual Union among the United States of Ameríea.
Whereas nothing under divine Providence can more effeetually con-
tribute to the tranquillity and safety of the United States of America
than a federal alliance, on such liberal principIes as will give satisfaetion
to its respective members: And whereas the Articles of Confederation
and perpetual Union reeommended by the honorable the Congress of the
Vnited States of America have not proved aeceptable to al! the States,
it having been conceived that a portion of the waste and uneultivated
tcrritory within the limits or claims of certain States ought to be appro-
¡:rialed as a common fund for the expenses of the war: And the people
cf ¡he State of N ew York being on al! oecasions disposed to manifest
tbeír regard for their sister States, and their earnest desire to promote
fhe general interest and security, and more especially to accelerate the
federal alliance, by removi'1g, as far as it depends upon t11em, the before-
mentioned impediment to its final accomplishment :
Re it therefore enaeted, b} the people of the State of N ew York, re-
presented in Senate and Asst'lTIbly, and it is hereby enacled, by the au-
thority of the same, That it sh.tU and may be lawful to and fur thc dele-
gates of this State in the honorable Congress of the UnÍtod Slatos oI'
America, or the major part of such of them as sha11 be assembled in
Congress, and thoy, the said delegates, or a major part of thom, so as-
f'embled, aTe hereby fully authorized and empowered, for and on behalf
of this State, and by prope) and authentic acts or instruments, to limit
anu restrict lhe boundaríes of this State, in the western parts thert'of,
by sueh line or lines, and in such manner and form, as they shall judge
to bo expedient, either with respeet to the jurisdictioll, as well as the
right or pre-emplion of soil, or f'eserving the jurisdiction in part, or in
the whole, over the lands whieh may be ceded, or relinquished, with ;e-
speet only to the right or pre-emption of the soil.
And be it further enaeted by the authority aforesaid, That the terri-
tory whieh may be ceded or relinquished by virtue of this aet, either
wilh respeet to the jurisdietion, as weH as the right or pre-emption of
soil, or the right or pre-cmption of soil only, shall be and enure for the
1I::C and benefit of sueh oI'the United States as shall beeome members
of the federal allianee of the said States, and for no other use 01' purpose
whatever.
And be lt further cnaeted by th€' authority aforcsaid, That al! the
39*
420
lands to be ceded and relinquished by virtue of tbis act, for the benefit
of the United States, with respeet to property, but which shall neverthe-
less remain under the jurisdietion of this State, shall be disposed of and
appropriated in su eh manner only as tbe Congress of the said States
shall direet; and that a warrant under tbe authority of Congrcss for sur-
vcying and laying out any part 1hereof, shall entitle tbe party in whose
favor it shall issue to cause 1he same to be surveycd and laid out and re-
tllrl1cd, aceording to 1he direetions of su eh warrant; and thereupon let-
ters patent, under the great seal of this State, shall pass to tbe grantee
túr the estate speeified in the said warrant; for whieh no other fee or re-
ward sha1l be dcmanded or received than sueh as sha11 be allowed by
Congress.
Provided always, and be it further enacted by the authority aforesaid,
'1'hat the trust reposed by virtue of this act shall not be executed by the
clclegates of this State, unless at least three of the said delegates shaH
be present in Congress.
ST ATE OF NEW YORK, ss.
1 do hereby certify that the aforegoing is a true copy of tbe original
fiet passed the 19th of February, 1780, and lodged in the seeretary's
úfl1ce.
ROBERT HARPUR, Deputy Sec'y of State.
In Vlew of the premises, the following proceedings
took place:
IN CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION.
WEDNESDAY, SEPTEJIIBER 6, 1780.
Cúngress took into eonsideration tbe report of the eommittee to
whom were referred the instructions of the General Assembly of Mary-
land to their delegates in Congress, respecting the Articlcs of Confede-
ra' ·,on, and the declaration therein referred to; the aet of the Legislature
of N ew Y or k on the same subjeet, and the remonstranee of the General
Assembly of Virginia; whieh report was agreed to, and is in the wonls
following :
Thut having duly eonsidered the several matters to tbem snbmitted,
they eoneeive it unneeessary to examine into the merits or poliey of the
, instructions or declarations of the General Assembly of Maryland, or of
lhe remonstranee of the General Assembly of Virginia, as they involve
fJuestions, a diseussion of which was d~elined, on mature consideration,
when {he Anicles of Confed¡¡:ration wcre debated; n01" in the opÍ¡lion
421
of the committee, can such questions be now revived ,,,,ith any prospect
of conciliation; that it appears more advisable to press upon those states
whieh can remove the embarrassments respecting the western country,
a liberal surrender of a portion of their territorial claims, since they can-
not be preserved entire without endangering the stabihty of the general
confedcraey; to remind them how indispensably necessary it is to
establish the Federal Union on a fixed and permanent basis, and on
principIes acceptable to all its respective members; how essential to
public eredit and confidence, to the support of our army, to the vigor of
our counclls, and success of our measures; to our tranquillity at home,
our reputation abroad, to our very existence as a free, sovereign, and
independent people; that they are fully persuaded the wisdom of the
respective legislatures wiII lead them to a full and impartial eonsidera-
tion of a suhjcct so interesting to the U nited States, and so necessary to
the happy establishment of the Federal Union; that they are eonfirmed
in these expectations by a review of the before-mentioned act of the
Legislature of N ew York, submitted to their eonsideration; that this
aet is expressly ralculated to aeeelerate the Federal Alliance, by remov-
ing, as fur as dcpends on that State, the impediment arising from the
western country, and for tha: purpose to yield up a portion of territorial
claim for the general benefit; \Vhereupon,
Resolved; That copies of the severa] papers referred
to the committee be tram.:mitted, \vith. a copy of the
report, to the legis]atures of the several States, and that
it be earnestly 1'ecommended to tlwse States, who have
claims to tlle western country, to pass such laws, and give
their delegales in Congress such powers as may rjfectually
remove the only obstacle to a final ralijication. qf the arti-
eles oi Confederation j and that the Legislature of .Mary-
land be earnestly requested to authorize the uelegates in
Congress to subscrilJe the saiJ articles.
IN CONGRESS OF THE CONFEDERATION.
'fUESDAY, OCTOllER 10, 1780.
Resolved, That the unappropriated lands that may be
ceded or relinquished to the U nited States, by any parti-
~ular State, pursuant to the recommenJation of Congress
422
of the 6th day of September last, sha11 be disposed of for
the eommon benefit of the United States, and be settled
and formed into distinet republican States, which sha11
become members of the Federal U nion, and have the
same rights of sovereignty, freedom, and independence,
as the other States: that eaeh State which sha11 be so
formed sha11 contain a suitable extent of tcrritory, not
less than one hundred nor more than one hundred aml
fifty miles square, or as near thereto as eircumstances
will admit: that the necessary and reasonable expenses
\vhich any particular State sha11 have incurred since the
eommeneement of the present war, in subduing any
British posts, or in maintaining forts or garrisons within
and for the defence, or in acquiring any part of the terri-
tory that may be ceded or relinquished to the United
States, sha11 be reimbursed.
'1'hat the said lands sha11 be granted or settled at such
times-, and un del' sueh regnlations, as sha11 hereafter be
agreed on by the U nited States, in Congress assembled,
or any nine or more of them.
In pursuance of the recommendation contained in the resolution of
Jongress of the 6th September, 1780, the foIlowing States made cessiolls
uf territory to the U nited States at the dates respectively stuted ;-
l'he Statc ofNew York,on::\larch 1, 1781.
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Virginia "I1Iarch 1, 1784.
do. " Doc. 30, 1788. By this act Virginia agreed to chauge
the conditions of the act of cession of 1784 only so far as to
ratify the 5th article of the compact or onlinallce of 1787, on
page 420.
Massachusetts, on April 19, 1785.
Connecticut "September 14,1786, confirmcd lIlay 30,1800.
South Carolina" August 9,1787.
North Carolina" February 25, 1790.
Georgia " April 24, 1802.
423
For these eessions, &c., and for the eonvention bet ween SOUl h Caro-
lina and Georgia, oi 28th April, 1787, see Bioren and Duane's edition oi
the Laws of 1 he U nited States, Vol. 1.
In relation to the government of the territory thus aequired by the
U nited States, it may be sufficient to say, that the territory ceded by
rach state, except Virginia, was the subject of separate legislation by
e ongress, (as mentioned under ~he head of each of said Staies,) first as
8 dependent territory, and afterwards by being admitted into the Union
as an independent member thereof.
The K orth-western Territory, ceded by the Commonwealth of Vir-
giuia, was the subject ortpecial legislation by the Congress of the Con-
federatíon; first, by the passage of a resolution for its government, on
the 23d April, 1784, and then by the adoption of an ordinanee, whose
importanee renders its insertion he re neeessary :-
AN ORDIN ANCE for the Government of the Territory of the
United States, north-west of the river Ohio.
Be it ordained by the United States in Congress assembled, That the
said territory, for the purposes of temporary government, be 01\1' dis-
triet; subjeet, however, to be divided into two districts, as future eir-
eumstanees may, in the opinion of Congress, make it expediento
Be it ordained by the authority aforesaid, That the estates both of
resident and non-resident proprietors in the said territory, dying intes-
tate, shaIl descend to and be distributed among their children and the
descendantll of a deceased child in equal parts; the descendants of a
deceased child or grandchild to take the share of their deceased parent
in equal parts among them; and where there shall be no children or
descendants, then in equal parts to the next of kin, in equal degree; and
among eollaterals, 1he ehildren of a deceased brother or sister of the
intestate shall have in equal parts among them their deceased parent's
share; and there shall in no case be a distinetion between kindred of
t he whole und half blood; saving in all cases to the widow of the intes-
late her third part of the real estate for life, and one-third part of the
personal estate; and this law relative to descents and dower shall re-
main in full force until altered by the legislature of the distriet. And
until ¡he governor and judges sha11 adopt [aws as hereinaftf~r mentioned,
estales in the said territory may be devised or bequeathed by wills in
writing, signed and sealed by him or her in whom the estar e may be,
(being of ful! age,) and attested by three witnesses; and real estates may
be eonveyed by lease and release, or bargain and sale, signed, sealed,
anu delivered by the person, being of fu11 age, in whom the estate muy
424
be, ond nI tested by t\Vo witnesses, provided such \Vills be duly proved,
illld such conveyances be acknowledged, or thc exeeution ¡hereof duly
pro ved, alld be recorded within one year ofier proper magistrates, court s,
and registers sha11 be appointed for that pnrpose; and personal propert y
may be transferred by delivcry, saving, howevcr, to the French and Ca-
nadian inhabitants, and other settlers of the Kaskaskies, Saint Vincent's,
and the neighboring villages, \Vho have heretofore professed themselvcs
citizens of Virginia, their la\Vs and cusloms now in force anlOng them
relalive to the deseent and cOllvcyance 01' property.
Be il ordained by the antlwrity aforesairl, That there shall be appointcd
from time to time, by Congress, a gOYlTnor~wllOse cOllll1lission shall
continue in force lor the term of lbree years, unlcss sooner revoked by
Congress; he 811311 reside in the disíriet, aJld llave a freehold eslale
therein, in one thousand acres of land, whilc in lhe exprcisc of llÍs offiee.
There shall be appointed from time to time, by Congress, a seerelary,
whose eommission shall eontinue in force for four years, unless sooncr
reyoked; he sha11 reside in the district., and have o freehold eslale
thcrcin, in fiye hundrcd oercs of land, while in the exercise oi" his offiee.
1t shall be his duty to keep ond preserve the acts and la\\'s passed by the
lcgis!ature, and the public reeords of the district, ond the proceedings of
the governor in his exeeutive departlllcnt, [\]]d. transrnit outhentie copies
ol" sueh acts [\nd proeel'dings every six mOllths to the secretary of Con-
gre:"s. There shall olso be appoillted a court, to eonsist of three jlldges,
any l\\'o of whom to furm o court, who shall have o eommon-Iaw juris-
dietion, and reside in the distrie!, and have eaeh therein a freehold
estate in five hundred aeres of land, while in the exereise of their offices j
and their commlssions sholl eontinue in force dllring good behavior.
'fIJe governor and judges, or a majority of tl1em, shall adopt and pub-
lish in t he distriet such laws of the original States, criminal and civil, as
may be necessary and best suited to the cireumstances 01' the distriet,
and report them to Congress from time to time, which laws shall be 1Il
foree in the distriet until tbe organization of the General Assembly
tlt('rein, unless disapproved of by Congress; but afterwards, the legisla-
ture shal! have authority to alter them as they shall think fit.
The goyernor, for the time being, shall be commonder-in-ehief of tht}
mil i 1 ia, appoint and cornmission al! officers in the salIte below the raH!\.
01" L(l'neral offieers; oIl general officers shall be appointed and eommis-
sioned uy Congress.
Previous to the organization of lhe General Assembly, the governor
sball appoint 8uch magistrates and other civil officers, in rach eounty or
t(1wnship, as he ::hall find necessary for the preservatioll ol" lhe peace and
425
good order in the same. After the General Assembly shall be organ-
ized, the powers and duties of magistrates and other civil officers shall
be regulated and delined by the sairl Assembly; but al! magistrates and
olher civil officers, not herein otherw ise directed, shall, during the con-
tinuance of this temporary government, be appointed by the governor.
For the ¡:.revention of crimes and injuries, the laws to be adopted or
made sha11 have force in al! parts of the district, and for the execution
oI' process, criminal and civil, the governor shall make proper divisions
t}¡ercoI'; and he ¡.;hall proceed from time to time, as circumstances may
require, to layout the parts of the di1'5trict in' which the Indian titIes
shall have been extinguished into counties and towl1ships, subject, ho,,:-
ever, to such alterations as may thereafter be made by the legislature.
SO SOOI1 as there "hall ue five thousand free male il1habitants, of full
a6e, in the distriet, UpOIl giving proofthereofto the governor, they shall
H'cpive autllOrity, wilh time and place, to elect representatives from
thtir countics or townships, to represent them in the General Assembly;
provided that, for every Iive hundred free male inhabitants, there shall
be one reprcsentative, alld so on progressively with the number of free
male inhrrbitants slmll the rightof representation increase, until the
number of rppresentatives shrrll amount to twenty-five, after which the
number rrnd proportion of representatives shall 1e regulated by the legis-
lature; proyiucu that no person be eligible or qualified to act as a repre-
sentative unb;s he slwll have be en a eitizen of one of the United States
three years, and be a resident in the district, or unless he shall haye
resided in the district three years, and in either case shalllikewise hold
in his own right, in fee-simple, two hundred acres of land within the
same: Provided also, (hat a freehold in fifty acres of land in the distriet,
having been a citizen of one of the States, and being resident in the dis-
triet, or the like fi"eehold and two years' resiuence in the distriét, shall
be necessary to qnalify a man as an elect~)]" of a representatiye.
The representatives thus eleeted shall serve for the term of two years,
and, in case of the dcath of a representative, or removal from office,
the governor shall issue a writ to the eounty or township for \vhich he
\Vas a member to eleet another in his stead, to serve for the residue of
the termo
The General Assembly, or Legislature, shall consist of the governor,
legislative couneil, and a house oí" representatives. The lcgislativú
cuuncil shall consist of fiye mem 1e1'8, to continue in office five years,
unless sooner removed by Congress, any three of whom to be a quorum,
and the mcmbers of the eouneil shall 1e nominated and appointed in the
following manner, to wit: As soon as representatives shall be elecred,
..
426
the governor shall appoint a timc and place for them to meet together,
and, when met, they shall nominate ten persons, residents in the distriet,
and each possessed of a freehold in five hUl1dred acres of land, alld return
their names to Congress; five of whom Congress shall appoint and COll1-
mission to serve as aforesaid; and whenever a vacancy shall happcn in
the council, by death or rcmoval from office, the honse of representatives
shall nominate two persons, qualified as aforesaid, for each vacancy, and
return their names to Congress; one of whom Congress shall appoint
and commission for the residue of the term; and every five years, tour
months at least before the exp¡raLion of the time of service of the mem-
b~rs of couneil, the said house shall nominate ten persons, qualified as
aforesaid, and return their names to Congress, five of whom Congress
shall appoint and commission to serve as members of the council five
years, unless sooner removed. And the governor, legislative eouneil,
aud house of representatives, shall have authority to make laws, in all
e118CS, tor the good government of the district, not repugnant to the
principIes and artieles in this ordinance established and declared. And
al! bills, having passed by a majority in the house, and by a majority in
the eouneil, shall be referred to the governor for his assent: but no bill
or legislative act whatever, shall be of any force without his assent.
The governor shall have power to convene, prorogue, and dissolve the
General Assem bly, when in his opinion it sha!! be expedient.
'fhe governor, judges, legislative couneil, secretary, and such otlwr
officers as Congress shall appoint in the district, sha!! take an oath or
afiirmation of fidelity, and of office; the governor before the president
ol' Congress, and al! other officers before the governor. As soon as a
ll,rrislature shall be formed in the district, the council and house assem-~ .
bled, in one room, shal! have authority, by joint ballot, to elect a dele-
gate to Congress, who shall have a seat in Congress, with a rigllt oI' de-
uating, but not oI' voting during this temporary government.
And for extending the fundamental principIes of civil and religious
liberty, which form the basis whereon these republics, their 1aws, and
eonstitutions are erected; to fix and establish [hose principIes as the
basis of alllaws, constitutiollS, and governments, whieh for ever hcre-
after shall be formed in the said territory; to provide,also, for the esta-
blIshment of States, and permanent government therein, and for their
admisslOn to a share in the federal councils on an equal footing with
the original States, at as early periods as may be consistent with
the general interest:
Tt is Iter,by ordained and declared, by the autltority aforesaid, That the
fi¡llowing articles shall be considerrd as articles of compact, betweell the
427
original States and the people and States in the said territory, and fOl
ever remain unalterable, unless by common consent, to wit :
ART. 1. N o person, demeaning himself in a peaceable and orderly
manner, shall ever be molested on account of his mode of worship or
religious sentiments, in the said territory.
ART. 2. The inhabitants of the said territory shall always be entitled
to the benefits of the writ of habeas corpus, and of the tri al by jury;
of a proportionate representation of the people in the legislature, and
of judicial proceedings according to the course of the common law. All
persons shall be bailable, unless for capital offences, where the proof shall
be evident, or the presumption great. All fines shall be mouerate, alld no
cruel or unusual punishments shall be inflicted. N o man shal! be de-
prived of his liberty or property, but by the judgment of his peers, or
the law of the land, and should the public exigencies make it necessary,
fuI' ¡he common pl'eservation, to take anr persan' s property, or to de-
mand his particular services, full compensation shall be made for the
same. And, in the just preservation of rights and property, it is under-
Btood and declared, that no law ought ever to be made, or have force in
the said territory, that shall, in any manner whatever, interfere wilh,or
atiect private contracts or engagements, bona fide, and without fraud
previously formed.
ART. 3. Religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good
gavernment, and the happiness of mankind, schoo18 and the means of
education shall far ever be encouraged. The utmost good faith shall
always be observed towards the Indians j their lands and property sha!!
never be taken fram them without their consent j and in their property,
rights, and liberty, they never sha!! be invaded or disturbed, unle~s in
just and Iawful wars authorized by Congress j but laws founued in jus-
tlee and humanity shall, fi'om time to time, be made, for preventing
wrongs being done to them, and for preserving peace and friendship wÍlh
them.
AUT. 4. The said territory, and the States which may be farmed
therein, shall for ever remain a part of this confederacy of the U nited
States of Ameriea, suhject to the Articles of Confederation, and to such
alterations therein as shalI be constitutionally made j and to al! the acts
and ordinances oí the United States, in Congress assembled, confarmable
1hereto. The inhabitants and settlers in the said +erritory shall be sub-
ject to paya part of the federal debts, contracted or to be contracted, ami
a proportional part of the expenses of government, to be apportioned 011
tl1em by Congress, according to the same common rule and mensure bv
which apportionments thercof shall be made 011 the other Statcr;; and
40
•
428
the taxes [or paying their proport!on shall be laid and levied by the au-
thority and direetion of the legislatures oi' the distrie! or distriets, or new
States, as in the original States, within the time agreed upon by the
United States, in Congress assembled. The legislatures of those dis-
triets, or new States, shall never interfere with the primary disposal of
the soil by the United Slates, in Congress asseÍnbled, nor with any regu-
lations Congress may find neeessary, for seeuring the titIe in su eh soíl,
to the bona fide purehasers. N o tax shall be imposed on lands, the pro-
perty of the U nited States; and in no case shall non-resident proprietors
be taxed higher than residents. The navigable waters leading into the
Mississippi and St. Lawrenee, and the earrying place s between the
same, shall be eommon highways, and for cver fre€, as well to the inha-
bitants of ¡he said territory as to the eitizens of the U nited States, and
those of any other States that may be admitted into the Confederaey,
without any tax, impost, or duty therefor.
ART. 5. There shall be formed in the said territory, not less than
three, nor more than five States; and the boundaries of the States, as
soon as Virginia shall alter her aet of eession, and eonsent lo the same,
shall beeome fixed and established as follows, to wit: the western State
n the said territory, shall be bounded by the Mississippi, the Ohio, and
\Vabash rivers; a direet line drawn from the \Vabash and Post Vineents,
<:lue north, to the territorial line between the U nited States and Canada;
cd by the said territorial line to the Lake of the \Voods and Mississippi.
T'he middle States shall be bounded by the said direet line, the Wabash,
trom Post Vineents to the Ohio, by the Ohio, by a direet line drawn
dlte north from the muuth of the Great Miami to the said territorialline,
and by the said territorialline. The eastern State shall be bounded by
the last-mentioned direet line, the Ohio, Pennsylvania, and the said
territorialline: provided, however, and it is further understood and de-
clared, that the boundaries of these three Slates shall be subject so far
to be altered, that, if Congtess shall hereafter find it expedient, they
shall have authority to form one or two States in that part of the said
territory whieh lies north of an east and west line drawn through the
southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan. And whenever any of tbe
said States shall have sixty thousand free inhabitants therein, sueh State
shall be admitted, by its delegates, into the Congress of the United
States, on an equal footing with the original States, in al! respeets what-
ever; and shall be at liberty to form a permanent eonstitution and State
government; provided the eonstitution and government, so to be form-
ed, shall be republiean, and in eonformity to the principIes eontained in
these artieles' and, so far as can be consistent with the general interest
•
429
of the Confederacy, such admission shall be allowed al an earlier period,
and when tllere may bc.u less numbcr uf free inhabitants in the State
than sixty thouf;and.
ART. 6. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in
the said territory, olherwise than in the punishment of crimes, whereof
the parly shall have be en duly convicted; provided, always, that any
person escaping into the same, from whom labor or service is lawfully
cluimec!. in any oIle of lhe original States, such fugitive may be lawfully
reclaimed, alld conveyed to the person claiming his or her labor or ser·
vice as afore~aid.
Be it ordllined by the authority aforesaid, Tbat the resolutions of the
23d of April. 1784, relative to the subject of this ordinance, be, amI the
same are hereby, rcpcalcd, and declared null and void.
Done ~y th¿ United';;tates, in Congress assembled, the 13th day of
J ldy, in the year of our Lord 1787, and of their sovereignty and
indepemlellce the 12th. CHARLES TH0l\1S0N, Sec'y.
}'or a history of this ordinance by Petcr Force, see Kat. Intelligencer, Aug. 26,18':'7.
LOUISIANA,
FormeJ out of part of the lerritory ceded to the United States by France, by
treaty of April 30, 1 ~O:~.
On October 31, 1:-003, an act to enable the Presidcnt of the United States to
take pos~ession of the territories eeded by France to the United States, by the
treaty concluded at Paris on the 30th of Apnllast, and for the temporary govern-
ment thereof, was passed and approved.
Louisiana was erectcd into two territories by act of Congrcs5, approved March
26. lS04; one called the Territory of Orleans, aIid the other called the District
of Louislana.
An aet further provi¡jing for the government of the Orleans territorJ~' was ap-
proverl Mareh 2,1805, whieh authorized the peopl~ lo form a constitution and
Stale government ,vhen tlJeir llumber ShOllld 31flOllnl to GO,OOO.
A memorial of tbe Legislature of the territory oi Orlealls on behalf of the in-
habitant~, (see folio State Papers, " Miscellaneous," vol. 2, p. 51,) was presented in
Senate United States. (S('e .rournal, Mareh 12, 1810.)
An act to enahle tbe p,~ople of the territory of Orlealls to form a constitlltioll
and State governmcllt, &e., hy whieh that State was allowed one Representative
llnlil the next cen~us. was passed and approved February 20,1811. The said peo-
pIe having. on .rnllllnry 22, 1812, formed a constitution and State goverllment, and
given the f'tate the llame of Lou isiana, in pUl suanee of the said aet, un aet for
the admission of the State of Louisiuna into the UTVon, and to extend the laws of
the United States to the saje! SI ate, was passed and approved, AprH 8, 1812.
On May 22, 1812, an act supplemcntal to the act of April 8, 1812, was ap
proved.
•
430
INDIANA,
Formed out of a part of (he North-weSlern Terri~ory which W(l.S ceded to the
Uniled States lJy Virginia. (See remarks under •. Oh¡o.")
The lerrilOry established by aet of i\Iay 7,1800.
The territory divi(led into two separate governmento, dnd that of .l\Iiehigan
created by aeí of January 11, 1e05.
The lerritory again divided ¡nto two separate governments, and that oC llIinois
created by ael oC Febrllary 3, 18u9.
The Lq:;-:slature of the territory, on behalf of the people, applied lO he enabled
lo forrn a C'onstitution. &c. (See Journal of House of Reprcsentatives, Deeernher 2:3,
1.':15. flll<l J anuary 5, lS16; also folio State Papers. "l\liseellancous," vol. 2, p. 277.)
.A 11 aet lo enal,ie the people of the Indiana territory to form a eOllstitution alld
Statc governlllcnt, &e., lJy whICh thal Slale was allowed olle ltepresentative, was
passed April19, 1:316.
The said people having, on June 29, 1816, formcd a constilu.tioll, &e., a joint
resolution for admitting Ihe State of Indiana ¡nlo Ihe Union was pass!d and ap-
proved, Decenlber 11,1816.
The laws of the Ullited States extended to the Stllte oflndiana, by ael of Mareh
3, 1817.
MISSISSIPPI,
Formed out of a part of the territory ceded to the United States by the comm,s-
sioners of the State of South Carolina, on August 9, 1787, under the aet of South
Carolina of l\I areh 8, 17·S7, and by Ihose of the St,ate of Georgia, April 24, 1802,
whieh w'as ratified by the Legislature of Georgia. on J une 16, 1802. (For these
ccssions, &c., and for the cOllvtntion between Soulh Carolina and Georgia of
April 28, 1787, see Bioren and Duane's edil. Laws, yoL 1, pp. 466,467, 4S6 to 491.)
The governmenl of the territory estalJlished lJy aet of Congress of April 7, 179R..
Limils spttled and government established by ael of Congress of May 10, 1800.
Territory on Ihe north added 10 t,he Mississippi territory, lJy aet of Congress of
March :27, 1804.
'fhe boundaries enlarged on the south, by aet of Congress of !\Iay 14, 1812.
A joint r('solution of Congress "requesting the State of Georgia to assent to the
formation oftwo States of t~e l\Iississippi terrilory," was passed and approved,
June 17, 1812.
A motion was made in House of Rcpresentatives of the U nited States to inquire
mto the expedieney of admitting MisSlssippi into the U nion, December 28, 1810.
Reported on by eommittee, Januar)' 9, 1811. (Vide folio State Papers, " MiscelIa-
neous." voL 2, p. 129.)
A petition from the inhabitants of Mississippi, tbat it he made a State, &e., pre-
sellled in House of Representatives, November 13, 1811. Reported OH by com-
mittee of House of Represenlatives, Deeemuer 17, 1811. (Vide folio State Papers,
"l\IiscelIaneous," vol. 2. p. 163.)
BilI passed House of Representatives. Report adverse in Senate, April 17,
J 812, and bill postpollcd. (Vide same lJook, p. 182.)
A memorial presented in House of R('presentatives, January 21, 1815. Re-
ported 011 February 23, 1815. (Vide same uook, p. 2i4.)
431
A memorial presented in I10use of Representatives, December 6,1815. Re-
ported on December 29, 1815. (Vide same book, p. 276.)
A memorial presented in House of Rcpresentatives, December 9,lS16. Re-
ported on Dceember 23,1816. (Vide same book, p. 407.) Reported on January
17, 1817. (Vide same Look, p. 41G.)
An act to enaLle the people of the western par! of the l\Tississippi territory to
form a constitution and State governmcnt, &c., was passeJ ami approved 011
l\J areh 1,1817, by which Ihe State was to have one Rcpresentati ve until (he next
census.
The said peopIe having, on August 15, 1817, formed a constltution, &c., a joint
resol ution for the admission of the State of l\Iississippi into the U nion was paosed
and approved, DeceIn ber 10, 1817.
On April 3, 1818, an act to provide for the due exeeution of the laws of the
United States withill the State of l\lississippi, was approved.
ILLINOIS,
Formed out of a part of the North-western Territory whieh was ceded to the
United Stntes by the State of Virginia. (See remarks under "OlIio.") (For pro-
clamation of Ceneral Gage respecting the eountry of Illinois, made Deeember 30,
1764, see Bioren and Duane's edil. Laws, vol. 1, p. 506.)
An aet for dividing the Indiana territory into two separate governments, and
organizing the Illinois territory, was passed and approved February 3, [S09.
An aet to amend the aet of April 16, 1814, extending the western Loundary of
IlIinois to the middle of the l\Iississippi, to include the i"lands bel"ween the middle
lilld easlern margin of Ihal river, was passed and approved, Ft'vruary 27, 1815.
A memorial of the legislative cOllncil, to be allowed to form a Sta te govern-
ment, &c., presclltcd in Uousc of Representatives, J anuary 16, 1818.
An act to enable the pcople of the JIlinois territory to forlll a constitution and
State govcrnment, and authorizing one Representative in Congress, &c., was
passed and approved April 18, 1818. (By this act a part of the territory of IIli-
nois was attaehed to the territory of l\Iiehigan.)
The said people having, on August 26,1818, formed a eonstitution, &c., a joint
Tcsollltion declaring the admission of the State of Illinois iuto the Union was
passed amI approved: DeceIllber 3, 1818.
An act to provide for the dlle execlltion of the laws of the United States within
the State of IlIinois, was passed and approved March 3, 1819.
ALABAMA,
Formed out"of a part of the territory ceded to the United States by the Statell
of South Carolina and Georgia. (See remarks under the head "Mississippi.")
'I'he eastern part of l\'lississippi territory made a separate territory, and caJled
.. Alabama," by aet of Congress, approved March 3, 1817.
A petition of the legislative eouncil of Alabama on behalf of the people, pray
Il1g to be allowed to form a constitution, &c., presented in lhe House of Rcprp.-
ücntatives, December 7, 1818 .
.An a..:: to enable lhe people of the Alabama territory lO form a constitution an.J
40·
432
8tate government, &c., authorizing one Represcntatlve in Congresa, was passed
and approved, March 2, 1819.
The said people having, on Augu8t 2,1819, formed a conRtitlltion, &c., a joint
reso:ution decluring the admission of the State of AlalJama into the Union was
passcd and approved, Decelllber 14, 1819.
The laws of the United States were extended to the Stute or Alabama byaet
oC April 21, 1620, to estalJlish a District Conrt, &c.
MAINE,
Formed out of a part of the territory of l\Ta~saehusett!l.
A petiüon of a Conventioll 011 lJehalf of the people of the district of i\Iainc, pray-
Ing lo be permitted to form a separate Slate, wa~ prescnted in the Honse of Re-
presentatives of the United States, DecclIlber 8, 1 ~1!J.
A constitution adoPlcd in Convelltion, OctoJ,er 20, 1819.
An act for the admissioll of the Slate of Maine into tlle UnlOn, was passed alld
"ved March 3,1320, in the iollowing words;-
'''Vhereas, hy an act ofthe Slale ofi\!assachnsetts, pn~sed on the 101h day of
June, in 'the year 1619, entilled, 'An act relating to lhe separati.on oC tl,e distriet
of Maine from l\Iassaehusetts prorer, and iOrllling' the same into a sCl'arale and
¡ndependent State,' the people of that part of 1\1 aSi'aehusetts heretofore known as
Ihe district of Maine, did, with the consent of the Lcg-islatnre of said State of
?I1:assachusetts, forrn therm:clves into an imlepcndent State, amI did estal,Jish a
constitution for the governrnent of the same, agrceably to the provi~ions of ¡he
said act: 'I'hereforc,
"Be it enacteri by the Senate and I101lse of Rcpresmtfltil'es nf tTte Uni/eri S/ate" nf
AmeriC(~ in COIlgress assembled, 'l'hat, from and atler lhe 1.3t.h da,y oC IUarch,
in. tbe yeaJ.' 1820, the Statc of Maine is here],y (]ccJarecl to he one of the
united States of America, and admitted into the Union on an cqual fooling with
the original Slutes, in al! re~pect8 whatevet."
On the 7th April, 1820. the fol!owing aet was passcd and arproved:
"AN ACT for apportioning the Rcprescntatives in the seventcenth Congress, to
be electcd in lhe State of l\IassacllUsetts and Maine, ano lor other pllrpo~es.
"He it enacted by ¡he Stna/e and ¡[alise qf RepresentatÍl'es qf the Un;led StntfS
qf America in Congress assembled, Tllat, in the eleetion of Representativcs in the
seventeenth COllgress, the State of l\Iassachnsetts shalllJe enlilled to choose thir.
tcen Rcprescnlativcs only; and the Sta te of Maine "hall be elllitled to choose
sen'!l Ilepresentatives, accordillg lo the consent of the Legislature of ~a¡d f:tnte
oC Massaehusetts, for this purpose given, by their reso!ve passed Oll lhe 2,3th day
of.Jallllary las!' alld prior to the a,lmission ofthe Stale oflVIaillc illto the '(;nio!l.
"BEC. 2. And be 'itfurther enacttd, That, if the seat of any of the Rcpreselllaljves
II the prcsl'llt COllgress, who were elecled in an,1 under the autlIority of the ~tate
uf ,\IaEs:lChusetts, and who are now inhabitauts of the State of Maine. ~hall Le
\'acate!l by death, rcsignation, or otherwise, such vacaney slIall be S'- ,)plie,l hy a
HH'cessor who shall, at the time of his eJection, be an inhabitant ',1 the State of
Maine.')
433
MlflSOURI,
'Vas (ormed out of part of the territory cedcu by Franee by treaty of ApríJ 3{l
180:3. It was created under the name of the district of Louisiana by the "Act
erecting Louisiana into two territorie-s, and providing for the temporary govern
ment thereof," which was approved March 26, 1804. .By this act the government
of this district was placed under the direction of the Governor and judges of the
Indiana territory.
On the 3d March, 1805, an act further providing for the government of the dis
trict of Lo;.¡isiana was approved. By this aet a separate government was formed,
nnder the title ofthe territory ofLouisiana.
An aet providing for the government of the territory of lVIissouri was passed
and approved June 4, 1812, by which it was provided "That the territory hereto-
fore ealled Louisiana shall hereafter be called l\Iissouri," &e.
An act to .alter certain parts of Ihe aet providing for Ihe government of the ter-
?itory of l\lissollri was passed and approved April 29, 1816.
An aet esta]¡lishing a separate territorial government in the southern part ofthe
territory oI Missouri, to be ealled Arkansas territory, was passed the 2d Mareh,
1819.
A memorial of the legislative eouneil anu House of Repre8entatives of the ter-
ritory of i\Ii8~Ouri, in the name and on behalf of the people, for admission into the
Union as a State, was presented in the Senate on December 29, 1S19.
An aet \0 authorize the pcoplc of Ihe l\Iissouri terrilory lo form a constitution
and Stale governmcnt, and for the admission of Bueh Slate into the Union on an
equal footing with the original States, and to prohibit slavery in certain territories,
wa5 passed l\Iarch 6, H·20.
The people Itaving, on July 19, 1820, formed a eonstitution in pur5uance of .quid
aet, tite same was laid before Congress on November 16,1820. Mr. Lowndes,
from the eomrnittce 10 whieh it was referred, made a rpport to the Hanse of Repre-
sentatives, Novernber 23,1820, aceompunied hy a "Resolntion decIaring lhe admis-
ElOl1 of the State of i\Iissouri into the Union." (Vide folio State I'apers, "illiseeIla-
neolls," vol. 2, p. 625.)
The Senate pa~sed a joint " Resolution df'elaring the a¡lmission of the State of
l\Iissollri into tite Union," 011 Decernber 12,1.':0'20, which "vas rel(;rred lo a selcet
committee in the lIonse of Representatives, and 011 February 10, 1,-·21, Mr. Clay
made a n'port. (Vide folio State Papers as aboye, p. 655.) The Ilouse rejeeted lhe
resolution of the Senate, 011 February 14, 1821. 011 February 22, on motion of l\Ir.
Clay, a eomrnittee on the part of the 1I0use was appointed, to jo in a eommittec on
the part of the Senate, on the suhjeet of the adrnission of i\rjs~ouri.
On February 26, Mr. Clay, from the joint eommittee, reporteu a "Resolntion
providing for the admission of the State oC l\Iissouri into the lJnion, on a cerluÍn
conditlOn," which resolution was passed and approved March 2,1821. The said
eondit;on was aceepted by the Legislature of i\Iissouri by "A solemn publie ad,
¡]cclaring the assent of this Slate" to "the funuamental condition" eonlained in !I
resolulion passed by the Congress of the United States, providing for the lidmi~·
8ion of the State of Missouri into the Union, on a cerluin condition, which walJ
approved hy the Governor 01\ J u l1e 26, 18'21.
434,
en August 10,1821, the President of the United States issued his proela-
ltIation deelaring the admission of iUissouri complete aeeording 10 lllw. (See Little
&, I1rown's edito Laws, yol. 3, appellllix 2.)
On Mareh 16, 1822, an aet to provide for tlle eue exeeution of the Jaws of lhe
Ullited States within the State of iUissouri, &'e., was passed and approved.
ARKANSAS,
FGrmed out of part of the territory ceded to the United Sta tes by Franee, by
tre.1ty of Apri! 30, 1803. (See remarks under the head of l\Iissouri.)
An aet establishing a separate territorial governmellt in the southern part of the
tcrritory of l\Iissouri, was passeu l\Iareh 2,1819, by whieh it was llamed Arkansas
An aet reJative to the Arkllnsas territory, deelaring that lhe aet of June 4, 1':l12,
for the government of l\lissouri, as modified by the aet of April 29,11:316, SllOUld be
in force in Arkansas, was passed April 21, 1b20.
An aet to fix the western boundary line of the territory of Arkansas, ana for
other purposes, was passed l\Iay 26. 1824.
An aet to run and mark Illine dividing Arkunsas from Louisiana was passed
and approved May 19, 1828.
A memorial ofthe inhabitants, by a eonvention, praying that Arkansas may be
admitted into the Union, aecompanied by a eonstitutioll formed by saia conven-
tion, was presented in the Hou~e of Representatives on l\Iarch 1, 1836. (See
printed documents, House of Representatives, 1st session, Nth Congress, vol. 4,
Nos. 133, 144-5.) The proceedings of said convention ,vere also comll1unicated (o
the House of Representatives through the Presidcnt of the lJnited States on
l\Iarch 10, 1836. (8ee said printed documents, vol. 4, No. 1.64.)
" An aet for the admissioll of the State of Arkansas into lhe Union, and lo pro-
vide for the due execution of the laws of the United States within ¡he same, and
for other purposes," was passed June 15, 1836, containing the lollowing pre-
amble, viz.:
"\Vhereas, the people of the territoryof ArkansRs did,OIl the 30th day of Janu-
ary, in the present year, by a eonvention of delegates called and assembJed for
that purpose, form for themselves a constitution and state government, whieh
constitution and srate government, so formed, is republiean: And whereas. tbe
numbcr of inhabitants within the said territory exceeds forty-seven thousand
seven hundred persons, computed according to the rule prescribed by the Constí-
tution of the U nited States; and the said cOllvention have, in their behalf, asked
. the Congress of the United States to admit lhe said territory into the Union as a
Sta te, on an equal footing with the original Slates."
By this act Arkansas was allowed one Representative until the next census,
and the laws of the U nited States were extended over the same.
On J une 23, 1836, an aet supplemental to the foregoing aet was passed and ap~
proved.
MICHIGAN,
Formed out of part of the territory ceded to the United States by the Sta te oC
",rginia. (See remarks under "Ohio.")
An ac! to divide the Indiana territory into two separate governments, antl
435
establishmg tha~ofthe territory ofl\Iichlgan, was passed and approv(ld January
11, 1805.
An aet to authorize the President of the United States to ascertain and de-
5ignale ccrtain boundaries, was passed and approvcd May 20, 1812, by whieh
the boundary bctween Ohio and Miehigan was direeted to be ascertained alld
rnarkcd.
By lhe aet of April 18,1818, to enable the peoplc of IIIinois to furm a constítu-
tion amI State governmcnt, &e., a part of that territory was allacbed 10 lhe terri-
(Uly uf liliehigan.
An aet to amend (he ordinanee and aets of Congress for the governmenl of the
lprritory of l\Iiehigan, and for otber purposes, was passed and approved Mareh 3,
11023.
An ae! in aLldition lo the aboye aet, passed and approvetl February 5, 1825.
An aet 10 provide for the taking of eertain observatiolls preparatory to the ad-
justmcnl of lhe norl heru boulldary Jine of tbe Stale of Oliio, was passed and ap-
proved .luly 14, 1"'32.
A memorial of the legislative eouncil, praying that Miehigan be admitted into
lhe (:nioll, "vas presenled in Senate, January 25, 1833. (See Scnate doeuments,
2d session. 22<1 Congress, vol. 1, No. 54.) A bill for that object was reported in the
House of Represcnlatives, 011 February 26, 1833.
A memorial for admission was prcsenlcd in House of Represcntatives, Deeem-
ber 11, 18:"n, ami in Scnatc, February 28, 1834. (See doeumenls I10use of Repre-
selllativcs, 1st session, 23d Congress, vol. 3, No, 168, vol. 4, i\os. 245, 302.)
A report was made by a select eornmittee of lhe }louse of Representatives on
the subjcet of boulIdary, &c., on March 11, 1834. (See reporls of eommittees of
lIouse of Reprcscntatives, 1st sessioll, 23d COIIgress, vol. 3,1\'0.3:34.) This report
was accompanied by a bill to provide for takillg a eensus or enumeration of tbe
inhabitants of thc eastern divisioll of tile terrilory of l\Iichigan, and of tite terri-
tor)" of Arkansas.
AmI 011 April 12, 18:14, the same eommittee reported a bill establishing the terri-
torial government of Huron.
An ael to attaeh the lerritory of the United States west of the l\Iississippi river,
and north of lhe SI ate of l\Iissouri, to the territory of l\Iiehigan, was passed and
approved Junc 28,1834.
A memorial was presented in the Senate, December 23d, anO. House of Repre-
sPlltativcs. December 20, 1834, for the ereetion of "vVisconsin" into a separate
government. (See doculllents House of Represcntatives, 2d session, 23d Congress,
vol. 2, N os. 34, 47.)
Resolutions of lhe legislative eouneil of J\Iiehigan, relative to boundary with
Ol1io. presenlcd in lIouse of Represcntatives, January 3, 1835. (See said vol. 2,
No . .5:3.)
A memorial of kgislative eoul1cil of :\Iichigan, relative lo soulhern boundary
thlreot: presented in Ilouse of Represelltatives, i\Iareh 2, 1835. (See sala doeu-
nH'lllS. vol. 5, No. 183.)
Two maps prcpared u11(ler resolution JIouse of Representatives of June 1I,
1'<)4. (See said doculllt'ntR, vol. 5, No. 100.)
Two rnessages to Congress by the President of the United Slates, with doou
43G
men(s relating to the boundaries anü the admission ofl\Iiehigan into the Union,
were reeeived on Deeember 10, 1835. (See Senate documents, 1st session, 24th
Congress, vol. 1, Nos. 5 and 6.)
A message from the President to Congress with doeuments and map relating (o
the boundary between Ohio and l\Iiehigan, was reeeived J aUllarr 12, 1836. (See
Senate documents as aboye, vol. 2, No. 51.)
A report was made by a committee of the Senate on the subject of the boundary
line, ueeompanied by a map, onMare!t 1, 1i:l36. (See Sellate doeuments as aboye,
vol. 3, No. 211.)
A report was made by a eommittee of the House of Representatives, on Mareh
2, 1836, on the subjeet of admission, boundar)', &e., (eoIlununieatillg a large col-
leetion oi doeuments relating to the entire subjeet.) (See Reports of eommittees,
House of Representatives, 1st session, 24th Congress, vol. 2, No. 3030.)
" An aet to establish the northern boundary line of the State of Ohio, and to pro-
vide for lhe admission of the State of lVIiehigan into the U nion, UpOll lhe eOnGlt!olls
therein expressed," was passed Jllne 15, 18:36. By this aet l\Iiehigan was autho-
rized to send OIle Representative to COllgress, unul the next een8US. An aet sup-
plementary to the said aet was passed JUlle 23, 1836.
An aet to provide for the due exeeution of the laws of the U nited Sta tes within
the State of Miehigan, was passed J uly 1, 1836.
An aet to admit lhe State of l\Tiehigan into the Union. upon an equal footillg
with the original States, was passed January ~6, 1837, eontaining the fol-
lowing preamble, viz. :
"'Vhereas, in pursl'ance of the aet of Congress of June 15, 1836, entitled, 'An
Bet to establish the northern boundary of the State of OJ¡io, and to provide for th6
admlssion of the State of 1\Jiehigan inlO the U nion uron the couditions therein ex·
pressed,' a eonvention of Delegales, eleeted by the people of the said State of
l\Iiehigan, for the sol e purpose of giving their assent to the boundaries of the said
State of l\Iiehigan as deseribed, deelared, and established, in and by the said aet,
did, on December 15, 1836, assellt to the provisions of said aet, 'fherefore,
" Be it enacted, &e., 'fhat the State of I\liehigan shall be one, and is hereby de-
clared to be one, of the lJ nited States of America, and admitted into the U nion 011
an equal footing with tlJe original States, in aH respeets whatever."
An aet to aseertain and designate the boundary line betweell the State of l\Iichi.
gan alld the territory of'Yisconsin, was passed and approved June 12, 1S33.
FLORIDA,
Formed out of the territory ceded by Spain to the United States, by trea!)' oí
February 22, 1819.
'rhe boundar ies of East and 'Vest Florida in the hands of the British government,
October 7, l763. (See vol.l, Laws united t'tates, Hioren and Duane's edit., p. 44'1.)
'fIJe houndaries of 'Vest Florida, as ehanged by the llritish government, JUlle
(j,17M. (See said volume, p. 450.)
A resolution 3nd several ads 01 Congress were passed to enable the Presiden!
f)f the L nited States to take possessioll of the Floridas under c.ertain contillgell
cies, at the following dates, viz. :
437
A resolution, January 15,1811, Laws United States, vol. 6, p. 592.
An aet, do. do. do. 592.
An aet, Mareh 3, 1811. do. do. 593.
An aet, February 12, 1813, do. do. 593.
An Re! to authorize the President ofthe United States to take possession of East
and "Vest Florida, and establish a temporary government therein, was passed
l\Iareh 3, 18t9.
An ae! for carrying into execution the treaty between the United StRtes and
Spain, concluded at \Vashington, on February 22,1819, was passed Mareh 3, 182l.
Ratification of the treaty and exehange of ratifieations, February 22, 1821.
(Laws Ulljted States, vol. 6, p. 631.)
Copies al ~rants of lands annulled by said treaty. (Same vol. p. 632-37.)
Articles of surrcnder of Basl Florida to the Unite¿l States on July 10, 1821.
(f'ame vol. p. 638.)
Article of surrender of \Vest Florida to the United States on July 17, 1821.
(Same vol. p. 6:39.)
Proclamation of General J ackson as governor, assuming authority over the said
territories in the name ofthe Ullited StRtes, July 17, 1821. (Same vol. p. 641.)
Aa aet for the establishment of a territorial goverument in Florida was passed
MaTch 30, 11022.
An aet 10 amend "An act for the establishment of a territorial government in
Florida," and for other purposes, was passed March 3, 1823. By this aet East and
\Yesl Florida were cOllstituted one territory.
An act lo amend ¡he act of Mareh 3,1823, was passed and approved May 26,
1824.
An aet lO authorize lhe Presldent of the United States to run and mark a Jina
dividing the territory of Florida from lhe State of Georgia, was passed aud ap·
proved i\Iay 4, lS26.
An RCt to amend lhe several aets for lhe establishment ofthe territorial govern-
me nI in Florida, was passed and approvecl May 15, 1826.
An aet relating lo the territorial government of Florida, passed and approved
April 28, 1828.
An act to ascl'rtain and mark the line between the State of Alabama and the
territor)' of Florida, and the 1I0rthern boundary of the State of IlIillois, and for
olher purposes, was passed March 2, 183l.
A memorial of the people of Florida, proeeedings of a eonvention, eonstitution,
&c., presented to llonse of Representatives, February 20, 1839. (See doeuments
House of Repre~entatives, 3d session, 25th Congress, vol. 4, No. 208.)
A memorial oC the inhabitants of St. Augustine, in Florida, that a law be passed
10 organize a separate territorial government for that part of Florida east of lhe
Sawallee river, was prcsellted in Senate, January 10, 11:l40. (See Senate docu-
ments, 1st session, 26th Congress, vol. 3, No. 67.)
A memorial of thc people of Florida praying admission into the Union, was
presented in Senate, February 12, 1840.
A bill to authorize the people 01 l\Iiddle and V¡r est Florida to form a constilution
ane! State governmellt, and to provide for the admission of said State illto the
lJnion, was reported in House of Representatives, March 5, 1840.
438
Resolutions by thc Senatc of Florida au\'ersc to thc division of that territory,
Wcre presenteu in thc ~enate ofthe United States, on l\Iarch 6, 1840.
Resolutions of lhe Legislature of Florida for admission and against division,
were presented in Senate of United States, l\Iarch 11, and in Uouse of Repre-
selltatives, l\Iarch lG, 1840.
A bill lor the admissioll of Florida into the UnlOll on certain eondltlOlls, and
a bill for the uivisioll of Florida, anu the future aumissioll of the Slates oi East
and 'Vest Florida, on certain conditions, were reported in Senote, July 2, 1,<O;4ü.
'rhe memorial for admission ami the cOllstitutioll again presellted in HOll~e of
Representatives, l\Iay 9, 1842. (See documellts llouse of Represelltatives, 2d
session, 27th Congress, vol. 4, No. 206.)
l\Iemorials oi ci¡izens of Florida for the admission of lhat territory into the
U nion, presented in ¡he Se1late, J uly 15 and 21, A ¡¡gust lO, 13, ] 5, 17, amI 30, 1 S4:?
Rcsolutions of the legislative council oi Florida for a division Di lhat Territory
and the formation oi two territorial governlllellts, werc presented to Congress
l\Iareh 26, 1844.
011 June 17, 1844, ¡he iollowing resolution was reported in the Senate: Re-
sol ved, That the prayer of the memorialists ougl!t not to be granted.
On same day, a report auverse to a division Di the Terrilory was made. (Se e
reports of eommittee, House of Representativcs, 1st scssion, 28th COllgress, vol.
3, p. 577.)
Resolutions of the legislative eoullcil for dividillg the Territory again presented
in House of Reprpsentatives, Dect'llIber 30, 1844.
A bill for the admission oi the States oi Iowa and Florida illto the Uníon was
reported J alluary 7, 1~45.
Resolutions oi the leglslative cOQneil of Florida, for the admission of Florida at
the same time wilh Iowa, were presellted in !lo use ol Represelltatives, Feuruary
11, 1845. (See documents Ilouse of Represelllati ves, ~d session, ;¿81h COllgress,
vol. a, No. 111.)
An act for the admission of the States of Iowa and Florida into the Union was
passed on lUarch 3, 1845, containing the following preamble, viz.:
,,'hereas the people of the Terrilory of Iowa dld, on the seventh day of Oeto·
ber, 1844, by a eOllvelltioll of delegates called ami assembled for that purpose,
form for lhemselves a eonstitution and State goverlllnellt; ami whereas the ¡lPople
of the 'rerritory oi Florida did, in like manller, by lheir delegates on liJe 11 ti,
day oi January, 1839, form lor themselves a cOllstitutjon ami State governrnenL
both of whiel! said constitutions are republican; ami said convelltiolls having
asked lhe adrnission oi their respective Territories into the UUIOIl as Statcs, 011
eqmtl footing with the original Slates:
Be it mactm, .re., That the Sta tes of Iowa and Florida be, and the same are
hcreby, deelared lo be States of the United States of Ameri2a, and are hereby
admitted into the U nion Oll equal footillg with the original SI ates, in all rcspeclS
whatsoever, &c.
" Seco 5. And be it further enacted, That the said State of Florida shall embrace
the territories Di East and 'Vest FlorHla which, by lhe trcaty of allJity, sellle-
roen!, and limits, between the Unitetl States and Spain, on the 22J day of Febru-
Ilry, 1819, were ceded to the Unitcd :::;tates."
439
One Representative in Congress allowed to Florida until the next cenSU8.
An act l!Iupplemental to the act for the admission of Florida and Iowa into the
Union, and for other purposes, was passed March 3,1845.
By this act grants of land were made to Florida, and the Iaw~ of the United
Slales were extended to thal State
ResolutiollS of lhe Legislamre of Florida, in relation to the disputed boundaries
belween that State and Georgia and Alabama, were presellted in the Sellale, Feb-
ruar)' 2, 1646. (See Senate doeuments, 1st session, 29th Congress, vol. 4, Nos.
9li and 133.)
On March 4, 1846, a bill respecting the seulement ofthe boundary line between
the Sta!e 01' Florida and the State of Georg'ia, was reported from the eommittee.
TEXAS,
An independen! rC)lublie, admitted into !he Gaion by the following joia! resolu-
tion" aad aet 01' COIH:¡rei's:
A joillt resolutioll lor annexing Texas to the United States, approyed l\Iarch
1,184.3.
JOINT RESOLUTION for annexing Texas to the United States.
Reso!t'ed by the Senate and House of RepresentatiL'e.~ 0.1 the United States of Americll
in Congress assembled, That Congre~s doth consent that the territory properly in-
eIuded within and rightfully belonging to the Repuulie of Texas may be ereeted
in lo a new :"lale, to be callt'd lhe State of Texas, with a republican fOTm oí go-
vernlllent, to be arloptr,j by the reorle of ~aid republic, by depnties in conyentJOn
asscll1!¡]erl, Wilh lhe conSt'lil of the exi~tjng government, in order that lhe same
lIlay be adlllitted as Olle of the States of lhis Union.
f'EC. 2. And be it further resolved, That the foregoing consent of Congress is
given UpOll the following eonuitlOl1S, and with the folIowing guarantecs, to wit:
FIRST. Said State to he formed, subject to the adjustll1enl i.Jy tilis GOyernmellt
ol' alI questions of boulldary that may arise with other governments j and the
eOllstitution thereof, with the proper evidellce of its adoptioll by the people of
said Republie ofTexas, shall be trallsmitted to the President of the United Stales,
to be laid before Congress for its final action, on or before the first darof.T anuary,
olle thousanu eight hundred and forty-six.
SECOND. Said State, when admitted into the Union, after eeding to the United
Slates aH publie edifices, fortifications, barraeks, ports, and harbors, navy and
uavy-yards, docks, magazines, arms, armaments, and alI other property and
nwans pertaining lo the publie defence belonging to said Republic of Texas,
shalI retain alI the publie fllnds, debts, taxes, and dues of every kind, which may
belong lO or be due amI owing said republic j aud shall also retain all the vacant
and unappropriated lands lying withill its limits, to be applied to the payment oC
lhe debts and lialJililies of said Republie of Texas j and the residlle of sald lands,
afier discharging said debts and liabilitles, lo be disposed of as said Slate ma y
dlreet, but in no event are said debts and liabilities to become a charge upon thd
Government of the United States.
THlRD. New States, of eOllvenient size, no! exeeeding four in number, Il1 aud.'
tlon to said State of Texas, amI having sufficiellt population, may hereaüer, _
41
410
the rons"nt 01' said Swte, J,.l (orme,] out of the terrilory thereof, whiclt slla!} he
entitled to admission uncler the prov isio!1s of the Federal Constitulioll. And such
Statcs as may be formed out of that portion of said territory lying south of thiny-
six degrees thirty minutes r.orth lutitude. eommonly known as the l\Iissouri corn-
promise line, shalJ be admitted into the llnion with or without slavery, as the
pe0plt of each State asking admission may desire, And in sueh State or Statcs
as slw.ll be formed out of said territory north of said I\Iissouri compromise line,
slavery,or involuntary servitude, (exeept for erim¡;s,) shalJ be prohibilCd.
~EC, 3. And be it further re$oll'ed, That if the President of the United 8tale3
~j¡all, in his judgment and discretion, deern it most advisable, instead of prorel'(I-
ing 10 submit the foregoing resolu\Íon lo the Repuhlic of Texas, as an overturi' OH
tl,e pan of the United Stales, for arlmission, to negotiate with that repuhlie; t[¡ell,
Be tt resoll'ed, That a State, to he formed out 01' the present RePllblie of Tcxa3,
with suitable extcnt and boundarit>s, ami with lwo Represcntatives in COl1gr~,~,
until the next apportionment of rel)ft~SPl1tation. shall be admilted inl0 the tinion,
by virtlle of this aet, on an e'.jual footing with the' cxisting States, as 800n as lile
terms and eonrlitions of sllch adrnissioll, amI the eession of the remainll1g Texan
l<"rritory io the U nited States, shall he agreed upon by the Governmenls of Tex as
ano ¡he eniteo States: T',w' the sum of one hundred thollsalul dollars be, alle! tbe
~flme is hereby, appropriated to defray the expenses of mis~iollS amI negotia-
tiol1~, to agree upon the terms of ~ai(l arllllission ami eession, eilher by treal)" to
be sllbmittt'd lo the Senate, or by artieles to be submittt::d to the two BOUSt;s al
Congrcss, as the President mal' dirt'ct,
Approl'ed JJfarch L, L:"45.
A joint rf>so]lltion for tbe adll1is,~ioll of the State of Texas inlo lhe enion, ap-
proved Decelllber 29, 1845.
JI)INT RESOLUTION for lhe adlll¡s~ion of the State of Texas into the Vnion.
\Vherea~ the Congress of the Unite.c\ States, by a joint resollltion approvt'tl
Mareh ¡he first, eighteen hundred and forty-five, did eonsent that the territory
properly ineluded within and riglttflllly belongillg to ¡he Rppublie oi Texas might
be ereet.ed into a new Slate, to be eall"d the State 01' Texas, with a repllbliran
íórm al' goverllment, to be adoptetl LJy the people of said republic, by deputies in
('onvt'lItion n~semb¡ed, with the eOll~ellt of the existing governlllt'llt, in order ¡hat
the same might be admitted as OIle of the States of the Unioll; whieh conselll oi
C'ungress was givell upon eertain cOllditiOllS specified in the first and seeond see-
Lons 01 said joint resolution: and whereas the people of the said Republic of
Texas, by deputies in convention assembled, with the eonsent of the existing go-
vf'mment, did adopt a eonstitnlion, and ereet a uew State, with a republirall fonn
oC government, ando in lhe name of the people of Texas, ami by their authority,
dirl ordain and declare that they asscllted to and Recepted the proposals, cOlldi-
tions, and guarantees contained in sairl firs1 ami seeol1t\ sectiolls of said resol u-
llcn: and whereas the' said constitution, and the proper evidence of its adojltion
by the people of the Repub¡ic of Texas, have been tran;;mitted to the Presidellt
uf the United States, aud laid befiHe COllgress, iu couformity to tht provjsions oi
~Ilid joint resolution: Theretore,
Re'olral hy the Se"ate (111 f t 1l01l<f nf Rel're,<Fntatil'e< nf the Ullilcli 8tatps nf America
441
in Congress assembled, That the State ofTexas shall be one. alld is hereby declared
to be one, of the United States oC America, and admitted iuto the Cnion on an
equal footing with the original States in all respects whatever.
SECo 2. And be it further res(jlved, That ulltil the Representatives in CongTe~s
shall be apportioned according to an actual enumeration of the inhabitants of the
ClIited States, the State ofTexas shall be entitled to qhoose two Represclllatives.
Approved Decentber 29,1845.
An Rct to extend the laws ofthe {;llited States over the State ofTexas, and túr
otiler purposes, approved December :29, 18,15, viz.:
AX ACT to extend the laws of the Uniled Slales over the ~tate ol' Texlls, alla
for ollJer purposes.
Be it enacted by the Senale and lIollse nf Repn.tnlalÍ't·fs nf tht U"ilfd Sta les of
Amaica in Congress assembltd, TlIat all lhe laws of the Uuited ~tHtes are herehy
d"clared to extend to and over, amI lo have fllll force :uul effec! withill, the ~tate
of Texas, admitted at the present session oC Congress into the Confederaey and
Fnion of the Uniteu Staics. .Approvcd December 29, 1845.
WISCONSIN.
[By act 29th IUay, 1848, the Btate of Wisconsin was admitted into the l)lJi"D.
Entitled to three Representativcs in Congress after 3d l\1arch, 18·19.J
011 Deeemher 1:2, 1R:32, a rcsolution passed in HOllse of Representativ,'~ direct-
J!ll!" a committee lo inquire illto lhe expediency of erealiIlg a territorial govnn-
11I<'nl 10r IVisconsin out of par! 01' l\ril'hig-all.
011 De('cmher 6, 1~3~, the ('ommittec mude a repOl·t accofll]1:1nil'd by a bll\.
(Sec report;; of committees llollsc of Rl'¡WC~elitatives, 1st sessiotl, :2:2d COllgress,
vol. 1. No. 145.)
A memorial of the legislative COUl1cíl of I\Iichígan for the divísion of tha¡ ter-
ritory, and that the territory oi IViscol1sin be establisheu, was presented in ~e·
nale ofthe l'nited States, Decelllber :!3, 1tl34. (See Senate docllments 2d session,
2:¡d Congrcss, vol. 2, No. 24.)
011 February 11, leó36, a bill establislting the territorial govcrnmellt óf \Visron-
si 11, reported ill Housc of Represclltati '·es.
OIl March J, 1836, a memorial of legislative eouncil of ]\fichig-an for same, P,6-
sellled in House of Represelltatives. (~ee t10cllments Jlotise oi RepreselltatJVe8,
1;;1 8essioll'~4th Congress, vol. 4, No. 153.)
On April W, 1836, an act establishillg lhe terrltorilil government of 'Vi8l'on~:n
\\ as passed and approved.
On March 5, 1838, a resolution directing a eommittee to inquire into the expc-
rlieney of authorizillg ¡he territory of \Yisconsin to take a cellsus and adopt a
cOllstilution, preparatory to being adrnittcd illlO the Cnion, was passed.
011 j\Iay ll, l¡{l8, the said ('ommittee reported a bill to ellable the people ofEust
\Yiscollsin to forrn a eonstitution and ~tate governmellt, and lor the admissioll of
sllch State into the U nion.
On .Tune 12, l83S. an aet tv,llvide Ihe territory of \Viseonsin. am! to cstab!Js,
t}¡,~ territorial goverllrnent ur'Iowa, was passed and.aI'PfOyed.
442
On June 12,1838, an aet to ascertain anú designate the boundary Ime between
lhe State of Michigan and the tcrritory of \Yiseonsin, was passed anú approved.
On January 28, 1839, a memorial of the Legislutive Assembly of \Yiscollsin,
praying an alteration in the 80utllern bounLlary ofthat territory, was prcscllted in
lhe Scnate. (See Senate docurnents, 3d se;:s:on. 25th Congrl';:;:, vol. 8, i\'o, 140,)
On :'Ilareh 3, 1830, an al't io alter anLl alllend lhe organic law of the territories
of \Viseonsin and Iowa, wa8 passed amI upproved.
On ;'IIay 25, 1840, the proceedings of a publie meeting at Galena in relation lo
lhe southern boundary of \Y iSl'onsin territory, was pre:;ented in the House of
Rppresentatives. (See docurncnts 110use of Representalives, 1st session. 26th
Congress, vol. 6, No. 226.) (For," An Onlinanee fol' the government of the Ter-
rítory ofthe United States, north-west ofthe river Ohio," passed by the Congress
ofthe Confederation, Julr 13, 1787. (See the same, under the head "Ohio")
On Fehruary 3, 1Ci·H, a rnessage was l'eceived in Senate from the President,
communicating the re.ports, maps, &e., relatillg 10 boundary liue between ;'IIichigan
und \Visconsin. (See Senate tloeuments, 2d session, :¿6th Cougress, vol. 4. 1\"0. 151.)
On February 8, 1641, a memorial oC the Legislative Assembly of \Yiscousin,
that a law defining the western boundary line of said territory be passed, was
presented in Senate. (See Senate docurnenti:' as aboye, vol. 4, 1\'0. 171.)
On February 15, 1841, resolutioni'l of the General Assembly of l\Iichigan ín re-
lalion to the boundary line betwet'll that Slate and ¡he territory of \Visconsin,
were presented in tlle Senate. (Se e Senate documents, 2d sessiou, 26th Congress,
vol. 4, No. 186.)
On i\lareh la, 1841, resolutions of the Legislative AssernbJy of \Viscollsin ter-
ritory in relatiol! 10 the hOlludary betweeu J\Iichigan aud \Visconsin, were pre-
sellted in House of Representatives. (See docurnellts llouse of Representatives,
!2d session, 27th Congress, vol. 3, No. 147.)
On i\Iareh 20, 18.15, a resolut~on of tlle lcgislative councíl oC \Visconsin askmg
thal provísion be made for takillg a census and holding a convention to form a
State constitution, was presented in the Senate.
Ol! January 1:1, lS46, a bill 10 enable the people of \Visconsir: to form a con-
stitution amI State governrnent, was introdueed ou leave iu lluuse of Repre-
sentatives.
On August 6, 18,J(]. an act to enable the people of \Visconsin territory to forrn a
constituüon and State government, and for the admission of sneh ::-ltate into the
union, ,\'as passed und approved. To be en¡itled to two Representutives until
the next census, and the laws of the United States extended to the same when
adrnitted.
On January 21, 1847, the eonstitution adopted by lhe people of \Yisconsin, ¡he
cenSl1S and otller documents, were presented in 1I0118e of Representatives. (See
docl1ments House of Representatives, 2d scssion, 2<Jth Congress, yol. .'1, :\'0.49,)
Ol! ;'IIurch 3, 1847, an act for the udl1lission of the State of \Viseonsin illto the
Union, was pussed und upproved. 1'0 be admitted on condition that the ('unstitu-
tion adopted on Decemhcr 16, l::!4G, shall Le assentcl¡ to by the qualitied electors
oftlle State, and as 800n as such a8sent shall be given, the President oftbe L'nited
States shall announce the sa¡ne by proclumation, and therefrom the admi3sioll o(
'YisCOllSlIl 8Ílall be considered as complete.
443
IOWA,
On December 19,1236. a resclut'on d:recting the committee on terrÍtories to
inquire Íuto the expediellcy of establlsllJllg the 10wa territory out oC part of 'Vu ..
C01l81O, passed the Ilouse of Represental.lvt's.
On Dect'mber 14, 1S37, a re~olution of salllc tenor l'assed House of Represent!!.
ti\'es.
Ol! Dcccmber 13 alld :..J(), lS:~;-, ll1emor;als of the people of Iowa for a division OT
scparatioa from 'Yis('onsin. was prest'llted in the Senate.
On lJeeember 14. 1io,'J7. same presented in lIouse of Representatives.
On Deeellluer W, 1037, a memorial of the reople of 10wa for settlcment of
bouudary with Missouri, was prest'r.ted iu the :'ellate.
On January !!, 18;38, proceedinb~ of Legislatnre of "riseollsin rclative to
boulldury line betweell Iowa and 1\lissollri. were pTe't'!lted in the Senate. (tlee
Senate doeulllelHs, 2<1 ses~ion, 25th COllgTes8, vol. 1, :\0. ti3.)
011 Feuruary (j, 1:--:3::0, a report was mude uy eOlllllJil1ee of HOllse oC Representa-
ti ves on expcdiellcy of eSlablishil1g a scpurate territorial govemment tor Iowa,
accompal1ied by a bill.
011 June 12, lb3S, an aet to divide the territor)' of \\Ti"conslll, and lo estaulish
lhe terrilorial gover:1ll1ent of 10wa. was passed and appro\'ed.
On June 18, 18;38, un ael lO aulhorize the Presidellt ofthe ullited Slates lo eau~e
the southern bOllnr11uy line of the territory of 10wa lo be ascerlained amI marked,
was pussed and approved.
011 Jalluary ;;0, lS:JP, a repor! of lhe ScC'relury of Slate ,,,ith maps, maue in
eompliallce wilh reso]ul:OllS of the Senate alld 1I0u~e of RepT~sentati\'es, in rela ..
lion lo ¡ht' soulhern boundary of the terrilory ol' Io\\'a. weTe received. (See doeu-
llJenls [follse of Hepresenwtives. 3d session, 25th Cougress. vol. 4. Xo. 128.)
011 March 3, U'::lD, an appropriatíon was made tor lhe iUf\'ey oi' the southern
houndary ol' the territory of lowa, of $!J(jD 05,
On 1\1arch 3, 1 t;:!() , an aet to defille aad estuuli8h the ea~tern bounuary line of
the tenitol')' o[ 10"1'3, was passed and approved.
On l\larch 3, 18:;!), an aet to alter and arnelld the organie law of theterritoriell
oC \Yiscollsin Hlli! lowa, was passed alld approved.
On Deeelllbcr 2-t, 1ti:;9, a rncssage from the l'residpnt, with documenls relating
lo the di~jlutetl houndary hetween l\Iissouri and Iowa, was reccived in ::lenate,
nnd in lhe l/ollse of ReprcscnlutiyCS on Decclllber 27. (See 3enatc documen\s,
hl session, 2Gth Congrcss, yol. 1, No, 4. HOllse of Rcpresentatives, vol. 1, No. 5,)
011 Dect'll'lher 30. I ,>3D, uddilional clocurnents on sume suuject cQrmnunicated to
I10use of Represt'Jllatives. Illld to the ~ellale OH Junuury 3, 1840. (~ee Senate
,locumellts, 1:;t session, 2(jth Congress, vol. !!, No. :35. I!ouse of Representatives,
vol. 2. No. 3ti.)
On Junuary 9, 1840, additional documents on same subjcct, communicaled to
the ~ellate.
On J alluar)' 31, 1840. additionul document~ on same subjeet were communícated
lO the ::lenate, in complianee with two resoluliolls of the Senate of December 30,
1.-:jf). (:'<ee Senate documents, 1st session, 26th COllgress, vol. 4, No. 13:>.)
011 Junuary '''', 1&10, a memorial of the leg-i.;lative COIlI1Cj] ot' Iowu, pflJy1n¡ ~he
n~
444
,ettlernent ofthe disputeu uoullllary wJth lHissouri, was prcscnteu in Scnate. (Sea
Sen. does., 1st ses., 26th Cong., yol. 2. No. 5:3.)
On January 9, 1&l0, a doc. relatlng to same BlIbjeet, presentcd in Senate by
Mr. Benton.
On January 10, 1840, a representation by delegate (rom Iowa on same subject
prescnted in Senate.
On February 4, 18.10, report made in Ho. of Rcps., by a committee on boundary
betweell l\Iissouri anu Iowa, wit}¡ a bill to establish aad defille the northern
bOllndrrry line of the State of l\Iisllouri. (See re]lB. of eornrns. of Ho. of Rt'ps., 1st
ses., 26th Cong., vol. 1, No. 2.)
On February 12,18'10, a message from the Presi(lent, with adclitional doeuments
relatlug to c1isputeu boundary between l\Iissouri amI lowa. (See does. Ho.of
Reps., 1st ses., 26th Cong., vol. 3, No. 97.)
On :'Ifareh 5, 1840, a bi!! reported by the eommittee on tprritories of the Ho.
of Reps., "to enable the people al' lo\\'a to foren a cOllstitution amI State govern-
ment, and for the aumiss:on ofsueh State iuto the LllioTl."
On February 11, lS4 L a bill for ascertainillg and settlillg the southern ooundary
• line of the territory of lowa, reporled in Senate.
Onl\r arch 9, 11'-41, a reso!ution of legislative cOllncil of Iowa relative lo southern
boullchry line oC sa;tl territc)ry, was presented in 110. of Reps.
ün ~Iareh la, 18H, a mcs~age froen tice Preside nI, relative to boundary line be-
tween ~Lssollri ~11l1 lowa, rcceivetl in lIo. of R.,ps. (Sec does. Ho. of Reps., 2d
ses., 27th Cong., vol. 3, ::\0. 141.)
On ;\Iar 2G, ¡S·ll, the comtllittce on ler;ilories ofthe ITo.of Reps. mude a report,
wilh a bill, fixing Ihe bOllndary line between ;\Iis~oclfi alJlI lo ",a, ",hieh passed
the 1I0. of Reps. only. (For report, see reports 110. of Reps., 2d ses., 27th Cong.,
vo!. '1, Xo. 7al.)
On January 21, 13-t:l, a r('porl maele in 1I0. of Reps. from eornrnitte.: on territo-
ries, aceompan:ed by a bill fixing the ooundary between i\lissouri allL\ Iowa. (For
~eport, see R~ps. Committees, 110. of Reps., 3d ses., 27th Cong., vo!. 1, No. 86.)
On DecemJJer 31, 1SU, u rcsolution. that report of Albert :\I. Lea, in referenee to
the nortltern lloundary of 'Ii,sOCHi; lhe report of Cap!. Gllion amI Lieu!. Frelllollt,
in reference to lite Des :Uoines river, and ¡he cvidenee in rcferenee to lhe north-
ern IIOllllllary of l\Iissollri, be refcrretl anc1 printed, \Vas passed. (See does. Ho.
of Reps.) 3d ses., 27th Cong., vo!. 3, No. 3S.)
On DeeemIJer 22,1843, an aet of the Lt:gislatnre of l\Iis;:ouri respecting the
bOllllclary lille wi¡h lowa territory, was presellted in 1I0. of Reps. (See docs.
Ho. of Rcps., 1st ses" 2"'th Cong-., vo!. 1, 1'\0. 2G.)
011 F\:brunry 12, 1eH, a message from the President, with a melllorial from the
Leg-islative Assemoly of lowa for atlenission illto the ünion, was received in Senate.
On April 2, 1:344, ¡he eommittee on territories of Ho. of Reps. reported a bill to
enaLle tIte pcople of Jowa to form a constitutiofl alld State governmcnt, and for tIte
admissioll of saelt State into the Un ion.
On December 9, 1 i:JH , a memorial of a convcntion, with copy of a constitntioll
adopted for the people of lowa, asking atlmission ¡nlo the ünioll, was received in
Sellate, and on 12th December in lIo. of Reps. (See Senate does., 2d ses., 2Sth
Cong., vol. 1, No. 3, and docs. Ho. of Reps., vol 1, No. 5, and vol. 3, No. 77)
4-:1:5
On January 7, 1845, a bill for the admis~Ion of the States of Iowa and Florida
into the Union, was reported in 110. of Reps.
On Fehruary 19, 1845, a memorial of the General Assemhly of Missouri, pray-
ing that the 80uthern bonndary line of Iowa be made to conComí. to the northern
bountlary line of !\fissouri, &c., was presented in Scnale. (See Senate docs., 2d
ses., 25th Cong., vol. 7, No. 110.)
On J llne 17, 18H, an aet rcspl"cting the northern boundary oC the State of Mis-
souri, was passed and approved.
On :\lareh a, 1::'4;', an aet for the a.drnission of the States of Iowa and Florida
into the union, was passed and approved. To this act the assent ofthe people oi'
Iowa is lo be given. to be announced by proclamation by the President, and the
State thén admitted withoul fllrther proeeedings on the part of Congress. 'rhe
Slate to be entitlcd to one Repre~entative until the next census.
On Mareh :3, 1t:i15, an aet sllpplemental lo the aet for lhe adrnission of the Slates
of Iowa amI Florida jnto the Union. was passed and approved. This ael extends
the laws oflhe U. S. lo lhe State ofIowa.
On Deeembl'r ¡o. k45, a bill lo define the hOllndaries of Ihe State of Iowa, and
lo n'peal so Tlllleh ol' the aet of :\Iareh :Jd, 1S45, as relates to the uoundaries of said
State, was introduced on leave in Ho. of Reps., and referred to a eorn. on terrilories.
Oll :\Iarch '27, 1~4t;' an amendatory I>ill reported by said committee.
On J anuary O, 1S4(;, a joint resolul:oll ol' the legislative council of the territory
ofTowa, rclati ve to bounuarics oC the future Slate of Iowa, \Vas presented in Ho.
o!' Reps.
On Febrllary 5, lP46, a me morral of a C'onvelltion of the people of l\Iissouri on
subject 01' tite nortltern bOllndary of that Sta te, and the acllllis~ion of Iowa into the
{;nioll. wa~ presented in Ho. ol' Reps. (See lIocs.lIo. of Reps., 1st ses., 29th Cong.,
vol. 4, :'\0. lO·l.)
Oll Fehrllury 17, 18tfl, a mcmorial of the Legislatllre of the territory of Iowa
rplative lo bOllndary ¡,e,wecn Iowa alld l\Iis::ouri, was presented in lIo. of Reps.
(Se e sarne dOC8., vol. ·1, 1\'0. ¡ :2(;')
011 J une lO, in Sl'nat,~. amI J Idy 6, 1846, in 1I0. of Reps., copIes of the constitu-
ti01l oi lowa w("re presl'nted. (~ec cloes. Ho. of Reps., 1st ses., 29th Cong., vol. 7,
1\0. '217, amI lIoes. of Sellat ... vol. ", 1\'0. :J~.l.)
On AlIgllst 4, lt:i~Ii. an aet lo d"¡ine tite l,oulHIaries of the State of Iowa, and to
rcpeal so ll1uc\¡ oi the ad of ~lareJ¡ 3, 1::>15, as relates to boundaries of Iowa, was
passell and approved.
Ou December 1", 12,16, a copy of the eonstitulion adopted by the people ofIowa,
with a proclarnation of the governor, &c., were presented in lIo. of Reps. (See
does. Ho. ol' Reps., '2d ses., 29th Cong., vol. 2, No. 16.)
On Decem.ber 28,1846, an aet for the adllllssion o[ the State of Iowa inlo
the {;nion, was passed and approved.
CALIFORNIA.
Formcu out of part of the trrritory ceded to the United Sta tes by the l\Iexican Re-
public by Treaty, eonclulled at Guadalupe Hidalgo, the 2d February, 1848.
Bill (S. 324) reported in Senate by lIon. John 1\1. Clayton from select committtv "to
estabJish the territorial governments of Oregon, California, aud New l\Iexico," 1 'j July,
4-:1:6
18.18 ¡ vide Seullte Journal, 1 8e6~. 30 Congres~, pages .17i, 490, 492, 495, 498-passed
Benate 503--26 July. Laid on the table House of H,epresentatiyes, 28 July, 1818.
Bill (S. 350) introuuced by lIon. StBphen A. Douglass, "1'01' the aumi.<sion of Califor-
nia into the Union as a state," 11 Dec., 1818, and reterred. lteported from committ-:e
Rnd not again taken up.
Hill (H. R. 685) reported in IIouse of Heprcsentatives by Hon. Caleb B. Smith, "to
l'stabli"h the territorial government of Upper California," 20 Dee. 1818, pa1'sed 27 .Fl'b.
1819. In Senate referreu 28 Feb.: committee discharged 3 ~l~n;h, 1819, ami lSenate
refused to considcr the bill.
'rhe "llill (H. R. 692) making appropriations for the civil and diplomatic ~xpenses
of tbe government for the year ending the 30 J une, 1850, and fur other purposes,"
hping under consideration in the Senatc, the Hon. Isaac P. Walker of 'Yisconsin, on
:n Feb. 18-19, submitted an amemllllent for the rt'gulation ami governnH'rlt of all the
territory acquired from the MexÍl'an Hepublic by tho treaty of 2d Feb. 1818; for pro-
(Ieeuings on which, vide Senate Journal, :2 B('SR. :JO Congrtl~s, pagcs 241, 255, 2ó7, 26:2,
201, :!i,; agreed to in Senate 28 ]<'ob., 1t149. The lIou~e of Hepres!'ntatives agreed to
8aiu amendment with an amondment. Tho Senate di8agl'eed to saiu amendment of
tho Ilouse of Representatives, and recedcd from said .amendment subrnitted by :\lr.
Walker, 3 :\larch, 1849, pRge 331. ]<'or proc~edingR of House of. Representatives on
thia amendmcnt, vide Journal House of Rppresentatives, 2tl Soss. 30 Congress, pages
600, 60l, 637-647, and 670.
The "Bill (S. 55) to provide for the organization of the territorial governments of
California, Deseret, and New :\[exico, amI to enablo the peopleof Jacinto, with tbe
consent of the StatE' of Texas, to form a constitution and state governrnent, andfor
the admission of such state into the Un ion upon an e(lUal footing with the original
Btates in a11 respects whatever," was introdnced on leaH, by Hon. Henry 15. Foote,
16 Jan., anu on 22 Jan., 1850, referrcd to the Committee on Territorles. Not reported.
Resolutions 8ubmitted by Hon. llenry Clay, relative to Caliír)rnia, &c., 29 Jan., 1850,
vide Senate Journal, pages 118, 299.
Itesolutions submitted by llon. John Bell, relative to California, &c., 28 Feb. 1850,
vide Senate Journal, pages 18-1, 299.
Resolutions submitted by IIon. Thomas H. Benton, relative to California, &c., 18
April, 1850, vide Senate Journal, pages 293, 299.
"A llill (1l. 225) to admit California as a 8tate into the Union, to e;:tsblish territo-
rial governments for Utah and New Mexi~o, and making proposals to Texas for the
establishment of her western and northern boundaries," together with a special
report from the select committee, was 8ubmitted by Hon. Jlenry Clay, 8th :\la)", 18;;0,
vicie Senate Journal, 1 Sess.31 Congress, pages 327,374,379,382,392,396,405,408,410,
411, 428, 449, 455, 4CO, 462, 468, 471, 474, 479, 485, 491, 4!J.l, (Amenument of :\lr.
Pcarce, 495,) 518; pasEed Senate as amended, 1 August, 185 O, lleing reduced to
,. An act to establish a territorial goyernment for Utah." (See Utah.)
"A Bill (S. 169) for the admissiou of tlle State of California into the Union," "¡faS
reported by Hon. Stephen A. Douglass froro Committee Oll Tcrritories, 25 ~larch, 18;10,
viJe Se'nate Journal, 1 Sess. 31 Congress, pages 23-1, 2fJZ, 301, 51í, 5:20, 5:2:2, ¡;:;O, 533,
M". 5i,:;, 55í, which bill passed Senate H August, 1850; consÍllereu in House of Itep-
r"~" tatives, vide Journal, 1 SesB. 31 CODgn's~, pages 1415 to H2.1; passed House
of ftfl.:cuentatives 7 Sept., and became a law, 9 Scptenlber, 1850.
447
OREGO~ TERB,lTORY.
Tbe bOllndarie~ of this territory have boen detcl'mined by tlle following treaties
witb forcign powers, viz.:-
1. Treaty with France, cl'ding Louisiana to the United States, of April 30, 1803.
2. Treaty of amity, Rcttlement and limits with Spain, of February 22, 1819.
3. Treaty of limita westward of tbe Rocky '\Iountains, with Great Britain, of June
15, 1 Rt6.
A BiI! (H. R. 533) "to establish a territorial government in Oregon," was reported
by Hon. Stephen A. Douglass, House of Representativcs, 6 A ug., l~H); passed that
Honse same day. In Sena te reforred 7 Aug., reported 8 Aug., 18t6, with special re-
port, but not furt-her aded on.
A Bill (S. 41) "to organize a territorial government in the Oregon Territory, and for
other purposes," was introducpd on leave in Senate by lIon. Sidnp}" Breese, 23 Dec.,
184.6. and referred to Committee on the Jlldiciary, but not reporteu therefrom.
A Bill (H. R. fin) "to establish the territorial government of Oregon," was rpported
by Hon. Stepben A. Douglass, House of Representatives, 23 Dec., 18!6, p~ssed that
House t11e 16th Jan., 18!7. In Senate referre(] to Committee of Judiciary, 18 Jan.; re-
ported witb ~rnrndment.s 25 .lan.; re-cornmitted29 Jan.; reported with amcndments
10 J<'eb.; ordered, 'fhat it líe on tbe table, 3d March, 1847.
A ni1l (S. 5íl) " to establish t.lle territorial government of Oregon," was introuuced
on leavc in Senatc by lIon. Stcpbcn A. Douglass, on 10 Jan., 1848, and aftpr considera-
tion by tbe St'nate until13.l uly, 18!8, was, on motion of Hon. Johnl\l. Clayton, referred
to a select co:nmittce. On 18 .luly, ~lr. Clayton frorn said cornrnittee reported it with-
out amendment, and rl'ported Bill (S. 324) "to establish the territorial governmf'uts
of Oregon, California and New Mexico," which bill passed the Senate 26 .Tul)', ].1., .S,
and was laid on the table in the House of ltepresentatives 28 July, 1848. Not furtller
acteu uJlon.
A Bill (ll. R. 201) "to estabIish the territorial governrnent of Oregon," was reported
from Committce on Territories, House of Representatives, 8 J<'eb., 18!8, hy HOIl. Caleb
B. Smitb, pasRt'd the House of Rt'presentatives 2,1 Aug.; passed the Senate with
amendments 10 Aug., 18!8, and became a law on tbe 14th August, 1848.
TERRITORY OF l\II~ESOTA.
Formed out of part of territory ceded to the United States by France hy Treaty of
April 30, 1803.
A Bill (H. R. 568) "estahlishing the territorial government of Mínew:a," \Vas passcd
by tho HOll~e of Representatives 17 Feb., and laid upon the table in the Senate 3d
JlI:trch.1847.
A Bill \8. 1::<~) "to estahlish the t.-rritoríal governmcnt of :\Iinesota," was introduced
on leav" hy lIon. Stt-pben A. DOllgIRS', 23 Feb., ]1\!8. R .. porkd and recommitt"d, anrl,
01\ S Aug., lS-lS, reportcd with amcnuments. Kot further act,-d on at 1 Sess. 30 Con-
gr .. "s.
He,u1Jwrl :lO D"c., ]S4S, 2 S('s~. 30 Congrcss: pnssed the Senatc 19 Jan., lS40; pas~pd
Hf)'¡s,~ oí' R"prrspntatives witI! amclldments, 28 J<'eb., and becamc a la", 3d lUaJ.·ch,
1849.
448
TERRITORY OF NEW l\IEXICO.
Formed out of part of thetl'rritory ceded to tbe United 8tatcs by the )Iexican Re-
public by Treaty, concludeu at Guadalupe Hidalgo, the :!d E'ebruary, 1848.
[For statement of propositions for forming a territorial governmlJllt for N ew l\lexico,
see undür bpad of "California."]
A Bill (S. 170) "to establi"h the governmellts of Ltab and New l\lcxico, and fOT
o~llPr purposes," was reported by lIon. Stepben A. Douglass, 25 ~lar("h, and passpcl
the, S~nate 15 Aug., 1850, amentled lo "An act to e~tabli8h a territorial government
for New l\lexico." [Tbis bill, with tbe audition of a new section, was engrafteu on
Bill (S. 307) in 1I01lse of Representatives. See following statement.]
In House of Represenlatives, 28 Aug., 1850, the Bill (S. 307) entitled "An act pro-
posing to the State of Texas the establishment of her northern and westerll bounda-
ries, the relinquishment by the said state of all territory claimeu by her exterior tú
said boundaries, and of all her claims llpon the United Stat<'s," having becn under
consideration until 5th Sept., 1850, was then amended by providing a territorial go-
vernment for New Mexico, and on the 6 Sept. was passed, and the title amendea 1,y
aading-Arul to esüiblish a tcrrüol"ial gOt'c1'nment fOI" New .lfexico. 'I.'he Senate COll-
CUlTCd in the amelldments, ana the bill became a law on the 9tll Septembcr,
1850.
TERRITORY OF UTAH.
Formed out of part of the tl'rritory ceded to the United States by tbe Mexican Re-
public by Treaty, concluded at Guadalupe Hidalgo, the 2d Feb., 1848.
[Für statement of propositions for forming a territorial government for Utab, sea
uuaer head of California and New Mexico.]
The Bill (S. 225) "to admit California a~ a state into the Union, to establi~h territo-
rial governments for Utah and New Mexico, and making propo~als to Texas for tha
establishment of her western anu northern houndarie~," was reportea hy Hon. Henry
Clay, 8 }Iay, and was amendcd and passed the Senate 1 Angust; being rednced to a
provision for, and tbe title having been amended to, "An act to establish a territorhl
government for Utah," wbich bill passed the IIouse of lteprpsentatives 7 Sept., alld
becamc a law on the 9tll September, 1850. -
TERRITORY OF NEBRASKA.
Formcd out of part of the territory ceded to United States by }'rance by 'l'H'aty of
30 April, 1803.
A llill (U. R. 4.J4) "to pstablish tbe territory of Nebraska," was introduced on l('R\'e
by Hon. Stephen A. Douglaí's, 17 Dec., 18H, and rcferreu. An am('llllatory bill reJlorted
7 .Tan., ] 845, but no further action tllereon.
A BilI (S. 170) "to establisb the territory of Nehraska," W8S introducl'd on leave by
Hon. Stephen A. Douglass, 15 :Uarch, and referred. Rpported without amenumcnt
20 April, 1848. l\ecolUmitled:':O D("c., 1818. Not reportea.
DlSTlUCT OF COLU.\lDLL
}~~t:\blish('d unlkr thp 17th clan~e, 8th scction,lst article of lhe Constitution nf the
UnitecJ Sta les : "Collgrc~s 811a11 bave power to exereise exclusive ¡¡'gislation in all
l'a.'C8 whatsoever, oy"r Bueh di~triet (not exeeeding ten miles square) as may, hy <,('s-
sion of particular Statrs, ancJ tbe acceptance of Congress, become the seat of the Gn-
vernmput of tbe United Stntps," &c. In pnrsuance of whieh provision the Stat.> Gf
:\Iaryland, on Dcrember 23, 1788, passed " An aet to cede to Congress a district of ten
miles ~quare in this stnte, for tbe seat of the Gnvernment of the United States."
And tb!.' State of Yirginia, on Deeember 3, 1789, pns~ed "An aet for the cession of
ten miles square, 01' any 1"8ser quantity of territory within this stat", to the Unitcd
I3tates in Congress assemhled, fol' the p<'l'IlHtDent seat of the General Govprnment."
'l'hese ressions were accepted I,y Congrpss as requirl'tl by the Con~titution, amI the
permanent seat of govprnment cstabJished by the " A('t for establishing the temporary
amI permanent ~eat of the government of the United States," approved July 16, HilO;
ami the act to amcntl tbe same, approvecJ !II areh 3, 1791.
The district of ten miles square was accordingly located, and its lines and bounda-
ríes particularlyestablisbed by a proclamation of George Wasbington, PresicJent. of
tbe Unitetl StateA, on March 30, 1791. and by the "Act eonrerning the Distriet of eo-
lumbia," approved Fcl1ruary 27, 1801, Congresa assumed complete jurisdiction over
the ~aid distrkt, as contemplateu by the framers of the Constitution.
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•
CHAPTER 11.
SOFHCES OF ITISTORICAL, POLlTICAL, STATISTI-
CAL, Al\'D OTHER INFORMATJON, REGARDING
THE LEGISLATIVE, EXECU'I~IVE, AND JVDICIAL
ACTION OF THI<~ GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED
STATES 01" AMERICA, IN POSSESSION OF THE
PUBLrC OFFICES AT TIlE SEAT OF GOVERN-
lVlEN'l'.
IN the course of experience in public business, it has been
found that great embarrassment arises to persons entering into
public Jife in obtaining a practicaJ knowJedge of the operations of
the Government from its foundation to th8 period of their entering
upon the arena-which knowledge cannot well be dispensed with
by unbelievf'rs in the doctrine that IStatesmanship comes by infuition
or inYJiralion. They modestIy approach the highly important and
responsilJle stations in the legislative or executive branches of the
Government to wltich the partiaJity of their fellow-citizens has
called them, and prepare with diligence, however well acquainted
with the general history of the country, to qualify themselves for
a consistent, intelligent, and faithful discharge of duty, bya revi-
sion of t11e acts and proceedings of their predecessors tending to
or terminating in measures of state policy, which have either been
confirmed by repeateu legislation, or remain open questions for in-
vestigation and Jiscussi0n, and byan examination of the foreign
anu domestic relations. the matter and form of legislative business
generalIy, and the bets and minutire of cases requiring, by ap-
pointment and a proper discharge of uuty, particular attention.
lt may, therefore, not be unacceptable to citizens entering into
public life, or to those who may expect at some future period to
take part in public affairs, or to those who may desire to extend
their infürmation concE'rmng the measures, palicy, and business
42
concerns of the governlllent, to be furnished with rcfercnces to ~()me
oJ the sources and means of acqui¡ing such information.
To the uninitiated, tIJe accumlllated mass of books, record s, and
documents, contained in tbc public archives, is calculated to dampen
the ardor, if not to repulse the ordinary scholar or man of business
from the attempt to tiltllom the depths of the arcana; and the pre-
sent effort of tho author and compiler to aid in this undertaking is
more with the view of ess¡¡ying a treatise which by extension and
improvement may hereafter become a vade mcCtlTll to the statesman
and legislator, and subserving the pubIic interest aJ1(I convenience,
th3n with the hope of effecting such object in the prcsent edition.
The design of this undertaking is simply to reler to and bricfly
describe the books, recorus, anu uocurnents of a pubIic eharacter,
to be found in the pubIic archives at the Seat of Uovernment, con-
stituting the principal sources of political and statistical informa-
tion. "VVith a view of preserving perspicllity in tlle system, the
whoIe will be arranged into classes and sections, as follows, viz.:
CLASS No. 1.
TrIE COLOXIAL HISTORY OF THE UXITED STATE~, AXD DOCU-
l\lEl\'TARY AND O'l'HER mSTORY OF 'fUE REVOLUTlON.
Seco 1. COLO~EL PETER FORCE' S A~IERICAN ARCHIVES: Consisting of a
collection of authentic records, state papers, debates, and letters and other no-
tices of public aifairs: the whole forming A DOCUi\TENTARY HISTORY of
the origin amI progress of the North American Colonies; of the cau~es anl! ae-
complishment of the American Revolution; amI oC the COliStitUtiOll 01 Govern-
ment lor the ü niteu Slates, 10 the final ratification Ihereof.
IN SIX SERIES.
First Series. From tbe d;sco,'cryand settlement of the North American Colo-
nies to the revolution in Englund. in t6S'l.
Saond Series. From the revolution in England, in 1688, to Ihe cession of Cana,la
to Great Britain, hy treaty at Paris, in 17n3.
Third Series. From the ccssion oI Canada, in 1763. to the king's message to
Parliamenl. of :\larch 7, 1774, 011 the proceedings in N orth Arnerira.
Fourth Saies. From the king's message of illarch 7, 1774, to the Declaration
of II.Jependcnce by the United Slates, il! 1776.
Fifth Series. From the Declaratioll oC Inuepcndellce, in ]776, lo Ihe uefinili\'e
(rpaly of peace with Great Brilain, in 17';:0:3.
SLrth Series. Frorn the trealy of peace, in 1783, lo the final ratification of the
4.);3
Constitution of Governmcnt for the U nited States, proposed by the convention held
at Philadelphia in 1 itli.
[Of this work, the fourth series only, in six volumes, has been completed, the
other parts being in progress of execution.]
This work was authorized by the "Act makingJlrovision for the publication of
the Documentary Illstory of the AmerIcan Revoll'ItlOn," approved March 2, 1S33,
'which directs that it be distributed in the same manner as the American Statfl
Papers, under the resolutioll of .luly 10, 1.'3.32. lt was further distributed uy the
general afjlfopriatioll aet of March 3, 1S39.
CLASS No. 2.
LEGT~LA TI VE PROCEEDlNGS AND ACTS OF TIIE CONGRESS OF
TIIE CO:\f FEDEItATION. FROM THE COMl\IENCEl\tENT OF THE
REVOLlJTIOX 1'0 TIIE CO:\BmXCEl'IlENT OF THE GOVERNMENT
l:NDER TIlE CONSTITUTION.
Sec.1. TLJE PUBLIC JOURNAL OF COXGRESS, contained in 4 volumes
octavo:
Vol. 1. From September 5, 1 ii4, to December 31, 1 ii6.
Vol. 2. From January 1. 1in, to July 31, 177S.
Vol. 3. From August 1, 1nS, to March :31, lit02.
Vol. 4. From April1, 1i~2, to March:3, 17:'-9.
This edition was puulishcd by 'Vay & Gideon, in 1823; ea eh volume having a
separate indexo 'fhe addresses to the king, Parliament, al1(l people of Great
Bri!ain, amI other documents prececlin¡{ alld succeeding the cornmencement of
hm;t:lities al!d the DeclaratJOIl oI' Illdepelldellce, are cOlltallJed in vol. 1. The Ar-
tieles of COIl:ecleration are cOlltained in vol. 2. AJI(I the Jourtlal oC the Committee
of tlle ::-¡ak" elllpo\Vered ¡o aet for Cong-ress in ¡he recess [rorn Julte 4 ¡o August
El, J 7"'-1 j ¡he po\yers to ¡he Board oi Trcasury to contract for the sale oC ¡he
westera trrritor)' j cOlltracts for 11I0ncys borroVl'ed in Europe; credentiaIs of de-
puties frolll the ~tatt.'s to the convclttioll tliRt lorl1led the COIU:ütution; the COllSti-
tll¡'Oll; the ratif¡cations of lile Constitlltion by tIte cOllventions oi the' several
Statl's,-are cOlltainct! 1Il vol. 4.
!'te.2. TIIE f'ECRET JOL'RXALS OF 'fIlE COXGRESS OF TlIE CON-
Fl:DERATIO\'. in fonr volurnes:
Vol. 1. On ])olllcstic Alfairs, frorn 1ii4 to 1i88; Ilistory of the Confederation.
Vo!. 2. O" Foreign AITairs, froIll 1774 to August 16, 1i81.
\'01. 3. Oll For!'ig-n Atfairs, frorn JuIy, 1781, to May 15, 1iS6.
Vol. 4. OH Foreigll Atfairs, frorn :\Iay 1i, 17b6, to Septemuer 16, 17S8.
CLASS No. 3.
Sto. 1. TIJE JOüRXAL, ACTS, AND PROCEEDINGS OF THE CON-
VEyrrOX WIIICH FOR;\rED 'J'HE CO:\STI'fUTION OF 'I'HE UNI1'EfJ
STATE:-3, FaO:\I l\IAY 1-11'0 SEP1'El\IBER 1i, 1787: In one ,"olume, pul,
¡i,"ed ullder a rcsoIution of Congress of :\r¡lfch :.Ji, 1"il8.
T]¡is vol!lrne ('ollt¡¡ins the cred .. ll1ia]s of the dCl'lIties to the Convention, the Con
StltUtioll, the mtificatlolls by the Statc cOllycntiow;. ~~.
Sec.2. TITE COXSTITL'TIOX OF TIlE ü:\'ITED STATES: a critically
correel eopy of which, together with an analytical in(lex, are the prominent ob-
jeets of this book. The former will be found al page 1, and lhe lalter at page 37,
of this .... olume.
Sec.3. 'filE DEBATES IN '¡IIE COXVENTJO;\I WHICIJ FOR;\IED TIlE
CO:'\:"TITUTIO;\" A;\'D IN 'rilE STATE COXVE.:\'T10XS FOR 'rHF.
RAT1FICATION OF TifE SA!\lE: In four volullles, pulJli~heu by JOllathan
ElIiolt:
Vol. 1 eonlains the DebatE's in J\Iassachusetts anu New York
Vol. 2 eontains lhe Debates in Virginia.
Vol. 3 contains the Debates in 1'\orlh Carolina anu Pellnsylvania.
Vol. 4 eOlltains
1. Index lO Joumal of Federal Con .... enlion.
2. Index lo Seeret Debates of. Dilto.
3. 1 nclex lo Congressiollal Opinions 011 Constitlltional CjllestlOns, from 1789 lO
1830.
4. Articles of Confederation.
5. l\lemoranda relative to drafts and plans in convention that formed the Con-
stitutioll-uames of the l\1embers-lheir Credentials-Journal oC lhe Convenlion,
&e. &e.-Edmund Randolphls proposition-Charles Pinckney's draft-\Villiam
Patterson's proposition-David Brereley's uraft-Alexanuer Hamilton's plan-
James J\Ia(liso/l's minutes of the proceedillgs.
6. Ratificatio/ls of the Constitulioll by lhe States, &c.
7. Digest of decisions in Ihe courts of the ünion involving Constitutional prin-
cJples.
8. Secret proceedings of the Federal Conventioll; Luther Martin's infilrmation
lo Legislature of Marylalld; Robert Yates' milllltes alld notes of dclJ1ltcs, &c.
9. Reasons of RolJert Yates, John Lansing, jun., and Edmunu RanuoIph for not
signing the Constitution.
10. Opinions seIccteu from debates in Congress invoIving C0l18titutional prin
eiples [rom 1789 10 18.10.
11. James i\radiEoll'S letters on the Constituliollality of the Tariff, in September
amI October, 1823.
12. OpiniollB of '\Vashinglon, Jdrer~on, and l\Tadison on [he subjeet.
1:3. Chart oí' State constitutiollS in 1830.
See .1. TUE FEDERALIST. Being a collectiol1 oC able essays in explallation
of the promincllt articIes of the COllstitution, alld in vindication of its principIes,
by A lcxallder Hamilton, Jahn Jay, and James i\Iadison, all over the signature of
"Publills," and . (,ol1sidered of high autbority in explanation and in elucidation
of tha[ paramount law.
CLASS No. 4.
TIrE .rOUn~AL OF TITE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF THE
U NITED STA TES, FROM l\IARCH 4,17:':9, '1'0 i\IARClI 3, 1851.
This Journal as re-printed l.Jy order of the HOllse of R('prescntatin's, from the
<!()lIJmencement 10 i\!dfch 3, 1815, is containcd in 9 volurncs octavo; each havlllg
one llJdelC
Stc.1. Vol. t. From ;\Tarch 4,1,:-1), lO MaTch 2, 17(13.
Vol. 2. From December 2, l,fl3: lo March 3, 17!l7.
Vol. 3. Frolll l\Iay 15, 1797, lO March ;3, lS0l.
Vol. 4. From Deccmber 7, 1::i01, lo March 27, .1804.
Vol. 5. From November 5,1804,10 March 3,1807.
Vol. (j. Prom OClober 2ü, IS07, lo March 3, 1809.
Vol. 7. From l\Iay 22, I::!OD, 10 March 3, 1811.
Vol. 8. From Noorernber 4, 1811, lo March 3,1813.
Vol. 9. From May 24, 1813, lo March 2, 1815.
Se~. 2. This JOllrnaI from March 3,1101.5, lo March 3,1861, is contained in 38
VOllill\~5, oClavo, being one for each fCS8ion. Each voIume having un indexo
CLASS No. 5.
TIlE LEGISLA TI VE JOURN AL OF TIlE SEN A TE OF TIrE UNI'l'ED
STATES, FIlO:'!I i\IARCH 4, 1789, TO i\IARCH 3, 1851.
'l'hi5 Journal as re-prinled by order of Ihe Scnale, from lhe commencement to
r.I;lrch 3, 1815, is conlained in 5 volumes oclavo;-
Seco 1. Vol. 1. From March 4, 17to9, lo l\larclL 2,1793, cOlllainillg 5 separale in-
dexes lo ils contcnls.
Vol. 2. Froml\Tarch 4,170:3, lo March 3, 17D9. do. 7 do.
Vol. 3. From March 4, l,!J9, lo ;Uarch 3, lS0.5. c!f). 6 do.
Vol. 4. From i\Iarch ;1, 1 t'05. lo l\larch 3, Ull. do. 7 do.
Vol. 5. From i\Iarch 4, 1:111, to aJareh :3,1815. do. 5 do.
Sec.2. This JourIluI, from l\Iürch 4, 1815, lo l\Iurch 3, 1851, is cOlllainE'd in 38
voIumes octavo, being one tUl' each Legislative se~sion. Each voIurne having an
mdex
CLASS No. G.
TIIE EXECUTIVE JOURN AL OF THE SE;\, A TE, FRO"! ;\IARClI 4, 1789,
'10 l\IAIlCH 3, 1851.
Thls Journal, from ¡he commencement lO March 3, 1829, frorn alJ of which the
injullclion of secrecy has becll removed, has uecn prmted in 3 volumes octavo,
by arder of Ihe Sena\e. Each volumc having ;l1l indexo
SeC. 1. Vol. 1. Prom March 4, 17~!J, lo l\Iarch 3, 1605.
Vol. 2. From i\Iarch 4, 1805, 10 i\Iarch 3,1815.
Vol. 3. From March 4, ld15, \0 ?Ilarch 3, lS~9.
Sec.2. Those part:o; of lhe Exccutive JournaI from which Ihe illjunction of !le-
crecy has be en renlOved, frorn !'IIarch -1, Ut29, lo March 3, 1851, wIlI be found
priuted as an appcndix to the LegisIative Journal of the sessioll when lbe injunc-
ticn was removed.
E.rc. 3. 'l'he Exccutive JouTnal of lhe Senute from l\TaTch 4, 182!J, lo MUTch 3,
lEf,l, from which tIle injullc\ion of secrccy has nol becn removed, is can\aineJ
alone in manuscTipt record-books, Rn(l is aceessibIe only lo the Presidenl, lo tbo
~Iellluers, lhe Secrelar)' and cerlain olhcers of Ihe Senate. No eXlraet from thi.
record can be fUrIliohcd, exeept by ~pecial arder 01' the Sel1ate.
4:Z *
CLASS No. 7.
THE JOU RX AL OR RECORD OF TlfE SEN A TE O:\' TnL\ L~ (JI-' nl-
PEACHi\lENT, FRO;'.I l\IARCII 4, l,~lJ, '1'0 l\IARCH ;J, l~f¡l.
- See. 1. On the tria! of 'Villiam Blount, a Senator oi' the VnÍtec1 Stales, frol!1 De-
cember 17, 1793, to January 1-1,1,99.
See.2. 011 the tria! of Jobn Pickering, Jmlge of the New Ilnmpshire District.
fTOllJ MaTch 3, lS03, to l\I arch 12, 1803.
S,-c.3. 011 tbe tria] of Samue! Chase, one of the A~~or¡ate .rnsljcc~ oi ¡hc Su-
preme Court ofthe United States, from November 30,180-1, to l'Ilarch 1, 1~05.
The preceding cases wil! be found as an nppendix 10 the third volume of tha
Legislative J ouma! of tbe Senate.
Sec.4. On the trial of James H. Peck, Judge ofthe l\Iis~ollri District, from :'IIay
11,1830, to May 25,18:30; amI from December, 13, 1830, 10 Jannary 31, 183L
The proceedings in this case will be found as an appcndix lo ¡he Legislalive
JouTllal oflhe Senale of 1830,1831.
THE LEGISLATIVE J OURNALS OF THE SENATE AND HOT:SE OF REPRE-
SEXTATIVES, exhibit the action of Congress from thc establishment of the
Government under the Constitution, in the introduction, progre ss and
enactment of the Laws of the United States; they contain a record of
the introduction by individual members of petitions, motioJls 01' resolu-
tions, and bil!s; notices of the reports of al! committees, the names of
the members voting on al! subjeets where the yeas alld nays are de-
manded; al! the messages from the President of the UlJited States to
either House of Congress, and the inaugural addresses, from the com-
mencement of the Government, wil! be found at length upon the jour-
naIs; a brief statement of the subject of every report or communication
[rom tbe several Executive Departments and Bureaus is entered upon
tbe J oumal of the House to which it may be directed; acts and resolu-
tions of the State Legislatures are entered upon the J ournals; schedules
of the electoral votes for President and Vice President are placed upon
the J ournals of both Houses, and the names of the members with those
of the States which they represent are entered on the J ournals of the
respective Houses on the days of their first attendance at each session.
Thc volumes of J oumals have indexes referring to the names of peti
tiollers, members, States, Executive Departments, Presidents' messages,
committees, motions, resolutions and bills with references to aH the pro-
cccdings thereon, and gel'lCrally to al! the subjects treated of in the body
of the J ouma!.
But wilh the exception of the cases above stated, the reasons for or
grounds of Leglslation, from their voluminous nature and their number,
con Id not be embodied within the narrow compass ofthe Journals.
These are contained in the manuscript files and records, the printed
4[/¡
documcnts, and the rcported speeches of the mcmbers of the two IIausee
to be sought for from variaus sources.
The manu8cript files and records are preserved In the office of the
House in which they may have been presented, or lo which they Illay
have been cornmunicated. The printed documents and spceches, how-
ever, require a more particular dcscription and reference, which wil! be
givcn as concisely as practicable.
CLASS No. 8.
El\IBRACING TlfE DOCUl\1ENTS ORDERED TO BE PRINTED BY THE
TWO HOUSES OF COXGRESS Sll"CE MARClI 4, 17S9.
These consist of messages fi'om the President, reports froIn the seve.
ral Executive DeparlInents and Bnreaus, reports of committees of Ihe
two Houses, with' documellts and taLles commullicated t herewit h, as
wel! as memorials, petitions, resolutions of Stale Legislatures, and al!
other papers printed under the order of either House. Tilese \Vil! be
arranged into sections ;-
Sec.1. THE FOLIO EorTIO;)! OY ~TATE PAPERS Pt"BLISlIED U;)!DER JOT:\"T RE,OLUTIOXS
OF COXGRESS, A:\"D PRlXTED BY l\IESSRS. GALES & SEATO:\", CO:\"5ISTS OF 21 VOLU:-.IES.
These docurnents were selected with much care from the mas s of manllscript
an.¡ printed docurnents, papers and books in the offices of the two Houses, froru
al! sourees, and upon al! subjects, having defieiellcies supplied fTOm the archives
amI reeoros of the Executive Departrnents. These were divided inlo ten dilferent
eJasses, aecording 10 their nature or suiJjeet, viz.;-
4 vais. Foreign Relations. Vol. 1, from March 4, 1789, 10 Feb. 28, 1797.
Vol. 2, from Feb. 2S, 1797, lo Feb. 19, 11007.
Vol. 3, from Feb. 19, 1S07, 10 l\Iareh 3, 1815.
Vol. 4, from March 3, 1815, to l\Iay 3,1822
2 vals. Indian Alfalrs. Vol. 1, from Mareh 4, 17S9, to Nov. 18,1814.
Vol. 2, frorn N ov. 18, 1814, 10 l\J areh 1, 1827.
3 vals. Fillanees. Vol. 1, from March 4, 1789, 10 April29, 1202.
Vol. 2, from April29, 1ti02, to l\Iarch 2,1815.
Vol. 3, from 1\1arch 2, 1815, 10 March 12, lS22.
2 vals. Commerce alld NavigatlOn. Vol. J, froru l\Iareh 4, 17S9, 10 Feb. 9, 1815
Vol. 2, from Feb. 9, 1ti15, 10 Feb. 25, 18Z3.
2 vals. Milildry Alfairs. Vol. 1, from l\rareh 4, 17S9, to Feu. 23, 1ti19.
Vol. 2, from Feb. 25, 1819, 10 Feb. 28, 18'25.
1 vol. Naval Alfairs. Vol. 1, froru March 4, 1789, ¡o March 5, 1825.
1 vol. Post-Offiee. Vol. 1, from Mareh 4, 17S9, 10 March 2, 1833.
3 vals. l'ubLlc Lands. Vol. 1, frorn Mare h 4, 17S9, lo Feb. 27, 1009.
Vol. 2, frorn Feb. 27, 1809, lo Feb. 14, 1815.
Vol. 3, from Feb. 14,1815. to May 26, 1824.
1 vGl. Cloims. Vo1.1, from March 4,1789, lO March 3, 182'l.
2 vols. l\I!scellaneous. Vol. 1, from March 4, 1789, 10 Feb. 16 1809
Vol. 2, from Feb 16,1809, lo March 3,1823.
Thcre will aho ¡", il1c!tnlrd in this ~eetion the Iwo [\(hlitionaJ volllmes on Publio
Larld, tlmt were printed by DulTGreen, by order oflhe Senate, viz.:-
:¿ vols. on Public Lumls. Vol. 4, from i\Tay 2G, 1 i1:2-l. lo Jan. 2, 1,.,28.
Vol. 5, from Jan. 2, ¡':'2tl, lO Jan. 21, lfJ::¡4.
111 the eompilallon of these state papers, eare was taken lO render eaen ela~s
Il~ complete as practicable. The aUlhority for tlJe pnblication, and Ihe mUllllér
of proceeding in the execution of the work, will be fOlllld 8luled al ¡he beginlling
of ¡he first vollJlllt' 011 Foreign Relations. As it purports to be a selectlon of tho.-;c
doculllents anrl p>lpers, it willllOt, of course, be expccted to embrace n'ay e!ocu-
ment and paper presented in or communicatect to eitJIPr ¡ 10llse of Congress, as
thcse can alone be foune! in the archives of CongTes8; bul it was intended that
thcy should embrace et'fry important document of Ihe classes to which they re-
spective!y beJong, considered yaJllabJc as preeellents for the future uction of the
Goyefl]menl. or malcrial in its politicaI anll statistica! hi,tory, or as estalJlishing
principJes in the allowance or rejection of private ¡wculliary claims against the
Goycrnmenl, or in ¡he settlement of private Janll cJairns. e
'fhese state papers were printed unrler the authority of the aet of Congress
"making provision for a suhscriptiou to a compi!ation of cOIlg-rcssiona! docuo
ments," approved i\Iarch 2, 1931, and continued nnder the joint resolution of
l\Iareh 2, 1&3, whieh Jimited the conlin\lation to eight YOlllDles, and which, wilh
those previousJy al1thorizerl, made twenty-one \·olull"'s. 'l'IJI'se w('re di5posed
of hy a joiut "resolution direct;ng the distribulioll of a compilation of eongres-
siolla! uoculllents, allu lar olher purposes," ul'pro\'ed J ni)' 10, 1::::;;¿.
CLASS No. 9.
s.c. 1 "TI1,L Ei\IBRACE TIlE DOCUi\fEl'iTS PTU:\TED IX aCTA VO
FOn:\[ BY ORDER OF 'rilE :::;E:\ ATE, during each session, li'om :Uarch 4,
17:::9, to March 3, 1851. 'fhese are nlllnbcred as the)' are sellt to the prinler j
loose copies are fllrnislted to lhe lTlE'mbers of both !Iollses of Congress ami other
public fllnetionaries, and sOlnetimes extra copies lor ¡]j~lri]¡lIliol\, as t!tey are
prinled; anelollter copies are relailw,j alld ]¡OII\Hl. in as ntal1y \'()~IIIll(,S as II(,CC5-
sary, w:th copiolls indexcs, tl,r preser\'aliOll, when the prillt;ng' of cach sess;oll is
completed. Tite more importanl of Illese primeu dOCIlIlH'nts wilI be fouad re-
priuted, under their appropriate heads, ill the folio slate papers, where the)' wilI
be foulld more convcniently, in conllection Wilh kill<lred slIlJjccts which lIad ae-
eumulated from Mareh 4, 17S9, to lhe time to which the class lhe)' belong to was
reprinted, as statcd in the preceding section; from which time, recourse mus! be
had to these bound documents of each session-every session having a separale
indexo
In addition to these dot'uments, lhe bills and resolutions of the Senal~ are
printed in folio form, and ctistributed nearJy as ¡he octavo documents. Severa!
cop:es of these have beea bound illto ,"olumes, with indexes, sinct! lD~4-.'i.
CLASS No. 10.
See. 1 WILL EMBRACE THE DOCUl\IENTS PRINTED IN OCTAVO
FORl\I BY aRDER OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES, from Marea
4,1789, to :\farch :::, 1851. Thes(' are uivi,!Pu iuto sever~J s"ries,. ~nrh 11Ping
numhered as sent lo Ihe printer. Oue series consislS of ¡he n,,'o, t,·, 01 commit
leeR of ¡he House of Reprcsentatives, with their uC'companyillg dccl:mt-nts; and
lhe otller series cOlIsists oC messag-rs. reports. and documcnls, from the Executive
Departments, anu al! other documents ordered 10 be printed by that House. Loose
copies are furnished to members of hoth Houses of COlIgreLs, aud other publlc
fuuctionaries, and sometimes extra copies for distrihution, as tbey are printcd j
and other copies are rctaincd and hound, eaeh series separately, (in as many vo-
Jumes as necessary, with separate indexes,> for preservation, wltcn the prinlÍlIg
of eaeh se~sion is completed. The more important of these documcnts, of oOlh
series, will oe found reprintl'd, under their appropriale heads, in Ihe folio state
papers, as menlioncd in the preceding section, as far as thcy extend; from which
time, recourse must he hall to these bound docnments of er,ch session-every S;):J-
Ilion having a separate illdex for each scries of these documcnts.
In addition to these documcllts, the bills alld joint resolutions of the House of
Rl'presentatives have been printed in folio form, and distributed as the octavo
documents. Several copies of these have bcen bouad, with indexes, since 1825.
CLASS No. 11.
DEBATES IN CONGRESS:
Embracing the spcechcs madI" in the two Houses oi Congress, from March 4,
1789, to l\Iarch 3, 1851.
When it is clesircd to find thc discussion in either l-louse upon any par-
ticular subjcct, it is nccessary first to asccrtain ¡rom the journal 01' the
House in which the discussion has taken place, when, 050n what days,
Buch subject was under consideration in the House, and then seek jor the
publication 01' the proceedings of those days in the public newspapers
that publishcd such debates, 01' in the various compilations of debates, as
either may be found to elllbrace the time at which the discussion may
have takcn place. .
&c.1. The compilation of Josl'ph Gales, senior, in 2 voJumes, contains lhe de-
bates in the firsl Congress, 17S9 to 179l.*
Sec, 2, The Congrl'ssional Register, 01' History of Ihe Proceedings and Debates
of the first l/ouse of Representativl's, by Thomas Lloyd, 17S9-91.
Seco 3. History of COlIgress, exhihiting a classification of the proceedillgs of
the Senate am1 HOllse of Representatives, from MaTch 4, 17~9, lo l\rarch 3, 1793.
Sec.4. Debates in thc Cong-ress of the Unitt'd States on the bill tor repealing tha
Jaw "for the more convcnient organizatiOll of the courts of the Unitetl States:n
Albany, 1802. (::'tate Department.)
Sec.5. Debates in the House oC Rcpresentatives of the United States on flues-
tlOns ill\'o!ved in the Brttish treaty of 1794, (Jay's Ireaty:) Pbiladelphia, lb08.
I::'tate DepartmcnL)
'" ThiR compilation has been continued by Gales & Seaton, under the patronage of
COn¡;re~8.
460
Seco 6. D("bate~ In the House of Representatives of the United Statcs on the
ti .. minole Wflr, in .J 311uary ami FeLruary, ISI9. (Stflte Department.)
Sec.7. l)unlap's AmerIcan Dai1r Advertiscr, frolll 1,Ui to 179:3. (Cougresl
~,tJrary.)
SIC. S. Dunlap & Claypole's Adverli~er, from 1794 to 1795. (Cong. Lib.)
Seco 9. Brown's Philadelphia Gazette, frolU liH·t lo l~OO. (('ollg. Lib.)
Sec. lO. Baclle's General Advertiscr, froll1 1795 lO liD7. (Collg. Lio.)
Seco ll. Dache & Duane's Aurora, [rom 1i9b to 1tíl4. (Cong. Lio.)
Sa.12. Carer's Vllited Slates llccorder, [rom 1iHe' lo 1tíOO. (Cong. Lib.)
Seco 1:3. Dela,vare Uazette, Political i\Iirror, from 17US lo 1(iO(). (Collg. Lib.)
SIC. 14. Dellnison's llepub]¡can \Yalch Tower, frolTl 1tíOO to 1:'-09. (Cong.Lib.)
Seco 15. Dnane's 'Yeckly Aurora, from 18lO to 1,,2l. (C'ollg. Lio.)
Seco 16. Fellno's Guzette of the U nited Slates, frorn 1ití\! to 179::3. (Cong. Lib.)
Sec. 17. National Intelligencer, (tri-weekly,) frolll 1S0n to 1,,1:3. (CO!lg. Lib.)
National Intelligencer, (dady) from 1::314 to 1851. (Collg. Lib.)
Su. 18. Universal Gazette, (by Samucl lIarrison Smith,) froll! 1798 lo 1808.
Sec. 19. Philadelphia Gazette, from 1795 lo 1i97. (Cong. Lib.)
Sec. 20. Virginia Argus, from 1797 lO lt;03. (Cong. Lib.)
Seco 21. Virginia Argus and Enquirer, (bound logelher,) from 1804 lo 1808
(Cong. Lib.)
Seco ~2. Richmond Enquircr, from 1809 lo ISa. (Cong. Lib.)
Sec.23. 'Vashington City Gazette, from 1S15 lo 1826. (Cong. Lib.)
Sec.2·1. Naliollal Journal, from 1826 lO 18:31. (Cong. Lib.)
Stc. 23. Ulli!eu Slates Telegraph, [rom 1828 to 18;37. (Cong. Lib.)
Sec.2(i. GlolJe, from 1832 lo 1845. (Cong. Lib.)
Stc. :!7. ]\[adisonian. from 1837 lO 183:::1. (Cong. Lib.)
Sec.2.-;. Reg;ster of Debales in Congress, compris;ng Ihe leading debates and
incidents oC each session, wilh an appelldix colltaining importanl state papers and
public tlocuments, and the laws of a public nalllre enacled during each session,
""ith an index lo Ihe subjeet of deLate and 10 Ihe names of Ihe sl'cakers in each
IIouse of Cong ress for eaeh sessioll, VIZ. :
2tl Sess;on, 1Sth Congress, 1824-5, in 1st volume.
1st ¡, lUI)¡
"
1:323-6, in ~d volllllle, in 2 parts.
2d " 10th " lS26-7, in 3d volllllle.
1st " ~Oth " 1827-8, in 4th volllme, in 2 parts
2d " 20lh " 182':>-9, in. 5th volurne.
1st " 21st " 18~9-30, in 61h volume, in 2 parts.
2d " 21st " 1830-31, in 7th volume.
1st " 2:!d " 1831-2. in Sth volume, in 3 parls.
2d " 22d " 183:l-3, in 9th volurne, in 2 parts.
1st " \nd " 18:33-4, olIl 10th volumc, in 4 parls.
2d " 2:3u " 1834-5, in 11 th volllme in 2 parts.
1st
"
21th
"
18:l5-6, in 12th volume in 4 parts.
2,] " 2·lth " 1S36-7, in 1:3th volurne, in 2 p:.lrIS.
1 st " 23th " 1837, 14th volurne, in 2 parls.
Sec.20. The Congressional G!obe and Appendix, eontain:ng sketches of the
proccedings and ilwiucntal debates, anu abo Ihe debates al largc in the tw<,
461.
Homes. oí Congre~s, with an imlex of t.he subject of debate, and names of the
speakers in eaeh House for each session, viz:-
1st and 2d Se ss ion s, 23d Congress, 1833- 3d Sess. 27th Congo 1842-3, 12th vol.
4-5, 1st an,! 2d volumes in 1. 1st
"
28th
"
1843-i, 13th vol.
1st SesR. 24th Congo 1835-6, 3d vol. 2d
"
28th
"
1844-5, 14th vol.
2d
"
24th " 1386-7, 4th vol. bt " 29th " 1845-6, N ew Series,
1st
"
25th " 1837, 5th vol. 1 vol. in 2 parts.
2d " 25th " 1837 -8, 6th vol. 2d " 29th " 184&-7, "
3d
"
25th
"
1838-9, 7th vol. 1st
"
30th
"
1847-8,
"
1st
"
26th " 1839-40, 8th vol. 2d " 30th " 1848-9, "
2d
"
26th
"
1840-1, 9th vol. 1st " 31st " 1849-50, "
1st
"
27th " 1841, 10th vol. 2d " 31st " 1850-51, "
2d " 27th " 1841-2, 11th vol.
CLASS No. 12.
J,A VIS OF TIIE UNITED STATES.
TRIS CLASS WILL EJ\1BR ACE TlIE SEVERAL EDlTIONS OR SERIES OF THE LA WS
UF TIlE UNITED STATES AND INDEXES TO TIlE LAWS.
Seco 1. The series containing in .separate volumes the laws usually published
In pamp!det form at the termination of eaeh session of Congress. In this lSerie.
the laws are puillished in extenso, Tlone being omitted.
The first 01' this series was published in 1797, in 3 volumes, by Richard FolweIl,
embracing ¡he laws, resolutions, and treaties, from l\larch 4, 17S9, to i\Iareh 3,
1797. These were cOlltinued by l\latthew Carey, to inl'lucle the 4th volume, to
March 3, 1799; by 'Yllliam Duane to inelude the 5th and 6th volumes, to l\Tarch 3,
lS0:3; by Roger C. \Yeightman, to include the 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th VOlllnIeS, lo
Mareh :3, 1B11; and were continued by various individual s, "By authori¡y," in
pamphlet form at the termination of every SCSSiOll of Congress, down to l\larch 3,
18;.1.
Sec.2. An e<1ition of the Jaws was published in 1S15 by Bioren & Duune and
R. C. 'Vcighuflun. This edition was compiled by J. B. Colvin, upon the basís oC
a plan prepared by Riehard RllSh. then Attorney-General of the united States,
Bnd adoptet! uy James i\Iollfoe, Secretary of Stale, in conformity with the ae! oC
COllgress of the 1 i'th April, ltll4.. It eonsists of Íive volumes, and embraces the
law~ of the United ::5tatcs from l\Iarch 4, 17S9, to March 3,1815, with the
exeeptiol1 of "the local judieiary acts, and aU aets eOllfiding power to corpo-
rate bodics in the District of Columbia, 01' which huye been otherwise passed by
Congress in their charaeler of Legislature for the District," which were ex·
cludcd.
Vol. 1 contains-The Declaration of Indcpendence, Artieles of Confederutioll.
The COllstitutioll. and proeeedings whieh led to its adoption.
1'reaties ",ith foreign nations and In(lian trilles, from 177S to 1814.
GruIlts, treaties. amI Ct'SSiOIlS, by which ¡ands haYE< been acquired IJy the Ull;tecl
lSlalcs, Ü'OIll 17to;J lO 1 b14.
462
Ola proclamations ano grants of land8, and treatles between foreign governmentl
relating to titles to lands, and boundaries of territories now included within the
U nited States.
Urant lO the Iludson's Bay Company.
Ccssions ofland by several States to the UJllted States.
Title ofthe United States to Louisiana.-Grant to Crazat.
Evidcncc respecting Yazoo and other land claims.
Treuty of Paris, oi 10th February, 1763, between Great Britain, Frunce, and
Spain.
Titles to, and bOllndaries oflhe Floridas.
Explunatory notes ofthe acquisition, surveys, sales. donations, ano other dispo-
sition of, und regulatioll~ concerning, the publie lands in the early periods of the
Government.
Important claims 10 land, either rejectea or requiring a eritieal examination.
Extraets frolll early English charters conveying territory.
O. dinance for the government of the territory north-west of the river Ohio.
BOllndaries of South Carolina and Georgia established.
Ohio company's claims to land.
Illinois eompany's claims 10 land.
'Vaba~h company's claims to land.
'Vilkins' grant and Go~rnor St. Clair's eonfirmation.
Sra nish reglllation5 for the allotmellt oi lands.
Grand i\Iai~on's claim on \Yashita.
HOUIIl<l's c!aim on l\' ew Orleans Island.
Bastrop's, SI. Vrain, now John Smith, T.
Renaut's. Dubll(jue's. and C}¡ontcau's claims 10 lands ann lemi mines.
An oruinance lor asccrtaining the moue of disposing of Jands ill the western terr!.
tory.
Doundary lines between Virginia and Kentucky ascertained.
Location of Virginia rnilitary bOllnty land.
Powers ofthe board ofTreasury to contraet for the sale ofwestern territory.
Relinqllishment of a traet of land to Pennsylvania.
Bonnties to foreign descrters.
Provision for rcfugees from Canada and Nova ScotÍa
Re~olut¡('IlS of ole! Congrt'ss rclatÍve to military bOllnty land.
Donation to Amold Hcnry Dohrman.
Donation to the Society ofthe Uniteu Brethren.
Claims and donat:ons in territories ofIndialla, Illinois, and ?\Iichigan.
OmGIX, &c., OF TIIE DEl'-"_RT:\lEXT OF STATE for the United Stales.
OlUGIl\', &c., OF TlIE DEPART:\:E::>T OF \V AR.
COIllIllt'ncernent amI progress of Indinn aifairs.
ORIGIX, &e., OF THE "'AVAL ESTABLISIDIE::>T oflhe United States.
ÜIUGIN. &c., OF THE TREAS¡;RY DEPART}!E::>T.
ORIG1::>. &c., OF THE ]\f¡XT ofthe (;niteu States.
()RIG1:-l, &c., OF TllE GE:I'ERAL I'OST·OFFICE of the United States.
An onlinallce for settling the accounts between the Uniteu States and the lnw
vidual States.
4G3
J,ight-houses, hea .. on~, hnoy@, and public piers, and cesslons of Junu for same from
1 he Stales lo the U Ilitc¡) Htates.
Militar)' establj~hrnent of the Uniteu Swtcs in 1787, and lamls held for military
pllrposes.
Concernillg the sea! of the general Govcrnmen!.-FLAG of the Unitcd States.-
Device for a GREAT SEAL.-Device ¡(Jr copper coinage.
1 lalf pay.-Commutatioll.-Invalids.-Pensiolls.-Acts of limitation.
Vol. 2 cOlltains the Laws of the Ullited Stales, from March 4, 1700 lo March 3,
17!J7.
Vol. 3 contains do. from March 3, 1797, lo March 3, 1805.
Vol. 4 conlains do. frolll l\larch 3, 1805, lo March 3, 1815.
Vol. 5 eOlltaills, 1. A list of all aels and resollltiolls from 1789 lo 1815.
2. A General Illdcx lo privale acts from 17S9 10 1815.
3. Stalemenl of Receipts and Expenditllres from 1789 lo 1815.
4. A General Jlldex Laws United States from 1789 lo 1815.
The series of Laws contained in the preceding volumes of the edition
o.f Bioren and Duane, have been continued to March 3, 1845, by a 6th,
7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th volumes :
Vol. 6, Prlllted by Davis & Force in 1822, conlains Laws of the United Stales
IIlcluding Treaties, from March 3, 1815, lo March 3, 1821, Wilh an Jndex thereto.
Vol. 7. Printed by P. Force in 1827. Ditto March 3, 1821, to March 3,1827, do.
vYit]¡ this volume there was printed a general index of al! the Acts, Resolulions,
Treaties, and ot]¡er malter contained in the seven preceding volumcs. Jt wa:s
prcpared by Samuel Burch, under u resolution of the HouSoe of Representatives,
and is olle ofthe best, most fllll and systematic Indexes ofthe Laws ofthe Uniteu
States extant, for lhe time it embraces, viz., March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1827. It
has been separately bound.
Vol. 8. Printed by 'V. A. Davis in 1835, and contains the Acts, Resolutiolls and
Treaties from March 3, 1827, lo MaTch 3, 1833.
Vol. 9. Printed by order of Congres5 in 1839, and cuntains the Acts, Resolu-
tions and Treaties frorn March 3, 18~13, to l\larch 3, lf:í39.
Vol. 10. Prinled by J. and G. S. Gideon in 1845, and contains the Acts, Resulu-
tions and Treaties, from March 3, 1839, to March 3,1845. From l\Jurch 3,1845,
10 March 3, 1851, the Laws and Treaties will be found in pamphlet formo
Seco 3. The Public and General Statutes of the United States, from
1789 to 1827 inclusive, whether expired, repealed, or in force: arranged
in chronological order, with marginal references, and a copious index: to
whieh is added the Constítution and an Appendix: published undel' the
im:pection of Judge Story. Boston, 1827.
Seco 4. An edition of the Statutes at large was edited by Richard
Peters, ana puLlished Ly Little &, Brown, in 1845."*
* 'l'11Í~ I'(lition of the Statutes has been contiuued in pamphlet form for eacb
Vol. 1 oontaim, 1. The Dcclaratioll of IntIl'p<'lHlpllce.
:l. 'l'he Anicled 01" Coní"th-ration.
3. 1'he COllslltllllOll of tl,e Cílllcd ~~lales.
4. Tite l'llblic aelS Ol COllgrcss [rom i\Iarch 4, 17-39, to l\I arch
3,1799.
Vol. 2 contrlins the l'niJlie Actil of Congress [rol1l l\Iarch 3, l7DO, lo l\Iareh 3,
le] 3.
Vol. ~J (,()IlI;¡il1~ do. llo. from l\Iarch 3.1'313, lo l\Iarch 3,1323.
Vul. 4 cOIl1:1;1I5 do. do. from l\Tarch 3, lto2J, to i\larch 3, 1t3').
A:"o Acts 01 Virginia, Peulls)"lvullia, amI l\Tarylantl.
l'rocee{lings alld Clwrter of Polomac COlllpally relalll1g to
Cllcsapeake antl Ohio cana!.
A el of Alabama to incorporate the Cahawba Navigatioll Com-
puny.
l'roe!arnatlons by the President of the UlIitcd Statc5 on Com-
111ercial Aifairs witlt Forcign N ati0l18.
Vol. 5 COlltaim¡ tlle l'uLlic Acts of Congress frolll March 3,183,), lo l\Iarch 3,
1S45.
A ];;0 a l'roelamation of the President on extinguishmcnt of In-
dlon titlc to laml in l\lió'suuri.
"\lJ uet uf Virginia relating to Cllcsal'eake alld Ollio Cunal Com-
palIy, Fe]¡ruary 27, 1820.
Vul. n COll1ains l'ri"ute Statutes al large, from March 4, 1789, lo l\Iarch 3,1:345.
Vol. 7 conlains 'l'reuties witl¡ lndian tri bes, from Seplember 17, 1778, to March
3,1845.
Vol. 8 contains the 'I'reaties with Foreign Nations, from February 6, 1778, to
l\Iarch 3, ] 845.
Each of the preceding volumes contains un index to the malter therein j this
8th volume also contains ;-
1. Table showing relative chapters ofthi8 and other ed1tions ofthe Laws.
2. 'rabIes of Aets of Congress, from 1789) to 1845 inclusive, relating to lhe Ju-
diciary.
3. 'rabIe of Acts of do. rt'lating to Imports and Tonllage.
'4. Table of Acts of do. relating to PubJic Lands.
5. Table of Acts of do. relutiug to the Post-Omee.
5. Index to the five volumes of Publie SI.ututes.
7. A General Illdex to the matter contained in the 8 volumes aboye mentionfd.
Seco 4. 'rhe Acts of Congress in r('lnlion to the District of Columbia from Julv
]6,1790, to l\Tareh 4, 18:31 inclusive, und of the Legislatnres of Virginia aml1\Iary-
land, passed cspccially in regartl to (ltat District, or to ¡¡crsons or property within
the sume, ,,,illt preliminary notes of lhe procecdings of the COllgress, under the
Confe(lcratlon, as well as nndcr the preseJlt COJlstitutiOll, in regard to the per- ~
llIanent seal of the Gov(~rnmel1t of tite l:!lited States, Printp.d by 'Villinm A.
l>avis, ¡Rn.
-!ü3
CLASS No. 13.
ABRIDGl\1ENTS AND DIGESTS OF THE LA WS OF THE UNITED
STATES.
Sec. 1. DIGEST of al! such Acts of Congrc~s llS concern the United States at
large; al! existing Treaties, &c., by "Tilliam Graydon, in 1813.
See.2. DIGEST of the Laws of the United States, including an abstraet of the
Judicial Dccisions relating to the Constitutional and Statutory Law, witb Notes
explanatory and historieal, by Thomas F. Gordon. Printed in 1827.
Seco 3. AN ABRIDGl\IENT of the Acts of Congress now in force, exccptillg
those of a privatc and local applicatioll, with notes of Decisions, giving construe-
tion to the same, in (he Supreme Court of the United States, by Euward ln-
gersoll. Printed in 1E25.
S~C. 4. DIGEST of the Laws of thc United States including the Trcaties with
Foreign Powers, anu an abstract of the Judicial Decisions relating to thc Con-
6titutionaI anu Statutory Law. By Thomas F. Gordoll, printed in 1844.
CLASS No. 11.
IKDEXES PUEPARED IN CONFORMITY WITII ORDERS OR RESOLU-
TIONS OF 'l'IIE SENATE AND IlOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OF
THE UNITED STA TES, RESPECTIVELY.
Sec.1. GEXERAL I:\'DEX to the Laws ofthe United Statcs of Ameriea, from
Mareh 4, 17~!), to March 3,1827, including all Trcatics enteretl into between tho~u
periodsj in which the principIes involveu in aets for the relief of individual s, or
ofa private or local nature, are arranged untler general heads, to which such prin-
cipies appropriately belong; arranged to the ediüon commenced by Bioren, Du-
Rne & 'Veightman, in 1815, and subscquently continued by Davis & Forcc, and
'Villiam A. Davis. [This is the most complete alld useful index of the laws, up
to March 3,1827, extantj and it woulu add to the public convenience if a sImilar
one were made of the laws from that period up to the present time.]
Sec.2. INDEX to the Executive Communieations made to the I10use of he-
presentativcs, from March 4, 1789, to l\Iarch 3, 1817: first, by a refercllce, in ai-
phabetical order, to the printed and also to the manuscript reports, accordmg lo
t:te subjcct-matter ; seconrl, by a reference to the sallle malter, arranged unuer tlw
bead of the dcpartment whencc it carne. Also, an
Sec.3. INDEX to aIl the printed Reports of Committccs, alphaheücally ar-
rallged, from .l\farch 4, 17f)~, to March 3,1817; printed in 162-1.
Seco 4. INDEX to the Exccutive Cornmunications ami Reports of Committccs
[!Iade to thc Housc of Rcpresenlativcs, from Deeemhcr 3, 1S17, Oto l\Iarch 3, 18;!3 ;
printerl in 1823.
Sec.5. A DIGESTED INDEX to thc Executive Documents (that is, a1l docu-
ments ordered to be printed) and Reports of Committees of thc Hou~e of Rcpre-
Hntatives, [rom MaTeh 3,1823, to March 3, 1831, inclusive; printed in 1832.
Sec.6. A DIGESTED INDEX to the Execlltive nocumcnts amI Rcports of
Committees of thc I10use of Rcpresentatives, frolll Mare}l '1, IE31, lo i\larch 3
1-,:39, inelusivtJ.
466
Sec.7. INDEX, or alphabelicallist of Private Clajms whirh have heen before
the SEN ATE, fram December 4, 1515, lo l\T areh 3, lR49, wilh the proeeedings of
the Seuale thereon: showing the names of the ('Iaimants; lhe natnre or objp.ct
oC eaeh elaim j al wltat st'ssion, aud in what mauner, it was )¡rollglIl befare the
Senate; lo whal committee jt was refern'[1 j the nature of the reporl, and (whrre
Rpecial reports were made) the num)¡er of lhe report, if pl'jnled, allll, if not, the
date of the report; the number of the bill, dislinguishillg betw['en Senate nlid
[{ouse bilis; tite manner in which the claim was di~poscd of by the ~enale; and,
in cases 'Vvltere it passed both Houses, the date of tbe act of Congress: lile w]¡ole
compiled from Ihe journals of the Senate, and hy referenee, whcn neeessary, la
(he journals o( ¡Ite House of Representatives, the reports of eommittees, the billi
of ¡he two Houses, and the laws of the United Slates. Prepared by ordcrs of lhe
Senate of April 9, 1840, February 27, 1841, and February 8, 1849.
CLASS No., 15.
REPORTS OF THE DECISIONS OF THE SUPREME COURT OF TIIE
UNITED STATES.
1. By ALEXANDER JAMES DALLAS, from February term, 1790, to Au-
gust term, 1800, inclusive.
2. By'YILLIAi\1 CRANClI, from August term, 1801, to February term, 1815,
iDclu~ive.
3. By HE::"'l"RY 'YHEATON, fram February term, 1816, to January term,
182i, inclusive.
4. By RICHARD PETERS, jun., fram January term, 1828, to Januar)" tcrm,
1842, inclusive.
5. By BEN J A lIIl N C. HO\YARD, from J anuary term, 1843, to J anuary term,
1851, inclusive.
6. Conucnscd Reports of cases in the Supreme Court of the United States. con-
taining the ""hole series of lhe decisions of the court from its organization lo Ihe
commencemenlof Peters' Reports, at J anuary term, 1827, with copious notes and
paf'allel cases in lhe Supreme and Circuit Courts of the United States.
CLASS No. 16.
PUBLICA TIO~S ON THE SUBJECT OF THE PUBLlC LANDS AND PRJ.
YATE LAND CLAllUS UNDER THE AUTHOlUTY OF TIIE UNITED
STATES.
1. LA 'YS OF THI<: UNlTED STATES. Resolutions of Congress under tbs
Confederation, Treutics, l'roclamations, and other documents, having operation
allll r('spc('t to the Pub]ic Lands: collectcd, digested, and arranged, pursuant to
the aet of Congrcss, approvcd April 27, 1SlO, by Albert Gallatill, Secretary of the
'l'reasury: reviseo, cornpleted, allli printed, under the act of January 20, 1817.
I.This ;~ a valuable trealise and compilation of chartcrs, treaties, grants, ces-
sions, compuets, resolutions, acls reJating to the early history, acquisition, regu-
~ation, and disposition of tltc puLllc lands, and cvidcnce of the natare and extcn.
oi private land c1aims.]
467
2. LA'VS OF THE UNITED STATES, Resolutions of Congress under the
Confederation, Treaties, Proclamations, Spanish Regulations, and other docu-
ments, respecting the Public Lands: compiled, in obedienee to a resolution of,
the House of Representatives of the United States of l\Iarch 1, 1826, by 1\1. Sto C.
Clarke, and printed by ordcr of lhe House of Representatives of Febnlluy 19,
1827: in one volume.
3. LA 'VS OF TIlE UNITED STATES, Treaties, Regulations, and other !locu-
ments, respecting the Public Lands; with the Opinions of lhe Courts oflhe United
States in relation thereto, from 1826 to lS33: by l\I. Sto C. Clarke, under a resolu~
tiOH of the House of Representatives of March 1, lS33.
4. DOCUMENTS, LEGISLATIVE AND EXECUTIVE, of the Congrcss of
the United States, in relation lo the Public Lands, from March 4, 1789, to June
15, 1824, in five volumes: compiled under the resolutions of the Senate of Febru~
ary 26, 1833, and January 3, 1834. Printed by Duff Green.
5. GENERAL PUBLIC AC'I:S OF CONGRESS respecting the sale and dis~
position of the Public Lands j with Instructi01ls issued from time to time by the
Bceretary of the Treasury and Commissionf r of the General Lalld Office, and
Official Opinions of the Attorney-Generall,n questions arising under the land
laws; in two parts, or volumes :
Part 1 contains the laws [rom March 4,l789, 10 July 9, 1838.
Part 2 contains the instructions and 'pinions, from March 4, 17S9, to August
17,1838.
Prepared and printed under the reso/lUon of the Senate of February 28, 1837.
CLAff: No. 17.
REVEl\"UE LAWS, COl\1MERCJAL REGULATIONS, DIGESTS OF TARIFF
LAWS, &C.
1. A SELECTION OF ALL nm LAWS OF THR UNITED STATES
In force, relative lo commercial subjects, with marginal Ilotes ami references,
classcd under separate heads, viz.: Aets filf collection of duties on imports and
tOllnage; 'rabIe of tOllnage duty and ices of oCrice; Regislering, recordillg, en~
rollillg, anrlliccnsing of ships or vcsscls; l\1editerranean paf:f:ports; Quaralltine
and health; Remission of fines, penalües, and forfeitures; Fisheries; N atllrali~
zatlOll; Restriction of trade with an ellemy; Lctters of marque amI rcprisal j
:"alvage; Slave (rade; Consuls and viee-eonsuls; Seamen in the merchants' ser-
v ice; Sea ¡etters; British ¡icenses; and for regulating forcigll coins, &e.: by
John Brice: 1814.
2. CO;\Il\IERCIAL REGULATIONS OF THE FOREIGN COUNTRIES
with whieh the United States have cornmercial intercourse: collected, digested,
and printed, under the direction of the President of the United Slates, conforma-
bly to a resolution of the Senate of March 3,1817.
3. A DIGEST OF THE COMMERCIAL REGULATIONS OF TIlE DIF~
FERENT FOREIGN N ATIONS with which the United States have mtercourse:
in compliance with a resolution of the lIouse of Representativcs of January 21.
11":l3.
4. JONE;-:':':-: Ult;f;:-::T: bCl\lg I1 pvrti'~',!;¡r ala; '.ktailed ¡'CCUllllt 01 lhe tlUtleil
4.) oIf
4G8
performed by ¡he V,lI ion!! of1lcers beJonging lo Ihe cuMom-house dppartrnellt& of
the United Slates; together wilh a descriptioll of some of the principal bMJ¡t!
and documents in general use in the several olfices of the cU8tom-llOu~e, v"ith t1l1O
usual routine through which merchants and captains must pa~!! on ellterll1g veO',-
seIs and merchandise, &c.: by An<lrcw A. Jone8, in h':35.
5. REPORT OF THE SECRE'I'ARY OF S'I'ATE O~ TITF. CO:\DrImCIAL
RELATIO~S OF TH}~ UNITED STATES WITlI FORE1GN NAI'lÜ:\'~;,'
comparative tariff.~ of the United States all<l other nalÍc!Js; tabular stalemcJ\l3
of the dome&tic exports of the United States; duties Ol! importalion of ¡he ~tap:e
or principal productions of the United St'ltes into forcign cOllntries; navigation;
and British ¡ariff, corn-Iaw~, &c.: prepared in compliunce with the resoluti<)ll~
of the lIouse of Representatives of Sept. 3, 1841, and J allllary 31, 1842.
6. T ARIFFS, from 1789 to 1833, with the votes in each House of Congre&3
thereon, arranged accarding to States.
7. A COLLECTION OF THE LA WS OF THE UNITED ST ATES reJa!ing
to revenue, navigation, and cQmmerce and light-houses, inclllding treaties wit[¡
foreign powers, up to March 4, 1843: compiled for the Treusury Depur'ment oí
the Uniteu Statcs, by Thamas F. Gordan: 1844.
8. A DIGEST of the existing commcrcial regulations of foreign countl"ies with
which the United States have intercoursc: prcpared U1lller the direction of the
Secretary of the Trea8ury, in compliance with a resolution of the House of Re-
presentatives of l\Iarch 3, 1831. l'rinted in 1833, in 3 volumcs octavo.
9. A STATISTICAL VIEW OF T1 lE COlVIMERCE OF 'rifE UNITED
STA TES: its connection with agricultnre and manufactures; and an aeconnt
of the public debt, revenues, and expenditm es of the U nited SWtes; with a bicf
review of the trade, agriculture, and manulactures of the Colonies, previolls VJ
their independence; and atable i1!uslra!Íve of the principIes and olJjects of t]¡e
work: by Timothy Pitkin; 1817.
10. A DICTIONARY, practical, theoretical, and historical, of commerce and
commercialnavigation; in 2 volumes: by J. R. McCulloch: 1840.
CLASS No. 18.
l\'IISCELLANEOUS nOOKS PRINTED OR FURNISHED UNDER TIIE
AUTHORITY OR PATRONAGE OF THE UNITED STATES, AND NOT
NOTICED UNDER PARTICULAR HEADS.
1. THE "BLUE BOOK," or Biennial Register of al! officers and agents, civil,
military and naval, in the service of the Ullited States. Compiled by the Secrl:-
tary of State, as required by ¡he resolution of COllgress, approved April 27, 1810.
The printers of the Laws, printers to Congress, the allowances 10 each, allow-
ances to contractors for carryil1g the mail, were directed to be included in the
Biennial Register by the resolutioll of July 14, 18.32.
2. ,y AIT~S STATE P APERS and ruhlic documentil of the United States, frflm
March 4, 1729, to August 1,1818. [These are believed to have been included in
folio State Papen\ in the series on Foreign Relations.]
3. CONTESTED ELECTIONS in Congress of Senators and Representatives,
from 1789 to 1834, Inclusive, compilcd hy i\l. SI. Clair Clarke and David A. Hall,
Ilnd printed by order of the House 01' Represelltatives.
4. REPORT OF THE TRI AL OF JAMES. H. PECK, Judge of the United
States Court for the District of Missouri, on an impcachrnent. 1833.
5: LEGISLATIVE AND DOCUl\mNTARY HISTORY OF TIlE BANK OF
T HE UNITED STATES, including the original Bank of North America. By 1\1.
SI. Clair Clarke ami David A. Hall.
(J. REPORT OF COl\Il\IITTEE of the House of Representatives, with
documents relative to the conduct of GEJ:\ERAL JAMES 'VILKIXSOX, Feuruary
26, 1811.
7. TREATIES WITH THE SEVERAL INDlAN TRIBES, from 1i1S to 1837,
compilcd under lhe direction of the COflnuissioner of Indian AtTairs, 1837.
8. REPORTS ON THE FINAN CES of the Unitcd Slates from 1790 to 1836;
with the rt'ports of Alexander Hamiltol1 011 Puulic Credit, a Nalional Bank,
Manufactures and the Mint. In 3 volurnes octavo.
9. TIrE PENSJON LAWS OF TIIE UNITED STATES. inc]hding sundry
rcsoluliolls ofCollgress, (rorn 1776 lo V:~33, exccuted al the 'Yar Deparlrnent, with
lhe opinions of lhe Attorneys General of the United States, and the rules aud
rcgulatiolls adopted by lhe Secretary of 'Yar, relative to the execution of those
Laws: 1633.
10. LA 'VS OF THE UNITED STA TES RELATIVE 1'0 THE N A VY AND
MARINE CORPS to l\lareh a, lc41; with acts and resolutions, grantiJlg medals,
8words, ami votes of thanks, &c., private acts, atable of appropriatiolls and ex-
penditurcs for the Naval Servicc frorn 1701 to 1840 inclusive; al so a synopsis of
Legislation of Congress on Naval A(fairs rluring the RevoIlltionary war: 1841.
11. RESOLUTIONS, LA WS AND ORDINANCES RELATING '1'0 THE
PAY, HALF-PAY, COlHl\IUTATION OF lIALF-PAY, BOUNTY LAl\"DS
AND OTHER PRO}IISES made \;y Congress to the officers and soldiers o( the
Revolution; to the settlement of accounts hetween the United States und the seve-
ral States, and to the funding of the revolutionary D,,!Jt: 1838. Compiled by ,Y.
S. Franklin, Clerk, under resolution of the House of Representatives of April 11,
1836.
12. STATEMENT OF TIlE ARTS AND l\IA:\"UFACTURES OF THE
UNITED STATES fur 1810, by Teneh Coxe, under direetion of Albert Gallatin.
Secretary of the Treasury, in ooedience to a resolution of Congress of March 19,
1812.
13. TABLES OF THE CENSUS oftlle United States for 17!JO, 1800, 1610, 1620,
1830, 1840.
14. COMPENDIU:\I OF TITE 6th CENSUS for 1840, exhibiting the pODulation,
wealth, and resourccs ofthe country, the aggregate value and produce, an,1 nnm.
ber of persons employed in Mines, Agriculture, Commeree, Manufactures, &c.,
with an abstrnct oC eaeh precerling census, and the apportionment of Representa.
tlves nader the same: 12·11.
15. STATISTICAL YlEW OF TIrE POPULATION OF TIlE UNITED
STA TES, FRO:\l 1790 TO 1830, inclusive, published in accordance with the
resolutions of the Senate of the Unitcd Slates of February 26,1333, and March
31, 1834..
470
16. A CENSUS OF PENSIONERS for Revoll'.tlonary or l\1ilitary servicesj
with their names, ages, and places of residence as returned by the Marshals: 1841.
17. MILI1'ARY LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES, includillg those relating
to the Marine Corps, by Trueman Cross. 1838.
18. A SYSTEiH OF PENAL LAWS FOR THE UNITED STATES of
America, consisting of acode of Crimes and Punishments; acode of Proceed-
J.ngs in criminal cases; acode of Prison Discipline; and a book of Definitiolls.
Prepared and presented to the lIouse of Representatives of the UlIited States, by
Edward Living-ston: 1828.
19. THE DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE OF THE AMERICAN RE-
VOLUTION, being letters of Benjamin Franklin, Silas Dean, John Adams, John
Jay, Arthur Lee, 'Villiam Lee, Ralph Izard, Francis Dana, 'Yilliam Carmichael,
Henry Laurens, John Laurens, 1\1. Dumas and others,· concerning lhe Foreigll
Relations of the United States during the whole Revolution; with replies from
the Secret Committee of Congress, alld the Sccretary of Foreign Affairs; also cor-
respondence with the Frenclt l\Iillisters Gerard and Luzerne. By Jared Sparks,
under resolution of Congres~ of March 27, 1818, in 12 volumes, from March 3
1776 to 1784.
20. THÉ DIPLOMATIC CORRESPONDENCE of the United States, frqm the
Treaty of Peace of 1783 to March 4, 1789; heing letters of the Presidents of Con-
gress, Secretary of Foreign Affairs, American .l\Iinisters of foreign courts, forcign
l\Iillisters near Congress, Reports of Committecs of Congress, Reports of Secretary
for Foreign Affairs, and from individuals on Publtc Affairs. By Jared Sparks,
under direction of the Secretar y of State, conformably to act of Congress of May
5, 1S:32, in 7 volumes.
21. STATE l' APERS AND PUDLIC DOCUi\IENTS OF THE UNITED
STATES, FROl\I MARCH 4, 17SD, TO 1t:1!J; including Confidential Docurnents
first published, Inaugural Speeches, lVIessages from the President, und Docu-
ments on Foreign Relations, &c. &c. By Thomas B. ''\Tait & Sons, in 12 volumes,
under the patronage of Congress.
22. RECEIPTS AND EXPENDITURES OF TIJE UNITED STATES,
published annually by the Treasury Departmcnt in obeclience to the 7th clausc,
9th section, 1st article of the COllslitlltlOn of the Ullited Sta tes, alld conformalJly
to a standing order of the House of Representati ves of Decem],er 30, 179l.
23. THE i\IADISON P AI'ERS; lJeing James l\Iallisoll's correspondence aud
reports of debates durillg the COllgress of the Confcderation, amI his report;; of
debates in the Federal Convention, from the original manuscripts purchased by
order of Congress. Published in 3 volumes by direction of the Joint Library
Committee of Congress, under the superilltendence of Henry D. Gilpin: 1841.
2,t. TABLE OF POST-OFFICES IN THE UNITED S1'ATES, arrullged in
!.Ilphabetieal order. Exhibitillg the States, Territories and Counties; Names of
Postmasters; the Distances from 'Vashillgtoll city to the Capitals of the several
States and Territories; and the post-olfices arrallged by States and counties.
Pilblished under autbority of the 1'ostrnaster-Gelleral from time lo time.
25. OFFICIAL ARMY REGISTER OF 'I'HE UNITED STATES. Published
/l. 1l11ua1ly by order of lhe Secretary of ""Yar, in cOlllpliance with a rcsolutioll of
471
lhe Scnate, of December 13, 1815, and of the Housc of Representatives of February
1,1830.
26. OFFICIAL REGISTER OF TIIE OFFICERS AND CADETS OF TIIE
UNITED STATES l\IlLITARY ACADEMY, WEST 1'OINT. PuiJlisheú annu-
sUy by order.
27. OFFICIAL NAVY REGISTER OF THE UNITED STATES. Printed
by orrler of the Secretary of the Navy, in eompliance with a resolution of the
Sellate of the U nited States of Decembcr 13, 1815.
CLASS No. 19.
l\IISCELl,ANEOUS PUBLICATIONS, CONT AINING USEFUL POLITICAL,
STATISTICAL, AND OTHER Il'íFORMATION.
1. NILES' "\VEEKLY REGISTER: eontaining political, historieal, geogra-
phical, scientifical, astronomical, statistical, biogmphical documents, essays, and
facts, togcthcr with notices of the arts and manufactures, and a record of the
events of tite times, from September, 1811, to March, 1847.
2. HAZARD'S "Register of Pennsylvania: devoted to the preservatíon of
Ülcts and doeuments, alld every otller kind o: liseful illformation, respeeting the
State of Pennsylvania," from Januarr, 1823, to January, 1836, in 16 volumes.
3. llAZARD'S UNITED STATES CO:\ll\1ERCIAL AND STATISTICAL
REGISTER: containing doeumcnts, faets, and otller useful information, i]justra-
tive oC the history and resources of the American Union, and of each State; em-
bracing eommcree, manufactures, ngriculture, internal improvements, banks,
eurrency, finances, edueation, &e., &e.; from July, 1839, to July, 1842; in 6
Y(Humes.
4. A CONNECTED VIEW OF TIlE WHOLE INTERNAL NAVTGA-
TION OF THE UNITED STATES, natural and artificial, prescnt and prospect-
¡ve, with maps: Carey & Lca: 1826.
5. TIlE TRIAL OF COL. AA RON BURR, on an indictment for treason, be-
fore the Circuit Court of the United States, at Richmond, Virginia, 1807, including
the arguments and clecisions; in three vol limes : by T. Carpenter.
6. REPORT OF THE TRIAL BY I:\Il'EACHi\1ENT OF JAMES PREST-
COTT, Judge of the Probate of "\Vi II s, before the Senate oC Massachusetts, in
1821; with an account of former impeaehments in that State: 1821.
7. HISTORICAL REGlSTER OF THE UNITED STATES, FROM THE DE.
CLARATION OF ~WAR, in 1812, to January 1, 1814; in 4 volumes: 1816. Re-
view of the poli tic al inslÍtutions of the U niled States; offi ci al documents of tho
war, &c., &c.
8. THE N ATIONAL REGISTER: containing a series of public docllments,
procf.'cdings in Cong-ress, statistical ta bIes, reports, and essays, upon agriclllture,
Ill'lIlllt:lctures, commcrce, finance, scicnce, literature, and the arts; with biogra.
phiral sketcb('s allll political events: by Joel K. Mead: 1816.
9. STATISTICAL ANNALS: embracing views of the populatíon, commer('~
navigation, fisheries, pubJic lantls, post-offiee establishment, revenues, mint, mili·
lary and naval cstablishments, expenditures, public debt, and sinking Cund of lho
472
United States of America, foullded on official documents, commencing Match 4,
1.789, anci elllling ApriI2~, 1818: by Adam Seybert.
CLASS No. 20.
TlIE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS.
The library provided for Congress, after the removal of the Govern·
ment to "\Vashington, having been destroyed in the bnrning of the CaDi·
tal by the enemy, in 1814, the valuable library of Thamus J etrersoll,
which, with the best opportunities and his wel!·known ability, it had
taken that eminent statesman a long series of years to accumulate, was
purchased for Congress, under a joint resolution of October 21, 1814,
and an act of J anuary 30, 1815, and now constitutes the basis of the
Congressional or N ational Library. U pon this fOllndation Congress
have, by a moderate but regular process, been adding to the voIume of
literature, science, and the fine arts, whieh, in the acquisition of the
library of that republican patriarch, had already adorned the Capitol of
the republic; and by the operation of this regular annual provision,
mannged, as it has been, and wil! continue to be, by the united judgment
of the joint committee of the two Houses of Congress, aided in their
active measures by their literary agents, and by the zeal and experienee
of the worthy librarian and his assistants, is destincd to beeome an ample
s:mrce of useful knowledge, which, through the able minds and eloquent
"oiees of the distinguished representatives of the States and of the peo·
pIe, as well as of those of other citizens who have free aecess to this pe·
rennial source, will be ditrused through the country for the public benefit,
elevating its literary taste and character, purifying its moral sentiment,
and increasing its power; for true knowledge, communicated through
pure channels, is the solid source of these and other national blessings.
The limited space to which we are here necessarily confined wiII only
t1dmlt of a reference to the general heads or chapters embraced in
this collection, and to a few partículars which the political history and
public transactions of our own country may render more immediately in·
teresting.
1. Aneient History.
2 l\Todern IJistory:
Southern Europe.
Norlhern Europe.
Turkey.
ASIa.
Africa, &c., &c.
TABLE OF CHAPTERS.
3. l\IoLlcrn Hislory:
EnglHll'l.
Seotland.
Ireland.
4. Modern History:
America.
American Newspapers.
473
5. EccleSlastical Hi~tory.
6. Natural Philosophy.
7. Agriculture.
8. Chemistry.
!J. Surger)'.
10. l\IeJieine.
ll. A na:ollly.
1~. Zuolog)'.
]:). Botan)'.
H. l\lillcralogy alld ConeJlology.
15. OccUp:UiOllS of l\lull-'l\:chnical
Arts.
Ir,. Ethics:
1. Moral Philo;:oplly.
2. Law of l'\atllre alHI Natiolls.
17. HJ\I:gion.
l.". Clillllllon Law:
1. COtnlllCnlarics, Treatises. En-
tr;es, COllYl~y:lncillg, &.c.
2. Criminal Law ,1Il\1 Trial~.
3. Military La"" Courts-]\[ar-
tial, &.c.
19. COmTllOll ],aw:
Dritish Reports
.A merican RCjlorts, viz.:
Sllprellle Court U niteJ Statcs.
Circuit COllrts Ullited States.
General Digests of Rcports.
COUflS of l\laine.
N ew llampshire.
Verrnollt.
l\Tassae husetts.
COllnecticut.
New York.
New Jersey.
PCllu>ylvania.
J)pl;l\\'are.
l\Iarylalld.
Virginia.
Norlh Carolina.
SOllth Carolina.
ti'eorgia.
Alabama
rJ'elt11f'~:::i(~~.
Kcntllcky.
( )Ilio.
J Ilt!iítlla.
1!J. Common Law:
American Reports, viz.:
Courts oC Illinois.
Louisiana.
l\Iississippi.
20. Equity-'I'reatises and Reports.
21. Law, Ecclesiastical-Treatises and
HCJlorts.
22. Law, l\lcrehant and Maritime-
Treatises and Reports.
23 .• Law:
1. Civ~ Law, Codes, &c.
2. Dritish Statutes.
3. Laws of the U. S. and of the
several Sta tes, &c., viz .•
The lJnited States.
State oC Maine.
New Hampshire.
Vermont.
l\I assae husetts.
Rhode Island.
Conlleetirut.
New York.
New Jersey.
Pennsyl\'ania.
Delaware.
J\Iaryland.
Virginia.
North Carolina.
South Carolina.
Georgia.
Alabarna.
Arkansas.
Kentueky.
Tellnessee
Ohio.
Indiana.
Illinois.
J\Iichigan.
l\lissouri.
LOllisiana.
l\Iississippi.
Florida.
Distriet oC Columuia.
24. Polities.
25. J'I'Iathematies, Pure-Arithmetl<l
2G. Mat)¡f:!matics, f'llrp-(;eometry.
474
27. PlIysieo-1\Tathematies:
l\Ieehallies, Staties, Dynamíes,
Plleunmtics, l'llOllies, O plies.
28. Astronomy.
2!J Geography:
Section 1. General.
2. Europe.
3. Asia.
4. Afriea.
5. Ameriea.
Maps.
30. Fine Arts-ArehiteetuFe.
31. Fine Arts-Gardcning, Painting,
Sculpture, &c.
32. Fine Arts-l\fnslc.
3:1. Poetr)', Epic.
34. Romallce-Tales, Fables, &c.
35. Poetry--l'astoruls, Odt!s, Elegies,
&c.
36. Poet)'y, Didactic.
37. Tragedy.
3S. Comedy.
3D. Dialogue, Epistolary.
40. Logic; Rhetoric; Oration8-
41. Criticism-Theory.
42. Criticism-Biuliography
43. Criticism-Languages.
44. Polygraphical.
AMERICAN HISTORY.
AlIen, Pan!. History ofthe American Revolutioll. Prmtcd in 1822.
Bnncroft, Aaron. Life of George WashingtOl~: 1826.
Ballcroft, George. History of the Ullitcd States from discovery of the Amenoan
COlltinent to 1837.
Blount, Joseph. Historieal Sketch of the formation of Ihe Confederacy, Provin-
cial Limits, alld the Jurisdictioll of the General Goverllment over Indian
Tribes and Public Territory: 1825.
Carpenter, T. C. l\'Iemoirs ofTllOmas Jetferson: 180D.
Davis, Paris 1\1. Authentic History of the late 'Yar hetween the United States
alld Great Britain j with a full Accounl of every Baltle by Sea alld by Land.
1836.
ITamilton, John C. Life of Alexander Hamilton: 1834.
Jetferson. l\Iemoir, Correspondence, andl\Iiscellanies, from the Papers ofThomalJ
Jetferson, in 4 volumes. By Thomas Jetferson Ralldolph: 1830.
l\ladisoll. The l\Iadisoll Papers; being James 1\1 adison's Correspondence and
Reports of Debates during Ihe Congress of lhe COllfederation, and his Re-
ports of Debates in the Federal Convelltion frorn the Original 1\lanuscript
j1l1rchased by order of Congress. PlIulished by direction of the Joint Li-
brary Comrnittee, under the superintelldence of Henry D. Gilpin, 111 three
volumes: 1841.
l\farshal, John. Life of Gcorge 'Yashinglon j with an Atlas: 1832.
Tucker, George. Life of Thomas Jetferson; with parts of his Correspondcnce
never before published. and Notices of his Opinions on QlIestiolls of Civ:'
Goverllment, N ational Policy, and Constitutionul Law: 1837.
'Yashington. 'Yritings of George 'Vashington; being his Correspondence, Ad-
dresses, l\Iessages, and Papers,Oíficial and Private, sel'jcted and pub!isllCd
(rom the Originall\Ianllscr¡pts; with aLife of the Author, by J ared Sparks :
1ti37.
NEWSPAPERS.
Bache's General Advertiser, 1795-6-7.
Bache & Dlwne's Aurora, from 17Dil to IBa
475
llrown's Philadelphia Gazette, from 17!l-t lo 1800.
Carey's United States Recorrler, from 17% to 1800.
Delaware Gazet~e, Political Mirror, &c., from 1790 to 1800.
DCllniston's Republicun \Vatch 'l'ower, from lSUO to 1809.
Duune's \Veckly Aurora, from 1810 to 18~1.
Dunlap's A\i('rican Daíly Ad vertiser, from 17Dl to 1793.
DUlIJap & Claypole's Amcrican Daily Advcrtiser, 1794-5.
Dunlap & Claypole's Pellllsylvania I'acket, &c., from 1785 to 1789.
Fellllo's Gazctte ofthe Ullited States, from1789 to 1798.
Globe, Daily, Cily of Washington, from 18.32 to 1845.
IIladisonian, do. 1837-8.
NationalIl!telligcncer,
Do.
do. from 1800 to 1813.
Daily, from 1814 to 1847.
N ational Journal, Daily, from 1S26 to 1831.
J'hiladelphia Gazette, &c., 1795 to 1797.
R:c]¡mond Ellljuirer, 1--0!J to 1814.
Cn:ted Slatt's 'l'elegraph, Daily, 1828 to 1837.
t.; ni ver~al GazetlP, by Samucl llarrison Smith, Philadelphia and 'Vashington
City, 179S lo IdOS.
Virginia Argus and Enquirer, (bound together,.) 1804 to 1808
Do. do. do. 1797 to 1803, and 1809 to 1813.
'Washington Cit)' Gazette, from 1815 to 1826.
POLITICS.
ADA:\TS, JOlIN. Defence of ¡he ConstitutiOlls ofGovernment ofthe United Stutes:
1787.
ADAlilS, JOIIN. History of the Dispute with America, from its Origin in 1754,
lo 1754.
ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY. Duplicale Lctters; The Fisheries and the J\Iissis-
sippi; Documents relatillg to ¡he transactions at the Negotiations of Ghent:
1822.
ADA:\IS & SE'VALL. NovulIglus and l\Ias~achusettellsis, or Politlcal Essays:
1774-5.
A:\1ERICAN REMEl\TBRANCER; or, an Impartial Collection of Essays, Re-
solves, Speeches, &c., relative 10 "Jay's Treaty" with Great Britain: 1795.
Al\IERlCAN GUIDE. Constitutions of the several SI ates : 1833.
A:\IES, FISHER.Works; wjth his Life and Character: 1809.
ARISTOTLE. Trea¡ise 011 Governrnellt. Translaled from the Greek. Lond.l778.
DECCARlA, B. C., l\Tarquis. l\1edjtazioui sulla Economia Politica. Genoa, 1771.
CARPEJ\'TER. THO\lAS. American Senator; or, Repor! ofthe Debates in the
Congress ofthe Uniteu SI ates in 1796-7.
DEBATES in first House of Representatives of the United States from 17S9 lo
1701; by Thomas Lloyd.
DEBATES lind Proceedings in Congress of the United States, from l\rarch 4,
1799, lo March 3,1791: by Joseph Gules, sen.
DEBATES in (he House of Represelltatives of the United States, on "Jay'.
Treuty" wil\¡ vreat Britain: 1796
44.
476
DEBATES in COllgress of the U nited States on the hill for repealing the law "for
the more eonvellient organization of the COllrts of lhe Unlted States;" 1802.
DEBATE in House of Represcntatives 011 the Sellllllole 'Var, in 1819.
DEBA TES in Congress on passagc of Hill for removal of the lndialls in 1830.
DICKIXSO:\', JOB:\'. Political \Vritillgs: kOl.
DIl'LO:\IATTC CORRESl'Oi\'DENCE of lhe United States from ~ptemher 10,
17S3, lO March 4, 17t10; hy Jared Sparks: 1:-0:3-1.
DUER \\"ILLlA!\I A. Oullines of the COllstitullOllal J uri;;prudence ofthe Ullited
States: 1833.
DlJ l'O:\'CEAU, PETEn. S. BriefView oflhe Constitutionofthe UnÍled States:
lS;H.
FEDERALIST, on the l'\cw Constitution, written in lhe yea\' 1788, by Hamilton,
J\Iad:soll, allt1.Jay; with tite Lctters of l'acificus alld llelvidius, on the Pro
clalllation of l'\entraiity of 1793; 1818.
rRA]\' KLIN, BE]\' J A:\l1N. Polítiea!,.i\l iseellaneous, and Philosophieal Picces:
177!J.
GALES & SEA TON. Register ofDebates in Congress from 1824 to 1837.
GALLATIN, ALBERT. Consideratiolls on the Currcncy and llankíng Systcm
oC the e lliteLl Slales; 1831.
G A 1,1 ,A'1'J N, ALBERT. Sketch of the Finances of the U nited Sta tes ; 1796.
lJA:\IILTO:\', ALEXANDER. 'Vorks; comprising )¡is most important Official
Heports; Thc Feueralist; Pacificus, &c.; HilO.
llATSELL, .¡OlIN. Precedents of I'roceellings in the House of Commons; with
observations. Ncw ellition; with additiow;; 1~18.
J ACK::;O.'lf, A NDRE\ V. Annua! l\Iessages, Veto J\Iessages, Proclamations, &l' .. ,
from 12:.2!J to 1S34.
JEICFER::;ON, 'l'HO:\IAS. Manual ofParliamcntary Practicc, for the use oftoo
Senate o[tlte United States, with Ihe Rules of the Senate and of the llouse
of Hepresentativcs; Constitution of the Unitcd States, &c.; 1828.
JOURN AL of Convention that formed the Constitution of the United States: 1787.
JO G le\" AL of Convention of Virginia for ratifying same; 1785.
JOlJRN AL of the llonse ofllurgesses of Virginia from 1740 to 1774.
JOUR.'IfAL ofthe lIouse ofDelegates o[Virginia from 17(,1 to 1790.
JO eHX AL of thc Convention of l\Iassachusetts Jor fraIlling a Constitution, in
1 n!J-1780.
JOURXAL ofthe Convention ofthe peopl!'! of South Carolina in 1832-3.
JOURXAL orthe Convention ofNew York in 1821.
JO L'Rl\' AL of the House of Representatives ofl'e;1Jlsylvania from 1806 to 1816.
JO GRX AL of the Senate amI AssemLly of N ew York from 1820 to IBaS.
JO t' llX Al ,S of the American Congress from 1774 to 1788.
JUURXALS ofthe House of Representatives of the United States, from 1789 to
1d7 .
.I0t'RXALS oftlle Senate oftlle United States, from 1789 to 1847.
KEY to both !loltSCS of Parliament; consisting of Alphahetical Notices of the
Lords and Commons; the Regulations and Standing Orders of both Houses j
with every other species ofInformation respecting the Constitution, History,
~Ild [J sagl's of Parliament. London: 1832.
477
LOCKE, JOnN. 'l'wo Treatises on Government. London: 1521.
LOUISIANA. Debates in the Henale of the Ul1ltou States on the !iIississipp1
Question, February, 1803. Remarks on tilO ViolHtion orthe Treaty rclative
to ¡he l\Iississippi River, by CorioIanus and 'Camillus. Aduresscí' on the
late cession of Louisian1l. 10 the U nited States.
LOUISIAN A. l\Iessage from the PresiJent commnnicating Discoveries in Ex-
pIoriI1g the l\lissouri, ncJ River, and "Tashita, by Lewis, Clark, Sibley, and
Dunbar; with a Statist;cal Aecollnt of the Countries adjaeent: 1806.
l\IcCULLOCH, J. R. Dictiollury, Practicul, Theoretical, and Historical, of Com-
111'~rce and Commcrciul NavigutiOIl; illustrated with 1\Iaps, with SuppIe-
l11ent tIJereto to 1i-i:35.
l\IÁDISO~, JAMES. Lcttcrs lo J\Tr. J\Ionroe on ImpressmenL Colonial' trade,
&c., extracts [rom and encIosures in the lctters of Mr. MOllroe. 1808.
l\IADISON, JAMES. Letters to J\Iessrs. J\Iollfoe and Pinckney, with thcir com-
municatiolls to the Secretary of Htate, relative to the treaty of 180G. 1808.
MAGNA CrfARTA. J\TS.oopy.
MALTllUS, T. R. Dcfinitions in Political Economy. London, 1828.
Essay on the PrincipIes of Population. Lond. 150G.
A llllitions thereto. Lond. 1831.
hquiry into thc N ature and Progre ss of Rent. Lond. 1815.
Principles of Poli tic al Economy considered, with a view to
their practical rtpplication. LO;1(1. 1836.
MANUAL of the Practice of ParIiament, in passing Pllblic and Private Bills,
with Standing Ordcrs of hot'l Hou~es, from lG55 to 18:29. Lond. 1829.
l\IARYLAND. Procec,: ings of tlle Conventions of the Province of i\Iaryland,
held al Allnapolis in 1774, 1775, 177G.
1\IONROE, JA1\lES. View of the comluct of the Exccntiye in the Foreign Af-
fairs of the United States, as connccted with the mission to the French
Repllblic in 17D4.
MONROE, JAMES. Correspondence relative 10 the British Trea!y of lS06.
J\IONTESQUIEU, C. de Serondat, Baron de. (Envres; 17G7.
Spirit ofLaws, translated by Thomas Nugent: 1823.
MOSES, J\lYER. CommerciaI Directory and a Digcst of the Laws of the United
States relating to Commerce; including a Taria; or Rates of Duties and
Tables of CalClllation, applicable to al! manufactures of woo! or cotton im-
ported into the U nited States: 1830.
NE"\Y .JERSEY. J ournal of Provincial Congress; of the Convention; Committee
oi Safcty; Ordinanre for regulating the J\lilitia, in 1775.
NE"\V YORK. JonrnaIs 11Ild Documents ofthe Senate and Assembly ofthe State
ofNew York, from 1820 to 18:38.
NORT'H CAROLINA. Dcclaration oiIndependence by the citizens ofl\Iecklen-
burg county, on May 20, 1775, with accompanying documents and proceed-
lIlgs of the Cumberland Association, and proceedings of the Provincial
Congress ofNorth Carolina at Halifax, Apri14, 1776.
NORTH CAROLIN A. l'roceeuings and Debates of (he Convention to amenl1
the Constltution in 1835.
478
O~DERS. EssC'ntial and fundamental Rules, &c., of ¡he Hons(tof Commons, re-.
Intil1g to their FOrnl:3 of Procccding~, Privjll'gl's~ i..~c.: 1756.
ORDERS O!1 COlltrovcrtcrl Elcctiolls and Hl'turn,: 17 t 1.
I'A:\lPlILET8, 1'0 Ll'l'ICAt, in re,¡I¡:oll to the Hevolutionary war ofthe United
~lales ol" AEler¡crr, fl'Olll 171,5 to 17~1.
PA~t[P¡¡LETS, POLITICAL. Thc Slune by A. ITamilton, J.l\Ta<lison :111(1 olhrrsj
also, PIca for ¡he poor soldicrs "\'!Jo really and actually supported the burl\el1
of the war.-[\Vith a lartje collection malle by 1\Ir. Jetferson of PoliLcal
Famphlcts on various exeitiag and intercsting subjccts, ,yhieh in tura
agitated the public mind, frorn 17Dg to 1812, several of which were written
by himself, J. l\Iadison, A. Hamilton, E. Randolph, A. Gallatin, R. G. Llar-
per, De \Vitt Clinton, \V. C. Nichok C. Pinckncy, R. H. Lee, Olivcr "'n!-
cott, Jolla Adams, Samuel Atlams, T. Pickering. S. Smith, \V. Giles, Ear!
of Buchan, l\lr. Leigh, of DinwidJic, James l\IOllfoe, ano mUII)" other dis-
tingnishell statesmen, as well as otlJer political writers and Editors of
publie Journals.]
PITKIN, TIl\IOTHY. Statistical view of the Commerce of the United States;
Banks, l\lanufactures, and Internal Trade and Improvements; al so Reyellue
and Expenditures of the General Government: 1835.
POLITICAL CLASSICS, viz.: Algernon Sidncy's Discourses on Governmcnt,
with his letters and memoirs ofhis Jife, &c.: 17D5.
PRESIDEI\TS' ADDRESSES ano l\fessages, from 1789 to 1837.
RA \VLE, \VILLIAl\I. View of¡he Conslitlltion oflhe United 8lales: 1829.
REGISTER OF OFFICERS alld Agents, Civil, 1\Iilitary ami Naval, in the ser
vice ofthe United States in 1::;02, the same íj'om 1816 to 1845.
REPO RTS of (he Seeretary of the Treasury on the Finances, from 1790 to
1836.
SA Y, J. B. Catechism of Political Ecollomy, letters lo 1\Talthus, Traité d'EC'onomie
Politique, Treatise on Political Ecollomy; translated fram the French, with
notes: 1 S2t.
SECRET JOUR:\"ALS of the Acts and Proeeedings of Congress, from the first
meeting in 1774, to the oissolution ofthe COllfederation, in l7ciO.
SEYBERT, AD"~:\I. Statistical Annals; embraeing views of the Population,
Commerce, Fi~heries, Public Lands, Revenues, Mint, &e.: 18J 8.
STORY, .JOSEPH. Commentaries on tIJe Constitution ofth.e United States, wilh
a Preliminary Review oC the Constitutional History of the Colollies and
States, befare the adoption of the Constitutioll: 1833.
STORY, JOSEPH. ConstitulÍonal Class Book, beillg a brief exp0sition of the
Constitution: 1834.
TEXAS. Constitution of the Republic oC l\Iexico and of the State of Coahuila
and Texas: 1832.
TE:'\NESSEE. Descriptil'n of this State and its constitution : l70fi.
TRACTS. Considerations on the Society or Order of Cinciunati: liSa.
VI;\! D1CATIO;\i of Edmund Ranrlolplt's ResignatlOn: 1795.
VIRGI:"."IA and Kentucky resolutiolls oC 1798 and 17DO, with T. Jetferson's ori-
ginal draught thercof: al80 l\I:ldison's report i Calhoun's addrtlss: 1832.
479
VIRGINIA. Proeecuings of the Convention of De!egates for lhe Counties and
CorporatioIls in the Cololly of Virginia, he Id in Riehmolld, l\Iarch 20, 1775:
1816.
'V AIT'S State Papers and Public Doeuments of the United States, from 17S9 to
1818.
"\VATTERSTON AND VAN ZAND'f. Tabular Statlstical Vie,ys of the Com-
meree, &c., oflbe Ulliteu States: 1t2D.-Continuatioll ofthe same: 1<::>33.
y ATES, ROBERT. l'iecret Proceedings and Debates of lhe Convelltioll which
formed the ConstilutiOll of the U nited States: 1::>21.
CLASS No. 21.
DEP ARTl\1ENT OF STA TE.
'1'he eminent statesmen who have from time to time occupied the
highly important and responsible station of Secretary of State, have not
been unmindful of the utility of providing for themselves and their suc-
cessors in office, a choice and valuable collection of books, malJS, charts,
and atlases approp,:,iate to the peculiar business of the Department, and
indispensable in the performance of their extensive and varied duties, as
weU as others in various branches of the liberal arts, literature and
science. The limited desigll ofthis volume wil! not admit of the inser-
tion of more than the general heads, and a reference to a few volumes
of general public utility of this collection:-
GENERAL HEADS.
AncJent history-l\Todcrn history, Foreign, Brilish and Americ:1Il-Diograplq
ana l\Iemoirs-Natural history-Botany-l\Iineralogy ami Geology-Natural
philosophy-Agriculture and lIortieulture-Chemistry-Anatomy amI Surgery-
Medicine-Occupations of l\Ian, Technical Arts, Education, Roads and Canal s,
Military Tactics-l\Iental Philosophy and Elhicli-Religion-Law of Naturc und
Natiolls-Luws of lhe Uniteu States-Laws of the several Slates and 'ferritorics
-JrRlSPRUDENCEj comprehending, Law in general, the Civil Law, the Law of
Equity, the CommOll Law, Constitutiollal Law, ¡he Law l\Ierchant and l\Iaritime,
the Law Military and the Law Ecclesiasticul-JuRIsPRUDEXCE j comprehending,
English and American Reports of Cascs-Foreign LaW-POLlTICS j comprehcnd-
¡ng, Diplomacy, Treatie·s, N egotiations, Constitutions or forms of Government,
8tatistics, Commerce, Finance, Political Eeonomy, Journals and histories of
Legislative BOlEes, Foreign State Papers, Politica! Pamphlets und General
Treatiscs-PoLITICS j comprehending American State Papers and Political
Pamphlets-Mathematics-Arts and Scienccs-GEOGRAPHY; comprehending,
General Geography, Voyagcs and Travels-GEoGRAPHYj comprehending, At-
lases, Maps and Charts-PHILOLOGY j cONlprehending, Dictionaries, L{.xicons.
Grammurs and Elementary works-Oratory and Rhetoric-Magazines, Rcv icwa
and Political Journals-l\Tiscellaneolls.
Of these, particular refcrence will be made only to the following:-
44*
480
LAW OF NATURE AND OF NATIONS.
AR;\"OULD. Systéme i\Iaritime et Politique des Ellropéens, pendent le dix.
huitiéme siécle, fondé sur leurs Trailés de Paix, de Commerce, el N<lviga.
tion: 1797.
BOU ClIER. Consulat de la l\Ier, ou Pandeetes du Droil Commercial el :i\Iaritime:
1404. Printed, lS08.
BOUCHER. Institution au Droil l\Iaritime: 1803.
BURLA:\IAQUI. Principes du Droit de la l'\ature el des Gens. The same trans-
lated inlo English, by ~ugent: 18:23.
BURLAlHAQUI. Elémens du Droit NatureL par Durlamaqui; et Devoirs de
L'lIomme et du Citoyen, tels qll'ils lui sont prescrits par la Loi Natllrelle,
traduits du Latin de Pufendorf par Barbeyrae, avee les Notes llU Traduc-
teur et le jlldgement de Lcilmitz: 1820.
CORXELIl Van llYllkershoek, Opera: 1752.
CODIGO de las CostumLres Mari timas úe Barcelona, hasta aqui vulgarmente
Llamado Libro del Consulado: por D. Antollio de Caplllany, y de Mon-
palan. l'IIadrid: 1791.
GRO TI US'S rights of \Var aJl(l Peace, inclUlLng lhe Law of Natu,re and ~ation~ •
translated from lhe original Latin, with Notes and illustrations from ¡he
best political amI legal writers.-(In French, 1724, and Engli5h, 16U.]
HEINECCIU S, Scriptores de .Ture l\Iantimo: 1740.
JACOBSEN'S Laws of tbe Sea, with refcflmce to J\Iaritime Commcfce during
peace and waf: 1S1S.-(In German aud English.]
LE BRuN. Libertad de los Mares: 1820.
LE l'\OUVEAU VALIN, ou Code Commcrcial J\Iaritime par Sanfourehe-La-
porte: 1809.
MAllLY. Le Droit pubIie de VEurope fondé sur les Traites: 1i64.
l\lARTENS'S Summary ofthe Law ofNatibns, with a list ofthe principal Trea1Íeg
cOIlcluded since 1748 down to the present time, indieating the works in
which tbey are to be found j translated from the French by ·William Cob·
be!t: 1705.
J\1ARl'ENS. Guide Diplomatique ou traité Res droits, des immunités et des
dtvoirs, des J\Iinistres publics, des agens diplomatiques et con~lllaires,
dans toute I'etendue de leurs fonctions, précédé de considérations générales
sur I'étude de la diplomatie; suivi d'un traité du style des compositions
diplomatique, d'ul1e bibliographie diplomatique choisie, etc. etc. París:
1837.
PEUCHET, Du Commerce des Neutres en temps de Guerre, traduit de L'Italien
de Lampredi: 1802.
PUFENDORFH de Jure Naturffi et Gentium. Libri octo: 1698.
RUTIlERFORD'S Institutes of Natural Law: 1709.
SYSTE:\IE Universel des principes de Droit J\Iaritime de VEurope, par D. A.
Awni, traduit d'Italien par J\I. Digeon: 1798.
TRATADO JPRIDICO-POLITlCO, sobre Pressas de Mar, y calidadeg que deben
concurrir para hacerse 'egitimamente el Corso: su Autor Don Felix
J():;eph de Abreu, y Eertodano. Cadiz: 1746.
481
V ALIN. Nouveau Cornrnentaue sur VOrdonnance de la Marine: 1681.
V ATTEL'S Law of N ations; or principIes of the Law of Nature, applied to the
conduct and aífairs of Nations and Sovereiglls.-[In Frellch, 1775, and
English, 1820.]
WARD'S Inquiry into the foundations and history ofthe Law of Nations in Eu-
rope, from tbe time of the Grecks alld Romans, to the age of Grotius; 1795.
WE~CKII Codex Jurisgentium. ..'
WHEATON'S Digest of the Law of l\Iaritime Capture!! and Prizes: 1815.
Elcments of Illternational La w; lc4G.
WICC¿UEFORT'S Arnbassador alld his fUllctions: to which is added an his-
torica] Discourse concerning the election of the Emperor, and the Electora .
tran~iated into Ellglish by Mr. Digby.
MISCELLANEOUS BOOKS.
ELLIOT'S Diplomatic Code 01' the united States of America: embracing a col-
lection of Treaties and COllventions between the U nited States and Foreign
Powers, frorn 1778 to 1827.
HALVS Observations on theWarehousillg System and Navigation Laws, &c.:
1821.
HAl\HLTON'S (Alexander) Works, printed in 1810.
HATSELL'S Precedellts of Proceeuings in the House of Cornmons j with obser-
vations; 1786.
LORD'S PrincipIes ofCurrency and Ranking. New York: 1829.
McARTIIUR'S Financial anu Political Facts ofthe 18th Century: 1801.
MALTHUS'S PrincipIes of Political Economy: 1821.
Essay on the PrincipIe of Population; 1809.
PHILLIPS'S Manual of Political Economy; 1828.
RA YMOND'S Elements of Political Economy; 1823.
SA Y'S Treatise on Political Economy, translated from the French; 1827.
Catechism of Political Economy, do.; 1816.
SKIDl\10RE'S Rights oC Man to Property; 1829.
Sl\llTH'S Inquiry into the N ature an.d Causes oC the 'Vealth of N alions, with
Notes and Supplementary Chaplers, by 'Yilliam Playfair; 1813.
TA YLOR'S COllstruction Construed, and COllstitutions Vindicated; 1820.
THE DIPLONfACY of the United States; being an account ofthe ForeigR Rela-
tlOns ofthe conntry, from 1778 to 1814. Printed in 1826.
A DIGEST of the Commercial Regulations of the diíferent Foreign Nations with
which the United States have illtercourse: 1824.
A GENERAL Outline ofthe Uniled States of North America, her Resources and
Prospects, with a Statistical Comparison, showing the advances made in
N ational Opulence in thirty years: 1823.
NOYANGLUS AND MASSACHUSETTENSIS, or Political Essays, published
in 1774 and 1775, on the principal points ofcontroversy between Great Dri-
tain Ilnd her colonies: the former by John Adams, the latter by Jonathan
Sewall; 1819.
PITKIN'S Statistical View of the Commerce of the United States of Ame rica,
itB connection with Agriculture.and Manufactures; 1817.
482
POTJTICAL l\IISCELLAJ\'IES, compiled by \V. B. Giles: 1829.
SELECT P AJ\lPlILETS, eOllsisllllg al' un exposition of the causes and .:haracter
of the war; anel an examinatioll of the Brit~sh Doctrine which subjects to
capture a J\' eutral Trade not open in time ofpeuce: 1815.
SEYBERT'S Statistieal Annal;; ofthe United States of Ametica: 1818.
'fUE AMERICAN REI\IEI\IBRAXCER, or an Impartial collection ofEssays, Re-
solves, Speeches, &c., ~Jative to the Treaty (Jay's) with Great Britain: 1795.
TIlE DIPLOl\IATIC Correspondence of the American Revolution. By Jared
Sparks: 1829.
TIlE DU PLICA TE LETTERS; the Fisheries, nnd the l\Iississippi: document8
relating to transactions at the negotiations of Ghent, eollected and published
by John Quincy Adams: 1822.
\V AIT'S State Papers, Imd public documents of the United Sta tes: 1819.
\V ATTERSTON AND VAN ZANDT'8 Tabular Statistical Views ofthe United
Sta tes; 1829.
BLOUNT'S lIistorieal Sketch ofthe formation of the Confederation, particularly
with referenc·e to the Provincial Limits ana the Jurisdiction of the General
Government over Indian tribes and the public territory: 1825.
DEBATES and other Proceedings of the Convention of Virginia, convened in
June, 1788, for the purpose of deliberating on the Constitutioll of the Ullited
Sta tes : 1805.
483
CHAPTER 12.
ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND PERPETUAL UNION
BETWEEN THE STATES.
(See remarks, Chapter 2, pages 129 to 131, and residue of that Chapter.
" Chapter 10, pages 397, 398, and 406 to 421.)
V'Fve- foltw-~,¡,~ ~e. ~eelll e\';,¡.,~e~t e!Ym¡¡"CI/Le~ w-~tF¡" tF¡"e !Y\'~~~I¡"al
C2kLt~~ <>r c&o-l¡,r;).e\,aÚ!Y11I ~11I tFlIe ®el'VClktl1t-CI..,t,!Yr Eftate, (l;1¡'~
f{)l\;l¡'~ to (',!YI¡"rÜ''Lm m;"wteLiJ' to tFwl1v ~11I te-xt, Eette\" (l;IV~ IHU¡,c,tL¡,(l;t~(}lh
;fft 11¡,.(l;~ tfve\'e~ ~C> 'LeL~e~ L'-'l"!y11I aI.I (l; t'LL'-'c, C!Y11lt.
TO ALL TO WHOM THESE PRESENTS SHALL COME,
WE THE UNDERSIGNED DELEGATES OF THE STA TES
AFFIXED TO OUR NAMES, SEND GREETING.-Whereas the
Delegates of the United States of Ameríca in Congress assembled did on
the 15th day of N ovember in the Year of our Lord 1777, and in the
Second Year of the Independence of America agree to certain articles
of Confederation and perpetual U nion between the States of N e w Hamp-
shire, Massachusetts-bay, Rhode-island and Providence Plantatiolls,
Connecticut, N ew-Y ork, N ew-J ersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Mary-
land, Virginia, N orth-Carolina, South-Carolina, and Georgia, in tha
words following, viz.
"ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION AND PERPETUAL UNION
BETWEEN THE STATES OF NEW-HAMPSHIRE, MASSA-
CHUSETTS-BAY, RHODE-ISLAND AND PROVIDENCE PLAN-
TATIONS, CONNECTICUT, NEW-YORK, NEW-JERSEY, PENN-
SYLVANIA, DELAWARE, MARYLAND, VIRGINIA, NORTIl-
CAROLINA, SOUTH-CAROLINA, AND GEORGIA.
ARTICLE 1. T11e Stile of this confederacy shall be "The United
States of America." .
ARTICLE II. Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom amI imle.
pcmlence, anu every Power, J nrisuiction and right, which is not by this.
confi.deration expressly delegated to the united states. in congrc5S
assemblcd.
•
484
ARTICLE III. The said states hereby scverally enter inl0 a firm
league of friendship with eaeh other, for their commOI1 dcfcllce, ¡he
seeurity of their Liberties, and their mutual ana general weltlnc, billd·
ing thcmselves to assist eaeh other, against all force offered tO,or attw:ks
made upon them, or any of them, on aeeount of religion, sovcrei;;-llty,
trade, 01' any other pretence whatever.
ARTICLE IV. The better to seeure and perpetllate mutnal frienrl-
ship and intercourse among the people of tbe difrerent statcs in this
union, the free inhabitants of eaeh of these states, paupers, v<l¡2;alxmds,
and fugitives f1'om Justiee exeeptecl, shall be entitled to aU privilcgcs
allll immunities of free eitizens in the several states; and- the peoplt) of
eaeh slate shall have free ingress ancl regress to ami f1'om any Ot]¡N
statc, and shall enjoy therein a11 the privileges of tracle and eommerce,
subject to the same duties, impositions and restrietions as the inhabitants
thereof respeetively, provided that su eh rest1'ietiol1 sha11 not extend so
far as to prevent the removal of property imported into any state, to any
other state of whieh the Owner is an illhabitant; provided al so that no
imposition, duties or restrietion shall be laid by any state, 011 the pro-
p . {ty of the united states, or either of them.
If any person gnilty of, or eharged with treason, felony, or other high
misdemeanor in any state, shall flee from Justiee, and be founcl in ¡¡uy
of the united states, he slmll UpOI1 demand of the Goyernor OY executive
power, of the state from whieh he fled, be delivered up and removed
to the state ha ving juriscliction of his oflence.
Full faith ancl eredit sha11 be givell in cach of tllese states to tbe re-
cord", acts and judicial proceeuings 01' the eourts anu mag¡~trates af
cve1'y othe1' state.
ARTICLE V. For the more convenient management of the general
interest of the united states, delegates shall be annually appointecl in
sueh manner as the legislature of eaeh state shall direet, to mpet in con
gress on the first Monday in November, in every year, with a power
reserved to eaeh state, to reeal its delegales, or any of them, at Rny time
within the year, and to senu others in their stead, for the remaimler of
the Ycar.
No state shall be represented in con gres s by less than two, nor by
more tlmn seven members; and no person shall be eapable of being a
delegate for more than three years in any term of six years; nor sliall
any person, bcing a delegate, be- eapable of holding any office under tlle
llnited states, for which hp, or another for his benefit reeeives any salary,
fces or emolument of any kind.
Each state shaIl maiIJtaill its own delegates in any meetin~ of tl10
sta tes, and while they aet as members of tlw committee of the ~tatcs.
In determining quesüons in the ullited states, in eong1'es:3 assemblc·'.l,
eaeh sta te shall have one vote.
Freedolll of speech and debate in congress shall not be impeaehed or
(Juestioned in any Conrt, or place out of congress, ane! the members of
congress shall be protected in their persons from arrests anu imprison-
485
ments, during the time of their going to and from, and attendance on
congress, except for treason, felony, or breach of the peace.
ARTICLE VI. No state withont the Consent of the llnited states in
congress assembled, shall send any embassy to, or receive any emlJassy
from, or enter into any cOllferencc, agreement, alliance or treaty with
ally King prince or statc; nar sImll any pel'son holding any oflice of
prufit or trust under the united states,or any of them, accept of any pre·
S\)l1t, emolument, oflice or title of any kind whatever üom any king,
prinee 01' forcign state; nor shalI the united states in eongress assemuled,
or any of them, grant any title of nouility.
N o two or more states slmIl en ter into any treaty, confederation or
aIliance whatcn~r between tltem, without the consent of the united states
in congress asscmbled, specifying accurately the purposes for which tlle
sallle is to be entered into, amI how long it shall continue.
No state slmIl lay any imposts or duties, which may intel'fere with
any stipulations in trcatics, entered into by the llnited states in congreSo';
assembled, with any king, prince or state, in pursuance of any treaties
already proposed by congress, to the courts of France and Spain.
No vessels of wa:' slmll bc kept up in time of peace by any state, ex-
ccpt such numher only, as slmll be deemeJ necessary by the united
states in congress assemhlccl, ti)r the defence of such state, or its tra-de j
110r shall any uody of furees be kept up by any state, in time of peace,
except such number only, as in the judgmem of the united states, in
congress assell1bled, slmll be deemed requisite to garrison the forts ne·
cessary for tlw Jefence of such state; but every state shall always kcep
up a well regltlated and di~ciplinecl miJitia, suflieiently armed an~ ae·
coutred, ancl shalI provicle ami have constantly reacly for use, in Pllhlie
stGrcs, a due nurnber of field pieces ancl tents, and a proper quantity of
arm~, ammunition and camp er111ipage.
N o state slmll cngage in any war ""ithont the consent of the unitecl
statl's in congress assembled, unless such sta te be actually invadecl by
enemies, or shall have recl'i ved certain ad vice of a resolutiop. being
fonned by some nation of Indians to invacle sllch sta te, and the clallger
io; so illllllincnt as not lo admit of a dclay, till the united ~tates in con·
gress asscll1h!t~(1 can he cOllsulted: nor shall any state grant commi:isions
to any s11ips or vesseIs of war, nor letters of marque or reprisal, except
il be after a cl(,claration of war by the united state;; in congress assemblecl,
amI thcn nnly again:;t the kingcloll1 or state and the subjects thereot;
agaillst which war has been so deelared, and uneler such regnlations as
811,111 be e~tabli.JJe(1 by tite united states in eongress assembled, unless
SllCIt slate he illfi>tcd by pirates, in which case vessels of wal' may be
tittccl out f(Jr tlmt occasion, and kppt so long as the clanger shalí con·
til\l1c. or ulltil the unitcd states in cOllgress assembled sha11 determine
otltcI\\"ise.
A RTICLE VII. \V11en lancl-forces are raised by any state for t110
coml11on defcllce, a11 oflicers of 01' nndel' t11e rank of coloncl, shall L(,
alJIJoü!tcd by the legislature of each state respcctively by wllOm sueh
486
forees sball be raised, or iu sueh manner as sueh state shall direct, and
all vaeancies sha11 be filled up by t11e state which first malle the ar-
poilltmellt.
ARTICLE VIII. All charges of war, and all othcr expemcs that
blmll be incurred for the common dc.fenee or general welfare, and alJowed
hy the united states in COL gres s assembled, shall be dcfrayed out of a
(!ommon treasury, whieh shall be suppliod by tbe several states, in pro-
portion to the vallle of all land within each state, granted to 01' surH'yeJ
for any Person, as such land and tho buildings and improvemclJt3
thcroon shall be estimated aceording to such mode as the united "tates
in congress assembled, shall fram time to time, direet and appoint. Tlw
taxes for paying that praportion shall be laiel and levied by the authority
and direction of the legislatures of tbe several states within the time
agreed upon by the united states in eongress asseml>led.
ARTICLE IX. Tlle united states in congress assembled, shall have
the sole and exclusive right and power of determining 011 peace amI
war, except in the cases mel1tioned in the Gth article-of sending anJ
receiving ambassadors-entering into treaties and al!iancc8, provideJ
that no treaty of c()mmeree shall be made whereby the legislative po,,"er
of the respective states shall be restrained fram imposing such imposts
and duties on foreigners, as their own people are subjected to, or from
prohibiting the exportation or importation of any spe~ies of goods or
commodities whatsoever-of estaolishing rules for deeiding in al! ca~es,
what captures on land or water slmll be legal, and in ,,"hat l1lRnner
prizes taken by land or naval j(¡rces in the sen-ice of the united states
sha¡,¡ be elivided or appropriated-of granting Jetters of marque an(l
reprisal in times of peace-appointing courts for the trial of piracies an,l
felonies eommitted on the high seas amI establishing courts f(¡r receiving
and determining finally appeals in all cases of captures, provi(led that
no member of congress shall he appoillted a judge of any of the said
cOllrts.
The united sta tes in congress assembled shaIl al so be the last resort
on appeal in all disputes and diíferences now subsisting or that here-
after may arise between t,,"o or more sta tes eoncerning boundary, juris-
diction 01' any other cause whatever; which authority shaIl always be
exercised in the manner foIIowing. Whenever the legislative or eXCCll-
tive allthority or lawful agent of any state in controversy with another
shalI present a petition to con gres s, stating the matter in que~tion ami
praying for a hearing, no tic e thercof shall be given by order of eongre~s
to the legislative or executive authority of the other sta te in controYer~y,
ami a day assigned for the appearance of the parties by their la\\fld
agents, who shall then be directed to appoint by joint consent, cmnl1li,-;-
sioners or judges to eonstitute a court for hearing and determining tl18
Inatter in question: but if they cnnnot agree, congress shaIl name tbree
persolls out of each of the uniteel states, and from the list of such per-
sons each party shall alternately strike out oIle, the petitioners beginning,
until the ¡!UIUUer shaIl be reduced to thirtcen; and fmm that nUl1lhel
487
not less than sevcn, nor more than nino na mes as congress sha11 direet,
~hall in the pre~cnce o[ congress be drawll out uy lot, and the persolls
whose names shall be so drawn or any flve o[ tl!Cm, shall be commis-
SlOners or judge8, to hear and finalIy determine the controversy, so
always as a major part of tlle judges who shall hear tbe cause slmll
agree in the determination: and if either party shall neglect to attellll
at the day appointed, witllOut s]¡owing reawns, \vhich congress shall
Judge sufTicient, or being pre8ent slmll re[use to stl'ike, the congress shall
proceed to nominate tIuee perwns out ol' each state, and the secrctal'Y
of congress 511all strike in bchalf o:: sm:h party absent al' refn~ing; and
the judgment ancl scntcnce ol' the conl't to be appointec1, in the man1ler
b<:lore prescriucd, shall be final and conelusive: and if any of tIw par-
ties sllail re[use to submit to the authority of such comt,ol' to appear or
dcJend their claim al' cause, the conrt shall nen~rt]¡ele~:3 proceerl to pro-
110unce sentence, or jndgment, w]¡ich sI mIl in like manner bcJinal and
decisivc, the jLHlgment or sentence and other proceedings beitl~ in either
case transll1itted to con gres s, a d lodged among the acts ol' congress for
tlJe security of the partíes concemed: provided that every cOl11l11issioncr,
IWlore he sits in jlldgll1ent, shall take an oath to be adrninistered by one
o[ the jmlges ol' the supreme or superior court of the state, whel'e the
cause shall be trietl, "well and trnly to hear and determine the matter
in question, acconling to the best of his judgl11ellt, without filYOUr, afrec-
tion or hope of reward:" providetl a!so that !lO state shall be deprived
of tcrritory tor tlle benefit 01' the united slates.
Al! controversies cOllcerning the prívate ri~'ht o~ soil claime(l under
ditlc'rellt grants of two or !llore states, whose jurísclictions as they may
respect such lands, and the sta tes which passed SUdl grant" "[ue ad-
justed, the saÍll grants or either of them being at the same time claimed
to have originated antecedent to such scttlell1ent of jurisdiction, "hall on
the petition o[ eit11er party to the C'ongre::;;; o[ the llnited states, be final!y
detcrmitletl as !lear as may be in the sall1e nmnner as is bef()TC pre-
seribed for deciding disputes rc~pectillg territorial jurisdictioll bctween
diilcrent statcs.
Tlle uniterl states in congress a:"sC'mhled slmll a!so have the sole and
exclusi ve right and power of rcgulating the alloy amI value of coin
struck by their o\Vn authority, or by that o[ the respective states-fixing
the standard of weights antl rneasures througllOut the United States-
regulating the n'acle and managing all aflairs with the Indians, not mem-
bers of any of the statc5, provid0d tIJat the legislative right o[ any 'state
within its own limits be not infringed or violated-establishing or regu
lating post-oHices from one state to another, throughout aU the unÍted
Etates, and exacting such postage on the papers passing tluo' the same
as may ue requisite to ([efray the expenses of tbe saül oflice-appointing
al1 (J1lie~ers of the land forces, in the scrvice o[ the united states, except-
ilJ;.i re;ólllental oJ1ircrs-appointing aU the omeen, of the naval forces,
aml cumtlli~"jonÍllg all oJliccr,; \yhaten'r in the sen ice of the united
:-utt's-Illakillg ndp~ for tbe goyernnwnt and reglllation uf the ::aiel lun¡t
¡diel nayal lorcE':', am1 directilJ::; tlH',ir opcratir¡¡b.
-l.:'
488
1'he united states in congress assemblecl shall have authority to ar-
point a committee, to sit in the recess of congrcss, to be denominated
"A Committee of the States," amI to cOl'lsist of one delegate from each
state; and to appoint such ot11er committees and civil officeI's as muy
be necessary for managing the general afl:¡ürs of the uníted states under
their direction-to appoillt onE< 01' their nllmber to preside, provided tbat
no person be allowed to serve in the ofliee of president more than ona
year in any term 01' three years; to ascertain the nccessary sums uf
Money to be raised [¡JI' tlw !:iervice 01' the unitecl !:ita tes, and to appropri-
ate and apply tl18 same for defrayillg the public expenses-to uorro\V
money,or emit bills on the crellit oi' the united states, transmitting eyei-Y
half year to the respective states un account of the Sllms 01' money ~o
borrowed 01' ernitted,-to build amI equip a nuvy-to agree upon the
number of lalHI forcc~, amIto nmke rcquisitions from each state for its
quota, in proportiol1 to the nU11l1Jer of white inhubitunts in such sta\(;;
whieh requisition sImU be binding, and therenpon tI18 Iegi~Iature of each
state shall appoint the regimenta1 oilicer:3, raise the 111en and c1outh, arlll
and equip them in a soldier 1ike manner, at the expense of the unitp(l
states; and the offieers amI men so cIoathed, aI'med and equipped :;]I;¡]I
mareh to the place appointed, an(l within the time agreed cm by tIJe
uniter! states in congress assembled; But if the united states in eongre,;::;
assembled slm]], on consideration of circumstances juuge proper tbat
any state should not rai"e lllen, or sbOllId raise a smaller numbcr than
its r¡llota, alld that any otber state shOllld raisc a greater numlJcr 01' nwn
than the quota t11er801; f'llch extra lltlllllJc1' sball be raisecl,ofIiccfl'd,
cloathed, anned múl p(¡uipped in tllt' sall1e 1l1ftllnCr as the quota 01' sudl
state, unless the IC'gi~lature of ~1ll'J¡ ~tate shall judge that such extra Jl11111-
ber eannot be saJdy spared out 01' the same, in which case they slmll
raise oflieer, cloath, "ann ami erjuip as many of such extra number as
they judge cun be sufely"pareel. AmI the ofiicers and men so cioathcd,
armed alld eqnipped, shall 111arc11 to the place appoimed, and within
the time agreed on by the llnited statc,", in congress assembled.
The llnited states in COl1gress as,;cmblcd sImll never engage in a \\"ar,
nor grant 1ette1's of marque aml rqJl"i"a1 in tillle 01' ¡¡eace, nor e!Jtcr im,')
any treaties or alliunces, nor coin [jJOllPy, llor regulate the value t]¡ere'JJ;
nor ascertain the SUI11S and expel1~es nece::,sary for the defence alJ(i
we1fure of the united stute~, or auy (Jf tllell1, 110r cmit lJills, 110r bOlTc)\\'
money 011 the eredit of the united states, llOr approrpiate 1l10ney, nor
ugree UpOI1 the number of vessels of war, to be huilt or purehased, or
the number of land or sea forces to be rai~ed, llor appoint a commandcr
in chief of the army or navy, nnles::; nine states as::;cnt to the same: llor
shall a question on any otllOr point, exeept fuI' atljourning from day to
day be determined, unle::;s lJy the votc::; of a majo1'ity of the united sta tes
in eongress assembled.
The Congress of the united stutes sll<\l1 have power to adjourn to ally
time within t11e year, and to uny plaee within the unitcd sta tes, so t1:;;t
no period of adjournment be for a lOllger <lmation than the spaee 01' ~ix
u10nth8: ancl shall publish the J oumal of their proeeediugs mOllth]y, ex-
cept such parts thereof relatin;:; to treaties, al!iances or military opera.
tions, as in their judgment require secrecy; aml the yeas ami nays oI
t11e delegates of each state 011 any question shall be entered on the J our-
nal, when it is desired by any delegate; ancl the delegates of a sta te, or
any of them, at his or their request shall be fumished with a transcript
of th'3 saiel J oumal, except. sllch parts as are aboye excepted, to lay be-
fore the legislatnres of tlle several sta tes ..
ARTICLE X. The committee of t11e states,or any nine of them, shall
be authorized to execute, in tlle recess of congress, sueh of the powers
of congress as the united states in congress assembled, by the consent
of nine states, shall from time to time think expedient to vest them
with; provided that no power be delegated to the said committee, for
the exercise of which, by the articIes of confederation, the voice of nine
states in the congress of the united states assembled is requisite.
ARTICLE XI. Cana da acceding to this confederatíon, and joining in
the measures of the united states, shall be admitted into, and entitled to
al! tlle ad vantages of this union: but no other colony shall be admitted
into the same, unless such admissioll be agreed to by nine states.
ARTICLE XII. All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed and
debts contracted by, or under the authority of congress, before the assem-
bling of the united states, in pursuance of the present confederation,
shall be deemed amI considerecl as a eharge against the united states,
tor payment and sati~faction whercof the said unÍted states, and the
public ülÍth are hereby solemnly pledged.
ARTICLE XIII. Every stato slmll abic1e by the determinations of
the united states in congress asscmbled, on aIl questions which by this
confederation is subrnittecl to them. Antl the Articles of this confedera-
tion shall be inviolably observed by every state, and the union shall be
perpetual; nor shall any altcratioll at any time hereafter be made in
any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a eongress of the
llnited statcs, and be aftcrwanls confirmed by t11e legislatures of every
statn.
And ~Vhcreas it hath pleasccl tIlO Great Goyernor of the \Yorlcl to in-
cline the hearts of tlle legislatures we rn,'pectively reprcsent in congress,
to approve of, ane] to authorize ns to rati(y the said articles of confedera-
tion and perpetual 11níon. Know Ye tlJat we the undersigned delegates,
by virtne of the power ancl ant}¡ol'ity to lIS given for that purpose, do "by
these presents, il] the Ilmne and in lJehalf 01' our respective constitl}ents,
fully ana entIrely ratify amI confirm each and every of the said articles
of confe(leration al1(l perpetual union, and aIl ami singular the ma ttGrs
amI things th8rc'¡n contained: And we do fmtller solemnly plight and
cngage the ihith ol' our respective constituents, tbat they shali abid e by
tlle detcnninations of the unitc(l sta tes in congress assem bled, Dn all
questions, whicll ]¡y the said confederation are snbmitted to thelll. And
that tilO articles thnn,ol' shall be inviolably observed by the states we
rcspectivel)' represnnt, a11(t tliat tIte union shaB he perpetual. In wit
ness wl¡ercof li'e "an~ ]wre11nt() ~C't 0111' ]¡allds in Congress. Done at
4~O
Philadelphia in t110 "tato of Pcnnsylvania t110 flth Day of J uly in the
Year of our Lord, 1778, amI in t1le 3d rear uf tlle Indcpendcnco uf
America.
Josiah Bartlett,
John Hancock,
Samuel AuamA,
Elbriuge Gerry,
William Ellery,
Henry ~larchant,
Roger Sherman,
Samuel Huntington,
Oliver 'Wolcott,
Jas Duane,
Fras Lewis,
Jno Witherspoon,
Robt MOrj"is,
Daniel Roberdeau,
Jon" Bayard Smith,
Tho. M'Kean, Feb. 12, 177fl.
John Dickinson, May 5, 1770,
J ohn JIanson,
]\1a1'ch 1st, 1781,
TIichard IIpnry Lee,
.Tohn Bani,ter,
'I.'homas AUlllIlS,
.Tohn Penn,
J uly 21st, 1773,
Henry 1.a111',.n8,
William IJcnry Drayton,
J no jUatthcws,
Jno Walton,
2-!th July, 1773,
JOhn.Wcntwo1'th. jun. ~ On tho 1'al't and lJ0ha1fof the
August ~th, 177S, 5 otate of~ew IIampshil'e.
Fran(-i.~ Dana,
JaIlH'!> Lovell,
Samllel IIo]ten,
J ohn Collins,
Titus IIof'mcr,
Amll'cw Adam,
1Villiam Due1',
Gou vr .i\1orris,
Kathl Scuducr,
William Clin!~an,
Joscph ]('cd,
~:!ll .luIy, 1778,
Kicholas Van Dyke,
Drmi,'l C:trroll.
:'farch bt, l7:S1,
~ On tho 1'art anll lll'half of lllO J state of Massaehusetls-J;:ty.
}
on thc pa:t and boha1f Of. the
"tate oí TIhoue-J "Jami au,l
l'roviuonco l'lantations.
}
on thc part :1m1 1)('ha1f of the
state of COlluecticut.
~ On the part amI llPha1f of the
5 statc of Xew-York,
}
on t11C part and bcllaJf of the
Rtatc 01' Xc",-J crscy, Xoycm-
bol' :!tJth, 1778.
}
on Iho part and l,cha1f of the
stato of l'CIl nsy l,ania.
} On tlw 1'a1't anl1 lH.'half of tlw 8t:tt,~ of D,·]u\',arc.
} On tlw 1'art ,mil bl'hnlf of the state of 1)l<IryJallll.
.Tl1o IIarvi,). ) On thc pnrt :mr1 ]¡ehalfof the
:E'ralleis Li:~htfül)t Lc,), >-
C()rn~ Tln¡~nntt,
;rllo \Yilii:ll"i',
Riell,1 Jlnt'on.
'l'1m'l. ll"ywal'd, jun,
l)lwd TcJf:Lir,
Edwd Langworthy,
J ,tate 01' Yirginia.
¡ 011 1111' ]'nl't :md ¡,,'lJ:l~ f "f tla'
\. "late nf X "1'1 lt-Cal'"lin:t,
1 On t11<' part :11111 j),'h:tlf (,f the f sl:tle ot" SnliLh-Cal'oliua.
1 On tho Jlal'! an,] h<·h:t!f of t1l9
í slato (jf (lüOl'gia.
TIIE TIIIRTY-TIIIRD COXGRESS 01" TIIE UXITED STATES.
TrIE SE~ ATE.
DA lID TI. A TCHI:if)", l'residcnt ]11'0 tempol'e.
Aóúury lJicl,'e1/s, SceroLary of the Senalc.
SENATOItS FROM THE SEVETIAL STATES, WITI: nlr,m PLACES OF nESIDE!\CE on POST I)FFICES,
RE3PECTIYELY •
.1.Ycw II I)i? )1,ohire.
Moses N"orris, ~I:lllchestcr. .Jarou W, ,¡-¡¡¡íamR, Lanca.,ter.
J,lassrtch i( -'rUg.
Charles Sumner, Boston. .1 uJiu, Hockwcll, Pittidield.
Rhnde Ish¡nd.
Charles T. Jame~, Providence. l'Lilip Allen, Pro,iucnco.
((mure/in/l.
Isaac Toueey, IIartfunl. rram·i" el illettc, Hnl'tfonl.
401
So!omon :F'oot, Rutiland.
~Ycw lín·k.
IIamilton :Fisb, New York William n. Seward, AuLurn, Cayuga co.
~Yew Jersey.
John R. Thornson, Princeton. William Wright, Newark.
renn.~!lhania .
• Tames Cooper, Pottsville. Hiehanl Br011head, Easton.
lJclaware.
• Tumos A. Bayard, Wilmington. Jobn 1Ir. Clayton, Chippewa .
],[ar.ljland .
• Tames A. Poaree, Cbestertown. 'l'homas G. Pratt, Annapoli~.
Vi1'ginia.
James ~I. Mason, Winchestcr. Hobert ~l. T. Hunter, Lloyd's, Essex eo.
lYorlh C'a/'()lina.
George E. Badgcr, Hall'igh.
South ('arolinn.
Andrew P. ButIer, Edgefield C. n. J.1. Evuns, Socicty IIiJl.
Geo/'gia.
William C. Dawson, Grcensborough. l{olJel't Toombs, Washington.
Kentllch,.
John B. Thompson, Harrousbul'g. A. iJixon, IIenderson.
Tennf.~sep-.
John Bell, Nashvillc. J. C. Jones, l\lcmphis.
OMo.
Salmon P. Chase, Cincinnati. Benjamin Wade, Jefferson.
LOllisiana .
• 1. P. Benjamin, New OrIeans. .Telhu ;:.i¡¡uell, Xew Orleans.
Indiana.
Jesse D. Bright, lIladbon. .Toh11 Pcttit, I,afayeHe.
Jlfissi.ssippi.
Sü·phen Adams, Aberdecn. Aib"rt G. 131'own, Newíown, IIinds co.
Illinois.
Stephen A. Douglns, Chicago. James Shields, Bellevillc.
Al."bamrl.
Benjamín l'itzpatrick, Wetnmplm. C. C. Clay, J1'., IInntsville.
],[./ {ne.
Il!lllnibal Hamlin, IIamp(lt'l1. "'iIliam l'itt Fessel1l1en, Pül'tland.
j\fissnuri.
DaviLl R. Atl'hi,on, I'latt Cit,v. ll. ~. Geyer, St, I,oui".
A1'l .. ausrrs.
William K. Sebastian, Helena. J:obert W. Johnson, Little Rock .
• '[icMotlll.
Lewis CaSA, Detroit. C'harlps E. Stuad, Kalamazoo.
Ploricirl,
Jackson )Iorton, Pens!1cola. S, R. :l1a11ory, Jacksonville.
r¡J;xu.~.
Sam. IIonston, IInntsvill... Thomas J. Rusk, Nal'ogdoches.
II 'isr01u:i 11.
IIenry DoLlg(" DoLlgeville. 1mal' P. Walker, :'IIilwaukie.
]{ywa.
Augustus C. Dodge, Burlington. George W. Jones, Dubuque.
n,¡ i(orni'l.
William :\1. Gwin, ~an Franci~co. . .lohn TI. Weller, San Francisco.
4;"í'¡'
492
IIOUSE OF REPIlESEXTATIYES.
LTh'"X llOYD, of Kcntucl¡y, Speaker.
John W. Fome?!, 01' Penl1f'ylvnnia, C]crk.
l'tEPRESENTATITES froID tbc several States for thc Diftricts as numhcred, and Delegate3
froID the slJyeral Territories, with thcir p1a~ps 01' re¡.;j<lence, 01' Post Oflires, respec·
tively.
~7I,~ew IL1mpdu·re.
1. George W. Kittredgc. Xew 'Jlarkut. 3. IIarry IIiLbanl, n:ltb.
2. George W. Morrison, lilanchestcr.
Jkssaclmsdls.
1 .• Tonathan D. Eliot, l'~cw Redford. 7. l':nthnJlicl P. llnnks, .Tr., Waltham.
2. Pnmuel L. Crocker, Taunton. 8. Tappan ~Wentw()rth, Lowcll.
3. J. ~Wiley Edlllands, l':ewton Coraer. (l. A1"xnlHlpr V,· Witi, Oxtf)rd.
4. Samu<,1 n. \ralley. Roxhury. ]0. ~Erlwal'll TJj"kinPnn, Amlwl'st.
5. "'illiaID Appleton, llostOll. 11. Jolm Z. Uoudrich, SLockbri<lge.
6. Churles ,Yo Uphnm, Salem.
1. Thomus Davis, Provi,lcnce.
1. .TRmes T. Pmtt, Roek', IIil!.
2. Colín ~1. lnger:3011, ~,~w Haven.
1. James :\f,'acham. i\Iid1llehury.
2. Andrew Trae)', "·ood,toek.
1 .. Tames :lI,mrice. :\fnspcth.
Ehode l.<7a¡¡d.
2. lJ(·nj~rnin TI. Thnr,ton, IIopkinton.
Connrc!icut.
:3. Xai.han rl'l,]¡er, ='ie\\' Lnnrlon.
4. Ori;;cn ;S. i'eyll1llUr, Litchfield.
Vcnnnnt.
3. Ahuh 8a1:in, Geor¡;ia.
l'\~C1V J~,¡'z..
1H. Peter Ilnwll. SChplH'ctarly.
2. '1'homas "-. CUIDrning, llrooklyn. ] fl. (] por:":8 \\'. eh:!"c, Sdwllev,'rs.
3. lliram Wnlbri(lp;e, ~ew York.
4. Mike Wa1oh. 1\,'\V York.
5. Williarn :H. TWPl'tl, ='iew York.
f. .• Jo1m "'hc81('r, ~ew York.
7. "\Villiam A. "'Hiker. ~f'\\' York.
8. }'ranr¡" n. Cuttinp;,'='iew York.
9 .• 1nred Y. l'cck, l'ortche,ter.
10. ,rilliam ~Iurray. GOShPll.
11. 'l'hrodk. IL '" estbrook, li:ingston.
]~. Oilbert Dean, Poughlw'psie.
13. J{us,ell Sng,", Troy.
14. Hufus "-. Peckhllm, Alhnnv.
1G. CllarlC's Hu¡rhes, San<1~' lJili.
lfj. (1c(lrg-e A. :'immous, Kc",evil!e.
li. IlíBhop l'crkills, ObdensLurb'
20. Or':tmuR B. 1Ilatteson. Util'a.
21. H"nry ];f'nllett, l\l'W llerlin.
22. G('rrit Srnith. rpler~b()rnugh.
~:;. Cah-h L}'Oll. of LynlH"lale.
24. 11'lIli,·1 '1' .• Jonps, BHldwinsyj)]e.
:25. J:d win B. ~lor¡':'t1l, A Ilrora, Cilyuga co.
211. And,..'w Oli""r, l','n Yan.
2i. Jo11l1 J. 'l'ay1or, Owei!'o.
2R. GcrJrge Ilastings, ~loLlnt :I!01'riR.
29. Iln"h, Cnrp,·nter. Hrockport.
30. Hf'njan1in Pril1~le, HaJavia. ncne~ec oo.
:31. 'J'hoInns 'r. ¡"la~l"r, Loekport.
~~:2. 801ol11011 11. lInYPl1. UufTalo.
3:1. Heu]Jt'u R J<'ellton, }'rewsLurg.
l\~pw Jn·sf7l.
1. l\""ihan T. ~tratton, :'tlulliea lIm. 4. C;eor~e Yail, :\Torri,towll.
2. Charles :-:kdtOll, 'J'l'entoll. [jo Alexallllcr C. 31. l'euningtoll, Nl'wark.
!1. ~aIDuel Lilly, LaIDLertyille.
PI~lInsyll' "?lin.
1. 'rhomas TI. Florenee, Philadelphin. U. Galll,hn A. OI'OW, Glenwood.
2 .• Toseph R Chamller. Philitc1e1phia. ]5 .• Jam", (;mnj,ll', .1l'r,o"y Shure.
~ .• Jnhn Ho]¡],illS, .Tr., I~en8ill¡.:tl,n. In. 'Yilli:nn JI. l\u1't", York.
4. \\'illinm 11. ,,'Htt', Richmond. 1i. f'amnd L. Hw'scll, Bt',lf1m!.
5 .• 1úhn C\le:\air. l\"orl'Í,t"wn. 18 .• Tnhn ~I('Cnll,,('h, S1mn'r's Creek.
6. Willhm Eyerh:trt, 'Yf·~t Chcster. 1\1. A\("ll~tn." Tlrulll, ]mliaua.
7. SnIDuel A. Bl'id~c.", All .. ntowu. 20 .• To1m L. J)l\W,OIl. Brownsyille.
8 .• T. m:mey .Tonl';;, Hentlin~. 21. D'l"ill Hitf'!Jip, I'itt;;hurg.
9. I~unc K !liest"r, I~c:n"n"t0r. 2:2. 'fhl.lllns:\1. Ifm'i'c, Alle;.rhany City.
]0. l\"er :\litld!t~f'lVarth, Be:lY<'t'town. 2:\. ;\lid':I,'] C. TI·OUt., :-:J,al'on.
11. Chri,ti,m 'L Strauh. I'nttRyilll'. 2.t. Cnl'ltnll H. Cm'ti", Warrcn.
12. Ilt'ndrkk B. \\'ri¡.:ht. Wilkc.,barrc. 25. JOhll Vick, :\leu,lYille.
l~l. Afa l'acker, ')laurh Chunk.
493
Ddawa1·e.
1. Georgc Rcau Riuule, Wilming1;on .
1. John TI. Franklin, Snow JIil!.
2. ,laC'ob Shover, Man(~h("ter.
3. JObhua Yans:mt, Baltill1orc.
1. Thomas n. TIayly, Accomac C. n.
2 .• Tohll S. '\lilJ,Oll, N"or[ork.
a. John S. Caskie. Ri"hmoud.
4. ""ilJiam U. (Joode, Boydton.
• Varyland.
4. H('nry ·May. Baltimore.
f¡. ""illiam 'l'. Hamilton, Hagerstown.
G. Augustus R. SolIers, Prince Fredericks-
rir.r¡inia.
[town, Calvert co.
R. Charles J. Faulkner, l\Iartinsburg.
9. John LC'tcher, Lexington.
10. Zedekiah Kidwell, Fairmont.
5. Thom:B S. Bocock, AppomaUox C. n.
G. I'aulus l'owell, Amh"rst C. n.
11. John ,l!'. Snodgrass, Pa1'kersburg, (de-
[ceased.)
12. Henl'y A. F.dmundson, Salem, Roanoko
7. \Yilliam Slllith, l\'arrellton. 13. Fayette lIle'lI ullen, Rye Cove. j co,
]{úl'th CUl'nlina.
1. IIenry ::\1. S11aw, Indiantown. 5. John ICerr, Yanceyville.
2. 'l'homas Rnffin, Go]r¡,bol'Ou."h 6. Hichard O. PUl'Yf'ar, Huntsville.
3. "'illiam El. Aohe, '.nlmington. 7. Burtoll Crai;re, ~alisbury.
4. Elion H. Jloger~, Haleigh. 8. Thomas L. Olillgman, Asheville.
Seullt GlrlJliJ;·a.
1 .• Tohn l\rcQucen, Marlbnrnugh C. n. 4. Pre"ton S. Brooks, N"inety-six.
2. \nlliam Aiken, Ohal'lcston. 5 .• James L. 01'1', Anderson.
3. Lawrence jI. Keitt., Ol'angebur¿;h C. n. ti. \nlliam W. noyce, Winnsbol'ough.
1. James L. Seward, Thnmnsvillc.
2. Alfrpd !l. Cnlquitt. Newton.
:1. David J. Rl1iley. Ja('k~()ll.
4. ,rilliam TI. W. Dont, :\ewnan.
1. Linn Royel, Pndupnh.
2. Ben. Ed wards Orey, Ifnpldnsville.
3. J'rp,ley Ewing, Hu""pllvill,·.
4. James S. Cltrismun, ~Jonti<·cllo.
[,. Clemcnt B. HilI, I,ehunon.
Ce01·[Jiu.
f¡. Ellj-th W. Chastain, Tnco!1h.
6 •• TUllius IIillyor. Monroe. Wl1lton co.
7. Da \'id A. Reese, 1Hollticéllo.
8. Alexander n. Stéphen8, Crawfordsville.
ICenlud.,,!! .
6. Joltn 'II. Elliott, Prrstonshurg.
7. \\"illialll 1'reston. LCiUisyiJle.
8. John O. nnc'cken hridge, Lexington.
9. J,.,ander )L Cnx, Flelllin¡.::sburg:.
10. lticbard n. Btalltoll, llIaysyille.
Tennessee.
1. Kathaninl G. Taylor, Ihppy Yalley. 6. Goorge W. Jonos, Fayetteville.
2. \rm. ~L Churchm'JI, }i:noxwdl. 7. J!ohert )I. Ungg. I,ynuvil!e.
:~. Samurl A. Bmith, Charll'ston. 8. }'clix K. 'l'illicoffür, C\asbville.
4. WilJiam ('nllom. Cartha!Cp. 9. Emcrson Etheridge, Dresden.
u. Charles lteady, 'IIurfrues1urOu1!;h. ]0. }'rcderkk P. Btautoll, Memphis.
Oh ir¡.
1. Dayid '1'. DiSn0Y, Cj¡wil1llati. 12. F.dson B. Olds, Circlcyille.
2 .. Tubn 8"011 lIa 1:l'iSllll. ele""'s, lIamiJton 13. \Yilliam D. Lindsley, Santlu.sky eilT.
0>. J,¡,wis D. Camplll']1. [["miltoll. leo. 14. IIal'Ycy n. Jdhnson, ARhhmd.
4. )[alt)¡ias H. ~icJlUIs. Lima. 15. WiIliam 1:. Elapp, l\lount Ycruon.
G. Alf1" el P. ¡·:'l"e!'!o¡l. Jlit'ksville. Hi. Edward Ball, Z~\1esvi1le.
(j. 1\l\dl'l'w Ll1isllll. (:,>O\"gdO\l'Il. 17. ,,'ilson Shallnon. St. Clairsville.
,. Aai'(~ll lIai'l:lil. 1\-11/)"0/ :'print;R. 18. Ueorge nliRS, Akron.
". ~!(.s,'s B. C"nl"Ín. CrlJ:wa. 19. Edward \rade, Cleveland.
(l. FI'I·,kl'kk Ir. GI'l'PI). 'l'iflin. 20. Joshua R. GidlliuQ:s, Jeffersou.
1'1 .• hh" L. 'l':n Inl'. ChiJlirothe. 21. Andrew Stuart, :;teubenvillc.
11. 'J]¡'Jlll:l:'; Hiicbie, Bonwnid.
]. ¡,¡lliam Dlluhar. Xc\\' Orleans.
:2. 1'heodore U. llUllt, l'iew Urlca\1s.
1. Smilh 'IIiller. Pntoka.
. ) lrll1i:tffi n. Png-lish. Lexing-tnTI.
:l. Cyrus L. Dunbam, Ynlley ,Farm.
3 .• Julm Perkins, Jr., Ash',oO<.l, Te\1¡;n.~
4. 1:o1aml Jones, Shl'evepol't. [Pm-1,-h.
Indiana.
4. James H. I,nnc. I,awrencebnrg.
Ií. Pamuel \V. P:lrkpl', Connersvi!lc .
6. 'l'homas A. lIend1'kks, Sbelbyville.
7 .• TOM G. Davis, Roekville.
8. Daniel ~lace, Lafayctte.
!l, Norman Eddy, South Bond.
494
10. Ehr. :Ir. Ch:'\mhcrlanu, C:oshcn.
11. Audrew J. Harl:m, ~larion.
~Iississippi.
1. Dnniel B. 'I'right, I'alem. 4. \\'Uey P. JIarrii', Monticello, Lawreuce
2. 'Yilliam S. Barry, nrnenwoou.
3. O. H. Single ton, Cantono
1. mihu B. '\\'m;hhurn, Galena.
2. John Went-lYorth, Chicago.
3. JeHse O. Norton, Joliet, Will cO.
4 .• Tames Knox, Knoxvil!e.
5. 'Ym. A. Hichardson, Quincy.
1. Philip Philips, ~Iol'¡le.
2 .• Tames Abercrombie, Giraru.
3. Snmpsou W. Harris, 'W l'tumpka.
4. vYilliam R. Smith, FayeHe C. lI.
1. Moses ~lcDonald, Porthmd.
2. Samuel ~Iayall, Gray.
3. E. Wilder ];'aJ'ley, Neweastle.
1. Thomas H. Benton, Sto Louis.
2. Alfred W. Lamb. Hannibal.
5. "'illiam Hark;;dak, Columbus.
IliIlO1',~.
ti, Richard Yatpf', JarkSOlwille.
7 .• 1 am", C. Al1en, Pak;;tine.
8. 'Yilliam n. Bb,:dl, Jkllcville.
(l. ,,'illis Allcll, Mari0n.
Alabama.
5. GcOr;!8 S. IIoustoll, A thens,
6. 'VilIiUll1son H. W. Cobb, Ikllefonte.
7. James F. Dowdell, Chambers C. lI.
.~Iain~.
4. Samud P. TIenl'on, 'Yinthrop.
5. bral'l \raHhbul'n, Jr., 01'0118.
6. 'l'lwlllas J. D. l,'ullt:r, Calais.
Missouri.
5 .• Tohn G. ~Iiller, noonvilh
f. J(¡hn S. Plwlps, i'pringtidd.
3. James J. Lindlt'y, :'Ilontieello, Lewisco. 7. fillmud Carulhurs, Fr"dericktown.
4. ,iUordecai Uliver, Richmond.
Arkan.~as.
L Alfred B. Greenwood, Bentonü¡le. :2. Edwaru A. IYarreu, Camden .
1. Daviu I'tuart. Dctrnit.
2. David A. ~oble, ~lonroe.
.lflichigan.
:,:. ~a1llnel Clark. KaI:nnnzno.
4, Ife,;tur L. ::-itevcns, l'ulltiae.
F7ol'üia.
1. Augustus E. Maxwcll, 'rallahassee.
Texus.
l. George W. Smythe, Jasper. ~ .. P. JI. Dell, Austin.
lowa.
1. llernhart Henn, Fairfield. 2. John P. Cook, Davenport.
lVisconsin.
1. Daniel Wel1.o', .Tr., ~Iilwaukie. 3. Juhn TI. ~Iacey, Foml un l,ae,
2. Ben. C. EaRtman, Platteville.
Californi((.
1. .Tames A. }\1eDougal, San Franci;,('o. 2. ?lJilton S. LathaDl, SalTHmento City
,1linnesota Teaito)'//.
l. JIenry ~r. Hice, Drlegate, Sto l'aul. '
01'i'non T<'lTilory.
1. .Toscph Lane, Delegate, WincheHte~.
Territm'Y of Kew JJfea:ico.
1. José :'Ilanue! GnllcgoR, Delegate, Albuquerque.
moJI Tp.ITitory.
l .• Tohn ~r. BeJ'1lhiscl, Delcgato, Salt Lake Cily.
TI'i.!Jl.!.Qnglnll 'lb"?·ilm'.'I.
l. ColumbuR T.fl1lCn¡,tPl', D?'t~~; FA; •. ,,".,.Je!ú, Uregon Tí'rritory,
~ '.: ,:, ,- ".', '\
1: ,:>,:' '\
l. ~ " " o' 1
1" ',' .. '1. :'" \
I \." .;~~ '\ . .:::..:
¡,
! 0I":'¡
• f', J
. ¡,,-I ' .. ) : .. _j
. : :~ I
, ; ~ <f¿':::;¡
'';-, . \'" ,...[4 \': ":'¿¡~~
"', ,- ,,, Q "
-...
[tO.
1 N D EX.
THE ANALYTICAL INDEX OF TlIE COXSTTTUTIOX OF fIlE UXITED STATES WILL
BE FOU:\"D AT PAGE 38. 'rilE FOLLOWJXG IXDEX REFEItS TO TIlE RESIDUE o~· TIlE
MATTER CONTAINED 1:"< TlllS VOLUME.
ABRIDGMEN'rS and Digcsts of the Laws of the U. S. Description of
books of· .••••.•.•••.....•.•.•...••..........••.......••..•..•..•••...•• 465
ACTS, Records, aml Judicial Proccedings of one State in ever)' other State,
'rerritor)', &c. An act fur the authentication 0(· .. • .................. 290-294
ACTS of the severa! States for appointment of Deputies to Convention to
form the Constitution of the U. S . ....................................... 167
ADAi\IS, President of :he U. S., March 4,1797. Inaugural Address of John 270
ADAj\:IS, Vice President of the U. S. First elcction of JOllll· ............... 315
ADAI\IS, Vice President of the U. S. S('COlHl cleetion of John··· ........... 316
ADAl\IS, as President of the U.~. Elcctinn of .JOllll· ......•.......•...•...• :517
ADAMS, as President of the U. S. Electioll ol' .John Quincy ........... ·32·t, 3:.!5
ADAMS, Vice l'resi,lent, in Spnate oftbe U. S .. .:\tt'~l1!lan('e of .Jobll········ 3:36
ADDRE~S of Gcorgc \VasllÍngton, accellting COIlllllissioll flS cornIllHlHler-in-
chicfofthe army, June 10.1775.· ...... ·· ................... · ........... 201
ADDRESS of the Fresid"nt of COllgrc.~s to (;eorg(' \\'a~hillgton, .:\ ugust :W,
1783, on termination of the ",nr ......................................... 203
ADDRESS ofGcorge \\'ushington in r .. ply to tl:e same··· .................. • 201
ADDRESS of Georgc \Vas}¡lIlgton to COllgrl'Ss. on rcsigning his eommission
as eommlll1tler-in-chief of the Urtlly, llcCClllbl'f 2:1, 17.)1 .................• 20'3
ADDRESS of Thomas 1\lifllin, President of COllgrc;:s, in lln:;wer to tLc S:lme 209
ADDRESS of Georgc "'aslting101l, as Presidellt O( the U. S., April 30,1789.
Inaugural ............................................................... 211
ADDRESS of Gcorgc '''asllillg1011 to the pcople of tLe U. S., SClltembcr 17,
17!l6. Farcwell························································ 215
ALA DA '\rA. Chronological Wl1eIllPnt of the format:on of the governrnent of 431
A:\IBASSADORS and t],e:r ¡]ome"ties. Aa aet fur tlle protectioll of foreign 239
A:\IE:\'Dl\lE:'\TS oftlle Constitnt;on oft}¡e U. S ............................. 25
Al\IE='fDi\IE:'\TS ofthe Constitution oftlle U. S. by the States. Dates ofrati-
fiC:llion of first ten· .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... .. .. .... ..... 34
A:\IE:\'D:\IE:'\TS oC tlle Con;;titlltion of tiJe U. S. ~·amc of the elcventh a1al
1\\"clJih .... ...... .. .. .. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... ..•. .. .. .... .. .. ..• 3r.
A:\IEXD:\TE:'\TS of the Constitlltion, when ratili,~¡] by the States, to be pub-
lislIcd by the Secretary of State ......................................... 29á
A:\'ALYTICAL Index oftbe Cons1i1utioll ancl·amenclrnf'llts. I\.n .. · ........ • 38
A;\XAPOLIS, in 17!.)(j, recolllnwnding tiJe Convcll'ion to torm l]¡'~ Constitu-
tion. Proccedings 01 tIte cOlnmissiollcrs at················· ............ Iú1
495
496 INDEX.
APPOINTl\IENT of George "'ashington to be commander-in-chief of the
army, June 15, 1775········ ............................................ 201
APPOINTl\lENT of George "\Y:u;lJington to be lieutenant-general anu com-
manuer-in-chief of al! the arrnies of the U. S., July 3, l70S··········· ·2:31-239
APPORTION;\IENT of Representatlves among the several States aceording
lo the Sixth Census •..••..••...•...•..• o o •.•. o' •...•...• o ..•.. , .. o, •.... 300
ARKANSAS. Chronological statement of the formatioll of the govcfllment of 43-!
ARl\IA;\1ENTS being prcpared in the U. S. against foreign powers with
whom the U o S. are at peace. An act to prevcnt·.··· ....•......••...•• o 2!JG
ARl\IIES ofthe U. So Appointmcnt of George "\Yashington to be lieutenant-
general and eommanclcr-in-chief of the.· ........•. o' " .. o ...•...•... ·231-239
ARl\IY of the United Colonje~, June 15, 1775. George "\Vashingtoll elected
commancler-in-chief of the ••...•.•••...• o •••...•. o' •...•..•••.••.• o •...• 201
ARl\IY of the United Colonies fixed at $500 per montho Pay and expenses
of the General lo commancl the ................... o ..................... 201
ARl\IY of the U. S., December 23,1783. Rcsignution by George "\Vushillgton
of his commisslOn as commander-in-ehief of tite······ o •.• o •...•.•••...• '208
ATTORNEY GENERALS of the U. S., from 17::;0 to 1851. Names, States,
service, &c., of the •.•.. , •. o' •..•••••..•••...•.•. o .. o •...•••••••.. o •. o .• 403
A UD! ENCE in Congress granted to George "\Yashington, commallder-in-chief,
August 25, 178:3 ........................................................ · 203
}1. UDIENCE in Congress, December 20, 17c3. George \'>'asllington, eom-
mander-ill-chief. admittcd to a Pllblic··· .... o ............................ 205
A UTHENTICATION of Aets, Rccords, aml Judicial Proceedings of Olle
State in ever)' otlter State, 'rerritory, &c ............................ o2DO-2~H
BERRIEX. Senator oftlle "C. S. Letter ofapprobafon from John Macp ... xyij
BOO KS and other sources of historical, politlcal, statlstical, aud other infor-
mation relative to the actioll of the Government, in possession of ¡he pub-
lic o/fices at the Seat of Governmcnt. Descriptioll of· •• ·· •• · ..... o •...• 4:;1
BOOKS, published under the patronage of Congress anil othcr",ise, contain-
ing useful poli tic al, statistieal, ami other inf0rmatioll. Descriptiol\ or mis-
cellaneol1s" ........................................................ ·46S-.J,71
BOOKS in Congress Library. DesC'ription of selcction of eertain··········· ·173
BOOKS in the State Departmento Descriptioll of seleetion of ecrtaill .••.•• 479
BREESE, Senator of the U. S. Lctter' of A)lprobation (ro111 Sidlley •.. · ...... xii
BURR, as Vice President of the D. S. Eleetioll of Aaron·· .... •· ........... :118
llURR, Vice President, in the Senate of the U. S. AUeudallce of Aaron .... • ~;~8
BURR, as Senator of the U. S. Term of serviee of Aaroll·· .. ·• .. • ......... ~;)-l
CALHOUN, Vice President ofthe U. S. First election of John C ............ ::::!+
CAL1IOUN, Vice President of the D. S. Second clection of J. C ...... ·•· ... :3:!G
CALHOUN, Vice President, in Senate of ¡he U. S. Attelldanee of J. C· .:;·H)-31;l
CALHOUN resigned as Vice President, December 28,1832. John C·· •• ··3-!2, 34:3
CALIJO UN, as Senator of ¡hc U. S. Terms of s(!rviee of Jolm C· ........... 31:7
CASS. f-:f'nator of thc U. S. I,cttrr of approbation from Lewis ... o..... ....... xx
CLAY, Scnator of t.be V. S. IJcttpl' of apprübation from IIcnry· .............. xix
INDEX. 497
CALIFOltNIA. Chl'onological ~taternent of tlle fOl'rnation of the gOTernrnent of 437
CEDE their Western lands to tilo U. S. Hesolution of Cougress recornme¡;¡d-
ing to the sCTeral Sta tes to· . . . . . . . .• .....•.........•..•••...••..••.....• 421
CEDED by the States, sllouhl be di~posed of for tbe cornrnon benefit 01' the U. S.,
and forrncd into l\cpublican Sta.tes. ltesolution of Congrl'ss that tlle lands·· 422
CEDED to the U. S., and dates of ces~ion. Names of State~ by whicll Westcrn
lands were· .•••...••.•..••••............•..•.......•••....•....•.••... , 422
CE~SUS. Apportionment of Hcprcsc)1tatiTcs arnong the several States ae-
cording to the Sixth······· ........•.•.•.• , •...•.•.••.•.••........•.•.... 300
CE~SUSES U. S., and fix numbcr of Representativos. Act for taking SeTenth,
and subsequent ......... · .................. oo ...... oo ... oo ... oo ......... 305
CESSION of the North'Westcrn and WCRtcrn Tcrritory to tlle U. S. by certain
States. Proceedings whieh lud to the· .. oo ...... • ..... oo .......... oooo ... 414
CESSION of its Westcrn 01' Yacant Lands to the U. S. Act of New York for the 410
CHAIRi\lAN 01' Cornmittees of Congress llnthorized to admiuister Oaths···· 2G-!,2G5
CIIAPTEHS. General coutents of. See Tttble ofContents······· •........• xxxviii
CIlARTERS of the original States. Chronological staternent of tlle······· ·40i, 408
ClIRONOLOGICAL statemcnt of the Chartel's and forrnatiún of the Governrnents
of the several Statco, and 'l'cJ'ritorie~ of the U. S.' .................... , 405-4-16
Cl'l'IZE~ to undcrstanJ the COIIstitution. Introductory remarks on duty of
evel'y················· ....•.•...•.•...............•...•................ xxiii
OLER K of the I10usc of Representatives of the U. S. Oaths to be takeu by
the·.·.· ... ·······•···········•··· ................•...........•. ·22, 2SS, 289
CLERKS in aU the Drpal'tm"llts of Govel'nrnent. Oaths to be takcn by the 290, 2vl
CLEltKS of tlw Honse of l{( presentath'es of tlH) U. S. froIn 17SG to lSil1. Names,
States, seryiees, &c. 01' tlle· ........•........•.........•.•................ ;:;88
CLEltKS of the Supremo Court of tho U. S. from 1789 to 1851. Names, &c.
of the· ..........•.•...•..••.............•..........••...•.............. 303
CLI~TO~, "ice PrcsiLlcnt of the U. S. :Eleetion of Geol'ge· ..•............. 319,320
CLI~TO~, Vice Pl'esident, in Senate of tbe U. S. Attendance of George ...• ·338-3-10
COLLECTOHS of the Custorns authorizeu to detaiu Yessels built fol' wal'lilw
purposes· .......••.......•...•.................•......••••...•.......... 2[)9
COLONIAL and Revolutional'Y Documentary IIistory. Books relating to tilo·· 4il2
COLU)IBIA establishcd the permancnt seat of Govcrnmcnt. The District of .•. ·440
CO)DIERCE. Hesolution of Virginia fol' 11 uniforrn systern of trade, cornmcl'ce,
&c~ January 21, 1786···················································· 160
CO~U;-'IERCE. l'roceediugs of Con.ention at Annapolis appointed fol' said pul'-
pose, September 14, 178(j····· ..............•....................•........ 1(j1
CO)DIERCE. I\esolution of Congress, of February 21, 1787, calling the Conven-
tion which formed the Constitution· .... • ...... oo .. oo ........... oo ....... 166
C03DIERCE. Acts of the several States fol' the appointment of depnties to saill
Convention, to revise and report the mcans of enabling Congress to provide
more effectually fol' the cornrnercial fntcrests of the U. S., and to rernedy aU
the uefects of tIJe l<'eueral system, &c.· ..•...•.......•.............•..•.... 167
CO:\DIEHCE. 'rhe Constitution de('lares that "Thc Cougrcss shall bave power
to reguJatc COmml'l'Ce with furcign nations, and among the several States,
and with the lndian t1'i1)e8"· . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 15
498 INDEXo
eOl\Il\1ERCIAL RegulatlOnS. Dcscriptlon of vooks containing Tariff and
Revenue Laws, &c ..................................................... 4fjj
COI'.L\IITTEES of Congress lo mllllinister Oaths. AUlhority for tite Chair-
man of· .................... o ....................................... 2D4, 2U5
eo :'IBl UNICATIO NS to the author and compiler in relation to this work ix-xxi
eO:\IPEXSATIOX to the President and Vice President oftlte U. S" An ae!
making ............................................... •• .......... • .... ·2;)3
CO:\lPENSATION to persons appointed to deliver the Electoral votes of Pre-
siden!, &c., 17U:.!· .......... · ............................................. 2D2
eO..\ll'EI'\SATIO:\'" to do. do. do., 1825 ...................................... 300
CO IFEDERATION, showing tite ineffieiency of that govcrnmcnt, and lead-
,ng lo lhe adoption of the ConslÍtution. l'rocecdings of the Congress of the 129
eOr":FEDEIL\TIOX. Thc íonnation of a Convcntion to frame the Constill!-
¡ion, recomrneaded in 1726, as a means to remc,]y the dcfects in the Ar-
¡ieles of· .......................... ·· .................................... 166
eONFEDERATIOX. The Articles of· .......... o· ...................... o 483
eONFEDERATION, untill\J arch 1, 17SI. Dates of ratification by the States,
and cause of the delay of l\Iaryland to ratify the Articles oC .••••••• 406-415
eONGRESS of the Confederation, which led lo lhe adoption of the Constilu-
lÍon. l'roeeedings ofthe··· .. ·· .. ··•· ...... ·· ...... ·· ................... 120
CONGRESS of the Confederalion, and rcsolutions of lhat body, showing the
impotcn{'y of ¡jle Govcrnment to providc a rcvenue for ils wanls and ne-
cessities, &e. Reports of eommittees of· ..•.... 131-139,140-142-146-150,151
CO~G RESS of the Confe,]cration appointing a COlTllllittce lo represent the
Financial and CommcreiaJ djfIicnltics to the several Statcs, May 2:.!, 1782.
Resolution of····· ..•.......•..................................•....•.... 154
eONGRESS of tlle Confcdcration in 17~7, recomrncnding the Conventioll
which formcd lile Constitution. Proceedings of· ....................... o 164
CONGRESS of Ihe Confederation, of September 28, 17b7, transmitting the Con-
stitution to Ihe States, to ue submittcd lo ConvenlÍolls lhereof. Resolu-
tion of··· ..................................... ó ......................... 1E9
CONGRESS of the Confedcralion of Seplcrnbcr 13, 17SS, providillg for com-
meneing proceedings under the Constitution of the U. S. Rcsolution of (he 190
eO::\GRESS ol' JIIIy 2,1776, that 'fUE U:'\"ITED COLO:'\"IES ARE, AXD OF RIGHT
OUGlIT TO BE FREE A:'\"D I:'\"DEPE:'\"DE:'\"T STATES. Rcsolution of··· ...... ·· .. 195
CONGRESS assembled, July 4, 177G. Dcclarat:on of Independenee by the
ReJlresentatives oftlle U. S. in· ......................... · ............... 195
CO l\ G RESS, for prornulgalÍng the Deelaration of Imlependence. Resolu-
tion of· .••••.•.........•...•...•...•...•...•....... o •••••••••••••••••••• 200
eOl\'GRESS ofthe Confetleration, of June 17, 1775, declaring Ihat they would
maintain and assist George "\VashillglOI1, and adhere to him for the main-
tenance and preservation of American lIbert)', with their lives and for-
tunes. Resoluti(lns ofthe .......... _ .................................... 203
CONGRESS, on August 26,171:33, to George "\Yashington, on the tcrmination
of Ihe war, ami his repIy. Address of the President of······· ....... 203,201
CONGRESS, of Dcccruber 20, lic:3, adlllitting George "\Yasltington, C0111-
lHander-in-ch"c¡; to a jluulLe audience. HesulLltlUll ot"· ................... 20.1
INDEX. 499
CONGRESS, of Deeernber 20, 17~3, that a publie entertainrnent be given to
the eomrnander-in-ehief, Oll Dccembcr 22. Resolution of····· ........... 205
CONGRESS, Deeember 23, 1783, and answer of Thornas i\Iiffiin, President.
Resignation, hy George "\Vashillgton, ofhis eornrnission to·· .. ···· ...... · 208
CONGRESS on ¡he death of George "\Vashington in 17D9. Proeeedings of 240-268
CONGRESS shall be in session on the second "\Vednesday in February, suc-
ceeding every meeting oC Electors of President and Vice President of
the U. S ....•........•..•......••...•...•..••.....•.•••••.•...•...•..••. 292
CONGRESS. Provision for dividing States into districts for the eleetion of
Representatives in··· ............................................... 159-301
CO ~G RESS, frorn l\Iarch 4, 17sD, to l\Iareh 3, 1851. Cornmeneement and ter-
mination of, and nurnber of days in eaeh session oí················.· 336-345
CONGRESS, frorn 1789 to 1851. Narnes ofSenators in· .... ·· .......... 346-384
CONGRESS, elcctcd Speaker of 1l0use of Representatives, frorn 1789 lo 185!.
Narnes of Representatives in·.......................................... 386
COi'íGRESS to admit "Ncw States" into the Union. Rernarks on the right
Rnd discretionary power of ........•...................•............•.•• 408
CO~G RESS of the Confedcration. Books relating to the procecdings of the·. 453
CONGRESS from 1789 to 1851. Description of the Books, Newspapers, &c.,
containing the Debates in ...........................•...•......••..••... 459
COXGRESS Library. Dcscription of selection of certain books in·········· 472
CONNECTICUT, in 1787, appointillg deputies to Convention to form the Con-
slilulion. Act 0[" ................................................... ~ .. 184
CONNECTICUT. Cllrollological statcment o[t]¡e C]¡arters and Constitutions
of· ..•.....•...................................•.•.........•...•...•..••• 407
COi'íNECTICUT ceded western lands to U. S., September 14,1786, and May
30,1800 ....................... ·• ...................... ·• ............ • .. • 422
CONSTITUTION. Introductory rernarks, on duty of every citizen to under-
stand the························· ............•.......•...•......••..••. xxiii
CONSTITUTION ofthe United States of Ameriea. The·...... .... ......... 1
COXSTITVTION by Ihe States. Dates of ratification of the .....•.•.....••• 24
COi'íSTITUTION of the U. S. Articles in addition to, and arnendments 0[,
the ...•......•....•...•...•...........................•......•..•.•.• •• 25
CONSTITUTION by the States. Dates of ratification of the first ten arnend-
rnents ofthe· ........................ ·· .............. ··............ ...... 34
CONSTITUTION by the States. Dates of ratification of ell!venth and twelfth
amendments ofthe· .. •• .......... •· ..................................... 36
CONSTITUTION and arnendments. An analytical index ofthe ....... .... 38
CONSTITUTION of the U. S. Official proeeedings and proximate causes
which led to the adoption and ratification of lhe ......................... 129
CONSTITUTION ofthe U S. Rernarks relative to the States thatwere pro-
minent in the proceedings which irnrnediately led to the adoption ofthe·· 15J
CONSTITUTION for the U. S. ResolutionsoftheGeneralAssemblyofNew
York, passed July 21, 1782, recornrnendillg a Convention to forrn a·· .... 155
CONSTITUTION of the U. S. was formed. Proceedil1gs of Commissioners al
Annapolis, in 1,86, reeomrncnding the appointmcl1t of deputies to meet al
Philadelphia, by whom the· .. ·· .. ·· .................... ···· ............ · 161
46
500 INDEX.
CONSTll'UTION. Re,commendation of Congress of the ConfederaLvn, In
1787, for appointment of deputies to the COllventÍon which formed the .. , 165
CONSTITUTION of lhe U. S. Acts of the several States for the appoint-
ment of deputies to the Convention for forming a, viz ....•.•.....•....•.. 167
.,,; OfVirginia, on Oetober 16,1786 ....................................... 167
OfNew Jersey, on November 23, 1786· .. •· , .......................... 170
Of Pennsylvania, OH Deeember 30,1786· ................ · .. · .... ·· .. ·• 172
OfNorth Carolina, on January 6, 1787 .... · ........................... 174
OfDelaware, on February 3, 1787· .................................... 177
Of Georgia, on February 10, 1787· ..................................... 179
OfNew York, on February 28, 1787 .. • ............................... 181
OfSouth Carolina, on March 8, 1787 .. · .......... ·· ................ · .. 122
Ofl\Tassachusetts, on I\Iarch 10, 1787· ........ ·· ........ ·· ........ •· .. • 183
OfConneeticut, I\Iay, 1787· ...... ·· ...... ·· .. ·· .................... · .. · 184
Ofl\Taryland, on !\Iay 26,1787· ........................................ 185
OfNew Hampshire, on 27th June, 1787· .............................. 186
('(lNSTITUTION of lhe U. S. lo Congress of the Confederation. Letter of
George "\Vashington, and resolutions of lhe Convention of September 17,
1787, transmitting the· .. •· ........ · .. · .............................. 187.1SS
CONSTITUTION of the U. S. to the several States, to be suhmittcd to Con-
ventiolls tIJcreof. Resolution of Congress of Confederat\on, September 28,
1757, transmitting the .........•....•..........•...•.............•.... , •. 189
CONSTITUTION ofthe U. S. Resolution ofCongres~ ofthe Confederation, oC
September 13, 178S, for commcncillg procecdings under lhe· ............. 190
CONSTITUTION in certain eontillgencies, und for other purposes. General
Laws providing the means of executing the ............................. 287
CONSTITUTION ofthe U. S. is to IJe taken. (See Oath.) By whom the oath
lo support the·······················.·················.···.·· 15,22,288,289
CONSTITUTION, when ratified by the States, lo be published by the Secre-
tary ofSlate. Amendments to the··· .. ··•· .. ·········· .. ·• .. ···· ....... 20.5
CONVENTION at Annapolis, September, 1786. Proeeedings ofthe······ ... 161
CONVENTION at Philadelphia to form a Constitution, reeommended by Con-
vention at Anllapolis, SeptemIJer 14, 1786 ............................... 161
CONVENTION which formed the Constitution reeommendcd by Congress, in
1787, as a means to remedy the defects in the Articles of Confederation·· 165
CONVENTION to form the Constitution. Acts of the several States for ap-
pointing deputies to lhe ...............•...........•...•...•.......•...•. 16;
CONVENTION, in 1787, transmitting lhe Constitution to Congress of the
Confederation, and suggesting measures for commcncing proceedings
under the Constitution. Letter of George 'Vashington, and resolutions oC
the .............•.....•.................................•....•........•. 187
CONVENTIONS of the States. Resolution of Congress, of September es,
1787, subrnitting the Constitution to· ..................................... 189
CON VENTION that formed the Constitution. Boooks relating to the proeeed-
ings of the .......................................................•..•.•• 453
COURT. (See Suprcme Court of the U. S.)
COURTS ofthe U. S., or State eourts against n foreign Ambassador or his
domestit;s tr¡ be utterJy null and void, &c. AIl process or writs from the 25g
INDEX. 501
COURTS of (he U. S. An oct to provide fnrlher remedial justice in the.
[This act empowers the U. S. juflges lo grant tbe writ of habeas corpus,
and to diseharge foreigners cOllfined in the prison of a State, in certain
cases.] ................................................................. 301
COURTS of the U. S. and of the severa! Statcs. Little & Brown's edilion of
the Laws of lhe U. S. deelared lo be evid~nee in all lhe lribunals, offices,
and ................................................................ 302, 303
COURT oflhe U. S. from 1789 lo 1851. Dcseription of books of Reporls of
decisions of lhe Suprcme ...........................•...•...•...•..•..•.• 466
CRANCH, Chief Justice of the Cireuit Court of the U. S. for the District of
Columbia. Letter of approbation from \Villiam ...... · .. · ............... xiv
CRIlVIES againsl the U. S., p,oviding for lhe proteclion of foreign Ambassa-
dors and lheir domesties. An acl for the pUllishment of eertain·········. 289
CRIlVIES against the U. S., &c., for preserving their neutrality. An act in
addition to an act for the pUllishment of ecrtain ... " ..•......••.•••.•••. 296
DALLAS, Vice Presldent of the U. S., and President of the Senate. Dedica-
lÍon to, and letter of approbation from George i\I. . . . .. •. .. •. .• •. .. •. •. .... ix
DALLAS, as Vice President of lhe U. S. Eleclion ofGeorge M ............ 330
DALLAS, Vice President, in lhe Senate of lhe U. S. Attendanee of George M. 332
DALLAS, as Senator of (he U. S. Term oC service of George 1\I. •••••••••• 358
DAVIS, Speaker of lhe Ilouse of Representatives of the U. S. Letter of ap-
probation from Jolm \V.·........................................ ....... xi
DEATH of George \Yashington. Proeeedings of ¡he Goverllment and fune-
ral oralion of Henry Lcc 011 the ...................................... 240-247
DEBATES in the two lIouses of Congrcss from 1789 to 1851. Description of
the books, newspapers, &c., coutain :ng the· ...........•. - •........ , ..... 459
DECLARA TIO N ofIndcpendcnce, frol1l J une 8 lo J uly 4, 1776. Proceedings
in Congress oflhe United Colonies respeeting the ....................... 193
DECLARATIO~ of lll!lepcndcnce, by the Rl'presentatives of the U. S. in
Congress assembled, July 4, 1776··.··· ................................. 195
DECLARATION of Indepelldence. Resolution of Congress for promulgat-
ing the ....•.......•..................................••..••..••...•.••• 200
DECLARATION by lhe Congrcss, Junc 17,1775, thal, for the maintenance
and preservation of Ame'rican liberty, lhey would maintain, assist, and
adhere to, George \\'ashington, as commander-in-chief, wilh their lives
and forlunes· ............ · _ ............................................. 203
DELA \V ARE, in 1787, appointing deputies to Convention to form the Consti-
tution. Act of .... · .. · .... ·· ........................ · ................... 177
DELA \V ARE. ChrollologiC'al statemcnt of the eharters and constitutions of 408
DEL A 'VARE, declaring the COIl1I11on right of al! the States to the western
territory, &c. Reso!utiollS of the Stale 0[···· ................. • ......... 415
DEPUTIES 10 lhe Convclltion who signed ¡he Constitution. Names of·..... 23
DEPUTIES lo COllvention to form ¡he COllslitution. AC1S of the Sta tes for
appointment of ......................................................... 167
DJGESTS ofthe Laws ofthe U. S. Description ofthe books of· ..... 465
502 INDEX.
DISTRICT of ColurnLia, estaLlislled the permanent seat of the Government
of the U. S. ................................................. • ......• 449
DISTRJCTS for election of Represenlatives in Congress. Provision for di-
viding Ihe States inlo·········· .... ·· ........ · .. ··· ...... · ...... ·· .... • .. 301
DOCUlVIENTS, Journals. amI other sources of historical, political, statisti-
cal, and other illformation regarding the legislative, executive, and judi-
cial action of the Government, in the puLlic oíIices at the Seat of Govern-
ment. Description of· . . . . .. . .. . ...................................•.... 451
DOCUl\IENTS ordered to be printed by the Senale and House of Represent-
atives of the U. S. from 17"9 to lS51. Remarks descriptive of the re-
gular ...........•.......•..••...•...•...•.....•...•...•..••...•..•• 457 -459
ELECTIONS under and by virtue of the Con~titution, (analytical index)· .. 61, 6!!
ELECTION of a President and Vice Presiden! of the U. S., &c., approvcd
March 1, 1792. An act rclative to the ................................... 291
ELECTION of Electors of a President aml Vice President, in case of vacan-
cies in those offices by casualty, &c. Provision for the····.·····.· .. · •.. 293
ELECTIONS for Eleetors of President amI Vice President in all the States.
An act to establish a unilorm time for holding ... · ........... ···· ......... 302
ELECTORAL votes for President and Vice President of the U. S. Provi-
sions of the COllstitution regarding the···· .. ·· .. ·· .. · .... ··· .. · .. · ...... • 23
ELECTORAL votes for PrE'sident anrl Vice President of the U. S. Regula-
tions, by law, for Ihe giving, making lists of, transmitting to the Seat of
Government, opening, amI eounting the ................................. 291
ELECTORAL voles. Compen~ation to, and penalties of, persons appointed
to deliver the ...... , •.. , •...•...............•.....•...•......••......•• 292
ELECTORAL votes. Compensatioll of persons appointed to deliver the .••• 300
ELECTORA L votes [or President and Vice President of lhe U. S., viz.:
First term, George 'Vashington and John Adams, commencing March 4,
17S9 ...... ·· .. ·· ....................................................... 315
Second terlll, George 'Vashington and John Adallls, eommencing March 4,
1793············ ..............................•......................•• 316
Third term, John Adams and 'f]¡omas JefTerson, commE'llcing March 4, 1797 317
Fourth term, Thomas JefTerson and Aaron Burr, eleeted by the House of
Represelltati,bs, cOlllmencing Mareh 4, 1S01· .. •··· ...... ·· ........ •· ... 318
Fifth term, Thomas J efferson and George Clinton, commencing l\Iarch 4,1805 319
S¡xth term, James l\Iadison and George Clinton, commencing Mareh 4, 1809 320
Se,enth term, James l\Iadison and Elbridge Gerry, commencing l\Iarch 4,
1813 .•••••.....•.•...•...•...•..••.•••.•••..••.•••.•.•...•.•.•..••..•• 321
Eighth term, James l\Iolll'oe and Daniel D. Tompkins, commencing March 4,
1bl7······························································.···· 322
Ninth term, James ]\Ionroe and Daniel D. Tcnnpkins, commencing March 4,
1821········.···································.·················.· ••• 323
Tenth term, John quincy Adams and John C. Calhoun, commencing March
4, 1825 , ..•..••..••...•..••...•.. , ...••...•...•...•...•..••...•. , .••••• 325
INDEX. 503
ELECTORAL votes for President and Vice Prcsident of the U. S.--continuea
EIeventh term, Andrew Jackson and John C. CaIhoun, commencing March
4,1829 .••••••.••••..••...•.•................•••..••.•.•••.•••...•..•• 326
TweIfth term, Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, commencing March
4,1833 .........•.....•.•..••...........•......••...••....•••••..••.••• 321
Thirteenth term, Martin Van Buren and R. 111. Johnson, commencing 1IIarch
4,1837····· ..•..•• ··· ...••.......•..•• · ..•.........•••.•••...•.......• 328
Fourteenth term, Wm. H. IIarrison and John TyIer, commencing 1IIareh
4,1841 ...........•...•........•.•..••.......•.•.•...•••••••...•••. 329-331
Fifteenth term, James K. PoIk and George M. Dallas, commencing 1IIarch 4,
1845··· ....•...•...•..••...................•......•....•..••.•.•.......• 332
Sixteenth term, Zachary Taylor and 111. Fillmore, commencing March 4,1849 333
ELECTOR S of President. and Vice President, equal to the number of Senators
and Representatives in Congrt'ss from each State. Each State shan appoint
a numbcr of,· ...... ·.··... .......................••...............•.... 13
ELECTORS shall be equal to the number of Senators and Representatives to
which the States may b!!' entitled at the time "hen the President and Vice
President ~hould come into office. The·········· ...........••.....•.....• 291
ELECTOR S of President and Vice President of the U. S. Enactments of the Iaw
for the government of the .....................•...........•...••..••..•• 291
ELECTORS of the President and Vice President in all the States. An act to es-
tablish a uniform time for holding elections of· ........................... 302
ELECTORS. Each Stat(, may, by law, provide for filling vacancies in the
college of ..............................................•...........•..•• 302
EVIDENCE in all tribunal s and offices ofthe United States, and ofthe individual
Sta tes. Little & Brown's edition of the Laws of the U. S. declared to be
oompetent,······ .•....................................•...•........ 302, 303
EXECUTIVE offieers of the Government, from 1789 to 1851. Names, States,
service, &e., of al! the high .............•.•.•.•...•..••........•.••.•••• 395
EXTRADITION Treaties. Act giving efrect to· ................................ 303
FAREWELIJ Address of George Washington, Presiuent of the U. S., September
17, 1796 ..........•......••...........••.......•.............•••.•••..•• 215
"FIRST in War, First in Peace, anu First in the hearts of his Countrymen," as
applicable to George Washington. Origin of the words· ................... 242
FLORIDA. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of 436
FOREIGN Ambassadors and their Domestica. An act for the protection of· ...... 289
FOREIGN Powera. An act to preserve the neutra lit y of the U. S., with· ..•.... 296
FOREIGN Nation with whom the U. S. are at peace. An act to prevent any
armament by land or water being fitted out in the U. S. against any ........ 296
FOTIEIG N State confineu in any state prison in certain cases. The J udges of the
U. S. CourtR empowered to grant the writ of Habeas Corpus, and to discharge
the citizens of any·.· .....•.........•...............................• ' ... 301
FL'NERAL Procession and Oration of IIenry Lee, in honor of Gen. George Wash-
ington··,.,·, .. , ............... , ....... , ... , ........................ ·245-241
4fi "'
504 INDEX.
GEORGIA, in 1757, appointing deputies to Convention to form the Constitu·
tion. Aet of ...•...•••.........•...•..........•.......••..••.•••.•••.•• o 179
GEORGIA. Chronologieal statement of lhe Charters and COllstilutions of··· 408
GEORGIA eeded western lanas to the U. S. April 2<1, 1802.· o. o ..• o ... o ... o 422
GERRY, Viee President oflhe U. S. Eleetion ofElbridge .. o o .•••.•••.....• 321
GERRY, Viee President, in the Senate of the U. S. Attendanee of Elbridge 340
GIBSON, Chief Justiee of the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania. Letter 01' ap-
probation from John B ..• · •. o ..••.•••.•••..••... o ...•.•••.•••.•.•.•• o .••• xiii
GOVERNMENT ofthe Confederation to provide for its support, defenee, &e.
Reporls of eommittees and ResolutlOns of Congress exhibiting the ineffi·
ciency ofthe··································· .131-139, 140-142-146-150, 151
GOVERNMENT under the Constitulion of the U. S. Resolutions of Con·
gress of the Confederation of September 13, 1788, providing for the eom-
mencement of the················ .. ••·.· ..•....••.......•..••....•.•.•.• 190
GOVERNMENT under the COllstitutioll. Brief statemellt of the manner of
eomrnencillg proeeedings 01' the·····················.··················· 191
GOVERNlVIF,;NT. George "\Vashington's opinions of the principIes and po·
licy ofour·········.··.·· ••• ·•· o .•••..••.•.•...•.•.•.•.•••• o .•••..• o 211-215
GOVERNMENT. John Adams'.·.· o', o •. do .. 0 •••• 0 .do ..•••.•• 0 ••••••••• 00 o 270
GOVERNl\lENT. Thomas JefTerson's ... do.· •• o. o. ·do.···.··· o .• xxxi. 275-279
GOVERNMENT. James l\1adison's.···· ·do.······· ·do.··············· xxxii. 283
GOVERNi\IENT and providillg the mealls of exccuting the COIlStitUtiOIl, &c.
General Laws relating to the continued organizatioll of the· .• o ••.•• O' ••• 287
GOVERN.i\IENTS ofthe several Swtes alld terrilories. Chronologieal state·
ment of lhe Charters and formalion of the· .•• ·•· .•• ·· ••. · •• o' •• o' •• o 405-449
GOVERNi\IENT of the territory of the U. S. northowest of the river Ohio.
An oTdinance for the· .•......•..........• o ..•• o •.•. o ....•.• o .• o o .• o •. " o 423
GOVERNl\IENT oflhe U. S. in possessioll ofthe puulie offices. Description
of the sources of information rcgarllillg the Legislative, ExccutÍve and
J udieial action of the ..••..• o .. o •...•..•.... o. o ..•.• o .• o o. o' o .•• o .. o •••• 451
HABEAS Corpus in al! ea~es of forcigners confincd in the U. S., &c. The
judges of the U. S. COUTtS authorized to grant writs of··· •• ·. 0 ••• 0.0 0.00. 301
IIARRISON, as President ofthe U. S Election onVil!iam Henry . oo.· 329-331
HISTORICAL and other information in the public offices at the seat of Go·
vernment. Deser iptioll of the sourees of· ..•...•.• o •..••. o o " .. o .•.••• o o 451
HOUDON'S sllltue of"\Vashingtoll at Richmond, Virginia. Remarks and coro
respondcnce relative to ...•..••..•....•.•••..• o ... o ..••...•.. o o ..••. 205-20'
HOUSE of Representatives of the U. S. Oaths uf office 10 be takell by the
I\Iemuers and Clerk of the ...• · ..••••. o •• · o •.. o ..••....• o .•••. o. o 22, 288-28'
no USE of Representative~, from ] 789 to 1851. Names of Speakers of the 386-38í
HOUSE of Representatives of Ihe U. S., from 1789 to 1851. Names, service,
&c., of the Cler ks of the .•••. o o O' •••• o ..••..••.•••. o o o. o. o. o ••.• o O' o o o ••• 38&
TIO USE of Representatives of the U. S. Deseription of the Journals of the 452-456
HO F'lE of Representatives of the U. S., from 1789 to 185l. Rernarks descrip-
(ive of the documenls printed by oTller oi the ................ , .. 457, 458, 459
INDEX. 505
ILLINOIS. Chronological statement of the formation of the ·Government ol 431
llUPEACIIMENTS from 1789 to 1851. Description of the Journal or record
ofthe Senate on ...........•...................•...•......... ~ •...•.•.•.. 456
IMPOST duties of April18, 1783, was Ihe cause of proceedings which ulti-
mately led to the adoption of the Constitution. Report of Committee of the
Congress of Confederation, s]¡owing that the failure of the States to carry
the general system of························· .131-139, 140-142-146, 150, 151
LvIPOST, &c., as provided by resolution of Congress, April 18, 1783. See
Commerce.) Resolutions of Congress of February 15,1786, recommend-
íng to the States to empower Congress to carry into effect a general sys-
tem of·· •• •···•··············· .... ····•·······•········ 139, 141-149, 151-153
iNAUGURAL address ofGeorge 'Vashlllgton, President of Ihe U. S. April
30,1789· .............................. : ................................. 211
lNAUGURAL address of John Adams, President ofthe U. S.····· .......... 270
INAUGURAL address ofThomas Jefferson, President ofthe U. S.·········· 275
lXAUGURAL addre~s ofThomas Jefferson, President orlhe U. S.········ .. 279
INAUGURAL address of James Madison, President ofthe U. S.······· .... · 283
INDEPENDENCE of mind. Importance to every citizen of preserving·. ··xxv
INDEPENDENCE. Proceedings in Congress of the \klited Colonies, from
June 8, to July 4, 1776, respecting a declaration of··· .. ··•· .... ··•··••·•· 193
INDEPENDENCE by the Representatives of the United States in Congress
assembled, July 4,1776. The DCGluration of··········· .. ·· ............. 195
lNDEPENDENCE. Resolution of Congress for promulgating the Declara-
tion of ..•. , ....... , ....•........ , .................................. " ..• 200
INDEPENDENT ST ATES. Rcsolution of Congress of July 2, 1776, that
THE UNITED COLOXlE9 ARE, AXD OF RlGlIT OUGHT TO BE, FREE AND··.·. 195
fNDEX to the Constitution amI amendmellts. An Analrticul ............... 38
lNDf';XES prepal't'd by o]'(ler of the two LIouses of Congress. Description of 465
C\'})[AN A. ClJrollologieal statement of ¡he formation of ¡he Government of·. 430
INTRODUCTORY remarks to tlJe work and to the several chapters. (See
Remarks.)
lO'V A. Chronological staterncnt of thc fOfrnation oC ¡he Governrnent of····· 443
J ACKSON, as President of the U. S. First election of Anclrew ............. 326
J ACKSON, as President of ¡he U. S. Second electioll of Anc!rew·· •• ·•· .... 321
JEFFERSON'S declaration ofthc principIes ofour Government. Thomas
xxxi, 275-279
JEFFERSO:\', President oC the U. S., on March 4, 1801. First inaugural
Ulhlress ofTbomae··· .. ·· .. ·· .. ······ .. ······ .. ·········• .. ····........ 275
JEFFERSON, President of the U. S., on March 4, 1805. Second inaugural
address of Thomas· ..................................................... 279
JEFFERSON, as Vice President of ¡he U. S. Eleetioll ofThornas· ......... 311
JEFFERSON, as Prcsident of the U. S. First election by House of Repre-
sentali ves of Thomus ............................ " ............••...•... 318
fEFFEflSON, ll8 Prcsident of ¡he U. S. ScC'oJHI e]ec¡ion by electors ofThomas 319
·506 INDEX.
JEFFERSON, Vice President, in Senate oflhe U. S. AttendanceofThomas 3M
JOHNSON, as Vice President of the U. S. Election by the Senate of Rich-
ard l\I. .................................................................. 328
(The number of electoral votes required for an election being 148, and
R. l\I. Johnson having receiveu only 147, the election then devolved
upon the Senate, and R. 1\'[. Johnson was elected.)
JOHNSON, Vice President, in Senate of the U. S. Attendance of Rich-
ard 1\'1: ••••••••••••••• , •• •• .. •• •• • • •• •• •• •• .. • • •• •• .. • • .. •• •• • • • ...... 342-344
JOHNSON, as Senator ofthe U. S. Terms of service ofRiehard M.··· ... ·• 370
JOURNALS ofthe Congress of the Confederation, 1774 to 17S9. Description
ofthe •• .. ••· .............. • .... •··••· ........ •• ...... •• ................ ·453
JOURNAL of the Convention that formed the Constitution in 17S7. Descrip-
tion ofthe ................................................................ 453
JOURNAL of the Honse of Representatives of Ihe U. S. from 17S9 to 1851.
Description of . .. .. .. .. .. .. • . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. •• .. .. .. .. . . .. .. .. ... 454-456
JOURNAL of the Senate of the U. S. from 1789 to 1851. Description of Le-
gislative ........................................................... 455, 456
JOURNAL of the Senale of the U. S. from 1789 to 1851 (in parl). Descrip-
tion ofthe Execntive ......................................... ......... 455
JOURNAL or record oflhe Senale on impeachmenls, from 1789 lo 1851. De-
sc:iption of .....• , ..•.•......••..••...•...••.. , ..•.•..••••.•••..... " '" 456
JOURNALS of the Senate and Honse of Representatives of the U. S. Re-
marks descriptive ofthe contents of the Legislative ..................... 456
JUDGES of Conrts of the U. S. authorized to grant writs of Habeas Corpus
in all cases of foreigners confined in the Ullited States, and to discharge
them. The········· .... ·· .. ·· .. ·· .. ·· .... · .. ·······•·· .. · ........ · .... 301
JUDGES ofthe Snpreme Conrt ofthe U. S., from 1789 to 1851. Names, states,
length ofservice, &c., ofthe··· .... •··· .. ·••·· .... • .... •· ............... 389
JU DICIAL proceedings of one State in every other State, territory, &e. Au-
thentication of· ...•.•••.•••..••..••.•••.•••..••.. , •...•.•••.•••..•• 290-294
JUSTICE in the Courts ofthe U. S. An aet to pro vide fnrther remediaj· .... 301
KANE, Judge of the Distriet Court of the U. S. for the Eastern Distriet of
Pennsylvania. Letter of approbation from J. K .•..•.........•.•.•••...• xiii
KENTUCKY. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of 412
KNOWLEDGE. Remarks on the proper mode of acquiring and imparting. xix:
LAND in the north-western and western terntory of the U. S. Proceedings
whieh led to the cession by the States, of the ............................ 414
LANDS to the U. S. Aet of New York for the cession of its western or
vaeant ................................................ ~ ................. 419
LANDS to the U. S. Resolution of Congress recommending to the States to
cede their western· ..•.....•...•...........•...............•.......•...• 421
INDEXo 507
LANDS ceded by the States should be disposed of for the common benefit of
the U. S., Rnd formed into Republican Stales. Resolution of Congress of
October 10,1780, that the .. ·· ........................................... 42!a
LANDS were cedcd lo the U. S., and dates of cession. Names of States by
which lhe western·· .................................................. o 42!l
LANDS ofthe U. S., and private land claims to March 3, 1851. Description
oflhe publications under the authority ofthe U. S. relating to the public·. 4611
LA VV. Definition and sanctity ofthe civil· .. • .... • ...... • .. •• ............ o xxv
LA \VS, relating to the continued organization of the Government, and pro-
viding the authortties and means of executing the ConsÍitution, in certain
contingencies, and for other purposes, &c ............................... 287
LA \VS ofthe U. S. declared competent evidence in all tribunals and offices
of the U. S., and of the several States. Little and Brown's edition of the
302,303
LA \VS of lhe U. S., including the Treaties. Description of the books con-
taining the ....................................................... o .... 461
LA \VS of the U. S. Description of Books of Abridgments and Digests 0["
the ....•...•..••.......•...•...•...•.•.•...•.•• o ••••••• o .•• o ••• o •••• 465-461
LEGISLATIVE Journals. (Vide Journals.)
LEE, on lhe uealh ofGeorge \Vashinglon. Funeral oration ofHenry ....... 247
LETTERS-OF-l\IARQUE being filIe u out in the U. S. against foreign powers.
An act to prevent Privalcers or· .. ·· ...................... •· ........... 296
LIBERTY. Definition of rational or civil··.·· ...••.•••...•..••..• o ••• o ••• xxii
LIBERTY and independence on July 4, 1776. Declaration of· ........ · ..... 195
LIBERTY, &c., on June 17,1775. Declaration of Congress for the mainte-
nance of American· •.................•.......•... " •.•.•••.• , o, •••••• o 203
LIBERTY consists. In what the enjoyment and even the support and pre-
scrvation of· ......................................................... xxix
LIBRA RY of Congress. Deseription of seleetion of eertain books in the···· 472
LIBRARY oflhe State Department. Description of selection of eertain books
in lhe ......................•............•.•.••..••.....•.....•...•...• 479
LIEUTENANT-GENERAL and commander-m-chief of the Armies of the
U. S., July 3, 1798. Appointmcnt of George 'Vashington to be ••..• o 231-239
LIGllT as regards the funuamcntallaw. Remarks on necessity of the peo-
ple's having ............•...•...•.•.....•..••...•...•..••..••..••...• xxxiii
LITTLE und llrown's editions of lhe Laws of lhe U. S., declarcd to be com-
petenl evidence in a1l tribunals and offices of lhe U. S., and of the several
States· ...• · .•• · .••. ·.•··· o •••• • ••••••••••• • ••• • ••••••••••• • ••••••• 302,303
LOUISIAN A. ChronologlCal slatement of the formation of the Government of 429
l\'IADISON'S declaralion ofthe principIes ofonr Government. James·xxxii.283
MADlSON, President of the U. S. Oll March 4,1809. Inaugural Address of
James ........... o ....... " •• o ... 0-" ............................ r" O" •• 283
MADI SON, Presidcnt ofthe U. S. First election of James ....... r ........ ' 420
l\1ADISON, President ofthe U. S. Second election of James ....... •••• .. u 421
MAINE. ChronoJogical stalemcnt of the formation of lhe Government of··· 432
508 INDEX.
MARSHALS attendant on the Supreme Comt of the U. s., from 1789 to 1851.
Names, &c. ofthe· ... ·· ................................................ 3!ll)
MARYLAND, in 17S7, appointing deputies to convention to form the Consti-
tution. Act of ..........••..........•.•...•..••..••..••..••.•.•.•••.•• , 183
MARYLAND to ratify the Articles of Confederation, until Mareh 1,1781.
Dates ofratifieation by the States and cause of the delay of·.··.· ••• 406-414
MARYLAND. Chronologieal statement oftlIe Charterl! and Constitutions of 408
MARYLAND to ratify the Articles of Confederation until the States possess-
mg the North-'Vestern and 'Vestern Territory should cede the same to
the U. S. for the c;mmon benefit of aIl the States. Slalement of the causes
of delay by ........•...•...•..••.•••...•.....•..............••.......•.• 414
MARYLAND on said subject. Instructions to lhe Delcgates in Congress
from .................... •· .................... •· ....................... ·415
!\rARYLAND to ratify the Articles of Confcderation. Resolution of Congres3
earnestly requesting ..•••..•.•..••.•...•...•.•.•..•...••...•...•..••...• 421
IIofASSACHUSETTS, in 1787, appointing deputics to Convention to form the
Constitu1Íon. Act of· ................................................... 183
MASSAGHUSETTS. Chronological statement ofthe Charters and COl\stitu-
tions of· .• .. .. .. . . •. . . •. . . .. . . • . . . . . . . . . .. . • • . . . . . . •. . . •. .. . . .. .. •. .. . .• 407
MASSACHUSETTS ceded 'Vestern lands lo the U. S. April 19, 1785·· •••• 422
;\1El\IBERS of the Senate and House of Rcpresentatlves to take an Oath to
support the Constitution, and the manner and form thereof. An aet pre-
seribing the·time for .. , .............................................. ·22. 2S8
M:ESSENGERS or personi to deliver electoral votes. Compensation to, and
penalties of ............................................................. 292
MESSENGERS or persons to dcliver electoral votes. Compensation to····. 300
MICHIGAN. Chronological stalement ofthe formation ofthe Government of 434
MIFFLIN, President o[Congrcss, to Georgc 'Vashington, in answer to resig-
nation ofhis commission. Address ofTllomas· ... ··· ............ " ..... 209
r.HNESOTA Territory. Proceedings in Congress relative to the··· ......... 447
MINISTERS and lheir domestics. An act for the protcction of Foreign· .... 2:-:9
MISSISSIP PI. Chronological statement of thc formation of ¡he Government of 430
MISSO U Rl. Chronological statement of the formation of the Government of 433
MONROE, President oftlle U. S. Fírst eleetion of James· ................. 322
MOXROE, President ofllle U. S. Second election of James· ....... · ....... 323
l\IOXUl\IENT be ereetell to General 'Vashington in ~he Capitol at 'Vashing-
ton. Resolution of COIlgrees that a marble .. · ........................... 245
I\IOURNING of the Governrnent 011 lhe Death of George Washington. Pro-
ceedings and .........•..........•......................•........... ·240-268
N A VY from 1789 lo 1851. N ames, States, services, &r., of Secretaries ofthe 399
NEBRASKA Territory. Proeeeding~ 111 Congress relative to the ...... · .... 4-!8
NEUTRALITY ofthe U. S. by prohibiting its citizens, within ils limits, from
preparing any offensive mcans againsl a foreign nalÍon. An aet to pre-
serve the ...•...•........ " .........•..... , .................... " ...... , 296
INDEX. 509
NEW HA}IPSIIIRE, in 1787, appointing deputies to Conrention to form tbe
Constitution. Act of· ........................................•.••••.•••• 186
NEW HAMPSHIRE. Chronological statement of the Charters and Constitu-
tions of· ..................................................•••• ~-. . • . . .•. 407
NEW JERSEY, at the meeting at Annapolis, in 1786, having more enlarged
powers than the Commissioners from other States, was stated as the ground
for calling the Convention which formed the Constitution. The Commis-
sioners of· ................•..........................•...•......• , •...•. 162
NEW JERSEY, in 1786, appointing deputics to Convention to form the Constitu-
tion. Acts of· .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ... .. .................................... 170
NEW JERSEY. Chronological statement of the Charters and Constitutions of 407
NEW JERSEY ratified the Articles of Confederation "in the firm rcliance that
the" Western Territory would be ceded by the States in possession to the
U. S., &c.· ......• - ..•..••...•.....•...........•...•.......•••.•.••...••• 414
NEW MEXICO TERRITORY. Proceedings in Con gres s relative to the ...• · ... 448
NEW YORK, July 21, 1782, on the critical state of the Confederation, and recom-
mending a Convention to form a Constitution. Resolutions of the General
Assembly of······· .••.• ·•··· ••. · ..•.........•.•...•...•...•.•.••.••••• 155
NEW YORK, in 1787, appointing deputies to the Convention to form the Consti-
tution. Act of· .••.......•...•..... " . . • . . . •. .. • . .. . . .. . . • . . . •. . . . . . . • •• 181
NEW YORK. Chronological statement of the Charters and Constitutions of· .. 407
NEW YORK for the cession of its Western or vacant lands to the U. S., in order
to concíliate the Union under thc Confederation. Act of .... · ........... 419-422
NEW YORK. Special approbation of Congress for this act of· . . • . . • • . . . • .. . •. 421
NORTI! CAROLINA, in 1787, appointing deputies to Convention to form the
Constitution. Act of· ..........•.......................................• 174
NORTI! CAROLINA. Chronological statement of the Charters and Constitu-
tions of· ..........•...........•...•..................................... 408
NORTII CAROLINA ceded Western lands to the U. S., February 25, 1790·· .... · 422
NORTH-WESTERN and Western Territory to the U. S. Proceedings which Ied
to the cession by the Statcs of the ........................•.............. 414
NORTII-WESTERN Territory ceded to the U. S. by Virginia, March 1, 1784.·· ... 422
NORTII-WESTERN Territory. An ordinance for the Government of the······· 423
OATH of office, as President, administered to George Washington, by the Chan-
cellor of the .state of New York, April30, 1789 ........................... 211
OATH of John Tyler, Vice President, to qualify him as President of the U. S ... 331
OATHS to support the Constitution of the United States, and for performance of
offieial duty, to be taken by the following offieers and persons, vi~:
1. The President of the U. S. ... . ... ...... ......•.... ...... .... .... .•..••• 15
2. The President of the Senate ............... -...•..... - .•...•.....•.•...• 288
3. The Senators of the U. S.' ........................................... 22, 288
4. The Secretary of the Sonate··························· .. ·· ..•.... 22,288,289
5. The Senators of the U. S. on trial of impcaehment .................. -. •. • 4
6. The Speaker of thc IIou~e of Representativrs· .............. - ............ 288
7. The mcmbcr'l of thc Home of Representatives of the U. S.··:·· ....... ·22, 288
510 INDEX.
OATHS to support the Constitution, &c.-continued.
8. The Clerk oflhe HouS'e of Representalives ...................... 22, 288, 289
9. The members of lhe several Slate Legislalures.· .......••... " ..•... ·22, 2Be
10. The executive and judicialofficers bOlh of lhe U. So and of lhe several
Slates .. · .......... •··· ................ •····· .......... •· .......... ·22,288
11. Al! officers appointed under the authority of ¡he U. S.' ..••.•..••.•••..•• 288
12. Each and every c1erk and other officer in any of the departments of the
U. S ......... •· ............................ •·•· ...................... ·288
" O ATHS of office" are to be taken. By w hom .•••..••.•• ·22, 288, 289, 290, 291
OATHS. The presiding officers of the two Houses, and ohairmen of com-
mittees ofCongress, authorized to adminisler· .. •· .................. ·294,295
OATHS, prescribing the forms, &c. An act to regulate the time and manner
of administering certain ....•.......•......••.•••.•••.••....•.....••••.• 287
OFFICERS requircd to take an oath to support the Constitution oflhe United
Stales·· ...... ···· ............................ ·••· ...... ·22, 288, 289, 290, 291
OFFICE of Presidenl and Vice President to commence March 4, &c. Tile
ter m of···.·· •• ·• •• ··••·•••·•••··••··••·· •• ··••·•••·•·•·•••···•··••••·· 293
OFFICES of the U. S. and of the Slates. Little & Brown's edition of the
Laws of the U. S. declared lo be compele nI evidence in all courls, tribu-
nals, and ............................................................... 303
O HIO. ChronoJogical slatement of lhe formalion of the government of· •.••• 413
ORATION by Henry Lee on the death of George \Vashington. Funeral· .. • 247
ORDINANCE for the government of the territory of the U. S. north-west of
the river Ohio. An·· ........ ·· ....... ·· ................................ 423
OREGON Territory. Reference to treaties fixing the boundaries, and lo pro-
ceedings in Congress relative to lhe······ .......... •··· ................. 447
PASSPORT issued under authority of the U. S. Penalty for violating a· .. • 290
P AY and expenses ofthe General to command all the continental forces fixed
at $500 per month, by resolution of COllgress···· ... · ..•• · •••...•..••..•• 201
PENALTY for neglect to deliver the electoral votes by the messerigers, &c. 292
PENALTY for violating the laws of neutrality in the U. S. against a foreign
power at peace ........•...•...•...............•..........•....•..••...• 296
PENNSYL V ANIA, in 1786, appointing deputies to Convention to form the
Constitution. Act of· .......... •··· .......... ·· ............ ·· ........... 172
PENNSYL V ANIA. Chronological statcment of the charters and constitu-
tions of ................................................ : ................ 408
PEOPLE to ¡upport the Constitution. Responsibilities of the· .............. xxüi
POLITICAL and other information in the public offices at ¡he Seat of Govern-
mento Description of the sources of· ................................... 451
POLK as President ofthe U. S. Election of James K ....................... 332
POSTMASTER GENERALS, from 1789 to 1851. Names, SI ates, servlce,
&c., of the ••••••.•••••••••••••..••••••.•••.•.•••.•..••..••.••••.•••••• 401
PREF ACE to this edition, and to lhe ohapters. (See Remarks.)
PRESIDENT oí lhe U. S. Cerllficale of lhe elcction of Gcorge \Vashington as 210
INDEX. 511
PREHDEKT and Vice Presiden!. of the tJ. S., 81](\ d"elaflng ¡hc "fEeer 'o fiet
as President in caRe of vacancies in of1ice.~ of Presiden! and Vice Presi-
dent, approved March 1,1792. Al! ael relarive lo eleclioll of············ 2m
PRESIDENT and Vice Pres;d,'nt, in case of vacilncies in those omccs by
caRualty. Provision [or tiJe elec¡ion 01' a···· ........................... 29:1
PRESIDENT or Vice President of lhe Ti. S. to be delivcrerl iato the omee of
Secretary of State. A resignat;oll or rcfuoSal to aecept omee of ....•.... 293
PRESIDENT aar! Vice Presidcnt af ¡he V. S. to commence i\Iarch 4, &c.
'l'erm ofolliee oflhe ............................. ~ ..................... 293
I'REI:'IDEN'l' nlld Vice Presiden! of rhe U. S. An aet providing compensa-
tion lo the ............•...•...............•.......•...•...•...•...•..•• 293
PRESIDEN'!' alld Vice Prc"id"Il! oftbe F. S. Compensation to, and penalty
01; pcrsons arpol\kd to deli\"Cr "lectoral votes for ...•...•...•.......••• 292
PRESIDEl\'T und Vice l'rcs:dent cfthe U. S. Compensation to persons, &c.,
to rJeli\'er eleetoral votes [or ........................................... 300
PRESIllK'\T and ,'ice Pre~idem oC tlte V. S. Al! aet to establish a uniform
time for holding clect:ons for elcc10rs of ...•...•.......•.•.....•..••..•• 302
PRESIDE;\'!' al\ll Vice Presldent oC Ihe li. S., from 1759to 1,,49. (See Elec-
toral ¡rO/ES.) E~ectoral votes, &c., for ................................ ::115-334
PRESIDEi\T of the U. S., on tbe rleatll of \Vm. H. Harrison, Presiden\. Pro-
ccedillgs introducing Jolm Tyler to office as aetillg .................. 330, 331
PRESIDE;\'l' ofthe Senate autllOrized to adminis¡er ouths. The······· .288, 294
l' RESIDEl\'T pro tempore of tlle Scnate to aet as President of ¡he U. S. in
case ofvacaneies in offiee of President alld Vice President. Tl'Ie·· .... • 293
PRESIDENTS pro tempore, from March <1, 17:oa, to l\Iarch 3, 1851. Names
and attendallC'e in Scnnle oftlte Yice I'rtosiclcnts and·· ...... •··· .... ·336-3·15
PRINTED by order of the two Houscs of Congress, from 1789 to 1R51. Re-
marks descriptive oftlle dOClllTlcnts ····························457,458,459
PRIVATEl~RS being fltted out in the U. S. against foreign powers at peace
with tlle U. S. An aet to prevent ...•.......•...•..••.......•..••....•• 296
PU BLICA TIOX of atuendmcnts to tbe Cons1Ítution of the U. S. Proyision
for the ................................................................ 295
RATIFICATIO:'ll' of¡he ("onstitntioll by the :-tates. Dates ofthe ..••..••.••• 24
RATIFICATIO:\' of flrst ten alIleat1l1lent~ of the COllstitlltion by the States.
Dates o[the ............................................................ 34
RA TIFICATION of the clevcnth amI twclfth umendrnellts of the Constitution,
&c ....•..•••.••••.•••.•.•.......•...........•.•....••....•.•.•.....•...• 36
RECORDS of'Üne State in every other State, territory, &c. Authentication of
the ...•..••..••.•...•..•...••..............••...•.........•...•..•.. 290-2!H
RE:\IARKS or preface to the seeono edition ofthis book· .................... vii
REMARKS on. the propriety of reading and understanding the Constitution xxiii
HEl\IARKS OH the authenticity ofthis edition of (he Constitution ........ xlv
RE:\IA R KS on the degign of the Alphabetieal Analysis of the Constitution· • • 37
REl\IARKS OH (he official proceedings, and the causes whieh led to the adop-
tio'¡ amI ra.tification of the COHstitlltion of tha U. S ....................... '29 4.
1 j, j',;::~ .
]{l::\T.-\¡:,K~ OH IL,: crIlJ~(\c.: ".:11 (h inll)l;'di;J\I'!Y 1I tl ro tlw !~,rnlat;nn ofthc Con-
stilut!un. ulld un the ~~ale6 h:tvjllg- a ¡e,~lLlIg- HKt.'llCy 111 tllat iIJlportant
e';ellt ................................................................... 153
l~;'~~'Il~\llKS OH thc nj~lllller of COU1111CllCillg procecdiugs of the Guverlln1ent
1111<1.,r ¡¡ll~ COll,;tltilt;Oll oltlle C. S ................................ ·······191
;,. :::"[c\!li\S on tllé picture of George \\Tl\s]¡ington, as tukcn froIn Ilolldoll'S
f-;tatue at r~;cJllllOlld, \Tirginü1. a .......... H ......... ~ ~ .......... ~" •••• ""." ••• ".,,,. 205
J::::\¡.UiK~ reluliyc to th,~ apJ1ointIYII'nl of Gcorge \\Ta,lling-ton to be Licuo
tella l11-(;encrul al1li CUllH1l<lIlÜer-in-Chief u[ ¡lle :ll'111ies of the U. S. J ul)' 3,
17!)j··.··· .• ·.· •. ··•···•···•··•··•······•·••·•····•····•·•••··••······•• 231
l~E\jA¡IES in rclat:u]l lo the nat:onal mourning aud solelllnitieson the death
oí' Gcorge \\Ta ::,hlIlg'lüa .• oo ........................................ oo ••••••• oo •• ~.'OO •• 24:0
H.E.'\I AIU\.S rt:!utive 10 lile inallgural addrc",cs of the first four Presillents of
lhe U. S ..•••.•••••••.••••.••••.•••..••••••••••.•••••••••••••••••••••••• 2G9
HL'.L\JLKS illtfOc!liclOry 10 the General Laws, fOfming a peculiar class of
g·encral illljlon inserte(l hcre;n .................................... 0 ..... 237
HE~\.ÍAIIKS cxplallatory of ¡he severaI tablcs c011tain('(] in tllis voIume .••• 309
HE;\IARKS on the rntifieatioll of tbe COllstitution by the original Stutes, and
m) ¡he lliscre¡ionnry right allll jlowcr of COllgTess to a1l11lit" New States"
illtO ¡Íle Gnion· ........ ·· .... ·· .... ·• ...... ·• .. ·• .. •••··••· .... •···•···• 40S
l~E:\[AH KS rebti \-e 10 ¡hc SGurccs uf hi:-torieaL political, statistical, and other
ill!urnlat;Oll regaftLng tl1t: j.egl~:la:ive, l~xeeut¡ve, alld Judicial action of
tlle Uuvt:rlllllCm 111 J'OSS,"s~jon 01' ¡j¡é pub;i" o¡¡ices at tlJe sc:m of Govern o
111ent ..........•..........................•............................ 401
l\l;~,L-\Rh:S dc"cripti\'l' 01' lIle ,'Ollll'llls of tlw L('~:"la¡jve ./ouTllals of the
:-";(;n:J.tt: 311U l~()il:-::I' ():·it,~prl',;;t.:;ltail\TCS ofthe U. S ......................... 4t,tl
1:1 :.\; ,\ J? ;~~; (kSerlpti \ L' o¡' t),c rl'gillar lIOCLllllent.'i ordcretl to be printed by the
:-cll:¡lc alHll [OlISC of Rl'j,)'cscntatiycs, fro11117"U to lb;;l· •. • ...• 457, 40Í'>, Ji:,Y
j~l::\IAhKS in reIatLL'n to tll1" \j()ob; pTOCurCl! fOf lhe Congress or Nationul
LílJrar)', allJ the lllCtU1:; t,;ll1!,:uyclllur a regular incrcase 01 their nUllluer 4i2
H ~ :~d..:\ l~ ~\.~; relot!ve to t]J~ Loü!(;:, ilt tllc l~cp~lrlIllent oC Slate .. - •..••.•••.... ·170
l( 1:'.; /';lJf A L j'lslie<: i11 ti,,, CCJllrt,; 01 the U. :~. Al! ael 10 provitle further···· 3Ul
Lj:I;OH.:i't]-~~ of del:i~~Ol1S uf t!le t~l!l'rC111G COlll't uf the LJ. S. froul17-::'Q Lo
1,~;~)1. l\jlll-;'C.~, ~(,e., of lllt~ .................................................. 300
ji LP() n:r:; of deClSlOll.5 uf lIle Sl:pJ.'l'lnC Court uf Ih0 U. S. frorn libU 10 lSjl.
Descriptioll of tlw books o[ ............................................. 4[,7
RE!' H.¡':;~I:.l\TATl \T1::S in Cong-ress ekcle([ Sjletl kers, from ;\íarch 4, 17i:(;, lO
;\'larc]¡ 3, lS51, showillg- the C0111mCllcellW11l alld terlllillutioll of their sero
vice, :md the Statcs represcllted by lhcm .•••.•••.••• 0 ••••••••••••• 3S6, :.lS'
ItEI'RESESTATIVE;:; in COllgTcss alllong ¡he several ~tates, ac.cording to
lile sixlh Ct'llSUS. An :uot for the apportiol)l1lcnt of. (Scc States,) .•••..•. ::lOO
HEPnL:-3E~TATIVES in COl1gre~s. l'royision [or dividing l::ltates into dis-
lricls tor election of .................................................... 301
ltEPRESENTATlVES o[ the U. S. in Congress asscmbled, on Jllly 4, 17·76.
Declartltion offndl'pell<l,"nce by tlle .................................... 195
I:F~',IG~AT/()X or rt'¡"li,al 10 llC'ct'pl the ()ffice of Presidcn\ 01' Vice President
I
I
I
I
.513
RESIGXATIO:~ ln C¡¡':.J";":'~ ;Iy Gt01'.;(\ \r¡¡:,Li1<t.1ll, (,; L ,.; C' Il:;l,~:-~i,)U t\.:~ COla ..
mauder-ill-C1Út~f ()f Lh(~ Aiil"l'ieaa a.nuy, ou D~'C\'lnlpr :.3~-), 1 :'):1··· ............ 208
REYE~Uí~ frenl hllf'ost dntL'~ a~ l'(\("onlm';l~'ll,'u by C()ngl'l'~s in 17~8, W:'~ t~}C
cause of proc'('¡"J:l~g'i w1:i('h }('jl to the ndolltioll of the Con~·:t:tl!.ti0n. P,;-pnl't
of Cm:lInith'c of C()Jl~In'~:-; 01' Cnnf>0.el'ntjou, showÍllg th~lt the f<:d}ul'~ of Uie
Stnk< to r:\lTy out thp g,':;('r,-tl sy"t"m 0[,· •.•.••.. 131-13:1, lJO-H:::-HG-lf,(), 1~1
REYJ';l'\Ul'i from iml'Ui't, as proyi:~t;<l hy r:',olution of Cougrcss of ñpl'!l 18,
1783. (8110, Gn/Ii¡UTCI!.) l:e,~oIut:(ins of CongTP::::; of F(~Ll'uary 15, 17·í.) 0, }'(l_
cOnlnh;lJí..l.ing to tIlo States to t?1111Io\1t!r Cougl'e¡;;:s to ca~'l'y juto f'ff'c~t a,
grn"l'al ;,y~hll of·.····,·· ......... ·· ............... · ... ·1;~'J-I-U-14')·--liíl-1ó1
nE\"EXUE and 'J'arifT l~lw;-;. &¡'. ]),?:-I'-!'il,ii(J~; úf ~)¡H)l~s n·l:!t~:;~: tr)··o 00 o • o •• • •• o -U7
REYnLl~TII-;X. H(\nks: 1"1,,1;d;1l,~'!O tl\i' 111t;UJl'Y of t!;é' Al:':' ~'L~tn e(';(ln i (-,- :l.nl thp -t;,J
RIlODB ISL.:\..,0; O. Clnol1ull )L:Lc;;l :-.;tat, iHt'j~t ut' ~.!i:~ ('L~:_l'U r-~ ~: 1 d (',1 ~tl;-<:t~,-LJ'l.J.S of 4u7
1:tli11~ rt . o ••••••••••••• o· •• ' •••• , •• " ' , o.
SE.\T (Jf !,~nr{'rnln8nt (Ir the U. 8. Tl.w Li:-L'l' t ~)f C\,l1nnbl~~ 1~:-·t:i~)·!j;;.L~'d t~¡0
11(-)"111;1 neut· ..• ' ., 1, •• o. o' ••• ' ., •••• o •• , ~ ••••• o ••• o ••• o. o' ••••••• o • o e' , •• J1fl
SECf~FTA]U :~S nf thp Sf'n:d,p of Lit" Go S., fr(Jlll l,;",~a ta 1~;)1. 'l\d.Je of el;"
n:~lnp:o,o ~"ryiC',í'~ A"". of t}:p·',. eo' •••• o 00 ,. o 0.0.0 ••• 0 ••• 00 lo 00 00 0 •• 0.0.0 •• o 3": .... )
~E{'H ET..:\ftY ()f tJ,,, :".'n~d" nf 'bt~ tr. ¡,l" (';d,i¡:-i t0 h! t'¡J\:;'l1 by th"?·. o •• ·2:.? :2,~,~. ~.S9
8t:.\A'l'~~ of thp U. b. tlir( cUl!g t1Jl! l'~(l'<':I;¡,'l~ 01' ('Opil~K of th't! l:u(\k. l~v~o u-
tií)11~ lit' tllC ..• o o ••••••• o o. o ••• o o •• o o o o ••••• o •••• o o l •• o o o o •• o o ••• o.. ••• v
8E~\"-.\TE oí' tIte Uo So Oat1j,~ oí' ofHrü to 1;;~ takeu hy the ln(,l.!Jl¡/;r~ antl ~!\:"1",tf¡1'y
of tlle· o o •••• ~ o o e" o, ••• ,. o ••• o •• e o •••• , ••• o" e ••• 0 •••• 0 ••••• o o .:22. :¿S~), ~t'9
SE:\'" ATE, of thc Yi,'c Pref'id('nt~ and Prf'siflents pro teIDllore, froID J\hnh 4,
17~Cl to :lhtrrh 3,1851. KaDlP, of amI aUclldance in the············.·· ·8:',(-:;1.,
~E,"ATf<~ of thl~ U. S. 'l'al)lé of the naln('.~~ st'rvicf', &c., of th(~ Sp(']'pthl'ks úftLl~ ~tJ
:3EX ATU; of the U. S. Descril'l-¡nn of thn 1,t'gif'lative and Exerv.tivC' JounJ;:~~
ancJ Recoru8 of Illlp~:l,('hmcnt" of th" .................................. 4;,.1, 4,',,,
:3¡~~.-ATg of [he U. S., frolll 1789 to 18iil. Rl'mark8 dpscrirtil'e of tlw Doca-
ml'uts printt'tl ¡,y order of the .................................. . ±iJi, 45 Q, 4~9
f.EXATOHS Clf the U. S. in omeo, frolO :-!:treh 4,1789 to March :3, lfl51, show-
ing thPir names, t'omlmmrl'lllent and tennillatioll of th"¡r sU'vice, Statcs
l'!<llrCsentcd by UWlll, &c., viz.:
3 From Now IIamp~11ir0 .......................... 3-16
}'rolll ::Ua¡;s<1chu:,ettR ............................ 317
Prom Rhn<lc Island, ..•...•...•......• _ ......•... 3-1-9
3 From Cnnupcticut···················· ......•..•. 3fJl
3 Prom Yermont··· ........•.•• _ ...........•...... 3f:~
3 From X,,,'!" York· ..•........ , ..........•...•.... 354
From XP\V .Tersey ...•..••........ , ..•..........
3 Frntn pp1l1¡~yh·al1Í:1' .•• ' .. o ••• 00 ••• 000 ••
514
CLABSES:- 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2 3
2 3
2 3
2 3
2
3
2 3
3
2
2 3
2 3
2
3
2 3
2
3
2
3
2 3
3
20 20 21
INDEX.
From Virginia· ..•••.............•.......•.....• 362
}'rom N orth Carolina· ....•............•..••..•• 365
From South Carolina· ..........•.....•...•••..•• 36ti
From Georgia· .••.•.•.•...•.........••..•.•....• 368
}'rom Kentucky ..•• · ...... ·.·•••······· .... ·•••• 370
From Tennessee ..•.••..••...•..••.....•.•.•...• 371
From Ohio· .... .... .•• .. .......... ~ ............ 373
From Louisiana .... ···• ........................ 374
From Inuiana ...•••.•.•.•.•••.•...•••.••••.•••• 375
From lUississirpi·· •• · .... •· .......... •···•··• .. • 376
From IIlinois· .••.•••..••.•••..•••...••..•.•.••• 377
From Alabama ................................. 378
From :'tIaine· ..•...•.•••..••.•••.•••..•.•.•.....• 379
}'rom 3!isRouri ................................. 380
}'rom Arkausas ..••..........••..••............ 381
From 3Iichigan .......•...•••.... " .••...•....•. 381
From Florida· .•.•..•.•......•••••...•.•••..•... 381
]<'rom 'fexas ...•...•.•••....••...•..••.•••..••.• 3~1
l,'rom \Visconsin . . . •• • . . . •. •• •. . • • . . • • . .• • • .• . .• 3S!
From Iowa ... . . • . . . . . • . . . • • . . • • . • • •. . . . . . . •. . .• 3E:4
l!'!'om California··· .... ··••· .......... · ......... • 384
[When Senators sbalI tRke their seats from Sta tes tliat h'lve not yet aro
llolnted Senators, they sbaIl be placcd by lot in tho foro;~oing cJass~R,
but in such a manner as 8haIl keep tIle classes as nearJy equaJ as may be
in numbers. Vide resolution of tIle Senate, ~1ay 14, li89. TII'- first clas3
expire in 1851; the second in 18,1,7, and the t!tird in 18":'9. Vide the Con·
stitution, puge 3.]
BESSION of Congresa from March 4, 1789 to March 3, 1851. Commencement
and termination of, and number of days in, each ...•.•....••.......•• ·336-345
SOUTH CAROLINA, in 1787, appointing ueputies to ConYention to form tho
Constitution. Act of· .••.•.•...•.....•••...•.......•.....•••.......•...• 182
SOUTH CAROLINA. Chronological statement of the Cbar!era ana Constitu-
tions of· .••••.•••••.•••..••••••..•...•..•••.•••......•.•......•.....••• 40S
SOUTH CAROLINA ceded Western lands to the U. S. August 9,1787··· .. · ... 422
SPEAKER of the House of Representativcs sha11 act as Prcsident of the U. S.
in case of vacancy, &c. Provisions that the .............................. 293
SPEAKER of the House of Representatives autborized to auminister oaths.
Tbe··· ....•..••.•.•..••...•.•.•..........••..••....•.......•........ 2.s8-29~
SPEAKERS of the JIouse of Representativcs of tbe U. S., from :\Iarrh 4, 1789
to l\Iarrh 3, 1851, sIlowing the comrnencemcnt and termination of their ser-
vice, and States repl'csentea by tltem ................................ ·386, 381
SPEECHES in the two Houses of Congress from 1789 to 1851. Description of the
Books, Newspapers, &c., containing the···.··· ... , ..........•.•.......... 459
STATE to re<:ehe dcrbl'l'.l ,otes in ab~én(e of tbe Pn,sident of the Scm.te,
IXDEX. 515
and to scnu n spccial m('SScllgcr to distriet jl1(lge for electoral votes in
case of [ailure to be receivcd othcrwise. 'fIJe Secretary 0[· ... · ...... • •• 293
ST ATE, in case of vacancif:s in the ofIice of President and Vice President of
(he U. S. Duties ofthe Secretary of··· ................................. 293
STATE. A resignation or refusal to aceept of the office of President or VIce
I'resident to be deli'lel'ed iuto the oflice of the Seeretary of· ..... ··• .. ··• 293
STA TE, regarding the publicat:on of amendments to the Constitution of the
U. S. Duties of th'l Secretary of .. ·•···•· •••...•.. ·•·.·•···•· ........... 295
STA TE from 1789 to 1851. Names, States, service, &c., of al! the Secreta·
nes of········ .••• ··••··· ........•.....•.•......••...•...•.•...•••.•.•.• 395
STATE Department. Description of se!ection of certain boúks in the Library
of the·· ........... , •...•...•..........••.....•.........•...•...•.•••.... ,179
STATE 01' Territory, &c. An act for the authentication of Acts, Reeords, and
Judicial proceedlllgs of onc State or 'rerritol'Y in every other ........ :290-294
STATE in eertain cases-the proceedings in State Courts in such cases to be
nul! und void 'rhe ü. S. Jutlges elllpowered to grant the writ of Habeas
Corpus, and to discharge the citizens oi any foreign State cOllfined in the
prison of any ........................................................... 301
STATES. Date~ ofratification ofthe Constitution by the ................... 24
STA TES. Dates of ratification of first ten amcnuments of the Constitution
by the······················ .' .•...•.•.•..•••.••..••..•••.••..••..••..•• 34
STATES. Ratification ofthe eleventh and twelfth amcndments by lhe ...... 36
STA TES in providing rcvenue for the support of the Federal Government,
as rccommcnded by Congrcss on April18, 1783. Reports of committees
showing the {ailurc of the several· ...... · ....... 131-139, 140-142-J46-150, 1.'51
STATES that were prolllinellt in the proceedings which immediately led to
{}¡e adopúoll of t}¡e COllsÚtuÚoll of ¡]¡e U. S. Remarks jn re]aúoll (o {]¡e·· 153
STATES. Resolutioll of Congress of ¡he Confederation of May 22,1782, ap-
pointing a committee to represent lhe financiai and commercial difficu!-
lies to the several·.·····························.·.········.·· •••••• • .• 154
STATES lo {orm a COllstitulion o{ the U. S. Resolntions of lhe General As-
sembly of N ew York, July 21, 1782, reeommending a COIlvention of the·. 155
STATES to remedy the diffieulties. ResolulÍon of the Confederatiol1"of Vir-
gmia, of January 21, 1786, for a Convention ofthe· ...................... 160
STATES, at Annapolis, in 1786, reeommending lhe appointment of deputies
to form the Constitution. Proceedings of commissioners from several
orthe· .. • .............................................................. 161
STATES, {Of the appointlllent of deputies to Convention lo form the Constitu-
tion ofthe U. S. Acts oftlle ~everal-Yiz.: ............................ 167
OfVirginia, passed Oetober 16, 17SG ................................. 167
OfNew Jersey, passed NovemlJer 23, 1786 ........................... 170
OfPennsylvania, passed Deeember 30, 17b6 .......................... 172
OfNorth Carolina, passed January 6,1787 ........................... 174
OfDelaware, passed February 3, 1787 ............................... 177
OfGeorgia, passed Febrllary 10,1787 ................................ 1711
OfNew York, pa~sed February 28, 1787 ............................. 181
Of South Carolina, passed March 8.1787· ..... · .. • .................... l~
47 *
~ 1 ; ;¡ u
()f~rn:.;sachLl~\'t: . .:, P,1: . .:.::cd >,I:l1'('1I ]0.17-,··· e •••••••••••••••••••••••••• ]c..,~
C~fCO!tllPC(CU1, r~-l:-:.s{'d .\l~lr, 17:::/· ..•...•...•...•...•...•.. ~ .......... ),' .. a
Uf .¡laryland. pas:,ed ;\i"y :';1;, 1707········· .. •··· ............ •· ....... l~G
Of?\ew H~llllp.,I,ire, P'l5S p d .JUllú 27, l/el· ...... • .. · ......... •· ... · .• • 1"0
STA'i'ES by ,yl¡icJ¡ it was rat¡fiec!. P.esolution of COllg-ress of 8eptcmber 2:>,
1 i~7, submittillg' lile COlls¡ilution to COllVl'llliOllS 01 ¡he······· .. •• .... ·•· te!)
S'l'ATES. Oalhs 10 support lhe Constitution of tbe !J. S. to be taken by lhe
members of the Lcgislatures and by al! Executive alld .Judicial 011icers
úftlle several· ........... · ........................................... 22, 2S8
ST,\TES, accorc1ing to tlle sixth cenSllS. AI'Pointment of Representatives
a;nong lhe several-viz ................................................ 300
1\. Hamp....... 4 South Carolina.... 7 Al'kansas .... · .. · 1
:\1as8 ... · .... · •. 10 Gcorgia····· ... ·•· 8 Midtigan........ 3
Jl. Islmld ..•..• 2 Eentur·ky ....•.... 10 [Pl"rida ..•••• ···• 1
C()llni~ct:cut· ..• 4: ~rl'lllle:--:f;el~···".···· 11 Jí,xas·······.···· ~
Yermont ...... · 4 Ohio .............. 21 lOlva............. 2
New york·· .... 31 I,ou¡,'iana········· 4 lV/xCIii/sill· ••• ··•• :{
K¿w J8r~q.... 5 Indiana ...... · .... lO
renn.· ......... 24 }lississippi........ 4
llelaware ...... 1 Illinois .. · .. ·...... 7
Cai/ji,j'nia, ...... .
WllOle num.·.
arpo/m T. rld.· .... 1
;\lr'l'ylallll·..... 6 Ala1ama· ........ • 7 Ni,¡c,ola T. del. ..• 1
Tir)aÍ:t ....... 15 :lIaine· .... • .... oo, 7 .J.Y"w Jhrico T. del.· 1
1'\nrth C:!l·oli'la· !) '\Ii,'E'Ollri.......... ¡; ["¡,¡JI T. lid, ... · .. ·
STA'l'L:5 ill:O ¡ilstricts for electiou oi' RepreSenlatl"'GS. i,"nJ\'i3iol1. by Gel of
lc4;2~ [or di \' i1..1~llg lb0 •••• - _ ••.•••..••. .••..••. .••••••.•••. .••.•••. .••.••• ~i)i
~'.i'.l\.'l;J::::; of tLe L~lÚon. An act lo est:l~J:l:")h a u!l~(nrJll tl.lUt: {ur 1loldl11g \~lcL-
110n5 lor electors of President alld ViL'e PresLdent iu all ol' tlie ..••..••.•• :)u!J
STATE::lrnay by law provide for fillÍltg vacullcies in tite College of Elee¡ors.
Each of the ..••. " ., •...•...•...•...•.....•.....•. " .. " ......•..••..... 30:'!
STA TE:'\ amI Territories of tbe U. S. CLr01101og:e al sta1L:ll1cnt of tite Clwr\prs
and r'ormatioll of the Gon,nllnellts 01' ¡lte iil,veral ..................... JO;;--H9
81' A TES. 'j']¡e time of rauficatJon Di lhe ArticIcs of Confclleralioll by the· .. +U¡,
STA TES" Ulto the Union. Hemarks ou the ratifieatioll otthe COlts¡itutioll by
lIJe or;tjnal :SLutcs, and the rlght ul1d discrctiollary po\ver of Cüngress to
:>drnit (. I\ew······· .. ·· .. ·· .. ·· ........................................ 408
81' ATES in posse,.:sion t]¡ereof. Früceecliugs whielt l"el lo the CElSSiOIl of ¡he
N'orth·\\'eslcrll aue! \\'esterll Terrí¡ory 10 lije !J. S. by the .............. +H
STATES to cede ¡hcir 'weS1Pfll lantl" 10 11h~ ti. S l{c~olll¡;on of COllgress of
Septembcr G, 1hO. reeolfllllellll:ug 10 ¡he· ................................ +:n
STA TES ShOllld be disposed oi' lar lhe cornrnou beneíit of the U. S., aud form-
eel into Itcplluliclln Sla1l's. Resolul1011 ol COJlgres:; of Octol)"r lO, 17cD,
that lhe Lanrls ceded by the ............................................ ·1::>:2
STATES by whieh the western lallds were ceded to the U. S., alld dates vf
ccssion. Kames oftlle· ................................................. 4:.;:,¿
STATES out of the Konlt- \'ir esterIl Terrilory. l'rovision in the O rdillal1Ce
of .July 13, 1787, for formillg .. - .......................................... 428
HT A TISTICAL and other information in t:le public ofilC'es at the seat of Oo·
verllment. Description of tbe sourct's oc. ..........•.......•......•.••• 1f/l
f>17
STA TU E of Gcorgc "\Yashillf!"ton l)y HOllclon. Descripuoll of the········ ·205-207
SUPREi\IE und otber Courts oi the U. 8. I'rnpowcrcd to grant wrils oi Habeas
Corpus, and to diseharge foreJgners coufined in the state prisons in cero
tain cases. The Judges ofthe··········································· 301
SUPllEi\IE COUllT of the U. S., frorn 1789 to 1851. Names, States; corno
menccmcnt and terminution of sen'ice of the Chief and Associate J ustiees
of the················································· .......... •· .. ·389-392
SUPRE,\íE COUllT of the U. S., frorn 1789 101851. Narnes, service, &c. of
¡be Clerks, llcporters of deelsions aud l\Iarshals of ¡he··· ...... •· ...... • S03
SUPRE:\IE COUllT oftlle U. S., frorn 1789 to 1851. Description ofEooks of
Rcports of dccisions of lhe· ............................................. JGG
TABLES contained in this voIllrne. ExpInnatorr remarks on the severa! .. ~09
1'A BLES of electoral votes for Presiden! alld Viee Prcslllenl of the U. S,)
from l\Irrreh 4, 1789, to l\T are h 4, 1,';53 ............................... 315-332
TABLE of trrms of otEce aud length of serviee in lhe Sellate, of the Vice
Presidellts alld Presi<lellts pro tempore j and of the eornmeneernellt, and
ter rnillation, and number of days in eaeh session of Cougress, alld speciaI
session of the Senate, frorn l\Iareh 4, 1789, lo March 3, 1861· •.•••.••• 336-3·15
TABLE of tbe names, classcs, length of service 0[, and States represented by
al! the Senators oftlle U. S., froml\Tareh 4, 17S9, to l\Iareh 3, 1851· ... 3cLC-3S-!
T ABLE of the names, pIaces of llativily or residcnee, time of appointment,
aud cxpiration of service of the Secretaries of the Senaw of the U. S.· .. • 3::;5
TABLE of the nUlllcs, time oC ser vice 0[, and States represl¡\nted uy, the Speak·
ers of the 1I0use of Represcntatives of the U. S . ................ ..... 386, 387
T ABLE o[ the names, residt'nce, when appointed, and time of serviee ol, ¡he
Clerks ofthe House ofRepresento.tives ofthe U. S ...................... 3,,8
TAl'\EY, Chief .Justice of the Supreme Cour! of lhe U. S. Letter of approba-
tion from Rogcr E. .................................................... xi
TAR1FF Laws, Revenue Laws, &c., description of books re!ating 10 .... ·• .. 4G7
'l'El'\ ¡\ E:-;SEE. Chronological statcment ol' the forlllation of the Governrnellt
of ..................................................................... 413
TErUr of ofliee of (our years, of President and Vice President, to commence
Ol! 1\1areh 4, ke. 'l'l¡e· .... ·••· .... ·••· ........ •• ...... ·• ...... •••· .... · 293
TERRITORl ES. An aet for the authelltiealion of aets, reeords, and judiClal
proeeedings ofHwlCS aJl(I····· ........ ·· .......................... , 290-294
TEHHITORY to the U. S. l'roeeeding"s whieh !ed to the eession of the North-
"\Vestern and \\'estern······· .. ·· ...................................... 414
'l'EIlRlTO RY of the U. S. llorth-west of the river Ohio. An ordinance for
t]¡e GoVef111l1cllt of the .................. oo ........................... • 423
TEXAS was adlllitted into the Un ion. Joint resolution and aet of Congress
by which .......................... oo.· .. • ............................. 439
TO\ll'Kr:\S, Vice Pre;;idcnt oftlle U. S. Fin;t eleetion ofDaniel D.· .... · .. 322
'J'O:\l}'KTXS, Vice l'n,;;idellt oftlle U. S. Seconcl e1ection ofDanie! D.··· .. • 323
TO:\rl'KIXS, Vire Presid{'nt, in :"cnatc oflhe F. S. Attcuoancc ofDaniclD. ;)40
518 INDEXo
TRADE and commerce for the U. S. Re~olution of Virginia, in 1786, to pro-
vide a general system of ....... o ...•...•...........•... o ..• o .•••.•.• ·• 160
TREASURY, from 1789 to 1851. Names, States, ser vice, &c., ofthe Secreta-
ries of the ............•..••..••...•..•.......................••..••..•• 3a6
TREATIES of the U. S. Description of the hooks conlaining the Laws and 461
TYLER, as Vice President oflbe U. S. EIection of John .............. ;)29-;);;1
'l'YLER to offtce as actmg President of the U. S., on the dcath of"\V. 11. Har-
rison, President. Proceedings introducing John···················· 330,331
TYLER, as Vice President, m Senate of the U. S. Attelldance oC Jolm ..• o 3H
UNJON ofthe people for the govcrnment of lhe U. S. of America. The Con-
stitution adopted for the purpose of forming a more perfect ...•......•• -. 1
UNION supported by the Constltution. Ericf remarks on the importance of
the.·· •.. ·•·•·····•···•···• .. ··•··· ....•...•...•..••...........•...•...• 129
UNION hazarded by tme ineffteieney of the Governrncnt undcr the old COll-
fedcration. The existence of the ...•........................••.... 1·19-155
UNJON. Declaration in resolution of February 15, 1786, that the Congress
of the Confederation were denied the means of satisCyillg engagements for
the eommon benefit of the······················· ....•.......•..••..••.. 149
UNION. Declaration by the eonvention at Annapolis, September 14,1736,
that furtlter provisiolls were neeessary to make the Govcrnment adequate
to the exigeneies of the ....•.......•......••..••...•..••..••..••...•...• 164
UNION. Declaration, by resolution of Congress, February 21, 1757, that
such alterations were necessary in the artieIes of COllfederation as to
render the Federalt,Constitution adequate to the exigencics of the Govern-
ment and preservation of the· ......•...•........... ' ... " ..•... " ....... 166
UNION is involved our prosperity, felieity, safety, and perhaps our national
existence. Opinion of George \Vashington, that in the consolidatiOll of
our ...•..•...•..•.....•..••.......•..................•....•..•...•...•• 188
UNION. Remarks on the ratificatioll of the Constitution by the original
States, and on the right alld discretionary powcr of Congress 10 admít
"New States" into the .•••••...•...•..••...•.•...••••• _ •••..••••••••...• 408
UTAH Territory. Proceedings in Congress relative to the· •....•••.•• ~ •.•• ~. 448
VACANCIES in representation ofCongrcss-bow filled······· ...••.•••••...• - 3
V ACANCIES in seats of Senators in Congress-bow fillcd ..••••..........•• ••• 3
V ACANCIES in offices oí the U. S. that may happen during recess of the Sen-
ate-bow filled .•••.•.•••••••.•••.....•.•.•..•...•... " . • • . •• • . . . •. . . . • • 16
V ACANCIES in the offices both oí President and Vice President. An act decla-
ríng the officer who shall act as President in case of . . • • . . . .. . . . . . • •. . . . •• 291
V ACANCIES in the colIege oí electors, &c. Each State may provide by law for
filling ...•.• r" •••••• o ••• " ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 302
VAN BUREN, as Vice President of the U. S. Election of Martin···· .-••......• 32i
VAN BUREN, as Presídent of the U. S. Election of Martín· ..•..........•••• 328
VAN BUREN, Vice President, in Senate of the U. S. Attendance of Martin .... 342
VAN BUREN, as Senator of the U. 8. Terma of servíce of Martín· .......•• ~. 355
INDEX. 519
VESSELS being filted out or armed, in whole or in par!, in the U. S., against
any íOreign power with which the U. S. is at peace. An act to prevent .. 296
VERMONT. Chronological staternent of the forrnation ofthe Governrnenl of 412
VICE PRESIDENT ofthe U. S. from 1789 to 1853. (See Electoral Votes.) Elec-
toral voles for ...................................................... 315-332
VICE PRESIDENT of lhe U. S. by th.e Senate, he not having a majority of
electoral votes. Richard M. Johnson elected· .. • .. • ..... - ............... 328
VICE PRESIDENTS and Presldents pro tempore fpom March <1, 1789, to
l\Iarch 3, 1851. Attendance in the Senate of the ........ - ........... 336-345
VICE PRESIDENT. Act relative 10 election of President and Vice Presi-
dent, and declaring what officer shall act as President in case of vacan-
ejes in offices of President and .......................................... 291
VICE PRESIDENT in case ofvacancies in those offiees. Provi~on far the
election of a President and .•.•..•.••••..••...•...•.•••••.•••••.•••.••• , 2D3
VICE PRESIDEXT lO be deliv€red Íuto the office of Secretary of State. A
resignation or refusal lO aecept (he offiee of· ............................. 2D3
VICE PRESIDENT lo commence on l\Iareh <1, &c. Term of offiee of the··. 293
VICE PRESIDEN'!' of the U. S. An aet providing compensation to the Presi-
dent and ................................................................ 293
VICE PRESIDENT in all the States. An aet to eSlablish a uniform time for
elections of clectors of President and· ... ·· •• · ........... · .......... •· ... 302
VICE PRESIDENT, lo qualify him as Presiden! of the U. S. Oath of John
Tyler ................................................................... 331
VIRGINIA, in 1786, appointing Comrnissioners to mee! those of other States at
Annapolis, to cOllsider a general and ulliform system of trade, &c., and
cornrnerce. Resolution of the cormnonwea](h of· ................ • .. · ...• 160
VIllGINIA, in 1786, for appointing deputies to Convention to revise Federal
Constitution. Act ofthe Cornmonweallh of· ............................ 167
VI RGINIA. Chronological staternent of the charlers and constitutions of ... 403
VIRGINIA. in relation to the N orth-\\-estern Territory. Recommendation by
Congress to .•.•.•••...•...•...•...•.............•...•..• " ..•.••....• ,. 418
VIRGINIA, on l\Iarch 1, 1784. North·\Vestern Territory ceded to lhe U. S. by 4~2
VOTES for President and Vice President ofthe U. S. Provision of the Con-
stitution relative 10 electoral··· .. ··..................................... 29
VOTES for President and Vice President of (he U. S. from 1789 to 1853.
Electoral .................•.......•...•...•.......•..••..••...•.... 315-33·.1
VOTES for President and Vice President of the U. S. Ellactments of law
regarding the electoral··.· ............................................. 291
VOTES. Compensation (O, and penallies of, persons lo deliver the electoral 29\l
VOTES. CompenSu(ioll lo lhe pcrSOllS lo deliver the electoral· ..•...•.•.•.• 301)
\VAR, from 1789 lO 18·17. Names, States, services, &c., of the Secretanes of 398
\V ASHINGTON to be General and commander-in-chief of the army of the
United Colonies) June 17, 1775. Appointrnent by Congress of th.e Confede-
ration of George· ......•... " ..•...•...•..••...•.......•.....•....••..•• 201
520 INDEX.
\" ASHlr':GTO::\' lo Con¡;rcc:s. accqJ!!w; .lhe 1li'1'0:¡¡llllCllt A,1tlrc;;s of
George .••• ·•·•··••·•••··••··••··••·•••··••···•· ..•..••...•..••.•••..•• 201
'V.\SlH::\'GTOX as Genna! an,l eomrnall,]cr in-c'tid COlll:!l,~sion lo
Geor"e .•.• · ..... ·•·•·•··• ..... · ........................................ 202
\\' A ~Hl::\'GTO::\', wilh lhe:r Eves al1'] (orlll11(';;, rOl' the m:lint<.'nilnce alltl pn,·
servatiou of Alflnican liberly. Resolutioll of COl!gre"~ af June 17,177;',
that they will ITwintain, assisl, alll] adhere to George ...•..••..••...•...• :¿O:l
\y .A~HI:\'GTO.\', Angtlst 2G, 17.-':3, 011 the termillillloll of the war. Atl,]rcss of
the PresidE'llt of Congress to Gcorge .................................... 2fl3
\YASHL\'GTO::\, to the sarne. R"pl)' ofGf'orge ............................ 204
\\' ASI fIX(T';:'OX, cOlllman,lf'r-in-clticC R(':,ollltion of COl1grcss of Dcc"wber
:tO. 17-='8. that a pub¡¡C' andieJ1ce be giycn to C;l'on~c· ... · .. ···· ... · .. ····· 205
\y ASHl:';GTO~, eOJl(lllander-in-ch:ef. Hcsolulion oCGougrcss of Decell¡],er
:t(), 17"3, 11);[t a pt¡]Jlie cntertaillITlent be givcn to (;eorgc ............ , ..•• 2(1;)
lV r\S~l1~(;'I'OX ('f Iris (,(Jlnrnissioll as ('()tl~nl:lll(j¡or-jll-chjL'f o( tlte Arncricun
arrny, J)c(,(,Inhl~r 2:3, 1'~'3. Re~<g!l(ttjoll !lr Gcorge ......... e •••••••••••• 2(13
\VASlIIXGTOX, in llns-,ver 10 the sume. Address ofTltoll1lls :'.fiíllin. Presi-
denl oC Cong,,,,s. 10 Gcnrs·c·· ........................................... 2UCJ
\YA~: '1XGTOX hy llol!'loll. Rtómarks a11'] corrc"]'o:ll1cl!('C rl'luting lo, [111,1
John :\Iarshall's opinion of the accuracy 01', thc statuary likewé'Ós (lf
(~eurg·l' ................................. ~ .....• ~ •.....•. o ••••• ; •••••• , .~O)-2P7
,,'A~HL\(;TO.'\ apFointe,l 11 depat)' [rom Virg:nia to the COJ1\'clll;OIl wlIicJ¡
forllwd ti", Canstitntion. (;corg" ....................................... liHJ
\YASHIXGTOX, I'rcsi,lelll of th'=' COllH'll(()!!, ill 17-·7, tt';lll~l!l;l1;lIg 111" ('''Il-
~tift1t!OJl to t1~(' CClll~!rt'~~ of tht~ CU1~ :';'rllT'¡! ion. Ll'lter ¡'reír!- (;,'I)!"E'e .••••. 1':"'.,
\VA~¡¡lX(;T().'\, l'rc<clcllt oftlte LT. S. F;r<1 clectiull o¡'(;,'nr'!,~ ......•.... :JI:'
\\·"\~HL\'(,TOX, a" l're,ident of tlle U. S., ,\atu\ Al'rilli, 17:oU. Ct'rtdi('al<~
of the CICl'lioll uf G('orl~e ............... " .............................. :1: O
'V A SH1i'\OTOX. as ]'resi,lcllt of the U. S., by the Chancellor of ¡he State of
Ncw York. April :10, 17"n. 'fhe oatl, o)o!lice adJl(ini,;tcred 10 G"l'lrg-e •. , 211
\V A SHIXGTO~\, as President of thc U. S. l\pril 30, 17d). Illan!)ilral addrcss
of Georg-e .............................................................. \'! I
\V A~J !IXGTOi'\, Prcs;dcnt ()fthe U. S. S('C'OJl(] clpction of G('or~~c···· .. ··· 31íí
'VASIII:\GTO."i, President of the U. S., Septclll)¡cr 17,ljU(i. Farewcil HlI-
dress ofGeorg-c ..................... · ....... · ........................... 21:;
\V ASiH:'\GTO.\', as J,i"utenallt-gener:ll am\ C'OIIlTll<lllllcr-ill-c]'ief of ¡hc al"
mics ofthe U. S., .Tuly 3,17(:8. A]lj1oinTlJll'llt of (;"o('V" ............. ·2:31-2:31)
"'-7 AS¡ !lXGTO.\'. l'roce",lillp:S of ¡he G,wernllll'nt anu funeral oration of
llpnry Lcf' on ¡he drath al (;'-'or~·e· ................................. ·210-217
'VASHIXGTC N. Origin 01 the \Yor.], ., Fir,;t in Wflf. fir;;t in pcaec, aud first
in the hearls ofhis l'Olllltrymcn," as npl'J:eaLle lO (;cor~re ..........•...• 212
\V Ai"HIXGTON. Addreoses of tlw ~C:lIat(' anl! J lousp oC R<'jlJ'C'sentatives,
rcspeetiyely, lo the President of the [j. f'., amI his rep!:es ¡hereto, on the
!lealh ofGeorge·· ......... · .... · ..... ·.···.·······•············ .... ·21·1, 2Gl
\VAf'llINGTON ilJ lhe Cap:tol al the ('i!\' of ,\Tashill~'.I()ll, ami that his bo(ly
OC depositf'd lllHlcf it. l'~f'~{JI¡¡t¡{lll di' (\)lIg-rl'.-';~ d:rc\,til1~ t!¡¡¡t a Jllarblc
. , •.•••. , ',,:,15
INDEX. /):21
\VASIITNGTON, con'f'nting- tllat t)le ))()dy r¡( hef (lc('f'flsc(l hllshallll, Ueorge
\Vasllingtoll, be jJllerreu ullder a llJOlllll1lenl 1Il the eil)" 01 \';a~]¡ilJgIOlJ.
Letter frorn ;\f artlla ..... , ......•... , ••.•......••...•.......•.•.•..••.••• 261
\VASllIi\G'l'OS. Act of COlIgress extenJing lIle privilege of Ü'anking let·
tcrs ~~1lc1 packages to .:\[artha·· .. ··.·· ................... · ..................................... 262
\VA 1':\'1':, fllI As,:ocjate JlI"ice of tlle Suprellle Court of the U. S. Letter of
approlJnt;oll {ruIn Jalllt;S ~\I ................................................ xii
\\::, ,;-, l' ¡:l~, ¡Sc'<:rctaryoí' Etate of the L:nited Sbctes, Letbr of approuation frOlll
l),!¡Jll,l .................................................................... ·xxii
W j :-:Cd'\:'I:-,r. Chrollologif'al siatmnent of the formation of tbe goverll-
lil,,';! 01·············,···· ............................................... 4-41
\YIUG 1 1'1', Jallo GovcTllor of New York, SOllatof of the U. S" &c. Letter of
apl)}'o[Jat:ul1 frutn ~11u:;· .......••.....•••... " .. .• .. •. ..•...•••. ..••..••• xv
Ti~i~ );\11
\ '.", \ /;
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